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[ "Sir Richard Chaffey Baker (22 June 1842 – 18 March 1911) was an Australian politician.", "A barrister by trade, he embarked on a successful career in South Australian colonial politics, serving as Attorney-General of South Australia from 1870 to 1871 and President of the South Australian Legislative Council from 1893 to 1901 before switching to federal politics after federation.", "He served as the inaugural President of the Australian Senate from 1901 to 1906.", "A noted federalist, he was the son of one-time Premier of South Australia John Baker.", "Early life\nBaker was born on 22 June 1841 in North Adelaide, South Australia.", "He was the oldest son of twelve children – including younger sister Bessie – born to Isabella (née Allan) and John Baker, who had settled in South Australia in 1839 after marrying in Van Diemen's Land the previous year.", "His father was born in Somerset, England, and had a variety of business and agricultural interests.", "He was elected to the South Australian Legislative Council in 1851 and served briefly as premier in 1857.", "Baker was sent to England to be educated, attending Eton College before going on to Trinity College, Cambridge, where he rowed for the Third Trinity Boat Club and graduated Bachelor of Arts in 1864.", "He was called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn in the same year and returned to Adelaide where he set up a practice with Charles Fenn.", "In 1873 he entered into a partnership with William Barlow.", "Baker's legal practice suffered as he devoted more time to politics, and his appointment as Queen's Counsel in 1900 was somewhat controversial.", "Colonial politics\n\nBaker began developing a successful career as a barrister, but in 1868, at the age of 26, decided to stand for the state lower house of parliament, the House of Assembly, in the seat of Barossa.", "The campaign was successful, as he topped the poll, and thus took one of the two Barossa seats in the House of Assembly.", "Baker earned an M.A.", "in 1870, and was appointed as Attorney-General in the third ministry of John Hart in May 1870, but returned to the backbenches in July 1871 in order to manage the affairs of his ailing father, and did not recontest his seat at the election late that year.", "Two years later, Baker visited England, and on his return in early 1875, he declined an offer to serve in the cabinet of Sir Arthur Blyth.", "He nevertheless recontested his old seat of Barossa, but was defeated.", "Two years later, Baker chose to instead contest a seat in the Legislative Council, and was successful.", "He held his seat until federation, serving a twelve-month stint as education minister in the Colton ministry in 1884–1885, and serving as President of the Legislative Council from 1893 until 1901.", "He founded the National Defence League in 1891 as an immediate response to the perceived threat from the Labor Party.", "Federation movement\n\nBaker took a strong interest in the proposed federation of the Australian colonies in the 1880s and 1890s, and prepared A Manual of Reference to Authorities for the Use of the Members of the Sydney Constitutional Convention, which was published early in 1891 and distributed at the convention of that year.", "It influenced to some extent the first draft of the Constitution of Australia, which was drawn up as a result of the 1891 convention.", "Baker continued his involvement throughout the decade, and was elected as a representative of South Australia at the 1897 convention, where he served as chairman of committees and as a member of the constitutional committee.", "Baker has been identified as one of the first to characterise the Australian federation as a crowned republic, although he did not use that term.", "In 1891, he argued for the adoption of a \"republican system\" when Australia federated, and cited pre-existing federal republics as a model for the new constitution.", "However, he supported the Queen as head of state and argued against the direct election of the governor-general.", "According to , Baker \"proudly proclaimed his loyalty to the Queen in the same breath as he declared himself a republican\", with his conception of republican government based not on \"absence of monarchy, but in the rule of law, the separation of powers, balanced government, and the sovereignty of the people\".", "Federal politics\n\nBaker was elected to the Senate at the inaugural 1901 federal election.", "On 9 May 1901 he was elected as the inaugural President of the Senate, winning 21 votes out of 36 on the first ballot.", "His first major role was as chairman of the standing orders committee, which soon resolved to adopt the standing orders of the South Australian House of Assembly as an interim measure.", "The Senate continued to use the interim standing orders until September 1903.", "As president, Baker's major achievement was to establish \"a procedural framework for the Senate, which allowed for flexibility and helped to ensure that the Senate's independence was maintained\".", "He argued that its procedures should be wholly independent rather than modelled on the House of Representatives or the British House of Commons, initiating the publication of \"president's rulings\" as a source of precedent for his successors.", "As per section 23 of the constitution, Baker exercised a full deliberative vote as president, although he \"refused to take sides in the debates between free traders and protectionists\".", "He occasionally made speeches on political matters, such as speaking against proportional representation during the debate on the Commonwealth Electoral Act 1902.", "He stated that it was difficult to reconcile the independence of the president with the political responsibilities of an ordinary senator.", "In 1903, Baker represented Australia at the Delhi Durbar where King Edward VII was crowned Emperor of India.", "He was re-elected as president in March 1904, following the 1903 election, and \"was widely respected for his fairness, decision and ability\".", "He retired from the Senate at the expiry of his term on 31 December 1906, citing ill health.", "Personal life\nOn 23 December 1865 he married Katherine Edith Colley (c. 1845–1908), who predeceased him, and was survived by two sons (J. R. Baker LLD and R. C. Baker) and a daughter (Miss Edith Baker).", "Katherine was a daughter of R. B. Colley, first mayor of Glenelg.", "He was for many years chairman of the jockey club at Morphettville.", "He had large pastoral interests and was involved in the development of copper mining in the state.", "He was created a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG) in 1886 and was knighted KCMG in 1895.", "References\n\nFurther reading\n \n \n \n\n1842 births\n1911 deaths\nMembers of the Australian Senate for South Australia\nPresidents of the Australian Senate\nMembers of the Australian Senate\nMembers of the South Australian Legislative Council\nFree Trade Party members of the Parliament of Australia\nPeople educated at Eton College\nAustralian Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George\nAustralian politicians awarded knighthoods\nPresidents of the South Australian Legislative Council\nAttorneys-General of South Australia\n20th-century Australian politicians\nBurials at North Road Cemetery\nAustralian republicans\nAlumni of Trinity College, Cambridge\nAustralian people of English descent\nAustralian barristers\nAustralian Queen's Counsel" ]

[ "Sir Richard Chaffey Baker was an Australian politician.", "He served as Attorney-General of South Australia from 1870 to 1871 and President of the South Australian Legislative Council from 1893 to 1901 before moving to federal politics.", "He was the first President of the Australian Senate.", "He was the son of a former premier of South Australia.", "Baker was born on June 22, 1841.", "After marrying in Van Diemen's Land the previous year, John Baker and his wife, Isabella Allan, settled in South Australia, where he was the oldest son of twelve children.", "His father had interests in business and agriculture.", "He served as premier of South Australia in 1856.", "After going to England to be educated, Baker was sent to Trinity College, Cambridge, where he rowed for the Third Trinity Boat Club and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1864.", "He was called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn in the same year as he set up a practice.", "He and William Barlow formed a partnership in 1873.", "Baker's legal practice suffered as he devoted more time to politics, and his appointment as Queen's Counsel in 1900 was somewhat controversial.", "In 1868, at the age of 26, Baker decided to stand for the lower house of parliament, the House of Assembly, in the seat of Barossa.", "He took one of the two Barossa seats in the House of Assembly as a result of his successful campaign.", "Baker received an M.A.", "He was appointed Attorney-General in the third ministry of John Hart in May 1870, but returned to the back benches in July 1871 in order to manage the affairs of his ailing father, and did not recontest his seat at the election late that year.", "After visiting England two years later, Baker declined an offer to serve in the cabinet of Sir Arthur Blyth.", "He recontested his old seat, but was defeated.", "Baker was elected to the Legislative Council two years later.", "He held his seat until federation, serving as education minister in the Colton ministry in 1884–1885, and as president of the Legislative Council from 1893 until 1901.", "The National Defence League was founded in response to the threat from the Labor Party.", "A Manual of Reference to Authorities for the Use of the Members of the Sydney Constitutional Convention was published early in 1891 and distributed at the convention of that year, after Baker took a strong interest in the proposed federation of the Australian colonies.", "As a result of the 1891 convention, the first draft of the Constitution of Australia was drawn up.", "Baker was elected as a representative of South Australia at the 1897 convention, where he served as chairman of committees and a member of the constitutional committee.", "Although he did not use that term, Baker was one of the first to describe the Australian federation as a crowned republic.", "Pre-existing federal republics were cited as a model for the new constitution when he argued for the adoption of a \"republican system\" in 1891.", "He argued against the direct election of the governor-general and supported the Queen as head of state.", "According to, Baker \"proudly proclaimed his loyalty to the Queen in the same breath as he declared himself a republican\", with his conception of republican government based not on \"absence of monarchy, but in the rule of law, the separation of powers, balanced government, and", "At the inaugural 1901 federal election, Baker was elected to the Senate.", "He was elected the first President of the Senate on 9 May 1901, winning 21 votes out of 36 on the first ballot.", "He was the chairman of the standing orders committee, which adopted the standing orders of the South Australian House of Assembly as an interim measure.", "The interim standing orders were used by the Senate until September 1903.", "Baker's major achievement was to establish a procedural framework for the Senate, which allowed for flexibility and helped to ensure that the Senate's independence was maintained.", "The publication of \"president's rulings\" as a source of precedent for his successors was argued for by him.", "Baker didn't take sides in the debates between free traders and protectionists, despite exercising a full deliberative vote as president.", "He spoke against proportional representation during the debate on the Commonwealth Electoral Act.", "It was difficult to reconcile the independence of the president with the political responsibilities of a senator according to him.", "The Delhi Durbar was where King Edward VII was crowned Emperor of India.", "He was re-elected as president in March 1904, following the 1903 election, and was widely respected for his fairness, decision and ability.", "He retired from the Senate at the end of his term due to ill health.", "He died on December 23, 1865, and was survived by two sons and a daughter.", "R. B. Colley was the first mayor of Glenelg.", "He was the chairman of the jockey club for a long time.", "He was involved in the development of copper mining in the state.", "He was knighted KCMG in 1895 after being created a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George.", "Members of the Australian Senate for South Australia Presidents of the Australian Senate Members of the Australian Senate Members of the South Australian Legislative Council Free Trade Party members of the Parliament of Australia" ]

[ "Sir Richard Chaffey Baker", "John Baker", "Baker", "John Baker", "Baker", "Baker", "Baker", "Baker", "Baker", "Baker", "Baker", "Baker", "Baker", "Baker", "Baker", "Baker", "Baker", "Baker", ". Baker", ". Baker", "Baker" ]

[ "Sir Richard Chaffey Baker", ". Baker", "John Baker", "Baker", "Baker", "Baker", "Baker", "Baker", "Baker", "Baker", "Baker", "Baker", "Baker", "Baker", "Baker", "Baker" ]

[ "Vojislav Tankosić (, 20 September 1880 – 2 November 1915) was a Serbian military officer, vojvoda of the Serbian Chetnik Organization, major of the Serbian Army, and member of the Black Hand, who participated in the May Coup and was accused of involvement in the Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.", "Overview\nTankosić was born in Ruklada, in the Tamnava region near Valjevo.", "His family came from Bosnian Krajina.", "He finished Gymnasium and the prestigious Military Academy.", "He showed high national consciousness, and gained the trust of Milorad Gođevac and the other Chetnik leaders.", "Tankosić was sent as a secret agent, undercover, into Ottoman Macedonia to study the terrain and people for future action.", "As Dragutin Dimitrijević Apis' trustee, he executed Queen Draga's two brothers, in 1903, in the May Coup, which saw the murder (and overthrowing) of King Alexander Obrenović.", "He participated in the Battle of Čelopek (April 1905) under Savatije Milošević.", "Young Bosnia received arms from him for their actions.", "Sources say that he shot apples from the heads of his Chetnik fighters.", "Once, when they crossed the Sava bridge, he ordered all to jump off, and they did.", "Tankosić was described as rude and bold.", "He was arrested by the Serbian government when Gavrilo Princip killed Archduke Franz Ferdinand (28 June 1914), but was forgiven when Austria attacked Serbia; the Chetniks of Voja Tankosić and Jovan Babunski prevented Belgrade from falling into Austrian hands on the first night of the war.", "He then fought at the Drina (September 6–October 4, 1914).", "His unit retreated last, covering the Austrians and Germans, and he was fatally wounded near Veliki Popović.", "He lived for two days, then died in Trstenik on November 2, 1915.", "When the Austrians occupied the town, they excavated his body from the grave to make sure he was indeed dead.", "A photograph of his body was featured on the front pages of Croatian, Hungarian, Bulgarian and Austrian newspapers.", "He was re-buried in Trstenik, and his mother and friends had his body transferred to Belgrade for an honorable burial on the New Cemetery in 1923.", "May Coup\n\n \nIn a period of great national fervour among the Serb youth organizations, Tankosić tried to gain the trust of General Jovan Atanacković, who had begun to gather volunteers for insurgency in Old Serbia and Macedonia.", "As a sub-lieutenant, he participated in the conspiracy against King Alexander Obrenović, and the May Coup (1903).", "He had previously helped the leaders of the March demonstrations (1903) to flee with boats to Zemun.", "He led the execution of Queen Draga's brothers, Nikola and Nikodije.", "Guerilla fighting\n\nAs a member of the Serbian Chetnik Organization, Tankosić went to Skopje, Bitola and Thessaloniki in the winter of 1903–04, where he organized Chetnik action in Macedonia.", "Tankosić was one of the most important Chetnik voivodes, and was an excellent shot.", "He participated in the victory on Čelopek near Kumanovo on April 16, 1905, part of the četa (unit) of vojvoda Savatije Milošević.", "There was a pause in action due to the Serbian-Bulgarian customs union's conclusion on July 6, 1905; thus, Tankosić was brought back to Serbia, where he was awarded the Order of the Star of Karađorđe.", "From the second half of 1905 to October 1907, he attended and graduated from the Military Academy in Belgrade.", "In 1907–08 he was the Chief of Staff of Eastern Povardarje, which meant that he commanded all units active from the Serbian border to the Vardar.", "He led the attack on Bulgarian bands in the village of Stracin in 1908, which nearly caused a Serbian-Bulgarian war.", "He returned to Belgrade in July 1908.", "Black Hand\n\n \n \nFollowing the Austro-Hungarian annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (October 6, 1908), Tankosić established a Chetnik school in Prokuplje, in which volunteers were trained to execute special operations in Bosnia and Herzegovina.", "He spread the network throughout Bosnia and Herzegovina, and recruited volunteers for a conflict he believed was inevitable.", "This was contrary to the policy of the Serbian government, which feared Austro-Hungary.", "Some 5,000 volunteers were organized in Serbia.", "Austrian and Hungarian newspapers reported that there were 1,000 bands in Serbia, with 20 well-armed fighters in each, and that each fighter would give one of his two guns to Bosnian rebels.", "However, when Serbia recognized the annexation in 1909, the training camp in Ćuprija was closed down; the military knowledge that was gained was useful in the coming war.", "He was a member of the Young Bosnia and one of the founders of Unification or Death (popularly known as the \"Black Hand\").", "Together with Bogdan Radenković and Ljuba Jovanović-Čupa, he wrote the constitution of the organization, whose aim was to fight for the unification of Serbdom.", "Balkan Wars\n\nBefore the outbreak of the war in March 1912, Tankosić was transferred to the headquarters of the border troops, tasked with training volunteers who arrived from all Serb-inhabited regions.", "Tankosić was very strict in his selection, and out of 2,000 candidates, he chose only 245 volunteers.", "One who was declined was Gavrilo Princip, due to his weak stature.", "The Serbian government tried to use the Albanians against the Turks, and sent Tankosić to Kosovo where he slipped weapons to Albanian leaders.", "Together with Isa Boletini, he led local Albanians in June and July 1912 in their conflict with Turks around Mitrovica.", "In the First Balkan War Tankosić commanded the Laplje Chetnik detachment.", "The detachment began operations in the Turkish background two days before the outbreak of the war, at the border post (karaula) at Merdare, where the Chetniks and Albanians skirmished into the first battle of the war.", "It seems that they began fighting on their own initiative, without the approval of superiors.", "There is a possibility that the Black Hand feared agreement between Turkey and the Balkan allies, which would hold back the liberation of Serb-inhabited territories.", "The Chetniks fought for three days by themselves, until the regular Serbian Army joined in.", "The Serbian Army brought victory, and Tankosić's Chetniks were the first to enter Pristina.", "Tankosić's Chetniks thus opened the door for the Serbian Army to liberate Kosovo, and Tankosić was awarded the Order of the Star of Karađorđe with Swords and promoted to major.", "1913 and Archduke assassination plot\n \nTogether with the other members of the Black Hand, Tankosić pressured the Serbian government of Nikola Pašić before the Treaty of Bucharest (1913).", "The government tried to retire Tankosić and Apis; however, the King disagreed.", "A conflict between the military and civilian authorities simmered during 1913 and escalated during 1914, with open threats made to certain ministers.", "It is claimed that he participated in the training of the assassins of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, arranged to smuggle them across the Drina, and had his agent Ciganović provide them with weapons.", "After the 1914 assassination, the Austro-Hungarian government gave an ultimatum to the Serbian government, whom they held responsible for the assassination; Tankosić was thus imprisoned in the headquarters of the Danube Division I.", "He was forgiven when Austria attacked Serbia.", "World War I\n \nAfter the outbreak of World War I, Tankosić became the commander of the Volunteer Squad in Belgrade, and then the Rudnik Volunteer Squad.", "By the time of the Battle of Drina (1914), he commanded a special band of volunteers and Chetniks in the Lim detachment in Eastern Bosnia, then at Loznica, Krupanj, at Mačkov Kamen and other battlefields.", "With the outbreak of World War I, Jovan Babunski formed the Sava Chetnik detachment, which was then placed under the command of Major Vojislav Tankosić.", "The unit went on to fight the Austro-Hungarians in the late summer of 1914 and later destroyed a railway bridge on the Sava River to prevent Austro-Hungarian forces from crossing it.", "1915 operations and death\nDuring the Serbian Army withdrawal in 1915, Tankosić was mortally wounded in Igrište near Veliki Popović on October 31, 1915, while commanding a battalion.", "He died from his wounds on November 2, 1915 at the age of 35 in Trstenik.", "His soldiers took his body and buried him secretly at the local cemetery.", "The Austrians managed to find the burial place and dug up his body, and, after identifying him, took pictures for the media to convince the public that he was indeed dead.", "The article, titled \"The End of Tankosić\", mentioned the Serbian throne and the ultimatum to Serbia, and claimed the death of Tankosić as a victory against their opponents.", "The remains were relocated by his mother Milja, with the help of the Association of Serb Chetniks, and buried in the Belgrade New Cemetery in 1922.", "The tomb is now located at the IV parcel, in the third row, grave no.", "6.", "Awards\nTankosić received several awards and orders for his courage.", "Among which were:\n\n Order of the Star of Karađorđe, received in 1905\n Order of the Star of Karađorđe with Swords, received in 1913\n\nLegacy\nStreets in the Vračar neighbourhood in Belgrade, the Medijana neighbourhood in Niš, and Kisač neighbourhood in Novi Sad bears his name.", "See also\n List of Chetnik voivodes\n\nReferences\n\nSources\n Books\n \n \n \n \n\n Newspaper articles\n\nExternal links \n \n\n1880 births\n1915 deaths\nPeople from Ub, Serbia\nPeople from the Principality of Serbia\nSerbian people of Bosnia and Herzegovina descent\nSerbian nationalists\nRoyal Serbian Army soldiers\nSerbian rebels\nBlack Hand (Serbia)\nYoung Bosnia\nAssassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria\nChetniks of the Macedonian Struggle\nSerbian military personnel of the Balkan Wars\nSerbian military personnel killed in World War I\nBurials at Belgrade New Cemetery" ]

[ "Vojislav Tankosi was a Serbian military officer and member of the Black Hand who was accused of involvement in the May Coup.", "Tankosi was born in Ruklada.", "His family came from Bosnia.", "The prestigious Military Academy was where he finished Gymnasium.", "He gained the trust of the other leaders and showed high national consciousness.", "Tankosi was sent to study the terrain and people in Ottoman Macedonia as a secret agent.", "The May Coup saw the murder of King Alexander Obrenovi and the execution of Queen Draga's two brothers.", "The Battle of elopek took place in 1905.", "Young Bosnia received arms from him.", "According to sources, he shot apples from his fighters' heads.", "When they crossed the Sava bridge, he ordered them to jump off.", "The person described Tankosi as rude and bold.", "The Serbian government pardoned him when Austria attacked Serbia, but he was still arrested when Archduke Franz Ferdinand was killed.", "He fought at the Drina.", "His unit retreated last, covering the Austrians and Germans, and he was killed by a stray bullet.", "He died in Trstenik on November 2, 1915.", "The Austrians excavated his body from the grave to make sure he was dead.", "A photograph of his body was on the front pages of several newspapers.", "He was re-buried in Trstenik, and his body was taken to the New Cemetery in 1923 for an honorable burial.", "In a period of great national fervour among the Serb youth organizations, Tankosi tried to gain the trust of General Atanackovi, who had begun to gather volunteers for insurgency in Old Serbia and Macedonia.", "He was involved in the conspiracy against King Alexander Obrenovi.", "He helped the March demonstrators flee with boats.", "He was in charge of the execution of Queen Draga's brothers.", "Tankosi organized action in Macedonia in the winter of 1903 and 1904 when he was a member of the Serbian Chetnik Organization.", "One of the most important voivodes was Tankosi.", "On April 16, 1905, he participated in the victory on elopek, part of the eta.", "Tankosi was awarded the Order of the Star of Karaore in Serbia after a pause in action due to the Serbian-Bulgarian customs union's conclusion on July 6, 1905.", "He graduated from the Military Academy in Belgrade in 1907.", "He commanded all units from the Serbian border to the Vardar when he was the Chief of Staff of Eastern Povardarje.", "The Serbian-Bulgarian war almost took place in 1908 after he led the attack on the bands.", "He came back to Belgrade in July of 1908.", "Tankosi established a school in Prokuplje in which volunteers were trained to execute special operations in Bosnia and Herzegovina.", "He recruited volunteers for a conflict that he believed was inevitable.", "The Serbian government feared Austro-Hungary.", "Thousands of volunteers were organized in Serbia.", "Austrian and Hungarian newspapers reported that there were 1,000 bands in Serbia, with 20 well-armed fighters in each, and that each fighter would give one of his two guns to Bosnian rebels.", "The military knowledge gained from the closing of the training camp in uprija was useful in the coming war.", "One of the founding members of Unification or Death was a member of the Young Bosnia.", "The goal of the organization was to fight for the unification of Serbdom.", "The headquarters of the border troops were tasked with training volunteers from all Serb-inhabited regions after the outbreak of the war.", "Out of 2,000 candidates, Tankosi chose only 245 volunteers.", "Gavrilo Princip was declined due to his weak stature.", "Tankosi was sent to Kosovo by the Serbian government to deliver weapons to Albanian leaders.", "In June and July 1912, he led local Albanians in their fight with Turks.", "In the First Balkan War, Tankosi commanded the Laplje Chetnik detachment.", "The first battle of the war took place at the border post at Merdare, where the Chetniks and Albanians fought.", "They began fighting on their own, without the approval of their superiors.", "The Black Hand may have feared an agreement between Turkey and the Balkans would hold back the liberation of Serb-inhabited territories.", "The regular Serbian Army joined the fight.", "The Serbian Army was the first to enter Pristina.", "Tankosi received the Order of the Star of Karaore with Swords and was promoted to major after opening the door for the Serbian Army to liberate Kosovo.", "The Serbian government was pressured by Tankosi and the other members of the Black Hand.", "The King disagreed with the government's attempt to retire Tankosi and Apis.", "During 1913 and 1914 there was a conflict between the military and civilian authorities.", "He was involved in the training of the assassins of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, as well as having his agent provide them with weapons.", "Tankosi was imprisoned in the headquarters of the Danube Division I after the Austro-Hungarian government gave an ultimatum to the Serbian government, who they held responsible for the assassination.", "When Austria attacked Serbia, he was forgiven.", "After the outbreak of World War I, Tankosi became the commander of the Volunteer squad in Belgrade.", "By the time of the Battle of Drina, he had commanded a special band of volunteers and Chetniks in Eastern Bosnia, then at Loznica, Krupanj, and other battlefields.", "After World War I, Major Vojislav Tankosi took charge of the Sava Chetnik detachment.", "In the late summer of 1914, the unit destroyed a railway bridge on the Sava River to prevent the Austro-Hungarians from crossing it.", "During the Serbian Army withdrawal in 1915, Tankosi was mortally wounded while commanding a battalion.", "He died from his wounds in Trstenik at the age of 35.", "His soldiers buried him at the local cemetery.", "After identifying him, the Austrians took pictures to convince the public that he was dead.", "The death of Tankosi was claimed to be a victory against their opponents by the article titled \"The End of Tankosi\".", "The remains were relocated by his mother and buried in the New Cemetery in 1922.", "The tomb is located in the third row at the IV parcel.", "6.", "Several awards were given to Tankosi for his courage.", "The Order of the Star of Karaore with Swords was received in 1913 in the Vraar neighbourhood.", "The list includes people from Ub, Serbia, people from the Principality of Serbia, and people from Bosnia and Herzegovina." ]

[ "Vojislav Tankosić", "Tankosić", "Tankosić", "Tankosić", "Tankosić", "Tankosić", "Tankosić", "Tankosić", "Tankosić", "Tankosić", "Tankosić", "Tankosić", "Tankosić", "Tankosić", "Tankosić", "Tankosić", "Tankosić", "Tankosić", "Tankosić", "Tankosić", "Tankosić", "Tankosić", "Tankosić", "Tankosić", "Tankosić" ]

[ "Vojislav Tankosi", "Vojislav" ]

[ "Ronald Francis Clements (born April 25, 1953) is an American animator, screenwriter, film director, and film producer.", "He often collaborates with fellow director John Musker and is best known for directing the Disney films The Great Mouse Detective (1986), The Little Mermaid (1989), Aladdin (1992), Hercules (1997), Treasure Planet (2002), The Princess and the Frog (2009), and Moana (2016).", "Life and career\nClements was born in Sioux City, Iowa, the son of Gertrude (née Gereau) and Joseph Clements.", "Clements began his career as an animator for Hanna-Barbera.", "After a few months there, he was accepted into Disney's Talent Development Program, an animator training ground and workshop.", "After that, he served a two-year apprenticeship with famed animator Frank Thomas, a supervising animator of Disney films such as Peter Pan (1953), Lady and the Tramp (1955), and The Aristocats (1970).", "Clements made his feature debut as a character animator on The Rescuers and Pete's Dragon in 1977.", "In 1981, he became the supervising animator on The Fox and the Hound.", "Future partner John Musker worked as a character animator under him, and Clements later teamed up with Musker as story artists on The Black Cauldron before they were removed from the project.", "In 1982, Clements proposed adapting the children's book series Basil of Baker Street by Eve Titus into an animated feature and, along with story artist Pete Young, it was pitched to Ron Miller.", "Because the animators were displeased with the direction of The Black Cauldron was heading, Basil of Baker Street was approved as an alternative project.", "Burny Mattinson and Musker were assigned as the original directors while Dave Michener was brought in as an additional director.", "Due to a shortened production schedule and multiple story rewrites, Roy E. Disney assigned Mattinson to serve as director/producer while Clements was brought in as another director.", "While working on The Great Mouse Detective, newly appointed Disney CEO and chairman Michael Eisner and Jeffrey Katzenberg issued invitations to the animation staff for their first held \"gong show\" session.", "Demanding only five new ideas, Clements went to a bookstore and discovered Hans Christian Andersen's The Little Mermaid.", "Clements wrote and presented a two-page treatment of Mermaid to Disney Studios Chief Jeffrey Katzenberg at a \"gong show\" idea suggestion meeting, as well as conceptualized the idea of Treasure Planet.", "At the gong show session, Mermaid was rejected for its similarities to Splash while Planet was rejected by Eisner because Paramount Pictures was developing a Star Trek sequel with a Treasure Island angle (that went eventually unproduced).", "The next morning, Katzenberg approached Clements and asked him to expand his initial treatment.", "With Mermaid in production in 1986, Clements and Musker were later joined by Off-Broadway musical composers Howard Ashman and Alan Menken who collaborated on the song and musical score.", "Released in November 1989, The Little Mermaid was praised as a milestone in rebirth of Disney animation by film critics and collected a domestic gross of $84 million, cumulatively receiving $184.2 million worldwide.", "When work on Mermaid was wrapped, Clements and Musker re-developed their idea for Treasure Planet, but the studio still expressed disinterest.", "Instead, the two directors were offered three projects in development: Swan Lake, King of the Jungle, and Aladdin.", "The directors chose Aladdin because they thought the story would suit a wackier, faster-paced, and more contemporary mood than that found in then-recent Disney animated films.", "Working from Ashman and Menken's treatment and musical score, the two delivered a story reel to Katzenberg in April 1991, which was strongly disapproved of.", "Jettisoning multiple characters and story ideas and adding Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio as co-screenwriters, the production team restructured the entire story in eight days.", "Released in November 1992, Aladdin received positive reviews from critics, and became the first animated film to gross over $200 million domestically.", "Following work on Aladdin, Clements, along with Musker, resumed their work on Treasure Planet, which was again turned down by Katzenberg in 1993, who disapproved of setting the adaptation of a classic adventure tale in outer space.", "A deal was struck with the two directors to create another commercial film before he would approve Treasure Planet.", "Rejecting projects in development such as Don Quixote, The Odyssey, and Around the World in Eighty Days, they were later informed of animator Joe Haidar's pitch for a Hercules feature, and signed onto the project.", "During production on Hercules, in 1995, Clements and Musker signed a seven-year contract deal with the studio which stipulated following Hercules, the studio would produce Treasure Planet or another project of their choosing.", "Treasure Planet was eventually approved for production and subsequently released in 2002 to mixed critical reception.", "The film performed poorly at the box office, costing $140 million to create while earning only $38 million in the United States and Canada and just shy of $110 million worldwide.", "Despite this, it was nominated for Best Animated Feature at the 75th Academy Awards, marking his first Academy Award nomination.", "Following Treasure Planet, Clements and Musker later inherited Fraidy Cat, which was originally a project developed by Dutch animation director Piet Kroon.", "However, David Stainton, then-president of Walt Disney Feature Animation, refused to green-light the project, which was followed with Clements and Musker's resignation from Disney in September 2005.", "When John Lasseter was appointed chief creative officer over Disney Feature Animation in February 2006, he invited Clements and Musker back to Disney to oversee production on The Frog Princess, and were officially confirmed as directors in the following July.", "Later re-titled The Princess and the Frog, the film received positive reviews and grossed $267 million worldwide.", "After directing The Princess and the Frog, Clements and Musker started working on an adaptation of Terry Pratchett's Mort, but obtaining the film rights prevented them from continuing with the project.", "To avoid similar problems, they pitched three new ideas, where by 2011, the two directors started developing the film based on an original idea.", "In late 2012, the duo announced that they will be directing a new film in the future, but they have their lips sealed for the title, the plot, and the animation style.", "In July 2013, it was revealed that the film, titled Moana, would be \"a Polynesian tale involving the island folk and the idols made famous the world over\".", "On November 10, 2014, Disney confirmed Moana would be released on November 23, 2016.", "Legacy\nClement's short film Shades of Sherlock Holmes was preserved by the Academy Film Archive in 2012.", "Personal life\nClements has been married to his wife Tamara Lee Glumace, since February 25, 1989.", "Filmography\n\nFeature films\n\nShort films\n\nDocumentaries\n\nAwards and nominations\n\nCollaborations\n\nJohn Musker and Clements have cast certain actors in more than one of their films.", "References\n\nBibliography\n\nExternal links\n\n1953 births\nAnimators from Iowa\nAmerican animated film directors\nAmerican animated film producers\nAnimation screenwriters\nLiving people\nFilm directors from Iowa\nWalt Disney Animation Studios people\nWriters from Sioux City, Iowa\nAnnie Award winners" ]

[ "Ronald Francis Clements was born on April 25,1953, and is an American animator, screenwriter, film director, and film producer.", "He is best known for directing Disney films The Great Mouse Detective, Aladdin, Hercules, Treasure Planet, and The Princess and the Frog, as well as collaborating with John Musker.", "The son of Joseph and Gereau, Clements was born in Iowa.", "He began his career as an animator.", "He was accepted into Disney's Talent Development Program after a few months there.", "He worked for two years with Frank Thomas, a supervising animator of Disney films such as Peter Pan and Lady and the Tramp.", "He made his feature debut as a character animator on The Rescuers and Pete's Dragon.", "He was the supervising animator on The Fox and the Hound.", "Future partner John Musker worked as a character animator under him, as well as teaming up with Clements as story artists on The Black Cauldron before they were removed from the project.", "The Basil of Baker Street children's book series was pitched to Ron Miller by Clements and Pete Young in 1982.", "Basil of Baker Street was approved because the animators were displeased with the direction of The Black Cauldron.", "The original directors were Burny Mattinson and Musker, while Dave Michener was brought in as an additional director.", "Due to a shortened production schedule and multiple story rewrites, Roy E. Disney assigned Mattinson to serve as director/producer while Clements was brought in as another director.", "While working on The Great Mouse Detective, newly appointed Disney CEO and chairman Michael Eisner and Jeffrey Katzenberg issued invitations to the animation staff for their first held \"gong show\" session.", "In order to get only five new ideas, he went to a bookstore.", "At a \"gong show\" idea suggestion meeting, as well as the idea of Treasure Planet, Clements wrote and presented a two-page treatment to Disney Studios Chief Jeffrey Katzenberg.", "Planet was rejected by Eisner due to the fact that Paramount Pictures was developing a Star Trek sequel with a Treasure Island angle.", "Clements was asked to expand his initial treatment by the next morning.", "The Off-Broadway musical composers Howard Ashman and Alan Menken collaborated on the song and musical score with Clements and Musker.", "The Little Mermaid was praised as a milestone in the rebirth of Disney animation by film critics and collected a domestic gross of $84 million.", "The studio still expressed indifference when the idea for Treasure Planet was re-developed.", "Swan Lake, King of the Jungle, and Aladdin were offered to the two directors.", "The directors thought the story of Aladdin would be more contemporary and wackier than other Disney animated films.", "Working from Ashman and Menken's treatment and musical score, the two delivered a story reel to Katzenberg which was strongly disapproved of.", "The production team restructured the story in eight days after adding Ted and Terry as co-screenwriters.", "The first animated film to gross over $200 million in the US was Aladdin, which was released in November 1992.", "The adaptation of a classic adventure tale in outer space was turned down again in 1993 by Katzenberg, who disapproved of setting the adaptation of a classic adventure tale in outer space.", "Before he would approve Treasure Planet, a deal was struck with the two directors to create another commercial film.", "Rejecting projects such as Don Quixote, The Odyssey, and Around the World in Eighty days, they were later informed of animator Joe Haidar's pitch for a Hercules feature, and signed onto the project.", "Clements and Musker signed a seven-year contract with the studio in 1995 that stipulated after Hercules, the studio would produce Treasure Planet or another project of their choice.", "Treasure Planet was approved for production and released in 2002.", "The film cost $140 million to make and only earned $38 million at the box office in the United States and Canada.", "His first Academy Award nomination was for Best Animated Feature at the 75th Academy Awards.", "Fraidy Cat was originally a project developed by a Dutch animation director.", "However, David Stainton, then-president of Walt Disney Feature Animation, refused to green-light the project, which was followed with Clements and Musker's resignation from Disney in September 2005.", "When John Lasseter was appointed chief creative officer over Disney Feature Animation in February 2006 he invited Clements and Musker back to Disney to oversee production on The Frog Princess, and they were officially confirmed as directors in the following July.", "The Princess and the Frog received positive reviews and made $267 million worldwide.", "After directing The Princess and the Frog, Clements and Musker started working on an adaptation of Terry Pratchett's Mort, but the film rights prevented them from continuing with the project.", "The two directors started developing the film based on an original idea after they pitched three new ideas.", "In late 2012 the duo announced that they will be directing a new film in the future, but they have their lips sealed for the title, the plot, and the animation style.", "In July of 2013, it was revealed that the film would be a Polynesian tale involving the island folk and the idols made famous the world over.", "On November 10, Disney confirmed that the movie would be released on November 23, 2016", "The Academy Film Archive has preserved Legacy Clement's short film.", "The personal life of Clements has been with his wife since 1989.", "John Musker and Clements have cast certain actors in more than one film.", "Animators from Iowa American animated film directors American animated film producers Animation screenwriters Living people Film directors from Iowa" ]

[ "Ronald Francis Clements", "Clements", "Joseph Clements", "Clements", "Clements", "Ron Miller", "Clements", "Clements", "Clements", "Clements", "Clements", "Clements", "Clements", "Clements", "Clements" ]

[ "Ronald Francis Clements", "Clements", "Ron Miller", "Clements", "Clements", "Clements", "Clements", "Clements" ]

[ "Ryan McCourt (born February 23, 1975) is a Canadian artist best known for his sculptures.", "He lives in Edmonton, Alberta.", "Early life and education\nRyan David McCourt was born and raised in Edmonton, Alberta, the youngest of Ken and Sheelagh McCourt's five children.", "He attended school at Patricia Heights Elementary School, Hillcrest Junior High School, and Jasper Place High School.", "McCourt completed his Bachelor of Fine Arts in 1997, and his Master of Fine Arts in Sculpture in 1999, both at the University of Alberta There, McCourt was a student of Peter Hide and Edmonton's modernist tradition of welded sculpture.", "Career\nIn 1995, while an undergraduate student, McCourt was a photographer with the Edmonton Eskimos Football Club.", "After completing his MFA, McCourt worked as the Artistic Coordinator for The Works Art Expo 2001, and curated Resolutions, a solo exhibition of paintings by Canadian artist Tony Baker, at the Edmonton Art Gallery.", "In 2002, McCourt founded the North Edmonton Sculpture Workshop, \"a cooperative shared-studio project focused on facilitating the creation and promotion of contemporary sculpture,\" producing the Big Things sculpture series at the Royal Alberta Museum from 2002 to 2006.", "In 2003, McCourt was an instructor of Visual Fundamentals at the University of Alberta.", "In 2004, alongside then-Alberta Premier Ralph Klein, McCourt unveiled his 5.5-meter tall commissioned sculpture entitled A Modern Outlook, at 18550-118A Avenue in Edmonton.", "McCourt organized the Alberta Centennial Sculpture Exhibition at the Royal Alberta Museum in 2005.", "Controversy\n\nIn 2006, McCourt was the first artist selected to display sculpture for one year outside Edmonton's Shaw Conference Centre.", "McCourt's exhibition, Will and Representation, was an installation of four large sculptures based on Ganesha, a deity from Hindu mythology.", "Ten months into the exhibition, then-Mayor of Edmonton Stephen Mandel ordered the works removed after reportedly receiving a 700-name petition complaining of the sculptures' \"disrespectful\" nudity.", "When asked for comment, McCourt stated that \"Nudity seems like a rather quaint thing to get one's knickers in a bunch over, in the 21st century.", "Besides, there's lots of art that I don't like, I don't go around gathering signatures of people who agree with me, and try to force the art to come down.", "That would be truly offensive, especially in a democracy like Canada.\"", "Media coverage of the sculptures' removal was widespread, with articles appearing in the news as far away as India.", "Public reaction to Mandel's censorship decree was generally disapproving.", "In an interview with the Edmonton Journal's Paula Simons, David Goa, religious scholar, cultural anthropologist, and director of the University of Alberta's Chester Ronning Centre for the Study of Religion and Public Life, states \"In India, Lord Ganesha is on everything – playing cards, advertising signs, lotto tickets, even diapers, I suspect.\"", "Simons concludes, \"In his haste to appease a few protesters, the mayor, usually a champion of the arts, made a serious error in judgment.", "Instead of giving McCourt's divinely inspired statues the bum's rush, we should be celebrating this Canadian cross-pollination of cultures and aesthetic forms\".", "The Globe and Mails columnist Margaret Wente agreed with Simons: \"The mayor, of course, was quite wrong.", "Mr. McCourt's sculptures did not insult the Hindu community.", "They insulted a small but vocal conservative religious group that is about as representative of Hindus as Hassidic Jews are of Jews....", "There's a big difference between respecting different cultures and caving in to illiberalism and superstition.\"", "Despite such negative responses in the media to art censorship in Canada, in 2014 the Edmonton Arts Council subsequently refused a donation of one of McCourt's sculptures, Destroyer of Obstacles, evidently because the sculpture had genitalia beneath its clothes.", "After meeting with seven Hindu community group representatives to seek out their opinion of the donation, the Edmonton Arts Council received a response that McCourt's sculpture was \"an offense to their religion\" and that the ban enacted by Mayor Mandel should remain in place.", "As a result of this consultation, \"the Public Art Committee unanimously voted to decline acceptance of the gift, as the artwork did not meet 'community or civic suitability' criteria.\"", "In McCourt's view, \"It is not the purpose of a city's public art collection to placate special interests,\" he says.", "\"I want Edmonton to build the best civic art collection that we can get, never mind the politics, the religion, etc.", "of the artists making the work.\"", "McCourt's reputation as a controversial artist goes beyond the issue of censorship.", "Protesting the exclusivity of a local National Portrait Gallery exhibition, McCourt \"sent in an anonymous mock-up of Ingres' Napoleon as Jupiter Enthroned redone with Stephen Harper's face along with a fabricated letter from the Prime Minister of Canada.", "His anonymous submission was immediately accepted into the show and became the poster child of the exhibit.\"", "McCourt has publicly advocated for civic investment in the arts, and for the University of Alberta to move its Department of Art and Design to a downtown campus.", "McCourt has been a vocal critic of public art in Edmonton, dismissing Talus Dome, a much-maligned sculpture purchased by the city, as \"an embarrassment to our citizens, a symbol of the Edmonton Arts Council's continued bungling of their portfolio, and an unforgivable waste of public funds.\"", "Common Sense\n\nIn 2007, McCourt opened Common Sense, a gallery space at 10546 – 115 street in downtown Edmonton, run by the North Edmonton Sculpture Workshop.", "With a mandate to give 100% of proceeds from art sales to exhibiting artists, Common Sense does not fit the mold of either a commercial gallery or a traditional artist run centre.", "According to art writer Amy Fung, \"Common Sense is not actually an artist-run centre in any official sense, but a space run by artists in the old-fashioned sense.... essentially an artist's wet dream in our space-deprived city.\"", "Awards and collections\nMcCourt received the Lee Fund for the Arts Award; is a two-time recipient of the Edmonton Artists Trust Fund Award; and the recipient of a number of Project Grants from the Alberta Foundation for the Arts.", "His 2000 photograph After David, and 2003 sculpture Atlas are included in the Alberta Foundation for the Arts' collection.", "Fanfare, a steel sculpture by McCourt from 1999, is in the art collection of the University of Alberta.", "Honky Tonk, also from 1999, is in the collection of the Robert T. Webb Sculpture Garden.", "\"The Abduction of Liberty, from 2006, was donated to the City of Edmonton and installed in the Belgravia Art Park in 2009.", "McCourt was awarded First Prize in the headdress category of the 2009 Wearable Art Awards in Port Moody, British Columbia for \"The Helmet of Laocoön.\"", "In 2011, McCourt was named one of Edmonton's \"Top 40 Under 40\" by Avenue Edmonton for his support of local artists and his encouragement of \"critical discourse\".", "On August 19, 2016, McCourt's \"Edmontonian Flag\" was presented to Edmonton Mayor Don Iveson by Confederacy of Treaty Six First Nations Grand Chief Randy Ermineskin, \"as a symbol of their commitment to collaboration, respectful dialogue and exploring shared opportunities\" and \"to symbolize a new dawn in Nation-to-Nation relationship building.\"", "In 2021, The Establishment Brewing Company commissioned McCourt to provide artwork for two beer labels, each one presenting a rotationally ambiguous image.", "References\n\nExternal links\n Official site\n\n1975 births\nUniversity of Alberta alumni\nArtists from Edmonton\nAbstract sculptors\n21st-century Canadian sculptors\nCanadian male sculptors\n21st-century male artists\nLiving people\nAssemblage artists\nReligious artists\nCanadian abstract artists" ]

[ "Ryan McCourt is a Canadian artist best known for his sculptures.", "He lives in Canada.", "Ryan David McCourt was the youngest of Ken and Sheelagh McCourt's five children.", "He attended several schools, including Jasper Place High School.", "He received his Bachelor of Fine Arts in 1997 and his Master of Fine Arts in Sculpture in 1999 from the University of Alberta.", "In 1995 he was a photographer with the Eskimos Football Club.", "The Works Art expo 2001 and Resolutions, a solo exhibition of paintings by Canadian artist Tony Baker, were both co-curated by McCourt.", "The Big Things sculpture series was produced at the Royal Alberta Museum from 2002 to 2006 as a result of the North Edmonton Sculpture Workshop.", "In 2003 he was an instructor at the University ofAlberta.", "The sculpture entitled A Modern Outlook was unveiled by McCourt and Klein in 2004.", "The Royal Alberta Museum had a sculpture exhibition in 2005.", "McCourt was the first artist to have his sculpture displayed outside of the Shaw Conference Centre.", "The sculptures were based on a deity from Hindu mythology, and were 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846", "The sculptures were removed from the exhibition after receiving a 700-name petition complaining of their nudity.", "In the 21st century, nudity seems like a quaint thing to get one's underwear in a bunch.", "I don't go around gathering signatures of people who agree with me and try to force the art to come down because I don't like it.", "It would be offensive in a democracy like Canada.", "The removal of the sculptures was covered by the media as far away as India.", "The public reaction to Mandel's decree was generally disapproving.", "David Goa, religious scholar, cultural anthropologist, and director of the University ofAlberta's Chester Ronning Centre for the Study of Religion and Public Life, stated in an interview that Lord Ganesha is on everything in India.", "In his haste to appease a few protesters, the mayor made a serious error in judgment.", "This Canadian cross-pollination of cultures and aesthetic forms should be celebrated instead of giving McCourt's statues inspiration.", "Margaret Wente, columnist for the Globe and Mails, said that the mayor was wrong.", "Mr. McCourt's sculptures did not insult the Hindu community.", "They insulted a small but vocal conservative religious group that is about as representative of Hindus as Hassidic Jews are of Jews.", "There is a difference between respecting different cultures and caving in to superstition.", "The sculpture Destroyer of Obstacles was refused a donation by the Edmonton Arts Council because it had genitalia beneath its clothes.", "After meeting with seven Hindu community group representatives to seek out their opinion of the donation, the arts council received a response that the sculpture was \"an offense to their religion\" and that the ban enacted by Mayor Mandel should remain in place.", "The Public Art Committee unanimously voted to decline acceptance of the gift as the artwork did not meet community or civic suitability criteria.", "\"It is not the purpose of a city's public art collection to appease special interests,\" he says.", "I want the best civic art collection that we can get, never mind politics, religion, or anything else.", "The work is being made by the artists.", "The artist's reputation goes beyond the issue of censorship.", "Protesting the exclusiveness of a local National Portrait Gallery exhibition, McCourt sent in an anonymous mock-up of Ingres' Napoleon as Jupiter Enthroned redone with StephenHarper's face along with a fabricated letter from the Prime Minister of Canada.", "The poster child of the exhibit was his anonymous submission.", "The University of Alberta's Department of Art and Design should be moved to a downtown campus because of public support for the arts.", "Talus Dome, a much-maligned sculpture purchased by the city, is an embarrassment to our citizens, a symbol of the Edmonton Arts Council's continued bungling of their portfolio, and an unforgivable.", "Common Sense opened in 2007, it is run by the North Edmonton Sculpture Workshop.", "Common Sense doesn't fit the mold of either a commercial gallery or a traditional artist run centre because it doesn't have a mandate to give 100% of proceeds from art sales to artists.", "\"Common Sense is not an artist-run centre in any official sense, but a space run by artists in the old-fashioned sense, essentially an artist's wet dream in our space-deprived city.\"", "The Lee Fund for the Arts Award, the Edmonton Artists Trust Fund Award, and the recipient of a number of Project Grants are some of the awards and collections that McCourt has received.", "TheAlberta Foundation for the Arts has a collection of his photographs and sculptures.", "Fanfare is in the art collection of the University of Alberta.", "The Robert T. Webb Sculpture Garden has a collection of Honky Tonk.", "The Abduction of Liberty was installed in the Belgravia Art Park in 2009.", "\"The Helmet of Laocon\" was the winner of the headdress category of the Wearable Art Awards.", "McCourt was named one of the \"Top 40 Under 40\" by Avenue Edmonton for his support of local artists and his encouragement of \"critical discourse\".", "The Confederacy of Six First Nations Grand Chief Randy Ermineskin presented the \"Edmontonian Flag\" to the Mayor of the city to symbolize a new dawn.", "McCourt was commissioned by The Establishment Brewing Company to create artwork for two beer labels.", "The official site of the University ofAlberta has links to External links." ]

[ "Ryan McCourt", "Ryan David McCourt", "McCourt", "McCourt", "McCourt", "McCourt", "McCourt", "McCourt" ]

[ "Ryan McCourt", "Ryan David McCourt", "McCourt", "McCourt", "McCourt", "McCourt" ]

[ "Richard Pearman Minifie, (2 February 1898 – 31 March 1969) was an Australian fighter pilot and flying ace of the First World War.", "Born in Victoria, he attended Melbourne Church of England Grammar School.", "Travelling to the United Kingdom, he enlisted in the Royal Naval Air Service in June 1916.", "Accepted for flight training, he completed his instruction in December and joined No.", "1 (Naval) Squadron RNAS on the Western Front in January 1917, flying Sopwith Triplanes.", "He went on to score seventeen aerial victories on this type of machine throughout the year, becoming both the youngest Australian flying ace of the First World War and No.", "1 (Naval) Squadron's highest-scoring ace on the Triplane.", "The unit re-equipped with the Sopwith Camel late in 1917, with Minifie going on to achieve a further four victories on the aircraft, raising his final tally to a score of twenty-one aircraft shot down.", "Minifie crash landed in German-held territory in March 1918, and spent the remainder of the war in prisoner-of-war camps in Germany.", "He was released at the end of the war, and was demobilised as a captain in September 1919.", "Returning to Australia, he joined the staff of his father's flour milling business, James Minifie & Co. Pty Ltd.", "He served as a squadron leader in the Air Training Corps of the Royal Australian Air Force during the Second World War.", "Minifie returned to the flour milling industry after the war, becoming managing director of James Minifie & Co. Pty Ltd in 1949.", "He died in 1969 at the age of seventy-one.", "Early life\nRichard Pearman Minife was born in Alphington, Victoria, on 2 February 1898 to Englishman James Minifie, a flour miller, and his Australian wife Beatrice Kate (née Earle).", "In his youth, Minifie attended Melbourne Church of England Grammar School, becoming a prefect in 1915 and being appointed a lieutenant in the school Cadet unit.", "Completing his secondary studies later that year, Minifie won a scholarship to Trinity College at the University of Melbourne.", "First World War\nBy 1916, Minifie was residing in Elsternwick, Victoria.", "That year, he decided to postpone his studies and travelled to the United Kingdom where he enlisted in the Royal Naval Air Service at Crystal Palace, London on 11 June.", "Accepted for flight training with the rank of probationary flight sub-lieutenant, he spent the following six months at naval establishments in Eastbourne, Cranwell, East Fortune and Dover earning his wings.", "Granted the substantive rank of flight sub-lieutenant in October, he was posted to No.", "1 Wing RNAS on graduating as a pilot in October.", "In early 1917, he was allotted to the Wing's No.", "1 (Naval) Squadron in France, flying Sopwith Triplanes, an aircraft in which he was to score heavily.", "Throughout February and March 1917, No.", "1 Squadron was \"continually in action\" along the Somme sector of the Western Front.", "During April, the squadron maintained a high operational tempo with the launch of the Arras offensive.", "In an air battle on 29 April, Minifie was credited with his first two aerial victories, shooting down an Albatros D.III in a solo effort, before sharing in the destruction of a second with fellow Australian, Flight Sub-Lieutenant Robert A.", "Little of No 8 (Naval) Squadron.", "Over the next two months, Minifie participated in the \"highly effective\" ground-strafing missions on Bullecourt and during the Battle of Messines, while simultaneously adding to his tally of aircraft brought down; he became an ace during this period.", "At 19 years of age, Minifie was the youngest Australian ace of the First World War.", "He was promoted to acting flight lieutenant in July, taking part in the Passchendaele offensive later that month.", "On 8 August, Minifie destroyed a German scout plane, forcing the machine down in flames and thus scoring his seventh victory.", "Ten days later, he executed a raid on two German aerodromes.", "Flying at a height of , he fired approximated 450 rounds of ammunition into the hangars.", "Cited for his efforts in bringing down several German aircraft and his assaults on ground targets between April and September, Minifie was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross.", "The notice for the decoration was promulgated in a supplement to the London Gazette on 2 November 1917.", "Between August and October 1917, Minifie was credited with a further eleven German aircraft, bringing his total to seventeen.", "He had thus far achieved all of his victories on the Sopwith Triplane, making him No.", "1 Squadron's highest-scoring ace on the aircraft, besting his commanding officer and friend, fellow Australian ace Lieutenant Commander Roderic Dallas, by a single victory on the machine.", "In late October, the squadron returned to the United Kingdom in order to re-equip with the Sopwith Camel.", "On 30 November, the London Gazette carried the announcement that Minifie had been awarded a Bar to his Distinguished Service Cross as a consequence of his \"conspicuous gallantry in air fighting throughout October\", that resulted in his personal destruction of \"several enemy machines\".", "On returning to the Western Front, Minifie went on to score an additional four aerial victories on the Sopwith Camel.", "In March 1918, he was promoted to acting flight commander.", "Later that month, he acted as No.", "1 Squadron's commanding officer during the transition of command from Dallas to Lieutenant Commander Charles Dawson Booker.", "On 13 March, Minifie led a party of four aircraft out on a patrol.", "While airborne, the group intercepted a formation of five German scout planes.", "In the ensuring battle, Minifie personally destroyed two of the aircraft while a third was shot down by one of his men.", "These two scout planes were to be Minifie's final victories of the war, raising his ultimate tally to twenty-one aircraft shot down and making him the seventh highest-scoring Australian ace of the conflict.", "His aerial achievements were composed of ten and one shared aircraft destroyed, eight and one shared out of control, and one captured.", "As a result of his gallantry while operating against hostile forces, particularly in the air battle of 13 March, Minifie was awarded a second Bar to his Distinguished Service Cross.", "The announcement and accompanying citation was published in the London Gazette on 17 April 1918, reading:\n\nOn 17 March 1918, Minifie took off in his Camel on a sortie.", "During the flight, he was forced to crash land in German-held territory near Houthulst Forest, Belgium.", "The exact circumstances of why he was forced to land are unknown, but it came as a result of either being shot down during a duel with Jasta 47's Friedrich Ehmann or Minifie's machine suffering engine failure.", "He was subsequently captured by German forces at Roulers, and taken as a prisoner of war; he spent the remainder of the war at prison camps in Karlsruhe and Clausthal, Germany.", "Roderic Dallas later wrote to Minifie's mother, informing her that Richard had been taken as a prisoner of war.", "In the letter he described Minifie as \"a brilliant pilot and air fighter\", and stated that \"his aerial victories were gained by clean, clever fighting and he was always so modest about his great achievements\".", "On 1 April, the Royal Naval Air Service and Royal Flying Corps were combined to form the Royal Air Force, with personnel from the former services transferring to the new branch; Minifie was promoted to captain the same day.", "He was released from captivity following the Armistice with Germany in November 1918, returning to the United Kingdom on 13 December 1918.", "Minifie returned to Australia in May 1919, and was placed on the Royal Air Force's unemployed list on 1 November.", "Post-war career and later life\nBack in Australia, Minifie took up his scholarship, studying mathematics and science at the University of Melbourne.", "However, he soon withdrew from the course, opting to join his father's flour milling business, James Minifie & Co. Pty Ltd.", "In a ceremony at the Holy Trinity Church in Kew on 19 October 1921, Minifie married Nellie Frances Roberts; the couple would have four children.", "His father died the next year and, in collaboration with his brother James and his father's business partner, James Gatehouse, he continued to manage and run James Minifie & Co. Pty Ltd. Over the subsequent three decades, the trio were successful in furthering their business ventures, significantly expanding the company.", "On 17 June 1941, Minifie enlisted in the Royal Australian Air Force for service in the Second World War, and was accepted as an officer with the Prahran Wing of the Air Training Corps.", "Promoted to flying officer and granted the acting rank of squadron leader on 23 August, he was appointed in commander of No.", "1 Squadron of No.", "1 Cadet Wing.", "Returning to the flour milling business after the war, he was appointed president of the Victorian Flour Millers' Association in 1948.", "The following year, Minifie was made managing director of James Minifie & Co. Pty Ltd and its associated companies, in addition to being selected as president of the Federal Council of Flour Millowners of Australia and the flour millowners' representative on the Australian Wheat Board.", "He relinquished these positions upon his retirement in 1966.", "Richard Minifie died on 31 March 1969 and was cremated.", "He was survived by his wife, son and three daughters.", "Notes\n\nReferences\n \n \n \n \n \n\n1898 births\n1969 deaths\nAustralian aviators\nAustralian people of English descent\nAustralian World War I flying aces\nPeople educated at Melbourne Grammar School\nPeople from Melbourne\nRecipients of the Distinguished Service Cross (United Kingdom)\nRoyal Air Force officers\nRoyal Air Force personnel of World War I\nRoyal Australian Air Force officers\nRoyal Australian Air Force personnel of World War II\nRoyal Naval Air Service aviators\nRoyal Navy officers of World War I\nAustralian flour millers and merchants" ]

[ "The ace of the First World War was an Australian named Richard Pearman Minifie.", "He attended a school in England.", "He joined the Royal Naval Air Service in June 1916.", "He joined No after completing his flight training.", "The squadron flew Sopwith Triplanes on the Western Front in January 1917.", "He became the youngest Australian flying ace of the First World War when he won seventeen aerial victories on this type of machine.", "The highest- scoring ace on the Triplane is 1 (Naval) Squadron.", "The unit re-equipped with the Sopwith Camel late in 1917, with Minifie going on to achieve a further four victories on the aircraft, raising his final tally to a score of twenty-one aircraft shot down.", "The Minifie crash landed in German-held territory and spent the rest of the war in prisoner-of-war camps.", "He was released at the end of the war and demobilized in 1919.", "He joined the staff of his father's business after returning to Australia.", "During the Second World War, he was a squadron leader in the Air Training Corps of the Royal Australian Air Force.", "After the war, Minifie returned to the flour milling industry as managing director of James Minifie & Co.", "He died at the age of seventy-one.", "On February 2, 1898, Richard Pearman Minife was born in Alphington, Victoria, to Englishman James Minifie and his Australian wife.", "Minifie was appointed a lieutenant in the school cadet unit in 1915 after becoming a prefect in 1915.", "Minifie won a scholarship to Trinity College after completing his secondary studies.", "Minifie lived in Elsternwick during the First World War.", "He enlisted in the Royal Naval Air Service in the United Kingdom after postponing his studies.", "He was accepted for flight training with the rank of sub-lieutenant and spent the next six months at naval establishments.", "He was given the substantive rank of flight sub-lieutenant in October.", "In October, 1 Wing will graduate as a pilot.", "He was assigned to the Wing's No. in early 1917.", "He flew Sopwith Triplanes, an aircraft in which he was to score a lot.", "In February and March 1917, No.", "Along the Somme sector of the Western Front, 1 Squadron was constantly in action.", "With the launch of the Arras offensive, the squadron maintained a high operational tempo.", "In an air battle on 29 April, Minifie was credited with his first two aerial victories, shooting down an Albatros D.III in a solo effort, before sharing in the destruction of a second with fellow Australian, Flight Sub-Lieutenant Robert A.", "The little squadron of No 8.", "During the next two months, Minifie participated in ground-strafing missions on Bullecourt and during the Battle of Messines, while simultaneously adding to his tally of aircraft brought down.", "Minifie was the youngest Australian ace of the First World War.", "He was promoted to acting flight lieutenant in July after taking part in the Passchendaele offensive.", "Minifie scored his seventh victory on August 8 when he destroyed a German scout plane.", "He raided two German aerodromes ten days later.", "He fired 450 rounds into the hangars.", "Minifie was awarded theDistinguished Service Cross for his efforts in bringing down several German aircraft and his assaults on ground targets between April and September.", "The notice for the decoration was published in the London Gazette.", "Between August and October 1917, Minifie was credited with eleven more German aircraft, bringing his total to seventeen.", "He had achieved all of his victories on the Sopwith Triplane.", "Lieutenant Commander Roderic Dallas was 1 Squadron's highest- scoring ace on the aircraft, besting his commanding officer and friend by a single victory on the machine.", "The squadron returned to the United Kingdom in order to re-equip with the Sopwith Camel.", "Minifie was awarded a bar for his \"conspicuous gallantry in air fighting throughout October\" that resulted in his personal destruction of several enemy machines, according to the London Gazette.", "Minifie scored four aerial victories on the Sopwith Camel on her return to the Western Front.", "He was promoted to acting flight commander in March 1918.", "He acted as No later that month.", "During the transition of command from Dallas to Lieutenant Commander Booker, 1 Squadron's commanding officer.", "Minifie led a patrol of four aircraft.", "Five German scout planes were intercepted by the group while airborne.", "Minifie personally destroyed two of the aircraft and one of his men shot down the third.", "Minifie's final victories of the war would raise his tally to twenty-one aircraft shot down and make him the seventh highest scoring Australian ace of the war.", "His aerial achievements were comprised of ten and one shared aircraft destroyed, eight and one shared out of control, and one captured.", "Minifie was awarded a second bar for his bravery in the air battle of 13 March.", "On 17 March 1918, Minifie took off in his Camel on a sortie.", "He was forced to crash land in German-held territory during the flight.", "He was forced to land due to either being shot down during a battle with Jasta 47's Friedrich Ehmann or Minifie's machine suffering engine failure.", "After being captured by German forces at Roulers, he was taken as a prisoner of war and spent the rest of the war in prison camps in Germany.", "Minifie's mother was informed by Roderic Dallas that Richard had been taken as a prisoner of war.", "He described Minifie as a brilliant pilot and air fighter, and stated that his aerial victories were gained by clean, clever fighting.", "Minifie was promoted to captain the day after the Royal Naval Air Service and Royal Flying Corps were combined to form the Royal Air Force.", "After the Armistice with Germany in November 1918, he was released from captivity and returned to the United Kingdom.", "Minifie was placed on the Royal Air Force's unemployed list on 1 November 1919.", "Minifie went back to Australia after the war to study mathematics and science at the University of Melbourne.", "He joined his father's flour milling business after withdrawing from the course.", "Minifie and Roberts had four children after they were married in a ceremony at the Holy Trinity Church.", "After his father's death, his brother James and his father's business partner James Gatehouse continued to manage and run James Minifie & Co.", "Minifie enlisted in the Royal Australian Air Force for service in the Second World War and was accepted as an officer with the Prahran Wing of the Air Training Corps.", "He was appointed commander of No. on 23 August after being promoted to flying officer and given the acting rank of squadron leader.", "One squadron of No.", "There is a cadet wing.", "He was appointed president of the Victorian Flour Millers' Association in 1948.", "Minifie was made managing director of James Minifie & Co. in addition to being selected as president of the Federal Council of Flour Millowners of Australia and the flour millowners' representative on the Australian Wheat Board.", "He retired from these positions in 1966.", "Richard Minifie died on March 31, 1969 and was cremated.", "He was survived by his family.", "Australian people of English descent and Royal Air Force personnel of World War I were recipients of the distinguished service cross." ]

[ "Richard Pearman Minifie", "Minifie", "Minifie", "Minifie", "Richard Pearman", "James Minifie", "Minifie", "Minifie", "Minifie", "Minifie", "Minifie", "Minifie", "Minifie", "Minifie", "Minifie", "Minifie", "Minifie", "Minifie", "Minifie", "Minifie", "Minifie", "Minifie", "Minifie", "Minifie", "Richard", "Minifie", "Minifie", "Minifie", "Minifie", "Minifie", "Minifie", "Minifie", "Richard Minifie" ]

[ "Richard Pearman Minifie", "Minifie", "Minifie", "Minifie", "Richard Pearman", "James Minifie", "Minifie", "Minifie", "Minifie", "Minifie", "Minifie", "Minifie", "Minifie", "Minifie", "Minifie", "Minifie", "Minifie", "Minifie", "Minifie", "Minifie", "Minifie", "Minifie", "Minifie", "Minifie", "Richard", "Minifie", "Minifie", "Minifie", "Minifie", "Minifie", "Minifie", "Minifie", "Richard Minifie" ]

[ "Evelynne Bernloehr Mess Daily (January 8, 1903 – January 9, 2003) was an American etcher, printmaker, painter, illustrator, and art educator from Indianapolis, Indiana, who founded the Indiana Society of Printmakers in 1934.", "Along with her first husband and fellow artist, George Joseph Mess, she was active in the Indianapolis and Brown County, Indiana, arts community.", "Awarded an honorary doctor of philosophy degree from Colorado State Christian College in 1973, and a recipient of a Sagamore of the Wabash award in 1987, she was also a past president of the Indiana Federation of Art Clubs and a former secretary of the Indiana Artists Club.", "Her work is represented in several permanent collections that included the Library of Congress, the Indianapolis Museum of Art, the Indiana State Museum, the Indiana State Library, the Indiana University Art Museum, the Richmond Art Museum, DePauw University, and the Philadelphia Museum of Art.", "Early life and education\nEvelynne Charlien Bernloehr was born on January 8, 1903, in Indianapolis, Indiana, to John A. and Anna B. Bernloehr.", "John Bernloehr, a jeweler of German ancestry, was a partner with his brother in an Indianapolis jewelry business.", "Anna Bernloehr was a homemaker of Swiss heritage whose family operated a local bakery.", "John and Anna Bernloehr enjoyed music and the arts.", "The Bernloehr family included six children (three girls and three boys), two of whom died in childhood.", "Bernloehr's surviving siblings were Lenora, Wilmer, and John.", "As a member of a musical family, she learned to play piano and several stringed instruments, including banjo, mandolin, and guitar, but she developed a strong interest in drawing at an early age and aspired to become an artist.", "Bernloehr attended Indianapolis's public schools.", "At the age of twelve she received a scholarship to join Indianapolis's John Herron Art Institute's Saturday-morning art classes for children.", "(The Herron Art Institute was a forerunner to the Indianapolis Museum of Art.)", "Bernloehr continued to attend weekend classes at Herron through her high school years at Indianapolis's Arsenal Technical High School, where she studied with illustrator Frederick Polley.", "She also studied for a year at Indianapolis's Shortridge High School from 1920–21 before enrolling at Butler University, but left after a year to continue her studies at Herron.", "Bernloehr spent the next two years (1923–24) as a full-time student at Herron, where she studied under William Forsyth and Clifton Wheeler, and taught children's art classes in order to earn a teaching certificate in art.", "She also attended Wayman Adams School of Portrait Painting in New York, the Chicago Art Institute, and École des Beaux Arts.", "Marriage and family\nBernloehr met her first husband, George Joseph Mess, while assisting with evening art classes at the Herron in 1925.", "Mess was a commercial artist and one of the students in William Forsyth's drawing class.", "Bernloehr and Mess were married on April 28, 1925, at her family's home in Indianapolis.", "Following their marriage the couple set up an art studio in the living room of their home in suburban Broad Ripple.", "George Mess died in 1962, after suffering nearly two decades of ill health.", "The couple had no children.", "“Marriage is wonderful if the persons involved are truly partners, especially if they work together in a field they both love, as George and I did,” Evelynne said of her husband, George.", "“We shared everything we did in art and complemented each other.”\n\nEvelynne Mess met her second husband, Edward Daily, a widower and Eli Lilly and Company retiree, in 1968.", "They were married the following year and resided in his Brown County, Indiana, home near Nashville.", "Edward Daily died in 1974.", "Career\nAfter graduating from the Herron Institute of Art in 1924, Bernloehr took a job teaching art at Emmerich Manual High School in Indianapolis, but decided not to renew her teaching contract the following year.", "In order to maintain her contacts in the Indianapolis arts community, she assisted with the evening art classes at Herron.", "After her marriage to George Mess in 1925 she worked on her art in their home studio.", "It was unusual, in that time, for a woman to continue her career after marriage, but Evelynne Bernloehr Mess Daily loved her art too much to give it up.", "Evelynne Bernloehr Mess Daily’s artistic interest always lied with etching, inspired by the newspaper drawings of Frederick Polley, who taught her art at Arsenal Technical High School.", "At the time, however, there were no course offerings in etching.", "Bernloehr taught herself the art, learning from the pages of the Encyclopedia Britannica.", "Along with her husband, George, and brother-in-law, Gordon Mess, the trio founded the Circle Art Academy, a commercial art school in Indianapolis in 1927.", "Although the academy remained in operation until 1932, Evelynne only taught during its first year of operation.", "Afterwards, she focused fulltime on etching and printmaking.", "Seeking inspiration and additional art instruction, Evelynne and George Mess spent the summer of 1929 studying at the École des Beaux-Arts at Fontainebleau, France, where she was especially interested in training with an experienced graveur, Achile Ouvré.", "At the end of the summer the couple spent additional time traveling and sketching in France, Switzerland, and Italy, before their return to the United States in the fall.", "After the trip Mess resumed her work as an etcher and printmaker.", "During these early years she created etchings from many of the sketches she had made in Europe, although her preferred method was to draw designs directly onto copper plates and use fast-acting acids to score the freehand work.", "By 1932 she had introduced her husband, George, a trained painter, the medium of etching and taught him the basics of printmaking.", "While George remained heavily involved in directing and teaching at the Circle Art Academy during the day, Evelynne took over the tedious work of producing prints from his artwork.", "She also worked as a substitute teacher at Indianapolis schools and during the 1930s became active in several art-related clubs.", "Mess was a member of the Indiana Artists Club, the Indiana Federation of Art Clubs, and the art department of the Indianapolis Woman's Department Club, where she served for several years as chairwoman of its exhibits committee.", "In 1934 Mess founded the Indiana Society of Printmakers and also organized a print show for the Woman's Department Club.", "She also took on leadership roles \nas a president of the Indiana Federation of Art Clubs and as secretary of the Indiana Artists Club.", "In addition, Mess became involved in the Hoosier Salon and the National Society of Arts and Letters, as well as the Brown County Art Gallery and the Brown County Art Guild.", "In 1937 the Evelynne and George Mess moved to Chicago, Illinois, where he took a job supervising the reproduction of artwork for several magazines and she took classes at the Art Institute of Chicago.", "The couple returned to Indianapolis in 1940 after he was diagnosed with cancer.", "In addition to maintaining a home/art studio in Indianapolis, the Messes purchased a farm outside of Nashville in Brown County, Indiana, in 1941.", "Their rustic weekend retreat was called Oxbow Acres.", "They also spent three months during the summer of 1944 teaching printing to students attending the Old Mill Art School, a summer school that their friends and fellow artists, Margaret and Wayman Elbridge Adams, had established on property in the Adirondack Mountains near Elizabethtown, New York.", "To supplement their household income, Evelynne taught at Ladywood School in Indianapolis in 1942–43 and worked as a substitute teacher for the Indianapolis Public Schools.", "During the 1950s and 1960s she also taught at the Indianapolis Art League.", "George Mess, who suffered from cancer for more than twenty years, died from the illness on June 24, 1962.", "Overwhelmed with grief, Mess spent her first year of widowhood organizing a memorial exhibition of his art.", "In 1967 Mess realized a longtime dream to open a summer art school at Oxbow Acres, her retreat in Brown County, Indiana.", "Although the school emphasized printmaking, Mess and occasional guest instructors also offered instruction in painting, drawing, silk screening, and metal engraving, among other arts.", "The following year she met her second husband, Edward R. Daily, at a Brown County Art Gallery show.", "They married in 1969 and continued to reside in Brown County; however, after Daily's death in 1974, she returned to the home/art studio in Indianapolis that she had shared with her first husband, George.", "Evelynne Mess Daily closed her art school and sold Oxbow Acres in 1980.", "Mess Daily exhibited her etchings and other art at national and international exhibitions held at the Indiana State Fair, the Indiana Artists Club, the Indiana Federation of Arts Clubs, the Hoosier Salon, the Herron Art Institute, the Indiana Society of Printmakers, the Brown County Art Association, the Society of American Etchers, the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, the Cincinnati Art Museum, and the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, among other venues.", "Later years\nShe suffered from ill health in her later years, undergoing an operation for retinal detachment.", "In addition, acid damage to her lungs forced her to give up printmaking for two decades.", "Despite these setbacks Mess Daily continued to exhibit her artwork.", "Water Fantasy, her rendering of a mermaid, was displayed at the Cincinnati Art Museum in 1990.", "Death and legacy\nEvelynne Mess Daily died in Indianapolis on January 9, 2003 at age 100.", "Her remains are interred at Crown Hill Cemetery in Indianapolis.", "Evelynne Mess Daily and her first husband, George Joseph Mess, were well known in the Indianapolis and Brown County, Indiana, art communities.", "Mess Daily is best known as an etcher and printmaker, although she also worked a painter and illustrator.", "In addition to art, her major legacy was supporting the development and careers of other artists and printmakers, including her husband, and as the founder of the Indiana Society of Printmakers in 1934.", "Honors and tributes\n Awarded an honorary doctor of philosophy degree from Colorado State Christian College in 1973\n Recipient of a leadership award from the Indiana Federation of Art Clubs in 1978\n Named a Sagamore of the Wabash in 1987\n\nSelected works\nMess Daily's artwork is represented in several permanent collections.", "These include the Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.; the Indianapolis Museum of Art, Indianapolis; the Indiana State Museum, Indianapolis; the Indiana University Art Museum, Bloomington; the Richmond Art Museum, Richmond, Indiana; the Art Museum of Greater Lafayette, Lafayette, Indiana; the Philadelphia Museum of Art, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; DePauw University, Greencastle, Indiana; and the Indiana State Library, Indianapolis.", "At the Library of Congress:\n Adirondack Trail (1946)\n\nAt the Indianapolis Museum of Art:\n Old Montmartre, Paris (1929)\n Street Musicians in France (1929) \n Water Fantasy, Nymph (1931)\n Toadstools (1946)\n Barnyard Controversy (1949)\n Evelynne's Country Kitchen (1973)\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Evelynne Mess Daily artwork at the Indianapolis Museum of Art\n\n1903 births\n2003 deaths\n20th-century American women artists\n20th-century American printmakers\nHerron School of Art and Design alumni\nArtists from Indianapolis\nAmerican centenarians\nBurials at Crown Hill Cemetery\nWomen centenarians\nAmerican women printmakers\n21st-century American women" ]

[ "The Indiana Society of Printmakers was founded in 1934 by Evelynne Bernloehr Mess Daily.", "She and George Joseph Mess were active in the Indianapolis and Brown County, Indiana, arts community.", "She received a doctor of philosophy degree from Colorado State Christian College in 1973, and was a past president of the Indiana Federation of Art Clubs.", "Her work can be found in the Library of Congress, the Indianapolis Museum of Art, the Indiana State Museum, the Indiana State Library, the Indiana University Art Museum, and the Philadelphia Museum of Art.", "Evelynne Charlien Bernloehr was born on January 8, 1903, in Indianapolis, Indiana, to John A. and Anna B. Bernloehr.", "John Bernloehr was a partner with his brother in an Indianapolis jewelry business.", "Anna Bernloehr's family operated a bakery.", "Music and the arts were enjoyed by John and Anna Bernloehr.", "Two of the Bernloehr family's children died in childhood.", "Lenora, Wilmer, and John were Bernloehr's siblings.", "As a member of a musical family, she learned to play piano and several stringed instruments, but she developed a strong interest in drawing at an early age and aspires to become an artist.", "Bernloehr was a student at Indianapolis's public schools.", "She joined Indianapolis's John Herron Art Institute's Saturday-morning art classes for children because she received a scholarship at the age of twelve.", "The Herron Art Institute was a part of the Indianapolis Museum of Art.", "Bernloehr continued to attend weekend classes at Herron through her high school years in Indianapolis, where she studied with Frederick Polley.", "She studied for a year at Indianapolis's Shortridge High School before going to college, but left after a year to continue her studies at Herron.", "After graduating from Herron in 1923, Bernloehr taught children's art classes for two years in order to earn a teaching certificate in art.", "She attended the Wayman Adams School of Portrait Painting in New York.", "Bernloehr met her first husband, George Joseph Mess, while assisting with evening art classes at the Herron in 1925.", "Mess was a student in William Forsyth's drawing class.", "On April 28, 1925, Bernloehr and Mess were married at her family's home in Indianapolis.", "The couple set up an art studio in the living room of their home after they married.", "George Mess had been ill for nearly two decades.", "The couple did not have any children.", "Evelynne said, \"marriage is wonderful if the persons involved are truly partners, especially if they work together in a field they both love, as George and I did.\"", "Evelynne Mess met her second husband, Edward Daily, a widower and Eli Lilly and Company retiree, in 1968.", "They lived in his Brown County, Indiana, home after they were married.", "Edward Daily passed away in 1974.", "After graduating from the Herron Institute of Art in 1924, Bernloehr took a job teaching art at a high school in Indianapolis, but decided not to continue her teaching contract the following year.", "She helped with the evening art classes at Herron in order to keep in touch with the Indianapolis arts community.", "Her home studio was where she worked on her art after she married George Mess.", "Evelynne Bernloehr Mess Daily continued her career after marriage because she loved her art so much.", "The newspaper drawings of Frederick Polley inspired Evelynne Bernloehr Mess Daily to use etching.", "There were no course offerings at the time.", "Bernloehr learned from the pages of the Encyclopedia Britannica.", "The Circle Art Academy was founded in 1927 by her husband, George, and brother-in-law, Gordon Mess.", "Evelynne only taught the first year of the academy.", "She spent the rest of her time on etching and printmaking.", "Evelynne and George Mess spent the summer of 1929 studying at the cole des Beaux-Arts at Fontainebleau, France, where she was interested in training with an experienced graveur.", "After the summer ended, the couple traveled and sketched in France, Switzerland, and Italy before returning to the US in the fall.", "Mess resumed her work after the trip.", "She created etchings from many of the sketches she had made in Europe, although her preferred method was to draw designs directly onto copper plates and use fast-acting acids to score the freehand work.", "She introduced her husband, George, a trained painter, the medium of etching and taught him the basics of printmaking.", "While George was heavily involved in directing and teaching at the Circle Art Academy, Evelynne took over the tedious work of producing prints from his artwork.", "During the 1930s, she became active in several art-related clubs and worked as a substitute teacher.", "Mess was a member of the Indiana Artists Club, the Indiana Federation of Art Clubs, and the art department of the Indianapolis Woman's Department Club, where she served for several years as chairwoman of its exhibits committee.", "Mess founded the Indiana Society of Printmakers and organized a print show for the Woman's Department Club.", "She was president of the Indiana Federation of Art Clubs and secretary of the Indiana Artists Club.", "Mess was involved in the Hoosier Salon and the National Society of Arts and Letters, as well as the Brown County Art Gallery and the Brown County Art Guild.", "Evelynne Mess took classes at the Art Institute of Chicago after moving to Chicago with her husband George in 1937.", "After he was diagnosed with cancer, the couple returned to Indianapolis.", "In 1941, the Messes purchased a farm outside of Nashville in Brown County, Indiana, in addition to maintaining a home/art studio in Indianapolis.", "Oxbow Acres was their weekend retreat.", "During the summer of 1944, they taught printing to students at the Old Mill Art School, a summer school that their friends and fellow artists, Margaret and Wayman Elbridge Adams, had established in the Adirondack Mountains.", "Evelynne worked as a substitute teacher for the Indianapolis Public Schools after teaching at Ladywood School in Indianapolis.", "She taught at the Indianapolis Art League during the 1950s and 1960s.", "George Mess, who was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "Mess spent her first year of widowhood organizing a memorial exhibition of his art.", "In 1967, Mess decided to open a summer art school at Oxbow Acres, her retreat in Brown County, Indiana.", "Mess and occasional guest instructors offer instruction in painting, drawing, silk screening, and metal engraving, among other arts.", "She met her second husband, Edward R. Daily, at the Brown County Art Gallery show.", "After Daily's death in 1974, she returned to the home/art studio in Indianapolis that she had shared with her first husband.", "Oxbow Acres was sold by Evelynne Mess Daily in 1980.", "The Herron Art Institute, the Indiana Society of Printmakers, the Brown County Art Association, and the Indiana Artists Club all exhibited Mess Daily's art.", "She had an operation for a detached eye in her later years.", "She gave up printmaking for two decades because of acid damage to her lungs.", "Mess Daily continued to exhibit her artwork despite the setbacks.", "Water Fantasy was displayed at the Cincinnati Art Museum.", "On January 9, 2003 Evelynne Mess Daily died at the age of 100.", "Her remains are buried in Indianapolis.", "Evelynne Mess Daily and her first husband, George Joseph Mess, were well known in the Indianapolis and Brown County, Indiana, art communities.", "Mess Daily also worked as a painter and illustrator.", "She was the founder of the Indiana Society of Printmakers and supported the careers of her husband and other artists.", "In 1978 Mess Daily received a leadership award from the Indiana Federation of Art Clubs and in 1987 he received a Sagamore of the Wabash.", "The Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.; the Indianapolis Museum of Art, Indianapolis; the Indiana State Museum, Indianapolis; the Indiana University Art Museum, Bloomington, and the Art Museum of Greater Lafayette, Lafayette, Indiana.", "At the Indianapolis Museum of Art: Old Montmartre, Paris, Street Musicians in France, and Water Fantasy." ]

[ "Evelynne Bernloehr Me", "Daily", "George Joseph Mess", "Evelynne Charlien Bernloehr", "Mess", "Mess", "George Mess", "Evelynne", "Mess", "Edward Daily", "Edward Daily", "George Mess", "Evelynne", "Evelynne", "Gordon Mess", "George Mess", "Evelynne", "George Mess", ". Daily", "Daily", "Evelynne", "Daily", "Daily", "Daily", "Evelynne", "Daily", "Evelynne", "Mess", "Evelynne" ]

[ "Evelynne Bernloeh", "Evelynne Charlien Bernloeh", "Mess", "Mess", "George Mess", "Evelynne", "Mess", "Edward Daily", "Edward Daily", "Evelynne", "Evelynne", "Gordon Mess", "George Mess", "Evelynne", "Mess", "George Mess", "Daily", "Evelynne", "Mess", "Daily", "Evelynne", "Mess", "Daily", "Mess", "Daily", "Daily" ]

[ "Nestor Apollonovich Lakoba (1 May 189328 December 1936) was an Abkhaz communist leader.", "Lakoba helped establish Bolshevik power in Abkhazia in the aftermath of the Russian Revolution, and served as the head of Abkhazia after its conquest by the Bolshevik Red Army in 1921.", "While in power, Lakoba saw that Abkhazia was initially given autonomy within the USSR as the Socialist Soviet Republic of Abkhazia.", "Though nominally a part of the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic with a special status of \"union republic,\" the Abkhaz SSR was effectively a separate republic, made possible by Lakoba's close relationship with Joseph Stalin.", "Lakoba successfully opposed the extension of collectivization of Abkhazia, though in return Lakoba was forced to accept a downgrade of Abkhazia's status to that of an autonomous republic within the Georgian SSR.", "Popular in Abkhazia due to his ability to resonate with the people, Lakoba maintained a close relationship with Stalin, who would frequently holiday in Abkhazia during the 1920s and 1930s.", "This relationship saw Lakoba become the rival of one of Stalin's other confidants, Lavrentiy Beria, who was in charge of the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, which included Georgia.", "During a visit to Beria in Tbilisi in December 1936, Lakoba was poisoned, allowing Beria to consolidate his control over Abkhazia and all of Georgia and to discredit Lakoba and his family as enemies of the state.", "Rehabilitated after the death of Stalin in 1953, Lakoba is now revered as a national hero in Abkhazia.", "Early life\n\nYouth and education \nNestor Lakoba was born in the village of Lykhny, in what was then the Sukhum Okrug of the Kutais Governorate in the Russian Empire (now Abkhazia) to a peasant family.", "He had two brothers, Vasily and Mikhail.", "His father Apollo died three months before his birth; Mikhail Bgazhba, who would serve as the First Secretary of Abkhazia, wrote that Apollo Lakoba was shot for opposing the nobles and landowners in the region.", "Lakoba's mother remarried twice, but both husbands died.", "From ages 10 to 12 Lakoba attended a parish school in New Athos, followed by a further two years of schooling in Lykhny.", "He entered the Tiflis Seminary in 1905, but he was not interested in its religious syllabus.", "He read banned books and was frequently caught doing so by the school authorities.", "Physically unimpressive, he was nearly totally deaf, and used hearing aids throughout his life, though Leon Trotsky recalled it was still difficult to communicate with Lakoba.", "This became a well-known feature of Lakoba, and he would be jokingly referred to as Adagua (the \"Deaf One\") by Joseph Stalin.", "In 1911 he was expelled from the seminary for revolutionary activity and moved to Batumi, then a major port for exporting oil from the Caucasus, where he taught privately and studied for the gymnasium exam.", "It was in Batum that Lakoba first became acquainted with the Bolsheviks, working with them from the autumn of 1911 and officially joining them in September 1912.", "He became involved with disseminating propaganda amongst the workers and peasants in the city and throughout Adjara, the local region, and began to refine his ability to relate to the masses.", "Discovered by the police, he was forced to leave Batum in 1914, so moved to Grozny, another major oil-based city in the Caucasus, and continued his efforts to spread Bolshevik propaganda among the people.", "Lakoba continued studying in Grozny, passing his examinations in 1915, and the following year enrolled in law at Kharkov University in what is now Ukraine, but the onset of the First World War and its subsequent effect on Abkhazia led him to quit his studies and return home after only a short time.", "Early Bolshevik activities \nBack in Abkhazia, Lakoba took up a position in the Gudauta region helping to build a railway to Russia, while continuing to spread Bolshevik propaganda to the workers.", "The 1917 February Revolution, which ended the Russian Empire, resulted in the status of Abkhazia becoming contested and unclear.", "A peasant assembly was created to govern the region, and Lakoba was elected as a representative of Gudauta.", "Bgazhba wrote that his ability to mingle with the people of the region combined with his speaking abilities made him an ideal choice as representative.", "Lakoba's reputation was enhanced throughout Abkhazia by helping to establish \"Kiaraz\" (\"Киараз\"; \"mutual support\" in Abkhaz), a peasant brigade that would later help consolidate Bolshevik control.", "Lakoba was the leading Bolshevik in Abkhazia when the Revolution began in 1917.", "Based in Gudauta in the north of Abkhazia, the Bolsheviks opposed the Mensheviks, who were centered on Sukhumi.", "On 16 February 1918 Lakoba and Efrem Eshba, an Abkhaz Bolshevik, overthrew the Abkhaz People's Council (APC), which had provisionally controlled Abkhazia since November 1917.", "Aided by Russian sailors from warships docked at Sukhumi, the coup only lasted five days as the warships departed, removing the main support for the Bolsheviks, and the APC was able to regain control.", "Lakoba joined Eshba in April, overthrowing the APC once again.", "They held power for forty-two days, before Georgian Democratic Republican forces and Abkhaz anti-Bolsheviks regained control over Abkhazia, which they regarded as an integral part of Georgia.", "Both Lakoba and Eshba fled to Russia, and remained there until 1921.", "The APC retained control of Abkhazia, and negotiated with the Georgian government for a final status of Abkhazia; ultimately a resolution was not found before the Bolsheviks invaded in 1921.", "In the autumn of 1918, Lakoba was ordered to return to Abkhazia, in order to attack the Mensheviks from their rear positions.", "He was captured by the Mensheviks during this time and imprisoned in Sukhumi, but released early in 1919 due to public opposition.", "That April he was offered the post of police commissioner of the Ochamchira District, which he accepted and used as a means to spread Bolshevik propaganda.", "When the Menshevik-backed central authorities became aware of this, Lakoba again left Abkhazia, staying in Batumi for a few months.", "While there he was elected the deputy chairman of the Sukhumi district party committee.", "Lakoba also led several operations near Batumi that hindered the ability of the White movement (opponents of the Bolsheviks during the Russian Civil War) in the Caucasus, further improving his image amongst the Bolshevik leadership.", "In 1921 Lakoba married Sariya Dzhikh-Ogly.", "Born to a wealthy family in Batumi, her father was ethnically Adjaran while her mother was Abkhazian and originally from Ochamchira.", "They had met a couple years before when Lakoba was hiding from the British occupation forces.", "The following year they had their only child, a son named Rauf.", "The family was close, with Lakoba helping his wife get an education, and providing the same to Rauf as well.", "Sariya came to be regarded as an excellent hostess, and her sister-in-law Adile Abbas-Ogly wrote that she was well known in Moscow for this, and a key reason Stalin would take vacations in Abkhazia.", "Leader of Abkhazia\n\nEstablishment as leader \nLakoba returned to Abkhazia in 1921, after it had been occupied by Bolshevik Russia, as part of its conquest of Georgia.", "Along with Eshba and Nikolai Akirtava, Lakoba was one of the signatories on a telegram to Vladimir Lenin announcing the formation of the Socialist Soviet Republic of Abkhazia (SSR Abkhazia) which was initially allowed to exist as a full union republic.", "A Revolutionary Committee (Revkom), formed and led by Eshba and Lakoba in preparation for the Bolshevik occupation, took control of Abkhazia.", "The Revkom resigned on 17 February 1922, and Lakoba was unanimously elected the Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars, a body that was formed that day, thus effectively the head of Abkhazia.", "He would hold this post until 17 April 1930, when the council was abolished and replaced by a Presidium of the Central Executive Committee, though Lakoba would retain the top position.", "Though held in high regard by his fellow revolutionaries, Lakoba never held a significant role within the Communist Party and refused to attend any meetings, as the Abkhaz Party was simply a branch of the Georgian Party, instead using his patronage network to establish himself.", "Lakoba in power \n\nUncontested as the leader of Abkhazia, Lakoba had such control that it was jokingly referred to as 'Lakobistan'.", "Long a friend of several leading Bolsheviks, including Sergo Orjonikidze, Sergei Kirov, and Lev Kamenev, it was his relationship with Stalin that was most important to Lakoba's rise to power.", "Stalin was fond of Lakoba as they had much in common with each other: both were from the Caucasus, both grew up fatherless (Stalin's father had moved away for work when Stalin was young), and they both attended the same seminary school.", "Stalin admired Lakoba's marksmanship, as well as his work during the Civil War.", "Familiar with Abkhazia from his revolutionary days, Stalin had a dacha built in the region and vacationed there throughout the 1920s.", "He would joke, \"I am Koba, and you are Lakoba\" (\"Я Коба, а ты Лакоба\" in Russian; Koba was one of Stalin's pseudonyms as a revolutionary).", "It was the role that Lakoba played in Stalin's own rise to power that cemented his status as Stalin's close confidant.", "When Lenin died in January 1924, Leon Trotsky, who was Stalin's only serious rival for the leadership, was in Sukhumi for health reasons.", "Lakoba ensured that Trotsky was isolated during the immediate aftermath of Lenin's death and funeral, an act which helped Stalin to consolidate his own power.", "Though the two possibly met during the Civil War, Lakoba and Stalin became properly acquainted at the Thirteenth Party Congress in Moscow, held in May 1924.", "Lakoba used his relationship with Stalin to benefit both himself and Abkhazia.", "Aware that the Abkhaz would be marginalized within the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic (Georgian SSR), he sought to keep Abkhazia as a full union republic.", "He ultimately had to concede to Abkhazia's status of \"treaty republic\" within Georgia, a status that was never fully clarified.", "Abkhazia, as a part of the Georgian SSR, then joined the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (a union of the Georgian, Armenian, and Azerbaijanian SSRs) when it was founded in 1922.", "Lakoba generally avoided going through Party channels, which would have meant dealing with reluctant officials in Georgia's capital Tbilisi, and instead used his connections to go directly to Moscow.", "He oversaw the implementation of korenizatsiya, a policy introduced across the Soviet Union throughout the 1920s that was meant to benefit ethnic minorities, though most of the ethnic Abkhaz promoted were Lakoba's close confidants.", "In recognition of his leadership, on 15 March 1935 Lakoba and Abkhazia were both awarded the Order of Lenin, though the ceremony was pushed back until the next year in order to coincide with the fifteenth anniversary of the establishment of the Bolsheviks in Abkhazia.", "In December 1935, whilst in Moscow, Lakoba was given the Order of the Red Banner in recognition of his efforts during the Civil War.", "As a leader, Lakoba proved to be very popular with the populace, which contrasted with other ethnic minority leaders across the Soviet Union, who were usually mistrusted by the locals and regarded as representatives of the state.", "He visited the villages of Abkhazia, and as Bgazhba wrote, \"Lakoba wanted to be familiar with the living conditions of the peasants\".", "In contrast to other Bolshevik leaders, Lakoba was quiet and elegant and avoided shouting to make his point.", "He was especially known for his accessibility to the people: a 1924 report by the journalist Zinaida Rikhter said that:\n\nDevelopment of Abkhazia \n\nA proponent of developing Abkhazia, Lakoba oversaw massive industrialization policies like the establishment of a coal mining operation near the town of Tkvarcheli, though they did not have a large impact on the overall economic strength of the region.", "Other projects included building new roads and railways, the drainage of wetlands as a preventive measure against malaria, and increased forestry.", "Agriculture was also given prominence, particularly tobacco: by the 1930s Abkhazia supplied up to 52 percent of all tobacco exports from the USSR.", "Other agricultural products, including tea, wine, and citrus fruits—especially tangerines—were produced in large quantities, making Abkhazia one of the most prosperous regions in the entire Soviet Union, and considerably richer than Georgia.", "The export of these products turned the region into \"an island of prosperity in a war-ravaged Caucasus\".", "Education was also a major issue for Lakoba, who oversaw the construction of many new schools throughout Abkhazia: aided by the korenizatsiia policies that promoted local ethnic groups, many schools teaching in Abkhaz were opened in the 1920s, as well as schools in Georgian, Armenian, and Greek.", "Lakoba was determined to maintain ethnic harmony in Abkhazia, a demographically diverse region.", "The ethnic Abkhaz only constituted roughly 25–30% of the population during the 1920s and 1930s, which included significant numbers of Georgians, Russians, Armenians, and Greeks.", "Lakoba kept peace in Abkhazia by ignoring Marxian class theory and protecting former landowners and nobles.", "This led to a 1929 report that called for him to be removed from power.", "Stalin prevented this, but criticized Lakoba for his mistake of \"seeking support in all layers of the population\" (which was contrary to Bolshevik policy).", "The implementation of collectivization across the Soviet Union, which began in 1928, proved to be a major issue for both Abkhazia and Lakoba.", "Traditional Abkhaz agricultural practice had seen farming conducted by individual households, though assistance from other families and friends was frequent.", "The historian Timothy Blauvelt has written that Lakoba tried to defer collectivization for the first two years by using a variety of excuses, such as \"local conditions\", \"backwardness\" of local agricultural methods, \"primitive technology\" and the lack of kulaks in Abkhazia, although Blauvelt believes that it was Lakoba's relationship with Stalin together with the remote location of Abkhazia that delayed collectivization.", "Lakoba's refusal to introduce the policy led to further disputes between him and the Abkhaz Party, which was stopped by Stalin, who rebuked the Party for \"not taking into consideration the specific particularities of the Abkhazian situation, imposing sometimes the policy of mechanically transferring Russian forms of socialist construction onto Abkhazian soil\".", "By January 1931 the Party had forced the issue, sending activists across Abkhazia to coerce peasants into collectives.", "There were large-scale protests in January and February against the changes.", "Lakoba proved unable to fully stop collectivization, though he was able to reduce the severity of some of the most extreme measures, and stop mass deportations.", "The Abkhaz historian Stanislav Lakoba has argued that once Stalin had firm control in Moscow he was no longer interested in leniency towards Lakoba or Abkhazia: in exchange for the relaxed introduction of collectivization, Lakoba had to acquiesce to Abkhazia losing its status as a \"treaty republic.\"", "On 19 February 1931, Abkhazia was downgraded into an Autonomous Republic, the Abkhaz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, and so was placed more firmly under Georgian control.", "The move was unpopular in Abkhazia and saw large-scale public protests, the first in Abkhazia against the Soviet authorities.", "Rivalry with Beria \n\nLakoba was also influential in the rise of Lavrentiy Beria.", "It was on Lakoba's suggestion that Stalin first met Beria, an ethnic Mingrelian who was born and raised in Abkhazia.", "Beria had served as the head of the Georgian secret police since 1926, and in November 1931 with Lakoba's support he was named the Second Secretary of Transcaucasia, as well as First Secretary of Georgia, and was promoted to First Secretary of Transcaucasia in October 1932.", "Lakoba supported Beria's rise because he felt that as a young native of Abkhazia, Beria would be obedient to Lakoba, whereas previous officials had not been.", "That Beria lacked any direct access to Stalin was also important, as it meant Lakoba could maintain his individually strong relationship with Stalin.", "Blauvelt has suggested that Lakoba wanted Beria in power to help quash accusations dating back to 1929 that maintained he was abusing his power: a report presented to the Central Committee in 1930 exonerated Lakoba, due in the main to a lack of evidence and the intercession by Stalin.", "Beria's role as head of the Georgian secret police allowed him to heavily influence any future investigations.", "Once in this position, Beria began to undermine Lakoba and to gain closer access to Stalin.", "Lakoba, who grew to despise Beria, sought to discredit him.", "At one point Lakoba told fellow Bolshevik Sergo Ordzhonikidze that Beria once said that Ordzhonikidze \"would have shot all the Georgians in Georgia if it was not for [Beria]\" when he led the invasion of Georgia in 1921, and discussed the rumour that Beria had worked as a double agent against the Bolsheviks in Azerbaijan in 1920.", "Historian Amy Knight suggests that another source of tension might have been the longstanding animosity between Mingrelians and Abkhazians.", "During the Second Five-Year Plan, which began in 1933, Beria had tried to initiate the settlement of large numbers of Mingrelians into Abkhazia, though it was ultimately blocked.", "The relationship between Beria and Lakoba deteriorated as each tried to become closer to Stalin, and Lakoba retained his close relationship.", "In 1933, Beria apparently staged an event to try and win the support of Stalin, who was staying at his dacha in Gagra, in the north of Abkhazia.", "On 23 September, Stalin went for a short boat ride on the Black Sea, which his dacha overlooked, using the Red Star, a small boat which was not equipped for the open waters.", "Stalin, Beria, Kliment Voroshilov and a few other passengers intended to go along the shore for a few hours.", "As they approached their destination for a picnic, near the town of Pitsunda, three rifle shots landed in the water near the boat, coming from either the lighthouse or a border post.", "None of the shots were close, though Beria later recounted that he covered Stalin's body with his own.", "Initially Stalin joked about the incident, though he later sent someone to investigate, and received a letter from the border guard who apparently took the shots, asking for forgiveness and explaining he thought it was a foreign vessel.", "Beria's own investigation blamed Lakoba for the policy to shoot at unknown ships, but the matter was dropped on the orders of Beria's superiors when rumours began to spread that the entire incident was staged to frame Lakoba.", "Another source of contention between Beria and Lakoba concerned the publication in 1934 of Stalin and Khashim (Сталин и Хашим in Russian).", "The book chronicled a period of Stalin's life as a revolutionary, when in 1901–1902 he hid with a villager named Khashim Smyrba near Batumi.", "This showed Stalin as someone who was close to the people, something that Stalin enjoyed hearing.", "Ostensibly written by Lakoba, the book was praised by Stalin, who enjoyed the description of Khashim as \"simple, naïve, but honest and devoted.\"", "In response, Beria began a project to chronicle Stalin's entire time as a revolutionary in the Caucasus.", "The finished work, On the Question of the History of the Bolshevik Organizations in the Transcaucasus (К вопросу об истории большевистских организаций в Закавказье) falsely enhanced and aggrandized Stalin's role in the region.", "When it was serialised in Pravda, Beria became well known across the entire Soviet Union.", "Beginning in 1935, Stalin made overtures to Lakoba to move to Moscow and replace Genrikh Yagoda as the head of the NKVD, the Soviet secret police.", "Lakoba turned down the offer in December 1935, content to stay in Abkhazia.", "This outright refusal of such an offer only led to trouble for Lakoba, as it caused Stalin's goodwill to begin to dissipate.", "After Stalin repeated his offer in August 1936, only to be turned down again, a new law was implemented, \"On the Correct Typeface Names of Settlements\".", "This forced toponyms across Abkhazia to change from Abkhaz or Russian language spelling rules to Georgian rules.", "The capital of Abkhazia, known in Russian as Sukhum, now officially became Sukhumi.", "Lakoba, who had refused to issue license plates in Abkhazia until they switched the location from \"Georgia\" to \"Abkhazia,\" recognized that this was a deliberate move by Beria and Stalin to undermine him, and took caution.", "He began to lobby Stalin to transfer Abkhazia from Georgia into the nearby Krasnodar Krai within Russia, but was rebuffed each time.", "On Lakoba's final visit to Moscow and Stalin, he brought the topic up one final time, and complained about Beria.", "Death \n\nAs Lakoba was popular in Abkhazia and well-liked by Stalin, it was difficult for Beria to have him removed.", "Instead, on 26 December 1936 Beria summoned Lakoba to the Party headquarters in Tbilisi, ostensibly to explain his recent interactions with Stalin.", "Beria had Lakoba over for dinner the next day, where he was served fried trout, a favorite of Lakoba's and a glass of poisoned wine.", "They attended the opera after the dinner, watching the play Mzetchabuki (; \"Sun-boy\" in Georgian).", "During the performance Lakoba showed the first signs of his poisoning and returned to his hotel room, where he died early the next morning.", "Officially, Lakoba was said to have died of a heart attack, though a previous medical examination in Moscow had showed he had arteriosclerosis (thickening of the arteries), cardiosclerosis (thickening of the heart), and erysipelas (skin inflammation) in the left auricle that had led to his hearing loss.", "His body was returned to Sukhumi, though notably all the internal organs (which could have helped identify the cause of death), were removed.", "Knight suggests that Stalin must have authorised Lakoba's murder, as Beria would not have dared to kill someone as prominent as Lakoba without his leader's approval.", "It is notable that though telegrams of condolence came from various leading officials throughout the Soviet Union, Stalin himself did not send one, and did not attempt to look into what role, if any, Beria may have played in Lakoba's death.", "Lakoba was accused of \"nationalist deviationism\", of having helped Trotsky, and of trying to kill both Stalin and Beria.", "Despite the immediate denunciations, Lakoba was laid in state in Sukhumi for two days, and was given an elaborate state funeral on 31 December, which 13,000 people attended, though not Beria (though he did help take the coffin back to Sukhumi).", "The first female Abkhazian aviator Meri Avidzba circled her aircraft overhead as part of the funeral.", "Initially buried in the Sukhumi Botanical Garden, Lakoba's body was moved the first night to St. Michael's Cemetery in Sukhumi, where it stayed for several years before being returned to its original place.", "According to Nikita Khrushchev's memoirs, Beria had Lakoba's body exhumed and burned on the pretext that an \"enemy of the people\" did not deserve burial in Abkhazia; this may possibly have been done to hide evidence of poisoning.", "Aftermath \n\nIn the months that followed Lakoba's death, members of his family were implicated on charges against the state.", "His two brothers were arrested on 9 April 1937, and his mother and Sariya were arrested on 23 August of that year.", "A trial of thirteen members of Lakoba's family was conducted between 30 October and 3 November 1937 in Sukhumi, with charges including counter-revolutionary activities, subversion and sabotage, espionage, terrorism, and insurgent organization in Abkhazia.", "Nine of the defendants, including Lakoba's two brothers, were shot on the night of 4 November.", "Rauf, Lakoba's 15-year-old son, tried to speak to Beria, who visited Sukhumi to view the start of the trial.", "He was promptly arrested as well.", "Sariya was taken to Tbilisi and tortured in order to extract a statement implicating Lakoba, but refused, even after Rauf was tortured in front of her.", "Sariya would die in prison in Tbilisi on 16 May 1939.", "Rauf was sent to a labour camp, and was eventually shot in a Sukhumi prison on 28 July 1941.", "With Lakoba dead, Beria effectively took control of Abkhazia and implemented a policy of \"Georgification\".", "Abkhaz officials were purged, ostensibly on charges of trying to assassinate Stalin.", "The policy's greatest impact involved the settlement of thousands of ethnic Mingrelian farmers across Abkhazia, which displaced the ethnic Abkhaz and reduced their overall proportion of the population within the region.", "Beria abandoned Lakoba's policy of striving for ethnic harmony.", "Favouring his fellow Mingrelians, he succeeded in fulfilling the aims of a project first begun in 1933 at the start of the Soviet Union's Second five-year plan, to populate Abkhazia with ethnic Mingrelians who would ideally serve as a counter-balance to the Abkhaz.", "Legacy \nDuring the remainder of the Stalinist era, Lakoba was seen as an \"enemy of the people\", and he was only rehabilitated in 1953.", "A statue was built in his honour in the Sukhumi Botanical Gardens in 1959, and he was subsequently honoured in Abkhazia.", "In 1965 Mikhail Bgazhba, the First Secretary of the Abkhaz Communist Party from 1958 until 1965, wrote a short biography of Lakoba, largely rehabilitating him.", "In Abkhazia, he is revered as a hero, and associated with its first major success of culture and development.", "A museum dedicated to the life of Lakoba was established in Sukhumi, though it burnt down during the 1992–1993 war in Abkhazia.", "Plans to rebuild a new museum were announced by the de facto Abkhaz government in 2016.", "After his death, Lakoba's collected papers were initially buried to keep them from being destroyed.", "They were retrieved several years later by his brother-in-law, the only member of his family to survive.", "The papers were first brought to Batumi, Georgia.", "Starting in the 1980s they were slowly returned to Abkhazia, with many eventually given to Princeton and Stanford Universities.", "References\n\nNotes\n\nCitations\n\nBibliography\n\nFurther reading\n\nExternal links\n \n\n1893 births\n1936 deaths\nAbkhaz politicians\nAbkhazian murder victims\nCentral Executive Committee of the Soviet Union members\nDeaf politicians\nGreat Purge victims\nOld Bolsheviks\nPeople executed by poison\nPeople from Gudauta District\nPeople from Sukhum Okrug\nRecipients of the Order of Lenin\nRecipients of the Order of the Red Banner\nSoviet military personnel of the Russian Civil War" ]

[ "The Abkhaz communist leader was named Nestor Apollonovich Lakoba.", "The head of Abkhazia after it was conquered by the Bolshevik Red Army in 1921 was Lakoba.", "The Socialist Soviet Republic of Abkhazia was initially given independence within the USSR.", "The Abkhaz SSR was a separate republic made possible by Lakoba's close relationship with Joseph Stalin, despite being a part of the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic.", "In return for opposing the extension of collectivization of Abkhazia, Lakoba was forced to accept a downgrade of Abkhazia's status to that of a republic within the Georgian SSR.", "Stalin would frequently holiday in Abkhazia during the 1920s and 1930s due to his close relationship with Lakoba.", "Lavrentiy Beria was in charge of the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, which included Georgia.", "During a visit to Beria in Tbilisi in December 1936, Lakoba was poisoned, allowing Beria to consolidate his control over Abkhazia and all of Georgia.", "After Stalin's death, he was rehabilitated and now is revered as a national hero in Abkhazia.", "In the Russian Empire, in what is now Abkhazia, a young man was born to a peasant family.", "Vasily and Mikhail were his brothers.", "Mikhail Bgazhba, the First Secretary of Abkhazia, wrote that Apollo was shot for opposing the nobles in the region.", "Both husbands of Lakoba's mother died.", "From 10 to 12 years old, Lakoba attended a parish school in New Athos.", "He was not interested in the religious syllabus of the Tiflis Seminary.", "The school authorities caught him reading banned books.", "He used hearing aids throughout his life, but it was still hard to communicate with him.", "This was a well-known feature of Lakoba, and he was referred to as Adagua by Joseph Stalin.", "He was expelled from the seminary for revolutionary activity and moved to Batumi, a major port for exporting oil from the Caucasus, where he taught privately and studied for the gymnasium exam.", "After working with the Bolsheviks from the autumn of 1911 to 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266", "He became involved with spreading propaganda amongst the workers and peasants in the city and began to refine his ability to relate to them.", "After being discovered by the police, he was forced to leave Batum in 1914 and moved to Grozny, an oil-based city in the Caucasus.", "While studying in Grozny, he passed his exams in 1915, but after the First World War, he quit his studies and returned to his home in Abkhazia.", "Back in Abkhazia, Lakoba took up a position in the Gudauta region helping to build a railway to Russia.", "Abkhazia's status became unclear after the February Revolution, which ended the Russian Empire.", "Lakoba was elected to represent Gudauta in the peasant assembly.", "Bgazhba wrote that his ability to mingle with the people of the region made him an ideal choice as a representative.", "The peasant brigade \"Kiaraz\" helped consolidate the control of the Bolsheviks in Abkhazia.", "The Revolution began in Abkhazia in 1917.", "The Bolsheviks were based in Gudauta in the north of Abkhazia.", "Abkhazia had been under the control of the Abkhaz People's Council since November 1917.", "Aided by Russian sailors from warships docked at Sukhumi, the coup only lasted five days as the warships left and the Bolsheviks regained control.", "In April, Lakoba joined Eshba.", "Georgian Democratic Republican forces and Abkhaz anti-Bolsheviks regained control over Abkhazia after they held power for forty-two days.", "Both Eshba and Lakoba fled to Russia and stayed there until 1921.", "The final status of Abkhazia was not found before the Georgian government was invaded by the Bolsheviks in 1921.", "In the autumn of 1918, Lakoba was ordered to return to Abkhazia in order to attack the Mensheviks.", "He was released early in 1919 due to public opposition after he was captured by the Mensheviks.", "He was offered the post of police commissioner of the Ochamchira District in April and used it to spread Bolshevik propaganda.", "When the Menshevik-backed central authorities became aware of this, Lakoba left Abkhazia and stayed in Batumi for a few months.", "He was elected the deputy chairman of the district party committee.", "Several operations near Batumi that hindered the ability of the White movement in the Caucasus, further improved his image amongst the Bolshevik leadership.", "The couple married in 1921.", "Her mother was originally from Ochamchira and her father was originally from Adjaran.", "They met a couple years ago when Lakoba was hiding.", "Their only child was a son named Rauf.", "The family was close, with Lakoba helping his wife get an education, and providing the same to Rauf as well.", "A key reason Stalin would take vacations in Abkhazia was because of her, as her sister-in-law Adile Abbas-Ogly wrote.", "The leader of the Abkhazia Establishment returned to Abkhazia in 1921 after it had been occupied by Russia.", "The Socialist Soviet Republic of Abkhazia (SSR Abkhazia), which was initially allowed to exist as a full union republic, was eventually formed as a Socialist Soviet Republic.", "Abkhazia was taken control of by the Revolutionary Committee formed and led by Eshba and Lakoba.", "The Council of People's Commissars, a body that was formed that day, was effectively the head of Abkhazia after the Revkom resigned.", "When the council was abolished and replaced by a Presidium of the Central Executive Committee, he would retain the top position.", "Though held in high regard by his fellow revolutionaries, Lakoba never held a significant role within the Communist Party and refused to attend any meetings, as the Abkhaz Party was simply a branch of the Georgian Party, instead using his patronage network to establish himself.", "The leader of Abkhazia was jokingly referred to as 'Lakobistan' because he had such control.", "His relationship with Stalin was the most important factor in Lakoba's rise to power.", "Both were from the Caucasus, Stalin's father had moved away for work when Stalin was young, and they both attended the same seminary school.", "Stalin was a fan of Lakoba's work during the Civil War.", "Stalin vacationed in Abkhazia throughout the 1920s and built a dacha there.", "He would make fun of himself by saying \"I am Koba, and you are Lakoba\" in Russian.", "The role that Lakoba played in Stalin's rise to power solidified his status as Stalin's close aide.", "Leon Trotsky, Stalin's only serious rival for the leadership, was in Sukhumi for health reasons when he died.", "During the immediate aftermath of Lenin's death and funeral, Lakoba ensured that Trotsky was isolated, an act which helped Stalin consolidate his own power.", "The Thirteenth Party Congress in Moscow, held in May 1924, was where the two possibly met.", "He used his relationship with Stalin to benefit himself and Abkhazia.", "Abkhazia would be marginalized within the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic, so he tried to keep it a full republic.", "He had to concede to Abkhazia's status as a \"treaty republic\" within Georgia.", "Abkhazia became part of the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic when it was founded in 1922.", "He used his connections to go directly to Moscow instead of going through Party channels, which would have meant dealing with officials in Georgia's capital Tbilisi.", "He oversaw the implementation of a policy that was meant to benefit ethnic minorities, though most of the Abkhaz were promoted by Lakoba.", "Due to the anniversary of the establishment of the Bolsheviks in Abkhazia, the ceremony to award the Order of Lenin to Lakoba and Abkhazia was pushed back to the next year.", "The Order of the Red Banner was given to Lakoba in Moscow in December 1935, in recognition of his efforts during the Civil War.", "In comparison to other ethnic minority leaders in the Soviet Union, who were distrusted by the locals and viewed as representatives of the state, Lakoba was very popular with the populace.", "As Bgazhba wrote, \"Lakoba wanted to be familiar with the living conditions of the peasants.\"", "The quiet and elegant leader of the Bolsheviks, Lakoba, avoided shouting to make his point.", "According to a 1924 report by the journalist Zinaida Rikhter, he was especially known for his accessibility to the people.", "The drainage of wetlands was one of the projects that included building new roads and railways.", "Up to 52 percent of all tobacco exports from the USSR were supplied by Abkhazia by the 1930s.", "Abkhazia is one of the most prosperous regions in the Soviet Union because of its large production of tea, wine, and other agricultural products.", "The region was turned into an island of prosperity by the export of these products.", "Many schools in Abkhazia were opened in the 1920s, as well as schools in Georgian, thanks to the Korenizatsiia policies that promoted local ethnic groups.", "Abkhazia is a demographically diverse region.", "The Abkhaz only made up 25% of the population in the 1920s and 1930s, with significant numbers of Georgians, Russians, and Greeks.", "The peace in Abkhazia was maintained by ignoring Marxian class theory.", "A 1929 report called for him to be removed from power.", "Stalin criticized Lakoba for his mistake of \"seeking support in all layers of the population\", which was contrary to the policy of the Bolsheviks.", "The implementation of collectivization across the Soviet Union proved to be a major issue for Abkhazia.", "In traditional Abkhaz agricultural practices, assistance from other families and friends was frequent.", "According to the historian, Lakoba tried to defer collectivization for the first two years by using a variety of excuses, such as \"local conditions\", \"backwardness\", and \"primitive technology\".", "Stalin rebuked the Abkhaz Party for not taking into consideration the specific particularities of the Abkhazian situation, imposing sometimes the policy of mechanically transferring Russian.", "The Party sent activists across Abkhazia to force peasants into collectives.", "There were large-scale protests against the changes.", "Even though he was able to reduce the severity of some of the most extreme measures, he was unable to completely stop collectivization.", "In exchange for the relaxed introduction of collectivization, Lakoba had to acquiesce to Abkhazia losing its status as a state.", "Abkhazia was placed under Georgian control after it was upgraded to a republic on February 19, 1931.", "Large-scale public protests were the first in Abkhazia against the Soviet authorities.", "The rise of Lavrentiy Beria was influenced by rivalries.", "It was suggested that Stalin met Beria, an ethnic Mingrelian who was born and raised in Abkhazia.", "In November 1931, Beria was named the Second Secretary of Transcaucasia, as well as First Secretary of Georgia, and was promoted to First Secretary of Transcaucasia in October 1932.", "As a native of Abkhazia, Beria would be obedient to Lakoba, which was why he supported Beria's rise.", "It was important that Beria did not have any direct access to Stalin.", "According to a report presented to the Central Committee in 1930, Lakoba was cleared of abusing his power due to a lack of evidence and the help of Stalin.", "The head of the Georgian secret police, Beria, was heavily involved in any future investigations.", "Beria began to gain access to Stalin once in this position.", "The man who grew to despise Beria wanted to get rid of him.", "According to a rumour, Beria once said that Sergo Ordzhonikidze would have shot all the Georgians in Georgia if it was not for him.", "Amy Knight suggests that the longstanding animosity between the Abkhazians and the Mingrelians may have been a source of tension.", "The Second Five-year Plan began in 1933 and Beria tried to start the settlement of large numbers of people into Abkhazia.", "As each tried to become closer to Stalin, the relationship between Beria and Lakoba deteriorated.", "In 1933, Beria staged an event to try and get the support of Stalin, who was staying at his dacha in the north of Abkhazia.", "Stalin went for a short boat ride on the Black Sea, which his dacha overlooked, using the Red Star, a small boat which was not equipped for the open waters.", "They were going to go along the shore for a few hours.", "Three rifle shots landed in the water near the boat, coming from either the lighthouse or a border post, as they approached their destination for a picnic.", "Beria later said that he covered Stalin's body with his own.", "Initially Stalin joked about the incident, though he later sent someone to investigate, and received a letter from the border guard who apparently took the shots, asking for forgiveness and explaining he thought it was a foreign vessel.", "When Beria's superiors heard of the rumour that the whole incident was staged, they ordered the matter to be dropped.", "The publication of Stalin and Khashim in 1934 was a source of contention between Beria and Lakoba.", "Stalin's life as a revolutionary was chronicled in the book, when he hid with a villager near Batumi.", "Stalin liked hearing that he was close to the people.", "Stalin liked the description of the book as \"simple, nave, but honest and devoted.\"", "Stalin's entire time as a revolutionary in the Caucasus was chronicled by Beria.", "The finished work is On the Question of the History of the Bolshevik Organizations in the Transcaucasus.", "Beria became well known across the Soviet Union when it was serialised.", "Stalin tried to get Lakoba to move to Moscow to replace Genrikh Yagoda as the head of the Soviet secret police.", "In December 1935, Lakoba turned down the offer to stay in Abkhazia.", "Stalin's goodwill began to diminish as a result of this refusal of such an offer.", "\"On the Correct Typeface Names of Settlements\" was enacted after Stalin's offer was turned down again.", "Abkhaz and Russian language spelling rules were changed to Georgian rules.", "The capital of Abkhazia is now known as Sukhumi.", "The license plates in Abkhazia were switched from \"Georgia\" to \"Abkhazia\" because Beria and Stalin were trying to undermine him.", "He tried to get Stalin to transfer Abkhazia from Georgia to Russia.", "One final time, on his final visit to Moscow and Stalin, he brought up the topic of Beria.", "It was difficult for Beria to remove Death As Lakoba because he was popular in Abkhazia and well-liked by Stalin.", "The Party headquarters in Tbilisi was summoned by Beria to explain his interactions with Stalin.", "The next day, Beria was served fried trout, a favorite of Lakoba's, and a glass of poisoned wine.", "They watched the play Mzetchabuki at the opera after dinner.", "He died early the next morning after showing the first signs of his poisoning during the performance.", "He had arteriosclerosis, cardiosclerosis, and erysipelas in the left side of his body, and was said to have died of a heart attack.", "The internal organs that could have helped identify the cause of death were removed from his body.", "According to Knight, Stalin must have approved the murder of Lakoba as Beria wouldn't have dared to kill someone of his stature without his leader's approval.", "Stalin didn't send a telegram and didn't try to find out what role Beria may have played in the death.", "He was accused of trying to kill Stalin and Beria.", "Beria helped take the coffin back to Sukhumi after the state funeral, which was attended by over 12,000 people.", "As part of the funeral, the first female Abkhazian aviator circled her aircraft.", "After being buried in the Botanical Garden, Lakoba's body was moved the first night to St. Michael's Cemetery, where it stayed for several years.", "According to Nikita Khrushchev's memoirs, Beria had Lakoba's body exhumed and burned in order to hide evidence of poisoning.", "After the death of Lakoba, members of his family were implicated on charges against the state.", "His two brothers were arrested on April 9, 1937, and his mother and sister were arrested on August 23, 1937.", "The trial of thirteen members of Lakoba's family took place between 30 October and 3 November 1937, with charges including counter-revolutionary activities, subversion and sabotage, espionage, terrorism, and insurgent organization in Abkhazia.", "On the night of 4 November, nine of the defendants were shot.", "Rauf tried to speak to Beria, who was in Sukhumi to view the trial.", "He was arrested immediately.", "Even after Rauf was tortured in front of her, she refused to give a statement implicating Lakoba.", "There was a death in prison in Georgia on May 16, 1939.", "Rauf was shot in a prison on July 28, 1941, after being sent to a labour camp.", "The policy of \"Georgification\" was implemented by Beria when they took control of Abkhazia.", "Abkhaz officials were accused of trying to assassinate Stalin.", "The policy's greatest impact was the settlement of thousands of ethnic Mingrelian farmers across Abkhazia, which displaced the ethnic Abkhaz and reduced their overall proportion of the population within the region.", "Beria stopped pursuing ethnic harmony.", "He succeeded in fulfilling the aims of a project begun in 1933 at the start of the Soviet Union's Second five-year plan to populate Abkhazia with ethnic Mingrelians who would ideally serve as a counter-balance to the Abkha.", "Lakoba was rehabilitated in 1953 after being seen as an \"enemy of the people\" during the remainder of the Stalinist era.", "He was honoured in Abkhazia after a statue was built in his honor in the Sukhumi Botanical Gardens.", "In 1965, the First Secretary of the Abkhaz Communist Party wrote a biography that rehabilitated him.", "In Abkhazia, he is revered as a hero and associated with the first major success of culture and development.", "During the war in Abkhazia, a museum dedicated to the life of Lakoba was destroyed.", "A new museum was announced by the Abkhaz government.", "The papers were initially buried to prevent them from being destroyed.", "The only member of his family to survive was his brother-in-law, who retrieved them several years later.", "The papers were brought to Georgia.", "They were returned to Abkhazia in the 1980s and eventually given to two universities.", "There are External links to 1893 births, 1936 deaths, Abkhaz politicians, and Great Purge victims." ]

[ "Nestor Apollonovich Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Nestor", "Lakoba", "Apollo Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba" ]

[ "Nestor Apollonov", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakobako", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba", "Lakoba" ]

[ "Franklin Augustus Hart (September 16, 1894 – June 22, 1967) was a four-star general in the United States Marine Corps who served more than thirty-seven years.", "His varied and colorful career included service during the two World Wars, sea duty aboard several ships of the Navy, and tours in Haiti, Nicaragua, and the Dominican Republic.", "During World War II, General Hart was awarded the Navy Cross while commanding the 24th Marines in the assault and capture of Roi-Namur Island, Kwajalein Atoll, and was awarded the Legion of Merit while leading the regiment in the battles for Saipan and Tinian in the Marianas Islands.", "As assistant division commander, Fourth Marine Division, during the assault at Iwo Jima, he was awarded the Bronze Star.", "His citation for the Navy Cross reads in part, \"Landing when the assault troops had advanced only one hundred yards from the beach, Colonel Hart fearlessly led his combat team against heavy enemy resistance in a crushing attack toward its first objective.\"", "\"After repelling numerous counter attacks during the night, he skillfully reorganized his depleted units and affected a coordinated assault the next morning, rapidly overcoming all remaining opposition, and exterminating a large force of determined and fanatical Japanese.\"", "\"By his valiant performance of duty and outstanding leadership throughout this perilous assignment, Colonel Hart inspired all with whom he served.\"", "Biography\nFranklin A. Hart was born on 16 September 1894 in Cuthbert, Georgia, and is a native resident of Eufaula, Alabama.", "He attended Alabama Polytechnic Institute (now Auburn University), graduating in the class of 1915.", "He participated in sports at Auburn — he was a member of the varsity football team, varsity track team, and varsity soccer team from 1911 to 1914.", "On April 6, 1917, he was appointed a second lieutenant in the United States Marine Corps, and four months later was appointed to the rank of first lieutenant.", "After completing a course of instruction at the Marine Officers School, Norfolk, Virginia, he was ordered to sea duty as commanding officer of the Marine detachment aboard the .", "He was promoted to the rank of captain in October 1917.", "World War I\nIn September 1918, Hart was transferred from sea duty, and in October 1918, he sailed for France as commanding officer, Company \"B\", Machine Gun Battalion, Fifth Brigade.", "He returned to the United States in July 1919, and was assigned to the Marine Barracks, Quantico, Virginia.", "Between World Wars\nTwo months later, he was again ordered to foreign shore duty, this time to the Dominican Republic, where he was assigned duty with the Guardia Nacional Dominicans, as district commander of Santo Domingo (then Ciudad Trujillo).", "He returned to the United States in 1921, and in December of that year was assigned as commanding officer, 77th Machine Gun Company, 2nd Battalion, 5th Marines, at Marine Barracks, Quantico, Virginia.", "In October 1922, he was transferred to the Marine Barracks, Washington, D.C., where he served as adjutant and other related duties.", "In October 1923, he was assigned to the Army Infantry School, Fort Benning, Georgia, as a student.", "Graduating in May of the following year, he was ordered to the Marine Barracks, Philadelphia, where he became an instructor at the Marine Corps Basic School.", "His second tour of sea duty came in June 1926, when he took command of the Marine detachment aboard the .", "In January 1927, he assumed command of the detachment aboard the USS Rochester (CA-1), and the following month, was assigned similar duties aboard the .", "The detachment served ashore with a landing force in Nicaragua for the next five months.", "From June 1927, until July of the following year, Hart again commanded the Marine detachment aboard the USS Rochester.", "During the latter six months of this tour, he again served ashore in Nicaragua until August 1928, when he returned to the United States.", "From 1928 to 1930, Hart was stationed successively at the Marine Barracks, Norfolk, as executive officer, and the Marine Barracks, Quantico.", "At the latter post, he served as an instructor at the Company Officers Course, Marine Corps Schools.", "He returned to foreign shore duty in August 1930, and joined the Constabulary Detachment, Garde d'Haiti, Gonsaieves, Haiti, where he served as a company commander and district commander.", "In May 1933, he was named assistant chief of staff, Garde d'Haiti, Headquarters, Port-au-Prince, Haiti.", "Returning to the United States in July 1934, he was assigned to the Senior Course, Marine Corps Schools, Quantico, as a student.", "He was promoted to the rank of major as of 29 May 1934, and successfully completed the Senior Course in May 1935.", "In June 1935, he reported to duty at Headquarters Marine Corps, Washington, D.C., where he performed duties in the War Plans Section, Division of Operations and Training.", "He was appointed a lieutenant colonel, in July 1936, and in October 1937, he became officer in charge, War Plans Section.", "Hart's next assignment was to the Army War College, Washington, D.C. Graduating in June 1939, he was ordered to the Marine Corps Base, San Diego, California, where he became chief of the planning section.", "In July 1940, he was named commanding officer, 1st Battalion 8th Marines, 2nd Marine Division.", "World War II\n\nHe went to England in June 1941, where he was attached to the American Embassy in London as Assistant Naval Attaché.", "In September of the same year, he assumed duties as Special Naval Observer and additional duty on the staff of the Chief, Combined Operations (British) as an instructor in amphibious warfare, and was appointed to the rank of colonel in December 1941.", "In July 1942, Hart participated in the Dieppe Operation, for which he was specially commended for outstanding conduct by Lord Louis Mountbatten, Chief of Combined Operations.", "He remained in England until October 1942, when he returned to the United States to become a member of the Staff of the Commander-in-chief, U.S. Fleet, Navy Department, Washington, D.C., as Chief, Future Plans Section.", "In June 1943, Colonel Hart was ordered to the 4th Marine Division where he assumed command of the 24th Marine Regiment.", "During the following year he led the regiment in the attack on Roi-Namur, Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands, where he was awarded the Navy Cross, and the assault on Saipan and Tinian and the Marianas Islands, where he was awarded the Legion of Merit.", "Appointed a brigadier general in August 1944, he served as assistant division commander of the 4th Marine Division, until late 1945, and in this capacity participated in the Battle of Iwo Jima, where he was awarded the Bronze Star.", "Final posts\n\nHe returned to the United States in September 1945, and assumed duties as director, Division of Reserve, Headquarters, Marine Corps, Washington, D.C.", "In January 1946, he became director, Division of Public Information and in July, director of personnel.", "In October 1946, he went to the Marine Corps Recruit Depot Parris Island, South Carolina, as commanding general of the Post.", "Appointed a major general in December 1946, the general remained at that post until assigned duties as commanding general of the Second Marine Division, with additional duties as commanding general, Marine Barracks, Camp Lejeune, North Carolina on 31 January 1948.", "He was named commandant of the Marine Corps Schools at Quantico, Virginia, in July 1950, and was promoted to the rank of lieutenant general in February of the following year.", "He became commanding general, Fleet Marine Force, Pacific, in January 1952.", "He retired in August 1954 after 37 years of Marine Corps service and was advanced to the rank of general.", "General Franklin Hart died on June 22, 1967, at the U.S.", "Naval Hospital, Bethesda, Maryland, and was buried in Arlington National Cemetery.", "Awards and decorations\nHart's awards include:\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\n1894 births\n1967 deaths\nUnited States Marine Corps personnel of World War I\nAuburn Tigers football players\nPlayers of American football from Alabama\nAuburn Tigers men's soccer players\nAuburn Tigers men's track and field athletes\nBurials at Arlington National Cemetery\nRecipients of the Navy Cross (United States)\nRecipients of the Legion of Merit\nUnited States Marine Corps generals\nUnited States Marine Corps World War II generals\nPeople from Cuthbert, Georgia\nPeople from Eufaula, Alabama\nAmerican football fullbacks\nAssociation footballers not categorized by position\nAmerican military personnel of the Banana Wars\nAssociation football players not categorized by nationality" ]

[ "Franklin Augustus Hart was a four-star general in the United States Marine Corps who served for more than thirty-seven years.", "His varied and colorful career included service during the two World Wars, sea duty aboard several ships of the Navy, and tours in Haiti, Nicaragua, and the Dominican Republic.", "During World War II, General Hart was awarded the Navy Cross while commanding the 24th Marines in the assault and capture of Roi-Namur Island, and was awarded the Legion of Merit while leading the battle for Saipan and Tinian.", "The Bronze Star was awarded to him as an assistant division commander during the assault on Iwo Jima.", "Colonel Hart was awarded the Navy Cross for landing when the assault troops had advanced only one hundred yards from the beach.", "\"After repelling numerous counter attacks during the night, he reorganized his units and effected a coordinated assault the next morning, rapidly overcoming all remaining opposition, and exterminating a large force of determined and fanatical Japanese.\"", "Colonel Hart inspired everyone he served by his performance of duty and outstanding leadership.", "Franklin A. Hart was born in Georgia and is a native of Eufaula, Alabama.", "He graduated from Alabama Polytechnic Institute in the class of 1915.", "He was a member of the football team, the track team, and the soccer team.", "He was appointed a second lieutenant in the United States Marine Corps on April 6, 1917, and four months later was promoted to the rank of first lieutenant.", "He was ordered to sea duty after completing a course of instruction at the Marine Officers School.", "He was promoted to captain in October 1917.", "In September 1918, Hart was transferred from sea duty to Company \"B\", Machine Gun Battalion, Fifth brigade, and in October 1918, he sailed for France as the commanding officer.", "He was assigned to the Marine Barracks in Virginia after returning to the United States.", "He was assigned to duty in the Dominican Republic as the district commander of Santo Domingo, after being ordered to foreign shore duty.", "After returning to the United States in 1921, he was assigned as the commanding officer of the 77th Machine Gun Company, 2nd Battalion, 5th Marines.", "He was adjutant at the Marine Barracks, Washington, D.C., when he was transferred in October 1922.", "He was assigned to the Army Infantry School in October 1923.", "He became an instructor at the Marine Corps Basic School after graduating in May of the following year.", "In June 1926, he took command of the Marines aboard the.", "In January 1927, he assumed command of the, and the following month, he was assigned similar duties.", "A landing force was deployed for the next five months.", "Hart commanded the Marines from June 1927 until July of the following year.", "He returned to the United States in August 1928 after serving in Nicaragua for six months.", "Hart was the executive officer at the Marine Barracks, Norfolk, from 1928 to 1930.", "He was an instructor at the company officers course.", "He served as a company commander and district commander in the Garde d'Haiti, Gonsaieves, Haiti area after returning to foreign shore duty in August 1930.", "He was named assistant chief of staff in May 1933.", "Returning to the United States in July 1934, he was assigned to the Senior Course, Marine Corps Schools.", "He was promoted to the rank of major on May 29, 1934, and completed the Senior Course in May 1935.", "He was assigned to the War Plans Section, Division of Operations and Training at Headquarters Marine Corps, Washington, D.C., in June 1935.", "He became the officer in charge of the War Plans Section in October 1937.", "After graduating from the Army War College, Hart was assigned to the Marine Corps Base, San Diego, California, where he became chief of the planning section.", "He was named the commanding officer of 1st Battalion 8th Marines in July 1940.", "He was attached to the American Embassy in London as an assistant naval attache during World War II.", "He was appointed to the rank of colonel in December 1941, after taking on additional duty on the staff of the Chief, Combined Operations (British) as an instructor in amphibious warfare.", "Lord Louis Mountbatten, Chief of Combined Operations, praised Hart for his outstanding conduct during the Dieppe operation.", "He became a member of the Staff of the Commander-in-chief, U.S. Fleet, Navy Department, Washington, D.C., in October 1942.", "Colonel Hart assumed command of the 24th Marine Regiment in June 1943 after being ordered to the 4th Marine Division.", "He was awarded the Navy Cross and the Legion of Merit after leading the attack on Roi-Namur in the Marshall Islands.", "During the Battle of Iwo Jima, where he was awarded the Bronze Star, he was the assistant division commander of the 4th Marine Division.", "He was the director of the Division of Reserve, Headquarters, Marine Corps, Washington, D.C., after returning to the United States in 1945.", "In January 1946, he became director of the Division of Public Information.", "He was the commanding general of the Post at the Marine Corps Recruit Depot in South Carolina.", "In December 1946, the general was appointed a major general and remained at that post until January 1948, when he became the commanding general of the Second Marine Division.", "He was promoted to the rank of lieutenant general in February of the following year after he was named commandant of the Marine Corps Schools.", "He became the commanding general of the Fleet Marine Force in January of 1952.", "He was promoted to the rank of general after 37 years of service in the Marine Corps.", "General Franklin Hart died on June 22, 1967.", "The Naval Hospital was buried in Arlington National Cemetery.", "Hart's awards include references to births from 1894 to 1967, the deaths of United States Marine Corps personnel of World War I, and burials at Arlington National Cemetery." ]

[ "Franklin Augustus Hart", "Hart", "Hart", "Hart", "Franklin A", ". Hart", "Hart", "Hart", "Hart", "Hart", "Hart", "Hart", "Franklin Hart", "Hart" ]

[ "Franklin Augustus Hart", "Hart", "Hart", "Hart", "Franklin A", ". Hart", "Hart", "Hart", "Hart", "Hart", "Hart", "Hart", "Franklin Hart", "Hart" ]

[ "Rhys ap Gruffydd or ap Gruffudd (often anglicised to \"Griffith\"; c. 1132 – 28 April 1197) was the ruler of the kingdom of Deheubarth in south Wales from 1155 to 1197.", "Today, he is commonly known as The Lord Rhys, in Welsh Yr Arglwydd Rhys, although this title may have not been used in his lifetime.", "He usually used the title \"Proprietary Prince of Deheubarth\" or \"Prince of South Wales\", but two documents have been discovered in which he uses the title \"Prince of Wales\" or \"Prince of the Welsh\".", "Rhys was one of the most successful and powerful Welsh princes, and, after the death of Owain Gwynedd of Gwynedd in 1170, the dominant power in Wales.", "Rhys's grandfather, Rhys ap Tewdwr, was king of Deheubarth, and was killed at Brecon in 1093 by Bernard de Neufmarché.", "Following his death, most of Deheubarth was taken over by the Normans.", "Rhys's father, Gruffydd ap Rhys, eventually was able to become ruler of a small portion, and more territory was won back by Rhys's older brothers after Gruffydd's death.", "Rhys became ruler of Deheubarth in 1155.", "He was forced to submit to King Henry II of England in 1158.", "Henry invaded Deheubarth in 1163, stripped Rhys of all his lands and took him prisoner.", "A few weeks later he was released and given back a small part of his holdings.", "Rhys made an alliance with Owain Gwynedd and, after the failure of another invasion of Wales by Henry in 1165, was able to win back most of his lands.", "In 1171 Rhys made peace with King Henry and was confirmed in possession of his recent conquests as well as being named Justiciar of South Wales.", "He maintained good relations with King Henry until the latter's death in 1189.", "Following Henry's death Rhys revolted against Richard I and attacked the Norman lordships surrounding his territory, capturing a number of castles.", "In his later years Rhys had trouble keeping control of his sons, particularly Maelgwn and Gruffydd, who maintained a feud with each other.", "Rhys launched his last campaign against the Normans in 1196 and captured a number of castles.", "The following year he died unexpectedly and was buried in St Davids Cathedral.", "Genealogy and early life\n\nRhys was the fourth son of Gruffydd ap Rhys, ruler of part of Deheubarth, by his wife Gwenllian ferch Gruffydd, daughter of Gruffudd ap Cynan, king of Gwynedd.", "His next older brother was Maredudd ap Gruffydd, and there were older brothers, Morgan and Maelgwn, who were killed in battle with their mother in 1136.", "He also had two older half-brothers, Anarawd and Cadell, from his father's first marriage.", "Rhys married Gwenllian ferch Madog, daughter of Madog ap Maredudd, the last Prince of all Powys.", "His grandfather, Rhys ap Tewdwr, had been king of all Deheubarth until his death in 1093.", "Rhys ap Tewdwr was killed in Brycheiniog, and most of his kingdom was taken over by Norman lords.", "Gruffydd ap Rhys was forced to flee to Ireland.", "He later returned to Deheubarth and ruled a portion of the kingdom, but was forced to flee to Ireland again in 1127.", "When Rhys was born in 1132, his father held only the commote of Caeo in Cantref Mawr.", "The death of King Henry I of England, and the ensuing Anarchy arising from the rival claims of Stephen and Matilda to the English throne, gave the Welsh the opportunity to rise against the Normans.", "A revolt spread through south Wales in 1136, and Gruffydd ap Rhys, aided by his two eldest sons, Anarawd and Cadell, defeated the Normans in a battle near Loughor, killing over five hundred.", "After driving Walter de Clifford out of Cantref Bychan, Gruffydd set off to Gwynedd to enlist the help of his father-in-law, Gruffudd ap Cynan.", "In the absence of her husband, Gwenllian led an army against the Norman lordship of Cydweli (Kidwelly), taking along her two oldest sons, Morgan and Maelgwn.", "She was defeated and killed by an army commanded by Maurice de Londres of Oystermouth Castle.", "Morgan was also killed and Maelgwn captured.", "Gruffydd formed an alliance with Gwynedd, and later in 1136 the sons of Gruffudd ap Cynan, Owain Gwynedd and Cadwaladr ap Gruffydd, led an army to Ceredigion.", "Their combined forces won a decisive victory over the Normans at the Battle of Crug Mawr.", "Ceredigion was reclaimed from the Normans, but was annexed by Gwynedd as the senior partner in the alliance.", "Gruffydd ap Rhys continued his campaign against the Normans in 1137, but died later that year.", "The leadership of the family now passed to Rhys's half-brother Anarawd ap Gruffydd.", "In 1143, when Rhys was eleven, Anarawd was murdered, a death arranged for by Cadwaladr ap Gruffydd, brother of Owain Gwynedd, king of Gwynedd.", "Owain punished Cadwaladr by depriving him of his lands in Ceredigion.", "First battles (1146–1155)\n\nAnarawd's brother, Cadell ap Gruffydd, took over as head of the family.", "Gilbert de Clare, Earl of Pembroke, rebuilt Carmarthen castle in 1145 then began a campaign to reclaim Ceredigion.", "He built a castle in the commote of Mabudryd, but Cadell, aided by Hywel ab Owain Gwynedd who held Ceredigion for Gwynedd, destroyed it in 1146.", "Rhys appears in the annals for the first time in 1146, fighting alongside his brothers Cadell and Maredudd in the capture by assault of Llansteffan Castle.", "This was followed by the capture of Wiston in 1147, Carmarthen in 1150 and Loughor in 1151.", "In 1151 Cadell was attacked while out hunting by a group of Norman and Flemish knights from Tenby, and left for dead.", "He survived, but suffered injuries which left him unable to play an active role, and in 1153 he left on a pilgrimage to Rome.", "Maredudd became ruler of Deheubarth and continued a campaign, begun in 1150, aimed at recovering Ceredigion, which had been held by Gwynedd since 1136.", "Maredudd and Rhys were able to drive Hywel ab Owain Gwynedd from Ceredigion by 1153.", "The same year Rhys is recorded as an independent commander for the first time, leading an army to capture the Norman castle of St Clears.", "Maredudd and Rhys also destroyed the castles at Tenby and Aberafan that year.", "Maredudd died in 1155 at the age of twenty-five and left Rhys as ruler of Deheubarth.", "Around this time he married Gwenllian ferch Madog, daughter of Madog ap Maredudd, prince of Powys.", "Early reign\n\nLoss of territory (1155–1163)\n\nShortly after becoming ruler of Deheubarth, Rhys heard rumours that Owain Gwynedd was planning to invade Ceredigion in order to reclaim it for Gwynedd.", "Rhys responded by building a castle at Aberdyfi in 1156.", "The threatened invasion did not take place, and Turvey claims that Owain's intention may have been to test the resolve of the new ruler.", "King Stephen had died in October 1154, bringing to an end the long dispute with the Empress Matilda which had helped Anarawd, Cadell and Maredudd to extend their rule in Deheubarth.", "With disunity within the realm no longer a problem, the new king of England, Henry II, soon turned his attention to Wales.", "He began with an invasion of Gwynedd in 1157.", "This invasion was not entirely successful, but Owain Gwynedd was induced to seek terms and to give up some territory in the north-east of Wales.", "The following year, Henry prepared an invasion of Deheubarth.", "Rhys made plans to resist, but was persuaded by his council to meet the king to discuss peace terms.", "The terms were much harsher than those offered to Owain: Rhys was stripped of all his possessions apart from Cantref Mawr, though he was promised one other cantref.", "The other territories were returned to their Norman lords.", "Among the Normans who returned to their holdings was Walter de Clifford, who reclaimed Cantref Bychan, then invaded Rhys's lands in Cantref Mawr.", "An appeal to the king produced no response, and Rhys resorted to arms, first capturing Clifford's castle at Llandovery then seizing Ceredigion.", "King Henry responded by preparing another invasion, and Rhys submitted without resistance.", "He was obliged to give hostages, probably including his son Hywel.", "The king was absent in France in 1159, and Rhys took the opportunity to attack Dyfed and then to lay siege to Carmarthen, which was saved by a relief force led by Earl Reginald of Cornwall.", "Rhys retreated to Cantref Mawr, where an army led by five earls, the Earls of Cornwall, Gloucester, Hertford, Pembroke and Salisbury, marched against him.", "The earls were assisted by Cadwaladr, brother of Owain Gwynedd, and Owain's sons, Hywel and Cynan.", "However they were forced to withdraw and a truce was arranged.", "In 1162, Rhys again attempted to recover some of his lost lands, and captured Llandovery castle.", "The following year Henry II returned to England after an absence of four years and prepared for another invasion of Deheubarth.", "Rhys met the king to discuss terms and was obliged to give more hostages, including another son, Maredudd.", "He was then seized and taken to England as a prisoner.", "Henry appears to have been uncertain what to do with Rhys, but after a few weeks decided to free him and allow him to rule Cantref Mawr.", "Rhys was summoned to appear before Henry at Woodstock to do homage together with Owain Gwynedd and Malcolm IV of Scotland.", "Welsh uprising (1164–1170)\nIn 1164 all the Welsh princes united in an uprising.", "Warren suggests that when Rhys and Owain were obliged to do homage to Henry in 1163 they were forced to accept a status of dependent vassalage instead of their previous client status, and that this led to the revolt.", "Rhys had other reasons for rebellion, for he had returned to Deheubarth from England to find that the neighbouring Norman lords were threatening Cantref Mawr.", "His nephew, Einion ab Anarawd, who was the captain of his bodyguard, had been murdered at the instigation of Roger de Clare, Earl of Hertford.", "The murderer had been given the protection of the Clares in Ceredigion.", "Rhys first appealed to the king to intercede; when this failed, he invaded Ceredigion and recaptured all of it apart from the town and castle of Cardigan.", "The Welsh revolt led to another invasion of Wales by King Henry in 1165.", "Henry attacked Gwynedd first, but instead of following the usual invasion route along the north coast he attacked from the south, following a route over the Berwyn hills.", "He was met by the united forces of the Welsh princes, led by Owain Gwynedd and including Rhys.", "According to Brut y Tywysogion:\n\nTorrential rain forced Henry's army to retreat in disorder without fighting a major battle, and Henry vented his spleen on the hostages, having Rhys's son Maredudd blinded.", "Rhys's other son, Hywel, was not among the victims.", "Rhys returned to Deheubarth where he captured and burned Cardigan Castle.", "He allowed the garrison to depart, but held the castellan, Robert Fitz-Stephen, as a prisoner.", "Shortly afterwards Rhys captured Cilgerran castle.", "In 1167 he joined Owain Gwynedd in an attack on Owain Cyfeiliog of southern Powys, and spent three weeks helping Owain besiege the Norman castle of Rhuddlan.", "In 1168 he attacked the Normans at Builth, destroying its castle.", "Rhys benefited from the Norman invasion of Ireland in 1169 and 1170, which was largely led by the Cambro-Norman lords of south Wales.", "In 1167 the King of Leinster, Diarmait Mac Murchada, who had been driven out of his kingdom, had asked Rhys to release Robert Fitz-Stephen from captivity to take part in an expedition to Ireland.", "Rhys did not oblige at the time, but released him the following year and in 1169 Fitz-Stephen led the vanguard of a Norman army which landed in Wexford.", "The leader of the Norman forces, Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, known as \"Strongbow\", followed in 1170.", "According to Warren:\n\nThe departure of the Norman lords enabled Rhys to strengthen his position, and the death of Owain Gwynedd in late 1170 left him as the acknowledged leader of the Welsh princes.", "Later reign\n\nPeace with King Henry (1171–1188)\nIn 1171 King Henry II arrived in England from France, on his way to Ireland.", "Henry wished to ensure that Richard de Clare, who had married Diarmait's daughter and become heir to Leinster, did not establish an independent Norman kingdom in Ireland.", "His decision to try a different approach in his dealings with the Welsh was influenced by the events in Ireland, although Warren suggests that \"it seems likely that Henry began rethinking his attitude to the Welsh soon after the débâcle of 1165\".", "Henry now wished to make peace with Rhys, who came to Newnham to meet him.", "Rhys was to pay a tribute of 300 horses and 4,000 head of cattle, but was confirmed in possession of all the lands he had taken from Norman lords, including the Clares.", "They met again in October that year at Pembroke as Henry waited to cross to Ireland.", "Rhys had collected 86 of the 300 horses, but Henry agreed to take only 36 of them and remitted the remainder of the tribute until after his return from Ireland.", "Rhys's son, Hywel, who had been held as a hostage for many years, was returned to him.", "Henry and Rhys met once more at Laugharne as Henry returned from Ireland in 1172, and shortly afterwards Henry appointed Rhys \"justice on his behalf in all Deheubarth\".", "According to A. D. Carr:\n\nThe agreement between Henry and Rhys was to last until Henry's death in 1189.", "When Henry's sons rebelled against him in 1173 Rhys sent his son Hywel Sais to Normandy to aid the king, then in 1174 personally led an army to Tutbury in Staffordshire to assist at the siege of the stronghold of the rebel Earl William de Ferrers.", "When Rhys returned to Wales after the fall of Tutbury, he left a thousand men with the king for service in Normandy.", "King Henry held a council at Gloucester in 1175 which was attended by a large gathering of Welsh princes, led by Rhys.", "It appears to have concluded with the swearing of a mutual assistance pact for the preservation of peace and order in Wales.", "In 1177 Rhys, Dafydd ab Owain, who had emerged as the main power in Gwynedd, and Cadwallon ap Madog from Rhwng Gwy a Hafren swore fealty and liege homage to Henry at a council held at Oxford.At this council the king gave Meirionnydd, part of the kingdom of Gwynedd, to Rhys.", "Rhys built a number of stone castles, starting with Cardigan castle, which was the earliest recorded native-built stone castle in Wales.", "He also built Carreg Cennen castle near Llandeilo, a castle set in a spectacular position on a mountain top.", "He held a festival of poetry and song at his court at Cardigan over Christmas 1176.", "This is generally regarded as the first recorded Eisteddfod.", "The festival was announced a year in advance throughout Wales and in England, Scotland, Ireland and possibly France.", "Two chairs were awarded as prizes, one for the best poem and the other for the best musical performance.", "J. E. Caerwyn Williams suggests that this event may be an adaptation of the similar French puys.", "R.R.", "Davies suggests that the texts of Welsh law, traditionally codified by Hywel Dda at Whitland, were first assembled in book form under the aegis of Rhys.", "Rhys founded two religious houses during this period.", "Talley Abbey was the first Premonstratensian abbey in Wales, while Llanllyr was a Cistercian nunnery, only the second nunnery to be founded in Wales and the first to prosper.", "He became the patron of the abbeys of Whitland and Strata Florida and made large grants to both houses.", "Giraldus Cambrensis, who was related to Rhys, gives an account of his meetings with Rhys in 1188 when Giraldus accompanied Archbishop Baldwin around Wales to raise men for the Third Crusade.", "Some Welsh clerics were not happy about this visit, but Rhys was enthusiastic and gave the Archbishop a great deal of assistance.", "Giraldus says that Rhys decided to go on crusade himself and spent several weeks making preparations, but was eventually persuaded to change his mind by his wife Gwenllian, \"by female artifices\".", "Final campaigns (1189–1196)\nHenry II died in 1189 and was succeeded by Richard I. Rhys considered that he was no longer bound by the agreement with King Henry and attacked the Norman lordships surrounding his territory.", "He ravaged Pembroke, Haverfordwest and Gower, and captured the castles of St. Clear's, Laugharne and Llansteffan.", "Richard's brother, Prince John (later King John), came to Wales in September and tried to make peace.", "He persuaded Rhys to raise the siege of Carmarthen and accompany him to Oxford to meet Richard.", "Rhys arrived at Oxford to discover that Richard was not prepared to travel there to meet him, and hostilities continued.", "In his later years Rhys had trouble keeping control of his sons, particularly Maelgwn and Gruffydd.", "In 1189 Gruffydd persuaded Rhys to imprison Maelgwn, and he was given into Gruffydd's keeping at Dinefwr.", "Gruffydd handed him over to his father-in-law, William de Braose.", "Gruffydd is also said to have persuaded his father to annex the lordship of Cemais and its chief castle of Nevern, held by William FitzMartin, in 1191.", "This action was criticised by Giraldus Cambrensis, who describes Gruffydd as \"a cunning and artful man\".", "William FitzMartin was married to Rhys's daughter Angharad, and, according to Giraldus, Rhys \"had solemnly sworn, by the most precious relics, that his indemnity and security should be faithfully maintained\".", "Rhys had also annexed the Norman lordships of Cydweli and Carnwyllion in 1190.", "In 1192 Rhys secured Maelgwn's release, but by now Maelgwn and Gruffydd were bitter enemies.", "In 1194 Rhys was defeated in battle by Maelgwn and Hywel, who imprisoned him in Nevern castle, though Hywel later released his father without Maelgwn's consent.", "Giraldus suggests that Rhys's incarceration in Nevern castle was divine vengeance for the dispossession of William FitzMartin.", "In 1195 two other sons, Rhys Gryg and Maredudd, seized Llanymddyfri and Dinefwr, and Rhys responded by imprisoning them.", "Rhys launched his last campaign against the Normans in 1196.", "He captured a number of castles, including Carmarthen, Colwyn, Radnor and Painscastle, and defeated an army led by Roger de Mortimer and Hugh de Say near Radnor, with forty knights among the dead.", "This was Rhys' last battle.", "William de Braose offered terms, and Painscastle was returned to him.", "Death and aftermath (1197)\n\nRhys died on 28 April 1197, unexpectedly, and was buried in St Davids Cathedral.", "The chronicler of Brut y Tywysogion records for 1197:\n\nRhys died excommunicate, having quarreled with the Bishop of St Davids, Peter de Leia, over the theft of some of the bishop's horses some years previously.", "Before he could be buried in the cathedral, the bishop had his corpse scourged in posthumous penance.", "Rhys had nominated his eldest legitimate son, Gruffydd ap Rhys, as his successor, and soon after his father's death Gruffydd met the Justiciar, Archbishop Hubert Walter, on the border and was confirmed as heir.", "Maelgwn, the eldest son but illegitimate, refused to accept this and was given military assistance by Gwenwynwyn ab Owain of Powys.", "Maelgwn took the town and castle of Aberystwyth and captured Gruffydd, whom he handed over to the custody of Gwenwynwyn.", "Gwenwynwyn later handed him over to the king, who imprisoned him at Corfe Castle.", "Character and historical assessment\nGiraldus Cambrensis frequently mentions Rhys in his writings and describes him as \"a man of excellent wit and quick in repartee\".", "Gerald tells the story of a banquet at Hereford in 1186 where Rhys sat between two members of the Clare family.", "What could have been a tense affair, since Rhys had seized lands in Ceredigion previously held by the Clare family, passed off with an exchange of courteous compliments, followed by some good-natured banter between Rhys and Gerald about their family connections.", "Rhys gave Gerald and Archbishop Baldwin a great deal of assistance when they visited Wales to raise troops for the crusade in 1188, and Gerald several times refers to his \"kindness\" and says that Rhys accompanied them all the way from Cardigan to the northern border of Ceredigion \"with a liberality peculiarly praiseworthy in so illustrious a prince\".", "Another contemporary writer also wrote of Rhys if Roger Turvey is correct in stating that Walter Map's piece Of the King Appollonides deals with Rhys under a pseudonym.", "Map was less favourably disposed toward Rhys, describing him as \"This king I have seen and know, and hate\", but goes on to say \"I would not have my hatred blacken his worth; it is not my wish ever to suppress any man's excellence through envy\".", "He tells the following story about Apollonides/Rhys:\n\nDavies provides the following assessment of Rhys:\n\nDavies also notes two flaws in Rhys's achievement.", "One was the personal nature of his accord with Henry II, which meant that it did not survive Henry's death.", "The other was his inability to control his sons and to force the other sons to accept Gruffydd as his successor.", "Children\n\nRhys had at least nine sons and eight daughters.", "Confusingly, three of the sons were named Maredudd and two of the daughters were named Gwenllian.", "Gruffydd ap Rhys II (died 1201) was the eldest legitimate son and was nominated by Rhys as his successor.", "He married Maud de Braose, the daughter of William de Braose.", "Maelgwn ap Rhys (died 1231), who was the eldest son but illegitimate.", "Rhys Gryg (died 1233) married a daughter of the Earl of Clare.", "Hywel ap Rhys (died 1231) \n Maredudd ap Rhys (died 1239)\n Another Maredudd (died 1227) became Archdeacon of Cardigan.", "Rhys's daughter Gwenllian ferch Rhys married Rhodri ab Owain, prince of the western part of Gwynedd.", "Another Gwenllian (circa 1178 – 1236) married Ednyfed Fychan, seneschal of Gwynedd under Llywelyn the Great, and through her, Rhys became an ancestor of the Tudor dynasty.", "Through the Tudors inter-marrying with the House of Stuart Rhys is an ancestor to the current ruling house of the United Kingdom and also an ancestor of several ruling houses in Europe.", "When Henry Tudor landed in Pembrokeshire, Wales in 1485 to make a bid for the throne, his descent from Rhys was one of the factors which enabled him to attract Welsh support (Henry flew a (Welsh) dragon banner at the battle of Bosworth Field).", "Angharad ferch Rhys married William FitzMartin, lord of Cemais.", "Other daughters married the Welsh rulers of Gwrtheyrnion and Elfael.", "Notes\n\nReferences\n\nPrimary sources\nGiraldus Cambrensis.", "1908.", "The Itinerary through Wales; Description of Wales.", "Edited and translated by R. C. Hoare.", "Everyman's Library. .\nGiraldus Cambrensis.", "1861–91.", "Giraldi Cambrensis: opera ed.", "J. S. Brewer.", "(Rolls Series).", "8 vols.", "Longman, Green, Longman & Roberts.", "Jones, T., ed.", "1941.", "Brut y Tywysogion: Peniarth MS. 20.", "University of Wales Press.", "Pryce, H., ed.", "2005.", "The Acts of Welsh rulers 1120–1283.", "University of Wales Press. .", "Secondary sources\nCarr, A. D. 1995.", "Medieval Wales.", "Macmillan. .\nCowley, F. G. 1977.", "The monastic order in South Wales 1066–1349 University of Wales Press. .\nDavies, R. R. 1987.", "Conquest, coexistence and change: Wales 1063–1415 Clarendon Press, University of Wales Press. .\nJones, F. 1969.", "God bless the Prince of Wales: four essays for investiture year Carmarthenshire Community Council (Local History Committee). .\nLloyd, J. E. 1911.", "A history of Wales from the earliest times to the Edwardian conquest.", "Longmans, Green & Co.\nMaund, K. 2006.", "The Welsh kings: warriors, warlords and princes.", "Tempus. .\nMoore, D. 2005.", "The Welsh wars of independence: c. 410-c.1415.", "Tempus. .\nPryce, H. 2004.", "\"Rhys ap Gruffudd (1131/2–1197)\", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.", "Accessed 22 January 2013.", "Rees, D. 1985.", "The son of prophecy: Henry Tudor's road to Bosworth.", "Black Raven Press. .\nRees, S. 1992.", "Dyfed (A guide to ancient and historic Wales series).", "HMSO. .\nSiddons, M. P. 1993.", "The Development of Welsh Heraldry, vol.", "2.", "National Library of Wales. .\nTout, T. F., revised Pryce, H. 2004.", "\"Gruffudd ap Rhys (d. 1137)\", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.", "Oxford University Press.", "Accessed 22 January 2013.", "Turvey, R. 1997, The Lord Rhys: Prince of Deheubarth.", "Gomer. .\nWarren, W. L. 1973 Henry II.", "Eyre Methuen. .\nWilliams, J. E. C. 1976.", "\"Aberteifi, 1176\".", "Taliesin 32, pp.", "30–35.", "External links\nThe last campaign of Rhys ap Gruffydd, from www.castlewales.com\nPlaces and artifacts associated with Rhys ap Gruffudd from Gathering the Jewels\n\n1130s births\n1197 deaths\nYear of birth uncertain\nBurials at St Davids Cathedral\nRhys\nMonarchs of Deheubarth\nWelsh princes\n12th-century Welsh monarchs\nWelsh people of Irish descent" ]

[ "The ruler of the kingdom of Deheubarth in south Wales was called ap Gruffudd.", "Although this title may have not been used in his lifetime, he is commonly known as The Lord Rhys.", "He usually used the title \"Proprietary Prince of Deheubarth\" or \"Prince of South Wales\", but two documents have been discovered in which he uses the title \"Prince of Wales\" or \"Prince of the Welsh\".", "After the death of Owain Gwynedd of Gwynedd in 1170, the power in Wales was taken over by one of the most successful and powerful Welsh princes.", "The king of Deheubarth was killed in 1093 by Bernard de Neufmarché.", "The Normans took over most of Deheubarth after his death.", "After Gruffydd's death, more territory was won back by his older brothers, who eventually became ruler of a small portion.", "Deheubarth had a ruler in 1155.", "He had to submit to King Henry II of England.", "Henry stripped Deheubarth of his lands and imprisoned him.", "He was released a few weeks later and given some of his holdings back.", "After the failure of another invasion of Wales by Henry in 1165, he was able to win back most of his lands.", "In 1171, after peace was restored with King Henry, he was confirmed in possession of his recent conquests as well as being named Justiciar of South Wales.", "King Henry died in 1189.", "The Norman lordships surrounding Richard I were attacked by Rhys after Henry's death.", "Maelgwn and Gruffydd had a feud with each other, which made keeping control of his sons difficult.", "He captured a number of castles in his last campaign against the Normans.", "He was buried in St Davids Cathedral after he died.", "Gwenllian ferch Gruffydd was the daughter of Gruffudd ap Cynan and ruler of part of Deheubarth.", "Morgan and Maelgwn were killed in battle with their mother in 1136.", "He had two half-brothers from his father's first marriage.", "Gwenllian ferch Madog was the daughter of Madog ap Maredudd, the last Prince of all Powys.", "His grandfather was the king of Deheubarth until he died.", "Most of Tewdwr's kingdom was taken over by Norman lords after he was killed.", "The man was forced to flee to Ireland.", "He was forced to flee to Ireland again in 11 27 after he returned to Deheubarth.", "The commote of Caeo was only held by his father when he was a child.", "The Welsh were given the chance to rise against the Normans after the death of King Henry I of England.", "The Normans were defeated in a battle near Loughor in 1136, after a revolt spread through south Wales.", "Gruffudd ap Cynan was the father-in-law of Gruffydd's wife.", "In the absence of her husband, Gwenllian led an army against the Norman lordship of Cydweli, taking along her two oldest sons, Morgan and Maelgwn.", "Maurice de londres of Oystermouth Castle defeated and killed her.", "Morgan was killed and Maelgwn was captured.", "In 1136, the sons of Gruffudd ap Cynan and Owain Gwynedd led an army to Ceredigion.", "The combined forces defeated the Normans at the Battle of Crug Mawr.", "Gwynedd became the senior partner in the alliance after Ceredigion was reclaimed from the Normans.", "In 1137, Gruffydd ap Rhys died in his campaign against the Normans.", "Anarawd ap Gruffydd became the leader of the family.", "The brother of the king of Gwynedd arranged for the murder of Anarawd when he was eleven years old.", "Owain took Cadwaladr's lands in Ceredigion.", "Anarawd's brother took over as head of the family after the first battles.", "Carmarthen castle was rebuilt in 1145 by the Earl of Pembroke.", "He built a castle in the commote of Mabudryd, but it was destroyed in 1146.", "In 1146, he appeared for the first time in the history of the world, fighting with his brothers in the capture of Llansteffan Castle.", "This was followed by the capture of Carmarthen in 1150 and Loughor in 1151.", "In 1151, a group of Norman and Flemish knights attacked Cadell and left him for dead.", "He left on a pilgrimage to Rome after sustaining injuries that left him unable to play an active role.", "In 1150, Maredudd became ruler of Deheubarth and began a campaign to recover Ceredigion, which had been held by Gwynedd since 1136.", "They were able to drive from Ceredigion to Owain Gwynedd.", "The Norman castle of St Clears was captured by the army of Rhys, who was an independent commander for the first time.", "The castles at Tenby and Aberafan were destroyed by Maredudd and Rhys.", "The ruler of Deheubarth, Maredudd, died at the age of twenty-five.", "He married Gwenllian ferch Madog, daughter of Madog ap Maredudd, prince of Powys.", "After becoming ruler of Deheubarth, there were rumors that Owain Gwynedd was planning to take control of Ceredigion.", "In 1156, Rhys built a castle at Aberdyfi.", "Turvey claims that Owain may have been testing the resolve of the new ruler by threatening the invasion.", "King Stephen's death in October 1154 brought an end to the long dispute with the Empress Matilda which had helped Anarawd, Cadell and Maredudd to extend their rule in Deheubarth.", "The new king of England, Henry II, turned his attention to Wales because of the disunity within the realm.", "He started with an invasion of Gwynedd.", "Owain Gwynedd was forced to give up some territory in the north-eastern part of Wales as a result of this invasion.", "Henry prepared an invasion of Deheubarth.", "He was persuaded by his council to meet the king to discuss peace terms.", "The terms were much harsher than what Owain was offered.", "The Norman lords took back the other territories.", "One of the Normans who returned to their holdings was Walter de Clifford.", "An appeal to the king produced no response, and as a result, Rhys took control of the castle at Llandovery.", "King Henry prepared another invasion.", "He had to give hostages, probably including his son.", "In 1159, when the king was absent in France, Rhys took the opportunity to attack Dyfed and then lay siege to Carmarthen, which was saved by a relief force led by Earl Reginald of Cornwall.", "An army led by five earls, the Earls of Cornwall, Gloucester, Hertford, and Salisbury, marched against him.", "Owain's sons, Hywel and Cynan, assisted the earls.", "The truce was arranged after they were forced to withdraw.", "Llandovery castle was captured in 1162.", "Henry II returned to England after four years and prepared for another invasion of Deheubarth.", "He was obliged to give more hostages, including another son, Maredudd, after meeting the king.", "He was taken to England as a prisoner.", "After a few weeks, Henry decided to free him and allow him to rule.", "He was summoned to Woodstock to do homage with Owain Gwynedd and Malcolm IV of Scotland.", "The Welsh princes united in an uprising.", "Warren thinks that the revolt was caused by the fact that Owain was forced to accept a status of dependent vassalage instead of his previous client status when he was obliged to do homage to Henry in 1163.", "When he returned to Deheubarth from England, he found that the Norman lords were threatening the town.", "Einion Ab Anarawd, the captain of his bodyguard, was murdered by the Earl of Hertford.", "The murderer was given protection by the Clares.", "After trying to get the king to intervene, he invaded Ceredigion and took all of it apart from the town and castle of Cardigan.", "King Henry invaded Wales again in 1165 after the Welsh revolt.", "Henry attacked Gwynedd first, but instead of following the usual invasion route along the north coast he attacked from the south.", "The Welsh princes, led by Owain Gwynedd, met him.", "The rain forced Henry's army to retreat in disorder without fighting a major battle, and he had a vendetta against the hostages, blinding Maredudd.", "Hywel was not among the victims.", "When he returned to Deheubarth, he captured and burned Cardigan Castle.", "The garrison was allowed to leave, but Robert Fitz-Stephen was held as a prisoner.", "Rhys captured Cilgerran castle.", "He helped Owain besiege the Norman castle of Rhuddlan for three weeks in 1167.", "He destroyed the Normans' castle at Builth.", "The Norman invasion of Ireland in 1169 and 1170 was led by the Cambro-Norman lords of south Wales.", "Robert Fitz-Stephen was released from captivity in 1167 by the King of Leinster, who had been driven out of his kingdom.", "After releasing him the following year, Fitz-Stephen led a Norman army which landed in Wexford in 1169.", "The leader of the Norman forces was the 2nd Earl of Pembroke.", "According to Warren, the death of Owain Gwynedd in late 1170 left him as the acknowledged leader of the Welsh princes.", "King Henry II came to England from France on his way to Ireland.", "Henry wanted to make sure that Richard de Clare did not establish an independent Norman kingdom in Ireland.", "His decision to try a different approach in his dealings with the Welsh was influenced by the events in Ireland, according to Warren.", "Henry wanted to make peace with the man who came to Newnham to meet him.", "There were 300 horses and 4,000 head of cattle to be paid tribute to, but the lands he had taken from the Normans were already in his possession.", "Henry was waiting to cross to Ireland when they met again in October.", "Henry agreed to take 36 of the 300 horses, but only after he returned from Ireland.", "Hywel, who had been held as a hostage for many years, was returned to his father.", "After Henry returned from Ireland in 1142, he appointed Rhys \"justice on his behalf in all Deheubarth\".", "The agreement was supposed to last until Henry's death in 1189.", "After Henry's sons rebelled against him in 11 73, Rhys sent his son to Normandy to help the king, and in 1174 personally led an army to Tutbury to help the rebels.", "After the fall of Tutbury, he left a thousand men with the king for service in Normandy.", "King Henry held a council at Gloucester in 1175 which was attended by a large group of Welsh princes.", "It appears to have ended with the swearing of a mutual assistance pact for the preservation of peace and order in Wales.", "At a council held at Oxford, Cadwallon ap Madog swore fealty to Henry.", "Cardigan castle was the earliest native-built stone castle in Wales.", "Carreg Cennen castle is located on a mountain top and was built by him.", "He held a poetry and song festival at his court.", "This is thought to be the first recorded Eisteddfod.", "The festival was announced a year in advance in Wales, England, Scotland, Ireland and possibly France.", "Two chairs were given as prizes, one for the best poem and the other for the best musical performance.", "The event may be an adaptation of the French puys, suggests J. E. Caerwyn Williams.", "R.R.", "The texts of Welsh law were first written in book form, according to Davies.", "Two religious houses were founded by Rhys.", "The first Premonstratensian abbey in Wales was Talley Abbey, while the second nunnery in Wales was Llanllyr.", "He made large grants to both houses when he was the patron of the abbeys.", "In 1188, when he went to Wales to raise men for the Third Crusade, he met with Rhys, who was related to him.", "Some Welsh clerics were not happy about the visit, but that was not the case with Rhys.", "He decided to go on crusade himself, but was persuaded to change his mind by his wife Gwenllian.", "Henry II died in 1189 and was succeeded by Richard I.", "He captured the castles of St. Clear's, Laugharne and Llansteffan.", "King John came to Wales in September to try to make peace.", "He persuaded Rhys to raise the siege of Carmarthen so that he could meet Richard.", "Richard was not going to travel to Oxford to meet him, so hostilities continued.", "Rhys had trouble controlling his sons in the later years.", "Maelgwn was given into Gruffydd's keeping at the time.", "His father-in-law, William de Braose, received him.", "Gruffydd is said to have persuaded his father to annex the lordship of Cemais and the castle of Nevern.", "Gruffydd is described as \"a cunning and artful man\" by the author.", "William FitzMartin was married to Angharad, who had solemnly sworn that his security should be maintained.", "In 1190, Rhys annexed the Norman lordships.", "Maelgwn and Gruffydd were bitter enemies by the time Rhys secured Maelgwn's release.", "After he was defeated in battle by Maelgwn and Hywel, he was imprisoned in Nevern castle.", "The dispossession of William FitzMartin is said to have caused Rhys's imprisonment in Nevern castle.", "Llanymddyfri and Dinefwr were imprisoned in 1195 after being seized by two other sons.", "His last campaign was against the Normans.", "He defeated an army led by Roger de Mortimer and Hugh de Say and captured a number of castles.", "This was the last battle for him.", "Painscastle was returned to William de Braose after he offered terms.", "On April 28, 1197, Rhys died and was buried in St Davids Cathedral.", "The Bishop of St Davids, Peter de Leia, had a dispute with the chronicler of Brut y Tysogion over the theft of some of the bishop's horses.", "The bishop died before he could be buried in the cathedral.", "After his father's death, Gruffydd met the Justiciar, Archbishop Walter, on the border and was confirmed as heir.", "Maelgwn, the illegitimate son, refused to accept this and was given military assistance.", "Maelgwn took the town and castle of Aberystwyth and captured Gruffydd.", "The king imprisoned him at Corfe Castle.", "A man of excellent wit and quick in repartee is described by the character and historical assessment of the author.", "Gerald tells the story of a banquet in 1186 where two people from the same family sat together.", "What could have been a tense affair was passed off with an exchange of pleasantries, followed by some good-natured banter between the two men about their family connections.", "When Gerald and the Baldwins traveled to Wales to raise troops for the crusade in 1188, they were given a lot of assistance by Rhys, who accompanied them all the way from Cardigan to the northern border of Ceredigion.", "If Roger Turvey is correct, Walter Map's piece Of the King Appollonides deals with Rhys under a different name.", "Map described him as \"This king I have seen and know, and hate, but I would not have my hatred blacken his worth; it is not my wish ever to suppress any man's excellence through envy\".", "Davies notes two flaws in Rhys's achievement in the story he tells about Apollonides/Rhys.", "The personal nature of his accord with Henry II meant that it did not survive Henry's death.", "He was unable to control his sons and force them to accept Gruffydd as his successor.", "There were at least nine sons and eight daughters.", "Four of the sons were named Maredudd and two of the daughters were named Gwenllian.", "Gruffydd ap Rhys II was nominated as his successor by his father.", "The daughter of William de Braose was married to him.", "The eldest son was illegitimate.", "The Earl of Clare's daughter was married to Rhys Gryg.", "The Archdeacon of Cardigan was Maredudd ap Rhys.", "The prince of the western part of Gwynedd was married to Gwenllian ferch.", "Ednyfed Fychan, seneschal of Gwynedd under Llywelyn the Great, married another Gwenllian, who became a descendant of the Tudor dynasty.", "The current ruling house of the United Kingdom is an descendant of several ruling houses in Europe.", "One of the factors that enabled Henry Tudor to get the support of the Welsh was his descent from Rhys.", "William FitzMartin was married to Angharad ferch Rhys.", "The Welsh rulers of Gwrtheyrnion and Elfael were married to other daughters.", "There are references to primary sources.", "In 1908.", "Description of Wales is the Itinerary through Wales.", "R. C. Hoare translated it.", "Everyman's Library.", "The year was 1861–91.", "There is an opera ed.", "J. S. Brewer.", "The Rolls Series.", "There are 8 volumes.", "Longman, Green, and Roberts.", "Jones, ed.", "1941.", "There is a book called Brut y Ty wysogion.", "The University of Wales Press.", "H. Pryce's ed.", "2005.", "The acts of Welsh rulers.", "The University of Wales Press.", "Carr, A. D. 1995, was a secondary source.", "Medieval Wales.", "Cowley, F. G.", "The University of Wales Press has a monograph on the monastic order in South Wales.", "The University of Wales Press published Conquest, coexistence and change in Wales.", "God bless the Prince of Wales: four essays for investiture year Carmarthenshire Community Council.", "A history of Wales from the beginning to the end.", "Longmans, Green & Co.", "Welsh kings were warriors, warlords and princes.", "The Tempus was written by Moore in 2005.", "The Welsh wars of independence took place between 410 and 1415.", "H Pryce wrote about tempus in 2004.", "\"Rhys ap Gruffudd\" is in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.", "The website was updated on 22 January.", "D. Rees was born in 1985.", "Henry Tudor's road was the son of prophecy.", "Black Raven Press was published in 1992.", "A guide to ancient and historic Wales.", "M. P. Siddons was born in 1993.", "The development of Welsh Heraldry.", "2.", "Tout revised Pryce in 2004.", "The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography has a description of Gruffudd ap Rhys.", "Oxford University Press.", "The website was updated on 22 January.", "The Lord Rhys: Prince of Deheubarth was published in 1997.", "Warren, W. L. Henry II.", "Williams, J. E. C.", "\"Aberteifi\"", "Taliesin 32, pp.", "30–35.", "There are places and artifacts associated with the last campaign of Rhys ap Gruffudd." ]

[ "Rhys", "Gruffyddp Gruffudd", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhysp", "Gruffydd", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Gruffydd", "Rhys", "Gruffydd", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Gruffydd", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys Gry", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Walter Map", "Rhys", "Map", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys II", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys Gry", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhysp", "Rhys", "Lord Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys" ]

[ "The Lord Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhysymddy", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Walter Map", "Rhys", "Map", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys Gryg", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Rhys", "Lord Rhys", "Rhys" ]

[ "Gertrude Weil (11 December 1879 – 3 May 1971) was an American social activist involved in a wide range of progressive/leftist and often controversial causes, including women's suffrage, labor reform and civil rights.", "Biography\n\nEarly life \nWeil was born on December 11, 1879 to Henry and Mina Weil (née Rosenthal), German Jews living in the rapidly developing town of Goldsboro, North Carolina.", "Weil's father, Henry, migrated from Hamburg, Germany in 1860, when he was fourteen years old, following his brother, Herman Weil, who would later fight in the Confederate Army during the American Civil War.", "Weil was raised in Goldsboro, North Carolina, in a home located at 200 Chestnut Street, which is now on the National Register of Historic Places.", "Being a wealthy household, the Weil family employed domestic staff, including both white and black employees.", "In 1883, only 17 years after the formation of North Carolina's first Jewish congregation, Gertrude's parents, grandparents, aunts and uncles helped to form Goldsboro's Congregation Oheb Sholom.", "Education\n\nEarly education \nWeil grew up attending public schools within her community of Goldsboro.", "Weil's parents supplemented her education by having her attend Sabbath School, German School, and Hebrew School.", "Horace Mann School (1895–1897) \nWhen Weil was 16, during 1895, she was sent to New York City to attend the Horace Mann School.", "During this time at the Horace Mann School Weil began writing letters home to her family, or as she titled them, her \"dear ones\" relaying her experiences in New York.", "During her time at Horace Mann School, Weil was introduced to Margaret Stanton Lawrence, daughter of Elizabeth Cady Stanton.", "Margaret Stanton Lawrence was Weil's physical education teacher.", "Lawrence was an early influence on Weil, with Weil commenting after hearing Lawrence speak \"Oh!", "You'll see me come home a thorough reformer.\"", "Despite consistent physical activity throughout her life, Weil had the disability of a curvature of her spine, which was diagnosed during her time at the Horace Mann School.", "Smith College (1897–1901) \nAfter attending the Horace Mann School Weil continued her education attending Smith College, a women's university in Northampton Massachusetts.", "Weil was housed, during her first year at Smith College, in the home of Mary Louise Cable, sister to novelist George Washington Cable, who opposed slavery and racism in his writing.", "During her time at Smith College Weil was exposed to the work of progressive reformers such as Jane Addams, attended lectures on gender inequalities, and attended lectures on women's role in confronting social justice, these experiences generating the basis for Weil's future work.", "In 1899, Weil's Mother, Mina, established the Goldsboro Women's Club and dedicated the club to the feminist novelist Charlotte Perkins Gilman, whom she had heard speak in 1898.", "Weil was aware of Gilman's influence on her mother, with Mina writing in a letter to her, describing Gilman's lecture on the \"New Woman.\"", "The Goldsboro Women's Club focused on serving their community, as well as meeting to discuss women's roles in increasing their responsibilities in social work and reform.", "Mina's beliefs and involvements with women's clubs would have a lasting impact on Weil's later involvement.", "During the election of 1900, women had not been given the right to vote in the United States, but some women at Smith College, including Weil, participated in a mock presidential election.", "The end results of the mock election were 761 for Mckinley and 73 for Bryan.", "Weil did not reveal which candidate she voted for, but this experience introduced Weil to the world of politics and would influence her later involvement with the women's suffrage movement.", "In April 1901, Weil traveled to New York in order to visit the settlement houses.", "During the same trip, Weil also visited the Italian and Chinese immigrant quarters.", "In 1901, Weil became North Carolina's first alumna of Smith College.", "Post-graduation \nAfter graduation from Smith College, Weil was faced with the decision of whether to find a job in teaching, as some of her classmates did, or to return home.", "Weil considered moving to New York to work in the slum schools she had visited in April 1901.", "Weil also voiced her desire to work as a kindergarten teacher.", "Weil was advised by her mother, Mina, to acquire a trade, such as book frontispiece design.", "Ultimately, having been away from home for six years and facing pressure from her mother and family to return home, Weil returned to Goldsboro.", "Social activism and \"Federation Gertie\"\n\nEarly work: 1901–1905 \nHaving returned to Goldsboro, Weil enjoyed her life of leisure, but also searched for opportunities to work in the increasingly urbanized town.", "Her time at home allowed Weil to gain experience in domestic tasks as she assisted her mother with household work.", "Weil also became increasingly involved in the club her mother had helped found in 1899, the Goldsboro Women's Club, teaching sewing classes for financially disadvantaged women.", "Using her local experience, Weil became involved in the North Carolina Federation of Women's Clubs which had been founded in 1902 by Sally Southall Cotten.", "Through her work with the North Carolina Federation of Women's Clubs, Weil gained experience in social activism, gaining the nickname \"Federation Gertie.\"", "Weil studied at the University of Cornell for multiple summers, becoming educated in topics such as history, government, Shakespeare, and politics.", "Upon establishment, the women's clubs in North Carolina focused on problems within their community and were not explicitly political.", "These groups focused on legislation that would aid women and children, but did not realize the need to become increasingly involved in the government until later.", "Women's suffrage movement \nIn 1911 Weil joined the National American Woman Suffrage Associationwhich sought a federal policy change allowing women the right to vote.", "Weil often communicated with the future president of the association, Carrie Chapman Catt, who kept Weil up to date on the work that the association was doing, and Weil kept a scrapbook of newspaper clippings that mentioned NAWSA.", "During the early 20th-century women's suffrage was not a popular topic among many women.", "Neither Weil's former classmates from Smith College nor her fellow women from North Carolina largely supported the movement.", "Despite both the Goldsboro Women's Club and the North Carolina Federation of Women's Clubs lacking focus on politics and women's suffrage, Weil continued to have an interest in women's suffrage that had first been sparked through her participation in the mock presidential election of 1900 which she and her classmates had participated in.", "In 1914 Weil co-founded the Goldsboro Equal Suffrage Association and became the association's first president.", "Also during 1914, Weil was elected as first Vice-President of the North Carolina Federation of Women's Clubs and received the nomination for President from the same organization.", "Facing the possibility of holding the title of President in two influential and controversial women's organizations in North Carolina, Weil declined the Federation's nomination in order to focus on women's suffrage.", "Between 1919 and 1920 women's suffrage associations in the United States were involved in the final push for the passage of what would become the Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States.", "In order to secure the right of women to vote.", "Weil continued her work with women's suffrage associations, gathering signatures and endorsements.", "When the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution was passed in 1920, prohibiting the state and federal governments denying the right to vote on the basis of sex, Weil was serving as President of the North Carolina Equal Suffrage League.", "Despite Weil's and the women's clubs hard work in North Carolina in support of the Nineteenth Amendment, the North Carolina state legislature refused to ratify the amendment, instead, the state of Tennessee cast the final vote to gain women the right to vote in the United States.", "Weil responded to the North Carolina's rejection of the amendment in a letter;As you know, our fight for ratification by the North Carolina legislature is over.", "We were unsuccessful in our efforts.", "Our North Carolina men have refused to ratify.” In closing, she called upon the women “to hold together whatever local organization you have.", "We shall need it to carry out the work that lies before us.”Weil continued working to improve the political system.", "In 1920, she established the North Carolina League of Women Voters, dedicated to educating women about the political system and their newly won rights.", "She also became a leader in the Legislative Council of North Carolina, organized to advance progressive social reforms.", "In 1922, she made headlines when she destroyed stacks of previously marked ballots intended to be stuffed into ballot boxes to fix an election.", "Not until 1971 did North Carolina endorse the amendment, just 24 days before Weil died.", "Politics \nWeil continued to work to improve women's statuses in the United States.", "In 1920 she became president of the North Carolina League of Women Voters, which focused on educating women on their right to vote and encouraging women to take a part in public affairs.", "Weil also played an active role in the newly formed Legislative Council of North Carolina Women, presenting a legislative program to the North Carolina General Assembly.", "Her program called for the age of consent to be raised to 16, protection for mother's pensions, censorship for moving pictures, and funding for the Stonewall Jackson Manual Training and Industrial School, and Samarcand Manor State Home and Industrial School.", "Weil encountered opposition to her fight to secure a secret ballot and private voting rooms.", "In 1922 when she arrived at the polls to vote and discovered her ballot had been marked, subsequently tore both the ballot in question and other marked ballots to shreds.", "This event, in 1922, sparked the editor of the Raleigh Times to mention Weil's name as a possible candidate for the United States Congress.", "Weil, in a letter to the Raleigh Times editor, July 29, 1922, denied that as a possibility, stating:\n\n\"It has seemed needless to deny the truth of the groundless rumor concerning my running for Congress from the Third District on the Republican ticket.", "However, since the rumor persists in recurring in the columns of the press, perhaps it is well that I state definitely that I am not considering—nor have I ever considered—running for Congress on the Republican, Democratic, Farm-Labor, Socialist, Independent, or any other ticket.\"", "Throughout the 1920s Weil continued her work in encouraging women to vote, visiting communities, giving speeches, and financially supporting the clubs she was involved in.", "Social work \nLeading into the Great Depression Weil was president of the Goldsboro Bureau of Social Service and chair of the Decisions Committee.", "Weil was also involved in New Deal relief efforts when she was appointed as a Director of Federal Public Relief Work.", "Influenced by her work as a social worker in North Carolina's impoverished communities, Weil supported the idea of a social welfare program.", "She also supported birth control as a solution to eliminate poverty.", "Weil also spent a great deal of time fighting for labor reform in North Carolina.", "In 1930, Weil was a leading participant in a group of progressive citizens who issued a manifesto in support of collective bargaining and free speech; nearly one-third of the manifesto's 439 signatories were women.", "In 1931, the women's Legislative Council finally won shorter hours for women workers, the prohibition of night work, and other industrial reforms.", "Civil rights \nWeil grew up in the post-reconstruction era South.", "Weil's hometown of Goldsboro, North Carolina, had been the location of a Civil War battle due to its proximity to a railroad junction.", "The Battle of Goldsboro Bridge occurred on December 17, 1862 and concluded with a Union victory and an estimated 220 casualties.", "Throughout the 1920s Weil financially supported African Americans involved in education and supported interracial efforts.", "Weil first immersed herself in civil rights work in 1930.", "Weil's dedication to social justice and equality led her to, in 1930 travel to Atlanta to attend the Anti-Lynching Conference for Southern White Women.", "This conference sparked the creation of the Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching, which Weil also joined.", "Weil and her fellow activists in these groups challenged the idea that white southern women needed to be protected from black men through frequent lynchings.", "In 1932 Weil who was appointed by the Governor of North Carolina to serve on the North Carolina Commission on Interracial Cooperation, a commission that sought to improve race relations, served the commission and its successor commission for the next 25 years.", "Involved in the Commission, Weil sought to improve legal, economic, political, and educational equality for black Americans.", "Over the next 30 years, Weil continued her involvement in civil rights, which included her organization, in 1963, of the Bi-Racial Council in her home, her opposition to segregation and her donation of money for a pool for local African Americans after the local pool was closed to them.", "On March 14, 1965, Weil described segregation as \"separate but by no means equal,\" illustrating her long dedication to civil rights.", "Religion \nThe Jewish religion and traditions Weil learned in her childhood influenced her social activism in her later life.", "Weil was involved in teaching Sunday School, conducting adult Bible studies, and working with the Temple Sisterhood.", "Weil's travels put her into contact with other Jewish women who strengthened Weil's progressive opinion.", "One such friend was her cousin, Rosa Kaufman, who had been influenced by Pauline Steinem, whose granddaughter Gloria would become a feminist leader.", "Weil, influenced by her mother's beliefs, joined the Daughters of Zion in 1912.", "The founder of Daughters of Zion, Henrietta Szold, an American Zionist, was a friend of Weil's mother, and Szold's involvement with social work resounded with Weil's social progressivism.", "The Daughters of Zion would later change their name to Hadassah: The Women's Zionist Organization of America, and Weil would serve as president of her local and regional group for the organization.", "Weil's aunt, Sarah Weil, helped found the North Carolina Association of Jewish Women in 1921.", "Weil would serve three terms as president of the Association, beginning in 1924, and serve as board member for the rest of her life.", "Sarah Weil's goal was to unite Jewish women in North Carolina, regardless of background welcoming both orthodox and reform members.", "Weil's work with the North Carolina Association of Jewish Women took her to small towns across North Carolina, forming relationships with women across the state.", "Following the success of the American Women's Suffrage movement, the women in the North Carolina Association of Jewish Women called for equal congregation membership, which was given in Greensboro at the Temple Emanuel in 1923 and at the Oheb Sholom in 1924.", "Weil also sat on the board of the North Carolina Home for the Jewish Aged, worked for the National Federation of Temple Sisterhoods, and helped to raise money for numerous Jewish charities.", "In the 1930s and 1940s, she and her mother devoted much time and effort to rescuing Jewish refugees from persecution in Europe.", "In the late 1960s, Weil wrote an essay in which she criticized those who believed religious individuals should confine themselves to \"\"matters\" of religion, that is theology, church creed, church attendance, the prospect of heaven or hell\"and she continued with her own belief that, \"In my definition, religion includes the whole of life: one's beliefs, one's attitudes to society, one's behavior .\"", "Within the same essay, Weil demonstrated her opinion that Judaism called for morality in all areas of an individual's life, stating, \"My religion demands the same honesty, fairness, reliability, in all one's relations.\"", "Weil's emphasis on moral and ethical behavior being a part of her religious identity was prominent throughout her life with her social service.", "Relationships \nDespite her having suitors, Weil never received any formal marriage proposals and never married.", "Weil maintained strong close relationships with her college friends and built relationships with the women she was closest to through her work.", "Later life \nWeil continued her commitment to social service.", "In 1968, she had already served ten years on the county library board and continued her service.", "Weil also financially supported philanthropist efforts within her community.", "She donated several thousand dollars to the Herman Weil Memorial Fund and the Medical School at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.", "Legacy \nIn 1964 Weil received a medal from Smith College, the medal was reserved for distinguished alumni and Weil was chosen for her work in public service.", "The public library in Goldsboro contains the \"Gertrude Weil Auditorium,\" named after Weil.", "According to the Jewish Women's Archive, Weil was: \"Inspired by Jewish teachings that 'justice, mercy, [and] goodness were not to be held in a vacuum, but practiced in our daily lives,' Weil stood courageously at the forefront of a wide range of progressive and often controversial causes, including women's suffrage, labor reform and civil rights.", "She worked tirelessly to extend political, economic and social opportunities to those long denied them.\"", "Death \nGertrude Weil died on May 30, 1971, in her hometown of Goldsboro North Carolina at the age of 91.", "Her burial place is located at the Willow Dale Cemetery in Goldsboro in the Jewish section.", "References\n\nExternal links \n Women of Valor exhibit on Gertrude Weil at the Jewish Women's Archive\n Heather Geisberg Pennington, Biography of Gertrude Weil, Jewish Women Encyclopedia\n\n1879 births\n1971 deaths\nAmerican people of German-Jewish descent\nAmerican suffragists\nPeople from Goldsboro, North Carolina\nAmerican women's rights activists\nAmerican civil rights activists\nHorace Mann School alumni\nSmith College alumni\nAmerican Zionists\nActivists from North Carolina\nWomen civil rights activists" ]

[ "Women's speach, labor reform and civil rights were just some of the controversial causes that American social activist, Gertrude Weil, was involved in.", "Henry and Mina Weil were German Jews who lived in the rapidly developing town of Goldsboro, North Carolina, when they were born on December 11, 1879.", "When Henry was fourteen years old, he followed in the footsteps of his brother, Herman, who would fight in the Confederate Army during the American Civil War.", "The home where Weil was raised is now on the National Register of Historic Places.", "Both white and black domestic staff were employed by the Weil family.", "17 years after the formation of North Carolina's first Jewish congregation, Gertrude's parents, grandparents, aunts and uncles helped to form Goldsboro's Congregation Oheb Sholom.", "She grew up in a community of public schools.", "Her parents supplemented her education by sending her to Sabbath School, German School, and Hebrew School.", "During 1895, she was sent to New York City to attend the Horace Mann School.", "She began writing letters to her family from New York when she was at the Horace Mann School.", "Margaret Lawrence is the daughter of Elizabeth Cady Stanton.", "Lawrence was a physical education teacher.", "Lawrence was an early influence on Weil.", "I will come home a thorough reformer.", "During her time at the Horace Mann School, she was diagnosed with a curvature of her spine, despite her consistent physical activity throughout her life.", "Smith College is a women's university in Northampton Massachusetts.", "Mary Louise Cable is the sister of George Washington Cable, who opposed slavery and racism in his writing.", "During her time at Smith College, she was exposed to the work of progressive reformers such as Jane Addams and attended lectures on women's role in confronting social justice.", "The Goldsboro Women's Club was dedicated to the feminist novelist Charlotte Perkins Gilman in 1899.", "In a letter to her mother, Mina described the lecture on the \"New Woman\" that Gilman gave.", "The Goldsboro Women's Club focused on serving their community, as well as meeting to discuss women's roles in increasing their responsibilities in social work and reform.", "Mina's involvement with women's clubs would have an impact on Weil's later involvement.", "Women at Smith College did not have the right to vote in the United States during the election of 1900, but they did participate in a mock presidential election.", "The results of the mock election were 761 for Mckinley and 73 for Bryan.", "Weil did not reveal which candidate she voted for, but her involvement with the women's suffragist movement was influenced by this experience.", "In 1901, Weil traveled to New York to visit the settlement houses.", "The Italian and Chinese immigrant quarters were also visited by Weil.", "North Carolina's first alumni of Smith College was Weil.", "After graduating from Smith College, she was faced with the choice of going back to school or finding a teaching job.", "She was considering moving to New York to work in the slums.", "She wanted to work as a kindergarten teacher.", "Mina told her to acquire a trade, such as book frontispiece design.", "Having been away from home for six years and facing pressure from her family to return, Weil returned to Goldsboro.", "Social activism and \"Federation Gertie\" Early work: 1901–1905 Having returned to Goldsboro, Weil enjoyed her life of leisure, but also searched for opportunities to work in the increasingly urbanized town.", "As she assisted her mother with household work, she gained experience in domestic tasks.", "In 1899, her mother helped found the Goldsboro Women's Club, teaching sewing classes for financially disadvantaged women.", "Sally Southall Cotten founded the North Carolina Federation of Women's Clubs in 1901.", "She gained experience in social activism through her work with the North Carolina Federation of Women's Clubs.", "During his time at the University of Cornell, he became educated in topics such as history, government, and politics.", "Women's clubs in North Carolina focused on problems within their community after they were established.", "The need to become more involved in the government was not realized by these groups until later.", "The National American Woman Suffrage Association sought a federal policy change allowing women the right to vote.", "Carrie Chapman Catt was the future president of the association and she kept Weil up to date on the work that the association was doing.", "Women's sufficing was not a popular topic in the early 20th century.", "Women from North Carolina and Smith College did not support the movement.", "She continued to have an interest in women's suffragy despite the lack of focus on politics and women's suffragy at the Goldsboro Women's Club and the North Carolina Federation of Women's Clubs.", "The first president of the Goldsboro Equal Suffrage Association was Weil.", "The first Vice- President of the North Carolina Federation of Women's Clubs was nominated for President by the same organization.", "Facing the possibility of holding the title of President in two influential and controversial women's organizations in North Carolina, Weil declined the Federation's nomination in order to focus on women's suffrage.", "The final push for the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States took place between 1919 and 1920.", "Women have the right to vote.", "She continued her work with women's suffragists.", "The Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution was passed in 1920, prohibiting the state and federal governments from denying the right to vote on the basis of sex.", "The state of Tennessee cast the final vote to grant women the right to vote in the United States despite the fact that the North Carolina state legislature refused to approve the Nineteenth Amendment.", "The fight for the amendment's approval by the North Carolina legislature is over.", "We were unsuccessful.", "She called upon the women to hold together whatever local organization they have.", "We need it to carry out the work that lies before us.", "In 1920, she established the North Carolina League of Women Voters, dedicated to educating women about the political system and their newly won rights.", "The Legislative Council of North Carolina was formed to advance progressive social reforms.", "She destroyed stacks of marked ballots that were supposed to be stuffed into ballot boxes to fix an election in 1922.", "24 days before Weil died, North Carolina endorsed the amendment.", "Politics worked to improve the status of women in the United States.", "She became president of the North Carolina League of Women Voters in 1920 and focused on educating women on their right to vote.", "The Legislative Council of North Carolina Women was formed in order to present a legislative program to the North Carolina General Assembly.", "Her program called for the age of consent to be raised to 16, protection for mother's pensions, censorship for moving pictures, and funding for the Stonewall Jackson Manual Training and Industrial School.", "There was opposition to her fight to get a secret ballot.", "She tore the ballot in question and other marked ballots to shreds when she arrived at the polls in 1922.", "The editor of the Raleigh Times mentioned Weil's name as a possible candidate for Congress in 1922.", "\"It has seemed needless to deny the truth of the groundless rumor concerning my running for Congress from the Third District on the Republican ticket,\" wrote Weil in a letter to the Raleigh Times editor.", "I have never considered running for Congress on the Republican, Democratic, Farm-Labor, Socialist, Independent, or any other ticket, even though the rumor persists in the columns of the press.", "Throughout the 1920s, she continued to encourage women to vote, visit communities, give speeches, and financially support the clubs she was involved in.", "The chair of the Decisions Committee was held by Weil, who was the president of the Bureau of Social Service.", "When she was appointed as a Director of Federal Public Relief Work, she was also involved in New Deal relief efforts.", "She supported the idea of a social welfare program because of her work as a social worker.", "She was in favor of birth control as a solution to poverty.", "There was a lot of time spent fighting for labor reform in North Carolina.", "A group of progressive citizens in 1930 issued a manifesto in support of collective bargaining and free speech, and nearly one-third of the people who signed it were women.", "In 1931, the women's Legislative Council won shorter hours for women workers, the prohibition of night work, and other industrial reforms.", "Civil rights were a part of Weil's upbringing in the South.", "Due to its proximity to a railroad junction, the hometown of Weil was the location of a Civil War battle.", "The Battle of Goldsboro Bridge ended with a Union victory and an estimated 220 casualties.", "African Americans were financially supported by Weil throughout the 1920s.", "In 1930, she immersed herself in civil rights work.", "She traveled to Atlanta in 1930 to attend the Anti-Lynching Conference for Southern White Women because of her dedication to social justice and equality.", "The creation of the Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching was sparked by this conference.", "The idea that white southern women needed to be protected from black men through frequent lynchings was challenged by the activists in these groups.", "The North Carolina Commission on Interracial Cooperation was established in 1932 by the Governor of North Carolina to improve race relations.", "The Commission sought to improve legal, economic, political, and educational equality for black Americans.", "She continued her involvement in civil rights over the next 30 years, including her organization in 1963, her opposition to segregation and her donation of money for a pool for local African Americans after the local pool was closed to them.", "On March 14, 1965, she described segregation as \"separate but by no means equal.\"", "In her later life, social activism was influenced by her Jewish religion and traditions.", "He was involved in teaching Sunday School, conducting adult Bible studies, and working with the Temple Sisterhood.", "Other Jewish women who were strengthened by Weil's travels strengthened her progressive opinion.", "Her cousin,Rosa Kaufman, was influenced by Gloria Steinem, who would become a feminist leader.", "She joined the Daughters of Zion because of her mother's beliefs.", "The founder of Daughters of Zion, an American Zionist, was a friend of Weil's mother, and Szold's involvement with social work resounded with Weil's social progressivism.", "She would serve as president of her local and regional group for the organization after they changed their name to Hadassah: The Women's Zionist Organization of America.", "The North Carolina Association of Jewish Women was started by Sarah Weil.", "She would serve as a board member for the rest of her life after three terms as president of the Association.", "Regardless of background welcoming both orthodox and reform members, Sarah Weil's goal was to unite Jewish women in North Carolina.", "She formed relationships with women across the state through her work with the North Carolina Association of Jewish Women.", "The North Carolina Association of Jewish Women called for equal congregation membership after the success of the American Women's Suffrage movement.", "He was on the board of the North Carolina Home for the Jewish Aged, worked for the National Federation of Temple Sisterhoods, and helped to raise money for Jewish charities.", "She and her mother saved Jewish refugees from persecution in Europe in the 1930s and 1940s.", "In the late 1960s, she wrote an essay in which she criticized those who believed that religious individuals should confine themselves to \"matters of religion, that is theology, church creed, church attendance, the prospect of heaven or hell, and she continued with her own belief that.\"", "\"My religion demands the same honesty, fairness, reliability in all one's relations,\" she wrote in the same essay.", "Throughout her life, she focused on moral and ethical behavior being a part of her religious identity.", "She never got a formal marriage proposal and never married.", "The women she was closest to through her work were her college friends.", "She continued her commitment to social service.", "She had served on the library board for ten years.", "She supported philanthropist efforts in her community.", "She donated money to the Herman Weil Memorial Fund and the Medical School at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.", "In 1964 Weil received a medal from Smith College, the medal was reserved for distinguished alumni, and she was chosen for her work in public service.", "The Gertrude Weil auditorium is located in the public library.", "According to the Jewish Women's Archive, Weil was inspired by Jewish teachings that \"justice, mercy, and goodness were not to be held in a vacuum, but practiced in our daily lives.\"", "She worked hard to give those who had been denied opportunities.", "She died in her hometown of Goldsboro, North Carolina at the age of 91.", "Her final resting place is in the Jewish section of the cemetery.", "The Jewish Women's Archive has an exhibit on the life and times of the American suffragists." ]

[ "Gertrude Weil", "Mina Weil", "Weil", "Herman Weil", "Gertrude", "Weil", "Weil", "Sarah Weil", "Sarah Weil", "Gertrude Weil", "Gertrude Weil", "Gertrude Weil", "Gertrude Weil" ]

[ "Gertrude Weil", "Mina Weil", "Weil", "Gertrude", "Weil", "Weil", "Weil", "Sarah Weil", "Sarah Weil", "Gertrude Wei" ]

[ "Shneur Zalman of Liadi (, September 4, 1745 – December 15, 1812 O.S.", "/ 18 Elul 5505 – 24 Tevet 5573), was an influential rabbi and the founder and first Rebbe of Chabad, a branch of Hasidic Judaism, then based in Liadi in the Russian Empire.", "He was the author of many works, and is best known for Shulchan Aruch HaRav, Tanya, and his Siddur Torah Or compiled according to the Nusach Ari.", "Zalman is a Yiddish variant of Solomon and Shneur (or Shne'or) is a Yiddish composite of the two Hebrew words \"shnei ohr\" (שני אור \"two lights\").", "Zalman of Liady is also known as \"Shneur Zalman Baruchovitch,\" Baruchovitch being the Russian patronymic from his father Baruch, and by a variety of other titles and acronyms including \"Baal HaTanya VeHaShulchan Aruch'\" (Author of the Tanya and the Shulchan Aruch), \"Alter Rebbe\" (Yiddish for ″Old Rabbi″), \"Admor HaZaken\" (Hebrew for ″Our Master, Our Teacher, and Our Old Rabbi″), \"Rabbenu HaZaken\" (Hebrew for ″Our Old Rabbi″), \"Rabbenu HaGadol\" (Hebrew for ″Our Great Rabbi″)\", \"RaShaZ\" ( for Rabbi Shneor Zalman), \"GRaZ\" ( for Ga'on Rabbi Zalman), and \"HaRav\" (The Rabbi, par excellence).", "Biography\n\nEarly life \nShneur Zalman was born in 1745 in the small town of Liozna, Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (present-day Belarus).", "He was the son of Baruch, who was a paternal descendant of the mystic and philosopher Rabbi Judah Loew ben Bezalel.", "According to Meir Perels of Prague, the Maharal was the great-great-grandson of Judah Leib the Elder who was said to have descended paternally from Hai Gaon and therefore also from the Davidic dynasty, however several modern historians such as Otto Muneles and Shlomo Engard have questioned this claim.", "Shneur Zalman was a prominent (and the youngest) disciple of Dov Ber of Mezeritch, the \"Great Maggid\", who was in turn the successor of the founder of Hasidic Judaism, Yisrael ben Eliezer, known as the Baal Shem Tov.", "He displayed extraordinary talent while still a child.", "By the time he was eight years old, he wrote an all-inclusive commentary on the Torah based on the works of Rashi, Nahmanides and Abraham ibn Ezra.", "Until the age of 12, he studied under Issachar Ber in Lyubavichi (Lubavitch); he distinguished himself as a Talmudist, such that his teacher sent him back home, informing his father that the boy could continue his studies without the aid of a teacher.", "At the age of 12, he delivered a discourse concerning the complicated laws of Kiddush Hachodesh, to which the people of the town granted him the title \"Rav\".", "At age 15 he married Sterna Segal, the daughter of Yehuda Leib Segal, a wealthy resident of Vitebsk, and he was then able to devote himself entirely to study.", "During these years, Shneur Zalman was introduced to mathematics, geometry, and astronomy by two learned brothers, refugees from Bohemia, who had settled in Liozna.", "One of them was also a scholar of the Kabbalah.", "Thus, besides mastering rabbinic literature, he also acquired a fair knowledge of the sciences, philosophy, and Kabbalah.", "He became an adept in Isaac Luria's system of Kabbalah, and in 1764 he became a disciple of Dov Ber of Mezeritch.", "In 1767, at the age of 22, he was appointed maggid of Liozna, a position he held until 1801.", "Parents \nAccording to the Chabad Hasidic tradition, Shneur Zalman's father, Baruch, was a laborer who preferred to earn a living as a gardener rather than accept a post as a community rabbi or as a preacher (magid).", "In this tradition, Baruch was one of the disciples of Rabbi Israel Baal Shem Tov, however, he only occasionally joined his teacher on his legendary travels.", "This tradition is used to justify why Hasidic records do not refer to Baruch as with a rabbinic title, claiming that Baruch was averse to any public acknowledgment of his status.", "Misnagdim\n\nIn the course of the Hasidic movement's establishment, opponents (Misnagdim) arose among the local Jewish community.", "Disagreements between Hasidim and their opponents included debates concerning knives used by butchers for shechita, and the phrasing of prayers, among others.", "Shneur Zalman and a fellow Hasidic leader, Menachem Mendel of Vitebsk (or, according to the tradition in the Soloveitchik family, Levi Yitzchok of Berditchev), attempted to persuade the leader of Lithuanian Jewry, the Vilna Gaon, of the legitimacy of Hasidic practices.", "However, the Gaon refused to meet with them.", "Children and succession \nShneur Zalman's sons were: Dov Ber Schneuri who eventually succeeded him, Chaim Avraham, and Moshe.", "Shneur Zalman's daughters were named Freida, Devorah Leah and Rochel.", "Other families have lore telling that they are also descendants, but they are undocumented in existing family records.", "Dov Ber Shneuri \n\nDovber Schneuri succeeded his father as Rebbe of the Chabad movement.", "At the age of 39, while studying in the city of Kremenchug, Shneur Zalman died.", "Shneuri then moved to the small border-town of Lubavichi, from which the movement would take its name.", "His accession was disputed by one of his father's prime students, Aharon HaLevi of Strashelye, however the majority of Shneur Zalman's followers stayed with Schneuri, and moved to Lubavichi.", "Thus Chabad had now split into two branches, each taking the name of their location to differentiate themselves from each other.", "He established a Yeshivah in Lubavitch, which attracted gifted young scholars.", "His nephew/son-in-law, Menachem Mendel of Lubavitch, headed the Yeshivah, and later became his successor.", "Thus, while Schneuri succeeded his father as Rebbe of the Chabad movement, a senior disciple of his father, Aharon HaLevi of Strashelye, a popular and respected figure, differed with him on a number of issues and led a breakaway movement.", "Strashelye \n\nWhen Schneur Zalman died, many of his followers flocked to one of his top students, Aharon HaLevi of Strashelye.", "He had been Shneur Zalman's closest disciple for over thirty years.", "While many more became followers of Dovber Shneuri, the Strashelye school of Chassidic thought was the subject of many of Dovber's discourses.", "Aharon HaLevi emphasized the importance of basic emotions in divine service (especially the service of prayer).", "Dovber Shneuri did not reject the role of emotion in prayer, but emphasized that if the emotion in prayer is to be genuine, it can only be a result of contemplation and understanding (hisbonenus) of the explanations of Chassidus, which in turn will lead to an attainment of \"bittul\" (self-nullification before the Divine).", "In his work entitled Kuntres Hispa'alus (\"Tract on Ecstasy\"), Dovber Shneuri argues that only through ridding oneself of what he considered disingenuous emotions could one attain the ultimate level in Chassidic worship (that is, bittul).", "Moshe Schneersohn \n\nMoshe Schneersohn (born c. 1784 - died, before 1853) was the youngest son of Shneur Zalman.", "According to scholars he converted to Christianity and died in a St. Petersburg asylum.", "Chabad sources say that his conversion and related documents were faked by the Church, but Belarusian State archives in Minsk uncovered by historian Shaul Stampfer support the conversion.", "Lithuania \nDuring the latter portion of Dovber's life, his students dispersed over Europe, and after Dovber's death, Shneur Zalman became the leader of Hasidism in Lithuania, along with his senior colleague Menachem Mendel of Vitebsk.", "When Menachem Mendel died (in 1788), Shneur Zalman was recognized as leader of the Chassidim in Lithuania.", "At the time Lithuania was the center of the misnagdim (opponents of Hasidism), and Shneur Zalman faced much opposition.", "In 1774 he and Menachem Mendel of Vitebsk traveled to Vilna in an attempt to create a dialogue with the Vilna Gaon who led the Misnagdim and had issued a ban (cherem) against the Hasidim, but the Gaon refused to see them (see Vilna Gaon: Antagonism to Hasidism and Hasidim and Mitnagdim).", "Undaunted by this antagonism, he succeeded in creating a large network of Hasidic centers.", "He also joined opposition to Napoleon's advance on Russia by recruiting his disciples to the Czar's army.", "He was also active in canvassing financial support for the Jewish settlements in the Land of Israel, then under the control of the Ottoman Empire.", "Philosophy: Chabad \n\nSee Hasidic philosophy\n\nAs a Talmudist, Shneur Zalman endeavored to place Kabbalah and Hasidism on a rational basis.", "In his seminal work, Tanya, he defines his approach as \"\" (\"mind ruling over the heart/emotions\").", "He chose the name \"Chabad\" for this philosophy—the Hebrew acronym for the intellectual attributes (sefirot) Chochma (\"wisdom\"), Bina (\"understanding\"), and Da'at (\"knowledge”).", "According to Shneur Zalman, a man is neither a static nor a passive entity.", "He is a dynamic being who must work to develop his potential talent and perfect himself.", "Both in his works and in his sermons he \"indicated an intelligent and not a blind faith\", and assumed an intellectual accessibility of the mystical teachings of the Kabbalah.", "This intellectual basis differentiates Chabad from other forms of Hasidism - in this context referred to as \"Chagas\"—the \"emotional\" attributes (sefirot) of Chesed (\"kindness\"), Gevurah (\"power\"), and Tiferes (\"beauty\").", "As Shneur Zalman, founder of the Chabad intellectual school in Hasidism, shared the same Hebrew birthday (18th of Ellul, some 47 years apart) with the Baal Shem Tov, founder of the whole Hasidic movement, Habad tradition identifies them symbolically with the 2 Great Luminaries of the 4th day of Creation (Genesis 1:16: \"And God made the two great luminaries: the greater light to rule the day, and the lesser light to rule the night\".", "In Rabbinic esoteric midrash, the sun and moon were originally created equal (\"2 Great Lights\"), the moon only later losing its light (\"the lesser\").", "Accordingly, as the \"2 Great Luminaries\" of Hasidism, the Baal Shem Tov corresponds to the sun, Shneur Zalman to the moon before it was diminished.", "The Baal Shem Tov revealed infinite divine faith, Shneur Zalman drew the faith of Hasidic thought down into intellectual grasp.", "In Likkutei Sichos talks, the 7th Rebbe equates the Hasidic Rebbes followed in Chabad with different Sephirot divine manifestations: the Baal Shem Tov with Keter infinite faith, Shneur Zalman with Chokhmah wisdom, the 2nd Chabad Rebbe with Binah understanding, etc.", "Opposition to Napoleon and support for the Tsar \n\nDuring the French invasion of Russia, while many Polish Hasidic leaders supported Napoleon or remained quiet about their support, Shneur Zalman openly and vigorously supported the Tsar.", "While fleeing from the advancing French army he wrote a letter explaining his opposition to Napoleon to a friend, Moshe Meizeles:\n\nSome argue that Shneur Zalman's opposition stemmed from Napoleon's attempts to arouse a messianic view of himself in Jews, opening the gates of the ghettos and emancipating their residents as he conquered.", "He established an ersatz Sanhedrin, recruiting Jews to his ranks, and spreading rumors about his conquest of the Holy Land to make Jews subversive for his own ends.", "Thus, his opposition was based on a practical fear of Jews turning to the false messianism of Napoleon as he saw it.", "Yisroel Hopsztajn of Kozienice, another Hasidic leader, also considered Napoleon a menace to the Jewish people, but believed that after victory over Russia, Messiah will arrive.", "Menachem Mendel Schneerson identifies Hopsztajn as the Chasidic leader who preferred that Napoleon defeat the Czar.", "Arrests \nIn 1797 following the death of the Gaon, leaders of the Vilna community accused the Hasidim of subversive activities - on charges of supporting the Ottoman Empire, since Shneur Zalman advocated sending charity to support Jews living in the Ottoman territory of Palestine.", "In 1798 he was arrested on suspicion of treason and brought to St. Petersburg where he was held in the Petropavlovski fortress for 53 days, at which time he was subjected to an examination by a secret commission.", "Ultimately he was released by order of Paul I of Russia.", "The Hebrew day of his acquittal and release, 19 Kislev, 5559 on the Hebrew calendar, is celebrated annually by Chabad Hasidim, who hold a festive meal and make communal pledges to learn the whole of the Talmud; this practice is known as \"Chalukat HaShas\".", "In Chabad tradition, his imprisonment is interpreted as a reflection of accusations in Heaven that he was revealing his new dimensions of mystical teachings too widely.", "The traditional tendency to conceal Jewish mysticism is founded on the Kabbalistic notion of the Sephirot.", "The side of Divine Chesed seeks to give physical and spiritual blessing without restriction.", "This is counterbalanced by the side of Gevurah, which measures and restricts the flow to the capacity and merit of the recipient.", "The subsequent Sephirah of Hod implements any restriction in order to preserve the glory of the Divine majesty.", "In the Hasidic story of an earlier episode among the \"Holy Society\" disciples of Dov Ber of Mezeritch, one of the great followers saw a page of Hasidic writings blowing around the courtyard.", "He regretted the undue dissemination of Hasidut for its desecration of Divine holiness.", "In the account, his vocalisation of these thoughts caused a Heavenly accusation against the Maggid, for revealing too much.", "The young Schneur Zalman replied with a famous Hasidic parable:\nA king had an only son who became ill and all the attending doctors were at a loss of how to heal him.", "A wise person understood the only possible cure.", "He told the king that he would have to desecrate the royal crown by removing its most precious jewel.", "This would have to be ground up and fed to the king's son.", "The king regretted the loss to his majesty but immediately agreed that the life of his son was more important.", "The jewel was ground and the solution was fed to the son.", "Most of the cure fell to the ground, but the son received a few drops and became cured.", "Concluded Schneur Zalman in defence of Hasidic dissemination, the king represents God, and the son represents the Jewish community, who recognise the \"God of Israel\".", "At the time of the emerging Hasidic movement, the Jewish people were at a physical and spiritual low ebb.", "The only cure would be the dissemination of the inner Divine teachings of Hasidic thought.", "Even though this would also involve their desecration, this would fully be justified in order to heal the people.", "The accusing student of the Maggid realised the wisdom of this, and agreed with Schneur Zalman.", "When the Maggid heard about this, he told Schneur Zalman that \"you have saved me from the Heavenly accusation\".", "The story of this parable is famous across other Hasidic dynasties as well.", "Chabad commentary asks about this the question of why a new Heavenly accusation would have arisen against Shneur Zalman himself, and result in his incarceration in St. Petersburg.", "Had he not already received the Heavenly agreement to the wisdom of disseminating Chassidic teachings?", "Since Chabad thought presented Hasidic thought with a new degree of elucidation in intellectual form, this caused a new, more severe Heavenly accusation to emerge.", "This went beyond the justified spiritual revival and healing of mainstream Hasidism.", "Here, in Hasidic thought, Schneur Zalman was seeking to fulfill the Messianic impulse to disseminate Hasidic philosophy as a preparation for Mashiach.", "Therefore, his subsequent exoneration by the Tzarist authorities is interpreted in Chabad as a new Heavenly agreement to begin the fullest dissemination of Hasidic thought without its prior limitations.", "Chabad tradition tells that in prison, Schneur Zalman was visited by the deceased Baal Shem Tov and Maggid of Mezeritch, who told him the reason for his imprisonment.", "In reply to the question of whether he should stop, they replied that once released, he should continue with even more dedication.", "Therefore, in Chabad thought, the 19th day of Kislev is called the \"New Year of Hasidut\", complementing the other 4 Halachic \"New Year\" dates in the Hebrew calendar.", "In 1800 Rav Shneur Zalman was again arrested and transported to St. Petersburg, this time along with his son Moshe who served as interpreter, as his father spoke no Russian or French.", "He was released after several weeks but banned from leaving St. Petersburg.", "The accession of Tsar Alexander I (Alexander I of Russia) to the throne,a few weeks later, led to his release; he was then “given full liberty to proclaim his religious teachings” by the Russian government.", "According to some, his first arrest was not the result of anti-Hasidic agitators fabricating charges, or officials seeking extortion monies.", "An accusation was made on May 8, 1798 by Hirsh ben David of Vilna accused him of trying to assist the French Revolution, by sending money to Napoleon and the Sultan.", "Since this Hirsch ben David was untraceable, some were led to believe that there was no such person as Hirsh and the authorities were attempting to stir up internecine fighting among the Jews.", "Liadi \n\nAfter his release he moved his base to Liadi, Vitebsk Region, Imperial Russia; rather than returning to Liozna.", "He took up his residence in the town of Liadi at the invitation of Polish Prince Stanisław Lubomirski, voivode of the town, were Zalman settled for the next 12 years.", "His movement grew there immensely, and to this day he is associated with the town.", "In 1812, fleeing the French Invasion, he left Mogilev, intending to go to Poltava, but died on the way in the small village of Pena, Kursk Oblast.", "He is buried in Hadiach.", "Subsequent history of Chabad \nSee Chabad#History\n\nDovber Schneuri moved the movement to the town of Lubavitch (Lyubavichi) in present-day Russia.", "A top follower of Shneur Zalman, Aharon HaLevi Horowitz, established a rival Chabad school in Strashelye, which did not last after his death.", "In 1940, under the leadership of the previous Rebbe, Yosef Yitzchok Schneersohn, the Chabad-Lubavitch movement moved its headquarters to Brooklyn, New York in the United States.", "Under the leadership of Menachem Mendel Schneerson, Chabad established branches all over the world staffed by its own Lubavitch-trained and ordained rabbis with their wives and children.", "The number of branches continues to grow to this day, and existing branches continue to expand.", "Many descendants of Shneur Zalman carry surnames such as Shneur, Shneuri, Schneerson, and Zalman.", "Works \n\nShneur Zalman was a prolific writer.", "He produced works of both mysticism and Jewish law.", "Chabad tradition recasts his Yiddish name \"Shneur\" (שניאור) as the two Hebrew words \"Shnei Ohr\" (שני אור-Two Lights), referring to Schneur Zalman's mastery of both the outer dimensions of Talmudic Jewish study, and the inner dimensions of Jewish mysticism.", "His works form the cornerstone of Chabad philosophy.", "His ability to explain even the most complex issues of Torah made his writings popular with Torah scholars everywhere.", "Tanya \n\nHe is probably best known for his systematic exposition of Hasidic Jewish philosophy, entitled Likkutei Amarim, more widely known as the Tanya, said to be first published in 1797.", "The legendary 1797 Tanya got lost in a fire and no copies survived.", "The extant version of this work dates from 1814.", "Due to the popularity of this book, Hasidic Jews often refer to Shneur Zalman as the Baal HaTanya (lit.", "\"Master of the Tanya\").", "The Tanya deals with Jewish spirituality and psychology from a Kabbalistic point of view, and philosophically expounds on such themes as the Oneness of God, Tzimtzum, the Sefirot, simcha, bitachon (confidence), among many other mystical concepts.", "Shulchan Aruch HaRav \n\nShneur Zalman is well known for the Shulchan Aruch HaRav, a collection of authoritative codes of Jewish laws and customs commissioned by Dovber of Mezeritch and composed at the legendary age of twenty-one.", "The Maggid of Mezeritch sought a new version of the classic Shulkhan Arukh for the Hasidic movement.", "The work states a selection of decided halakha, as well as the underlying reasoning, and common Hasidic customs.", "The Shulchan Aruch HaRav is considered authoritative by other Hasidim, and citations to this work are many times found in non-Hasidic sources such as the Mishnah Berurah used by Lithuanian Jews and the Ben Ish Chai used by Sephardic Jews.", "Shneur Zalman is also one of three halachic authorities on whom Shlomo Ganzfried based his Kitzur Shulkhan Arukh (Concise version of Jewish law).", "Siddur \nHe also edited the first Chabad siddur, based on the Ari Siddur of the famous kabbalist Isaac Luria of Safed, but he altered it for general use, and corrected its textual errors.", "Today's Siddur Tehillat HaShem is a later print of Shneur Zalman's Siddur.", "Music \nShneur Zalman composed a number of Hassidic melodies.", "Some accompany certain prayers, others are sung to Biblical verses or are melodies without words.", "Depending on the tune they are meant to arouse joy, spiritual ecstasy or teshuvah.", "One special melody, commonly referred to as The Alter Rebbe's Niggun or Dalet Bovos, is reserved by Chabad Hassidim for ushering a groom and bride to their wedding canopy and other select occasions.", "Other \nShneur Zalman's other works include:\n Torah Or and Likutei Torah, chassidic explanations of the weekly Torah portions, Shir HaShirim and the Book of Esther, drawn from his Hasidic Discourses and published by his grandson, the Tzemach Tzedek, who added his own glosses.", "Sefer HaMa'amarim, also known as Maamarei Admor HaZaken, Hassidic Discourses: Hanachot HaRaP; Et’haleich Lyozna; 5562- 2 vol.", "; 5563, 2 vol.", "; 5564; 5565, 2 vol.", "; 5566; 5567; 5568, 2 vol.", "; 5569; 5570; 5571; Haketzarim; Al Parshiyot HaTorah VehaMoadim, 2 vol.", "; Inyanim; Ma’amarei Razal; Nach, 3 vol.", "Hilchot Talmud Torah, on the study of Torah.", "Sefer She’elot Uteshuvot, Responsa.", "Siddur Im Dach, a prayerbook with Hasidic discourses\n Boneh Yerushalayim.", "Me'ah She'arim.", "Igrot Kodesh, 2 vol.", "References\n\nExternal links \n\n Rabbi Schneur Zalman 1745–1812, chabad.org\n Founder of Chabad, chabad.org\n The Alter Rebbe, lessonsintanya.com\n Rabbi Schneur Zalman of Liadi, Adin Steinsaltz\n Rabbi Shneiur Zalman of Ladi (1746–1812), Prof. Eliezer Segal\n Shneor Zalman Ben Baruch, jewishencyclopedia.com\n Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liadi 5505–5573 (1745–1812), asknoah.org\n What is Lubavitch Chasidism and Chabad?, scjfaq.org\n Family Tree\n Books by Rabbi Shneur Zalman From chabadlibrary.org\n\n \n1745 births\n1812 deaths\n18th-century Jewish theologians\n18th-century philosophers\n18th-century rabbis\n19th-century Jewish theologians\n19th-century philosophers\n19th-century rabbis\nBelarusian Hasidic rabbis\nExponents of Jewish law\nHasidic rabbis in Europe\nJewish philosophers\nJewish theologians\nKabbalists\nPanentheists\nPeople from Liozna District\nPhilosophers of Judaism\nPhilosophers of religion\nRebbes of Lubavitch\nRussian Hasidic rabbis\nAuthors of books on Jewish law\nHasidic writers\nStudents of Dov Ber of Mezeritch" ]

[ "Shneur Zalman lived in Liadi from September 4, 1745 to December 15, 1812.", "The first Rebbe of Chabad, a branch of Hasidic Judaism, was founded in Liadi in the Russian Empire.", "He is best known for his works Shulchan Aruch HaRav, Tanya, and his Siddur Torah or compiled according to the Nusach Ari.", "Zalman is a Yiddish version of Solomon and Shne'or, which is a Hebrew word for two lights.", "The author of \"Baal HaTanya VeHaShulchan Aruch'\" is Zalman of Liady, who is also known as Shneur Zalman Baruchovitch.", "Shneur Zalman was born in the small town of Liozna in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.", "He was a descendant of the mystic and philosopher Rabbi Judah ben Bezalel.", "The great-great-grandson of Judah Leib the Elder, who was said to have descended paternally from Hai Gaon and also from the Davidic dynasty, was said to be the great-great-grandson of the Maharal.", "Shneur Zalman was the successor to the founder of Hasidic Judaism, Dov Ber of Mezeritch, known as the Baal Shem Tov.", "He was still a child when he displayed his talent.", "By the time he was eight years old, he had written an all-inclusive commentary on the Torah.", "When he was 12 years old, his teacher sent him back to school so that he could continue his studies without the aid of a teacher.", "The people of the town granted him the title \"Rav\" after he delivered a discourse about the complicated laws of Kidd Hachodesh.", "He was able to devote himself to study after he married the daughter of Yehuda Leib Segal, a wealthy resident of Vitebsk.", "Shneur Zalman was introduced to mathematics, geometry, and astronomy by two refugees who had settled in Liozna.", "They were both scholars of the Kabbalah.", "He gained a fair knowledge of the sciences, philosophy, and Kabbalah, as well as mastering rabbinic literature.", "In 1764, he became a follower of Dov Ber of Mezeritch.", "He was appointed maggid of Liozna at the age of 22.", "According to the tradition of the Chabad Hasidic, Shneur Zalman's father preferred to work as a gardener rather than become a community rabbi.", "He was one of the disciples of Rabbi Israel Baal Shem Tov, however, he only occasionally joined his teacher on his legendary travels.", "This tradition is used to justify why Hasidic records don't refer to him as a rabbinic title, claiming that he was averse to public acknowledgment of his status.", "There were opponents in the local Jewish community during the Hasidic movement's establishment.", "There were disagreements between Hasidim and their opponents about the use of knives for shechita.", "Shneur Zalman and a fellow Hasidic leader tried to convince the leader of Lithuanian Jewry, Vilna Gaon.", "The Gaon refused to meet with them.", "Shneur Zalman's sons were Dov Ber Schneuri, Chaim Avraham, and Moshe.", "Freida was named after Shneur Zalman's daughters.", "Some families claim to be descendants, but they are not in family records.", "The father of Dov Ber Shneuri Dovber Schneuri died.", "Shneur Zalman died at the age of 39 while studying in the city of Kremenchug.", "The movement took its name from the small border town of Lubavichi.", "His accession was disputed by one of his father's students, but the majority of Shneur Zalman's followers stayed with Schneuri.", "The names of the two branches were taken to differentiate them from each other.", "gifted young scholars were attracted by the establishment of a Yeshivah in Lubavitch.", "His nephew/son-in-law became the head of the Yeshivah.", "A senior disciple of his father, a popular and respected figure, differed with him on a number of issues and led a splinter movement.", "When Schneur Zalman died, many of his followers went to one of his top students, Aharon HaLevi of Strashelye.", "He was Shneur Zalman's closest follower for thirty years.", "The Strashelye school of Chassidic thought was the subject of many of Dovber's writings.", "Basic emotions are important in divine service.", "Dovber Shneuri did not reject the role of emotion in prayer, but emphasized that if the emotion in prayer is genuine, it can only be a result of contemplation and understanding.", "According to Dovber Shneuri, only through ridding oneself of what he considered disingenuous emotions could one attain the ultimate level of Chassidic worship.", "Shneur Zalman's youngest son was born in 1784 and died before 1856.", "He died in an asylum after converting to Christianity.", "His conversion and related documents were faked by the Church, according to sources, but the Belarusian State archives support the conversion.", "During Dovber's life, his students dispersed over Europe, and after Dovber's death, Shneur Zalman became the leader of Hasidism in Lithuania.", "Shneur Zalman was the leader of the Chassidim inLithuania.", "Shneur Zalman faced a lot of opposition when he was inLithuania.", "The Gaon refused to see them when they traveled to Vilna in an attempt to create a dialogue with the Vilna Gaon who had issued a ban against the Hasidim.", "He succeeded in creating a large network of Hasidic centers despite the antagonism.", "He joined the opposition to Napoleon's advance on Russia by recruiting his followers to the Czar's army.", "The Jewish settlements in the Land of Israel were under the control of the Ottoman Empire.", "Shneur Zalman, a Talmudist, tried to place Hasidic philosophy on a rational basis.", "He defines his approach as mind ruling over the heart and emotions.", "He chose the name \"Chabad\" because of the Hebrew acronym for the intellectual attributes.", "A man is neither a static nor a passive entity according to Shneur Zalman.", "He needs to work on his talent and perfect himself in order to be a dynamic being.", "He \"indicated an intelligent and not a blind faith\" and assumed an intellectual accessibility of the mystical teachings of the Kabbalah, both in his works and in his sermons.", "In this context, \"Chagas\" refers to the \"emotional\" attributes (sefirot) of Chesed, Gevurah, and Tiferes.", "Shneur Zalman and the founder of the Hasidic movement, the Baal Shem Tov, shared the same birthday, 18th of Ellul, 47 years apart.", "The sun and moon were created equal, but the moon eventually lost its light.", "The sun and Shneur Zalman were connected to the moon by the Baal Shem Tov.", "Shneur Zalman drew the faith of Hasidic thought down into intellectual grasp after reading the Baal Shem Tov.", "In Likkutei Sichos talks, the 7th Rebbe equates the Hasidic Rebbes followed in Chabad with different Sephirot divine manifestations.", "During the French invasion of Russia, many Polish Hasidic leaders supported Napoleon, but Shneur Zalman openly supported the Tsar.", "Some argue that Shneur Zalman's opposition to Napoleon was due to Napoleon's attempts to arouse a messianic view of himself in Jews, opening the gates of the ghetto.", "He spread rumors about his conquest of the Holy Land and recruited Jews to join his ranks.", "He had a fear of Jews turning to the false messianism of Napoleon as he saw it.", "After victory over Russia, Yisroel Hopsztajn believed that the Messiah would arrive.", "Hopsztn was identified as the leader who wanted Napoleon to defeat the Czar.", "In 1797, following the death of the Gaon, leaders of the Vilna community accused the Hasidim of supporting the Ottoman Empire, since Shneur Zalman advocated sending charity to support Jews living in the Ottoman territory of Palestine.", "In 1798 he was arrested on suspicion of treason and taken to St. Petersburg where he was held for 53 days and subjected to an examination by a secret commission.", "He was released by Paul I of Russia.", "The Hebrew day of his acquittal and release, 19 Kislev, 5559 on the Hebrew calendar, is celebrated annually by Chabad Hasidim, who hold a festive meal and make communal pledges to learn the whole of the Talmud.", "His imprisonment is thought to be a reflection of accusations in Heaven that he was revealing his new dimensions of mystical teachings too widely.", "The Sephirot is the basis of the traditional tendency to conceal Jewish mysticism.", "Physical and spiritual blessing can be given without restriction.", "The flow to the recipient is restricted by the side of Gevurah.", "Any restriction is put in place by the Sephirah in order to preserve the glory of the Divine majesty.", "One of the great followers of Dov Ber saw a page of Hasidic writings in the courtyard.", "He regretted the dissemination of Hasidut.", "The Maggid was accused of revealing too much by his vocalisation of these thoughts.", "A king had an only son who became ill and all the attending doctors were at a loss of how to heal him, according to a famous Hasidic parable.", "The only cure was understood by a wise person.", "He told the king that he would have to remove the crown.", "This would have to be fed to the king's son.", "The life of the king's son was more important than the loss to his majesty.", "The solution was fed to the son.", "The cure fell to the ground, but the son received a few drops and was cured.", "In defence of Hasidic dissemination, the king represents God and the son represents the Jewish community.", "The Jewish people were at a low ebb at the time of the Hasidic movement.", "dissemination of the inner Divine teachings of Hasidic thought is the only cure.", "This would be justified in order to heal the people.", "The accusing student of the Maggid agreed with the wisdom of this.", "The Maggid told Zalman that he had saved him from the accusation.", "The story of this parable is well-known in other Hasidic dynasties.", "The question of why a new accusation would have arisen against Shneur Zalman was asked by the commentary.", "He had already received the agreement from the wisdom of spreading the teachings.", "Since Chabad thought presented Hasidic thought with a new degree of clarity in intellectual form, there was a new, more severe accusation to emerge.", "The revival and healing of mainstream Hasidism was justified.", "In Hasidic thought, Schneur Zalman was trying to fulfill the Messianic impulse to spread Hasidic philosophy as a preparation for Mashiach.", "His exoneration by the Tzarist authorities is thought to be a new agreement to begin the fullest dissemination of Hasidic thought without its prior limitations.", "According to tradition, the late Baal Shem Tov and the late Maggid of Mezeritch visited Schneur Zalman in prison and told him the reason for his imprisonment.", "They said that once released, he should continue with even more dedication.", "The 19th day of Kislev is known as the \"New Year of Hasidut\", as opposed to the other 4 \"New Year\" dates in the Hebrew calendar.", "As his father spoke no Russian or French, his son served as an interpreter.", "He was not allowed to leave St. Pete after several weeks.", "The accession of Alexander I to the throne led to his release, and he was given full liberty to proclaim his religious teachings by the Russian government.", "His first arrest was not the result of anti-Hasidic charges, according to some.", "On May 8, 1798, David of Vilna accused him of trying to assist the French Revolution by sending money to Napoleon and the Sultan.", "Some people were led to believe that the authorities were trying to stir up internecine fighting among the Jews because of the untraceable Hirsch ben David.", "Instead of returning to Liozna, Liadi moved his base to the Imperial Russia.", "Zalman settled in the town of Liadi at the invitation of the Prince of Poland, Stanisaw Lubomirski.", "He is associated with the town because of his movement that grew there.", "He left Mogilev, intending to go to Poltava, but died on the way there.", "He is buried in a cemetery.", "The town of Lubavitch was moved to Russia in present-day Russia.", "After his death, a rival Chabad school was established by a follower of Shneur Zalman.", "The headquarters of the Chabad-Lubavitch movement moved to Brooklyn, New York in 1940.", "Chabad established branches all over the world staffed by its own Lubavitch-trained and ordination rabbis with their wives and children.", "Existing branches continue to expand as the number of branches continues to grow.", "Many descendants of Shneur Zalman have the same name.", "Shneur Zalman was a prolific writer.", "He created works of mysticism and Jewish law.", "His name is changed to Shneur because of his mastery of both the outer and inner dimensions of Jewish study.", "The cornerstone of Chabad philosophy is his works.", "His writings were popular with Torah scholars because of his ability to explain the most complex issues of Torah.", "He is best known for his systematic exposition of Hasidic Jewish philosophy, called Likkutei Amarim, which was first published in 1797.", "The legendary 1797 Tanya was lost in a fire.", "This work was written in 1814.", "Hasidic Jews refer to Shneur Zalman as the Baal HaTanya due to the popularity of this book.", "There is a person named \"Master of the Tanya\".", "The Oneness of God, Tzimtzum, the Sefirot, simcha, and bitachon are just a few of the mystical concepts expounded by the Tanya.", "At the age of twenty-one, Dovber of Mezeritch commissioned Shulchan Aruch HaRav Shneur Zalman, a collection of authoritative codes of Jewish laws and customs.", "The Hasidic movement needed a new version of Shulkhan Arukh.", "The work states a selection of decided halakha, as well as the underlying reasoning and common Hasidic customs.", "The Shulchan Aruch HaRav is considered authoritative by other Hasidim and can be found in many non-Hasidic sources.", "Shneur Zalman is one of three halachic authorities who based their work on thecise version of Jewish law.", "The first Chabad siddur, based on the Ari Siddur of the famous kabbalist Isaac Luria of Safed, was altered for general use.", "Shneur Zalman's Siddur is a later print of today's Siddur.", "A number of Hassidic melodies were composed by Shneur Zalman.", "Some are sung with no words, others are sung with biblical verse.", "They are meant to awaken joy, spiritual ecstasy or teshuvah depending on the tune.", "One special melody, commonly referred to as The Alter Rebbe's Niggun or Dalet Bovos, is reserved for the groom and bride to be ushered to their wedding canopy and other special occasions.", "Shneur Zalman's other works include: Torah Or and Likutei Torah, chassidic explanations of the weekly Torah portions, and the Book of Esther, which was published by his grandson.", "Sefer HaMa'amarim is also known as Maamarei Admor HaZaken.", "2 vol.", "5566, 2 vol.", "5566; 5567; 5568, 2 vol.", "Haketzarim; 5571; Al Parshiyot HaTorah VehaMoadim, 2 vol.", "Inyanim; Ma'amarei Razal; Nach, 3 vol.", "The study of Torah is covered in Hilchot Talmud Torah.", "Sefer Uteshuvot, Responsa.", "Siddur Im Dach is a prayerbook.", "She'arim, me'ah.", "Igrot Kodesh was published in 2 volumes.", "Rabbi Zalman of Liadi, Adin Steinsaltz, and Rabbi Shneiur Zalman of Ladi are references." ]

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[ "Shneur Zalman", "Zalman", "Zalman Baruchov", "Shneur Zalman", "Zalman", "Shneur", "Zalman", "Shneur", "Zalman", "Shneur", "Zalman", "Shneur", "Zalman", "Shneur", "Zalman", "Shneuri", "Shneur", "Zalman", "Shneur", "Zalman", "Zalman", "Shneur", "Zalman", "Shneuri", "Shneuri", "Zalman", "Shneur", "Zalman", "Shneur", "Zalman", "Shneur", "Zalman", "Shneur", "Zalman", "Zalman", "Shneur", "Zalman", "Shneur", "Zalman", "Zalman", "Zalman", "Zalman", "Zalman", "Zalman", "Shneur", "Zalman", "Shneur", "Zalman", "Shneur", "Zalman", "Zalman", "Shneur", "Zalman", "Zalman", "Zalman", "Rabbi Zalman", "Zalman" ]

[ "Larry Joe Doherty or LJD (born July 29, 1946) is a Texas legal ethics attorney and former television star of the syndicated courtroom show Texas Justice.", "He was the Democratic candidate for the 10th Congressional District of Texas in 2008, unsuccessfully challenging incumbent Republican Michael McCaul.", "Born in Hillsboro, Texas, Doherty is married to Joanne Doherty.", "Legal career\n\nDoherty received a J.D.", "(Juris Doctor) from the University of Houston in 1970.", "He is a member of the Houston Bar Association and the State Bar of Texas.", "Doherty is a senior partner in the Houston law firm Doherty, Long & Wagner.", "Doherty specializes in legal malpractice cases.", "Doherty is considered a pioneer in the field of legal malpractice, making a name for himself as the lawyer who sued other lawyers.", "He built a highly successful practice holding other attorneys accountable for misrepresenting their clients.", "As a senior partner in the law firm of Doherty, Long and Wagner, Larry Joe specialized in legal malpractice, because, as he explains, \"people need to believe that the rule of law applies equally to everyone - and that no one, no matter how powerful, is beyond being held accountable for their actions.\"", "Doherty and his wife Joanne have endowed a Chair on Ethics at the University of Houston Law Center.", "Television show\nDoherty starred in the show Texas Justice from 2001–2005.", "The court show is currently in syndication.", "Doherty judged cases in the show, making legally binding decisions.", "The series lasted for 5 seasons, from March 26, 2001, until November 14, 2005.", "It was officially cancelled in September 2005.", "Doherty's style on the show drew a contrast with other TV court shows that emphasize conflict between parties.", "Instead, Doherty was known for focusing on the root causes of the personal conflicts and emphasizing the importance of litigants to accept responsibility for their actions.", "According to a piece in Slate by Virginia Heffernan, \"In his questioning, he looks for signs of affection and agreement....", "He orchestrates things so that each case imparts a small emotional lesson (\"be kind,\" \"lighten up\").\"", "A 2009 commentary on Texas Justice states, \"Judge Larry Joe's appeal lay in his accent, his double entendres, his ear for the rhythm of people's speech, his ability to rhyme on a dime, and the way he gently poked fun at the litigants.", "His lack of actual judicial experience might explain why ruling on the cases was not his strong suit.\"", "2008 Congressional campaign\n\nOn April 4, 2007, Doherty announced his candidacy for the United States House of Representatives for the Tenth Congressional District of Texas, the seat currently held by Republican Michael McCaul.", "Doherty entered the race after McCaul's relatively low 2006 win percentage against Democratic opponent Ted Ankrum.", "The district had been designed to be safe for Republicans, but the Austin Chronicle noted:\n\nNow, here we are five years down the road from Tom DeLay's infamous re-redistricting of Texas.", "DeLay is gone from Congress, disgraced.", "Nationally, voters swept the Republican \"permanence\" away in 2006.", "Even DeLay's seat is now held by a Democrat, one of the very politicians whose career he tried to end.", "And here in Austin, another of those supposedly safe seats is under serious threat.", "Doherty's challenge generated intense interest among Texas and national political observers, as a seat previously thought to be \"safe Republican\" looked increasingly competitive.", "However, Doherty first had to survive the Democratic primary.", "Democratic primary\n\nDoherty decisively defeated primary challenger Dan Grant on the March 4, 2008 primary, with 61% to 39% out of 85,000 votes cast.", "During the primary, Doherty was criticized by supporters of his primary opponent because his campaign treasurer, Houston philanthropist Jim \"Mattress Mac\" McIngvale, had participated in a fundraiser for Republican Mitt Romney's presidential campaign.", "Doherty used the criticism as an opportunity to point out his political independence.", "\"I'm not going to be anybody's rubber stamp, and my treasurer is free to support anybody he wants to,\" Doherty said.", "\"This is an independent country, last time I checked.\"", "Campaign message\nFocusing on his own record in legal ethics, Doherty's critique of McCaul focused on the incumbent's association with former Republican Majority Leader Tom DeLay.", "One mail piece highlighted McCaul's vote to change House ethics rules in a way that would have allegedly benefited DeLay.", "Doherty's campaign also aired a television ad titled, \"The Code,\" attempting to tie McCaul to the unfolding financial crisis by highlighting McCaul's Wall Street contributions and his vote against capping CEO salaries.", "McCaul refused to face Doherty in a debate setting.", "According to the Houston Chronicle, \"McCaul, an Austin Republican representing the district that includes a chunk of northwest Harris County, steadfastly refuses to debate his Democratic opponent, a colorful lawyer who once served as judge on the TV series Texas Justice.\"", "The Austin American Statesman provided three possible dates to McCaul's campaign, which were rejected.", "Doherty and McCaul are believed to have only met once during the campaign, at a Houston Chronicle interview.", "The Statesman later endorsed Doherty's candidacy, citing McCaul's refusal to debate.", "National Democratic support\nDoherty's strong fundraising efforts and closing polling numbers elevated the race's national profile.", "Originally considered \"Safe Republican\" and a long shot at best for a Democratic challenger, the respected Cook Political Report eventually upgraded the race over time to \"Leans Republican.\"", "In mid-October, the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee (DCCC) designated the district a member of its \"Red to Blue\" program, directing additional funds and national support to Doherty's campaign.", "Former U.S. President Bill Clinton also recorded a robocall urging support for Doherty.", "Iraq quote controversy\nIn October 2008, McCaul supporters criticized Doherty's controversial comments on the Iraq War in an interview with the Austin Chronicle that, \"We've killed children for oil [in Iraq].\"", "An Iraq War veteran, James Crabtree, criticized Doherty's comment in a letter, in online postings, on various radio programs, and eventually organized a protest at the Doherty for Congress campaign office.", "Doherty's statement produced a stern response from various veterans, Vets for Freedom, and Gold Star parents that felt his quote was akin to calling troops \"baby killers\" during the Vietnam War.", "They called on Doherty to apologize or explain his remarks.", "Doherty and his campaign never responded to this controversy.", "Television show controversy\n\nAttempting to generate press late in the campaign, Doherty's opponent McCaul recycled attempts by supporters of Doherty's primary opponent to insinuate Doherty was racially insensitive.", "McCaul's campaign released a series of clips from Doherty's show, Texas Justice, claiming Doherty mocked African-American participants.", "Also, Doherty was endorsed early in his campaign by the Black Austin Democrats and the Houston Black American Democrats, and independent polling showed Doherty with a 7-to-1 advantage over McCaul among African-American voters.", "Doherty's campaign spokesperson responded, \"He gets a great response to it.", "People still identify him with it and they truly loved watching that show.", "What he always worked to do through each episode was to let people know what they did wrong and that there's hope.\"", "And one entertainment reviewer directly refuted McCaul's attack:\n\nBut, the criticism of a political opponent that he mocked African-Americans on the show was entirely undeserved.", "When it came to mocking litigants, Larry Joe was equal opportunity all the way.", "McCaul's use without permission of material from a blogger who supported Doherty's primary opponent led to McCaul's website being blocked from the Internet.", "Election results\n\nDoherty lost to McCaul by a 54% (179,493) to 43% (143,719) margin with the Libertarian, Matt Finkel, taking the remainder of the votes.", "McCaul won majorities in six of the eight counties in the district and overcame Doherty's 77,043 votes (60%) in liberal Travis County by running up 98,122 votes (68%) in the conservative northwest portions of Harris County.", "Doherty would be named by the Austin Chronicle as the \"biggest loser\" for the fact that he received more votes than nine other candidates that won their congressional elections.", "Continued political activism\n\nIn December 2008 Larry Joe Doherty emailed his supporters and pleaded for them to support the runoff election of Chris Bell for a Houston, Texas area state senate seat.", "Doherty stated that, \"I'm asking you to make a difference in another important battle: Chris Bell for Texas Senate....", "This is the last battleground of 2008, and Chris's victory is important to all Democrats and Texans who want change in Austin.... My friend Chris is the type of Democratic leader Texas needs -- a true visionary who will fight for real reform in the Texas Senate.\"", "Bell would earn only 43% of the vote and lose the election on Tuesday, December 16, 2008.", "Doherty organized the South Central Texas Water Conservation Conference at Brenham, Texas, on October 3, 2009, under the auspices of the Texas Wildlife Association.", "On August 10, 2009, Doherty publicly endorsed Jack McDonald's Democratic candidacy for McCaul's congressional seat.", "McDonald would then quit before the election.", "Environmentalism\nLarry Joe Doherty is a former president of the Washington County Wildlife Society and a former board member of the Texas Wildlife Association, as well as a past member of the Texas Quail Council, an official advisory group to the Texas Parks and Wildlife Commission.", "Doherty maintains the \"Long Star Ranch,\" near Brenham, Texas, as a wildlife habitat and native grass restoration project.", "References\n\nExternal links\nLarry Joe Doherty for U.S. Congress Official campaign website\nTexas Justice TV show\nDoherty, Long & Wagner\n Doherty for Congress, general election ad\n Doherty for Congress, Democratic primary ad\nPollster.com '2008 Texas CD-10 General Election'\n \nCampaign contributions at OpenSecrets.org\nThe Man in the White Hat - Austin Chronicle - October 3, 2008\nInterview with Larry Joe Doherty by Off the Kuff\nKUT interview with Larry Joe Doherty\n\nTexas lawyers\n1946 births\nLiving people\nUniversity of Houston alumni\nPeople from Houston\nTexas Democrats\nTelevision judges\nPeople from Hillsboro, Texas" ]

[ "Larry Joe Doherty is a Texas legal ethics attorney and former television star of the syndicated courtroom show Texas Justice.", "He was the Democratic candidate for the 10th Congressional District of Texas in 2008 and lost to McCaul.", "Born in Texas, he is married to a woman.", "A lawyer received a J.D.", "He graduated from the University of Houston in 1970.", "He is a member of both the Houston Bar Association and the State Bar of Texas.", "He is a senior partner in the Houston law firm.", "There are legal malpractice cases.", "The lawyer who sued other lawyers is considered to be a pioneer in the field of legal malpractice.", "He held other attorneys accountable for misrepresenting their clients.", "\"People need to believe that the rule of law applies equally to everyone, and that no one, no matter how powerful, is beyond being held accountable for legal malpractice,\" says Larry Joe, a senior partner in the law firm.", "The University of Houston Law Center has a Chair on Ethics.", "The show Texas Justice was on television from 2001 to 2005.", "The court show is on TV.", "The judge on the show made legally binding decisions.", "The series ended on November 14, 2005.", "In September 2005, it was officially canceled.", "The style of the show contrasted with other TV court shows that emphasize conflict between parties.", "Instead, he focused on the root causes of the personal conflicts and emphasized the importance of litigants to take responsibility for their actions.", "In his questioning, he looks for signs of affection and agreement.", "Each case is orchestrated so that it learns a small emotional lesson.", "\"Judge Larry Joe's appeal lay in his accent, his double entendres, his ear for the rhythm of people's speech, his ability to rhyme on a dime, and the way he gently poked fun at the litigants,\" states a commentary on Texas Justice.", "His lack of judicial experience might explain why he ruled against the cases.", "The United States House of Representatives for the Tenth Congressional District of Texas is currently held by Republican Michael McCaul.", "McCaul's 2006 win percentage against Ted Ankrum was low.", "The Austin Chronicle noted that the district had been designed to be safe for Republicans.", "DeLay is no longer in Congress.", "In 2006 voters swept the Republican \"permanence\" away.", "One of the politicians who tried to end DeLay's career now holds his seat.", "There is a seat under serious threat in Austin.", "As a seat previously thought to be \"safe Republican\" began to look more competitive, the challenge generated intense interest among Texas and national political observers.", "First, he had to survive the Democratic primary.", "Out of 85,000 votes cast, Dan Grant was defeated in the March 4, 2008 Democratic primary.", "Jim \"Mattress Mac\" McIngvale, the campaign treasurer, was criticized by supporters of his primary opponent because of his involvement in Romney's campaign.", "He used the criticism to point out his political independence.", "\"I'm not going to be anyone's rubber stamp, and my treasurer is free to support anyone he wants to,\" he said.", "Last time I checked, this is an independent country.", "The critique of McCaul was focused on the incumbent's association with Tom DeLay.", "McCaul's vote to change House ethics rules in a way that would have benefited DeLay was highlighted in a mail piece.", "McCaul's Wall Street contributions and his vote against capping CEO salaries were highlighted in the television ad.", "McCaul didn't want to face Doherty in a debate.", "According to the Houston Chronicle, \"McCaul, an Austin Republican representing the district that includes a chunk of northwest Harris County, refuses to debate his Democratic opponent, a colorful lawyer who once served as judge on the TV series Texas Justice.\"", "Three possible dates for McCaul's campaign were rejected by the Austin American Statesman.", "At a Houston Chronicle interview, McCaul and Doherty are believed to have only met once.", "The Statesman endorsed McCaul's candidacy because he refused to debate.", "The race's national profile was elevated by the support of the national Democratic party.", "The Cook Political Report upgraded the race from \"Safe Republican\" to \"Leans Republican\" over time.", "The district was designated a member of the \"Red to Blue\" program by the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee in October.", "Clinton recorded a call for support.", "McCaul supporters criticized Doherty's controversial comments on the Iraq War in an interview with the Austin Chronicle.", "An Iraq War veteran, James Crabtree, criticized Doherty's comment in a letter, in online postings, on various radio programs, and eventually organized a protest at the campaign office.", "A stern response from various veterans, Vets for Freedom, and Gold Star parents that felt his quote was akin to calling troops \"baby killers\" during the Vietnam War was produced by Doherty's statement.", "They wanted him to apologize or explain what he had said.", "The campaign never responded to the controversy.", "McCaul tried to generate press late in the campaign by suggesting that Doherty was racist.", "McCaul's campaign released a series of clips from Texas Justice, claiming that the show mocked African-American participants.", "Independent polling showed that Doherty had a 7-to-1 advantage over McCaul among African-American voters, and that he was endorsed by the Black Austin Democrats and the Houston Black American Democrats.", "He gets a great response to it.", "People still identify with him, and they loved watching that show.", "He worked to let people know what they did wrong and that there was hope.", "The criticism of McCaul's political opponent that he mocked African-Americans on the show was completely unwarranted.", "All the way, Larry Joe was equal opportunity when it came to mocking litigants.", "McCaul's website was blocked from the internet because of McCaul's use of material that was not his.", "McCaul won the election by a 42% margin with the Libertarian taking the rest of the votes.", "McCaul won a majority of the votes in six of the eight counties in the district, and in the conservative northwest portion of Harris County, he ran up 98% of the votes.", "The Austin Chronicle named him the biggest loser because he received more votes than nine other candidates.", "In December 2008 Larry Joe Doherty sent an email to his supporters asking them to vote for Chris Bell in the Texas state senate race.", "Chris Bell for Texas Senate is an important battle that I'm asking you to make a difference in.", "Chris's victory is important to all Democrats and Texans who want change in Austin.", "Bell lost the election on December 16, 2008 with only 42% of the vote.", "The Texas Wildlife Association helped organize the South Central Texas Water Conservancy Conference.", "Jack McDonald's Democratic candidacy for McCaul's congressional seat was endorsed by Doherty on August 10, 2009.", "McDonald was going to quit before the election.", "Larry Joe Doherty is a former president of the Washington County Wildlife Society and a former board member of the Texas Wildlife Association, as well as a past member of the Texas Quail Council, an official advisory group to the Texas Parks and Wildlife Commission.", "The \"Long Star Ranch\" is a wildlife habitat and native grass restoration project.", "There are External links for Larry Joe Doherty for U.S. Congress." ]

[ "Larry Joe Doherty", "Doherty", "Joanne Doherty", "Doherty", "Doherty", "Doherty", "Doherty", "Larry Joe", "Doherty", "Doherty", "Doherty", "Doherty", "Doherty", "Larry Joe", "Doherty", "Doherty", "Doherty", "Doherty", "Doherty", "Doherty", "Doherty", "Doherty", "Doherty", "Doherty", "Doherty", "Doherty", "Doherty", "Doherty", "Doherty", "Dohertyc", "Doherty", "Doherty", "Doherty", "Doherty", "Doherty", "Doherty", "Doherty", "Doherty", "Doherty", "Doherty", "Doherty", "Doherty", "Doherty", "Doherty", "Larry Joe", "Doherty", "Doherty", "Doherty", "Doherty", "Larry Joe", "Doherty", "Doherty", "Doherty", "Doherty", "Larry Joe", "Doherty", "Doherty", "Larry Joe", "Doherty", "Doherty", "Doherty", "Doherty", "Larry Joe", "Doherty", "Larry Joe", "Doherty" ]

[ "Larry Joe Doherty", "Larry Joe", "Larry Joe", "Doherty", "Doherty", "Doherty", "Doherty", "Doherty", "Doherty", "Doherty", "Larry Joe", "Larry Joe", "Doherty", "Doherty", "Larry Joe", "Doherty", "Larry Joe", "Doherty" ]

[ "George Alexander Trebek (; July 22, 1940 – November 8, 2020) was a Canadian-American game show host and television personality.", "He hosted the syndicated general knowledge quiz game show Jeopardy!", "for 37 seasons from its revival in 1984 until his death in 2020.", "Trebek also hosted a number of other game shows, including The Wizard of Odds, Double Dare, High Rollers, Battlestars, Classic Concentration, and To Tell the Truth.", "He also made appearances, usually as himself, in numerous films and television series.", "A native of Canada, Trebek became a naturalized U.S. citizen in 1998.", "He received the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Game Show Host eight times for his work on Jeopardy!", "Trebek died on November 8, 2020 at age 80, after a 20-month battle with stage IV pancreatic cancer.", "He had been contracted to host Jeopardy!", "until 2022.", "Early life\nTrebek was born on July 22, 1940 in Sudbury, Ontario, Canada, the son of George Edward Trebek (born Terebeychuk), a chef who had emigrated from Ukraine as a child, and Lucille Marie Lagacé (April 14, 1921 – 2016), a Franco-Ontarian.", "Trebek had roots in Renfrew County, Ontario, where his maternal grandmother was born in Mount St. Patrick near Renfrew.", "He grew up in a bilingual French-English household.", "Trebek almost got expelled from the boarding school his parents sent him to.", "Shortly after he attended military college but dropped out when he was asked to cut his hair.", "Trebek's first job at age 13 was as a bellhop at the hotel where his father worked as a chef.", "Trebek attended Sudbury High School (now Sudbury Secondary School) and then attended the University of Ottawa.", "Trebek graduated from the University of Ottawa with a degree in philosophy in 1961.", "While a university student, he was a member of the English Debating Society.", "At the time, he was interested in a broadcast news career.", "Broadcasting career\n\nCBC\nBefore completing his degree, Trebek began his career in 1961 working for the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation.", "According to Trebek, \"I went to school in the mornings and worked at nights; I did everything, at one time replacing every announcer in every possible job.\"", "He would eventually read the CBC national radio news and cover a wide range of special events for CBC Radio and CBC Television, including curling and horse racing.", "Trebek's first hosting job was on a Canadian music program called Music Hop in 1963.", "In 1966, he hosted a high school quiz show called Reach for the Top.", "From 1967 to 1970, he was a host for the CBC, introducing classical music programs including performances by Glenn Gould.", "For one or two seasons he hosted a weekly skating program.", "Starting in spring 1969, Trebek also hosted Strategy, a weekday afternoon game show.", "From 1971 until the end of 1972, Trebek hosted I'm Here Til 9, the local morning drive radio show on CBC Toronto.", "In 1971, Trebek was one of several to have been shortlisted to succeed Ward Cornell as host of Hockey Night in Canada.", "Although Trebek was the preferred choice of executive producer Ralph Mellanby, based on his audition and other CBC roles, Mellanby stated in 2020 that he ultimately chose Dave Hodge instead, because his boss did not want someone with a mustache to host Hockey Night.", "Game shows\n\nIn 1973, Trebek moved to the United States and worked for NBC as host of a new game show, The Wizard of Odds.", "A year later Trebek hosted the popular Merrill Heatter-Bob Quigley game show High Rollers, which had two incarnations on NBC (1974–76 and 1978–80) and an accompanying syndicated season (1975–76).", "In between stints as host of High Rollers, Trebek hosted the short-lived CBS game show Double Dare (not to be confused with the 1986 Nickelodeon game show of the same name).", "Double Dare turned out to be his only game show with the CBS network (he returned there in 1994 to host the Pillsbury Bake-Off until 1998), and the first show he hosted for what was then Mark Goodson-Bill Todman Productions, as well as the second season of the syndicated series The $128,000 Question, which was recorded in Toronto.", "Since the second incarnation of High Rollers premiered while The $128,000 Question was still airing and taping episodes, Trebek became one of two hosts to emcee shows in both the United States and Canada, joining Jim Perry, who was hosting Definition and Headline Hunters in Canada and Card Sharks, which coincidentally premiered the same day as High Rollers in 1978 in the United States.", "Trebek's francophone side was put on display in 1978, in a special bilingual edition of Reach for the Top and its Radio-Canada equivalent, Génies en herbe.", "In this show, Trebek alternated smoothly between French and English throughout.", "Like other hosts of the day, Trebek made several guest appearances as a panelist or player on other shows.", "One of his guest appearances was on a special week of NBC's Card Sharks in 1980.", "He and several other game show hosts (Allen Ludden, Bill Cullen, Wink Martindale, Jack Clark, Tom Kennedy, Gene Rayburn, and Jim Lange) competed in a week-long round-robin tournament for charity.", "Trebek won the tournament, defeating Cullen in the finals.", "Trebek also appeared as a celebrity teammate on the NBC game show The Magnificent Marble Machine in 1975, and the Tom Kennedy-hosted NBC word game To Say the Least in 1978.", "Both of those shows were produced by Merrill Heatter-Bob Quigley Productions, which also produced High Rollers, the show Trebek was hosting during both of those guest appearances.", "Trebek also was a contestant on Celebrity Bowling in 1976, teamed with Jim McKrell.", "The duo won their match against Dick Gautier and Scatman Crothers.", "After High Rollers was cancelled in 1980, Trebek moved on to Battlestars for NBC.", "The series debuted in October 1981 and was cancelled in April 1982 after only six months on the air.", "In September 1981 Trebek took the helm of the syndicated Pitfall, which taped in Vancouver and forced him to commute, as he had done while hosting High Rollers and The $128,000 Question in 1978.", "Pitfall was cancelled after its production company, Catalena Productions, went bankrupt.", "As a result, he was never paid for that series.", "After both series ended, Trebek hosted a revival of Battlestars called The New Battlestars that ended after thirteen weeks, then shot a series of pilots for other series for producer Merrill Heatter, for whom he had worked hosting High Rollers and Battlestars, and Merv Griffin.", "The Heatter pilots were Malcolm, an NBC-ordered pilot featuring Trebek with an animated character as his co-host, and Lucky Numbers, an attempt at a revival of High Rollers that failed to sell.", "For Griffin, (who was ultimately encouraged to hire Trebek by Lucille Ball) he shot two pilots for a revival of Jeopardy!", "when original host Art Fleming (a friend of Trebek's) declined to return to the role owing to creative differences.", "This revival sold; Trebek began hosting it in 1984 and remained the host until his death.", "His final episode hosting Jeopardy!", "was to air on Christmas Day 2020; however, Sony announced on November 23, 2020, that the air dates of Trebek's final week would be postponed, with episodes scheduled for the week of December 21–25 being postponed to January 4–8, 2021.", "In 1987, while still hosting Jeopardy!, Trebek returned to daytime television as host of NBC's Classic Concentration, his second show for Mark Goodson.", "He hosted both shows simultaneously until September 20, 1991, when Classic Concentration aired its final first-run episode (NBC would air repeats until 1993).", "In 1991, Trebek made broadcast history by becoming the first person to host three American game shows at the same time, earning this distinction on February 4, 1991, when he took over from Lynn Swann as host of NBC's To Tell the Truth for Goodson-Todman, which he hosted until the end of the series' run on May 31, 1991.", "In 1994, Trebek returned to the CBS network for the first time since hosting Double Dare to host the Pillsbury Bake-Off, which he hosted until 1998.", "Trebek and Pat Sajak, host of Wheel of Fortune, traded places on April Fools' Day 1997.", "Pat Sajak hosted Jeopardy!", "and Trebek hosted Wheel of Fortune with Sajak's wife, Lesly, as Trebek's co-host.", "Sajak and Wheel of Fortune co-host Vanna White played contestants at the wheel, with winnings going toward charities.", "Trebek appeared on Celebrity Poker Showdown in 2005 and came in second place in his qualifying game, losing to Cheryl Hines.", "On June 24, 2018, Trebek returned as a panelist on the ABC revival of To Tell the Truth.", "Trebek hosted a Jeopardy!", "primetime special event titled The Greatest of All Time on ABC in January 2020, pitting the highest money winners in the show's history, Brad Rutter, Ken Jennings, and James Holzhauer, against each other.", "Other appearances\nTrebek made multiple guest appearances on other television shows, ranging from Jimmy Kimmel Live!", "in 2008 and 2011 to The Colbert Report series-finale.", "In August 1995 in a return to his broadcast-news roots, Trebek filled in for Charles Gibson for a week on Good Morning America.", "Trebek was a guest star in season 3 of The X-Files, playing one of two \"Men in Black\" (human agents charged with the supervision of extraterrestrial lifeforms on Earth, hiding their existence from other humans) opposite Jesse Ventura, in the episode \"Jose Chung's From Outer Space\", which first aired on April 12, 1996.", "On June 13, 2014, Guinness World Records presented Trebek with the world record for most episodes of a game show hosted, with 6,829 episodes at the time.", "Trebek also appeared in multiple television commercials.", "On October 1, 2018, Trebek moderated the only debate in the Pennsylvania governor's race, between Democrat Tom Wolf and Republican Scott Wagner.", "According to news outlets, he wanted to change the flow of the debate to be more conversational instead of the more traditional format.", "He dominated the debate and talked for 41% of it, often talking about himself without giving candidates time to discuss their stances on political issues.", "He also made remarks regarding the sexual abuse scandals in the Catholic Church.", "Trebek later apologized for his performance, stating that he was \"naive\" and \"misunderstood\" the role of a moderator.", "\"I offer my sincere apologies to the people of Pennsylvania, a state I dearly love,\" he said.", "Trebek was interviewed by Michael Strahan for an ABC special chronicling Jeopardy!", "and his career (produced to promote Jeopardy!", "The Greatest of All Time), which aired January 2, 2020.", "On October 6, 2020, Trebek made a cameo appearance in the 2020 NHL Entry Draft, announcing the Ottawa Senators' third-overall draft pick, Tim Stützle, in the style of a Jeopardy!", "question.", "Personal life\n\nTrebek married broadcaster Elaine Callei in 1974.", "The couple had no children, although Trebek adopted Callei's daughter Nicky; they divorced in 1981.", "In 1990, he married Jean Currivan, a real estate project manager from New York.", "They had two children, Matthew and Emily.", "In 1996, Trebek ran the Olympic torch in Jacksonville, Florida, through a leg of its journey to Atlanta.", "He became a naturalized citizen of the United States in 1998.", "On January 30, 2004, Trebek escaped major injury after falling asleep behind the wheel of his pickup truck while driving alone on a rural road in the Central Coast town of Templeton, California, returning from a family home in Lake Nacimiento.", "The truck sideswiped a string of mailboxes, flew 45 feet over an embankment, and came to rest against a utility pole in a ditch.", "Trebek was not cited for the accident and returned to work taping Jeopardy!", "four days later.", "Trebek owned and managed a 700-acre (283 ha) ranch near Paso Robles in Creston, California, known as Creston Farms, where he bred and trained thoroughbred racehorses.", "His colt Reba's Gold is the stakes-winning son of Slew o' Gold.", "Trebek sold the operation in 2008 and the property is now an event center called Windfall Farms.", "In a 2018 interview with Vulture, Trebek said he was a political moderate and registered independent, neither conservative nor liberal, with some libertarian leanings.", "Trebek stated he believed in God as a Christian.", "During a 2018 gubernatorial debate, he said he was raised Catholic during his childhood and adolescence.", "Health\nOn December 11, 2007, Trebek suffered a minor heart attack at his home, but returned to work as scheduled in January 2008.", "In July 2011, he injured an Achilles tendon while chasing a burglar who had entered his San Francisco hotel room, requiring six weeks in a cast.", "Trebek suffered another mild heart attack in June 2012, but was able to return to work the following month.", "On December 15, 2017, over the winter break of Jeopardy!", "taping, Trebek was admitted to Cedars-Sinai Medical Center after reportedly experiencing complications from a fall in October of that year.", "The incident resulted in a subdural hematoma.", "Trebek underwent surgery to remove blood clots from his brain the following day.", "On January 4, 2018, the verified Twitter account of Jeopardy!", "announced that Trebek had been suffering from the fall.", "Trebek required a short medical leave and returned to regular hosting duty in mid-January 2018.", "In 2018, while being interviewed by Harvey Levin on Fox News, Trebek floated the idea of retirement, saying the odds of his leaving Jeopardy!", "in 2020 were 50/50 \"and a little less\".", "He added that he might continue if he is \"not making too many mistakes\" but would make an \"intelligent decision\" as to when he should give up the emcee role.", "In October that year, he signed a new contract to continue as host through 2022, stating in January 2019 that although he was beginning to slow down due to his age, the show's work schedule, consisting of 46 taping sessions each year, was still manageable.", "Pancreatic cancer and death\nOn March 6, 2019, Trebek announced that he had been diagnosed with stage IV pancreatic cancer.", "He had been experiencing a persistent stomach ache before the diagnosis but did not recognize it as a symptom of the disease.", "In a prepared video announcement of the diagnosis, Trebek noted that his prognosis was poor but said that he would aggressively fight the cancer in hopes of beating the odds and would continue hosting Jeopardy!", "for as long as he was able, joking that his contract obligated him to do so for three more years.", "Trebek updated the situation in May 2019, stating that he was responding exceptionally well to treatment and that some of the tumors had shrunk to half their previously observed size; he credited the prayers and well wishes of his fans for the better-than-usual results and planned to undergo several more rounds of chemotherapy.", "Trebek finished that round of chemotherapy treatments in time to resume taping of the show in August 2019.", "Follow-up immunotherapy was ineffective, and Trebek resumed chemotherapy in September.", "On October4, 2019, in an interview with CTV's Chief Anchor and Senior Editor Lisa LaFlamme, Trebek said: \"I'm not afraid of dying\" and \"I've lived a good life, a full life, and I'm nearing the end of that life... [I]f it happens, why should I be afraid [of] that?\"", "In the same interview, Trebek noted that sores in his mouth, a side effect from the chemotherapy, were interfering with his ability to speak, noting that \"there will come a point when they (fans and producers) will no longer be able to say, 'It's okay.'\"", "On November 11, 2019, during the Final Jeopardy!", "round, a player's response stated, \"What is We ♡ you, Alex!", "\", which caused Trebek to become emotional.", "Hours later, #WeLoveYouAlex was trending on Twitter.", "In a December 2019 interview with ABC News, Trebek stated that he would begin looking at experimental treatments and chemotherapies and that despite periods of severe pain and depression, he was still in good enough physical condition to handle construction projects.", "Trebek also stated that he had already prepared an on-air farewell statement before his cancer diagnosis.", "In March 2020, Trebek announced he had survived one year of cancer treatment (noting that his prognosis had given him only an 18% chance to survive that long) and that, though the chemotherapy treatments were often worse than the cancer symptoms themselves, he was confident that he would survive another year, saying that ending treatment would be a \"betrayal\" to his family, supporters, and to the God in whom he has faith.", "As a precautionary measure, Jeopardy!", "initially taped episodes without a studio audience, as protection from the COVID-19 pandemic; Trebek, because of both his age and his condition, was particularly at risk of death from the particular variant of SARS-CoV-2 circulating.", "Soon afterward, production of the show was suspended altogether.", "The show resumed taping in August, in time for the season 37 premiere.", "On July 16, 2020, Trebek gave an update regarding his cancer.", "He said that, while he still felt fatigued, the chemotherapy was \"paying off.\"", "He also stated that he was looking forward to taping again.", "On July 21, 2020, he published his memoir The Answer Is...: Reflections on My Life.", "Trebek underwent surgery related to his cancer treatment in October.", "He returned to the show two weeks after the surgery, but was unable to handle his full workload because of pain from the surgery and had to split his usual five-episode taping session over two days; these five episodes would be his last.", "He taped his final episode on October 29, 2020.", "Trebek died at his home in Los Angeles on November8, 2020, at the age of 80, after 20 months fighting pancreatic cancer.", "His remains were cremated, and given to his wife.", "Posthumous recognition\nNot long after his death, Jeopardy!", "contestant Ken Jennings, Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, and Wheel of Fortune stars Pat Sajak and Vanna White were among those who paid tribute.", "On the November 9, 2020 episode of Jeopardy!, as a tribute to Trebek, then-executive producer of both Jeopardy!", "and Wheel of Fortune Mike Richards opened the show with this statement:\nI'm Mike Richards, the executive producer of Jeopardy!", "Over the weekend, we lost our beloved host Alex Trebek.", "This is an enormous loss for our staff and crew, for his family, and for his millions of fans.", "He loved this show and everything it stood for.", "In fact, he taped his final episodes less than two weeks ago.", "He will forever be an inspiration for his constant desire to learn, his kindness, and for his love of his family.", "We will air his final 35 episodes as they were shot.", "That's what he wanted.", "On behalf of everyone here at Jeopardy!, thank you for everything, Alex.", "This is Jeopardy!", "The lights on the set then dimmed blue in remembrance.", "After each posthumous episode in season 37, the title card read, \"Dedicated to Alex Trebek.", "Forever in our hearts.", "Always our inspiration.\"", "On the one year anniversary of his death, which was also the day that the first episode Ken Jennings hosted in season 38 was aired, a different title card read, \"Alex Trebek, July 22, 1940 - November 8, 2020.", "You are missed every day.\"", "Since his death, various television networks aired their own tributes to Trebek such as MeTV (which played \"What Is... Cliff Clavin?\"", "and \"Mama on Jeopardy!", "\", two episodes of the classic 1980s sitcoms Cheers and Mama's Family respectively in which Jeopardy!", "was a plot device), Buzzr (which aired episodes of shows Trebek guest starred in such as Card Sharks or hosted such as Classic Concentration and To Tell the Truth in the Fremantle library) and Game Show Network (which aired a Jeopardy!", "marathon).", "In 2021, the Jeopardy!", "stage was re-named \"The Alex Trebek Stage\", with his family present at the dedication.", "Philanthropy and activism\n\nTrebek was a longtime philanthropist and activist.", "He was active with multiple charities, including World Vision Canada and United Service Organizations.", "For World Vision, Trebek travelled to many developing countries with World Vision projects, taping reports on the group's efforts on behalf of children around the world.", "Trebek and the Jeopardy!", "crew became involved with the United Service Organizations in 1995, appearing on several military bases throughout the world, both in an attempt to find contestants and as a morale booster for the troops.", "He donated 74 acres (30 hectares) of open land in the Hollywood Hills to the Santa Monica Mountains Conservancy in 1998.", "He was later awarded one of the American Foundation for the Blind's six yearly Access Awards for his role in accommodating Jeopardy!", "champion Eddie Timanus.", "Trebek hosted the annual The Great Canadian Geography Challenge in Canada.", "He hosted the National Geographic Bee in the United States for 25 years, stepping down in 2013.", "In 2016, Trebek donated $5 million to the University of Ottawa to fund the Alex Trebek Forum for Dialogue, the objective of which is \"to expose students to a wide range of diverse views, through speeches, public panels, events and lectures by University of Ottawa researchers, senior government officials and guests speakers from around the world.\"", "Trebek's gifts to the university, which at the time totaled $7.5 million, also fund a Distinguished Speaker Series, which has included a presentation by Nobel laureate Leymah Gbowee, introduced by Trebek.", "In 2017, Trebek funded the Alex Trebek Leadership Award at the University of Ottawa, an annual $10,000 award to a summa cum laude graduate who has also demonstrated community leadership.", "By October 2020, Trebek's contributions to the University of Ottawa totalled around $10 million.", "In March 2020, Trebek donated $100,000 to Hope of the Valley Rescue Mission, a homeless shelter in Los Angeles.", "Trebek owned his own wardrobe, consisting of dozens of outfits and hundreds of neckties.", "In February 2021, Trebek's son Matthew donated the wardrobe to The Doe Fund, in keeping with a statement Trebek had made on his last day of taping.", "Awards and honours\n\nIn 1997, Trebek was awarded the honorary degree of Doctor of the university (D.Univ) from the University of Ottawa.", "In addition to awards for Jeopardy!, Trebek received a great deal of recognition.", "He received a star on Canada's Walk of Fame in Toronto.", "He was awarded eight Outstanding Game Show Host Emmy Awards (1989, 1990, 2003, 2006, 2008, 2019, 2020, and 2021) and a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame (located at 6501 Hollywood Boulevard, near those for Ann-Margret and Vincent Price).", "On November 4, 2010, Trebek received the Royal Canadian Geographical Society's gold medal for his contribution to geographic education and the popular study of geography.", "Previous recipients of this award include the author and anthropologist Wade Davis (2009), Peter Gzowski (1997), and Mary May Simon (1998).", "In 2016, Trebek was named the Honorary President of the Royal Canadian Geographical Society; in that capacity, he was present at the opening of the RCGS's new headquarters in 2018.", "In 2011, it was announced that Trebek would be one of the recipients of the Lifetime Achievement Award at the Daytime Emmy Awards.", "That same year Trebek received an Honorary Doctorate from Fordham University.", "Since June 13, 2014, Trebek has held a Guinness World Record for \"the most gameshow episodes hosted by the same presenter (same program)\" for having hosted 6,829 episodes of Jeopardy!, overtaking previous record holder Bob Barker.", "On May 4, 2015, Trebek's alma mater, the University of Ottawa, named its alumni hall in his honour, as a benefactor to the university.", "In May 2016, Trebek was given the Key to the City by the City of Ottawa.", "On June 30, 2017, he was named an Officer of the Order of Canada by then-Governor General David Johnston for \"his iconic achievements in television and for his promotion of learning, notably as a champion for geographical literacy.\"", "On June 28, 2019, the Daughters of the American Revolution awarded the 2019 Americanism Award to Trebek.", "In December 2019, Trebek was named the winner of the Academy of Canadian Cinema and Television's Icon Award for the 8th Canadian Screen Awards in 2020.", "Although the ceremony was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada, the award was presented to Trebek in a recorded acceptance speech, which the Academy released to social media platforms in January 2021 to coincide with the broadcast of Trebek's last episode of Jeopardy!", "In July 2021, the Royal Canadian Geographical Society and the National Geographical Society announced a grant program named The Trebek Initiative whose goal is to promote emerging Canadian explorers, scientists, educators and photographers.", "In August, artist Kevin Ledo created a mural memorializing Trebek on the outer wall of Sudbury Secondary School, where Trebek had attended high school, as part of the Up Here Festival.", "On August 19, 2021, prior to the start of Jeopardy!", "season 38 taping, Sony Pictures Studios sound stage Studio 10 was officially renamed as \"The Alex Trebek stage\".", "Television and film appearances\n\nShows hosted\n 1963–1964: Music Hop (CBC)\n 1964: Vacation Time – co-host (CBC)\n 1966–1970: CBC Championship Curling – announcer (CBC)\n 1966–1973: Reach for the Top (CBC)\n 1969: Barris & Company – co-host/announcer (pilot) (CBC)\n 1969: Strategy (CBC)\n 1971: Pick and Choose (CBC) \n 1972: Outside/Inside (CBC) \n 1973: TGIF – announcer (CBC) \n 1973: The Wizard of Odds (NBC)\n 1974–1976, 1978–1980: High Rollers (NBC)\n 1976–1977: Double Dare (CBS)\n 1976–1980: Stars on Ice (CTV)\n 1977–1978: The $128,000 Question\n 1980–1981: Wall $treet\n 1981–1982: Pitfall\n 1981–1983: Battlestars\n 1983: Malcolm (pilot)\n 1983: Starcade (pilot)\n 1984–2021: Jeopardy!", "1985: Lucky Numbers (pilot)\n 1987: Second Guess (unsold pilot)\n 1987: VTV-Value Television – co-host with Meredith MacRae\n 1987–1991: Classic Concentration\n 1989–2013: The National Geographic Bee national finals\n 1990: Super Jeopardy!", "1991: To Tell the Truth (1990–1991) – from February to May 1991\n 1993: The Red Badge of Courage/Heart of Courage – Canadian-produced show highlighting brave individuals\n 1996–1998: The Pillsbury Bake-Off\n 1997: Wheel of Fortune – April Fools' Day episode (also a substitute host in August 1980)\n 1999: Live from the Hollywood Bowl – annual live broadcast\n 2017: Game Changers – host and executive producer\n 2020: Jeopardy!", "The Greatest of All Time\n\nActing\n 1987: Mama's Family – as himself, the host of Jeopardy!", "(episode 4.19 – \"Mama on Jeopardy!\")", "1988: For Keeps – as himself, the host of Jeopardy!", "1988: Rain Man – as himself, the host of Jeopardy!", "1990: Cheers – as himself, the host of Jeopardy!", "(episode 8.14 – \"What Is... Cliff Clavin?\")", "1990: Predator 2 – as himself, the host of Jeopardy!", "(voice)\n 1990: The Earth Day Special – as himself, the host of Jeopardy!", "1991: WrestleMania VII – as himself, a ring announcer and interviewer\n 1992: The Golden Girls – as himself, the host of Jeopardy!", "(episode 7.16 – \"Questions and Answers\")\n 1992: White Men Can't Jump – as himself, the host of Jeopardy!", "1993: Short Cuts – as himself, the host of Jeopardy!", "1993: Groundhog Day – as himself, the host of Jeopardy!", "show #1656\n 1993: The Larry Sanders Show – as himself, the minister who marries Hank Kingsley (episode 2.15 – \"Hank's Wedding\")\n 1993: Rugrats – as Alan Quebec, the host of \"Super Stumpers\" (episode 2.37 – \"Game Show Didi\")\n 1995: The Nanny – as himself, the host of Jeopardy!", "(episode 3.2 – \"Franny and the Professor\")\n 1995: Beverly Hills, 90210 – as himself, the host of Jeopardy!", "1995: Blossom – as himself, the host of Jeopardy!", "(episode 5.14 – \"Who's Not on First\")\n 1995: Jury Duty – as himself, the host of Jeopardy!", "1996: The X-Files – as a Man in Black who Agent Mulder thought looked \"incredibly\" like himself (episode: \"Jose Chung's From Outer Space\")\n 1996: Seinfeld – as himself, the host of Jeopardy!", "(episode 8.9 – \"The Abstinence\")\n 1996: The Magic School Bus – Announcer (voice) (episode 2.6 – \"Shows and Tells\")\n 1996: Ellen's Energy Adventure – as himself, the host of Jeopardy!", "1997: Ned and Stacey – as himself, the host of Jeopardy!", "1997: The Simpsons – as himself, the host of Jeopardy!", "in \"Miracle on Evergreen Terrace\" (Voice)\n 1998: Baywatch – as himself, the host of Jeopardy!", "(episode 9.8 – \"Swept Away\")\n 1998: The Weird Al Show – as himself, the host of Jeopardy!", "(voice)\n 1998: Mafia!", "– himself, riding on a parade float\n 2000: Finding Forrester – as himself, the host of Jeopardy!", "2000: Charlie's Angels – as himself, the host of Jeopardy!", "2000: Saturday Night Live – himself\n 2000: Arthur – as Alex Lebek, the host of Riddle Quest\n 2000: Pepper Ann – as himself (2 episodes)\n 2002: Saturday Night Live – himself\n 2006: Family Guy – as himself, the host of Jeopardy!", "in \"I Take Thee Quagmire\" (voice)\n 2007: The Bucket List – as himself, the host of Jeopardy!", "(voice)\n 2010: How I Met Your Mother – himself in \"False Positive\"\n 2012: The Simpsons – as himself, the host of Jeopardy!", "in \"Penny-Wiseguys\" (Voice)\n 2013: How I Met Your Mother – himself in \"P.S.", "I Love You\"\n 2013: Delta Air Lines – as himself, answering a Jeopardy-like question in the final segment of Delta's Holiday-themed safety video.", "2014: Hot in Cleveland – as himself and Park Ranger Alex Trebek\n 2014: Delta Air Lines – as himself, seen raising hand after being asked if the passengers have any questions toward the end of a Delta safety video.", "2014: The Colbert Report (series finale) – as himself, \"the man who knows all the answers\", in Santa's sleigh.", "2015: The Amazing Race Canada 3 – as himself/Greater Sudbury, Ontario Pit-Stop\n 2018: Orange Is the New Black – as himself\n 2018: RuPaul's Drag Race – as himself\n 2020: Last Week Tonight with John Oliver  – as himself\n 2020: 2020 NHL Entry Draft  – as himself\n 2020: Scooby-Doo and Guess Who?", "- as himself, the host of Jeopardy!", "in \"Total Jeopardy\" (voice) (posthumous release)\n 2021: Free Guy – as himself, the host of Jeopardy!", "(final film role)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n \n \n \n \n\n1940 births\n2020 deaths\nAmerican game show hosts\nAmerican horse racing announcers\nAmerican male voice actors\nAmerican memoirists\nAmerican people of French-Canadian descent\nAmerican people of Ukrainian descent\nAmerican racehorse owners and breeders\nAmerican television sports announcers\nCanadian emigrants to the United States\nCanadian game show hosts\nCanadian horse racing announcers\nCanadian male voice actors\nCanadian memoirists\nCanadian people of Ukrainian descent\nCanadian radio news anchors\nCBC Radio hosts\nCBC Television people\nCurling broadcasters\nDaytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Game Show Host winners\nDaytime Emmy Award winners\nDeaths from cancer in California\nDeaths from pancreatic cancer\nFranco-Ontarian people\nJeopardy!", "Naturalized citizens of the United States\nOfficers of the Order of Canada\nPeople from Greater Sudbury\nPeople from Ottawa\nRoyal Military College of Canada alumni\nUniversity of Ottawa alumni" ]

[ "George Alexander Trebek was a Canadian-American game show host and television personality.", "He hosted a game show.", "His death in 2020 lasted for 37 seasons.", "To Tell the Truth was one of the game shows that Trebek hosted.", "He made appearances in many films and television series.", "In 1998 he became a naturalized U.S. citizen.", "He received the award for Outstanding Game Show Host eight times.", "After a 20-month battle with stage IV Pancreatic Cancer,bek died on November 8, 2020 at the age of 80.", "He was contracted to host a show.", "Until 2022.", "The son of a chef and a Franco-Ontarian was born on July 22, 1940 in Ontario, Canada.", "His maternal grandmother was born in Mount St. Patrick in Renfrew County.", "He was raised in a bilingual household.", "He was sent to a boarding school by his parents.", "He dropped out of military college when he was asked to cut his hair.", "At the age of 13 he was a bellhop at the hotel where his father worked.", "After graduating from high school, he attended the University of Ottawa.", "He graduated from the University of Ottawa with a degree in philosophy.", "He was a member of the English Debating Society.", "He was interested in a career in broadcast news.", "The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation was where Trebek began his career.", "\"I went to school in the mornings and worked at nights; I did everything, at one time replacing every announcer in every possible job,\" said the host.", "He would eventually read the national radio news and cover a wide range of special events, including curling and horse racing.", "Music Hop was the first show that Trebek hosted.", "He hosted a high school quiz show in 1966.", "Classical music programs were hosted by him from 1967 to 1970.", "He hosted a weekly skating program.", "Strategy was a weekday afternoon game show hosted by Trebek.", "I'm Here Til 9 was a local morning drive radio show hosted by Trebek.", "Hockey Night in Canada was hosted by Ward Cornell, who was one of several to have been considered to succeed him.", "The executive producer of Hockey Night stated in 2020 that his boss did not want someone with a mustache to host the show.", "The Wizard of Odds was a game show hosted by Trebek that aired on NBC in 1973.", "The Merrill Heatter-Bob Quigley game show High Rollers had two reincarnations on NBC, the first in 1974 and the second in 1978.", "During his time as host of High Rollers, he hosted a short-lived CBS game show called Double Dare, not to be confused with the 1986 Nickelodeon game show of the same name.", "The first show he hosted for what was then Mark Goodson-Bill Todman productions, as well as the second season of the syndicated series, was Double Dare, which was his only game show with the CBS network.", "While The $128,000 Question was still airing and taping episodes, the second incarnation of High Rollers, which was hosted by Alex Trebek, made him one of two hosts to emcee shows in both the United States and Canada.", "In 1978 there was a bilingual edition of Reach for the Top and Radio-Canada's Génies en herbe.", "In this show, he alternated between French and English.", "Other hosts of the day like to make guest appearances as a panelist or player.", "He was a guest on NBC's CardSharks in 1980.", "He and several other game show hosts competed in a tournament for charity.", "The tournament was won by Trebek.", "The Tom Kennedy-hosted NBC word game To Say the Least was hosted by Trebek.", "Both of those shows were produced by the same company that produced High Rollers.", "In 1976, Trebek was a contestant on Celebrity Bowling.", "The duo won their match.", "After High Rollers was axed in 1980, Trebek moved to NBC.", "The series was axed in April 1982 after only six months on the air.", "When he hosted High Rollers and The $128,000 Question in 1978 he had to commute as he took the helm of the syndicated Pitfall.", "Pitfall was canceled after its production company went bankrupt.", "He was never paid for that series.", "After both shows ended, he hosted a revival of the show called The New Battlestars that ended after thirteen weeks, and then shot a series of pilots for other shows, including one for producer Merrill Heatter.", "Lucky Numbers, an attempt at a revival of High Rollers that failed to sell, was one of the pilots of the Heatter.", "Two pilots were shot for a revival of the game show.", "Art Fleming, a friend of Trebek, declined to return to the role due to creative differences.", "The revival sold and the host, Alex Trebek, died.", "He hosted his final episode.", "On November 23, 2020, Sony announced that the air dates of the final week of the show would be pushed back to January 4, 2021.", "In 1987, while still host of the game show, he returned to daytime television as host of NBC's Classic Concentration, his second show for Mark Goodson.", "He hosted both shows at the same time until September 20, 1991, when Classic Concentration aired its final first-run episode.", "He became the first person to host three American game shows at the same time in 1991, when he took over from Lynn Swann as host of NBC's To Tell the Truth for Goodson-Todman.", "In 1994, he returned to the CBS network to host the Pillsbury bake-off, which he hosted until 1998.", "The hosts of Wheel of Fortune traded places on April Fools' Day 1997.", "Pat Sajak hosted a show.", "They hosted Wheel of Fortune with Sajak's wife, Lesly.", "The winnings from Wheel of Fortune were given to charities.", "In 2005, he came in second place in his qualification game, but lost to Cheryl Hines.", "On June 24, 2018, he was a panelist on the ABC revival of To Tell the Truth.", "He hosted a game show.", "The highest money winners in the show's history will face each other in a special event on ABC in January 2020.", "There were many guest appearances by Trebek on other television shows.", "In 2008 and 2011.", "In August 1995 in a return to his broadcast-news roots, Trebek filled in for Charles Gibson on Good Morning America.", "In the third season of The X-Files, Trebek played one of two \"men in black\", human agents charged with the supervision of extraterrestrial lifeforms on Earth, hiding their existence from other humans.", "On June 13, 2014, Guinness World Records presented the world record for most episodes of a game show hosted to Alex Trebek.", "There were multiple television commercials with Trebek.", "The only debate in the Pennsylvania governor's race was moderated by Trebek.", "According to news outlets, he wanted to change the flow of the debate to be more personable.", "He dominated the debate and often talked about himself without giving candidates time to discuss their stances on political issues.", "He commented on the sexual abuse scandals in the Catholic Church.", "He apologized for his performance and stated that he wasnaive.", "He apologized to the people of Pennsylvania.", "Michael Strahan was the interviewer for the ABC special.", "His career was promoted to promote the show.", "January 2, 2020 is when The Greatest of All Time aired.", "Tim Sttzle, the third-overall pick in the 2020 NHL Entry Draft, was announced by Alex Trebek in the style of a game show.", "There is a question.", "Elaine Callei was married tobek in 1974.", "The couple had no children and divorced in 1981.", "He married a real estate project manager from New York.", "Matthew and Emily were their children.", "In 1996, the Olympic torch ran through Jacksonville, Florida, on its way to Atlanta.", "He became a naturalized citizen of the United States in 1998.", "On January 30, 2004, the game show host fell asleep behind the wheel of his truck on a rural road in the Central Coast town of Templeton, California, returning from a family home in Lake Nacimiento.", "The truck flew over an embankment and came to rest against a utility pole in a ditch after sideswiping a string of mailboxes.", "He returned to work and was not cited for the accident.", "Four days later.", "In Creston, California, where he bred and trained thoroughbred racehorses, he owned and managed a 700-acre ranch.", "Reba's Gold is the son of Slew o' Gold.", "In 2008 the operation was sold to an event center called Windfall Farms.", "In an interview with Vulture, Trebek said that he was neither conservative nor liberal and that he had libertarian leanings.", "He said he believed in God as a Christian.", "He said during a debate that he was raised a Catholic.", "On December 11, 2007, Trebek had a minor heart attack, but returned to work in January 2008.", "He had to have a cast on his ankle for six weeks after he injured it chasing a person who had entered his hotel room.", "In June 2012 Trebek had a mild heart attack, but was able to return to work the following month.", "Over the winter break, on December 15th, savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay", "According to reports, Trebek was admitted to Cedars-Sinai Medical Center after he fell in October of that year.", "A subdural hematoma was caused by the incident.", "blood clot from his brain was removed the next day.", "The verified account of the game show was on January 4.", "He was suffering from the fall.", "The host returned to work in mid-January after taking a short medical leave.", "During an interview with HarveyLevin on Fox News, the host of \"Jeopardy!\" floated the idea of retirement.", "In 2020 it was 50% and a little less.", "He said he would make an \"intelligent decision\" as to when he should give up the emcee role if he is not making too many mistakes.", "Although he was beginning to slow down due to his age, the show's work schedule, consisting of 46 taping sessions each year, was still manageable.", "On March 6, he announced that he had been diagnosed with stage IV Pancreatic Cancer.", "He had been suffering from a persistent stomach ache but did not realize it was a symptom of the disease.", "In a prepared video announcement of the diagnosis, the host of the game show said that he would fight the cancer in hopes of beating the odds and that he would continue hosting the show.", "He joked that his contract required him to do it for three more years.", "He said that he was responding well to treatment and that some of the tumors had shrunk to half their previously observed size; he credited the prayers and well wishes of his fans for the better-than-usual results.", "The show will resume taping in August of 2019.", "The follow-up immunotherapy was not effective.", "\"I'm not afraid of dying, I've lived a good life, a full life, and I'm nearing the end of that life,\" he said in an interview with Lisa LaFlamme.", "\"There will come a point when they (fans and producers) will no longer be able to say 'It's okay' because of the sores in his mouth,\" he said in the same interview.", "During the Final Jeopardy!, on November 11, 2019.", "A player said, \"What is we, Alex!\"", "It caused Trebek to become emotional.", "Hours later, #WeLoveYouAlex was a popular topic on the social networking site.", "In a December interview with ABC News, Trebek stated that despite periods of severe pain and depression, he was still in good enough physical condition to handle construction projects.", "He stated that he had prepared an on-air farewell statement before his cancer diagnosis.", "In March 2020 he said that he had survived one year of cancer treatment and that he was confident that he would survive another year.", "It was a precautionary measure.", "Initially taped episodes without a studio audience, as protection from the COVID-19 Pandemic; Trebek, because of his age and his condition, was particularly at risk of death from the particular variant of SARS-CoV-2 circulating.", "The production of the show was stopped.", "In August, the show resumed taping, in time for the season 37 premiere.", "On July 16, 2020, he gave an update on his cancer.", "He said that the treatment was paying off even though he was still tired.", "He stated that he was looking forward to taping again.", "His memoir The Answer Is...: Reflections on My Life was published in 2020.", "In October, he had surgery related to his cancer treatment.", "He returned to the show two weeks after the surgery, but was unable to handle his full workload because of pain from the surgery and had to split his usual five-episode taping session over two days.", "He recorded his last episode on October 29, 2020.", "At the age of 80, Trebek died at his home in Los Angeles from Pancreatic Cancer.", "His wife received his remains.", "After his death, there was a bit of a posthumous recognition.", "Wheel of Fortune stars Pat Sajak and Vanna White were among those who paid tribute.", "On the November 9, 2020 episode of the game show, it will be a tribute to Trebek.", "I'm Mike Richards, the executive producer of Jeopardy!, and I opened the show on Wheel of Fortune.", "Alex Trebek, our beloved host, passed away over the weekend.", "This is a huge loss for our staff and crew, for his family, and for his millions of fans.", "He loved the show and everything it stood for.", "He filmed his final episodes two weeks ago.", "He is an inspiration for his constant desire to learn, his kindness, and his love of his family.", "His final 35 episodes will be aired.", "That's what he wanted.", "Thank you for everything, Alex.", "This is a game show.", "The lights were turned off in remembrance.", "\"Dedicated to Alex Trebek\" was the title card after each posthumous episode.", "In our hearts.", "Our inspiration.", "On the one year anniversary of his death, a different title card read, \"Alex Trebek, July 22, 1940 - November 8, 2020.\"", "You are missed.", "MeTV played a tribute to Trebek called \"What Is... Cliff Clavin?\".", "\"Mama on the show!\"", "There are two episodes of the classic 1980s sitcoms Cheers and Mama's Family.", "It was a plot device, Buzzr, which aired episodes of shows that Trebek guest starred in, and the Game Show Network, which aired a game show.", "marathon", "In 2021, the game show.", "His family was present at the dedication of the stage.", "Trebek was a philanthropist and activist.", "He was involved with many charities, including World Vision Canada.", "For World Vision, Trebek traveled to many developing countries with World Vision projects, taping reports on the group's efforts on behalf of children around the world.", "Trebek is the host of the game show \"Jeopardy!\".", "The crew became involved with the United Service Organizations in 1995 and appeared on several military bases in an attempt to find contestants and as a morale booster for the troops.", "The Santa Monica Mountains Conservancy received 74 acres of open land from him in 1998.", "One of the American Foundation for the Blind's six yearly Access Awards was given to him for accommodating the game show.", "Eddie Timanus is a champion.", "The Great Canadian geography challenge was hosted by Trebek.", "He hosted the National Geographic Bee in the US for 25 years.", "In order to expose students to a wide range of diverse views through speeches, public panels, events and lectures by University of Ottawa researchers, senior government officials and guests, the Alex Trebek Forum for Dialogue was funded by a $5 million donation from the host.", "A presentation by Leymah Gbowee was introduced by Trebek when he gave $7.5 million to the university.", "An annual $10,000 award to a summa cum laude graduate who has also demonstrated community leadership was funded by the Alex Trebek Leadership Award.", "By October 2020, the University of Ottawa had received around $10 million in contributions from Trebek.", "The Hope of the Valley Rescue Mission is a homeless shelter in Los Angeles.", "There were dozens of outfits and hundreds of neckties in Trebek's wardrobe.", "Matthew donated the wardrobe to The Doe Fund after his father made a statement on his last day of taping.", "In 1997 he was awarded the degree of Doctor of the university from the University of Ottawa.", "The host of the show received a lot of recognition.", "He received a star on the Walk of Fame.", "He received eight Outstanding Game Show Host Emmy Awards and a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.", "The Royal Canadian Geographical Society gave the gold medal to Trebek for his contribution to geographic education and the popular study of geography.", "Wade Davis, Peter Gzowski, and Mary May Simon have all received this award.", "He was present at the opening of the RCGS's new headquarters when he was named the Honorary President of the Royal Canadian Geographical Society.", "One of the recipients of the Lifetime Achievement Award was announced in 2011.", "The same year, Trebek received a doctorate.", "Bob Barker had held the Guinness World Record for the most gameshow episodes hosted by the same program, but since June 13, 2014, Alex Trebek has held the record for the most gameshow episodes hosted by the same program.", "On May 4, 2015, the University of Ottawa named its alumni hall in his honor.", "The Key to the City was given to Trebek by the City.", "He was made an Officer of the Order of Canada on June 30, 2017, for his \"immense achievements in television and for his promotion of learning, notably as a champion for geographical literacy.\"", "The Americanism Award was given to Trebek on June 28, 2019.", "The Academy of Canadian Cinema and Television's Icon Award was given to Trebek in December of 2019.", "Despite the cancellation of the ceremony, the Academy released a recorded acceptance speech for the award to coincide with the broadcast of the last episode of the game show.", "The Royal Canadian Geographical Society and the National Geographical Society announced a grant program in July of 2021.", "As part of the Up Here Festival, Kevin Ledo painted a mural on the outer wall of the high school where Trebek attended.", "On August 19th, 2021.", "The studio 10 sound stage was renamed \"The Alex Trebek stage\".", "TV shows hosted in the 1960's and 70's include: Music Hop, Vacation Time, and Reach for the Top.", "The National Geographic Bee national finals were hosted by VTV-Value Television.", "The Red Badge of Courage/Heart of Courage was Canadian-produced and aired from February to May 1991.", "The greatest of all time acting was Mama's Family.", "The 4.19 episode is called \"Mama on Jeopardy!\"", "The host of the game show, For Keeps.", "Rain Man was the host of the game show.", "Cheers was the host of the show.", "\"What Is... Cliff Clavin?\"", "The host of the game show.", "The Earth Day Special was hosted by himself.", "1992: The Golden Girls, as himself, the host of the game show.", "1992: White Men Can't Jump was the host of the show.", "The host of the show, Short Cuts.", "As himself, the host of the game show.", "The Larry Sanders Show, as himself, the minister who married Hank Kingsley, was on the show from 1993 to 1993.", "In 1995: Beverly Hills, 90210, as himself, the host of Jeopardy!", "The host of the game show.", "The host of \"Who's Not on First\" was called to jury duty.", "The X-Files, as a Man in Black who Agent Mulder thought looked \"incredibly\" like himself, aired in 1996.", "\"The Abstinence\" is an episode of \"The Magic School Bus\" and \"Ellen's Energy Adventure\".", "Ned and Stacey were the host of the show.", "The Simpsons was the host of the game show.", "Baywatch was the host of the show.", "The Weird Al Show was hosted by himself.", "The voice of Mafia!", "The host of \"Jeopardy!\" rode on a parade float in 2000.", "The host of the show was Charlie's Angels.", "2002: Saturday Night Live had Arthur as Alex Lebek, Pepper Ann as himself, and Family Guy as himself.", "The voice of \"I Take Thee Quagmire\" is that of the host of \"Jeopardy!\"", "In 2010: How I Met Your Mother, and in 2012: The Simpsons, as himself.", "The voice of How I Met Your Mother is in \"Penny-Wiseguys\".", "In the final segment of Delta's Holiday-themed safety video, he answered a question like a question on a quiz show.", "He was seen raising his hand after being asked if the passengers had any questions toward the end of a Delta safety video.", "The Colbert Report is \"the man who knows all the answers\" in Santa's sleigh.", "The Amazing Race Canada 3, Orange Is the New Black, Last Week Tonight with John Oliver, and the 2020 NHL Entry Draft are all as himself.", "The host of the show.", "The voice of Free Guy is in \"Total Jeopardy\" (posthumous release).", "1940 births 2020 deaths American game show hosts American male voice actors American memoirists American people of French-Canadian descent American people of Ukrainian descent American racehorse owners and breeders", "There are naturalized citizens of the United States officers of the Order of Canada." ]

[ "George Alexander Trebek", "Trebek", "Trebek", "Trebek", "Trebek", "Trebek", "Trebek", "Trebek", "Trebek", "Trebek", "Trebek", "Trebek", "Trebek", "Trebek", "Trebek", "Trebek", "Trebek", "Trebek", "Trebek", "Trebek", "Trebek", "Trebek", "Trebek", "Trebek", "Trebek", "Trebek", "Trebek", "Trebek", "Trebek", "Trebek", "Trebek", "Trebek", "Trebek", "Trebek", "Trebek", "Trebek", "Trebek", "Trebek", "Trebek", "Trebek", "Trebek", "Trebek", "Trebek", "Trebek", "Trebek", "Trebek", "Trebek", "Trebek", "Trebek", "Trebek", "Trebek", "Trebek", "Trebek", "Trebek", "Trebek", "Trebek", "Trebek", "Trebek", "Trebek", "Trebek", "Trebek", "Trebek", "Trebek", "Trebek", "Trebek", "Trebek", "Trebek", "Trebek", "Trebek", "Trebek", "Alex", "Trebek", "Trebek", "Trebek", "Trebek", "Trebek", "Trebek", "Trebek", "Trebek", "Trebek", "Alex Trebek", "Alex", "Alex Trebek", "Alex Tre", "Trebek", "Alex", "Trebek", "Trebek", "Trebek", "Trebek", "Trebek", "Trebek", "Trebek", "Trebek", "Trebek", "Trebek", "Trebek", "Trebek", "Trebek", "Trebek", "Trebek", "Trebek", "Trebek", "Trebek", "Alex", "Alex Lebek", "Alex Trebek" ]

[ "George Alexander Trebek", "Trebek", "Trebek", "Trebek", "Trebek", "Trebek", "Alex Trebek", "Trebek", "Trebek", "Trebek", "Trebek", "Alex Trebek", "Trebek", "Trebek", "Trebek", "Alex Trebek", "Alex Trebek", "Trebek", "Trebek", "Trebek", "Trebek", "Alex", "Trebek", "Trebek", "Trebek", "Trebek", "Alex Trebek", "Alex", "Alex Trebek", "Alex Trebek", "Trebek", "Trebek", "Trebek", "Trebek", "Trebek", "Alex", "Trebek", "Alex Trebek", "Trebek", "Trebek", "Alex", "Alex Lebek" ]

[ "Susan McSween (December 30, 1845 – January 3, 1931) was a prominent cattlewoman of the 19th century, once called the \"Cattle Queen of New Mexico\", and the widow of Alexander McSween, a leading factor in the Lincoln County War, who was shot and killed by members of the Murphy-Dolan faction.", "Early life, Lincoln County War\n\nBorn Susan Hummer in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania from a German Baptist (Dunkard) background, she left home at an early age after her mother had died and her father remarried.", "She married Alexander McSween on August 23, 1873 in Atchison, Kansas and they settled in Eureka, Kansas.", "In 1875, the couple moved to Lincoln, New Mexico, where her husband had accepted a job with the company of Lawrence Murphy.", "Working alongside James Dolan, McSween soon lost his desire to work for the company, and had by that time become friends with John Tunstall, a wealthy English rancher.", "Through Tunstall, the couple met John Chisum, and by 1877 the three men had established a rival business to the Murphy-Dolan businesses who had completely monopolized every business transaction in Lincoln.", "The Murphy-Dolan faction was backed by the infamous Santa Fe Ring.", "Problems between the two factions began there, and on February 18, 1878, outlaw Jesse Evans and members of his gang working with \"the boys\" from the rival faction of James Dolan also known as The Santa Fe Ring, shot and killed Tunstall, which sparked the Lincoln County War.", "By that time, Tunstall and McSween had hired gunmen to counter those hired by Murphy-Dolan.", "While the latter had hired outlaw gangs like the Seven Rivers Warriors, John Kinney Gang, and the Jesse Evans Gang, Tunstall hired individuals, to include Billy the Kid, Chavez y Chavez, Dick Brewer, Charlie Bowdre, Doc Scurlock and others.", "The two factions clashed over Tunstall's death, with numerous people being killed by both sides culminating in the Battle of Lincoln, in which Susan McSween was present.", "Her husband was killed at the end of that battle, despite his being unarmed and attempting to surrender.", "Susan McSween hired attorney Huston Chapman to pursue charges against those responsible for her husband's death and had him assist in negotiating with Governor Lew Wallace on amnesty for the Lincoln County Regulators who had defended her husband and sought vengeance for Tunstall's death.", "Colonel Nathan Dudley was one of her main targets, and he did stand trial, but was acquitted.", "Lawrence Murphy had died before the end of 1878, and James Dolan was charged in Tunstall's murder, but acquitted, and could never be linked directly to Alex McSween's murder.", "Jesse Evans killed Chapman, then fled the territory, after which eventually the whole matter simply went away.", "After the range war\nSusan struggled in the aftermath of the Lincoln County War to make ends meet in New Mexico Territory.", "She sought and received help from John Tunstall's family in England.", "She served as executor of John's estate and that of her husband, managing to free herself of their accrued debts by liquidating the estate assets.", "In 1880 she married George Barber a young law clerk and later attorney who aided in her recovery.", "Barber's work as a surveyor for John Chisum resulted in Chisum gifting 40 head of cattle to Susan worth about $400 to start her into the cattle business.", "Later the couple divorced.", "Susan took over 1,158 acres of land on the West side of the Mescalero Apache Indian Reservation in the years after the Lincoln County War ended.", "By 1890 Susan ran at least 5,000 head of cattle on her 1,158-acre ranch under the Three Rivers Cattle Company brand in Three Rivers.", "By some estimates she owned upward of 8,000 By the mid-1890s her ranch holdings were some of the largest in the territory.", "She became extremely wealthy through cattle sales and mining a small silver vein on the property.", "She was also known for the fruit orchards she planted with trees she obtained from John Chisum.", "On April 21, 1892, the Old Abe Eagle of Lincoln reported that she had driven 700 to 800 cattle from her ranch to Engle, the most accessible railroad point, from which place they were shipped \"in 38 foot New England Cars\" to the Jones and Nolan feed lots in Grand Summit and Strong City, Kansas.", "The New York Commercial Advertiser said: \" Near the town of White Oaks, New Mexico, lives one of the most remarkable women of this remarkable age, at the present time a visitor in this city (New York).", "The house in which she lives ; a low, whitewashed adobe building, is covered with green vines and fitted out with rich carpets, artistic hangings, books and pictures, exquisite china and silver, and all the dainty belongings with which a refined woman wishes to surround herself.", "The house was built with her own hands.", "The huge ranch on which it is located with its 8,000 cattle, is managed entirely by her.", "It is she who buys or takes up the land, selects and controls the men, buys, sells and transfers the cattle.", "She is also a skillful and intelligent prospector, and found the valuable silver mine on her territory in which she now holds a half interest.\"", "Last years/death\n\nIn 1902 she sold her ranch holdings (with the exception of the Ranch house) to Monroe Harper moving to a nice house and later a cottage in White Oaks, New Mexico, by that time a declining boomtown.", "Over time she went through the money she had accrued making frequent trips to El Paso to divest herself of the lavish jewelry she had acquired in order to support herself.", "She died from pneumonia, an impoverished woman in White Oaks, on January 3, 1931, aged 85, and is buried there in the Cedarvale Cemetery.", "She was supported in later life by her nephew Edgar Shields.", "He sent her monthly checks and paid her funeral expenses.", "Ultimately she left New Mexico as she had entered it, penniless after having cut a wide swath.", "In popular culture and media\n She is portrayed by Sharon Thomas in the 1988 movie Young Guns.", "The epilogue states that following the death of her husband she became a prominent cattlewoman; however she was not depicted in the film's sequel.", "She is portrayed by Lynda Day George in the 1970 John Wayne film, Chisum.", "In the Shadow of Billy the Kid: Susan McSween and the Lincoln County War (2013) by Kathleen P. Chamberlain, a professor of history at Eastern Michigan University.", "Violence in Lincoln County 1869-1881, William A. Kelleher, University of New Mexico Press 1957\n McSween is mentioned in the 2019 semi-biographical novel of John Chisum's life, by Russ Brown, titled Miss Chisum.", "References\n\nBibliography\n\nExternal links\nSusan Hummer McSween\nAngelfire.com: The McSween's\nWhiteoaksnewmexico.com: White Oaks, New Mexico — ghost town history.", "Nmia.com: Friends of Billy the Kid\nDesertusa.com: Billy the Kid country\n\nRanchers from New Mexico\nPeople of the New Mexico Territory\n1845 births\n1931 deaths\nLincoln County Wars\nAmerican women in business\nBusinesspeople from New Mexico\nPeople from Lincoln County, New Mexico\nPeople from Gettysburg, Pennsylvania\nPeople of the American Old West\nAmerican cattlewomen" ]

[ "Susan McSween was a prominent cattlewoman of the 19th century and the widow of Alexander McSween, who was shot and killed in the Lincoln County War.", "After her mother died and her father remarried, Susan Hummer left home at an early age.", "She married Alexander McSween in Atchison, Kansas on August 23, 1873.", "After moving to Lincoln, New Mexico, her husband accepted a job with the company of Lawrence Murphy.", "McSween became friends with John Tunstall, a wealthy English rancher, after he lost his desire to work for the company.", "Through Tunstall, the couple met John Chisum, and by 1877 the three men had established a rival business to the Murphy-Dolan businesses who had dominated every business transaction in Lincoln.", "The Murphy-Dolan group was supported by the Santa Fe Ring.", "On February 18, 1878, Tunstall was shot and killed by outlaw Jesse Evans and members of his gang, which started the Lincoln County War.", "Gunmen were hired by Tunstall and McSween to counter those hired by Murphy-Dolan.", "Billy the Kid, Chavez y Chavez, Dick Brewer, Charlie Bowdre, Doc Scurlock, and others were hired by Tunstall.", "Susan McSween was present at the Battle of Lincoln when many people were killed by both sides over Tunstall's death.", "Her husband was killed at the end of the battle, despite trying to surrender.", "Susan McSween hired attorney Huston Chapman to pursue charges against those responsible for her husband's death and had him assist in negotiating with the Lincoln County Regulators who had defended her husband and sought vengeance for Tunstall's death.", "One of her main targets was Colonel Nathan Dudley, who was acquitted.", "James Dolan was acquitted of Tunstall's murder, but was never linked to Alex McSween's murder.", "After Jesse Evans killed Chapman, he fled the territory.", "After the Lincoln County War, Susan struggled to make ends meet in New Mexico Territory.", "She got help from John Tunstall's family.", "She was the executor of John's estate and was able to free herself of her debts by liquidating the assets.", "George Barber was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "Susan was given 40 head of cattle by John Chisum because of Barber's work as a surveyor.", "The couple separated.", "After the Lincoln County War ended, Susan took over 1,158 acres of land on the West side of the Mescalero Apache Indian Reservation.", "Susan ran at least 5,000 head of cattle on her 1,158-acre ranch under the Three Rivers Cattle Company brand.", "By the mid-1890s her ranch holdings were some of the largest in the territory.", "She became wealthy through cattle sales and silver mining.", "She obtained trees from John Chisum and planted fruit orchards.", "On April 21, 1892, the Old Abe Eagle of Lincoln reported that she had driven 700 to 800 cattle from her ranch to the most accessible railroad point, where they were shipped in 38 foot New England Cars to the Jones and Nolan feed lots in Grand Summit and Strong City.", "One of the most remarkable women of this remarkable age lives near the town of White Oaks, New Mexico, and is currently a visitor in New York.", "The house in which she lives is a low, whitewashed adobe building covered with green vines and fitted out with rich carpets, artistic hangings, books and pictures, exquisite china and silver, and all the dainty belongings with which a refined woman wishes to surround herself.", "She built the house herself.", "She is in charge of the huge ranch that has 8,000 cattle.", "She is the one who buys the land, controls the men, buys and sells the cattle.", "She is a skillful and intelligent prospector who found a valuable silver mine on her territory and now holds a half interest.", "By that time a declining boomtown, she sold her ranch holdings and moved to a nice house and cottage in White Oaks, New Mexico.", "She used the money she had accumulated from frequent trips to El Paso to purchase expensive jewelry in order to support herself.", "She died of pneumonia at the age of 85 and is buried in the Cedarvale Cemetery.", "She was supported in later life by her nephew.", "He paid her funeral expenses.", "She left New Mexico penniless after cutting a wide swath.", "Sharon Thomas portrayed her in the 1988 movie Young Guns.", "She became a prominent cattlewoman after her husband's death, but she was not depicted in the film's sequel.", "In the 1970 John Wayne film, Chisum, she is portrayed by Lynda Day George.", "In the Shadow of Billy the Kid: Susan McSween and the Lincoln County War is a book written by a professor at Eastern Michigan University.", "McSween is mentioned in the semi-biographical novel of John Chisum's life, by Russ Brown, titled Miss Chisum.", "Susan Hummer McSween Angelfire.com: The McSween's Whiteoaksnewmexico.com: White Oaks, New Mexico is a ghost town.", "People from New Mexico and Lincoln County, New Mexico are related to Billy the Kid." ]

[ "Susan McSween", "Alexander McSween", "Susan Hummer", "Alexander McSween", "Susan McSwe", "Susan McSwe", "Susan", "Susan", "Susan", "Susan", "Susan McSwe", "Susan Hummer" ]

[ "Susan McSween", "Alexander McSween", "Susan Hummer", "Alexander McSween", "Susan McSwe", "Susan McSwe", "Alex McSween", "Susan", "Susan", "Susan", "Susan McSwe", "Susan Hummer" ]

[ "Stephen Tomašević or Stephen II (, Стјепан/Стефан Томашевић; died on 25 May 1463) was the last sovereign from the Bosnian Kotromanić dynasty, reigning as Despot of Serbia briefly in 1459 and as King of Bosnia from 1461 until 1463.", "Stephen's father, King Thomas, had great ambitions for him.", "An attempt to expand into Croatia by marrying Stephen to a wealthy noblewoman failed, and negotiations for a marital alliance with the Sforzas of Milan were abandoned when a more prestigious opportunity presented itself: marriage to the heiress Maria of Serbia.", "Celebrated in April 1459, it made Stephen the ruler of the remnants of the neighbouring country.", "The intent was to unite the Kingdom of Bosnia and the Serbian Despotate under Stephen to combat the expanding Ottoman Empire.", "Stephen's Catholicism made him unpopular in Orthodox Serbia.", "After ruling it for merely two months, he surrendered it to the encroaching Ottoman forces and fled back to his father's court, which earned him the contempt of the Hungarian king Matthias Corvinus and other Christian rulers in Europe.", "Stephen succeeded his father on the throne following the latter's death in July 1461 and became the first Bosnian king to receive a crown from the Holy See.", "The kingdom's existence, however, was increasingly threatened by the Ottomans.", "King Stephen had the unanimous support of his noblemen in resistance to the Ottomans, but not of the common people.", "He maintained an active correspondence with Pope Pius II, who forgave him for the loss of Serbia and worked with him to preserve Bosnia for Christendom.", "The Hungarian king was placated, but all Western monarchs contacted by Stephen refused to assist him.", "Confident that at least Matthias would come to his aid, Stephen refused to deliver the customary tribute to the Ottoman sultan Mehmed the Conqueror, which provoked an invasion.", "In May 1463, Mehmed marched into Bosnia, meeting little effective resistance, and captured Stephen, who was then beheaded.", "The execution marks the fall of the Kingdom of Bosnia to the Ottoman Empire.", "Family\nStephen was born into the House of Kotromanić as one of the two known sons of the Bosnian prince Thomas by a commoner named Vojača.", "The other son died as an adolescent.", "Stephen's father was an adulterine son of King Ostoja and a younger brother of Radivoj, who contested the rule of their cousin King Tvrtko II.", "Thomas was politically inactive and did not take part in the struggle between his brother and cousin, enabling his family to lead a quiet life in a period when the Ottomans tried to weaken the Kingdom of Bosnia by encouraging internal divisions.", "This all changed when the ailing and childless King Tvrtko II decreed that Thomas should succeed him.", "The King died shortly after, in November 1443, and Stephen's father ascended the throne.", "King Thomas, raised as a member of the Bosnian Church, converted to Roman Catholicism in c. 1445; Stephen Tomašević later stated that he had been baptized into the Roman Catholic Church as a child, and that he had been taught Latin letters.", "At about that time, likely in order to allow for a peaceful solution to his protracted war with the magnate Stjepan Vukčić Kosača, King Thomas requested from Pope Eugene IV an annulment of his union with Stephen's mother.", "Open warfare ended in 1446 with the marriage of Stephen's father to Kosača's daughter Catherine, by whom Stephen had a half-brother named Sigismund and a half-sister named Catherine.", "Marriage \n\nIn the 1450s, King Thomas vigorously searched for suitable spouses for the children from his first union.", "Stephen's two sisters were married off in 1451, and in 1453 Stephen too entered his father's considerations.", "Wishing to gain control over the allodial land of Petar Talovac, who had governed Croatia proper as ban on behalf of the Hungarian king, Thomas attempted to have Stephen marry Talovac's widow, Hedwig Garai.", "Kosača too hastened to marry the wealthy widow, leading to an armed conflict, but neither prevailed due to an intervention by the Republic of Venice on behalf of Talovac's heirs.", "The earliest source mentioning Stephen by name dates from 30 April 1455, when Pope Callixtus III put the King of Bosnia and his son under his protection.", "King Thomas's ambitions for Stephen grew as he strived to establish closer relations with the Western world.", "In 1456, he asked the Pope to procure a bride for his son, specifying that she should be a princess from a royal house.", "Negotiations soon commenced about Stephen's marriage to an illegitimate daughter of Francesco I Sforza, Duke of Milan, but Stephen's father had greater expectations.", "When Lazar Branković, Despot of Serbia, died in 1458, an interregnum ensued.", "Having left three daughters and no sons, he had no clear heir, so the power was shared between his blinded brother Stephen and widow Helen Palaiologina.", "King Thomas took advantage of their weakness to recapture Eastern Bosnian towns he had lost to Serbia in 1445.", "Shortly afterwards, he entered peace negotiations with Lazar's widow, Helen Palaiologina.", "Abandoning the prospect of his son's marriage to a daughter of the Duke of Milan, Thomas came to an agreement with Helen: Stephen was to marry the eldest of her three daughters by Lazar, the 11-year-old Helen.", "The match was prestigious for Stephen not only because of the bride's descent from the Byzantine imperial family, but also because it brought the government of Serbia to the groom.", "The Hungarian king Matthias Corvinus agreed to Stephen's engagement with Helen – it was in his interest to create a strong buffer zone between his realm and the Ottoman Empire by uniting the Kingdom of Bosnia and the Despotate of Serbia, which he considered Hungary's vassal states, under Stephen Tomašević.", "The Diet of Hungary confirmed Stephen Tomašević's right to Serbia in January 1459.", "Despotism \n\nStephen, accompanied by his uncle Radivoj, duly set out for Serbia but narrowly escaped imprisonment during an Ottoman raid on the Bosnian royal residence of Bobovac.", "He arrived to Smederevo, capital of the Eastern Orthodox despotate, during the Holy Week of 1459, and ascended the Serbian throne on 21 March.", "Michael Szilágyi, regent for the underage King Matthias, arrived at the head of an army to ensure that command over the town's fortress would be assumed by Stephen without any difficulties.", "Stephen's marriage to Helen took place on 1 April, the first Sunday following Easter.", "Following the presumably Catholic ceremony, the bride was known as Maria.", "He assumed the title of despot, despite the fact that the title was neither hereditary nor tied to a specific territory, but a grant from the Byzantine emperor.", "It is possible that his mother-in-law, a member of Byzantium's last imperial family, believed that she had the right to grant the title in the absence of an emperor.", "Within a week of the wedding, Stephen exiled his wife's uncle from Serbia.", "King Thomas boasted to the Duke of Milan that his son had been made despot \"with the agreement and will of all the Rascians\", but Stephen's regime was not particularly popular; chroniclers writing about his treatment of his wife's uncle cursed him as a schismatic.", "It was clear from the onset that Stephen's reign in Serbia would be short-lived.", "The Ottoman sultan Mehmed the Conqueror considered Stephen's enthronement an unwarranted violation of his own rights, for the Ottomans too considered Serbia their vassal state.", "Mehmed promptly launched an attack on Smederevo in June, and there was no serious consideration of trying to defend it.", "King Thomas rushed to his son's aid, trying to divert the Turks by laying siege to their fortress of Hodidjed, in the middle of Bosnia.", "Aware that Smederevo could not withstand Mehmed's attack, Stephen surrendered the fortress on 20 June.", "The Ottoman proceeded to annex the rest of the Serbian state to their empire within a year.", "Following the fall of the town which Pope Pius II lamentably termed \"the gateway to Rascia\", Stephen fled to Bosnia with his family and in-laws, seeking refuge at the court of his father.", "The King of Hungary accused Stephen and his family of selling Smederevo Fortress to the Ottomans \"for a great weight of gold\", and the Pope at first believed him.", "Pius's own investigation appears to have come to the conclusion that Stephen did not sell the fortress, as the Pope did not repeat the claim.", "Ottoman, Bosnian and Serbian sources say nothing about the supposed betrayal, so the allegation is unlikely to be based on fact.", "The Serbian-born janissary Konstantin Mihailović and the Byzantine Greek scholar Laonikos Chalkokondyles maintained Stephen's innocence and pointed out to the strength of the Ottoman army.", "Both state that the Serbs within Smederevo were so unhappy with Bosnian rule and convinced that the Ottomans would prevail (and grant them more religious tolerance than the Hungarians) that they went out to meet Mehmed and presented him with keys to the city.", "Kingship\n\nAccession and coronation \n\nKing Thomas died in July 1461.", "According to later accounts, Thomas's death was plotted by Stephen and Radivoj, and even Matthias and Mehmed were implicated.", "Historians dismiss these allegations, however, pointing out that the King had been ill since June.", "Stephen ascended the throne without difficulty.", "He ensured that his uncle would not contest the succession by generously endowing him with land.", "The new monarch assumed the pompous title inherited from Tvrtko I, the first Bosnian king, styling himself as, \"by the Grace of God, King of Serbia, Bosnia, the Maritime Lands, Zachlumia, Dalmatia, Croatia, and the Western lands\" – regardless of the fact that Serbia had by then become an Ottoman pashaluk, that Croatia had been lost to Hungary in the 1390s, and that he had to beg the government of the Republic of Venice to allow him to take refuge in Dalmatia in case of an Ottoman attack.", "Immediately upon his accession, Stephen set out to resolve all disagreements within the royal family in order to strengthen his own position.", "His relations with his stepmother, the 37-year-old Queen Catherine, had been strained during his father's lifetime, but he now guaranteed that she would retain her title and privileges.", "Her father, Stjepan Vukčić Kosača, wrote to Venetian officials that the King had \"taken her as his mother\", Vojača having already died by the time he ascended the throne.", "Kosača was the kingdom's most powerful nobleman, and had been engaged in a never-ending conflict with Stephen's father.", "Stephen Tomašević took the Venetians' advice to make peace with his stepgrandfather, thus finally ensuring the nobility's absolute support of their king.", "He then focused on improving Bosnia's economy, which became stronger than ever during his reign, and ensuring that the state would collect more profit from the flourishing metalworking trade.", "Problems rose soon already in the summer of 1461, when Pavao Špirančić, who governed Croatia as ban on behalf of the Hungarian king and frequently clashed with King Thomas, seized a border town.", "By late summer, Stephen and Kosača were preparing to strike him jointly and divide his territory between themselves.", "Venice objected, fearing that the fortresses Klis and Ostrovica, paramount to the defense of Dalmatia, might fall to the Ottomans if first taken over by the Bosnians.", "King Stephen wasted no time to solidify his relations with the Holy See.", "He sent a desperate plea to Pope Pius, asking him to send bishops, crusading weapons, and a coronation crown, as well as to be recommended to Matthias Corvinus.", "Stephen hoped that, with the Pope's urging, the Hungarian king would agree to provide him with military aid.", "On 17 November, the feast of Saint Gregory Thaumaturgus, who had been proclaimed \"Defender of Bosnia\" at royal request, the papal legate and newly appointed bishop Nicholas of Modruš crowned Stephen in the Church of Saint Mary in Jajce.", "It was the last coronation performed in Bosnia, as well as the only one performed with a crown sent from Rome.", "It exemplified how, with the religious persecution established by Thomas and with Stephen's active correspondence with the papacy, the Kingdom of Bosnia acquired the character of a true Catholic state only at its very end.", "The belated attempt at sanctification of the Bosnian monarchy gravely offended the Hungarian king Matthias, who saw the Pope's involvement in the coronation as an infringement of the rights of Hungarian kings.", "Matthias went so far as to request that the Pope withdraw his support of Stephen.", "Pope Pius and Bishop John Vitéz mediated in the dispute between the kings of Bosnia and Hungary, but the negotiations did not proceed easily.", "The relations were finally repaired in the spring of 1462.", "Matthias was driven by the need to ransom the Crown of St Stephen from Emperor Frederick III, and Stephen was obliged to contribute.", "In return for the Hungarian king's good graces, Stephen was also required to cede certain towns, swear fealty and to refuse to pay tribute to the Ottomans.", "Ottoman invasion \n\nBy the spring of 1462, it was known that Mehmed had decided to conquer Bosnia.", "Stephen and Kosača desperately sought help from Christian rulers.", "The King maintained contact with the Pope, who had his legates stay permanently at the Bosnian royal court and who strived to concentrate as many soldiers and as much weapons as possible in the threatened kingdom.", "The authorities of the neighbouring Republic of Ragusa were enlisted to secure the support of the Albanian ruler Skanderbeg, who was subsequently allowed by the Venetians to pass with his army through Venetian Albania on their way to Bosnia.", "Venice itself promised no assistance, suggesting instead that Stephen and Kosača should trust in their own forces.", "Others, such as King Ferdinand I of Naples, cited domestic issues and offered nothing more than moral support.", "While doing everything possible to secure foreign aid, King Stephen found that there was little will to resist within the country.", "He complained to Pope Pius that the local population leaned towards the Ottomans, which may have been due to increased exploitation and incessant warfare (as opposed to a stable Ottoman regime).", "The previously tacit discontent of forcefully converted elders of the Bosnian Church became prominent.", "According to a contemporary, Stephen generously bestowed gifts and honors in order to inspire loyalty, and awarded fortified towns to untrustworthy people, even including former \"heretics\".", "The greatest blow to the defense efforts, however, was the old conflict between Kosača and his son Vladislav Hercegović, which was resumed in the spring of 1462.", "Vladislav personally sought help from Mehmed later that year, and the Ottoman ruler eagerly accepted.", "Encouraged by Matthias's commitment to help and possibly by the Bishop of Modruš, Stephen Tomašević made an imprudent and fatal decision in June 1462.", "Pope Pius wrote in his diary that, \"relying on one knows what hope\", the King \"refused the tributes which his ancestors had long been used to pay the Ottomans and had stormed the town which the enemy had built at the confluence of Sava and Bosna to put fear into the Hungarians and Slavs.\"", "According to Chalkokondyles, Stephen invited the Ottoman ambassador to his treasure house and showed him the money set aside as tribute, but informed him that he would rather use it to fight off an Ottoman attack or to live off it in exile.", "Mehmed the Conqueror was enraged by Stephen's insubordinance and audacity.", "The Pope recounts how, hearing of the Sultan's vow to conquer his kingdom and destroy him, Stephen summoned the Bishop of Modruš and blamed him for infuriating the Sultan.", "He commanded Nicholas to go to Hungary and seek immediate action against the Ottomans, but no help ever arrived to Bosnia from Christendom.", "Matthias, Skenderbeg and the Ragusans all failed to carry out their promises.", "In the spring of 1463, Mehmed gathered an army of 150,000 men in Adrianople and prepared to march towards Bosnia.", "In his despair, Stephen Tomašević turned to the Sultan himself and tried at the last moment to procure a 15-year-long truce with him.", "Konstantinović claimed that he was present when the Ottomans duped the Bosnian envoys into thinking that the King's request for truce was granted, and that he tried to warn them about the deceit.", "Mehmed's army set out right after the envoys.", "Fortresses fell rapidly, and King Stephen fled with his family and possessions from Bobovac to Jajce.", "The Ottoman army under the leadership of Mahmud Pasha Angelović laid siege to Bobovac on 19 May, with the Sultan joining them the following day.", "Angelović was tasked with capturing the King.", "Believing that Bobovac could withstand the siege for two years, Stephen planned to assemble an army in Jajce, still counting on foreign aid.", "He sent his wife with their possessions to Dalmatia, while his stepmother took the rest to Ragusa.", "Capture and death \n\nContrary to Stephen Tomašević's expectations, Bobovac fell within days.", "The King had already realized that he had no choice but to take refuge in the neighbouring Croatia or Dalmatia.", "Angelović tirelessly pursued him, and caught up with him in Ključ.", "The Ottoman army was reportedly about to pass the city's fortress, not suspecting that the King was hiding within its walls, when a local man revealed his whereabouts in return for money.", "A four-day-long siege of the fortress ensued.", "Eager to capture him, Angelović had his messengers solemnly promise the King that he would be done no harm if he surrendered, and sent him a document guaranteeing him freedom.", "With food supplies and ammunition running short, Stephen decided to surrender himself and his garrison to Angelović.", "Angelović, in turn, brought him, his uncle Radivoj and 13-year-old cousin Tvrtko before Mehmed in Jajce.", "Stephen sought to ingratiate himself with Mehmed by sending out orders to commanders and castellans to surrender, enabling his captor to take command of more than 70 towns in one week.", "Mehmed, however, had no intention of sparing Stephen's life and summoned him on 25 May.", "Stephen fearfully brought Angelović's document, but Mehmed's Persian-born mullah, Ali al-Bistami, issued a fatwah declaring that the Sultan was not bound to keep the promise made by his servant without his knowledge.", "As if to demonstrate the validity of his fatwah, the elderly mullah took out his sword and beheaded Stephen in front of Mehmed.", "The chronicler Benedetto Dei, who claimed to have been part of the Sultan's retinue, recorded that Mehmed himself decapitated Stephen.", "According to later accounts, Mehmed had Stephen flayed or used as a shooting target.", "The execution of the King, his uncle, cousin and two noblemen took place in a field next to Jajce, which has since been known as Carevo Polje (\"the Emperor's Field\").", "Assessment and legacy \nStephen Tomašević was buried on a hill near Jajce.", "Europe was stunned to see the Bosnian state fall almost completely within weeks of his death.", "The country's quick submission is said to be the consequence of a poor cooperation between Stephen and his noblemen, but it is perhaps most accurate to attribute it to the people's low morale and general belief that the conquest was inevitable.", "Additionally, the religiously diverse Bosnians were aware, much like the neighbouring Serbians, that the country would be overrun by Hungary if not by the Ottomans, and that they would enjoy far less freedom of religion and far higher taxes in that case.", "Therefore, resistance was not as strong as it could have been.", "Pope Pius's claim that adherents of the Bosnian Church betrayed the kingdom is groundless.", "Stephen Tomašević's half-siblings were taken to Constantinople and converted to Islam.", "Queen Catherine, his stepmother, left for the Papal States and unsuccessfully campaigned for the restoration of the kingdom; Bosnia only ceased to be part of the Ottoman Empire in 1908, 445 years after Stephen's death.", "His widow, Queen Maria, spent the rest of her life in the Empire.", "In 1888, the Croatian archeologist Ćiro Truhelka excavated bones in a settlement close to Jajce known as Kraljev Grob (meaning King's Tomb) and found the skeleton of a decapitated adult male.", "The head was placed on the chest, with two coins in the mouth.", "Though by no means certain, it was assumed that the skeleton belonged to Stephen Tomašević.", "Despite objection from the friar Antun Knežević, who argued for leaving the bones where they had laid for centuries and constructing a small church at the site, the skeleton was placed in a glass coffin in the right aisle of the Franciscan monastery in Jajce.", "Family tree\n\nReferences\n\nBibliography\n\nFurther reading \n \n\nBosnian monarchs\nDespots of Serbia\n15th-century monarchs in Europe\nYear of birth missing\n1463 deaths\nBosnia and Herzegovina Roman Catholics\nExecuted Bosnia and Herzegovina people\nKotromanić dynasty\nRoman Catholic monarchs\nMonarchs taken prisoner in wartime\nExecuted monarchs\n15th-century Bosnian people\nDethroned monarchs\nKings of Bosnia" ]

[ "The Despot of Serbia was ruled by Stephen Tomaevi or Stephen II.", "King Thomas had ambitions for Stephen.", "An attempt to expand into Croatia by marrying Stephen to a wealthy noblewoman failed, and negotiations for a marital alliance with the Sforzas of Milan were abandoned when a more prestigious opportunity presented itself: marriage to the heiress Maria of Serbia.", "Stephen was the ruler of the remnants of the country that was celebrated in April 1459.", "Stephen wanted to unite the Kingdom of Bosnia and the Serbian Despotate to fight the Ottoman Empire.", "He was unpopular in Orthodox Serbia because of his Catholicism.", "After ruling it for two months, he surrendered it to the Ottomans and fled back to his father's court, which earned him contempt of the Hungarian king and other Christian rulers in Europe.", "Stephen became the first Bosnian king to receive a crown from the Holy See after his father's death.", "The Ottomans were threatening the kingdom's existence.", "The common people did not support King Stephen in his resistance to the Ottomans.", "He worked with Pope Pius II to preserve Bosnia for Christendom and forgiven him for the loss of Serbia.", "All Western monarchs contacted by Stephen refused to assist the Hungarian king.", "Stephen refused to give the customary tribute to the Ottoman sultan Mehmed the Conqueror, which provoked an invasion, because he was confident that Matthias would come to his aid.", "Stephen was beheaded in May 1463 after Mehmed captured him.", "The Kingdom of Bosnia fell to the Ottoman Empire.", "Stephen was one of the two known sons of the Bosnian prince Thomas by a commoner named Vojaa.", "As an adolescent, the other son died.", "King Tvrtko II was the brother of the younger brother of Stephen's father.", "During the time when the Ottomans tried to weaken the Kingdom of Bosnia, Thomas was politically inactive and did not take part in the fight between his brother and cousin.", "King Tvrtko II decided that Thomas should succeed him.", "Stephen's father ascended the throne after the King died.", "Stephen Tomaevi later stated that he had beenbaptized into the Roman Catholic Church as a child, and that he had been taught Latin letters.", "In order to allow for a peaceful solution to his war with the magnate Stjepan Vuki Kosaa, King Thomas requested from Pope Eugene IV an annulment of his union with Stephen's mother.", "Stephen had a half-brother named Sigismund and a half-sister named Catherine, who were married in 1446 to Kosaa's daughter Catherine.", "King Thomas searched for suitable spouses for the children from his first marriage.", "Stephen entered his father's considerations when his sisters were married off.", "Wishing to gain control over the allodial land of Petar Talovac, who had ruled Croatia proper as ban on behalf of the Hungarian king, Thomas tried to have Stephen marry the widow of Talovac.", "An intervention by the Republic of Venice on behalf of Talovac's heirs prevented Kosaa from marrying the wealthy widow.", "Pope Callixtus III put the King of Bosnia and his son under his protection on 30 April 1455.", "King Thomas wanted to establish closer relations with the Western world.", "He asked the Pope to get a princess from a royal house for his son.", "Stephen's father had higher expectations for his son's marriage to an illegitimate daughter of the Duke of Milan.", "There was an interregnum after the death of Despot of Serbia.", "The power was shared between his blinded brother Stephen and widow Helen Palaiologina because he didn't have a clear heir.", "In 1445, King Thomas regained control of Eastern Bosnian towns that he had lost to Serbia.", "He entered peace negotiations with Helen Palaiologina.", "Thomas decided to abandon his son's marriage to a daughter of the Duke of Milan in order to marry the youngest of Helen's three daughters.", "The government of Serbia was brought to the groom by the match because of the bride's descent from the Byzantine imperial family.", "The king of Hungary agreed to Stephen's engagement with Helen because he wanted to create a buffer zone between his realm and the Ottoman Empire.", "Stephen Tomaevi's right to Serbia was confirmed by the Diet of Hungary.", "Stephen, along with his uncle, narrowly escaped imprisonment during the Ottoman raid on the Bosnian royal residence of Bobovac.", "During the Holy Week of 1459, he arrived in the capital of the Eastern Orthodox monarchy of Serbia and ascended the throne.", "Michael Szilgyi arrived at the head of the army to make sure that Stephen wouldn't have a problem taking over the town's fortress.", "Stephen and Helen were married on the first Sunday after Easter.", "The bride was known as Maria.", "Despite the fact that the title was not hereditary or tied to a specific territory, he assumed it was a grant from the Byzantine emperor.", "It is possible that his mother-in-law, a member of Byzantium's last imperial family, had the right to grant the title in the absence of an emperor.", "Stephen exiled his wife's uncle from Serbia a week after the wedding.", "The Duke of Milan was told by King Thomas that his son had been made a dictator, but Stephen's regime was not popular and he was cursed as a schismatic.", "Stephen's reign in Serbia would be short-lived.", "The Ottoman sultan thought that Stephen's enthronement was an unwarranted violation of his own rights.", "In June, Mehmed launched an attack on Smederevo, and there was no attempt to defend it.", "King Thomas tried to distract the Turks by laying siege to their fortress of Hodidjed, in the middle of Bosnia.", "Stephen surrendered the fortress on June 20th because the fortress could not hold up against Mehmed's attack.", "The rest of the Serbian state was annexed by the Ottomans within a year.", "Stephen fled to Bosnia with his family and in-laws after the town he was in fell.", "Stephen and his family were accused by the King of Hungary of selling the fortress to the Ottomans for a \"great weight of gold\".", "Stephen did not sell the fortress, as the Pope did not repeat the claim, according to Pius's own investigation.", "The allegation is unlikely to be based on fact since Ottoman, Bosnian and Serbian sources don't say anything about it.", "Stephen's innocence was maintained by the Serbian-born janissary and Byzantine Greek scholar Laonikos Chalkokondyles.", "Both states that the Serbs went to meet Mehmed and presented him with keys to the city because they were so unhappy with Bosnian rule and thought the Ottomans would grant them more religious tolerance than the Hungarians.", "In July 1461, Kingship Accession and King Thomas died.", "According to later accounts, Thomas's death was planned by Stephen and others.", "Historians point out that the King had been sick since June.", "Stephen ascended the throne without difficulty.", "He gave his uncle land so he wouldn't contest the succession.", "The new monarch assumed the title of King of Serbia, Bosnia, the Maritime Lands, and the Western lands, even though Tvrtko I was the first Bosnian king.", "Stephen wanted to strengthen his position by resolving disagreements within the royal family.", "During his father's lifetime, his relations with his stepmother, Queen Catherine, had been strained, but he now guaranteed that she would retain her title and privileges.", "Stjepan Vuki Kosaa wrote to Venetian officials that the King had taken her as his mother and that she had already died by the time he ascended the throne.", "Kosaa was the most powerful nobleman in the kingdom, and had been at odds with Stephen's father.", "The nobility's absolute support of their king was ensured by Stephen Tomaevi, who took the Venetians' advice to make peace with his stepgrandfather.", "He focused on improving Bosnia's economy, which became stronger than ever during his reign, and ensuring that the state would collect more profit from the flourishing metalworking trade.", "Problems rose soon after Pavao pirani, who ruled Croatia as ban on behalf of the Hungarian king, seized a border town.", "Stephen and Kosaa were going to split his territory between them.", "Venice was worried that the fortresses would fall to the Ottomans if the Bosnians took over.", "King Stephen quickly established his relations with the Holy See.", "He sent a desperate plea to Pope Pius, asking him to send bishops, crusading weapons, and a crown, as well as to be recommended to Matthias Corvinus.", "Stephen was hoping that the Hungarian king would agree to provide him with military aid.", "On 17 November, the feast of Saint Gregory Thaumaturgus, who had been proclaimed \"Defender of Bosnia\" at royal request, the papal legate and newly appointed bishop Nicholas of Modru crowned Stephen in the Church of Saint Mary in Jajce.", "It was the only one in Bosnia that had a crown from Rome.", "With the religious persecution established by Thomas and with Stephen's active correspondence with the papacy, the Kingdom of Bosnia became a true Catholic state.", "The Pope's involvement in the coronation of the Bosnian monarchy offended the Hungarian king, who saw it as a violation of the rights of Hungarian kings.", "The Pope was asked to withdraw his support of Stephen.", "The negotiations between the kings of Bosnia and Hungary did not go smoothly.", "The relations were repaired in the spring of 1462.", "The Crown of St Stephen was Ransomed by Emperor Frederick III and Stephen was obliged to contribute.", "Stephen had to give up certain towns and refuse to pay tribute to the Ottomans in return for the Hungarian king's good graces.", "In the spring of 1462, it was known that Mehmed had decided to conquer Bosnia.", "Stephen 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266", "The Pope had the King's legates stay permanently at the Bosnian royal court and he tried to concentrate as many soldiers as possible in the threatened kingdom.", "The Republic of Ragusa enlisted the help of the Venetians to get the support of the Albanian ruler who was on his way to Bosnia.", "Venice suggested that Stephen and Kosaa should trust their own forces.", "King Ferdinand I of Naples offered nothing more than moral support.", "King Stephen found that there was little will within the country to resist foreign aid.", "The local population may have leaned towards the Ottomans due to increased exploitation and warfare.", "The discontent of forcefully converted elders of the Bosnian Church became prominent.", "Stephen gave gifts and honors in order to inspire loyalty and awarded fortified towns to people who were not trustworthy.", "The conflict between Kosaa and his son was the greatest blow to the defense efforts.", "The Ottoman ruler accepted help from Mehmed later that year.", "Stephen Tomaevi made a fatal decision in June 1462 after being encouraged by the Bishop of Modru.", "Pope Pius wrote in his diary that, \"relying on one knows what hope\", the King \"refused the tributes which his ancestors had long been used to pay the Ottomans and had invaded the town which the enemy had built at the confluence of Sava and Bosna to put fear", "According to Chalkokondyles, Stephen invited the Ottoman ambassador to his treasure house and showed him money set aside as tribute, but told him that he would rather use it to fight off an Ottoman attack or live off it in exile.", "Stephen's insubordinance and audacity enraged Mehmed the Conqueror.", "Stephen summoned the Bishop of Modru and blamed him for angering the Sultan, after hearing of the Sultan's vow to conquer his kingdom and destroy him.", "Nicholas was told to go to Hungary and seek action against the Ottomans, but no one from Christendom ever came to Bosnia.", "The Ragusans failed to fulfill their promises.", "In the spring of 1463, Mehmed gathered an army of 150,000 men in Adrianople to march towards Bosnia.", "Stephen Tomaevi tried to get a truce with the Sultan at the last moment.", "The Bosnian envoys were tricked by the Ottomans into thinking that the King's request for truce had been granted.", "The army set out after the envoys.", "King Stephen fled with his family and possessions after the forts fell.", "The Sultan joined the Ottoman army in their attack on Bobovac on the 19th of May.", "The King was captured by Angelovi.", "Stephen believed that Bobovac could survive the siege for two years.", "He sent his wife's possessions to Dalmatia and his stepmother's to Ragusa.", "Bobovac fell within days, contrary to Stephen Tomaevi's expectations.", "The King realized that he had no choice but to take refuge in Croatia.", "Angelovi caught up with him in Klju, savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay", "The Ottoman army was about to pass the city's fortress, not knowing that the King was hiding inside, when a local man revealed his location in return for money.", "The fortress was besieged for four days.", "Angelovi made a solemn promise to the King that he would not be harmed if he surrendered, and sent him a document guaranteeing his freedom.", "Stephen decided to surrender himself and his garrison to Angelovi because of the lack of supplies.", "After Mehmed in Jajce, Angelovi brought his uncle and cousin.", "Stephen sought to ingratiate himself with Mehmed by sending out orders to commanders and castellans to surrender, allowing his captor to take command of more than 70 towns in one week.", "Stephen was summoned by Mehmed on 25 May.", "Ali al-Bistami issued a fatwah saying that the Sultan was not bound to keep the promise he made to his servant.", "The elderly mullah beheaded Stephen in front of Mehmed in order to show the validity of his fatwah.", "Mehmed decapitated Stephen, according to the chronicler Benedetto Dei, who claimed to be part of the Sultan's retinue.", "Stephen was used as a shooting target by Mehmed.", "The execution of the King, his uncle, cousin and two noblemen took place in a field called Carevo Polje, which is now known as the Emperor's Field.", "Stephen Tomaevi was buried on a hill.", "The Bosnian state fell completely within weeks of his death.", "The country's quick submission is said to be the result of poor cooperation between Stephen and his noblemen, but it is perhaps most accurate to attribute it to the people's belief that the conquest was inevitable.", "The Bosnians were aware that the country would be overrun by Hungary if not by the Ottomans, and that they would have less freedom of religion and higher taxes.", "Resistance was not as strong as it could have been.", "The claim that the Bosnian Church betrayed the kingdom is groundless.", "Stephen Tomaevi's half-siblings were converted to Islam.", "After Stephen's death, Queen Catherine left for the Papal States, and Bosnia became part of the Ottoman Empire.", "Queen Maria lived the rest of her life in the Empire.", "The Croatian archeologist iro Truhelka found the skeleton of a decapitated adult male in a settlement close to Jajce in the late 19th century.", "There were two coins in the mouth of the head that was placed on the chest.", "It was assumed that the skeleton was that of Stephen Tomaevi.", "The skeleton was placed in a glass coffin in the right aisle of the Franciscan monastery despite objections from the friar Antun Kneevi.", "Bosnian monarchs Despots of Serbia 15th-century monarchs in Europe Year of birth missing 1 deaths" ]

[ "Stephen Tomašević", "Stephen II", "Stephen", "Stephen", "Stephen", "Stephen", "Stephen", "Stephen", "Stephen", "Stephen", "Stephen", "Stephen", "Stephen", "Stephen", "Stephen", "Stephen Tomašević", "Stephen", "Stephen", "Stephen", "Stephen", "Stephen", "Stephen", "Stephen", "Stephen", "Stephen", "Stephen", "Stephen", "Stephen", "Stephen", "Stephen", "Stephen Tomašević", "Stephen Tomašević", "Stephen", "Stephen", "Stephen", "Stephen", "Stephen", "Stephen", "Stephen", "Stephen", "Stephen", "Stephen", "Stephen", "Stephen", "Stephen", "Stephen", "Stephen", "Stephen", "Stephen Tomašević", "Stephen", "Stephen", "Stephen", "Stephen", "Stephen", "Stephen", "Stephen", "Stephen", "Stephen", "Stephen", "Stephen", "Stephen", "Stephen", "Stephen Tomašević", "Stephen", "Stephen", "Stephen", "Stephen Tomašević", "Stephen", "Stephen", "Stephen Tomašević", "Stephen", "Stephen", "Stephen", "Stephen", "Stephen", "Stephen", "Stephen", "Stephen Tomašević", "Stephen", "Stephen Tomašević", "Stephen", "Stephen Tomašević" ]

[ "Stephen Tomae", "Stephen", "Stephen", "Stephen", "Stephen", "Stephen", "Stephen", "Stephen", "Stephen", "Stephen", "Stephen", "Stephen", "Stephen", "Stephen", "Stephen Tomae", "Stephen", "Stephen", "Stephen", "Stephen", "Stephen", "Stephen", "Stephen", "Stephen Tomae", "Stephen", "Stephen", "Stephen", "Stephen", "Stephen", "Stephen", "Stephen", "Stephen", "Stephen", "Stephen", "Stephen", "Stephen", "Stephen", "Stephen", "Stephen", "Stephen", "Stephen Tomae", "Stephen", "Stephen", "Stephen", "Stephen", "Stephen", "Stephen", "Stephen", "Stephen", "Stephen", "Stephen", "Stephen", "Stephen", "Stephen Tomaevi", "Stephen", "Stephen", "Stephen", "Stephen Tomae", "Stephen", "Stephen", "Stephen Tomaevi", "Stephen", "Stephen", "Stephen", "Stephen", "Stephen", "Stephen", "Stephen Tomae", "Stephen", "Stephen Tomae", "Stephen", "Stephen Tomae" ]

[ "Milton Joel Caraglio Pérez (born 1 December 1988) is an Argentine professional footballer who plays as a striker for Rosario Central on loan from Cruz Azul.", "Club career\n\nRosario Central\n\nCaraglio started his football career at Rosario Central youth, being promoted to the first team in 2007.", "He made his professional on 17 March against San Lorenzo de Almagro in a 1–0 home defeat and scored his first goal against Huracán during the 2008 Apertura.", "In the following two seasons, the striker scored seven goals in 29 games.", "In July 2010, Caraglio joined West Ham United on trial, making his debut on 28 July when he played for 64 minutes in a 2–0 win against MK Dons.", "However, he failed to pass the stringent medical that West Ham put him through and he returned to Argentina.", "New England Revolution\n\nOn 2 August 2011, Caraglio completed a move to Major League Soccer side New England Revolution as the team's first ever designated player.", "Per MLS Soccer Players Union documentation, Caraglio's 2011 base salary was $54,000, though, under Designated Player rules,\nthe Revolution's salary cap would be charged roughly $200,000 for their use of the spot.", "It is likely that the fees associated with his loan deal / transfer fee pushed his over-all compensation into qualification for Designated Player rule, which does allow for transfer fees to be built into a salary cap hit that can extend over several seasons.", "Caraglio made his league debut on August 6, 2011, against Chivas USA in front of 11,523 fans at Gillette Stadium.", "The Revolution would lose 3-2, their 5th straight loss to Chivas, conceding a brace to Alejandro Moreno and an additional goal to Nick LaBrocca.", "The game is best remembered as the league debut of the Revolution's first homegrown player Diego Fagundez, who would additionally score his first MLS goal in the 86th minute.", "Caraglio's first goal came as part of a brace at home against the New York Red Bulls on Saturday, August 20, 2011.", "Caraglio scored his first goal in the 15th minute, breaking past three defenders and corralling his own shot past Bouna Coundoul.", "His second goal would come 22 minutes later, when he headed in a Kenny Mansally set piece in the 37th minute.", "Despite Caraglio's heroics the Revolution would concede 2 second half goals to Dane Richards and draw 2-2.", "Caraglio's final goal for the Revolution came on October 22, 2011 in the season finale at BMO Field against Toronto FC in front of 21,600 fans.", "Caraglio slid to connect with a Benny Feilhaber cross in the 46th minute, sending the ball past Miloš Kocić.", "Though the option on Caraglio's contract was not picked up at the end of the season, a The Boston Globe article reported that Caraglio, as well as season stand-outs Rajko Lekić and Monsef Zerka, were all considering returning to the club with renegotiated contracts.", "Despite this statement, coming from coach Jay Heaps, Revolution fans would learn on six days later that Caraglio had signed a contract with Rangers.", "Rangers\n\nAfter scoring three goals in 12 games with the New England Revolution, in December of the same year, he signed for Chilean Primera División club Rangers to play the 2012 Apertura Tournament.", "In Rangers the Argentine forward was the team's top scorer of the season, with 16 goals in 37 games.", "His success brought interest from Catania and Genoa in Italy, and also Racing in Argentina.", "Loan to Pescara\n\nOn January 22, 2013, Caraglio moved to Italian Serie A side Pescara to play for former Pescara player Cristiano Bergodi.", "Caraglio would play under 3 managers at Pescara in his half season of service - Bergodi was soon sacked and replaced by Cristian Bucchi in March, and Caraglio would only make 3 appearances for the team, who finished in 20th place and were relegated to Serie B.", "In June 2013 Caraglio's loan would end, and Pasquale Marino would oversee the return of Caraglio to Rangers.", "Loans to Arsenal de Sarand, Vélez Sarsfield\n\nThe striker played the 2013–14 Argentine Primera División season on loan for Arsenal de Sarandí, helping the team reach the quarterfinals of the 2014 Copa Libertadores.", "For the 2014–15 Argentine Primera División season, he was loaned from a third-party to Vélez Sarsfield for 18 months, with an option to buy of US$1,2 million.", "He debuted and scored his first goal for the team in the first fixture 1–0 win against Tigre.", "Caraglio scored the first two goals of the 2015 Argentine Primera División, in Vélez' 2–0 victory over Aldosivi.", "Move to Dorados de Sinaloa\n\nOn January 23, 2016, after several loan spells, and a year and five months left on his contract, Caraglio left Rangers de Talca for Mexican Liga MX side Dorados de Sinaloa to play for Luis Fernando Suárez in the Liga MX Clausura.", "In the Toreno Clausura 2016 Caraglio finished 12 in scoring in the league, with six goals for his new club, making a total of 14 appearances.", "Move to Tijuana\n\nIn July 2016, Caraglio moved to Tijuana to play for Miguel Herrera.", "He would wear the No.", "9 jersey.", "Caraglio scored 6 goals in 23 appearances for Tijuana, finishing atop the Liga MX table In the Torneo Apertura 2016 Caraglio scored 3 goals for his new club and 5 goals in the Torneo Clausura 2017.", "Atlas\n\nCaraglio moved to Atlas prior to the 2017 Apertura.", "He would once again play for José Guadalupe Cruz, who briefly managed him during his tenure at Sinaloa.", "On July 22, 2017 he made his league debut scoring the second of three goals against Club Leon Caraglio did not find the scoresheet again until September 29, when he scored both goals in a 2–0 win over Veracruz.", "Milton managed to score another brace against low regarded CD Guadalajara bringing his goal tally to 7.", "Milton Caraglio would finish the 2017 Apertura season with 8 Goals.", "In his second season with Atlas Milton scored a total of 8 goals in the season being the team's top scorer.", "Cruz Azul\n\nIn the summer of 2018 Milton Caraglio officially became a Cruz Azul player in Liga MX[9][10].", "On July 21, 2018 Milton made his League debut with Cruz Azul and made his first goal with the team via penalty shot in the 90th minute.", "He scored the 10,000 goals in stadium Azteca.", "Career statistics\n\nInternational career\nIn May 2009, Caraglio was called by coach Diego Maradona for a national team formed exclusively with Argentine-based players, to play a friendly against Panama.", "However, a knee injury forced him to leave the squad, and Esteban Fuertes was chosen as his substitute in his stead.", "Honours\nCruz Azul\n Copa MX: Apertura 2018\n Supercopa MX: 2019\n Leagues Cup: 2019\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Milton Caraglio at Vélez Sarsfield \n \n \n Milton Caraglio at ESPN Deportes \n \n\n1988 births\nLiving people\nFootballers from Rosario, Santa Fe\nArgentine people of Italian descent\nArgentine footballers\nArgentine expatriate footballers\nAssociation football forwards\nRosario Central footballers\nRangers de Talca footballers\nNew England Revolution players\nDelfino Pescara 1936 players\nClub Atlético Vélez Sarsfield footballers\nDorados de Sinaloa footballers\nClub Tijuana footballers\nAtlas F.C.", "footballers\nCruz Azul footballers\nArgentine Primera División players\nChilean Primera División players\nMajor League Soccer players\nDesignated Players (MLS)\nSerie A players\nLiga MX players\nExpatriate footballers in Chile\nExpatriate soccer players in the United States\nExpatriate footballers in Italy\nExpatriate footballers in Mexico" ]

[ "Caraglio Pérez is an Argentine professional footballer who plays for Rosario Central on loan from Cruz Azul.", "Caraglio was promoted to the first team in 2007, after starting his football career at the youth level.", "He scored his first goal against Huracn in the 2008 Apertura after making his professional on 17 March.", "In the next two seasons, he scored seven goals.", "Caraglio made his West Ham United debut on July 28, 2010, in a 2–0 win against the Dons.", "He returned to Argentina after failing to pass the stringent medical that West Ham put him through.", "Caraglio was the team's first ever designated player when he joined New England Revolution on August 2, 2011.", "Under Designated Player rules, the Revolution's salary cap would be charged $200,000 for their use of the spot, even though Caraglio's base salary was $54,000.", "It is likely that the fees associated with his loan deal pushed his over-all compensation into qualification for Designated Player rule, which allows for transfer fees to be built into a salary cap hit that can last several seasons.", "In front of 11,523 fans, Caraglio made his league debut on August 6, 2011.", "The Revolution lost to Chivas for the fifth straight time, this time by a score of 3-2.", "Diego Fagundez scored his first MLS goal in the 86th minute of the Revolution's league debut.", "Caraglio's first goal came as part of a brace at home against the New York Red Bulls.", "Caraglio scored his first goal in the 15th minute after breaking past three defenders and corralling his own shot.", "His second goal came in the 37th minute, when he headed in a Kenny Mansally set piece.", "Despite Caraglio's heroics the Revolution would concede 2 second half goals and draw 2-2.", "In front of 21,600 fans, Caraglio scored his final goal for the Revolution in the season finale against Toronto FC.", "The ball was sent past Milo Koci by Caraglio in the 46th minute.", "The Boston Globe reported that Caraglio, as well as season stand-out Rajko Leki and Monsef Zerka, were considering returning to the club with renegotiated contracts, even though the option on Caraglio's contract was not picked up at the end of the season.", "The Revolution fans learned six days later that Caraglio had signed a contract with Rangers.", "He joined Rangers in December of 2012 after scoring three goals in 12 games with the New England Revolution.", "The Argentine forward was the team's top scorer with 16 goals in 37 games.", "Catania and Genoa in Italy were interested in his success.", "Caraglio went on a loan to Pescara to play for Bergodi.", "Bergodi was sacked and replaced by Bucchi in March, and Caraglio only made 3 appearances for the team, who finished in 20th place and were demoted to Serie B.", "Pasquale Marino oversaw the return of Caraglio to Rangers after his loan ended.", "The player played in the Argentine Primera Divisin for the team and helped them reach the quarterfinals of the 2014 Copa Libertadores.", "He was on loan from a third-party to Vélez Sarsfield for 18 months, with an option to buy for US$1,2 million.", "He scored his first goal for the team in the first fixture.", "Caraglio scored two goals in Vélez' 2–0 victory over Aldosivi.", "On January 23, 2016 after several loan spells and a year and five months left on his contract, Caraglio left Rangers de Talca for Mexican side Dorados de Sinaloa.", "Caraglio scored 12 goals in the league and six for his new club, making 14 appearances.", "In July of 2016 Caraglio moved to Tijuana.", "He would wear the No.", "There is a 9 jersey.", "In the Torneo Apertura 2016 Caraglio scored 3 goals for his new club and 5 goals in the Clausura.", "Atlas Caraglio moved to Atlas before the Apertura.", "During his time at Sinaloa, he was managed by José Guadalupe Cruz.", "After scoring the second of three goals against Club Leon Caraglio on July 22, he did not score again until September 29, when he scored two goals in a 2–0 win over Veracruz.", "He scored two more goals against CD Guadalajara to bring his goal tally to 7.", "Caraglio scored 8 goals in the Apertura season.", "In his second season with Atlas, he scored 8 goals and was the team's top scorer.", "In the summer of 2018, Caraglio became a Cruz Azul player.", "He made his League debut with Cruz Azul in the 90th minute and scored his first goal with a penalty shot.", "He scored 10,000 goals.", "In May 2009, Caraglio was called by coach Diego Maradona for a national team formed exclusively with Argentine-based players, to play a friendly against Panama.", "He left the squad due to a knee injury and was replaced by Esteban Fuertes.", "Footballers from Argentina, Santa Fe, and Italian descent, as well as living people, are linked to External links.", "Soccer players in the United States and Italy are expatriates." ]

[ "Milton Joel Caraglio Pérez", "Caraglio", "Caraglio", "Caraglio", "Caraglio", "Caraglio", "Caraglio", "Caraglio", "Caraglio", "Caraglio", "Caraglio", "Caraglio", "Caraglio", "Caraglio", "Caraglio", "Caraglio", "Caraglio", "Caraglio", "Milton", "Milton Caraglio", "Milton", "Milton Caraglio", "Milton", "Milton Caraglio", "Milton Caraglio" ]

[ "Caraglio Pérez", "Caraglio", "Caraglio", "Caraglio", "Caraglio", "Caraglio", "Caraglio", "Caraglio", "Caraglio", "Caraglio", "Caraglio", "Caraglio", "Caraglio", "Caragliood", "Caraglio", "Caraglio", "Caraglio", "Caraglio", "Caraglio", "Caraglio", "Atlas Caraglio", "Caraglio", "Caraglio", "Caraglio" ]

[ "Wolfgang Borchert (; 20 May 1921 – 20 November 1947) was a German author and playwright whose work was strongly influenced by his experience of dictatorship and his service in the Wehrmacht during the Second World War.", "His work is among the best-known examples of the Trümmerliteratur movement in post-World War II Germany.", "His most famous work is the drama Draußen vor der Tür (The Man Outside), which he wrote soon after the end of World War II.", "His works are uncompromising on the issues of humanity and humanism.", "He is one of the most popular authors of the German postwar period; his work continues to be studied in German schools.", "Life \nBorchert was born in Hamburg, the only child of teacher Fritz Borchert, who also worked for the Dada magazine Die Rote Erde, and author Hertha Borchert, who worked for the Hamburg radio and was famous for her dialect poetry.", "Borchert's family was liberal and progressive, and they moved in Hamburg's intellectual social circles.", "Borchert hated his compulsory time in the party's youth wing, the Hitler Youth, from which, after missing meetings, he was released.", "He rebelled against the Nazi dictatorship in his prewar-works (1938–1940).", "In April 1940 he was arrested by the Gestapo) and then released.", "The same year he reluctantly took up an apprenticeship at the Hamburg bookshop C. Boysen in the Große Bleichen.", "He would pass around anti-Nazi poems to his colleagues.", "While at the bookshop, Borchert took acting lessons, without, at first, telling his parents.", "He left the apprenticeship early in 1941.", "Upon passing his acting examination on 21 March 1941, he began working for the travelling repertory theatre company Landesbühne Ost-Hannover based in Lüneburg.", "His nascent theatrical career was cut short by his conscription into the Wehrmacht in June 1941.", "Borchert was posted to the Eastern Front, where he saw the full horror of the eastern conflict, witnessing the numerous casualties in battle and those sustained due to cold, starvation and inadequate equipment.", "On 23 February 1942, he returned from sentry duty on the Russian front missing the middle finger of his left hand.", "He claimed that he had surprised a Russian soldier, had engaged in hand-to-hand conflict, his rifle had gone off in the struggle and wounded him.", "His superior officer, accusing him of attempting to evade military service by self-mutilation, had him arrested and placed in isolation.", "At his trial, the military prosecutor called for the death penalty, but the court believed Borchert's version, and he was pronounced not guilty.", "However, he was immediately re-arrested on charges under the Heimtückegesetz – making statements against the regime.", "He was convicted of making \"statements endangering the country\" and sentenced to serve a further six weeks of strict-regime detention, and was then sent back to the Eastern Front \"to prove himself at the front\".", "There he suffered frostbite and several further bouts of hepatitis, after which he was granted medical leave.", "On leave he again acted in a night club in the now bomb-ravaged city of Hamburg.", "He then returned to his barracks, and successfully applied to be transferred to an army theatre group.", "He was transferred to a transit camp in Koblenz, but in the dormitory on the evening of 30 November 1943 he retold parodies of the Nazi propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels.", "Borchert was denounced by one of the other soldiers in the dormitory, arrested, and on 21 August 1944 sentenced to nine months in prison.", "The sentence was deferred until the end of the War, so he was again returned to the army, this time mostly spending his time in his barracks in Jena, before being sent, in March 1945, to the area around Frankfurt-am-Main.", "His company surrendered to the French in March 1945.", "During their transportation to a prisoner of war camp, Borchert and others jumped off the lorry and escaped, and then he walked home to Hamburg (a distance of around 370 miles).", "He arrived there, totally exhausted, on 10 May, a week after Hamburg had surrendered to the British without putting up any resistance.", "Following the war, Borchert's condition continued to worsen.", "In 1946 one doctor told his mother he expected Borchert would not live longer than another year, but Borchert himself was never told of this prognosis.", "He resumed his work with the theatre, and continued writing.", "He wrote short prose and published a collection of poems Laterne, Nacht und Sterne (Lantern, Night and Stars) in December 1946.", "In December 1946 and/or January 1947 he wrote the play The Man Outside (Draußen vor der Tür).", "Even before its publication the play was performed on the radio on 13 February 1947, meeting with much acclaim.", "Later in 1947 Borchert entered a hepatic sanitorium in the Swiss city of Basel, where he continued with short stories and wrote his manifesto against war (Then there is only one thing!)", "shortly before his death from liver failure.", "Poems \nBorchert was keen on poetry from his mid-teens.", "Readers sensed in his poems the influence of famous poets, such as Shakespeare, Stefan George and Rainer Maria Rilke.", "Rilke was his role model, to the extent that he signed a work \"Wolff Maria Borchert\" to express his respect for him.", "He was a follower of some poets and had seen them as his source of art fulfillment, for example, when he was to join the army, he wrote that he was hungry for art, listing Baudelaire, Rimbaud, Verlaine, Musset, Schiller and Hölderlin.", "Writing poetry was easier for Borchert than creating prose.", "His poem production rate was around five to 10 per day.", "His work was reviewed by his father, which fact Wolfgang considered as an endorsement.", "He was later well known for expressing himself in poems when he needed to, no matter what the outcome.", "Borchert's writings indicate that he was less concerned with the quality of his work than he was fulfilled creating poems.", "This later came in when he joined the theater where he became an actor to better express himself.", "For instance, in one of his letters to Aline Bussmann he was not interested in hearing her opinion in what he wrote but rather he asked her whether the piece pleased her or not!", "Borchert's work was distributed to whoever showed interest in them; later, this helped the Gestapo arrest him along with other reasons.", "Even though Wolfgang's work was widely spread, he was not satisfied with his work and thought it was more of a self-expression need that he needed to let out:\n\n“Aber ich bin seit einiger Zeit darüber, meine Gedichte für etwas Wichtiges anzusehen, das nicht verloren gehen dürfte.", "Wenn von den paar Tausend – so viele werden es ja allmählich sein- nur zwei – drei übrig bleiben die es wert sind, dann will ich zufrieden sein.", "Wenn ich aber dennoch immer welche schreibe, die oft garnichts taugen, dann nur, um sie loszuwerden – sonst nichts.”\n\nLater when Wolfgang grew up, he purified his creation by destroying many poems that were irrelevant to that time period.", "In Wolfgang's eyes, what was left of his poems were not of high quality.", "Therefore, what survived from his poems were mostly included in his letters to Aline Bussmann, Ruth Hager, Carl Albert Lange and Hugo Seiker.", "Those poems were not to be published, or at least that was the intention of Borchert.", "However, in 1960, his mother Hertha Borchert and the American Stanley Tschopp gathered around two hundred poems to be published but that did not happen until 1996, when Allein mit meinem Schatten und dem Mond (Alone with my shadow and the moon), a compiled selection of Wolfgang Borchert's poems, was published.", "When it comes to putting Wolfgang's poems under the critic's spotlight, only his later work that he endorsed publishing should be studied.", "This is due to the fact that his poems were mostly written for certain events or to a particular person, or occasional literature; his earlier poems were done when he was young.", "From one of his longer poems:\n\nLaterne, Nacht und Sterne:\n\nIch möchte Leuchtturm sein\n\nIn Nacht und Wind-\n\nfür Dorsch und Stint-\n\nfür jedes Boot-\n\nund bin doch selbst\n\nein Schiff in Not!", "Which translates to:\n\nLantern, Night and Stars:\n\nI would like to be a lighthouse\n\nat night and wind –\n\nfor codfish and smelt –\n\nfor any boat –\n\nand am myself\n\nA ship in need!", "Style and influence \nWolfgang Borchert’s style was not limited to his poems, but rather it was his short stories that made his style more vivid.", "The experience he had been through during war was a key factor in the way he expressed himself; his work reflects the trauma he went through.", "The preoccupations of war and post war in Borchert’s writings are the pictures he had in mind of the front from the war, the life of a prisoner during the war, the return of a soldier to a destroyed Germany and the hope for the future after devastating war.", "From there his writings entail abrupt and fragmented pictures.", "Most of what he creates is not memorable-character based, meaning, he describes people and things without the labels placed by the society or the nation.", "For example, he mentions men, soldiers, or widows instead of giving up characters like himself, his parents or anyone else.", "People felt the pain in his writing even with this anonymity and that points out a humanitarian success he achieved; reaching the people’s hearts with simplicity.", "The basic language he used contributed to delivering the desired message of suffering the people, and he, experienced during the war time.", "His play Draußen vor der Tür, which was “a tragedy of a returning soldier”, had a hopelessly nihilistic theme.", "There was emphasis on how nothing was worth living for and everything was destroyed; the smell of guilt is spread everywhere, and the largest share of guilt is the God's guilt.", "There was no tolerance or acceptance to fate.", "This describes what Borchert felt inside and how he wanted to touch the audience's feelings.", "He aimed to bring up disjointed events and present them as a shattered mirror and let the audience enjoy feeling it instead of watching it.", "The normal style of narrating a story does not exist in Borchert's writings due to the intensity of experience he had to go through.", "Instead, the reader finds Borchert's stories divided into sections of despair, guilt, solitariness and a lack of faith and willingness.", "That was caused by the distracted mind, the shaken soul, and the disordered emotions initiated by the war experience.", "Borchert's work was not famous during his early days, although there were many people who liked his poems and prose works.", "The war gave Wolfgang's writings an everlasting impression; it was characterized as one of the best war-literature.", "He employed the styles of Rainer Maria Rilke and Holderlin into his poems and short stories.", "Rilke tends to use metaphors, metonymy and contradictions which affected Borchert in that he utilized many metaphors in his writings such as Borchert's short story “The Kitchen Clock”.", "In the story, he used the clock as a metaphor that reminds him of his mother and his lost family.", "It has a great resemblance to trauma-literature.", "Then, comes Hölderlin's role in inspiring Borchert where Hölderlin was known for using symbols in his writings instead of labeling people and places with their known tags.", "And, again in “The Kitchen Clock”, Borchert uses symbols in describing characters, for example, describing the returning soldier in “The Kitchen Clock” he says:\n\n“… He looked at his clock and shook his head pensively.", "No, dear sir, no, you are wrong about that.", "It has nothing to do with the bombs.", "You should not keep talking about the bombs.", "No.", "At 2:30.", "At night I mean.", "Nearly always at 2:30.", "That is just it…”\n\nThe character is missing here but the message he wanted to send is clear and deliverable because there are many people who had their different “Clock” after World War II and can relate to his situation.", "Borchert was a heavy reader and he read the product of other poets from other countries.", "Borchert was influenced by an American civil-war poet Walt Whitman.", "For example, the “Laterne, Nacht und Sterne“ written by Borchert is very similar to Whitman's “youth, old age, and night”.", "They share the same images of insomnia with darkness that are mixed with cold, hunger and the long time outside standings Later in Borchert's life, his work extended beyond the national borders as it was translated to other languages, especially English.", "The most famous work of Wolfgang Borchert was The Man Outside, a play that was first performed in 1947 only one day after his death.", "The Man Outside has the same tone as the Kitchen Clock so that it describes the return of a man who was in war prisons to his home.", "This play was first translated to English in 1952 by David Porter whose translation reduced the quality of this artistic piece.", "Then, Thomas Fisher, an English producer, retranslated the play and produced it to be played in London in 1998 at the Gate Theater.", "The translation of Borchert's work opened up the opportunity for foreigners to further study the trauma literature which is greatly presented in his poems and short stories.", "In 1988, a group of people who were keen on Wolfgang Borchert work initiated the International Wolfgang-Borchert Society.", "The mission of the society is to promote studying Borchert's writings to the international level.", "Selected bibliography \n Die drei dunklen Könige (The three dark kings, 1946)\n An diesem Dienstag (On this Tuesday, 1946)\nDie Hundeblume (The dandelion, 1946) \n Das Brot (The Bread, 1946)\n Draußen vor der Tür (The Man Outside, 1946)\n (The rats do sleep at night, 1947)\n (The cherries, 1947)\n (Then there's only one thing!, 1947)\n Die lange lange Strasse lang (Along the Long, Long Road, 1947)\n\nSee also\n\nWolfgang Borchert Theater\n\nReferences\n\nSources \nWolf, Rudolf.", "1984.", "Wolfgang Borchert.", "Werk und Wirkung.", "Bouvier Verlag.", "Bonn.", "Gumtau, Helmut.", "1969.", "Wolfgang Borchert.", "Colloquium Verlag.", "Berlin.", "Rühmkopf, Peter.", "1961.", "Wolfgang Borchert.", "Rowohlt.", "Reinbeck bei Hamburg.", "External links\n\n International Wolfgang Borchert Society\n English translations of some of Borchert's stories\n\n1921 births\n1947 deaths\nWriters from Hamburg\nGerman Army personnel of World War II\nGerman resistance members\nTrümmerliteratur\nDeaths from hepatitis\n20th-century German poets\n20th-century German dramatists and playwrights\nGerman male poets\nGerman male dramatists and playwrights\nGerman-language poets\n20th-century German male writers\nBurials at the Ohlsdorf Cemetery\nHitler Youth members" ]

[ "Wolfgang Borchert was a German author and playwright whose work was influenced by his experience of dictatorship and his service in the Wehrmacht during the Second World War.", "His work is one of the best examples of the Trmmerliteratur movement.", "He wrote The Man Outside after the end of World War II.", "The issues of humanity and humanism are uncompromising in his works.", "He is one of the most popular authors of the German postwar period, and his work continues to be studied in German schools.", "Life Borchert was the only child of teacher Fritz Borchert and author Hertha Borchert, who were both famous for their dialect poetry.", "Borchert's family was liberal and progressive, and they moved to Hamburg.", "After missing meetings, Borchert was released from the Hitler Youth.", "In his prewar-works, he rebelled against the Nazi dictatorship.", "He was arrested by the Gestapo in April 1940.", "He took up an apprenticeship at C. Boysen in the Groe Bleichen.", "He would give his colleagues anti-Nazi poems.", "Borchert didn't tell his parents about the acting lessons he took at the bookshop.", "He left the apprenticeship in 1941.", "He began working for the travelling repertory theatre company Landesbhne Ost-Hannover after passing his acting exam.", "His theatrical career was cut short when he was drafted into the Wehrmacht.", "Borchert was posted to the Eastern Front, where he witnessed the full horror of the eastern conflict, witnessing the numerous casualties in battle and those sustained due to cold, starvation and inadequate equipment.", "He missed the middle finger of his left hand when he returned from sentry duty.", "He said that he surprised a Russian soldier, engaged in hand-to-hand conflict, and that his rifle went off in the struggle and wounded him.", "His superior officer accused him of attempting to evade military service by self-mutilation and had him arrested and placed in isolation.", "The military prosecutor called for the death penalty at his trial, but the court believed Borchert's version and pronounced him not guilty.", "He was arrested again for making statements against the regime.", "He was sent back to the Eastern Front to prove himself after being convicted of making \"statements endangering the country\" and sentenced to serve a further six weeks of strict-regime detention.", "He was granted medical leave after he was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "He acted in a night club while on leave.", "He applied to be transferred to an army theatre group after returning to his barracks.", "He was transferred to a transit camp in Koblenz, but on the evening of 30 November 1943 he told a story about parodies of the Nazi propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels.", "Borchert was sentenced to nine months in prison on August 21, 1944, after one of the other soldiers in the dormitory denounced him.", "The sentence was deferred until the end of the war, so he was sent to the area around Frankfurt-am-Main, where he spent most of his time in his barracks.", "His company surrendered to the French in 1945.", "Borchert and others escaped from the prisoner of war camp when they jumped off the truck and walked home.", "He arrived there completely exhausted on 10 May, a week after he arrived.", "Borchert's condition continued to get worse after the war.", "Borchert was never told of the doctor's prediction that he would live another year.", "He continued to write and work with the theatre.", "He published a collection of poems in December of 1946.", "The Man Outside was written in December 1946 and January 1947.", "The play was performed on the radio before it was published.", "After entering a sanitorium in the Swiss city of Basel in 1947, Borchert continued with short stories and wrote his manifesto against war.", "His death came shortly before that.", "Borchert liked poetry from his teens.", "Readers could sense the influence of famous poets in his poems.", "He signed a work \"Wolff Maria Borchert\" to express his respect for Rilke.", "He was a follower of some poets and had seen them as his source of art fulfillment, for example, when he was to join the army, he wrote that he was hungry for art.", "It was easier for Borchert to write poetry.", "His poem production rate was between 5 and 10 per day.", "Wolfgang considered his father's review of his work to be an endorsement.", "He was known for expressing himself in poems no matter what the outcome was.", "According to Borchert's writings, he was more interested in creating poems than in the quality of his work.", "He became an actor when he joined the theater.", "In one of his letters to Aline Bussmann, he asked her if the piece pleased her or not, but he wasn't interested in hearing her opinion.", "The distribution of Borchert's work helped the Gestapo arrest him.", "Wolfgang was not satisfied with his work and thought it was more of a self-expression need that he needed to let out.", "Ihren paar Tausend ist ja allmhlich, so ihren bleiben die es wert.", "When Wolfgang grew up, he destroyed many poems that were irrelevant to that time.", "Wolfgang didn't think what was left of his poems were of high quality.", "The majority of what survived from his poems were included in his letters.", "The intention of Borchert was not to publish those poems.", "In 1960, his mother Hertha Borchert and the American Stanley Tschopp gathered around two hundred poems to be published.", "Wolfgang's later work should be studied when it comes to putting his poems under scrutiny.", "His earlier poems were done when he was young, but his earlier poems were mostly written for certain events or a particular person.", "Laterne, Nacht und Sterne: Ich mchte Leuchtturm, fr Dorsch und Stint, fr jedes Boot- und bin doch selbst.", "I would like to be a lighthouse at night and wind for codfish and smelt for any boat, and am myself a ship in need.", "Wolfgang Borchert's style was not limited to his poems, but rather his short stories made his style more vivid.", "His work reflects the trauma he went through during war, which was a key factor in the way he expressed himself.", "The preoccupations of war and post war in Borchert's writings are the pictures he had in mind of the front from the war, the life of a prisoner during the war, the return of a soldier to a destroyed Germany and the hope for the future after devastating war.", "His writings have pictures that are abrupt and fragmented.", "He describes people and things without the labels placed by the society or the nation.", "He mentions men, soldiers, or widows instead of giving up characters like himself, his parents, or anyone else.", "He achieved a humanitarian success by reaching the people's hearts with simplicity, even though people felt the pain in his writing.", "He was able to deliver the message of suffering to the people because of the basic language he used.", "The play was a tragedy of a returning soldier and had a hopelessly nihilistic theme.", "The smell of guilt is spread everywhere, and the God's guilt is the largest share of guilt, because nothing was worth living for and everything was destroyed.", "There was no acceptance of fate.", "Borchert wanted to touch the audience's feelings and this describes what he felt inside.", "He wanted to show the events as a shattered mirror and let the audience feel them instead of watching them.", "The normal style of narrating a story does not exist in Borchert's writings due to the amount of experience he had to go through.", "Borchert's stories were divided into sections of despair, guilt, solitariness and a lack of faith and willingness.", "The war experience distracted the mind, the soul and the emotions.", "There were many people who liked Borchert's poems and prose works.", "Wolfgang's writings were characterized as one of the best war-literature after the war.", "He used the styles of Rilke and Holderlin in his poems and short stories.", "Borchert's short story \"The Kitchen Clock\" is one of the metaphors that Rilke used in his writings.", "He used the clock as a metaphor to remind him of his lost family.", "It is very similar to trauma-literature.", "Hlderlin's role in inspiring Borchert is due to his use of symbols in his writings instead of using tags.", "Borchert uses symbols in describing characters, for example, describing the returning soldier in \"The Kitchen Clock\".", "No, sir, you're wrong about that.", "The bombs have nothing to do with it.", "You should stop talking about bombs.", "No.", "At 2:30.", "I mean at night.", "It's almost always at 2:30.", "The character is missing but the message he wanted to send is clear and deliverable because there are many people who had their different \"Clock\" after World War II and can relate to his situation.", "Borchert read the work of other poets from other countries.", "Borchert was influenced by an American poet.", "The \"Laterne, Nacht und Sterne\" written by Borchert is very similar to Whitman's \"youth, old age, and night\".", "Borchert's work extended beyond the national borders as it was translated to other languages, especially English.", "One day after Wolfgang Borchert's death, The Man Outside was performed for the first time.", "The Man Outside is similar to the Kitchen Clock in that it describes the return of a man who was in war prisons to his home.", "David Porter's translation reduced the quality of this artistic piece.", "Thomas Fisher, an English producer, produced the play in 1998 at the Gate Theater in London.", "The translation of Borchert's work gave foreigners the chance to further study the trauma literature presented in his poems and short stories.", "The International Wolfgang-Borchert Society was started in 1988 by a group of people who were interested in Wolfgang Borchert.", "Promoting studying Borchert's writings to the international level is the mission of the society.", "The drei dunklen Knige, The three dark kings, and The Hundeblume are included.", "1984.", "Wolfgang Borchert.", "It is called Werk und Wirkung.", "There is a book called Bouvier Verlag.", "Bonn.", "Helmut Gumtau.", "1969.", "Wolfgang Borchert.", "There is a colloquium Verlag.", "Berlin.", "Peter Rhmkopf.", "1961.", "Wolfgang Borchert.", "Rowtohl.", "The man bei Hamburg.", "The International Wolfgang Borchert Society English translations of some of Borchert's stories can be found here." ]

[ "Wolfgang Borchert", "Borchert", "Fritz Borchert", "Hertha Borchert", "Borchert", "Borchert", "Borchert", "Borchert", "Borchert", "Borchert", "Borchert", "Borchert", "Borchert", "Borchert", "Borchert", "Borchert", "Borchert", "Wolfgang", "Borchert", "Borchert", "Wolfgang", "Wolfgang", "Wolfgang", "Borchert", "Wolfgang Borchert", "Wolfgang", "Wolfgang Borchert", "Borchert", "Borchert", "Borchert", "Borchert", "Borchert", "Wolfgang", "Borchert", "Borchert", "Borchert", "Borchert", "Borchert", "Borchert", "Borchert", "Wolfgang Borchert", "Borchert", "Wolfgang Borchert", "Borchert", "Wolfgang Borchert", "Wolfgang Borchert", "Wolfgang Borchert", "Wolfgang Borchert", "Borchert" ]

[ "Wolfgang Borchert", "Life Borchert", "Fritz Borchert", "Hertha Borchert", "Borchert", "Borchert", "Borchert", "Borchert", "Borchert", "Borchert", "Borchert", "Borchert", "Borchert", "Borchert", "Wolfgang", "Borchert", "Borchert", "Wolfgang", "Wolfgang", "Wolfgang", "Borchert", "Borchert", "Wolfgang", "Wolfgang Borchert", "Borchert", "Borchert", "Borchert", "Borchert", "Borchert", "Wolfgang", "Borchert", "Borchert", "Borchert", "Borchert", "Borchert", "Borchert", "Wolfgang Borchert", "Borchert", "Wolfgang Borchert", "Borchert", "Wolfgang Borchert", "Wolfgang Borchert", "Wolfgang Borchert", "Borchert" ]

[ "Carl Koch ( May 11, 1912– 3 July 3, 1998) was a noted American architect.", "He was most associated with the design of prefabricated homes and development of the Techcrete building system.", "Early life and education\n\nAlbert Carl Koch, Jr. was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, on May 11, 1912.", "He was educated at Harvard College and received his Master of Architecture degree from the Harvard University Graduate School of Design (GSD), completing his studies in 1937.", "The time he spent at Harvard overlapped briefly with the arrival of Walter Gropius, founder of the Bauhaus in Germany, who had come to lead GSD.", "Koch served in the U.S. Navy during World War II.", "In April 1944, he was recruited for transfer to the Monuments, Fine Arts, and Archives program of the Allied Military Government in the European Theater of Operations, where he served in Germany with other ‘Monuments Men.’\n\nCareer\n\nAfter completing his education, Koch moved to Sweden where he briefly worked for Modernist architect Sven Markelius.", "After his return to the United States he began teaching at Harvard University and also began work on Snake Hill in 1940, a set of modernist houses including one for himself in Belmont, Massachusetts.", "Focusing on how to address family needs economically, he eliminated all complicated details and expensive millwork.", "Land costs were low because of a very steep slope and ledge which made construction less attractive for conventional building.", "Koch's own house was arranged on three levels, the lowest of which was built into the granite ledge, which was left exposed inside the house.", "The development was hailed as \"one of the best known and most significant groups of contemporary houses in the world\" in a 1946 article in Progressive Architecture, with photographs by Ezra Stoller.The cost of the house in 1940 was $6,160.", "Evidence of the design's livibility is the fact that the house is largely unmodified 80 years later.", "In one of the earliest examples of prefabrication, in 1947 Koch and two associates created the \"Acorn House\", which was designed to be assembled from parts in one day and then be \"demountable\" so it could be easily transported to a new location.", "Although prototypes were built, the design never caught on, possibly due to resistance from local building officials and financers.", "Koch considered the Acorn House his \"one best idea: one that in any reasonable world would have brought comfort to millions.\"", "The cost in 1949 was intended to be $4,500 of which all labor costs were supposed to be $350.", "After a number of false starts in the design of housing that could be fabricated from parts, he finally met with success with the 1953 \"Techbuilt\" house.", "With 90 franchised \"builder-dealers\" using parts from 4 factories, it is estimated that there were eventually more than 3000 Techbuilt houses in 32 US states.", "In the Techbuilt house, the post and beam system (which makes interior walls non-loadbearing) combined with a variety of modular exterior wall panels (in 4' and 8' widths) allowing the buyer to easily customize the design.", "In his 1958 book \"At Home with Tomorrow\", Koch laid out a philosophy of an \"industrial house\" that could use prefabrication of parts to design homes that better suited people's needs and could be built quickly and affordably.", "He questioned the prevailing view that people primarily cared about having their house look like their neighbors'.", "Although to modern readers some of the gender assumptions about how people live are jarring, the basic ideas about the usefulness of prefabrication and flexible plans still ring true in the 21st century.", "Larger Housing Developments\n\nKoch was also a pioneer in cluster housing, initiating, in 1951, the 104-home Conantum in Concord, Massachusetts one of the first of its kind in New England.", "In later years, he became involved in large-scale housing projects in Boston and New York associated with the urban renewal movement.", "Urban renewal attempted to address what was thought of as urban decay and blight through large scale razing of existing buildings and neighborhoods, replacing them with new highrises.", "Early on, the implications of this approach came under fire, most persuasively by Jane Jacobs in The Death and Life of Great American Cities\n\nWhile Koch's innovations were largely technical in nature, one of his projects, Academy Homes in Roxbury, Massachusetts, was the subject of neighborhood demostrations with residents asking for more community control.", "Koch believed the goals of technological advancement and citizen involvement could be reconciled.", "He recommended that neighborhood residents be given a larger role in the Techrete construction process and in planning of the neighborhood itself.", "An Early Example of \"Adaptive Reuse\"\n\nIn his project to transform Lewis Wharf into luxury housing, Koch embarked on a dual role of architect and developer.", "Completed in 1973, his reuse of the beautiful but obsolete 19th century structure predated the better-known redevelopment of historic Faneuil Hall Marketplace by architect Ben Thompson and developer James Rouse in 1976.", "Projects\nSnake Hill, Massachusetts group of eight houses (1941) \nThe Acorn House (1946)\nConantum, group of 102 houses, Concord, MA (1951)\nStaff housing for the US Embassy, Belgrade (1956)\nTurning Mill/Middle Ridge, Lexington, Massachusetts (1956–1967)\nAcademy Homes Boston, Massachusetts (1962)\nEliot House, Mount Holyoke College (1962)\nSpruce Hill Road, Weston, Massachusetts (1956)\nOcean Village/Arverne, for the Urban Development Corporation, New York City (1972)\nLewis Wharf Boston, Massachusetts (1973)\n\nPublications\n\nLegacy\nCarl Koch is known for his successful early designs for prefabricated housing.", "Progressive Architecture magazine gave him the unofficial title \"The Grandfather of Prefab\" in 1994.", "In total, over 3,000 Techbuilt homes were sold.", "Awards\n First Award American Institute of Architects (1954)\n Frank P. Brown Pioneer Award of the Benjamin Franklin Institute of Technology (1967)\n\nReferences\n\nAmerican architects\nModernist architects\n1998 deaths\n1912 births\nHarvard Graduate School of Design alumni" ]

[ "Koch was an American architect.", "The development of the Techcrete building system was one of the things he was associated with.", "Albert Carl Koch, Jr. was born in Milwaukee on May 11, 1912.", "He received his Master of Architecture degree from the Harvard University Graduate School of Design in 1937.", "During his time at Harvard, Walter Gropius, founder of the Bauhaus in Germany, came to lead the group.", "Koch was in the Navy during World War II.", "Koch joined the Monuments, Fine Arts, and Archives program of the Allied Military Government in the European Theater of Operations and served in Germany.", "He began work on Snake Hill in 1940, a set of houses including one for himself in Massachusetts, after he returned to the United States.", "He eliminated complicated details and expensive millwork in order to address family needs economically.", "Land costs were low because of a steep slope and ledge.", "The lowest level of Koch's house was built into a granite ledge, which was left exposed inside the house.", "The development was described as one of the best known and most significant groups of contemporary houses in the world in a 1946 article.", "The design's livibility is shown by the fact that the house is mostly unchanged 80 years later.", "Koch and two associates created the \"Acorn House\" in 1947, which was designed to be assembled from parts in one day and then be \"demountable\" so it could be easily transported to a new location.", "The design never caught on because of resistance from local building officials and financers.", "Koch thought that the Acorn House would have brought comfort to millions.", "All labor costs were supposed to be $350 in 1949.", "After a number of false starts in the design of housing that could be fabricated from parts, he finally met with success with the 1953 \"Techbuilt\" house.", "More than 3000 Techbuilt houses were built in 32 US states using parts from 4 factories.", "The Techbuilt house has a post and beam system that makes interior walls non-loadbearing and a variety of modular exterior wall panels that allow the buyer to easily modify the design.", "Koch's philosophy of an \"industrial house\" that could use prefabrication of parts to design homes that better suited people's needs was laid out in his book \"At Home with Tomorrow\".", "He wondered if people cared about having their house look like their neighbors.", "The basic ideas about the usefulness of prefabrication and flexible plans are still valid in the 21st century.", "The first of its kind in New England, the 104- home Conantum in Concord, Massachusetts was initiated in 1951 by Larger Housing Developments Koch.", "He was involved in large-scale housing projects in Boston and New York associated with the urban renewal movement.", "Large scale razing of existing buildings and neighborhoods to make way for new highrises was part of urban renewal.", "Koch's innovations were largely technical in nature and one of his projects was the subject of neighborhood demostrations.", "Koch believed that the goals of technological advancement and citizen involvement could be reconciled.", "Neighborhood residents should be given more of a say in the Techrete construction process and in the planning of the neighborhood.", "Koch embarked on a dual role of architect and developer in his project to transform Lewis wharf into luxury housing.", "The reuse of the beautiful but obsolete 19th century structure was completed in 1973.", "The group of eight houses in Massachusetts was called the Projects Snake Hill.", "He was given the title \"The Grandfather of Prefab\" in 1994.", "Over 3000 Techbuilt homes were sold.", "The first award of the American Institute of Architects was the Frank P. Brown Pioneer Award." ]

[ "Carl Koch", "Albert Carl Koch", "Koch", "Koch", "Koch", "Koch", "Koch", "Koch", "Koch", "Koch", "Koch", "Koch", "Carl Koch" ]

[ "Koch", "Albert Carl Koch", "Koch", "Koch", "Koch", "Koch", "Koch", "Koch", "Koch", "Koch", "Koch" ]

[ "Norman Shelley (16 February 1903 – 21 August 1980) was a British actor, best known for his work in radio, in particular for the BBC's Children's Hour.", "He also had a recurring role as Colonel Danby in the long-running radio soap opera The Archers.", "Perhaps Shelley's single best-known role was as Winnie-the-Pooh in Children's Hour adaptations of A.A. Milne's stories; for many British people of the mid-20th century, his is the definitive voice of Pooh.", "Other roles for Children's Hour included Dr. Watson (opposite Carleton Hobbs as Holmes) in the 1952–1969 Sherlock Holmes radio series; Toad in Kenneth Grahame's The Wind in the Willows; and the roles of The Magician and Captain Higgins in the specially written Toytown series.", "Shelley also played the parts of Gandalf and Tom Bombadil in the 1955-6 radio adaptation of J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings.", "In the 1973 BBC television series Jack the Ripper Shelley played Detective Constable Walter Dew.", "Life and career \nShelley was born in Chelsea, London, the son of Frank Shelley, a painter, and his wife, Alice Campbell, née Glover.", "He originally intended to make a career as an aircraft designer, but took up stage acting on the advice of the actress and teacher Rosina Fillipi.", "His public debut was at the Old Vic in 1919, and in the early 1920s he toured with the Charles Doran Shakespeare Company, performing such roles as Trebonius in Julius Caesar and Sebastian in Twelfth Night.", "During the 1920s and early '30s he worked principally in London, and was particularly associated with Peter Godfrey's experimental productions at the Gate Theatre Studio.", "Shelley's first BBC broadcast was in 1926, having earlier made a reputation in radio in Australia and New Zealand.", "By the late '30s he established a reputation as a respected and versatile British radio actor.", "In 1937 he married Monica Daphne, née Brett.", "During the Second World War he was a member of the BBC's wartime repertory company, but left to serve as a ferry pilot in the Air Transport Auxiliary.", "In the 1930s and '40s he was a Children's Hour regular, famous as Dennis the Dachshund in Toytown, and as Winnie-the-Pooh, whom he first played in 1939.", "He played Dr Watson to Carleton Hobbs's Sherlock Holmes from October 1952 to July 1969.", "In the late 1950s he took part in recorded dramatised versions by Argo Records of Alice in Wonderland (1958) and Through the Looking-Glass, both directed by Douglas Cleverdon and both starring Jane Asher in the title role.", "For the same company he also recorded his impersonation of Toad in Wind in the Willows (1960) with Richard Goolden as Mole.", "Late in life he found new fame as Colonel Freddy Danby in the BBC radio serial The Archers.", "He was still recording episodes of The Archers at the time of his death.", "He collapsed suddenly at Finchley Road tube station, London, on 21 August 1980, and was declared dead in the Royal Free Hospital, Hampstead.", "His wife had predeceased him; he was buried near her at Long Hanborough, Oxfordshire, on 28 August.", "Churchill impersonation \nA recurring rumour holds that, because the House of Commons was not set up for location recording at that time, some of Winston Churchill's most famous speeches to Parliament during the Second World War were subsequently recorded for radio broadcast by Shelley, impersonating Churchill.", "The rumour has been promoted by David Irving, to support his unflattering view of Churchill.", "It is difficult to prove or disprove Irving's claims.", "Analysis of the voice patterns in 20 of Churchill's recorded speeches show that three made in May and June 1940 do not match those provably by him, although Churchill might have recorded them after his voice had changed.", "According to one source, it is unproven whether Shelley is the speaker and, if so, whether the speeches were broadcast as having been spoken by Churchill.", "One report states Shelley did record a performance of Churchill's \"We shall fight on the beaches\" speech, which is claimed to be one of the three non-matching speeches,.", "However, Shelley's 78rpm record is dated 7 September 1942, whereas Churchill's speech was broadcast on 4 June 1940, key parts being read out by a BBC announcer.", "Shelley claimed that, with Churchill's permission, he did once voice Churchill for an introduction to a wartime propaganda film for distribution overseas, because the Prime Minister could not find time for the necessary visit to the studio.", "According to Shelley's great friend, former BBC radio and TV producer and presenter, Trevor Hill, Shelley did stand in for Churchill on at least three occasions, specifically when Churchill was ill or out of the country.", "That would never have been divulged at the time.", "Shelley's party piece, apparently often requested, was for everyone to close their eyes while he impersonated Churchill, and on those occasions, according to Hill, it was impossible to tell the difference.", "In 1949, Churchill re-recorded most of his speeches at his home at Chartwell.", "The EMI engineer responsible for the recordings has told the BECTU History Project that he used one of the then new British Tape Recorders, and that Churchill usually did the recording in bed, so the speeches have a more relaxed air than the original broadcast.", "They are often the versions that are played today.", "Selected filmography \n\n Down River (1931) as Blind Rudley\n East Lynne on the Western Front (1931)\n The River Wolves (1934) as Jim Spiller\n The Iron Duke (1934) as Pozzo di Borgo\n Went the Day Well?", "(1942) as Bob Owen (uncredited)\n They Came to a City (1944) as Mr Cudworth\n Strawberry Roan (1944) as Dr. Lambert\n I Know Where I'm Going!", "(1945) as Sir Robert Bellinger (voice)\n We of the West Riding (1945) as narrator\n I See a Dark Stranger (1946) as Man in Straw Hat\n Dancing with Crime (1947) as Stage Door Keeper (uncredited)\n The Silver Darlings (1947) as Hendry\n Daughter of Darkness (1948) as Smithers\n The Monkey's Paw (1948) as Monoghan\n Vote for Huggett (1949) as Mr. Wilson\n The Blue Lamp (1950) as F. P. Jordan (uncredited)\n Her Favourite Husband (1950) as Mr. Dobson\n I'll Get You for This (1951) as Mr. Langley (uncredited)\n Blind Man's Bluff (1952) as Superintendent Morley\n Private Information (1952) as Freemantle\n Strange Stories (1953) as Mr. Gilkie\n The Man Without a Body (1957) as Dr. Alexander\n The Price of Silence (1959) as Councilor Forbes\n Sink the Bismarck!", "(1960) as Winston Churchill (voice, uncredited)\n The Angry Silence (1960) as Seagrave\n Very Important Person (1961) as Fred Whittaker\n A Place to Go (1963) as Magistrate\n Otley (1968) as Businessman\n Oh!", "What a Lovely War (1969) as Staff Officer in Ballroom\n Frankenstein Must Be Destroyed (1969) as Guest – Smoking pipe\n Gulliver's Travels (1977) as Father / animation voices\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n A detailed debunking of the impersonation of Winston Churchill rumour\n Shelley, Norman at BFI\n \n\n1903 births\n1980 deaths\nRoyal Air Force personnel of World War II\nEnglish male radio actors\nEnglish male film actors\nEnglish male television actors\nEnglish male voice actors\n20th-century English male actors\nChildren's Hour presenters" ]

[ "NormanShelley was a British actor best known for his work in radio for the Children's Hour.", "He had a recurring role as Colonel Danby in The Archers.", "For many British people of the mid-20th century, he is the definitive voice of Pooh.", "The roles of The Magician and Captain Higgins in the Toytown series were among the other roles for Children's Hour.", "The radio version of The Lord of the Rings was written by J. R. R. Tolkien.", "Jack the Ripper played a detective in a television series.", "Frank and Alice Campbell were the parents of Shelley, who was born in London.", "He took up stage acting because of the advice of the actress and teacher.", "In 1919 he made his public debut at the Old Vic, and in the early 1920s he toured with the Charles Doran Shakespeare Company, playing roles in Julius Caesar and Sebastian.", "During the 1920s and early '30s he worked in London and was associated with Peter Godfrey's experimental productions at the Gate Theatre Studio.", "He made a reputation in radio in Australia and New Zealand and his first broadcast was in 1926.", "He was a respected and versatile British radio actor.", "Monica was married to him in 1937.", "He served as a ferry pilot in the Air Transport Auxiliary during the Second World War, despite being a member of the repertory company.", "He played Winnie-the-Pooh for the first time in 1939 and was a regular on Children's Hour in the 1930s and '40s.", "From October 1952 to July 1969 he was in the movie.", "In the late 1950s, he was part of recorded dramatised versions of Alice in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass, both directed by Douglas Cleverdon and starring Jane Asher in the title role.", "For the same company, he impersonated Toad in Wind in the Willows with Richard Goolden.", "He became famous as Colonel Freddy Danby in The Archers.", "At the time of his death, he was still recording episodes of The Archers.", "He died in the Royal Free Hospital, Hampstead, after collapsing at the Finchley Road tube station.", "He was buried near his wife on August 28th.", "The House of Commons was not set up for location recording at that time, which is why some of the most famous speeches to Parliament during the Second World War were recorded for radio broadcast.", "The rumour was promoted by David Irving to support his view of the man.", "It's hard to prove or disprove Irving's claims.", "Three speeches made in May and June 1940 do not match the voice patterns 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611", "According to one source, it is not certain whether the speeches were broadcast as having been spoken by Churchill or not.", "The \"We shall fight on the beaches\" speech is claimed to be one of the three non-matching speeches, according to one report.", "The 78rpm record by Shelley is dated 7 September 1942, whereas the speech by Churchill was broadcast on 4 June 1940.", "The Prime Minister couldn't make it to the studio in time for the introduction to the propaganda film, so the voice of Churchill was used.", "On at least three occasions, Shelley stood in for Churchill when he was sick or out of the country.", "At the time, that wouldn't have been revealed.", "According to Hill, it was impossible to tell the difference between the two, because the party piece was for everyone to close their eyes.", "In 1949, most of his speeches were re- recorded at his home at Chartwell.", "According to the BECTU History Project, the engineer responsible for the recordings told them that he used a British tape recorder and that the speeches had a more relaxed air than the original broadcast.", "Today's versions are the ones that are played.", "The filmography Down River was selected as Blind Rudley East Lynne on the Western Front.", "As Bob Owen, they came to a city, and as Mr Cudworth Strawberry Roan, I know where I'm going!", "The voice of Sir Robert Bellinger was used in We of the West Riding and Man in Straw Hat Dancing with Crime.", "As Seagrave Very Important Person, The Angry Silence, and Fred A Place to Go, the voice was uncredited.", "A detailed debunking of the impersonation of the British Prime Minister is contained in the External links." ]

[ "Norman Shelley", "Shelley", "Shelley", "Shelley", "Shelley", "Frank Shelley", "Shelley", "Shelley", "Shelley", "Shelley", "Shelley", "Shelley", "Shelley", "Shelley", "Shelley" ]

[ "NormanShelley", "Shelley", "Shelley", "Shelley" ]

[ "Jagadeva, also known as Jagaddeva or Jagdev Parmar, was an 11th-12th century prince from the Paramara dynasty of central India.", "He is known from an inscription discovered at Jainad and some folk legends.", "His political status is uncertain, although according to one theory, he may have been a vassal of the Western Chalukyas.", "Ancestry and political status \nThe coins and inscriptions from Jagadeva's period have been found in the northern parts of Berar and Marathwada regions of Maharashtra, not the traditional Paramara territory of Malwa.", "These regions were dominated by the Chalukyas of Kalyani.", "An inscription discovered at Jainad names Jagaddeva as the son of the Paramara king Udayaditya (reigned c. 1060–1086).", "Four gold coins bearing the name \"Shri-Jagadeva\" have also been discovered.", "Several scholars, including P. C. Roy, identify the issuer of these coins as the Paramara prince.", "M. H. Krishna surmised that the Chalukya king Someshvara was known by the title \"Jagaddeva\" (\"Lord of the world\") in the northern part of his kingdom, and it was he who issued these coins.", "However, all the known Chalukya coins feature Kannada script, while coins of Jagaddeva feature the Nagari script used by the Paramaras.", "Therefore, Krishna's theory is purely conjectural.", "V. P. Rode theorizes that Jagadeva accepted the suzerainty of Vikramaditya VI of Kalyani.", "Vikramaditya made him governor of Berar and a part of Deccan.", "P. C. Roy disagrees with this theory, arguing that a vassal could not have issued gold coins in his own name, and the coins do not mention the Chalukyas.", "A legendary account in the Ras-Mala states that Jagadeva succeeded Udayaditya as the king.", "Therefore, D. C. Ganguly suggested that Jagadeva was another name for Lakshmadeva (r. c. 1086-1094 CE), who according to Paramara inscriptions, was the successor of Udayaditya.", "According to Ganguly's theory, he abdicated the throne in favour of his brother Naravarman (r. c. 1094-1133 CE).", "He then governed the southern part of the Paramara kingdom (northern parts of Berar and Deccan) until at least 1112 CE.", "Later, he lived at the Chalukya court at Vikramaditya's invitation.", "K. C. Jain disagrees with this theory, arguing that Jagaddeva and Lakshmadeva were two distinct princes.", "Jainad inscription \n\nThe undated Jainad inscription was found on the floor of a temple mandapa.", "It was composed by the poet Ashvatthama in Sanskrit language, and has been dated to the 11th century on a palaeographical basis.", "It records the construction of a temple dedicated to Surya (the sun deity) by one Padmavati.", "The inscription states that it was issued during Jagaddeva's rule.", "The inscription begins with verses praising Surya and Shiva.", "It then mentions the Agnivansha myth, which states that the founder of the Paramara dynasty was created by Vashistha from a sacrificial fire pit.", "Jagaddeva was born in this dynasty: his father and paternal uncle are named as Udayaditya and Bhoja respectively.", "Next, the record describes the military achievements of Jagaddeva:\n He defeated the king of Andhra.", "Historian H. V. Trivedi believes that this refers to the Chola king Rajaraja II, and Jagaddeva may have led a Chalukya invasion against the Chola occupation of Andhra territory.", "He \"uprooted in sport\" the king of Chakradurga.", "Chakradurga can be identified with the present-day Bastar district; its ruler at that time was Someshvara of an obscure dynasty named Naga.", "He successfully invaded Dorasamudra, causing \"acute pain in the heart of the chief of Malahara\".", "Trivedi theorizes that this refers to the Chalukya invasion of the Hoysala kingdom, which was ruled by Ballala.", "According to him, \"Malahara\" is a variation of \"Malaha\" or \"Malapa\" (hill chiefs), and referred to a hill tribe to which the Hoysalas belonged.", "He fought against the Gurjaras, causing a flood of tears among the wives of the Gurjara warriors.", "The inscription mentions the word \"Jayasimha\" in this sentence.", "D. C. Ganguly interpreted the sentence to mean that Jagaddeva's bravery was an \"announcement of the valour of Jayasimha\".", "He concluded that Jagaddeva may have fought against the Chaulukya (Solanki) king of Gujarat, as part of the Paramara army under Jayasimha I.", "However, a later translation appearing in Epigraphia Indica interprets the verse to mean that Jayasimha was an enemy of Jagaddeva.", "On basis of this, Trivedi identifies Jayasimha as the Chaulukya king Jayasimha Siddharaja.", "He subdued the king Karna.", "Ganguly identified Karna as the Chaulukya king Karna, but V. V. Mirashi disagreed with this theory, pointing out that Jagadeva's father Udayaditya is said to have destroyed the king of Dahala.", "The Dahala region was ruled by the Kalachuris, so Mirashi identifies Karna as the Kalachuri king Karna.", "According to H. V. Trivedi, the Kalachuri king may be identified as either Karna or his son Yashah-Karna.", "Jaggadeva's brother Lakshmadeva is known to have invaded the Kalachuri capital Tripuri during Yashah-Karna's reign, and might have been aided by Jagaddeva in this campaign.", "The rest of the inscription describes Padmavati, who resembled Lakshmi and constructed the \"Nimbaditya\" temple \"in this city\".", "The inscription does not name the city, but it is possible that it refers to Jainad, where the inscription was found in a temple.", "Padmavati is described as the queen of Arjuna, who was a member of the Dahima family.", "Arjuna is described as a subordinate and a favourite of the king Udayaditya.", "The inscription also mentions Udayaditya's minister Lolarka as another member of the Dahima family.", "He is described a Shaivite who was loyal to Jagaddeva.", "Lolarka's father Gunaraja was also a favourite of Udayaditya.", "Legends\n\nLegend of Virmati and Jagadeva \nOne legend about Jagadeva is mentioned in the Ras-Mala, a collection of Gujarati legends.", "It names Jagdev Parmar (Jagadeva) as the son of king Udayadit of Dhar (Udayaditya) and his Solanki (Chaulukya) wife.", "The king's favourite son and the heir apparent was Rindhaval, his son by another wife from Vagheli family.", "The Chavda ruler of Tuktoda was impressed with Jagdev's merits, and married his daughter Virmati to the Paramara prince.", "Jagdev left his father's kingdom because of harassment from the Vagheli queen and reached Tuktoda.", "From there, he and Virmati marched to Anhilvara (Patan), the capital of the Solanki king Sidh Raj Jesangh (Jayasimha Siddharaja).", "Virmati's mother was the sister of the Solanki king, and Jagdev hoped to find employment with him.", "Virmati went to the royal palace to seek the king's help, but she was trapped in a room by a woman named Jamoti, who had been paid by the governor's son Dungarsi to find a paramour for him.", "When Dungarsi came to the room, Virmati got him drunk and killed him.", "When the king learned about this incident, he praised Virmati as an honourable woman and enlisted Jagdev in his service.", "One day, the Solanki king asked Jagdev to investigate some strange sounds he had been hearing.", "Jagdev found four wailing women, who introduced themselves as the Fates of Patan.", "They told him that the Solanki king was about to die.", "Near them were four other women, who were laughing.", "They introduced themselves as the Fates of Delhi.", "Jagdev asked them if there was any way to save the king's life.", "They told him that if a highly ranked man offered his life instead, the king would survive.", "Jagdev then decided to offer his life, but his wife insisted that their entire family offer their lives.", "First, they offered their first-born son to the Fates.", "The Fates beheaded the boy, but impressed with the family's loyalty to the king, they let the rest of the family go.", "The Solanki king had secretly seen the entire episode.", "He was pleased with Jagdev's loyalty, and married one of his daughters to Jagdev.", "Virmati was satisfied with this arrangement, because multiple wives indicated the high status of a Rajput lord.", "According to this legend, Jagdev went back to Dhar after Udayadit's death and became the new Paramara king.", "Navalram's play Veermati (1869) is based on this legend.", "Shree Nath Patankar made Sati Veermata, an Indian silent film based on the legend, in 1923.", "Other legends \nAccording to another bardic tradition, some tribes in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent are descended from \"Jagdev Parmar\", that is, Jagadeva.", "During the reign of Jagadeva's nephew Yashovarman (r. c. 1133-1142 CE), the Delhi Sultanate invaded Malwa.", "The bardic works state that Jagadeva's descendant Rai Shankar and some other Paramaras migrated to Punjab via Rajputana as a result of this invasion.", "Rai Shankar had three sons: Gheo (the ancestor of Ghebas), Teo or Tenu (the ancestor of Tiwanas) and Seo (the ancestor of Sials).", "Teo's descendants established the Mataur village in present-day Haryana, from where the Tiwanas migrated to other places.", "Some of them converted from Hinduism to Sikhism and Islam in the later centuries.", "The rulers of the Muli princely state in present-day Gujarat also claimed descent from Jagdev Parmar.", "The Ambaraian rulers of the Akhnoor principality in present-day Jammu and Kashmir traced their ancestry to \"Jagdev Singh\" (Jagadeva), who had migrated from Dhar.", "References \n\nParamara dynasty" ]

[ "Jagadeva was a prince from the Paramara dynasty of central India.", "He's known from an inscription found at Jainad.", "According to one theory, he may have been a vassal of the Western Chalukyas.", "The coins and inscriptions from Jagadeva's period have not been found in the traditional Paramara territory of Malwa.", "The regions were dominated by the Chalukyas.", "Jagaddeva is the son of the Paramara king Udayaditya.", "There are four gold coins with the name \"Shri-Jagadeva\".", "The Paramara prince is identified by several scholars, including P. C. Roy.", "According to M.H. Krishna, the king Someshvara was the one who issued these coins in the northern part of his kingdom.", "The Nagari script used by the Paramaras is used in coins of Jagaddeva.", "Krishna's theory is a conjectural one.", "V. P. Rode theorizes that Jagadeva accepted the suzerainty of Vikramaditya VI of Kalyani.", "He was governor of Berar and part of Deccan.", "P. C. Roy disagrees with the theory that a vassal could not have issued gold coins in his own name.", "According to a legend, Jagadeva succeeded Udayaditya as the king.", "According to Paramara inscriptions, Jagadeva was the successor of Udayaditya.", "He abdicated the throne in favor of his brother Naravarman.", "He ruled the southern part of the Paramara kingdom until at least 1112CE.", "He lived at the court at the invitation of Vikramaditya.", "K. C. Jain believes that Jagaddeva and Lakshmadeva were two different princes.", "A Jainad inscription was found on the floor of a temple.", "It was written in Sanskrit and was dated to the 11th century.", "The construction of a temple dedicated to Surya was recorded.", "According to the inscription, it was issued during Jagaddeva's rule.", "The inscription begins with praise for Surya and Shiva.", "It states that the founder of the Paramara dynasty was created by Vashistha from a fire pit.", "Jagaddeva's father and paternal uncle are both named Udayaditya and Bhoja.", "The military achievements of Jagaddeva were described in the record.", "Historian H. V. Trivedi believes that this refers to Rajaraja II, and that Jagaddeva may have led an invasion against the Cholas.", "The king moved to sport.", "The present-day Bastar district is named after the ruler of the time, Someshvara of the Naga dynasty.", "He caused pain in the heart of the chief of Malahara.", "The invasion of the Hoysala kingdom was ruled by Ballala, according to Trivedi.", "\"Malahara\" is a variation of \"Malaha\" or \"Malapa\" and refers to a hill tribe that the Hoysalas belonged to.", "He caused a lot of tears among the wives of the Gurjara warriors.", "The word \"Jayasimha\" is mentioned in the inscription.", "The sentence said that Jagaddeva's bravery was an \"announcement of the valour of Jayasimha\".", "He concluded that Jagaddeva may have been part of the Paramara army that fought against the Chaulukya king of Gujarat.", "Epigraphia Indica interprets the verse to mean that Jayasimha was an enemy of Jagaddeva.", "The Chaulukya king is identified by Trivedi as Jayasimha Siddharaja.", "The king was subdued by him.", "The king of Dahala is said to have been destroyed by his father Udayaditya.", "The Kalachuri king Karna was the Dahala region's ruler.", "The Kalachuri king may be either Karna or his son, according to H. V. Trivedi.", "The Kalachuri capital of Tripuri may have been invaded by Jaggadeva's brother, who may have been aided by Jagaddeva.", "The inscription describes a man who resembled a Goddess and built a temple in the city.", "It is possible that the inscription refers to Jainad, where it was found in a temple.", "The queen of Arjuna was a member of the Dahima family.", "According to the king Udayaditya, Arjuna is a favorite.", "The Dahima family has at least one member mentioned in the inscription.", "He was loyal to Jagaddeva.", "Gunaraja was a fan of Udayaditya.", "One of the legends about Jagadeva is in the collection of Gujarati legends.", "The son of king Udayadit of Dhar (Udayaditya) and his Solanki wife is named Jagdev Parmar.", "Rindhaval was the king's favourite son and the heir apparent.", "The Paramara prince was married to the daughter of the ruler of Tuktoda.", "He left his father's kingdom because of harassment from the Vagheli queen.", "The capital of the Solanki king was Anhilvara.", "The sister of the Solanki king was the sister of Jagdev.", "She was trapped in a room by a woman named Jamoti who was paid by the governor's son to find a mistress for him.", "Dungarsi was killed when he came to the room.", "When the king heard about the incident, he praised the woman and enlisted the man.", "The Solanki king asked Jagdev to investigate some strange noises he was hearing.", "The women introduced themselves as the Fates of Patan.", "The Solanki king was going to die.", "Four other women were laughing.", "They said they were the Fates of Delhi.", "They were asked if there was a way to save the king's life.", "The king would survive if a highly ranked man offered his life.", "His wife insisted that their entire family offer their lives, even though Jagdev decided to offer his life.", "Their first child was offered to the Fates.", "After beheading the boy, the Fates were impressed with the family's loyalty to the king, so they let the rest of the family go.", "The king watched the entire episode.", "He married one of his daughters to Jagdev because he was happy with his loyalty.", "The high status of a Rajput lord was indicated by multiple wives.", "After Udayadit's death, Jagdev went back to Dhar and became the new Paramara king.", "This legend is the basis of Navalram's play Veermati.", "An Indian silent film based on a legend was made in 1923.", "According to a bardic tradition, some tribes in the northern part of India are descended from a man named Jagadeva.", "The Delhi Sultanate invaded Malwa during the reign of Jagadeva's nephew.", "Some Paramaras migrated to Punjab via Rajputana as a result of this invasion, according to the bardic works.", "Rai Shankar had three sons, one of which was the descendant of Sials.", "The Mataur village was established by Teo's descendants after the Tiwanas migrated to other places.", "Some of them converted from Hinduism to Sikhism and Islam.", "In present-day Gujarat, the rulers of the Muli princely state claimed to be descended from Jagdev Parmar.", "The rulers of the Akhnoor principality in Jammu and Kashmir traced their ancestry to a man who migrated from Dhar.", "There are references to the Paramara dynasty." ]

[ "Jagadeva", "Jagadeva", "Jagadeva", "Jagadeva", "Jagadeva", "Jagadeva" ]

[ "Jagadeva", "Jagadeva", "Jagadeva", "Jagadeva" ]

[ "James Prinsep FRS (20 August 1799 – 22 April 1840) was an English scholar, orientalist and antiquary.", "He was the founding editor of the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal and is best remembered for deciphering the Kharosthi and Brahmi scripts of ancient India.", "He studied, documented and illustrated many aspects of numismatics, metallurgy, meteorology apart from pursuing his career in India as an assay master at the mint in Benares.", "Early life\n\nJames Prinsep was the seventh son and the tenth child of John Prinsep (1746–1830) and his wife, Sophia Elizabeth Auriol (1760–1850).", "John Prinsep went to India in 1771 with almost no money and became a successful indigo planter.", "He returned to England in 1787 with a fortune of £40,000 and established himself as an East India merchant.", "He moved to Clifton in 1809 after incurring losses.", "His connections helped him find work for all his sons and several members of the Prinsep family rose to high positions in India.", "John Prinsep later became a Member of Parliament.", "James initially went to study in a school in Clifton run by a Mr. Bullock but learnt more at home from his older siblings.", "He showed a talent for detailed drawing and mechanical invention and this made him study architecture under the gifted but eccentric Augustus Pugin.", "His eyesight however declined due to an infection and he was unable to take up architecture as a profession.", "His father knew of an opening in the assay department at the mint in India and sent him to train in chemistry at Guy's Hospital and later as an apprentice to Robert Bingley, assay master at the Royal Mint in London (1818–19).", "Career in India\n\nPrinsep found a position as an assay master at the Calcutta mint and reached Calcutta along with his brother Henry Thoby on 15 September 1819.", "Within a year at Calcutta, he was sent by his superior, the eminent orientalist Horace Hayman Wilson, to work as assay master at the Benares mint.", "He stayed at Benares until the closure of that mint in 1830.", "He then moved back to Calcutta as deputy assay master, and when Wilson resigned in 1832, he was made assay master (overruling Wilson's nominee for that position, James Atkinson) at the new silver mint designed in Greek revival style by Major W. N. Forbes.", "His work as assay master led him to conduct many scientific studies.", "He worked on means for measuring high temperatures in furnaces accurately.", "The publication of his technique in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London in 1828 led to his election as a Fellow of the Royal Society.", "He suggested the possibility of visual pyrometric measurement using a calibrated series of mica plates as well as using the thermal expansion of platinum but considered that a practical approach was to use calibrated combinations of platinum, gold and silver alloys placed in a cupel or crucible and observe their melting.", "He also described a pyrometer that measured the expansion of a small amount of air held within a gold bulb.", "In 1833 he called for reforms to Indian weights and measures and advocated a uniform coinage based on the new silver rupee of the East India Company.", "He also devised a balance so sensitive as to measure three-thousandth of a grain (≈0.19 mg).", "Architecture \n\nJames Prinsep continued to take an interest in architecture at Benares.", "Regaining his eyesight, he studied and illustrated temple architecture, designed the new mint building at Benares as well as a church.", "In 1822 he conducted a survey of Benares and produced an accurate map at the scale of 8 inches to a mile.", "This map was lithographed in England.", "He also painted a series of watercolours of monuments and festivities in Benares which were sent to London in 1829 and published between 1830 and 1834 as Benares Illustrated, in a Series of Drawings.", "He helped design an arched tunnel to drain stagnant lakes and improve the sanitation of the densely populated areas of Benares and built a stone bridge over the Karamansa river.", "He helped restore the minarets of Aurangzeb which were in a state of collapse.", "When he moved to Calcutta, he offered to help complete a canal that had been planned by his brother Thomas but left incomplete by the latter's death in 1830.", "Thomas's canal linked the River Hooghly with branches of the Ganges further to the east.", "Asiatic Society of Bengal\n\nIn 1829, Captain James D. Herbert started a serial called Gleanings in Science.", "Captain Herbert, however, was posted as Astronomer to the King of Oudh in 1830, leaving the journal to the editorship of James Prinsep, who was himself the primary contributor to it.", "In 1832 he succeeded H. H. Wilson as secretary of the Asiatic Society of Bengal and suggested that the Society should take over Gleanings in Science and produce the Journal of the Asiatic Society.", "Prinsep became the founding editor of this journal and contributed articles on chemistry, mineralogy, numismatics and on the study of Indian antiquities.", "He was also very interested in meteorology and the tabulation of observations and the analysis of weather data from across the country.", "He worked on the calibration of instruments to measure humidity and atmospheric pressure.", "He continued to edit the journal until his illness in 1838 which led to his leaving India and subsequently his death.", "Many of the plates in the journal were illustrated by him.", "Numismatist\n\nCoins were Prinsep's first interest.", "He interpreted coins from Bactria and Kushan as well as Indian series coins, including \"punch-marked\" ones from the Gupta series.", "Prinsep suggested that there were three stages; the punch-marked, the die-struck, and the cast coins.", "Prinsep also reported upon the native punch-marked coinage, noting that they were better known in eastern India.", "Brahmi script philologist\n\nAs a result of Prinsep's work as an editor of the Asiatic Society's journal, coins and copies of inscriptions were transmitted to him from all over India, to be deciphered, translated, and published.", "The first successful attempts at deciphering Brahmi were made in 1836 by Norwegian scholar Christian Lassen, who used the bilingual Greek-Brahmi coins of Indo-Greek kings Agathocles and Pantaleon to correctly identify several Brahmi letters.", "The task was then completed by Prinsep, who was able to identify the rest of the Brahmi characters, with the help of Alexander Cunningham.", "In a series of results that he published between 1836–38 Prinsep was able to decipher the inscriptions on rock edicts found around India.", "The edicts in Brahmi script mentioned a King Devanampriya Piyadasi which Prinsep initially assumed was a Sri Lankan king.", "He was then able to associate this title with Ashoka on the basis of Pali script from Sri Lanka communicated to him by George Turnour.", "These scripts were found on the pillars at Delhi and Allahabad and on rock inscriptions from both sides of India, and also the Kharosthi script in the coins and inscriptions of the north-west.", "The idea of Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum, a collection of Indian epigraphy, was first suggested by Prinsep and the work was formally begun by Sir Alexander Cunningham in 1877.", "His studies on inscriptions helped in the establishment of date of Indian dynasties based on references to Antiochus and other Greeks.", "Prinsep's research and writing were not confined to India.", "Prinsep also delved into the early history of Afghanistan, producing several works that touched on archaeological finds in that country.", "Many of the collections were sent by Alexander Burnes.", "After James Prinsep's death, his brother Henry Thoby Prinsep published in 1844 a volume exploring the numismatist's work on collections made from Afghanistan.", "Other pursuits \nA talented artist and draftsman, Prinsep made meticulous sketches of ancient monuments, astronomy, instruments, fossils and other subjects.", "He was also very interested in understanding weather.", "He designed a modified barometer that automatically compensated for temperature.", "He maintained meteorological registers, apart from supplying barometers to volunteers and graphically summarising the records of others.", "He conducted experiments on practical methods to prevent rusting of iron surfaces.", "Personal life \nPrinsep married Harriet Sophia Aubert, elder daughter of Lieutenant-Colonel Jeremiah Aubert (grandson of Alexander Aubert) of the Bengal army and his wife Hannah, at the cathedral in Calcutta on 25 April 1835.", "They had a daughter Eliza in 1837 who was to be the only child to survive.", "He was elected a member to the American Philosophical Society in 1839.", "Death and legacy\n\nPrinsep literally worked himself to death.", "From 1838 he began to suffer from recurrent headaches and sickness.", "It was initially thought to be related to a liver (bilious) condition and he was forced to get away from his studies and left for England in November 1838 aboard the Herefordshire.", "He arrived in England in poor condition and did not recover.", "He died on 22 April 1840 in his sister Sophia Haldimand's home at 31 Belgrave Square of a \"softening of the brain\".", "A genus of plant Prinsepia was named after him by the botanist John Forbes Royle in 1839 in appreciation of his work.", "News of his death reached India and several memorials were commissioned.", "A bust at the Asiatic Society was to be made by Francis Chantrey but was finished by Henry Weekes.", "Prinsep Ghat, a Palladian porch on the bank of the Hooghly River designed by W. Fitzgerald in 1843, was erected in his memory by the citizens of Calcutta.", "Part of his original collection of ancient coins and artefacts from the Indian subcontinent is now in the British Museum, London.", "See also\n William Jones\n Allahabad Pillar\n\nReferences\n\nOther sources\n \n Kejariwal, O. P. (1993), The Prinseps of India: A Personal Quest.", "The Indian Archives, 42 (1-2)\n Allbrook, Malcolm (2008), 'Imperial Family': The Prinseps, Empire and Colonial Government in India and Australia, Ph.D. thesis, Griffith University, Australia.", "James Prinsep and O. P. Kejariwal (2009), \"Benares Illustrated\" and \"James Prinsep and Benares\" , Pilgrims Publishing, .", "External links \n\n \"James Prinsep\" entry in Encyclopædia Britannica\n Thomas, Edward, editor (1858) Essays On Indian Antiquities, Historic, Numismatic, And Palæographic, Of The Late James Prinsep, F.R.S., Secretary To The Asiatic Society Of Bengal; To Which Are Added His Useful Tables, Illustrative Of Indian History, Chronology, Modern Coinages, Weights, Measures, Etc.", "Volume 1 Volume 2\n\n1799 births\nEnglish antiquarians\n19th-century philologists\nEnglish philologists\n\n1840 deaths\nAnglo-Indian people\nFellows of the Royal Society\nEnglish Indologists" ]

[ "James Prinsep was an English scholar, orientalist and antiquary.", "He was the founding editor of the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal and is best known for decoding the Brahmi script of ancient India.", "He studied, documented and illustrated many aspects of metallurgy, meteorology, and numismatics while he worked at the mint in Benares.", "James Prinsep was the tenth child of John and Sophia Elizabeth Auriol.", "John was a successful indigo planter after going to India with almost no money.", "He established himself as an East India merchant after returning to England with a fortune of £40,000.", "He moved to Clifton after making losses.", "Several members of the Prinsep family rose to high positions in India because of his connections.", "John was a Member of Parliament.", "James learned more at home from his older siblings than he did in school.", "He studied architecture under the eccentric Augustus Pugin because of his talent for drawing and mechanical invention.", "He was unable to take up architecture as a profession because of his eyesight decline.", "His father sent him to Guy's Hospital to train in chemistry and then to the Royal Mint in London, where he worked for Robert Bingley.", "A career in India led to a position at the Calcutta mint and a trip to Calcutta with his brother Henry.", "After a year at Calcutta, he was sent by his superior to work at the Benares mint.", "The Benares mint closed in 1830.", "The new silver mint was designed in Greek revival style by Major W. N. Forbes, and Wilson's nominee for that position was overruled by him.", "He conducted many scientific studies because of his work as an assays master.", "He worked on ways to measure high temperatures accurately.", "The publication of his technique in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London led to his election as a Fellow of the Royal Society.", "He thought that a practical approach would be to use combinations of gold, silver and Platinum in a cupel or crucible to observe their melting.", "A gold bulb has a small amount of air held within it.", "He advocated a uniform coinage based on the new silver rupee of the East India Company and reforms to Indian weights and measures.", "He created a balance so sensitive that it could measure three-thousandth of a grain.", "James Prinsep was interested in architecture at Benares.", "He designed the new mint building at Benares and studied temple architecture after regaining his eyesight.", "He produced an accurate map at the scale of 8 inches to a mile after conducting a survey of Benares.", "The map was printed in England.", "He painted a series of watercolors of monuments and festivities in Benares and published them in a series of drawings.", "He helped build a stone bridge over the Karamansa river and designed an arched tunnel to drain stagnant lakes.", "The minarets of Aurangzeb were in a state of disrepair.", "When he moved to Calcutta, he offered to help complete a canal that had been planned by his brother, but was incomplete due to Thomas's death in 1830.", "The River Hooghly was linked with the branches of the Ganges further to the east by Thomas's canal.", "Gleanings in Science was started by Captain James D. Herbert.", "James Prinsep was the editor of the journal when Captain Herbert was posted as Astronomer to the King of Oudh in 1830.", "He suggested that the Society should take over Gleanings in Science and produce the Journal of the Asiatic Society.", "The journal's founding editor was Prinsep, who contributed articles on chemistry, mineralogy, numismatics and the study of Indian antiquities.", "He was interested in the analysis of weather data from across the country and the tabulation of observations.", "Calibration of instruments to measure humidity and atmospheric pressure was worked on by him.", "His illness led to his leaving India and his death, but he continued to edit the journal.", "He illustrated many of the plates in the journal.", "Prinsep's first interest was numismatist coins.", "Indian series coins, including \"punch-marked\" ones from the Gupta series, were interpreted by him.", "The three stages were punch-marked, die-struck, and cast coins.", "The native punch-marked coinage was better known in eastern India.", "Coins and copies of inscriptions were sent from all over India to be deciphered, translated, and published as a result of the work of the Brahmi script philologist.", "Christian Lassen, a Norwegian scholar, used bilingual Greek-Brahmi coins to identify several Brahmi letters in 1836.", "The rest of the Brahmi characters were identified with the help of Alexander Cunningham.", "Between 1836 and 38 he published a series of results that helped him decipher inscriptions on rock edicts.", "In the Brahmi script, there was a mention of a Sri Lankan king.", "He was able to associate this title with Ashoka because of the Pali script George Turnour communicated to him.", "The script was found on the pillars at Delhi and Allahabad, as well as on rock inscriptions from both sides of India, and in the coins and inscriptions of the north-west.", "The idea of a collection of Indian epigraphy was first suggested by Sir Alexander Cunningham in 1877.", "The establishment of the date of Indian dynasties was aided by his studies on inscriptions.", "Prinsep's writing was not limited to India.", "Several works about the early history of Afghanistan were produced by Prinsep.", "Alexander Burnes sent many of the collections.", "The brother of James Prinsep published a volume about the numismatist's work on collections made from Afghanistan.", "A talented artist and draftsman, Prinsep made sketches of ancient monuments, astronomy, instruments, fossils and other subjects.", "He was interested in the weather.", "A modified barometer was designed by him.", "He provided barometers to volunteers and graphically summarising the records of others.", "He conducted experiments on how to prevent iron oxidation.", "The elder daughter of a lieutenant-Colonel in the Bengal army and his wife Hannah were married to Prinsep at the cathedral in Calcutta on 25 April 1835.", "They had a daughter who was the last child to survive.", "He was a member of the American Philosophical Society.", "Prinsep worked himself to death.", "He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "He was forced to get away from his studies and leave for England in November 1838 because it was thought to be related to abilious condition.", "He did not recover after arriving in England.", "Sophia Haldimand's home at 31 Belgrave Square was where he died on April 22, 1840.", "John Forbes Royle named a group of plants after him in appreciation of his work.", "The news of his death came in India.", "Francis Chantrey was supposed to make the bust but it was finished by Henry Weekes.", "The citizens of Calcutta built a Palladian porch in his memory.", "The British Museum in London has part of his collection.", "Other sources include Kejariwal, O. P., and William Jones.", "The Indian Archives has a thesis titled 'Imperial Family' by Malcolm Allbrook.", "James Prinsep and O. P. Kejariwal wrote \"Benares Illustrated\" and \"James Prinsep and Benares\"", "The entry \"James Prinsep\" is in the Encyclopdia Britannica.", "The first volume of Volume 2 was births of English antiquarians." ]

[ "James Prinsep", "James Prinsep", "John Prinsep", "John Prinsep", "John Prinsep", "James", "James Atkinson", "James Prinsep", "James D", "James Prinsep", "Prinsep", "Prinsep", "Prinsep", "James Prinsep", "Prinsep", "James Prinsep", "James", "James Pse", "James Psep" ]

[ "James Prinsep", "James Prinsep", "James", "James Prinsep", "James D", "James Prinsep", "Prinsep", "Prinsep", "Prinsep", "James Prinsep", "Prinsep", "James Prinsep", "James" ]

[ "Marcus Sinclair Harris (born 21 July 1992) is an Australian cricketer who plays as an opening batsman for Victoria in domestic cricket.", "He made his Test cricket debut for the Australia national cricket team in December 2018.", "Cricket career\n\nWestern Australia\nHarris began playing first-class cricket for Western Australia in the 2010–11 summer.", "His maiden first-class century came in just his third match, when he made 157 against Queensland.", "This made him the youngest Australian to score a first class 150, breaking a 115-year-old record set by Clem Hill.", "Harris played semi-regularly for Western Australia over the next six years, and was even named man of the match in the 2014–15 Sheffield Shield final for scoring 81 and 158 in his two innings.", "Harris played more than 40 Sheffield Shield matches for Western Australia and scored more than 2,000 runs for the team, but he'd only kept a batting average of 28.43 and scored just four centuries in that time.", "Harris also played for the Twenty20 team the Perth Scorchers, playing 14 Big Bash League (BBL) matches to score 192 runs at an average of 19.41.", "Harris had a particularly poor 2015–16 season.", "In the Sheffield Shield he had mixed results, scoring a century but only totaling 274 runs at an average of 27.40, and his BBL form was woeful with just 69 runs from 6 innings.", "His performances for the Western Australian teams frustrated coach Justin Langer, who said he was \"mediocre with flashes of brilliance\".", "In Australia's national List A competition, the Matador BBQs One-Day Cup, Harris wasn't even chosen to be in Western Australia's team at all.", "He was instead picked up by the young Cricket Australia XI.", "At the end of the season Harris left Western Australia to play for Victoria.", "Victoria\nThe move to Victoria proved to be very successful for Harris.", "In December 2016 he was the leading run-scorer in the 2016–17 Sheffield Shield season with 409 runs at an average of 68.16.", "Victoria made the Sheffield Shield final, in which Harris scored a century and was part of a Shield final record-breaking opening partnership of 224 runs with Travis Dean on the first day.", "Harris credited his newfound form with the move to Victoria, saying that the Victorian system suited him better and it was useful to have more experienced players around him than he had had in Western Australia.", "In the absence of Steve Smith, David Warner and Cameron Bancroft from the Australian Test team following the 2018 ball-tampering scandal, Harris gained his first opportunity to play Test cricket for Australia.", "In a Sheffield Shield match against New South Wales in October 2018, Harris helped Victoria to recover from a poor start of 2/6 with an unbeaten 250, the best score of his first-class career.", "This innings put him into contention for one of the vacant spots at the top of Australia's batting order.", "In the first four matches of the Sheffield Shield season, he scored a further two half-centuries and averaged 87.40.", "After 25 first-class matches for Victoria, Harris had scored five centuries and averaged 47.58, and as a result of his improved consistency he was selected in Australia's Test squad for the first time.", "Test career\n\nHarris was first selected to join the Australian team ahead of the 2018–19 Border-Gavaskar Trophy.", "According to Harris, he received a text message from now Australian coach Justin Langer saying, \"Welcome to the brotherhood, you little bastard\".", "Harris and Langer both publicly denied media speculation that there was bad blood between them after Langer's comments when Harris had left Western Australia.", "Harris made his Test debut on 6 December 2018, opening the batting alongside his Victorian teammate Aaron Finch, the least experienced pair to open the batting for Australia at Test level since the 1950s.", "He had his baggy green cap presented by Michael Hussey.", "Harris played in all four matches of the series against India, but was unable to cement his spot.", "He scored 256 runs, including two half-centuries, at an average of 36.57, and he was Australia's most consistent batsman in the 2–1 series loss, but he wasn't able to score a century in any of the matches.", "Harris then under-performed in the subsequent series against Sri Lanka, potentially putting his place in the Test team at risk for the upcoming 2019 Ashes series.", "Harris finished off the season playing for Victoria in the remaining matches of the 2018–19 Sheffield Shield season.", "In a match against Queensland he had innings of 95 and 174 to push his case, and then on the final day of the regular season he scored 65 runs against South Australia to take his season total up to 1,024 runs.", "In doing so, he became the first person to score 1,000 runs in a season for Victoria since Chris Rogers a decade earlier.", "Victoria made it to the Sheffield Shield final again, and Harris scored another century in the final to finish off the summer.", "Harris was given his first contract with Cricket Australia for the 2019–20 season.", "He was named in Australia's squad for the 2019 Ashes series in England.", "He was omitted from the first two Tests, but recalled in place of Cameron Bancroft in the third Test.", "Marcus again was selected in Australia's squad in the 2021-22 Ashes series, as an opening batsmen (alongside David Warner) in the first four test matches.", "His best result was in the third test in Melbourne, where he top-scored with 76 runs.", "Playing style\nHarris' batting style is typical of Perth-raised opening batsmen, similar to Justin Langer and Chris Rogers.", "He has a variety of shots he can play well, particularly the cover drive and the pull and hook shots.", "He leaves the ball judiciously if he thinks it's outside the line of his off stump.", "Harris is comfortable at facing fast bowling.", "Harris' similarities with Langer were noted by former Australian coach Darren Lehmann following Harris' maiden first-class century.", "Harris has said that this is because the two of them came from the same club team in Perth and had the same batting coach.", "References\n\nExternal links\n\n1992 births\nLiving people\nAustralian cricketers\nAustralia Test cricketers\nCricketers from Perth, Western Australia\nPerth Scorchers cricketers\nMelbourne Renegades cricketers\nSportsmen from Western Australia\nWestern Australia cricketers\nCricket Australia XI cricketers\nLeicestershire cricketers" ]

[ "Marcus Sinclair Harris is an Australian cricketer who plays for Victoria in domestic cricket.", "He made his Test cricket debut for Australia.", "Harris began playing cricket for Western Australia in the summer of 2010.", "His first-class century came in his third match.", "He became the youngest Australian to score a first class 150, breaking a 115-year-old record.", "Harris played semi-regularly for Western Australia over the next six years, and was even named man of the match in the Shield final for scoring 81 and 158.", "Harris played more than 40 Shield matches for Western Australia and scored more than 2,000 runs, but he only kept a batting average of 28.43 and scored four centuries.", "Harris played for the Perth Scorchers in the BBL and scored 192 runs on an average of 19.41.", "Harris was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "In the Shield, he scored a century, but only totaling 274 runs at an average of 27.40, and his BBL form was poor, with just 69 runs from 6 games.", "His performances for the Western Australian teams frustrated his coach, who said he was \"mediocre with flashes of brilliance\".", "Harris wasn't chosen to be in Western Australia's team for the Matador BBQs One-Day Cup.", "The young Cricket Australia XI picked him up.", "Harris left Western Australia at the end of the season to play for Victoria.", "Harris was very successful in his move to Victoria.", "He was the leading run-scorer in the 2016–17 Shield season with 409 runs at an average of68.16.", "Harris scored a century on the first day of the Shield final as part of a record-breaking opening partnership with Dean.", "Harris credited his newfound form with the move to Victoria, saying that the Victorian system suited him better and it was useful to have more experienced players around him than he had in Western Australia.", "After the ball-tampering scandal, Harris got his first chance to play Test cricket for Australia.", "Harris scored the best score of his first-class career when he made 250 for Victoria against New South Wales in a Shield match in October.", "He is in the running for one of the vacant spots at the top of Australia's batting order.", "He scored two half-centuries and averaged 87.40 in the first four matches of the Shield.", "After 25 first-class matches for Victoria, Harris had scored five centuries and averaged 47.58, and as a result of his improved consistency he was selected in Australia's Test squad for the first time.", "Harris was selected to join the Australian team.", "Harris said that he received a message from the Australian coach saying, \"Welcome to the brotherhood, you little bastard\".", "When Harris left Western Australia, there was media speculation that there was bad blood between them.", "Since the 1950s, the least experienced pair to open the batting for Australia at Test level has been Harris and Finch.", "He had a baggy green cap.", "Harris wasn't able to cement his spot in the series against India.", "He scored 258 runs, including two half-centuries, at an average of 36.57, but he wasn't able to score a century in any of the matches.", "Harris could lose his place in the Test team if he doesn't perform well in the upcoming series against Sri Lanka.", "Harris played for Victoria in the last matches of the season.", "He scored 65 runs against South Australia on the final day of the regular season to take his season total up to 1,024 runs, after scoring 95 and 174 in a match againstQueensland.", "He became the first person to score 1,000 runs in a season for Victoria since Chris Rogers a decade earlier.", "Harris scored a century in the final of the Shield to finish off the summer.", "Harris was given a contract with Cricket Australia.", "He was in Australia's squad for the upcoming series in England.", "He was recalled in the third Test after being left out of the first two.", "In the first four test matches, Marcus will open the batting with David Warner.", "He scored 76 runs in the third test in Melbourne.", "Harris' batting style is similar to those of Chris Rogers and Justin Langer.", "The cover drive and pull and hook shots are some of the shots he can play well with.", "He leaves the ball if he thinks it's outside his stump.", "Harris is used to facing fast bowling.", "Harris' first-class century was noted by a former Australian coach.", "Harris said that the two of them came from the same club in Perth and had the same batting coach.", "There are links to 1992 births, living people and cricket players from Western Australia." ]

[ "Marcus Sinclair Harris", "Harris", "Harris", "Harris", "Harris", "Harris", "Harris", "Harris", "Harris", "Harris", "Harris", "Harris", "Harris", "Harris", "Harris", "Harris", "Harris", "Harris", "Harris", "Harris", "Harris", "Harris", "Harris", "Harris", "Marcus", "Harris", "Harris", "Harris", "Harris", "Harris" ]

[ "Marcus Sinclair Harris", "Harris", "Harris", "Harris", "Harris", "Harris", "Harris", "Harris", "Harris", "Harris", "Harris", "Harris", "Harris", "Harris", "Harris", "Harris", "Harris", "Harris", "Harris", "Harris", "Harris", "Harris", "Marcus", "Harris", "Harris", "Harris", "Harris" ]

[ "Robert Levin (6 June 191229 October 1996) was a Norwegian classical pianist and composer.", "Although he was an accomplished solo pianist and composer, Levin received international acclaim for his work as an accompanist with several of the world's most celebrated vocal and instrumental performers.", "Background\nLevin was born in Kristiania (now Oslo), Norway.", "He grew up in the immigrant neighborhood in Grünerløkka, the child of David Levin (1882–1936) and Marie Scheer (1885–1954).", "Both were Jewish refugees from Lithuania who had immigrated in 1905.", "Levin's father supported his family through various means, including peddling sewing notions and carting coal.", "Levin caught interest in the piano when he was four and a half years old, at his grandmother's home.", "By the time he was five, he had taught himself well enough for his first public performance.", "He did not receive formal lessons until he was ten, and when he was twelve he was accepted by the pre-eminent music teacher of the time, Nils Larsen.", "Levin did his part to support the family by performing at restaurants, bars, and movie theaters during the silent film era.", "He only finished the first six years of public schooling.", "He learned at the synagogue for his bar mitzvah, but was mostly occupied with his music.", "He was also an avid reader of diverse literature.", "Early professional career\nLike many of the classical musicians of pre-World War II era, Levin played at restaurants to support himself.", "He rose through the unofficial ranks as a teenager, overcoming strong antisemitic barriers.", "He took private lessons with concertmaster Gustav Fredrik Lange (1861–1939) and notably composer Fartein Valen (1887–1952), being exposed to a wide range of musical traditions and innovations.", "Levin was the last living silent movie veteran when he died in 1996.", "He also became an accomplished accordion player during this time.", "Levin had his performance debut on 26 January 1932 to widespread acclaim.", "Levin was introduced to several strains of modern music when he was engaged in the orchestra at Theatercafeen, where the Norwegian exponent of neo-Classical music Carl Gustav Sparre Olsen (1903–1984) performed.", "The orchestra also introduced Levin to jazz music.", "War years\nAfter Norway was occupied by Nazi Germany in 1940, Levin continued to perform but was subjected to daily threats and restrictions on the venues and music he could play.", "When Nazi authorities in occupied Norway started arresting and deporting Jews, Levin went under cover with friends and eventually fled to Sweden.", "The rest of his family arrived in Sweden a few days later, but many of Levin's closest relatives were deported from Norway and were victims of the Holocaust in Auschwitz.", "Levin became a proponent of Norwegian music and culture while in exile in Sweden.", "He wrote the music to several patriotic Norwegian songs, including Kirkenesmarsjen, a march to commemorate the liberation of the Northern Norwegian town of Kirkenes by Soviet troops on 25 October 1944.", "Sponsored by the Norwegian government-in-exile and Svenska Norgeshjälpen, Levin performed for members of the Norwegian Resistance Movement in Sweden along with his wife Solveig, Randi Heide Steen, Ernst Glaser, Gunnar Sønstevold, Hugo Kramm, Gunnar Reiss Andersen, Axel Kielland, Lauritz Falk, Sonja Mjøen, and others.", "Levin also sent packages to musical colleagues in Oslo under the pseudonym Banjo-Lasse.", "After the Liberation of Norway the Levin family returned to one of the central train stations in Oslo in June 1945.", "The orchestra which Robert Levin had to leave nearly three years earlier awaited him at the platform, performing at their arrival.", "Post-war career\nAfter the war, Levin decided to concentrate more on a classical career, and after he accompanied Gösta Kjellertz, his career as an accompanist took off.", "He accompanied such diverse international artists as Elisabeth Schwarzkopf, Yehudi Menuhin, Roberta Peters, Rita Streich, Henryk Szeryng, Ann Brown, Kim Borg, Camilla Wicks, Felicia Weathers; and a panorama of Norwegian artists that included Ingrid Bjoner, Knut Skram, Arve Tellefsen, Terje Tønnesen, Elise Båtnes, Aase Nordmo Løvberg, Edith Thallaug, and Ole Bøhn.", "Notably, on 22 May 1984, he and American pianist Robert D. Levin, performed together in Carnegie Hall in a concert called \"From Grieg to Gershwin\" with then Crown Prince Harald and Crown Princess Sonja in attendance.", "The two, along with other musicians including Ole Bøhn, Knut Skram, Felicia Weathers, and Ingrid Bjoner performed pieces by Edvard Grieg, Richard Hageman, Harry Owens, Aaron Copland, Celius Dougherty, Oley Speaks, George Gershwin.", "Levin took part in performing tours all around the world.", "He became one of the most respected classical musicians of his time in Norway.", "He took an active part in music education at all ages, led the Norwegian Society of Composers and Lyricists (NOPA), and promoted the art of accompaniment.", "He was the first rector of the Norwegian Academy of Music when it was founded in 1973, where he was also a professor of interpretation.", "When the academy moved to its new facilities in Majorstuen in 1989, one of the performance halls was named after Levin.", "Awards\nLevin received the Houens legat (1951) and Statens kunstnerstip (1954).", "Levin was awarded the Norwegian Music Critics Award (Musikkritikerprisen) (1956/57), Lindemanprisen (1983) and Spellemannprisen (1977).", "He was also awarded the King's Medal of Merit (Kongens fortjenstmedalje) in gold and was made a member of the Order of St Olaf.", "In 1993, he was awarded the Anders Jahre Cultural Prize (Anders Jahres kulturpris) jointly with Stein Mehren.", "Personal life\nIn 1938, he married Solveig Margrethe Bernstein (born 1914).", "They were the parents of journalist, Mona Levin (born 1939).", "Their daughter, Sidsel Levin (born 1944) was music teacher and cultural facilitator at the Jewish Museum in Oslo.", "Levin died during 1996 at the age of 84 and was buried at Østre gravlund in Oslo.", "References\n\nOther sources\n Robert Levin and Mona Levin (1983) Med livet i hendene (Oslo: Cappelen)\n\nExternal links\nMusic Information Center article on Robert Levin\n\n1912 births\n1996 deaths\nNorwegian classical pianists\nClassical accompanists\n20th-century classical pianists\nNorwegian Academy of Music faculty\nRefugees in Sweden\nJews who emigrated to escape Nazism\nJewish classical pianists\nNorwegian refugees\nNorwegian Jews\nNorwegian people of Lithuanian-Jewish descent\nRecipients of the St. Olav's Medal\nRecipients of the King's Medal of Merit in gold" ]

[ "Robert Levin was a Norwegian pianist and composer.", "Although he was an accomplished solo pianist and composer, Levin received international praise for his work as an accompanist with several of the world's most celebrated vocal and instrumental performers.", "Levin was born in Norway.", "The child of David and Marie was born in Grnerlkka.", "They were Jewish refugees who came to the US in 1905.", "The family was supported by various means, including peddling sewing notions and carting coal.", "He was four and a half years old when he was interested in the piano.", "He was ready for his first public performance by the time he was five.", "When he was twelve, he was accepted by the pre-eminent music teacher of the time, and he did not receive formal lessons until he was ten.", "He supported the family by performing at restaurants, bars, and movie theaters during the silent film era.", "He only completed the first six years of public school.", "He learned to play music at the synagogue.", "He was an avid reader.", "In the pre-World War II era, many classical musicians played at restaurants to support themselves.", "He overcame strong antisemitic barriers as a teenager.", "He was exposed to a wide range of musical traditions and innovations while taking private lessons.", "He was the last silent movie veteran to die.", "He became an accomplished accordion player during this time.", "On January 26, 1932, he had his performance debut.", "When he was a member of the orchestra at Theatercafeen, he was introduced to several strains of modern music.", "Levin was introduced to jazz music by the orchestra.", "After Norway was occupied by Nazi Germany in 1940, Levin was subjected to daily threats and restrictions on the venues and music he could play.", "When Nazi authorities in occupied Norway began arresting and deporting Jews, Levin went under cover with friends and fled to Sweden.", "The rest of his family arrived in Sweden a few days later, but many of his relatives who were deported from Norway were victims of the Holocaust.", "While in exile in Sweden, he became a fan of Norwegian music and culture.", "Kirkenesmarsjen is a march to commemorate the liberation of the Northern Norwegian town of Kirkenes by the Soviet troops in 1944.", "The Norwegian government-in-exile sponsored Levin to perform for members of the Norwegian Resistance Movement in Sweden.", "The packages were sent under the name Banjo-Lasse.", "After the Liberation of Norway, the Levin family went back to one of the central train stations.", "The orchestra waited for Robert at the platform and performed at his arrival.", "After the war, he decided to concentrate more on a classical career, and after he accompanied Gsta Kjellertz, his career as an accompanist took off.", "He was accompanied by many international artists, as well as a panorama of Norwegian artists.", "He and Robert D. Levin performed together in Carnegie Hall on May 22, 1984 for a concert called \"From Grieg to Gershwin\".", "The two, along with other musicians, performed pieces by Edvard Grieg, Richard Hageman, Harry Owens, and George Gershwin.", "He performed all around the world.", "He was one of the most respected classical musicians in Norway.", "He led the Norwegian Society of Composers and Lyricists and promoted the art of accompaniment.", "He was the first rector of the Norwegian Academy of Music when it was founded in 1973.", "When the academy moved to Majorstuen in 1989, one of the performance halls was named after him.", "The Houens legat and Statens kunstnerstip were given to him.", "The Norwegian Music Critics Award was won by Levin.", "He was made a member of the Order of St Olaf after being awarded the King's Medal of Merit.", "He was awarded the cultural prize with Stein Mehren.", "He married Solveig Margrethe Bernstein in 1938.", "They were the parents of a journalist.", "Their daughter was a music teacher at the Jewish Museum.", "At the age of 84, Levin died and was buried in Norway.", "The Music Information Center has an article about the deaths of Norwegian classical pianists." ]

[ "Robert Levin", "Levin", "Background Levin", "David Levin", "Levin", "Levin", "Levin", "Levin", "Levin", "Levin", "Levin", "Levin", "Levin", "Levin", "Levin", "Levin", "Levin", "Levin", "Levin", "Robert Levin", "Levin", "Roberta Peters", "Robert D", ". Levin", "Levin", "Levin", "Levin", "Levin", "Mona Levin", "Levin", "Levin", "Robert Levin", "Mona Levin", "Robert Levin" ]

[ "Robert Levin", "Levin", "Levin", "Levin", "Levin", "Levin", "Levin", "Levin", "Robert", "Robert D", ". Levin", "Levin", "Levin" ]

[ "Susanna Paine, also known as Susannah and Susan (June 9, 1792 – November 10, 1862), was an American portrait artist in New England in the 19th century.", "She published poetry, a Christmas hymn, a novel, and an autobiography entitled Roses and Thorns, or Recollections of an Artist.", "As a young girl, she was an excellent student, but needed to quit school at the age of 11 to care for her ill grandmother.", "At 15, she taught school and a year later joined an academy in Providence, Rhode Island, where she earned her way through school by making and selling needlework.", "She graduated with highest honors and established a school that she operated for years.", "Paine gave the profits to her family, and she helped support them throughout most of her life.", "She had a short marriage characterized by abuse and control.", "A child was born to the couple, but died 11 months later.", "Before the child's birth, Paine had left her husband and obtained a divorce.", "To support herself, she taught school for a period and then began to work as a portraitist.", "She traveled throughout Rhode Island, Massachusetts, and Maine accepting commissions for portraits of individuals or families from 1826 through 1862.", "Because she lived a mobile lifestyle, she had few long-lasting relationships.", "The closest personal relationship of her life was with her mother.", "She raised a girl, however, for three years and taught her how to paint.", "Once she became a professional portraitist she had periods of financial security, but that and her physical health vacillated over the course of her career.", "Early life\nSusanna Paine, born in Rehoboth, Massachusetts on June 9, 1792, was the second child of James Paine (b.", "1764–65) and Mary Chaffee Paine (1767–1849).", "Her father was a mariner.", "When she was a young girl, he was lost at sea.", "She then lived with her maternal grandparents, Reverend Jonathan Chaffee and Mary Chaffee.", "Paine, an excellent student, attended school until she was 11 years of age, when she was needed to help care for her ill grandmother.", "The following year she nearly died as the result of a lightning strike that killed the person standing beside her.", "Believed to have died, she resumed consciousness after one hour, but suffered from seizures for several years after the incident.", "Her mother married widower Nathaniel Thurber on April 9, 1808, and the combined household, including his four children, moved to a Foster, Rhode Island farm.", "At 15 years of age, Paine taught school and then attended \"the best Academy in Rhode Island\", which she financed through the sales of her needlework.", "Paine learned how to paint with watercolor at the academy and graduated with the highest honors; she was sufficiently trained \"to teach any of the common branches of education.\"", "Upon graduation Paine established a school near her mother and stepfather's house.", "The profits she made from the school were given to her mother and on one occasion loaned to her stepfather.", "Reluctantly, and at her mother's insistence, she married James Phillips on November 4, 1819.", "Her husband—a gambler—was abusive, tyrannical and cruel.", "According to Paine, she left her husband after \"one year and two months of cruel bondage\".", "Paine returned to her mother's house and three months later gave birth to her son on August 30, 1821.", "The child, Theodore Winthrop Phillips, died 11 months later.", "The Rhode Island Supreme Court granted Paine a divorce from her husband in 1821 or 1823.", "Paine was left destitute, having received no alimony and having relinquished property that she previously owned to her husband.", "Paine resumed teaching and painted portraits to supplement her earnings, allowing her to support herself and send money to her mother, stepfather and their family, who had moved to Connecticut.", "To this point her life had been one of turmoil and financial precariousness.", "Rather than marry another man to secure a better standard of living, she developed a career so that she could support herself.", "Artist\n\nPaine worked as a professional portrait painter by traveling through New England and placing advertisements in local newspapers to solicit business.", "She and Ruth Henshaw Bascom were two of 11 or more women who worked as professional itinerant portraitists in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.", "Paine was \"a woman of stalwart proportions, weighing over 200 pounds, and was a very original character...\" She was also described as an idealist.", "Paine was subject to criticism for traveling alone as a woman, but found it was safe to stay in boarding houses, secured through \"several letters of introduction\" from trusted people.", "To establish herself as a \"genteel\" artist, she studied art at the Boston Athenæum, stayed at upscale boarding houses, and became a published writer.", "Throughout her career, Paine generally made oil paintings on 1/2 inch wood panels of which the sides and back were washed in red, gray-green, or green-blue.", "The subjects of the paintings were often portrayed in a confident manner in half-length poses.", "Their accessories, hair, and clothing were often \"elaborately detailed\".", "The placement of hands, tables, and other objects could be awkward.", "She had a tendency to paint the sitters with long hands, light flesh tones, doelike eyes and round faces.", "Paine was known to take liberties in the portrayal of her subjects; she once painted a gray-eyed man's portrait with black eyes because she thought they were more attractive.", "Maine\nShe traveled alone for the first time in 1826 to Portland, Maine and placed a business advertisement in the December 12 edition of the Portland Advertiser.", "The standard rate for large oil portraits at that time was US$20–$30, but Paine advertised $8 for large portraits.", "Not having received any leads for work, she placed a January ad with a testimonial, which said that her portrait's were a good likeness of the subject and well executed—and that women might find \"a pride and pleasure in patronizing a female artist.\"", "Once she made a painting for her landlady and neighbors saw it, she began to receive commissions for her work.", "Paine worked in southern Maine, Portland, and New Hampshire in 1827 and 1828.", "Initially, she had sufficient commissions to support the rental of a furnished parlor, an office for painting, and another office to exhibit her portraits.", "A religious woman, Paine adopted simpler clothing as a spiritual practice during this time.", "As her health declined, she engaged nursing services, which left her short of funds.", "Paine answered a friend's request to return to Providence to paint her dying daughter, and still in poor health, stayed there several months.", "Paine worked as an artist in Maine until about 1831.", "One of her subjects while in Portland was George Morillo Bartol, her portrait of him sold for US$38,513 on March 6, 2011.", "Massachusetts\nShe received formal art training at the Boston Athenæum around 1832 and spent the following summer in Cape Ann.", "Paine, one of the first artists to paint on Cape Ann, returned for several years, interrupted by visits to her mother each spring and fall.", "She was in the village of Annisquam on Cape Ann by 1834, when she painted portraits of families.", "Paine continued to paint on the cape during the 1830s and 1840s.", "She found it to be a unique place:\n\nShe raised a girl, who she called her adopted daughter, from 12 to 15 years of age.", "During that time Paine taught her to paint and they lived for a few months in Fall River, Massachusetts.", "During a visit to her mother and stepfather's farm, she found that her younger half-brother, Nathaniel, had secured the deed to the farm and lived in the main house; her parents lived in \"a sort of out-house\".", "Months later, after her half-brother sold the farm, Paine found them \"looking sad and dejected\" with Nathaniel in South Killingly, Connecticut and made arrangements for her mother and step-father to live in an apartment.", "Rhode Island\nIn 1830, Paine painted the portrait of author, Catharine R. Williams, who wrote poetry, Religion at Home, and the Lives of William Barton and Stephen Olney.", "The portrait was given to the Rhode Island Historical Society in 1885 from a group of members of the society, including Henry J. Steere.", "From about 1836, she had a residence in Providence, Rhode Island and kept her parents in \"comfortable support\".", "Between 1836 and 1838, she wrote and published a Christmas hymn and poetry.", "She enjoyed a successful professional life until 1842 when she left town for her safety during the Dorr Rebellion.", "She went to Cape Ann and after a few months returned to Providence.", "She became ill and, unable to find work in both places, suffered financially.", "Her mother came to live with her in Providence following the death of her stepfather, Nathaniel Thurber, in November, 1848.", "The following March, her mother Mary died during a visit to her half-brother who then lived in Hartford, Connecticut.", "She had supported her parents since she was a teenaged girl.", "Later years\nPaine traveled through Maine, where she had difficulty establishing herself for want of connections that she had relied upon in the past, so she returned to Providence and for the first time established herself in a highly respectable commercial building with, aside from herself, only male occupants.", "She struggled professionally and, because of the loss of her mother, she suffered personally.", "The career that she relied upon kept her forever traveling, which had made it difficult to establish long-standing relationships.", "Her relationship with her mother was the only close one of her life.", "She published her autobiography, Roses and Thorns, or Recollections of an Artist in 1854.", "Six years later she published Wait and See, a Victorian novel.", "She died in Providence, Rhode Island on November 10, 1862.", "A file containing papers, photographs, exhibition catalogs and other archival material is held at the Brooklyn Museum Libraries & Archives and the Frick Art Reference Library of the Frick Collection." ]

[ "In New England in the 19th century, Susanna Paine was an American portrait artist.", "She wrote poetry, a Christmas hymn, a novel, and an autobiography.", "She quit school at the age of 11 to care for her ill grandmother, despite being an excellent student.", "At 15, she joined an academy in Providence, Rhode Island, where she earned her way through school by making and selling needlework.", "She was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "She helped support her family throughout most of her life by giving the profits to them.", "She had a short marriage.", "The child died 11 months after being born.", "Prior to the child's birth, Paine had left her husband and obtained a divorce.", "She began to work as a portraitist after teaching school to support herself.", "She traveled throughout Rhode Island, Massachusetts, and Maine taking portraits of individuals and families.", "She had few long- lasting relationships because she lived a mobile lifestyle.", "Her mother was the closest person to her in her life.", "She raised a girl for three years and taught her how to paint.", "She had periods of financial security after she became a professional portraitist, but her physical health waned over the course of her career.", "James Paine's second child, Susanna Paine, was born in Massachusetts on June 9, 1792.", "Mary Chaffee Paine and 1764–65).", "Her father was a mariner.", "He was lost at sea when she was young.", "Reverend Jonathan and Mary Chaffee were her maternal grandparents.", "When she needed to help care for her ill grandmother, she attended school until she was 11 years old.", "The person standing next to her was killed by a lightning strike.", "She suffered from seizures for several years after the incident, even though she thought she had died.", "The combined household, including Nathaniel Thurber's four children, moved to a Foster, Rhode Island farm after he died.", "At 15 years of age, she attended \"the best Academy in Rhode Island\", which she financed through the sales of her needlework.", "She graduated from the academy with the highest honors and was trained to teach any of the common branches of education.", "There is a school near her mother and stepfather's house.", "She gave the profits from the school to her mother and her stepfather.", "She married JamesPhillips on November 4, 1819 at her mother's insistence.", "Her husband was cruel and abusive.", "She left her husband after one year and two months of bondage.", "Three months after she returned to her mother's house, she gave birth to her son.", "The child died 11 months later.", "The divorce was granted by the Rhode Island Supreme Court.", "She relinquished property that she previously owned to her husband, leaving her penniless.", "She was able to support herself and send money to her family who had moved to Connecticut when she resumed teaching and painting.", "She was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "She developed a career so that she could support herself, rather than marry another man to get a better standard of living.", "Artist Paine worked as a professional portrait painter by traveling through New England and placing advertisements in local newspapers to solicit business.", "She and Ruth Henshaw Bascom were two of 11 women who worked as professional portraitists in the late 18th and early 19th century.", "She weighed over 200 pounds and was described as an idealist.", "It was safe to stay in boarding houses despite being criticized for traveling alone as a woman, thanks to several letters of introduction from trusted people.", "She studied art at the Boston Athenum and stayed at upscale boarding houses to become a published writer.", "The sides and back of her oil paintings were washed in red, gray-green, or green-blue.", "In half-length poses, the subjects of the paintings were portrayed in a confident manner.", "Their accessories, hair, and clothing were detailed.", "The placement of objects could be awkward.", "She painted the sitters with long hands, light flesh tones, doelike eyes and round faces.", "She painted a gray-eyed man's portrait with black eyes because she thought he was more attractive.", "She traveled alone for the first time in Portland, Maine, and placed a business advertisement in the December 12 edition of the Portland Advertiser.", "The standard rate for large oil portraits was US$20–$30, but Paine advertised $8 for large portraits.", "She placed a January ad that said her portrait's were a good likeness of the subject and well executed, and that women might find \"a pride and pleasure in patronizing a female artist.\" Not having received any leads for work, she placed a January ad that said her portrait's were", "She began to receive commission for her work after making a painting for her landlady.", "In the 19th century, he worked in southern Maine, Portland, and New Hampshire.", "She had enough money to support the rental of a furnished parlor, an office for painting, and another office to exhibit her portraits.", "Simple clothing was adopted as a spiritual practice by a religious woman.", "She was short of funds as her health declined.", "A friend of Paine's asked her to return to Providence to paint her dying daughter, and she did so for several months.", "He worked as an artist in Maine.", "A portrait of George Morillo Bartol, one of her subjects while in Portland, sold for US$38,000 on March 6, 2011.", "She spent the summer in Cape Ann after receiving formal art training at the Boston Athenum.", "One of the first artists to paint on Cape Ann, was interrupted by visits to her mother each spring and fall.", "She painted portraits of families in the village of Annisquam on Cape Ann.", "The cape was painted by Paine during the 1830s and 1840s.", "She raised her adopted daughter from 12 to 15 years of age and found it to be a unique place.", "They lived in Fall River, Massachusetts, for a few months after Paine taught her to paint.", "During her visit to her mother and stepfather's farm, she discovered that her half-brother, Nathaniel, lived in the main house and her parents lived in a sort of out-house.", "After her half-brother sold the farm, she made arrangements for her mother and step- father to live in an apartment.", "In 1830, Paine painted a portrait of Catharine R. Williams, who wrote poetry, Religion at Home, and the Lives of William Barton and Stephen Olney.", "Henry J. Steere gave the portrait to the Rhode Island Historical Society.", "She kept her parents in comfortable support when she lived in Providence, Rhode Island from 1836 to 1836.", "She wrote and published a Christmas hymn and poetry in the 18th century.", "She left town for her safety during the Dorr Rebellion.", "She returned to Providence after a few months in Cape Ann.", "Unable to find work in both places, she suffered financially.", "After Nathaniel Thurber died, her mother came to live with her in Providence.", "Mary died during a visit to her half-brother in Connecticut.", "She supported her parents when she was a teenager.", "After traveling through Maine, where she had difficulty establishing herself for want of connections that she 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "She suffered personally because of the loss of her mother.", "It was difficult to establish long-standing relationships because of the career that she relied upon.", "The only relationship she had was with her mother.", "Her memoir, Roses and Thorns, or Recollections of an Artist, was published in 1854.", "Wait and See was published six years later.", "She died in Rhode Island.", "Papers, photographs, exhibition catalogs and other archival material can be found in a file at the Brooklyn Museum Libraries & Archives." ]

[ "Susanna Paine", "Susannah", "Susanna", "Paine", "James Paine", "Paine" ]

[ "Susanna Paine", "James Paine", "Susanna", "Paine" ]

[ "Sherie Rene Scott (born February 8, 1967) is an American actress, singer, writer and producer.", "She has been seen in multiple Broadway and off-Broadway plays and musicals, on numerous solo and original cast recordings, and in various film and television roles.", "Early life and education \nScott was born in Kentucky.", "When she was four years old, her family moved to Topeka, Kansas, where she grew up.", "Scott moved from Topeka to New York City when she was 18 to attend the Neighborhood Playhouse School of the Theatre.", "She is a writer in residence at Second Stage Theater and lives with her son in New York City.", "Career \nOn Broadway, Scott has starred in Dirty Rotten Scoundrels, garnering nominations for a Tony Award, a Drama Desk Award and an Outer Critics Circle Award.", "She starred as Amneris in Elton John and Tim Rice's Aida (2000), for which she won the Clarence Derwent Award and was a Drama League Honoree.", "The single \"A Step Too Far\" performed by Elton John, Heather Headley and Sherie Rene Scott from the 1999 Elton John And Tim Rice Aida concept album charted at #15.", "Scott's You May Now Worship Me, co-authored with Dick Scanlan, raised $200,000 to benefit the Phyllis Newman's Women's Health Initiative of The Actor's Fund.", "The one night only fundraiser premiered March 31, 2008 at The Eugene O'Neill Theatre.", "You May Now Worship Me would later become the concept behind Everyday Rapture.", "In 2010, Scott starred in the critically acclaimed production Everyday Rapture, which Scott wrote with co-author Dick Scanlan.", "Everyday Rapture began its run on Broadway at the American Airlines Theatre in previews April 19, 2010, and officially opened on April 29, 2010.", "The show played to sold out audiences throughout the run, finally ending its limited engagement on July 11, 2010.", "Scott received Tony Award nominations for Best Book, and Best Leading Actress in a Musical, and Drama Desk Award nominations in the categories of Best Leading Actress, Best Book, and Best Musical for Rapture.", "Other Broadway credits include Sally Simpson in Tommy (1993), Marty in Grease (1995–96), and Maureen in Rent (1997).", "She originated the role of Ursula in The Little Mermaid (2007) for which she received her second Outer Critics Circle Award nomination for Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical.", "She starred as Pepa in the musical adaptation of Women on the Verge of a Nervous Breakdown, on Broadway, which opened on November 4, 2010.", "For this role she was nominated for the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Actress in a Musical.", "Scott appeared in The Front Page as Mollie Malloy with an all-star cast including Nathan Lane, John Slattery, Holland Taylor, John Goodman, Jefferson Mays and Robert Morse.", "Jack O'Brien directed the production that premiered on Broadway in fall 2016 at the Broadhurst Theatre.", "Whorl Inside a Loop, written by Scott and Dick Scanlan, premiered August 27, 2015 at the Second Stage Theatre.", "Directed by Michael Mayer and Scanlan, Whorl garnered critical acclaim, including several 'Best of 2015 Theater' Lists.", "Off-Broadway roles include John Guare's play Landscape of the Body at the Signature Theatre, for which she received a 2006 Obie Award and a Lucille Lortel Award and was a Drama League honoree.", "Musicals include Jason Robert Brown's The Last Five Years for which she received a Drama Desk Award nomination, and the title role in Debbie Does Dallas: The Musical.", "Scott can be heard on the original off-Broadway cast recording of The Last Five Years along with Norbert Leo Butz.", "She is an executive producer of the film The Last Five Years starring Anna Kendrick and Jeremy Jordan.", "Scott also makes an appearance in the film.", "In regional theatre, she has appeared in world premiere productions of Randy Newman's Faust (1995).", "She appeared in Kander and Ebb's Over and Over, at the Signature Theatre, which was a musical adaptation of The Skin of Our Teeth, receiving a nomination for a Helen Hayes Award.", "Scott co-founded the Grammy Award–winning Sh-K-Boom Records and Ghostlight Records, which seeks to preserve original cast albums and solo recordings by Broadway artists.", "The records, produced over 150 albums, garnered 3 Grammy awards, and 12 Grammy nominations.", "SKB/Ghostlight's Grammy Awards include those for the cast albums of In the Heights, The Book of Mormon and Beautiful.", "SKB/Ghostlight received a 2006 Drama Desk Award for dedication to the preservation of musical theatre through cast recordings.", "The label won their first Grammy in 2009 for the Original Cast Recording of In The Heights.", "Scott can be heard on numerous Grammy Award-winning and OBC cast albums, the Billboard hit single \"A Step Too Far\" with Elton John, \"The Folks Who Live On The Hill\" with jazz great Bill Charlap, as well as the critically acclaimed, \"Sherie Rene…Men I've Had,\" Everyday Rapture the original Broadway cast album, and All Will Be Well: The Piece Of Meat Studio Sessions, produced with Todd Almond.", "Scott did a try-out of her new, \"critically acclaimed\" work, Piece of Meat, in collaboration with Todd Almond, in the 2012 Adelaide Cabaret Festival and premiered it in New York City at 54 Below from October 16–27, 2012.", "From July 9–28, 2019, she wrote and starred in an original musical collaboration titled TWOHANDER at Feinstein's/54 Below alongside Norbert Leo Butz, with musical director Todd Almond.", "Scott previously shared the stage with Butz in the original productions of the musicals Dirty Rotten Scoundrels and The Last Five Years.", "Work\n\nBroadway\nSource: Internet Broadway Database\n\nOther theatre\n\nFilmography\n\nDiscography\nSource: Amazon.com\n\n2011 Women on the Verge of a Nervous Breakdown (Original Broadway Cast Recording) – Sh-K-Boom Records\n2010 Everyday Rapture (Original Broadway Cast Recording) – Sh-K-Boom Records\n2008 Disney's The Little Mermaid (Original Broadway Cast Recording) – Disney\n2005 Dirty Rotten Scoundrels (Original Broadway Cast Recording) – Sh-K-Boom Records\n2005 Hair (Actors' Fund of America Benefit Recording) – Sh-K-Boom Records\n2005 Bright Lights, Big City (Cast Recording Recording) – Sh-K-Boom Records\n2002 The Last Five Years (Off-Broadway Cast Recording) – Sh-K-Boom Records\n2002 Debbie Does Dallas (Off-Broadway Cast Recording) – Sh-K-Boom Records\n2000 Aida (Original Broadway Cast Recording) – Disney\n2000 Sherie Rene Scott: Men I've Had (Solo CD) – Sh-K-Boom Records\n1999 Elton John And Tim Rice's Aida (1999 Concept Album) – Island Records\n\nAwards and nominations\n\nNotes\n\nExternal links\nShereReneScott.com\n \n \n\nSh-K-Boom Records\nReview of Everyday Rapture Broadway musical about Sherie Rene Scott and starring her.", "Opened May 7, 2010\n\n1967 births\nAmerican film actresses\nAmerican musical theatre actresses\nLiving people\nNeighborhood Playhouse School of the Theatre alumni\nActresses from Kentucky\n21st-century American actresses\n20th-century American actresses\nSingers from Kentucky\nWriters from Kentucky" ]

[ "Sherie Rene Scott was born on February 8, 1967.", "She has appeared in multiple Broadway and off-Broadway plays and musicals, on numerous solo and original cast recordings, and in various film and television roles.", "Scott was born in Kentucky.", "Her family moved to Kansas when she was four years old.", "Scott moved to New York City to attend the Neighborhood Playhouse School of the Theatre.", "She is a writer in residence at Second Stage Theater and lives in New York City with her son.", "Scott was nominated for a Tony Award, a Drama Desk Award and an Outer Critics Circle Award for his performance in Dirty Rotten Scoundrels.", "She was a Drama League Honoree and won the Clarence Derwent Award for her performance as Amneris in Aida.", "The 1999 Elton John And Tim Rice Aida concept album had a single by Heather Headley and Sherie Rene Scott.", "Scott's You May Now Worship Me, co-authored with Dick Scanlan, raised $200,000 to benefit the Phyllis Newman's Women's Health Initiative of The Actor's Fund.", "March 31, 2008 was the premiere of the one night only fundraiser.", "The concept of You May Now Worship Me became Everyday Rapture.", "In 2010, Scott starred in the production Everyday Rapture, which Scott wrote with co-author Dick Scanlan.", "The show began previews at the American Airlines Theatre on April 19, 2010, and officially opened on April 29, 2010.", "The show played to sold out audiences throughout the run and ended on July 11, 2010.", "Scott was nominated in the categories of Best Leading Actress in a Musical, Best Book, and Best Musical for Rapture.", "Sally Simpson and Marty in Grease are Broadway credits.", "She received her second Outer Critics Circle Award nomination for Outstanding featured actress in a musical for her role in The Little Mermaid.", "She played the role of Pepa in the musical adaptation of Women on the Verge of a Nervous Breakdown, which opened on Broadway in 2010.", "She was nominated for the Outstanding Actress in a Musical.", "The Front Page featured an all-star cast including Nathan Lane, John Slattery, Holland Taylor, John Goodman, Jefferson Mays and Robert Morse.", "The production was directed by Jack O'Brien at the Broadhurst Theatre.", "Whorl Inside a loop was written by Scott and Dick Scanlan.", "Whorl was directed by Michael Mayer and Scanlan.", "She received an Obie Award and a Lortel Award for her work in Landscape of the Body at the Signature Theatre.", "The Last Five Years was nominated for a Drama Desk Award and she played the title role in Debbie Does Dallas: The Musical.", "Scott can be heard on the off-Broadway cast recording of The Last Five Years.", "She is an executive producer of The Last Five Years.", "Scott is in the film.", "She has appeared in regional theatre productions.", "She was nominated for a Helen Hayes Award for her performance in Over and Over at the Signature Theatre.", "Scott co-founded Sh-K-Boom Records and Ghostlight Records, which aim to preserve original cast albums and solo recordings by Broadway artists.", "The records were nominated for 12 grammy awards and produced over 150 albums.", "The cast albums of In the Heights, The Book of Mormon and Beautiful were nominated for a grammy.", "The preservation of musical theatre through cast recordings earned SKB/Ghostlight a 2006 Drama Desk Award.", "The Original Cast Recording of In The Heights won a gramophone in 2009.", "Scott can be heard on a number of cast albums, including \"A Step Too Far\" and \"The Folks Who Live On The Hill\" with Bill Charlap.", "Scott did a try-out of her new work, Piece of Meat, in collaboration with Todd Almond, in the 2012 Adelaide Cabaret Festival and it was presented in New York City at 54 Below.", "She wrote and starred in an original musical called Twohander at Feinstein's/54 Below with musical director Todd Almond.", "Scott and Butz worked together in the musicals The Last Five Years and Dirty Rotten Scoundrels.", "The Internet Broadway Database and Sh-K-Boom Records have original Broadway cast recordings.", "The Neighborhood Playhouse School of the Theatre opened in May of 2010 with the births of American film actresses and American musical theatre actresses." ]

[ "Sherie Rene Scott", "Scott", "Scott", "Scott", "Sherie", "Rene Scott", "Scott", "Scott", "Scott", "Scott", "Scott", "Scott", "Scott", "Scott", "Scott", "Scott", "Scott", "Scott" ]

[ "Sherie Rene Scott", "Scott", "Scott", "Scott", "Sherie", "Rene Scott", "Scott", "Scott", "Scott", "Scott", "Scott", "Scott", "Scott", "Scott", "Scott", "Scott", "Scott" ]

[ "Alexander Dmitriyevich Petrov (; born 26 April 1999) is a Russian figure skater.", "He is the 2016 CS Nebelhorn Trophy champion and the 2016 Russian National bronze medalist.", "On the junior level, he is the 2014–15 Junior Grand Prix Final bronze medalist and the 2015 Russian Junior National champion.", "Petrov holds the title of Master of Sports of Russia.", "Personal life \nAlexander Dmitriyevich Petrov was born 26 April 1999 in Saint Petersburg.", "He is the eldest child in his family and has one younger sister.", "Besides skating, Petrov also enjoys listening to music, playing soccer, snowboarding and skateboarding.", "He supports FC Zenit Saint Petersburg.", "Career\n\nEarly career \nPetrov began skating at the age of 5 in 2004.", "His parents first took him skating because he had contracted bronchitis at a very young age.", "Under doctor's orders they were asked to either take him swimming or to the skating rink.", "Because he was only 5 years old, Petrov took up figure skating instead of ice hockey.", "Tatiana Mishina, Oleg Tataurov and Svetlana Frantsuzova were his earliest coaches.", "In the 2009–10 season Petrov brought home the silver medal in the novice event at the 2010 Toruń Cup and finished just shy of a medal at Rostelecom Crystal Skate.", "The following season, Petrov won gold at the 2011 Toruń Cup, his first international gold medal.", "In the 2011-12 season, he won the novice event at the 2011 NRW Trophy in Dortmund, Germany and finished second in the junior event at Rostelecom Crystal Skate.", "Making his debut at the 2012 Russian Junior Championships, he finished 12th.", "2012–13 season \nPetrov became age-eligible for the ISU Junior Grand Prix (JGP) series in the 2012-13 season and was assigned two JGP events in his debut season.", "He finished 5th in his JGP debut in Courchevel, France, and won the silver medal at his second JGP event in Turkey.", "A triple Axel was included in his programs for his first season on the ISU Junior Grand Prix circuit.", "This jump was landed and ratified in his second JGP event, albeit with a negative Grade of Execution (GOE).", "As the 2012-13 season progressed, Petrov went on to land several clean 3A with positive GOE, including one at the 4th stage of the Cup of Russia series in November 2012.", "Weeks later, at the 5th stage of the Cup of Russia series, Petrov landed a combined total of three clean 3A including a 3A-3T in the free skate.", "He won that competition with a score of 221.15.", "On the international scene, Petrov won gold medals in the junior events at the 2012 Coupe de Nice and the 2013 20th Volvo Open Cup.", "At the Russian Championships, he was tenth in his senior-level debut and won the bronze medal in the junior event.", "In his final competition of the season, Petrov won the junior gold medal at the 2013 Triglav Trophy with an overall score of 192.97 points, which included a 3A (1.00 GOE) in the short and 3A (2.00 GOE) and 3A-2T (1.00 GOE) in the free skate.", "2013–14 season \nIn the 2013-14 season, Alexei Mishin began coaching Petrov alongside Tatiana Mishina and Oleg Tataurov.", "Petrov won silver in his season's debut at the Junior Grand Prix event in Gdańsk, Poland and another silver medal in Ostrava, Czech Republic.", "He qualified for his first JGP Final.", "In November, Petrov competed in the first senior international of his career at the 2013 22nd Volvo Open Cup in Riga, Latvia and won the silver medal there.", "He beat several experienced skaters including compatriots Sergey Borodulin and Zhan Bush, finishing behind 4-time Olympic medalist Evgeni Plushenko.", "In Riga he landed a total of three clean 3As, including a 3A-2T in the long program.", "Petrov then finished 5th at the Junior Grand Prix Final held in Fukuoka, Japan.", "At the Russian Championships, Petrov ranked eighth on the senior level and improved on his previous showing by winning silver in the junior event, finishing 1.88 points behind Adian Pitkeev.", "He placed 4th at the 2014 World Junior Championships.", "2014–15 season \n\nIn his season's debut at the Junior Grand Prix series, Petrov took the silver medal in Ljubljana, Slovenia, where he led China's Jin Boyang after the short program and finished 3.84 points behind Jin overall after the latter landed three quadruple jumps in the free skate.", "He went on to win gold in Tallinn, Estonia, outscoring Japan's Sota Yamamoto by 5.67 points, and qualified for his second consecutive Junior Grand Prix Final, where he would eventually take home the bronze medal after finishing second in the free skate.", "Competing on the senior level at the 2014 Finlandia Trophy, he placed second in the short and third in the free skate, taking the bronze medal behind American Adam Rippon.", "Petrov won his first international senior title at the 2014 Cup of Nice after placing first in both programs and outscoring fellow medalists Artur Dmitriev, Jr. and Keiji Tanaka by over thirty points.", "He then followed that win with a gold medal at the 2014 Volvo Open Cup.", "On November 22, Petrov placed first at the 2014 Warsaw Cup posting personal best scores with a total of 231.53 points.", "In early 2015, Petrov fell ill several times with an acute respiratory infection.", "Illness took its toll on his performance at the World Junior Championships where he finished 6th overall after winning a bronze medal for the short program.", "Petrov ended the season in the top 20 in the ISU World Standings with a Seasonal Best score in the top 20 as well.", "In the ISU Seasonal World Standings, he was ranked 12th at the end of the 2014-2015 season and finished second in the Challenger Series rankings.", "2015–16 season: Full senior debut \nIn 2015, Petrov moved up to the senior Grand Prix circuit and received two GP assignments.", "He made his senior Grand Prix debut at 2015 Skate Canada International.", "He finished 6th overall and was subsequently invited to the gala event where he did an exhibition number to the song All Star.", "At his second Grand Prix event, 2015 Trophée Éric Bompard, Petrov completed another clean skate and placed 6th going into the free skate.", "Due to the November 2015 Paris attacks, the free skating event was cancelled.", "Eventually, the ISU decided to award points from the competition based on the placing of the skaters after the short program.", "At the 2016 Russian Championships in Ekaterinburg in December, Petrov once again skated a clean program and placed 5th after the short program.", "He completed a flawless free skate to move up two placings and win the bronze medal, his first senior Russian Championships medal at the young age of 16 years.", "Petrov’s TES in the free skate was the highest in the entire competition.", "His triple Axel combination received 2.00 GOE and his solo triple Axel received 1.71 GOE.", "It was revealed after the event that he had in fact been carrying a ligament injury to his leg going into the competition, after falling badly just one and a half weeks before the Championships.", "After finishing on the podium at the 2016 Russian Championships, Petrov earned the right to represent Russia at the 2016 European Championships in Bratislava.", "Due to an illness contracted after returning from a training camp in Estonia a fortnight before the European Championships, he had not been able to train until three days before he flew to Bratislava.", "Even so, he fought hard and skated both programs cleanly, being the only Russian man to do so and eventually finishing eighth overall on his debut.", "He also set a new personal best in the short program and a season's best in the free skate.", "2016–17 season \nIn 2016, Petrov started his season at the 2016 Nebelhorn Trophy where he won gold after placing first in both the short and free skate with a total of 232.21 points.", "For the 2016-17 Grand Prix season, Petrov has been assigned the 2016 Skate Canada International and the 2016 Cup of China.", "2017–18 season \nPetrov began the season at 2017 CS Lombardia Trophy, finishing seventh, and then competed at a second Challenger event, the 2017 CS Finlandia Trophy, where he came ninth.", "He was assigned to the 2017 Cup of China and the 2017 Skate America, coming eleventh at the Cup of China before withdrawing from Skate America.", "He then competed at a third Challenger, the 2017 CS Golden Spin of Zagreb, coming eighth.", "He withdrew from the 2018 Russian Championships.", "2018–19 season \nPetrov placed seventh at the 2019 Russian Championships.", "2020-21 season \n\nIn October, it was announced that he had changed coaches to work with Evgeni Plushenko.", "Programs\n\nCompetitive highlights \nGP: Grand Prix; CS: Challenger Series; JGP: Junior Grand Prix\n\nDetailed results\nSmall medals for short program and free skating awarded only at ISU Championships.", "Senior level\n\n C= Cancelled.", "Junior level\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n\n \n \n\n1999 births\nRussian male single skaters\nLiving people\nFigure skaters from Saint Petersburg" ]

[ "Alexander Dmitriyevich Petrov is a Russian figure skater.", "The Russian National bronze medal was won by him.", "He won the Russian Junior National champion and the bronze medal in the Junior Grand Prix Final.", "The title of Master of Sports of Russia is held by Petrov.", "Alexander Dmitriyevich Petrov was born in 1999.", "He is the oldest child in his family.", "Petrov enjoys skating, snowboarding, and listening to music.", "He is a fan of FC Zenit Saint Petersburg.", "At the age of 5, Petrov began skating.", "His parents took him skating because he had bronchitis when he was young.", "They were told to either take him swimming or to the skating rink.", "He took up figure skating when he was 5 years old.", "They were his earliest coaches.", "In the novice event at the 2010 Toru Cup, Petrov won a silver medal, but missed out on a medal at the Rostelecom Crystal Skate.", "His first international gold medal was won at the Toru Cup.", "He won the novice event at the NRW Trophy and finished second in the junior event.", "He finished 12th at the Russian Junior Championships.", "In the 2012–13 season, he became age-eligible for the ISU Junior Grand Prix series and was assigned two events in his debut season.", "He won the silver medal at his second J GP event in Turkey, after finishing 5th in his debut in Courchevel, France.", "For his first season on the ISU Junior Grand Prix circuit, a triple Axel was included in his programs.", "He did a jump with a negative grade of execution in his second event.", "At the 4th stage of the Cup of Russia series in November 2012 Petrov was able to land a clean 3A with a positive GOE.", "At the 5th stage of the Cup of Russia series, Petrov landed a combined total of three clean 3A including a 3A-3T in the free skate.", "He won the competition with a score.", "At the 2012 Coupe de Nice and the 20th Volvo Open Cup, Petrov won gold medals.", "He won a bronze medal in the junior event at the Russian Championships and was tenth in his senior debut.", "In his final competition of the season, Petrov won the junior gold medal with an overall score of 192.97 points, which included a 3A (1.00 GOE) in the short and 3A (2.00 GOE) and 3A-2T.", "The 2013-14 season saw the beginning of coaching by Alexei Mishin.", "At the Junior Grand Prix event in Gdask, Poland, he won a pair of silver medals.", "He qualified for the final.", "In November, he competed in the first senior international of his career at the 22nd Volvo Open Cup in Riga, Latvia and won a silver medal.", "He beat several experienced skaters, including his countrymen Zhan Bush and Sergey Borodulin.", "He landed three clean 3As, including a 3A-2T in the long program.", "The Junior Grand Prix Final was held in Japan.", "At the Russian Championships, Petrov ranked eighth on the senior level and improved on his previous showing by winning silver in the junior event, finishing 1.88 points behind Adian Pitkeev.", "He was 4th at the World Junior Championships.", "In his season's debut at the Junior Grand Prix series, Petrov took the silver medal in Ljubljana, Slovenia, where he led China's Jin Boyang after the short program and finished 3.84 points behind Jin overall after the latter landed three quadruple jumps in the free skate.", "He qualified for the Junior Grand Prix Final for the second year in a row and won a bronze medal after finishing second in the free skate.", "He placed second in the short and third in the free skate at the Finnia Trophy, taking the bronze medal behind American Adam Rippon.", "Petrov won his first international senior title at the Cup of Nice after placing first in both programs and out scoring his competitors by over thirty points.", "He won a gold medal at the Volvo Open Cup.", "The first place winner at the Warsaw Cup posted personal best scores with a total of 231.53 points.", "In early 2015, he fell ill with an acute respiratory infection.", "After winning a bronze medal for the short program at the World Junior Championships, illness took its toll on his performance.", "The season ended in the top 20 in the ISU World Standings with a Seasonal Best score in the top 20 as well.", "He finished second in the Challenger Series rankings and was ranked 12th in the ISU Seasonal World Standings.", "In 2015, Petrov received two GP assignments after moving up to the senior Grand Prix circuit.", "He made his senior Grand Prix debut.", "He did an exhibition number to the song All Star after finishing 6th overall.", "At his second Grand Prix event, 2015, he placed 6th going into the free skate after completing another clean skate.", "The free skating event was canceled due to the Paris attacks.", "The ISU decided to award points based on the placing of the skaters after the short program.", "At the Russian Championships in December, he placed 5th after the short program.", "He won the bronze medal, his first senior Russian Championships medal, after completing a flawless free skate to move up two places.", "The free skate was the best in the competition.", "The triple Axel combination received 2.10 GOE and the solo triple Axel received 1.71 GOE.", "After the event it was revealed that he had injured his leg in a fall just one and a half weeks before the Championships.", "The right to represent Russia at the 2016 European Championships was earned by Petrov after he finished on the podium at the 2016 Russian Championships.", "He wasn't able to train until three days before he flew to Bratislava because of an illness he contracted after returning from a training camp.", "He fought hard and was the only Russian man to skate cleanly in both programs, finishing eighth on his debut.", "He set a new personal best in the short program and a season's best in the free skate.", "At the 2016 Nebelhorn Trophy, he won gold after placing first in both the short and free skate with a total of 232.21 points.", "The 2016 Cup of China and the 2016 Skate Canada International have been assigned for the Grand Prix season.", "He came ninth at the second Challenger event of the season after finishing seventh at the first one.", "He withdrew from Skate America after finishing eleventh at the Cup of China.", "At the third Challenger, the Golden Spin of Zagreb, he came eighth.", "He pulled out of the Russian Championships.", "At the Russian Championships, Petrov placed seventh.", "In October, it was announced that he had changed coaches.", "There are small medals for short program and free skating at the ISU Championships.", "The senior level C was canceled.", "There are External links to births of Russian male single skaters." ]

[ "Alexander Dmitriyevich Petrov", "Petrov", "Alexander Dmitriyev", "Petrov", "Petrov", "Petrov", "Petrov", "Petrov", "Petrov", "Petrov", "Petrov", "Petrov", "Petrov", "Petrov", "Petrov", "Petrov", "Petrov", "Petrov", "Petrov", "Petrov", "Petrov", "Petrov", "Petrov", "Petrov", "Petrovmp", "Petrov", "Petrov", "Petrov", "Petrov", "Petrov", "Petrov", "Petrov", "Petrov" ]

[ "Alexander Dmitriyevich Petrov", "Petrov", "Alexander Dmitriyevich Petrov", "Petrov", "Petrov", "Petrov", "Petrov", "Petrov", "Petrov", "Petrov", "Petrov", "Petrov", "Petrov", "Petrov", "Petrov", "Petrov" ]

[ "George Fife Angas (1 May 1789 – 15 May 1879) was an English businessman and banker who, while residing in England, played a significant part in the formation and establishment of the Province of South Australia.", "He established the South Australian Company and was its founding chairman of the board of directors.", "In later life he migrated to the colony and served as a member of the first South Australian Legislative Council.", "His financial contribution of some £40,000 was instrumental to the creation of South Australia.", "Early life\nAngas was born at Newcastle upon Tyne, England, fifth son of Caleb Angas of Newcastle (1743–1831) and his second wife Sarah Angas née Lindsay (1749–1802).", "Caleb was a successful coachbuilder and ship owner.", "After his mother's death, he continued his education at a boarding school and at age 15 became an apprentice coachbuilder under his father's direction.", "He started the Benevolent Society of Coachbuilders in Newcastle in 1807 \"to provide for sick members and others requiring relief, and promote habits of economy and temperance\".", "In 1808 he went to London to gain further experience and returned to Newcastle in 1809 where he worked as a supervisor for his father's business.", "On 8 April 1812 in Hutton, Essex, he married Rosetta French (1793–1867), daughter of John French (1761–1829), \"Gentleman of Hutton, Essex\", and Rosetta French née Rayner (1756–1836).", "They had three sons and four daughters.", "Their eldest son, George French Angas became a notable artist.", "Their daughter Emma Angas caught smallpox and died while nursing refugees in Beirut.", "Career\n\nOver the next 20 years Angas took a large role in the family business in Newcastle, which also had branches in British ports, the West Indies and Spanish America, and steadily developed his own shipping business in London.", "By 1831, his business owned three ships, commercial business in British Honduras, Buenos Aires and London, coach factories in Durham and Newcastle, with mahogany trade and copperas works.", "Angas came from a non-conformist religious household, and as a religious person became a secretary of the Newcastle Sunday School Union, founded in 1815 to educate poor children in Newcastle and Gateshead.", "On two occasions after the repeal of the Test Act and the Corporation Act in 1828, which barred non-conformists from public office, Angas was asked to stand for Parliament, but declined partly due to reasons of poor health.", "He had a talent for banking, and played a large part in the founding of the National Provincial Bank of England in 1833, (which exists today after several mergers as NatWest), sitting as a director on its first board, the Union Bank of Australia (in 1836) and the South Australian Banking Company (in 1840).", "In 1835, he held shares in the British American Land Company.", "South Australia\n\nAngas had become relatively wealthy and was concerned with putting his money to the best use.", "He became interested in a proposed settlement in South Australia and in 1832 joined the committee of the South Australian Land Company and took up enough shares to become a director.", "His own views on systematic colonisation dealt with the exclusion of convicts, concentration of settlers, sending out (preferably religious) intelligent people with capital, the emigration of young couples of good character, free trade, free government, and freedom of religion.", "As such, South Australia became the first Australian colony to provide residents with religious freedom and to grant land rights to indigenous people.", "Angas was discouraged by the company's failure to get government support, but continued his involvement with the South Australian Association which was formed in 1834, with Robert Gouger as secretary.", "During debates on the price of land Angas, who held the opposite view to Edward Gibbon Wakefield, wanted the price of land to be low.", "However, the South Australian Colonization Commission set a high price for land, which brought sales of land, and hence establishment of the colony, to a standstill.", "Angas formed a joint-stock company to buy the remaining land, which was transferred in January 1836 to the newly formed South Australian Company.", "In February 1836, the first of three ships set sail for South Australia with emigrants, livestock and provisions on board.", "The company supervisors were provided with minutely detailed instructions covering almost any problem which might have arisen.", "All three ships arrived by the middle of August.", "The colonial office, the Colonization Commissioners, and the South Australian Company would determine the success or failure of the colony, and it was still unclear which was the controlling body.", "There was initial friction between the company and the commissioners.", "The establishment of a banking business in 1837, and its separation as the South Australian Banking Company in 1840, at the behest of Angas, played an important part in the early growth of the colony.", "Angas worked on behalf of the bank in England, giving lectures, writing pamphlets and supplying information to newspapers.", "He also helped to establish the South Australian School Society, and sent out missionaries and German colonists.", "He set up the Union Bank of Australia in England and also found the time to be active in the colonisation of New Zealand.", "In recognition of his efforts in making New Zealand an English colony rather than a French colony, Angas was offered a knighthood and a then baronetcy, but he declined both.", "Angas was also a leading figure in attempting to establish and secure proper treatment of the Aboriginal people of South Australia.", "\"Mr Angas set before himself the model of William Penn and his treaty with the North American Indians for establishing friendly and equitable relations with the Europeans.\"", "(Hodder) Using his position as Commissioner, he attempted to secure Aboriginal rights in both legislature and through financing missionary actions.", "In 1836, Angas met with Pastor August Kavel, who was Pastor in Klępsk (Klemzig) in Prussia.", "Kavel and his Lutheran congregation at Klemzig faced oppression due to decrees made by King Frederick William III.", "They sought to regain their religious freedom by emigrating to another country.", "Angas sent his chief clerk, Charles Flaxman to Prussia to meet with Kavel's group.", "Flaxman on returning, gave a favorable report to Angas, who then sought to have the South Australian Company meet the cost of the transport for the whole congregation from Hamburg to South Australia.", "This request was declined, and so Angas made a loan to this group of emigrants, by meeting the cost of securing vessels himself.", "In 1838 Angas chartered four ships on their behalf; Prince George, Bengalee, Zebra, and Catharina.", "This loan, along with another Angas had made to his chief clerk Charles Flaxman, (who invested in land in South Australia), put Angas in a difficult financial situation the next year.", "Angas had borrowed heavily and was forced to sell his interests in the Union Bank and other companies.", "News came that the British government had dishonoured drafts drawn by the Governor, George Gawler and that the colony was in danger of ruin.", "Angas appealed to the government, his efforts resulting in a loan to the colony and payment of the dishonoured drafts.", "In 1842 Angas lectured extensively on South Australia and wrote a pamphlet, \"Facts Illustrative of South Australia\", which was widely distributed.", "Gawler, who had been recalled to England, suggested that Angas should settle in South Australia.", "In early 1843, his finances still troubled, he sent out his 19-year-old son John Howard Angas to supervise his land and recover the family fortunes.", "Angas was unable to sell his northern England properties until 1850 but some repayments had come in from the German settlers.", "The stress had affected his health and he decided to migrate to Australia, arriving in Adelaide with his wife and youngest son in January 1851.", "Slavery\nAccording to Humphrey McQueen and Catherine Hall, the Angas family business supply chain used slaves.", "Angas is not recorded by the Legacies of British Slave-ownership database as having held slaves himself, nor of having obtained any meaningful benefit from them.", "As was typical for the period, his business associates in British Honduras included people who owned slaves.", "He collected compensatory claims on behalf of four former slave owners, totalling £6,942 after abolition, with a total of 121 slaves.", "The claims he collected were:\n5 October 1835, Honduras 231, 40 enslaved, £2176 17/3d.", "26 October 1835, Honduras 51, 12 enslaved, £685 15/1d.", "26 October 1835, Honduras 199, 35 enslaved, £1642 17/2d\n9 November 1835, Honduras 244, 34 enslaved, £2439 17/3d.", "On 12 June 1840, he was delegate number 196, one of eight representing Newcastle upon Tyne, at the World Anti-Slavery Convention.", "A commemorative newspaper article in The Advertiser (an Adelaide daily) in 1909 described how Angas sought to protect the poorer classes from oppression and endeavoured to help slaves who, he argued, were held in illegal bondage.", "In 1824, over 200 Indians were set free as a result of his efforts.", "Later life, death and legacy\n\nAngas, by then almost 62, was met by his two sons and eldest daughter.", "His work on behalf of the colony was widely known and a few days later a public dinner was held in his honour.", "He found work, becoming elected as a member of the Legislative Council for the Barossa district and turned his attention towards education and other public interests.", "Being kept busy improved his health, and he was able to pay off his debts in short order.", "Angas bought Merino sheep and cattle, employing out-of work migrants on his property.", "He returned to England from 1857 to September 1859 to settle matters in his father's estate.", "He continued parliamentary work and lobbied against South Australia being given responsibility for the administration of the Northern Territory.", "He resigned in 1866, feeling that he could not fully fulfil his role, and continued to contribute to schools, churches and charities.", "His wife of 55 years died in 1867.", "In 1869 he published The History of the Newcastle-on-Tyne Sunday School Union, which was compiled by secretary William Ramage Lawson.", "Although retired from parliamentary duties, managing his property at Angaston gave him plenty to do.", "He recovered from a serious illness at 87 and died on 15 May 1879 at 90 years of age.", "He was survived by three sons, notably John Howard Angas and George French Angas, and three daughters.", "Angas' financial contribution of some £40,000 was instrumental to the creation of South Australia.", "See also\nBritish colonisation of South Australia\nHistory of Adelaide\n\nReferences\n\n'Angas, George Fife (1789–1879)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 1, Melbourne University Press, 1966, pp 15–18.", "accessed 2008-01-15\n\"The Confessional Lutheran Emigrations From Prussia And Saxony Around 1839\", Westerhaus, Martin O.\nGeorge Fife Angas, Father and Founder of South Australia, Edwin Hodder, Hodder and Stoughton, London MDCCCXCI\n\nFurther reading\n \n \n The State Library of South Australia holds \"31 volumes, approximately 5,000 sheets, 2 plans, 1 photograph, 3 artworks, 5 electronic files (digital copies of letters), 2 wooden trunks ; 4.4 metres.\"", "relating to Angas.", "See description.", "People from Adelaide\nSettlers of South Australia\nMembers of the South Australian Legislative Council\n1789 births\n1879 deaths\nDirectors of the South Australian Company\n19th-century Australian businesspeople\nAustralian company founders\nBurials in South Australia\nPeople from Newcastle upon Tyne\nEnglish Baptists\nCoachbuilders of Australia\nAdelaide Club\nAustralian pastoralists\nEnglish emigrants to colonial Australia\n19th-century Baptists\n19th-century Australian politicians" ]

[ "While residing in England, George Fife Angas played a significant part in the formation and establishment of the Province of South Australia.", "He was the founding chairman of the board of directors of the South Australian Company.", "He was a member of the first South Australian Legislative Council.", "The creation of South Australia was made possible by his financial contribution.", "Angas was the fifth son of Caleb and Sarah Angas and the second wife of Lindsay.", "He was a successful ship owner.", "After his mother's death, he continued his education at a boarding school and became an apprenticeship coachbuilder under his father's direction.", "He started the Benevolent Society of Coachbuilders to provide for sick members and others requiring relief, and to promote habits of economy and temperance.", "He went to London in the 18th century to further his education, but returned to his father's business in the 19th century as a supervisor.", "He married the daughter of John French and the \"Gentleman of Hutton, Essex\" on April 8, 1812.", "They had seven children, three sons and four daughters.", "George French Angas was their oldest son.", "Their daughter Emma Angas died while nursing refugees.", "In the next 20 years, Angas took a large role in the family business, which had branches in British ports, the West Indies and Spanish America, as well as developing his own shipping business in London.", "He owned three ships, a commercial business in British Honduras, Buenos Aires and London, and a coach factory in Durham.", "Angas came from a non-conformist religious household, and as a religious person became a secretary of the Newcastle Sunday School Union, which was founded in 1814 to educate poor children.", "After the repeal of the Test Act and the Corporation Act, Angas was asked to stand for Parliament, but declined due to poor health.", "He was involved in the founding of the National Provincial Bank of England, as well as sitting on the first board of the Union Bank of Australia and the South Australian Banking.", "He owned shares in the British American Land Company.", "South Australia Angas was concerned about putting his money to the best use.", "He became a director of the South Australian Land Company after becoming interested in a proposed settlement in South Australia.", "The exclusion of convicts, concentration of settlers, sending out intelligent people with capital, the emigration of young couples of good character, and freedom of religion were all dealt with in his own views on systematic colonisation.", "South Australia was the first Australian colony to grant land rights to indigenous people.", "Robert Gouger was the secretary of the South Australian Association and Angas was discouraged by the company's failure to get government support.", "During debates on the price of land, Angas wanted the price to be low.", "The establishment of the colony was halted due to the high price for land set by the South Australian Colonization Commission.", "The remaining land was transferred to the newly formed South Australian Company in January 1836.", "In February 1836, the first of three ships set sail for South Australia with emigrants, livestock and provisions on board.", "The instructions for the company supervisors were very detailed.", "The ships arrived in August.", "The success or failure of the colony would be determined by the colonial office, the Colonization Commissioners, and the South Australian Company.", "There were initial disagreements between the company and the Commissioners.", "The separation of the South Australian Banking Company from Angas in 1840 was an important part of the early growth of the colony.", "Angas was employed by the bank in England to give lectures, write pamphlets and give information to newspapers.", "He helped to establish the South Australian School Society.", "He set up the Union Bank of Australia in England and was active in the colonization of New Zealand.", "Angas was offered a knighthood and a baronetcy, but he turned them down.", "Angas was a leader in trying to get proper treatment for the aboriginal people of South Australia.", "The model of William Penn's treaty with the North American Indians was set by Mr Angas.", "He used his position as Commissioner to try to get aboriginal rights in the legislature.", "Angas met with the pastor of Klpsk in Prussia.", "The Lutheran congregation at Klemzig faced oppression due to decree made by King Frederick William III.", "They moved to another country to regain their religious freedom.", "Charles Flaxman was sent by Angas to Prussia to meet with Kavel's group.", "Angas sought to have the South Australian Company meet the cost of the transport for the whole congregation from Hamburg to South Australia after receiving a favorable report from Flaxman.", "Angas made a loan to this group of emigrants because the request was declined.", "Four ships were chartered by Angas in the 18th century.", "The chief clerk of Angas invested in land in South Australia and put Angas in a difficult financial situation.", "Angas was forced to sell his interests in companies because of the large amount of debt he had.", "The colony was in danger of ruin because the British government had dishonoured drafts drawn by the Governor.", "Angas' efforts resulted in a loan to the colony and payment of the dishonoured drafts.", "In 1842 Angas wrote a pamphlet, \"Facts Illustrative of South Australia\", which was widely distributed.", "The man who was recalled to England suggested that Angas should live in South Australia.", "John Howard Angas was sent out by his father in the early 19th century to help with his finances.", "Some of the repayments from the German settlers came in when Angas was unable to sell his northern England properties.", "The stress had affected his health and he decided to migrate to Australia with his wife and youngest son.", "The Angas family business supply chain used slaves.", "The Legacies of British Slave-ownership database does not record Angas as having held slaves himself or having gotten any benefit from them.", "His business associates in British Honduras included people who owned slaves.", "He collected claims on behalf of four former slave owners who had a total of 121 slaves.", "The claims he collected were from Honduras.", "Honduras 51, 12 enslaved, £685 15/1d.", "27 October 1835, Honduras 199, 35 enslaved, £192 17/2d, 9 November 1835, Honduras 244, 34 enslaved, £2939 17/3d.", "He was a delegate at the World Anti-Slavery Convention in June of 1840.", "Angas sought to protect the poorer classes from oppression and tried to help slaves who were held in illegal bondage, according to a 1909 newspaper article.", "Over 200 Indians were freed as a result of his efforts.", "By the time Angas was almost 62 years old, he had met his two sons and daughter.", "A public dinner was held in his honor after his work on behalf of the colony was well known.", "He found work and was elected to the Legislative Council for the Barossa district.", "He was able to pay off his debts quickly because he was kept busy.", "Angas bought out-of-work migrants sheep and cattle on his property.", "He returned to England in September of 1859 to settle his father's estate.", "He continued to lobby against South Australia being given responsibility for the administration of the Northern Territory.", "He continued to contribute to schools, churches and charities after he resigned.", "His wife died in 1867.", "The History of the Sunday School Union was published in 1869.", "His property at Angaston gave him a lot to do after he retired from parliamentary duties.", "He died at 90 years of age after recovering from a serious illness.", "John Howard Angas and George French Angas were his sons.", "The creation of South Australia was made possible by Angas' financial contribution.", "The Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 1, was published in 1966 and contains references to Angas, George Fife.", "Martin O. George Fife Angas is the Father and founder of South Australia.", "It relates to Angas.", "See the description.", "The Directors of the South Australian Company and Australian business people are buried in South Australia." ]

[ "George Fife Angas", "Angas", "Caleb Angas", "Sarah Angas", "George French", "Angas", "Emma Angas", "Angas", "Angas", "Angas", "Angas", "Angas", "Angas", "Angas", "Angas", "Angas", "Angas", "Angas", "Angas", "Angas", "Angas", "Angas", "George Gawler", "Angas", "Angas", "Angas", "Angas", "Angas", "Angas", "Angas", "Angas", "Angas", "Angas", "George French", "Angas", "Angas", "Angas", "George Fife", "George Fife", "Angas" ]

[ "George Fife Angas", "Angas", "Sarah Angas", "George French", "Angas", "Emma Angas", "Angas", "Angas", "Angas", "Angas", "Angas", "Angas", "Angas", "Angas", "Angas", "Angas", "Angas", "Angas", "Angas", "Angas", "Angas", "Angas", "Angas", "Angas", "Angas", "Angas", "Angas", "Angas", "Angas", "George French", "Angas", "Angas", "Angas", "George Fife", "George Fife", "Angas", "Angas" ]

[ "Kevin Sanjaya Sukamuljo (born 2 August 1995) is an Indonesian badminton player currently ranked world number 1 in the men's doubles by the Badminton World Federation.", "He plays for PB Djarum, and has been a member of the club since 2007.", "He won the men's doubles titles at the All England Open in 2017 and 2018; World Superseries Finals in 2017; and at the Asian Games in 2018.", "He also featured in the Indonesia winning team at the Southeast Asian Games in 2015, and at the Asia Team Championships in 2018 and 2020.", "Together with his current partner, Marcus Fernaldi Gideon, they were awarded the BWF Best Male Players of the Year for two years in a row after collecting seven Superseries titles in 2017 and eight World Tour titles in 2018.", "Sukamuljo and Gideon are often referred to as \"the Minions\" because of their below average height and for their fast and agile playing style, jumping and bouncing just like the Minions in the film Despicable Me.", "BWF commentator, Gillian Clark stated that the fast play shown by Sukamuljo and Gideon have taken the men's doubles game to a new level and makes the matches exciting to watch.", "Early and personal life \nKevin Sanjaya Sukamuljo was born on 2 August 1995 in Banyuwangi, East Java, Indonesia, to parents Sugiarto Sukamuljo and Winartin Niawati of Chinese Indonesians ethnicity.", "He is the nephew of former world number 1 men's doubles player, Alvent Yulianto.", "Sukamuljo started to learn about badminton at two and a half years, by seeing his father play on the court behind their house.", "Noticing young Sukamuljo's interest in badminton, his father then found a coach in Jember at the Putra 46 club to foster his child's talent for a year.", "Sukamuljo later entered the Sari Agung club in Banyuwangi and in 2006, at the age of eleven, he won a Graha Bhakti Cup tournament.", "Recognizing his talent, Sukamuljo's parents encouraged him to join a bigger club.", "He then took part at the general auditions scholarship held by PB Djarum, but failed due to his small physique.", "However, he refused to give up, and began training everyday, instead of his usual 4 days a week routine.", "With these additional hours, he finally managed to pass the audition at PB Djarum in 2007.", "After joining PB Djarum, Sukamuljo went through defeat after defeat.", "At first, Sukamuljo played in the men's singles discipline.", "However, he was then turned toward the doubles disciplines, experimenting with both the men's and mixed doubles.", "Initially, he and his parents resisted this turn toward specialization in doubles, but men's doubles coach Ade Lukas believed that this was where Sukamuljo's skills and abilities would be best utilized.", "After a year of training in doubles, he showed progress and had great expectations going forward.", "Career\n\n2010–2013: Junior and early senior career \nIn the PB Djarum club, Sukamuljo was trained by Sigit Budiarto.", "He won some National Circuit tournaments in his age group with different partners.", "In 2010, he won the Kalimantan, North Sulawesi, Pekanbaru, and Jakarta circuits, and also the Candra Wijaya men's doubles championships.", "In 2011, he won the Jakarta circuit and Pertamina Open.", "He represented Indonesia at the 2011 ASEAN School Games held at the Yio Chu Kang Sports Hall, Singapore, and won a gold in the mixed doubles with Aris Budiharti, and a silver in the boys' doubles with Felix Kinalsal.", "In July 2011, just before turning 16, Sukamuljo qualified to compete in the international senior age group, by reaching the finals of the Singapore International Series tournament partnered with Lukhi Apri Nugroho.", "He also played at the World Junior Championships held in Taoyuan City, but was eliminated in the quarter-finals in the boys' doubles event with his partner Nugroho.", "In 2012, Sukamuljo won the U-19 National tournament the Jakarta Open and West Java circuits, also the Candra Wijaya men's doubles championships.", "In July, he won a bronze medal at the Asian Junior Championships in the boys' doubles event with Alfian Eko Prasetya.", "He was named as the \"future athlete\" at the Tangkas Specs Junior Challenge after showing a good performance and finished as runner-up in that tournament.", "In August, he was ranked as number 1 in the BWF World Junior Ranking.", "In October–November, he competed at the World Junior Championships held in Chiba, Japan, but lost in the early stages of both the boys' and mixed doubles events.", "In December, he clinched the boys' doubles title at the Junior National Championships with Rafiddias Akhdan Nugroho.", "In 2013, Sukamuljo was selected to join the national men's doubles team squad.", "He started the season by competing in Vietnam International Challenge partnered with Rafiddias Akhdan Nugroho, but lost in the quarter-finals to the Hong Kong pair Chan Yun Lung and Wong Wai Hong in a close rubber game.", "In May, he won the West Java circuit tournament teamed with Hafiz Faizal.", "In July, he competed at the Asian Junior Championships held in Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia, and captured bronze medals in the mixed team and boys' doubles events partnered with Arya Maulana Aldiartama.", "Turning eighteen in August, he won the mixed doubles title at the Tangkas Specs Junior International Challenge with Masita Mahmudin.", "In October-November, he participated at the World Junior Championships in Bangkok, Thailand where he helped Indonesia to win the silver medal in the mixed team event.", "In the individual tournament he earned mixed doubles silver with Mahmudin, losing the final match to the Chinese pair Huang Kaixiang and Chen Qingchen, whom they had beaten the previous week in the semifinals of team play.", "2014–2016: From International Challenge to Superseries titles \nSukamuljo began the 2014 season playing with a new partner, Selvanus Geh, and won his very first tournament with Geh, the Vietnam International Challenge by beating Australians Robin Middleton and Ross Smith in the finals.", "In his second month playing with Geh, he captured his first Grand Prix doubles title at the New Zealand Open, when he and Geh upset the second seeds from Chinese Taipei Chen Hung-ling and Lu Chia-pin in the finals.", "In June, he competed against the world's best players at the Indonesia Open paired with Geh and with Greysia Polii in mixed doubles .", "Starting from the qualification round in both events, he was stopped in the second round of the main draw in both, but in the first round of mixed doubles, he and Polii put out the defending champions and world number ones Zhang Nan and Zhao Yunlei, 15–21, 21–18, 23–21.", "In July, Sukamuljo and Geh reached the quarterfinals of the Chinese Taipei Open.", "In September, they reached their first Grand Prix Gold final as a team at the Indonesia Masters where they were beaten in three games by Marcus Fernaldi Gideon and doubles great Markis Kido the top seeds.", "Sukamuljo then won his third title with Geh at the Bulgarian International defeating compatriots Ronald Alexander and Edi Subaktiar in the final.", "Sukamuljo's mixed doubles partnerships with Della Destiara Haris and Maretha Dea Giovani were less successful reaching no farther than the quarterfinals of any 2014 tournament.", "In December Sukamuljo joined Indonesia's team for the Axiata Cup in Kuala Lumpur, but the squad was narrowly edged by Thailand.", "In 2015, men's doubles national coach Herry Iman Pierngadi paired Sukamuljo with Marcus Fernaldi Gideon, because Selvanus Geh had to resign from the national team due to illness.", "The new partnership opened the season in Europe playing at the All England and Swiss Open.", "In England they reached the quarterfinals before falling to the Danish pair Mads Conrad-Petersen and Mads Pieler Kolding, Partnered with Greysia Polii, Sukamuljo lost in the second round of mixed double to fifth seeds Chris and Gabby Adcock.", "In Switzerland, he and Gideon were stopped in the semi-finals by the Malaysian pair Goh V Shem and Tan Wee Kiong.", "Sukamuljo then took part in the Sudirman Cup held in Dongguan, China, where Indonesia settled for a bronze medal.", "At the June Southeast Asian Games in Singapore, he helped his team win the gold medal, and in the individual men's doubles event, he and Gideon captured the silver medal.", "In July, Sukamuljo and Gideon competing as an unseeded pair in the Chinese Taipei Open, and the duo reached the final by defeating then World Champions Mohammad Ahsan and Hendra Setiawan, but they failed to take the title, losing the final tamely to Fu Haifeng and Zhang Nan.", "After this tournament, Indonesian badminton fans dub them as \"the Minions\" because of their below average height and for their fast and agile playing style, jumping and bouncing just like the Minions in the film Despicable Me.", "The former badminton player who is currently a BWF commentator, Gillian Clark, also highlighted that the fast play shown by Sukamuljo and Gideon have taken the men's doubles game to a new level and makes the matches exciting to watch.", "In the next tournament, the duo then reached the semifinals of the Vietnam and Thailand Opens before capturing their first title together at the Chinese Taipei Masters in October where they beat Malaysia' Hoon Thien How and Lim Khim Wah in the finals.", "In the Hong Kong Open, Sukamuljo and Gideon beat the World Championship silver medalists Liu Xiaolong and Qiu Zihan before losing to top seededed South Koreans Lee Yong-dae and Yoo Yeon-seong in the quarterfinals.", "In December, they were stopped in the quarter-finals of the Indonesia Masters by second seeds Chai Biao and Hong Wei in three games.", "They ended the 2015 season ranked 16th in the world.", "Sukamuljo and Gideon kicked off the 2016 season by winning the Malaysia Masters in January.", "They then suffered a slump with early exits from several tournaments, including a first round exit from the All England Open.", "After this All England low their form, though inconsistent, improved significantly.", "They reached the semifinals of the New Zealand Open in late March and in April clinched their first Superseries title as a team at the India Open, beating their senior compatriot Angga Pratama and Ricky Karanda Suwardi in the final.", "In the following weeks they were defeated in the second round of Malaysia Open, then in the quarter-finals of Singapore Open and Asian Championships.", "In May, Sukamuljo participated in the Thomas Cup held in Kunshan, China, but he failed to contribute points to the Indonesian team during the Thomas Cup Group B tie against Thailand.", "and was not selected to play in the knockout stage of the tournament between qualifying teams.", "Here Indonesia won the silver medal, losing the final 2 matches to 3 against Denmark.", "In June, Sukamuljo and Gideon were eliminated in the second round of Indonesia Open by world number 1 Lee Yong-dae and Yoo Yeon-seong.", "A week later, however, the duo won their second Superseries title at the Australian Open, in the quarterfinals defeating Zhang Nan and Fu Haifeng for the first time, to whom they had lost three previous matches.", "Due to an injury suffered by Gideon, Sukamuljo was paired with Wahyu Nayaka at the home soil Indonesian Masters tournament, but the scratch partnership still managed to win the title.", "After Gideon's recovery the reunited duo won the Superseries Premier tournament at the China Open.", "The team was ranked as number 4 in Destination Dubai rankings, and qualified to compete for the year-end Superseries Finals, but they failed to advance from the group phase.", "Nevertheless, at year's end Sukamuljo and Gideon occupied the number 2 position in the world rankings.", "2017: World number 1 \n\nNow competing only in the world's biggest events, Sukamuljo and Gideon started 2017 by making up for their 2016 first round defeat with a tournament victory at the coveted All England Open in March, thus earning a number one men's doubles world ranking.", "They then secured their second consecutive India Open title, and after that won the Malaysia Open.", "Their remarkable winning run was then stopped by Danish veterans Mathias Boe and Carsten Mogensen in the semifinals of the Singapore Open.", "In May, they played for Indonesia at the Sudirman Cup held in Australia.", "In group round robin play they won their country's only point in its surprising loss to India but in group play against Denmark they again lost to Boe and Mogensen, as Indonesia, for the first time in the Cup's 28 year history, was eliminated in the group stage of the competition.", "In June the duo was upset by another Danish pair, Kim Astrup and Anders Skaarup Rasmussen, in the first round of Indonesia Open.", "In August, Sukamuljo and Gideon went to the World Championships held in Glasgow, Scotland, as third seeds, but lost in the quarter-finals to China's Chai Biao and Hong Wei in three close games.", "In September they reached the final of the Korea Open but were again beaten by Boe and Morgensen, however, one week later they exacted a measure of revenge against the Danes in the semi-finals of Japan Open, then went on to win the tournament by defeating the host pair of Takuto Inoue and Yuki Kaneko.", "In October, Sukamuljo and Gideon lost the final of the Denmark Open in a tight match to reigning World Champion Liu Cheng and Zhang Nan.", "Citing an arm injury suffered during their semifinal match in Denmark, Gideon withdrew from the next Superseries tournament in France.", "Back together in November, Sukamuljo and Gideon improved their head-to-head record against Boe and Mogensen to 3–4, after defeating them in the finals and securing their second China Open title.", "They won the Hong Kong Open a week later, their sixth Superseries victory of the season, thus equaling the previous men's doubles record of six set by South Koreans Lee Yong-dae and Yoo Yeon-seong in 2015.", "For their achievements Sukamuljo and Gideon were named Best Male Players of the Year by the Badminton World Federation.", "The duo then closed out the year by capturing the Dubai World Superseries Finals, making them the first men's doubles pair to win seven Superseries titles in a year.", "2018: Asian Games gold medalists \nUnder the new BWF player commitment regulations, Sukamuljo and Gideon who ranked as world number 1, are obligated to play in 12 BWF World Tour.", "They were unbeaten in the first 3 tournaments that they participated in, capturing his second Indonesia Masters and All England Open, and also his third India Open titles.", "He and Gideon then defeated at the quarterfinals of Malaysia Open by Chinese pair He Jiting and Tan Qiang.", "In July, he and Gideon won the Indonesia Open, however, in the quarterfinals Sukamuljo felt the umpire was not fair during a match and he continued to protest, and earned him a yellow card from the umpire.", "At the 2018 World Championships, Sukamuljo and Gideon lost in the quarterfinals to Takeshi Kamura and Keigo Sonoda in straight games.", "Sukamuljo competed at the 2018 Asian Games, won a silver in the team events, and then captured the men's doubles gold medal, after he and Gideon beat their compatriots Fajar Alfian and Muhammad Rian Ardianto in a close rubber games in the final.", "In September, he and Gideon retained their Japan Open title, defeating the reigning World Champions Li Junhui and Liu Yuchen.", "A week later, they finished as semifinalists in China Open, lost to Han Chengkai and Zhou Haodong of China.", "On the Europe tour in October, Sukamuljo and Gideon clinched the Denmark Open title.", "But in France, they again defeated by Han and Zhou in the final, made their head-to-head record deficit to 1–2.", "In November, he and Gideon won the Fuzhou China Open and Hong Kong Open.", "After the victory they achieved in Hong Kong, Sukamuljo and Gideon managed to set a record as the first ever men's doubles pair to win eight world tour titles in a season.", "At the 2018 BWF World Tour Finals gala dinner, the duo then awarded as the BWF Best Male Players of the Year for two consecutive year.", "As the defending champions of the World Tour Finals, Sukamuljo and Gideon had to withdraw from the competition before their last group match, due to the neck injury suffered by Gideon.", "2019: Eight World Tour titles \nSukamuljo opened the season in January by winning his second Malaysia Masters and third Indonesia Masters titles.", "He and Gideon reached his record 20th titles at the Superseries/Super 500 above tournaments.", "They later had to defeat in the early round of 2019 All England Open to Liu Cheng and Zhang Nan.", "In April, they lost in the quarter finals at the Malaysia Open, and in the semifinals of Singapore Open.", "He then played at the Asian Championships held in Wuhan, China as first seed.", "He and Gideon proceeded to the final, but inflicted a crushing defeat by number 5 seed Hiroyuki Endo and Yuta Watanabe.", "He then played with Indonesia mixed team at the Sudirman Cup held in Nanning, China.", "Teamed up with Gideon, they have never lost in their three matches against England, Chinese Taipei and Japan, but the team lost 1–3 in the semifinals tie against Japan.", "In July, Sukamuljo successfully defended his title at the Indonesia Open, later won the Japan Open for three consecutive times alongside Gideon.", "They beat Mohammad Ahsan and Hendra Setiawan in straight games in the final in both events.", "In August, the duo managed to reaching the quarter finals of Thailand Open, but stopped by the Japanese pair Hiroyuki Endo and Yuta Watanabe.", "They then suffered first match loss, in the second round of Basel World Championships to Choi Sol-gyu and Seo Seung-jae of South Korea after they succumbed 21–23 in the deciding game.", "In September, Sukamuljo and Gideon won their third China Open title, beating Ahsan and Setiawan in the final.", "They next went to Korea Open, but lost in the quarter finals to Fajar Alfian and Muhammad Rian Ardianto.", "In October, he won his second Denmark Open and first French Open titles with Gideon.", "At the East Asia tour in November, he won the Fuzhou China Open, and the following week he lost in the quarter finals at the Hong Kong Open against Endo and Watanabe.", "He and Gideon were nominated again as the BWF Best Male Player of the Year, but this time they lost to Kento Momota of Japan.", "They entered the World Tour Finals as the first seed.", "In the group stage, they beat Li Junhui and Liu Yuchen, lost to Endo and Watanabe, and then in the last match, they won against Takeshi Kamura and Keigo Sonoda, progressed to the next round as group runners-up.", "In the semifinal, they again defeated by the Japanese pair Endo and Watanabe, made their head-to-head record deficit to 2–5.", "Sukamuljo ended the 2019 season by winning eight World Tour titles, including three in a row at Denmark, France and China.", "2020–2021 \nSukamuljo began his 2020 season by playing in the Malaysia Masters, pairing up with Marcus Fernaldi Gideon again.", "However, they finished in the quarter finals after losing to Fajar Alfian and Muhammad Rian Ardianto in a close rubber game.", "Sukamuljo later won his fourth consecutive Indonesia Masters title (third with Gideon) defeating Mohammad Ahsan and Hendra Setiawan in straight games.", "In February, he alongside Indonesia men's team won the Asia Team Championships held in Manila.", "In March, he played at the All England Open with Gideon.", "The duo failed to win the title after lost to Hiroyuki Endo and Yuta Watanabe in the final.", "This was their sixth loss in a row over Endo and Watanabe.", "Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, numerous tournaments on the 2020 BWF World Tour were either cancelled or rescheduled for later in the year.", "In June, he then took part at the PBSI home tournament partnered with Muhammad Reza Pahlevi Isfahani.", "The duo won four matches, but unable to accomplish their victory after lost their last match against Fajar Alfian and Yeremia Rambitan, and finished as runner-up at that tournament.", "Sukamuljo planned to return in the international competitions at the 2020 Asian Leg tournament in January 2021, but then he had to withdrawn from the competition after tested positive for COVID-19 in December 2020.", "Sukamuljo made his comeback at the All England Open in March 2021.", "He and Gideon had played in the first round by beating the host pair Matthew Clare and Ethan van Leeuwen in a rubber game, but later Indonesia team were forced to withdraw from the competition by BWF after the team members will self-isolate for 10 days from the date of their inbound flight after an anonym person traveling onboard tested positive for COVID-19.", "In July 2021, Sukamuljo competed at the 2020 Summer Olympics partnering Gideon as first seed.", "The duo led the group standings after won two matches and lost a match.", "Gideon and Sukamuljo were eliminated from the competition by Malaysian pair Aaron Chia and Soh Wooi Yik in the quarter-finals.", "In September–October, Sukamuljo alongside Indonesia team competed at the 2021 Sudirman Cup in Vantaa, Finland.", "The team advanced to the knocked-out stage, but stopped in the quarter-finals to Malaysia.", "In the next tournament in Aarhus, Denmark, he helped Indonesia team reached the final of the World Men's Team Championships, and the team won the 2020 Thomas Cup.", "In the next tournament, Sukamuljo and Gideon played at the BWF World Tour in Denmark, French, and Hylo Opens.", "The duo ended the tour by winning the Hylo Open.", "At the Indonesia badminton festival, they finished as runner-up in the Indonesia Masters and triumph in the Indonesia Open.", "This was their three successive victory at the Indonesia Open following on from success in 2018 and 2019.", "Their achievements in 2021, lead them as the first seed in the BWF World Tour Finals.", "Awards and nominations\n\nAchievements\n\nAsian Games \nMen's doubles\n\nAsian Championships \nMen's doubles\n\nSoutheast Asian Games \nMen's doubles\n\nASEAN University Games \nMen's doubles\n\nBWF World Junior Championships \nMixed doubles\n\nAsian Junior Championships \nBoys' doubles\n\nBWF World Tour (19 titles, 5 runners-up) \nThe BWF World Tour, which was announced on 19 March 2017 and implemented in 2018, is a series of elite badminton tournaments sanctioned by the Badminton World Federation (BWF).", "The BWF World Tours are divided into levels of World Tour Finals, Super 1000, Super 750, Super 500, Super 300 (part of the HSBC World Tour), and the BWF Tour Super 100.", "Men's doubles\n\nBWF Superseries (10 titles, 2 runners-up) \nThe BWF Superseries, which was launched on 14 December 2006 and implemented in 2007, was a series of elite badminton tournaments, sanctioned by the Badminton World Federation (BWF).", "BWF Superseries levels were Superseries and Superseries Premier.", "A season of Superseries consisted of twelve tournaments around the world that had been introduced since 2011.", "Successful players were invited to the Superseries Finals, which were held at the end of each year.", "Men's doubles\n\n BWF Superseries Finals tournament\n BWF Superseries Premier tournament\n BWF Superseries tournament\n\nBWF Grand Prix (4 titles, 2 runners-up) \nThe BWF Grand Prix had two levels, the Grand Prix and Grand Prix Gold.", "It was a series of badminton tournaments sanctioned by the Badminton World Federation (BWF) and played between 2007 and 2017.", "Men's doubles\n\n BWF Grand Prix Gold tournament\n BWF Grand Prix tournament\n\nBWF International Challenge/Series (2 titles, 1 runner-up) \nMen's doubles\n\n BWF International Challenge tournament\n BWF International Series tournament\n\nBWF Junior International (1 title, 1 runner-up) \n\nBoys' doubles\n\nMixed doubles\n\n BWF Junior International Grand Prix tournament\n BWF Junior International Challenge tournament\n BWF Junior International Series tournament\n BWF Junior Future Series tournament\n\nPerformance timeline\n\nNational team \n Junior level\n\n Senior level\n\nIndividual competitions\n\nJunior level\n\nBoy's doubles\n\nMixed doubles\n\nSenior level \nIn the senior level tournament, Sukamuljo won gold medal in the 2018 Asian Games, and also won 33 individual titles in the BWF tour equivalent events.", "Men's doubles\n\nMixed doubles\n\nRecord against selected opponents \nRecord against year-end Finals finalists, World Championships semi-finalists, and Olympic quarter-finalists.", "Marcus Fernaldi Gideon \nKevin Sanjaya Sukamuljo and Marcus Fernaldi Gideon lead the meeting record with a wide margin against Takuro Hoki and Yugo Kobayashi of Japan, Li Junhui and Liu Yuchen of China and their senior compatriots Mohammad Ahsan and Hendra Setiawan.", "Meanwhile, Sukamuljo and Gideon have a poor head-to-head record against Hiroyuki Endo and Yuta Watanabe (2–6), Lee Yong-dae and Yoo Yeon-seong (0–3), and also Fu Haifeng and Zhang Nan (1–3).", "References\n\nBibliography\n\nExternal links \n\n \n\n1995 births\nLiving people\nPeople from Banyuwangi Regency\nSportspeople from East Java\nIndonesian people of Chinese descent\nIndonesian male badminton players\nBadminton players at the 2020 Summer Olympics\nOlympic badminton players of Indonesia\nBadminton players at the 2018 Asian Games\nAsian Games gold medalists for Indonesia\nAsian Games silver medalists for Indonesia\nAsian Games medalists in badminton\nMedalists at the 2018 Asian Games\nCompetitors at the 2015 Southeast Asian Games\nSoutheast Asian Games gold medalists for Indonesia\nSoutheast Asian Games silver medalists for Indonesia\nSoutheast Asian Games medalists in badminton\nWorld No.", "1 badminton players\nBWF Best Male Player of the Year" ]

[ "Kevin Sukamuljo is an Indonesian badminton player who is currently ranked world number 1 in the men's doubles by the Badminton World Federation.", "He has been a member of the club since 2007.", "He won the men's doubles titles at the All England Open, the World Superseries Finals, and the Asian Games.", "He was a member of the Indonesia team that won the Southeast Asian Games in 2015.", "They were awarded the BWF Best Male Players of the Year for two years in a row after collecting seven Superseries titles and eight World Tour titles.", "Sukamuljo and Gideon are often referred to as the \"Minions\" because of their below average height and because they jump and bounce just like theMinions in the movie Despicable Me.", "The fast play shown by Sukamuljo and Gideon has taken the men's doubles game to a new level and makes the matches exciting to watch.", "Kevin Sukamuljo was born on August 2, 1995 in Banyuwangi, East Java, Indonesia, to parents Winartin and Sugiarto Sukamuljo.", "He is the nephew of a former world number 1 men's doubles player.", "At two and a half years old, Sukamuljo saw his father play badminton on the court behind the house.", "Sukamuljo's father found a coach in Jember at the Putra 46 club to nurture his child's talent for a year.", "At the age of eleven, Sukamuljo won a Graha Bhakti Cup tournament.", "Sukamuljo's parents encouraged him to join a bigger club.", "He failed at the general auditioning scholarship because of his small body.", "He started training everyday, instead of his usual 4 days a week routine.", "He was able to pass the exam in 2007, despite the additional hours.", "Sukamuljo went through defeat after joining.", "Sukamuljo played in the men's singles discipline.", "He was experimenting with the men's and mixed doubles.", "Ade Lukas, the men's doubles coach, believed that Sukamuljo's skills and abilities would be best utilized in doubles.", "He had great expectations after a year of training in doubles.", "Sukamuljo was trained by Sigit Budiarto.", "He won some tournaments with different partners.", "He won the Kalimantan, North Sulawesi, Pekanbaru, and Jakarta circuits in 2010.", "He won the Jakarta circuit and Pertamina Open in 2011.", "He won a gold in the mixed doubles with Aris Budiharti and a silver in the boys' doubles with Felix Kinalsal at the ASEAN School Games in Singapore in 2011.", "In July of 2011, just before turning 16, Sukamuljo qualified to compete in the international senior age group, by reaching the finals of the Singapore International Series tournament.", "He and his partner Nugroho were eliminated in the quarter-finals of the boys' doubles event at the World Junior Championships.", "The Jakarta Open and West Java circuits were won by Sukamuljo.", "He won a bronze medal in the boys' doubles event at the Asian Junior Championships.", "He was named the \"future athlete\" at the Tangkas Junior Challenge after he finished as the runner-up.", "He was the number one ranked junior in the world.", "He lost in the early stages of both the boys' and mixed doubles events at the World Junior Championships.", "He and Rafiddias Akhdan Nugroho won the boys' doubles title at the Junior National Championships.", "Sukamuljo joined the national men's doubles team squad.", "He and Rafiddias Akhdan Nugroho lost to the Hong Kong pair in the quarter-finals of the Vietnam International Challenge.", "He and his partner won the West Java circuit tournament.", "He won three medals at the Asian Junior Championships in Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia, in the mixed team and boys' doubles events.", "He and Masita Mahmudin won the mixed doubles title at the Tangkas Specs Junior International Challenge.", "He helped Indonesia win a silver medal in the mixed team event at the World Junior Championships in Thailand.", "He and Mahmudin lost the final match of the individual tournament to the Chinese pair of Huang Kaixiang and Chen Qingchen, who they had beaten the previous week in the semifinals of team play.", "Sukamuljo won his first tournament with Geh, the Vietnam International Challenge, after playing with a new partner.", "He and Geh won their first Grand Prix doubles title at the New Zealand Open when they upset the second seeds from Chinese Taipei.", "He and Geh played against the world's best players in mixed doubles at the Indonesia Open.", "He was stopped in the second round of the main draw in both events, but in the first round of mixed doubles he and Polii beat the defending champion and world number ones.", "The Chinese Taipei Open quarterfinals were reached by Sukamuljo and Geh.", "In September, they reached their first Grand Prix Gold final as a team, but were beaten in three games by Marcus Fernaldi Gideon and Markis Kido.", "Sukamuljo and Geh won their third title together at the Bulgaria International.", "Sukamuljo's mixed doubles partnerships with Maretha Dea Giovani and Della Destiara Haris were not as successful as they could have been.", "Indonesia's team narrowly lost to Thailand in the Axiata Cup in Kuala Lumpur in December.", "The men's doubles national coach Herry Iman Pierngadi put Sukamuljo with Marcus Fernaldi Gideon because Geh had to quit the team due to illness.", "The new partnership played at the All England and Swiss Open.", "Sukamul lost in the second round of mixed double to fifth seeds Chris and Gabby Adcock after reaching the quarterfinals in England.", "They were defeated in the semi-finals by the Malaysian pair.", "Indonesia won a bronze medal in the Sudirman Cup held in China.", "He helped his team win the gold medal at the Southeast Asian Games in Singapore, and he and his partner captured the silver medal.", "In July, Sukamuljo and Gideon were competing as an unseeded pair in the Chinese Taipei Open, and they reached the final by defeating Mohammad Ahsan and Hendra Setiawan, but they failed to win the title.", "Indonesian badminton fans call them the \"Minions\" because of their below average height and their fast and bouncy playing style, just like theMinions in the movie Despicable Me.", "The fast play shown by Sukamuljo and Gideon has taken the men's doubles game to a new level and makes the matches exciting to watch.", "The duo won their first title together at the Chinese Taipei Masters in October after reaching the semifinals of the Vietnam and Thailand Opens.", "The World Championship silver medalists, Sukamuljo and Gideon, lost to the top ranked South Koreans in the quarterfinals of the Hong Kong Open.", "They were knocked out of the Indonesia Masters in the quarter-finals by Chai Biao and Hong Wei.", "They were ranked 16th in the world at the end of the season.", "Sukamuljo and Gideon won the Malaysia Masters in January.", "They lost in the first round of the All England Open.", "All England's form improved after this low.", "In March they reached the semifinals of the New Zealand Open and in April they won their first Superseries title as a team at the India Open.", "They lost in the second round of Malaysia Open, then in the quarter-finals of Singapore Open and the Asian Championships.", "Sukamuljo did not contribute points to the Indonesian team during the Thomas Cup Group B tie against Thailand.", "He wasn't selected to play in the knockout stage of the tournament.", "Indonesia won the silver medal, but lost the final two matches to the Danes.", "Sukamuljo and Gideon were eliminated in the second round of the Indonesia Open by Lee Yong-dae and Yoo Yeon-seong.", "The duo won their second Superseries title a week later at the Australian Open, defeating the team that had lost three previous matches for the first time.", "The scratch partnership of Sukamuljo and Wahyu Nayaka won the Indonesian Masters tournament despite Sukamuljo's injury.", "The duo won the Superseries premier tournament after Gideon's recovery.", "The team was ranked in the top four in the rankings, but they failed to advance from the group phase.", "Sukamuljo and Gideon were the number 2 ranked team in the world at the end of the year.", "After losing in the first round of the 2016 All England Open, Sukamuljo and Gideon went on to win the tournament and become the world's number one men's doubles team.", "They won the Malaysia Open after securing their second consecutive India Open title.", "The Danes stopped their winning run in the semifinals of the Singapore Open.", "They played for Indonesia at the Sudirman Cup.", "Indonesia lost to Boe and Mogensen in the group stage for the first time in the Cup's 28 year history, after winning their country's only point in a surprise loss to India.", "The duo was upset by another pair in the first round of the Indonesia Open.", "In the quarter-finals of the World Championships held in Glasgow, Scotland, Sukamuljo and Gideon lost to China's Chai Biao and Hong Wei in three close games.", "They reached the final of the Korea Open but were beaten by Boe and Morgensen, however, one week later they avenged their defeat against the Danes by winning the Japan Open.", "In the final of the Denmark Open, Sukamuljo and Gideon lost to the reigning World Championship team of Cheng and Nan.", "They withdrew from the next Superseries tournament in France due to an arm injury.", "After defeating Boe and Mogensen in the finals of the China Open, Sukamuljo and Gideon improved their head-to-head record against them to 3–4.", "They equaled the previous men's doubles record of six set by South Koreans Lee Yong-dae and Yeon-seong in 2015, by winning the Hong Kong Open a week later.", "The Badminton World Federation named Sukamuljo and Gideon the Best Male Players of the Year.", "They were the first men's doubles pair to win seven Superseries titles in a year, when they captured the Dubai World Superseries Finals.", "The Asian Games gold medal winners are obligated to play in 12 BWF World Tour under the new player commitment regulations.", "They captured his second Indonesia Masters and All England Open, as well as his third India Open titles, in the first 3 tournaments they participated in.", "The Chinese pair He Jiting and Tan Qiang defeated them in the Malaysia Open quarterfinals.", "Sukamuljo earned a yellow card from the umpire after he protested that the umpire was not fair during the Indonesia Open quarterfinals.", "Sukamuljo and Gideon lost in the quarterfinals to Kamura and Sonoda.", "At the Asian Games, Sukamuljo won a silver in the team event, and then won the men's doubles gold medal with his partner, Gideon.", "They won the Japan Open title in September, defeating the reigning World Champs Li Junhui andLiu Yuchen.", "They finished as semifinalists in the China Open, but lost to two Chinese.", "Sukamuljo and Gideon won the Denmark Open title on the Europe tour.", "In France, they were defeated by Han and Zhou in the final, making their head-to-head record deficit to 1–2.", "They won the Fuzhou China Open and Hong Kong Open.", "The first ever men's doubles pair to win eight world tour titles in a season was Sukamuljo and Gideon.", "The duo won the BWF Best Male Players of the Year for the second year in a row.", "The neck injury suffered by Gideon forced Sukamuljo and him to withdraw from the competition.", "Sukamuljo won his second Malaysia Masters and third Indonesia Masters titles in January.", "They reached their 20th titles at the Superseries/Super 500 above tournaments.", "They were defeated in the early round of the All England Open.", "They lost in the quarter finals at the Malaysia Open and in the semifinals at the Singapore Open.", "He was the first seed at the Asian Championships.", "They went to the final, but were defeated by number 5 seed Hiroyuki Endo and Yuta Watanabe.", "He played for Indonesia at the Sudirman Cup.", "They have never lost in their three matches against England, Chinese Taipei and Japan, but the team lost in the semifinals against Japan.", "In July, Sukamuljo successfully defended his title at the Indonesia Open, later winning the Japan Open three times in a row.", "They beat Hendra Setiawan and Mohammad Ahsan in straight games in the final.", "The duo reached the quarter finals of Thailand Open but were stopped by the Japanese pair.", "They lost to South Korea in the second round of the World Championships, 21–23, in the deciding game.", "Sukamuljo and Gideon won their third China Open title in September, beating Ahsan and Setiawan in the final.", "They lost to Muhammad Rian Ardianto in the quarter finals of Korea Open.", "His second and first French Open titles were won in October.", "He won the Fuzhou China Open on the East Asia tour in November and then lost in the quarter finals at the Hong Kong Open.", "They were nominated for the Best Male Player of the Year again, but lost to Kento Momota of Japan.", "They were the first seed in the World Tour Finals.", "In the group stage, they beat Li Junhui andLiu Yuchen, lost to Endo and Watanabe, and then won against Takeshi Kamura and Keigo Sonoda.", "Their head-to-head record was 2–5 after they were defeated by the Japanese pair in the semifinals.", "Sukamuljo won eight World Tour titles, including three in a row at France and China.", "The Malaysia Masters was where Sukamuljo began his 2020 season.", "They lost to Fajar Alfian and Muhammad Rian Ardianto in a close rubber game in the quarter finals.", "Sukamuljo defeated Mohammad Ahsan and Hendra Setiawan in straight games to win his fourth consecutive Indonesia Masters title.", "The Indonesia men's team won the Asia Team Championships in Manila in February.", "He played at the All England Open with a friend.", "The duo failed to win the title after being beaten in the final.", "They have lost in a row over them.", "Several tournaments on the 2020 BWF World Tour were either canceled or changed to later in the year due to the COVID-19 Pandemic.", "He took part in the PBSI home tournament in June.", "The duo won four matches, but couldn't win the tournament because they lost their last match against Fajar Alfian and Yeremia Rambitan.", "Sukamuljo had to withdraw from the 2020 Asian Leg tournament after testing positive for COVID-19 in December 2020.", "The All England Open was where Sukamuljo made his comeback.", "The Indonesia team was forced to withdraw from the competition after they were forced to self-isolate for 10 days from the date of their inbound flight.", "Sukamuljo and Gideon were the first seeds at the 2020 Summer Olympics.", "They were 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "The Malaysian pair of Soh Wooi Yik and Aaron Chia defeated the Indonesian pair of Sukamuljo in the quarter-finals.", "The Indonesia team competed at the Sudirman Cup in Vantaa, Finland.", "The team stopped in the quarter-finals to Malaysia.", "The Indonesia team won the 2020 Thomas Cup after reaching the final of the World Men's Team Championships.", "Sukamuljo and Gideon played in three tournaments on the BWF World Tour.", "The duo won the Hylo Open.", "They won the Indonesia Open and finished runner-up in the Indonesia Masters.", "This was their third victory in a row at the Indonesia Open.", "They are the first seed in the World Tour Finals.", "Men's doubles Asian Championships Men's doubles Southeast Asian Games Men's doubles BWF World Junior Championships Mixed doubles Asian Junior Championships Boys' doubles BWF World Tour (19 titles, 5 runners-up)", "The World Tour Finals, Super 1000, Super 750, Super 500, Super 300, and the BWF Tour Super 100 are part of the HSBC World Tour.", "The BWF Superseries, which was launched in December 2006 and implemented in 2007, was a series of elite badminton tournaments.", "The levels of the BWF Superseries were Superseries and Superseries premier.", "There were twelve tournaments around the world that were part of the Superseries.", "The Superseries Finals were held at the end of the year and invited successful players.", "The BWF Grand Prix had two levels, the Grand Prix and Grand Prix Gold.", "The badminton tournaments were organised by the Badminton World Federation.", "Men's doubles BWF Grand Prix Gold tournament BWF Grand Prix tournament BWF International Challenge/Series (2 titles, 1 runner-up)", "Men's doubles Mixed doubles record against selected opponents includes World Championships semi-finalists and Olympic quarter-finalists.", "The meeting record has a wide margin against Takuro Hoki and Yugo Kobayashi of Japan, Li Junhui and Liu Yuchen of China, and their senior countrymen, Mohammad Ahsan and Hendra Setiawan.", "Sukamuljo and Gideon have a poor head-to-head record against other people.", "There are people from Banyuwangi Regency who play sports and there are people from East Java who play badminton.", "The best male player of the year was a badminton player." ]

[ "Kevin Sanjaya Sukamuljo", "Sukamuljo", "Sukamuljo", "Kevin Sanjaya", "Sukamuljo", "Sukamuljo", "Sukamuljo", "Sukamuljo", "Sukamuljo", "Sukamuljo", "Sukamuljo", "Sukamuljo", "Sukamuljo", "Sukamuljo", "Sukamuljo", "Sukamuljo", "Sukamuljo", "Sukamuljo", "Sukamuljo", "Sukamuljo", "Sukamuljo", "Sukamuljo", "Sukamuljo", "Sukamuljo", "Sukamuljo", "Sukamuljo", "Sukamuljo", "Sukamuljo", "Sukamuljo", "Sukamuljo", "Sukamuljo", "Sukamuljo", "Sukamuljo", "Sukamuljo", "Sukamuljo", "Sukamuljo", "Sukamuljo", "Sukamuljo", "Sukamuljo", "Sukamuljo", "Sukamuljo", "Sukamuljo", "Sukamuljo", "Sukamuljo", "Sukamuljo", "Sukamuljo", "Sukamuljo", "Sukamuljo", "Sukamuljo", "Sukamuljo", "Sukamuljo", "Sukamuljo", "Sukamuljo", "Sukamuljo", "Sukamuljo", "Sukamuljo", "Sukamuljo", "Kevin Sanjaya", "Sukamuljo", "Sukamuljo" ]

[ "Kevin Sukamuljo", "Sukamuljo", "Sukamuljo", "Kevin Sukamuljo", "Sukamuljo", "Sukamuljo", "Sukamuljo", "Sukamuljo", "Sukamuljo", "Sukamuljo", "Sukamuljo", "Sukamuljo", "Sukamuljo", "Sukamuljo", "Sukamuljo", "Sukamuljo", "Sukamuljo", "Sukamuljo", "Sukamuljo", "Sukamuljo", "Sukamuljo", "Sukamuljo", "Sukamuljo", "Sukamuljo", "Sukamuljo", "Sukamuljo", "Sukamuljo", "Sukamuljo", "Sukamuljo", "Sukamuljo", "Sukamuljo", "Sukamuljo", "Sukamuljo", "Sukamuljo", "Sukamuljo", "Sukamuljo", "Sukamuljo", "Sukamuljo", "Sukamuljo", "Sukamuljo", "Sukamuljo", "Sukamuljo", "Sukamuljo", "Sukamuljo", "Sukamuljo", "Sukamuljo", "Sukamuljo", "Sukamuljo", "Sukamuljo", "Sukamuljo", "Sukamuljo" ]

[ "Sun He (224–253), courtesy name Zixiao, was an imperial prince of the state of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period of China.", "He was the third son of Sun Quan, the founding emperor of Wu.", "In 242, he became the crown prince after the death of his brother Sun Deng, the eldest son and first heir apparent of Sun Quan.", "In the 240s, a power struggle broke out between Sun He and his fourth brother, Sun Ba, over the succession to their father's throne.", "The conflict ended in 250 when Sun Quan forced Sun Ba to commit suicide, deposed Sun He and replaced him with Sun Liang.", "In 253, during Sun Liang's reign, the regent Sun Jun reduced Sun He to commoner status and forced him to commit suicide.", "In 264, one of Sun He's sons, Sun Hao, became the fourth emperor of Eastern Wu.", "After his coronation, Sun Hao honoured his father with the posthumous title Emperor Wen.", "Early life\nSun He was born as the third son of Sun Quan, a warlord of the late Eastern Han dynasty who became the founding emperor of the Eastern Wu state in the Three Kingdoms period.", "His mother was Lady Wang (), one of Sun Quan's concubines; she was posthumously honoured as \"Empress Dayi\" () in 264.", "As Lady Wang was Sun Quan's favourite consort at the time, Sun He also became his father's favourite son.", "In 237, when Sun He was only 13 years old, Sun Quan appointed some officials to serve as Sun He's personal staff and ordered Kan Ze, the Prefect of the Palace Writers, to be Sun He's personal tutor.", "Sun He, then a young teenager, was known for being studious and respectful.", "The officials who met him all praised him.", "In 241, Sun Quan's eldest son and heir apparent Sun Deng, died of illness.", "One year later, in February or March 242, Sun Quan designated an 18-year-old Sun He, his eldest surviving son, as the new Crown Prince to replace Sun Deng.", "At the same time, Sun Quan also promoted Kan Ze to Crown Prince's Grand Tutor (), appointed Xue Zong as the Crown Prince's Junior Tutor (), and ordered Cai Ying (), Zhang Chun (), Feng Fu (), Yan Wei () and others to serve as the Crown Prince's attendants and personal staff.", "As crown prince\nAs Sun He was intelligent, Sun Quan favoured him and often kept him by his side.", "Sun Quan also treated Sun He exceptionally well; he gave Sun He new clothes, ornaments, toys and other gifts, but did not do the same for his other sons.", "Sun Quan's subjects also highly regarded Sun He because he was not only bright, perceptive and well-versed in literary arts, horse-riding and archery, but also respectful and courteous towards his tutors and elders.", "He was genuinely interested in getting to know people.", "In 247, Sun Quan ordered Zhuge Yi () to pretend to defect to Wu's rival state, Wei, and lure the Wei general Zhuge Dan into a trap.", "When Sun Quan personally led the Wu forces to attack Zhuge Dan, Sun He showed grave concern about his father: he could not rest and have his meals in peace, repeatedly reminded his father to be careful, and hoped that his father would win the battle.", "He only put aside his worries upon seeing his father return safely to Wu.", "During Sun Quan's reign, some Wu officials abused the system of bureaucracy and exploited loopholes to find fault with other.", "Sun He saw that this could potentially become a serious problem if officials continued to abuse the system for personal gain (e.g.", "taking petty revenge against colleagues), so he wrote a memorial to the imperial court urging them to take actions to discourage and eliminate such harmful practices.", "On one occasion, two officials, Liu Bao () and Ding Yan (), made accusations against each other.", "Sun He told Ding Yan, \"It's hard to find competent employees in both the civil and military sectors.", "If everyone starts attacking each other over trivial and petty disputes, then how can we expect to have prosperity?\"", "He then stepped in to mediate the conflict and succeeded in helping them resolve their dispute.", "Sun He heard that Cai Ying (), a member of his personal staff, enjoyed playing weiqi and that many of Cai Ying's subordinates also picked up the game and spent a lot of time playing.", "As he saw that weiqi was an unproductive activity meant to be a hobby or pastime, he became worried that Cai Ying and the others would become complacent and neglect their duties from playing too much weiqi.", "He thus came up with an idea to subtly remind and motivate his subordinates.", "He called for a meeting and asked them to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of playing weiqi.", "One of them, Wei Yao (), went home, wrote an essay on this topic and presented it to Sun He, who had copies of it distributed among his personal staff.", "Succession struggle against Sun Ba and deposal\nSun He's mother, Lady Wang, was not on good terms with Sun Quan's eldest daughter, Sun Luban.", "As a result, Sun Luban disliked her half-brother, Sun He.", "On one occasion, Sun Quan could not attend a ceremony at the imperial ancestral temple because he was sick, so he ordered Sun He to take his place.", "Zhang Xiu, an uncle of Sun He's wife Crown Princess Zhang (), lived near the imperial ancestral temple so he invited Sun He to stay at his residence during that period.", "Sun Luban sent her servants to spy on Sun He and reported to her father that Sun He was not in the imperial ancestral temple and was instead staying with his in-laws and plotting something.", "She also used the opportunity to slander Sun He's mother, Lady Wang, whom she had a feud with, by telling Sun Quan that Lady Wang expressed glee when she heard that Sun Quan was sick.", "Sun Quan believed his daughter and became furious with Lady Wang.", "Lady Wang later died in distress.", "Sun He also fell out of his father's favour as a result and he became worried that his father would remove him from his position as Crown Prince.", "Sometime in the 240s, Sun He became embroiled in a power struggle against his fourth brother, Sun Ba, the Prince of Lu, who wanted to seize the position of Crown Prince from him.", "In fact, it was Sun Quan himself who sowed the seeds of the conflict between his third and fourth sons.", "Although Sun Quan had already made Sun He the Crown Prince in 242, he also treated Sun Ba exceptionally well.", "After discussing among themselves, some officials strongly urged Sun Quan to ensure that Confucian rules of propriety were followed and upheld.", "For example, Sun He should be accorded greater honours and privileges as compared to Sun Ba because he, as the Crown Prince, was in a higher position compared to the other princes.", "However, Sun Quan failed to make a clear distinction between his sons, so the power struggle intensified over time as Sun He and Sun Ba started vying for their father's favour and attention.", "Two opposing factions also emerged from among Sun Quan's subjects: On one side, Lu Xun, Zhuge Ke, Gu Tan, Zhu Ju, Teng Yin, Shi Ji, Ding Mi () and Wu Can believed that Sun He was the rightful heir apparent so they supported him.", "On the other side, Bu Zhi, Lü Dai, Quan Cong, Lü Ju, Sun Hong (), Quan Ji (), Yang Zhu (), Wu An () and Sun Qi () supported Sun Ba.", "Quan Ji and Yang Zhu, in particular, frequently spoke ill of Sun He in front of Sun Quan.", "As the power struggle intensified, Sun Quan grew tired of it and told Sun Jun that he was worried that the power struggle would end up in a civil war like the one between Yuan Shao's sons.", "He wanted to end the power struggle and designate a new heir apparent, so he started taking action against some of the officials involved: Wu Can was imprisoned and executed later; Gu Tan was exiled to Jiao Province; Yang Zhu was executed and his body dumped into the river; Quan Ji, Wu An and Sun Qi were executed.", "The historian Pei Songzhi, who annotated Sun He's biography in the Records of the Three Kingdoms, drew comparisons between the Sun He–Sun Ba succession struggle and other similar conflicts such as the one between Yuan Shao's sons and Liu Biao's sons.", "He commented that Sun Quan was worse than Yuan Shao and Liu Biao because, unlike Yuan Shao and Liu Biao who defied traditional norms of succession and made it clear that they wanted a younger son to succeed them, Sun Quan created ambiguity and uncertainty when he favoured Sun Ba despite having already designated Sun He as his heir apparent.", "Pei Songzhi criticised Bu Zhi, Lü Dai and Quan Cong for supporting Sun Ba because he deemed Sun Ba's claim to the succession as illegitimate.", "He also remarked that this incident had a huge negative impact on Bu Zhi in particular, because Bu Zhi had a reputation for being virtuous and generous.", "After carefully considering some time, Sun Quan ordered Sun He to be put under house arrest.", "When Zhu Ju, Qu Huang () and some other officials heard about it, they covered their heads in mud, tied themselves up, and came to plead with Sun Quan to release Sun He.", "When Sun Quan saw them, he felt angry and scolded them for creating a disturbance.", "Later, he had the intention of deposing Sun He and replacing him with Sun Liang, his youngest son.", "Two officials, Chen Zheng () and Chen Xiang (), wrote a memorial to Sun Quan, citing the historical example of Shensheng and Xiqi to warn Sun Quan that changing the Crown Prince could lead to a civil war in the future.", "Zhu Ju and Qu Huang also repeatedly pressured Sun Quan to pardon Sun He.", "Sun Quan got fed up with them, so he executed Chen Zheng and Chen Xiang and had Zhu Ju and Qu Huang flogged 100 times.", "Qu Huang was later removed from office and sent back to his home town, while Zhu Ju was demoted and later tricked by Sun Hong (), a supporter of Sun Ba, into committing suicide.", "Zhang Chun (), one of Sun He's subordinates who also repeatedly begged Sun Quan to spare Sun He, was imprisoned and later executed.", "Sometime between September and November 250, Sun Quan deposed Sun He from his position as Crown Prince and relocated him to Guzhang County (故鄣縣; northwest of present-day Anji County, Zhejiang).", "He also forced Sun Ba to commit suicide.", "Sun He's personal staff, numbering dozens, met different fates as some were executed while others were exiled or dismissed.", "Many people thought that it was a grave injustice to Sun He and his personal staff.", "In December 250, Sun Quan designated his youngest son, Sun Liang, as the new Crown Prince to replace Sun He.", "Life after being deposed\nWhen Sun Quan became critically ill between 250 and 252, he regretted his decision to depose Sun He and thought of restoring Sun He as Crown Prince.", "However, Sun Luban, Sun Jun, Sun Hong () and others strongly objected to it, so he dismissed the idea.", "In late January or February 252, Sun Quan made Sun He the Prince of Nanyang (), with Changsha Commandery (長沙郡; around present-day Changsha, Hunan) as his princedom.", "During his journey from Guzhang County to Changsha, Sun He saw a magpie's nest on a wall.", "Some people interpreted this as a sign that disaster would befall Sun He, while others thought that it was an auspicious sign since Sun He had now been restored to noble status after being deposed.", "After Sun Quan's death in May 252, his youngest son Sun Liang succeeded him as the new emperor, with Zhuge Ke serving as the regent because the emperor was still too young at the time.", "Zhuge Ke was a maternal uncle of Sun He's wife, the former Crown Princess Zhang.", "The former crown princess sent a messenger, Chen Qian (), to the imperial capital Jianye (present-day Nanjing, Jiangsu) to meet Zhuge Ke.", "Before Chen Qian left, Zhuge Ke told him, \"Please tell her that in a matter of time, I'll make her greater than others.\"", "There were rumours that Zhuge Ke wanted to depose Sun Liang and put Sun He on the throne.", "His behaviour became even more suspicious when he floated the idea of moving the imperial capital from Jianye to Wuchang (武昌; present-day Ezhou, Hubei).", "In 253, after Zhuge Ke was overthrown and assassinated in a coup d'état, Sun Jun became the new regent for Sun Liang.", "Sun Jun demoted Sun He back to commoner status, had him relocated to Xindu Commandery (新都郡; around present-day Yi County, Anhui), and then sent an emissary to force Sun He to commit suicide.", "As Sun He bid farewell to his wife, the former Crown Princess Zhang, before taking his own life, she told him, \"I'll accompany you through thick and thin; I won't continue living on my own.\"", "She followed suit after he committed suicide.", "Sun He's concubine, Lady He, asked, \"If we all die, who is going to raise the children?\"", "She did not take her own life and lived on to raise Sun Hao (her son with Sun He) and his three younger brothers.", "Posthumous honours\nIn 264, after Sun He's son, Sun Hao, became the fourth emperor of Eastern Wu, he honoured his father with the posthumous title \"Emperor Wen\" () and had him reburied at the Ming Mausoleum (), with officials and 200 households to watch over and maintain the tomb.", "In February or March 266, he separated nine counties from Wu Commandery and Danyang Commandery () to form a new commandery, Wuxing Commandery (), with its capital at Wucheng County (烏程縣; south of present-day Huzhou, Zhejiang).", "He appointed an Administrator () to govern Wuxing Commandery and put him in charge of the organising the ceremonies to honour his father every season.", "In August 267, Sun Hao heeded a suggestion from one of his officials to build a temple in the imperial capital, Jianye (present-day Nanjing, Jiangsu), to honour his father.", "He then put Xue Xu in charge of overseeing the construction of the temple, which was named \"Qing Temple\" ().", "In January 268, he ordered Imperial Counsellor Meng Ren () and Minister of Ceremonies Yao Xin () to lead 2,000 troops to the Ming Mausoleum as part of an entourage to \"escort\" Sun He's spirit from the mausoleum to the temple.", "When the entourage reached Jianye, Sun He kept asking the priest conducting the ceremony about the condition of his father's spirit.", "After the priest told him that his father looked just the same as when he was still alive, Sun Hao shed tears of both sadness and joy and later rewarded his subjects.", "Sun Hao also ordered the Imperial Chancellor Lu Kai to oversee the sacrificing of animals in the neighbouring villages as offerings to his father's spirit.", "That night, Sun Hao slept outside Jianye.", "The following day, Sun Hao appeared very sad when his father's spirit was being enshrined in the temple.", "Over the subsequent days, he kept visiting the temple – three times within seven days – to pay respects to his father's spirit, and even ordered singers and dancers to entertain his father's spirit day and night.", "He only stopped doing so when an official told him that the entire ceremony would lose its sacredness if he performed it excessively.", "Family\nSun He had at least four sons – Sun Jun (), Sun Hao, Sun De () and Sun Qian ().", "Sun Jun was born to Sun He's wife Crown Princess Zhang (a daughter of Zhang Cheng), while Sun Hao was born to Sun He's concubine Lady He.", "It is not known who the mothers of Sun De and Sun Qian were, except that they were probably Sun He's concubines.", "In 258, after Sun Quan's sixth son, Sun Xiu, replaced Sun Liang as the new Wu emperor, he enfeoffed Sun He's eldest son, Sun Hao, as the Marquis of Wucheng () with his marquisate in Xindu Commandery (新都郡; around present-day Yi County, Anhui).", "Sun Xiu also enfeoffed Sun De and Sun Qian as the Marquis of Qiantang () and Marquis of Yong'an () respectively, and appointed Sun Jun as a Cavalry Commandant ().", "In 264, following Sun Xiu's death, Sun Hao succeeded him as the fourth emperor of Eastern Wu.", "Sun Jun\nSun Jun had a reputation for being intelligent and bright, Sun Hao feared that he would pose a threat to him, so he found an excuse to have Sun Jun executed.", "Sun De\nSun De's eventual fate remains unknown.", "He probably died early, or else Sun Hao might have purged him too.", "Sun Qian\nIn late September or October 265, Sun Hao moved the imperial capital from Jianye (present-day Nanjing, Jiangsu) to Wuchang (武昌; present-day Ezhou, Hubei) and left Imperial Counsellor Ding Gu () and General of the Right Zhuge Jing in charge of Jianye.", "During this time, due to Sun Hao's tyrannical and oppressive rule, one Shi Dan () from Wuxing Commandery (吳興郡; around present-day Huzhou, Zhejiang) rallied about 10,000 men and started a rebellion.", "The rebels took Sun Qian hostage and headed towards Jianye, where they intended to make Sun Qian the new emperor.", "When they were some 30 li away from Jianye, Sun Qian issued a decree to Ding Gu and Zhuge Jing, ordering them to submit to him.", "Zhuge Jing executed Sun Qian's messenger.", "When the rebels were about nine li away from Jianye, Ding Gu and Zhuge Jing led government forces from Jianye to attack them.", "As the rebels did not have body armour to protect themselves, they abandoned Sun Qian, who was sitting in a carriage, and fled at the sight of armoured soldiers marching towards them.", "Ding Gu and Zhuge Jing took Sun Qian captive but did not dare to execute him, so they sent a messenger to Wuchang to ask Sun Hao what to do with him.", "Sun Hao ordered Sun Qian and Sun Qian's mother to be poisoned to death.", "Sun He's daughter\nSun He also had a daughter who was born to Crown Princess Zhang (Zhang Cheng's daughter).", "She married Lu Jing, who was born to Lu Kang and another daughter of Zhang Cheng; both Sun He's daughter and Lu Jing therefore were Zhang Cheng's maternal grandchildren.", "See also\n Eastern Wu family trees#Sun He (Zixiao)\n Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\n Chen, Shou (3rd century).", "Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi).", "Pei, Songzhi (5th century).", "Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi zhu).", "Eastern Wu imperial princes\n224 births\n253 deaths\nPeople from Ezhou\nSuicides in China\nForced suicides of Chinese people\nExecuted Eastern Wu people\nPeople executed by Eastern Wu\n3rd-century executions\nFamily of Sun Quan\nHeirs apparent who never acceded\nAncient people who committed suicide" ]

[ "During the Three Kingdoms period of China, Sun He was an imperial prince.", "He was the third son of the founding emperor.", "After the death of his brother Sun Deng, he became the crown prince.", "There was a power struggle between Sun He and his fourth brother, Sun Ba, over the succession to their father's throne.", "The conflict ended when Sun Ba committed suicide after being deposed by Sun He.", "Sun He was forced to commit suicide by the regent Sun Jun after he was reduced to commoner status.", "Sun He's son, Sun Hao, became the fourth emperor.", "Sun Hao honoured his father with a posthumous title.", "Sun He was the third son of Sun Quan, a leader of the late Eastern Han dynasty who became the founding emperor of the Eastern Wu state in the Three Kingdoms period.", "Lady Wang, one of Sun Quan's concubines, was posthumously honoured as \"Empress Dayi\" in 264.", "Sun He became his father's favourite son because Lady Wang was his favourite consort.", "Sun He was only 13 years old when Sun Quan ordered the officials to serve as Sun He's personal staff and the Prefect of the Palace Writers to be Sun He's personal tutor.", "He was known for being respectful and studious.", "He was praised by the officials who met him.", "Sun Deng, Sun Quan's oldest son and heir apparent, died of illness in 241.", "Sun He was named the new Crown Prince to replace Sun Deng one year later.", "At the same time, Sun Quan promoted Kan Ze to Crown Prince's Grand 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476", "Sun Quan kept him by his side as crown prince as he was intelligent.", "New clothes, ornaments, toys and other gifts were given to Sun He, but he did not give them to his other sons.", "Sun He was bright, perceptive and well-versed in literary arts, horse-riding and archery, but also respectful and courteous towards his tutor and elders.", "He wanted to get to know people.", "Sun Quan ordered Zhuge Yi to pretend to defect to the other state and lure the other state's general into a trap.", "Sun was so worried about his father that he kept reminding him to be careful, even though he hoped his father would win the battle.", "He put his worries aside when his father came back.", "The system of bureaucracy was abused by some officials during Sun Quan's reign.", "If officials continued to abuse the system for personal gain, this could become a serious problem.", "He wrote a memorial to the imperial court urging them to take actions to discourage and eliminate such harmful practices.", "Two officials made accusations against each other.", "It's difficult to find competent employees in both the civil and military sectors.", "How can we expect prosperity if everyone starts attacking each other?", "He helped them resolve their dispute after stepping in to mediation.", "He heard that Cai Ying, a member of his personal staff, enjoyed playing weiqi and that many of his subordinates spent a lot of time playing.", "He was worried that Cai Ying and the others would neglect their duties if they played too much weiqi.", "He came up with an idea to motivate his subordinates.", "He called for a meeting to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of weiqi.", "Sun He had copies of the essay given to him by one of them, who went home and wrote it.", "Lady Wang and Sun Luban were not on good terms.", "Sun Luban disliked her half-brother.", "Sun He was ordered to take Sun Quan's place at the imperial ancestral temple because he was sick.", "The uncle of Sun He's wife invited Sun He to stay at his house during that time.", "Sun Luban sent her servants to spy on Sun He, who was staying with his in-laws and not in the imperial temple, as INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals", "She told Sun Quan that Lady Wang was happy when she heard that Sun Quan was sick.", "Sun Quan became angry with Lady Wang.", "Lady Wang died in distress.", "He became worried that his father would remove him from his position as Crown Prince because he fell out of his father's favor.", "Sun was involved in a power struggle with his fourth brother, Sun Ba, who wanted to take the position of Crown Prince from him.", "Sun Quan sowed the seeds of the conflict between his third and fourth sons.", "Sun Ba was treated well by Sun Quan, even though he had already made Sun He the Crown Prince.", "Sun Quan was urged by some officials to ensure that Confucian rules of propriety were followed and upheld.", "The Crown Prince should be given more honours and privileges because he was in a higher position than the other princes.", "Sun He and Sun Ba were vying for their father's attention as he failed to make a clear distinction between them.", "On one side, Lu Xun, Zhuge Ke, Gu Tan, Zhu Ju, Teng Yin, Shi Ji, Ding Mi, and Wu Can believed that Sun He was the rightful heir apparent so they supported him.", "Sun Ba was supported on the other side by Bu Zhi, L Dai, Quan Cong, L Ju, Sun Hong and others.", "Two people spoke ill of Sun He in front of another person.", "Sun Jun was worried that the power struggle would lead to a civil war like the one between the sons of Yuan Shao.", "He wanted to end the power struggle and designate a new heir apparent, so he started taking action against some of the officials involved.", "The Sun He–Sun Ba succession struggle and other similar conflicts were compared by the historian Pei Songzhi, who annotated Sun He's biography in the Records of the Three Kingdoms.", "He said that Sun Quan was worse than the other two because he created uncertainty when he chose Sun Ba despite having already designated Sun, unlike the other two who made it clear that they wanted a younger son to succeed them.", "Sun Ba's claim to the succession was deemed illegitimate by Pei Songzhi.", "He said that the incident had a negative impact on Bu Zhi because he had a reputation for being generous.", "Sun He was ordered to be put under house arrest.", "When they heard about it, they covered their heads in mud, tied themselves up, and went to plead with Sun Quan to release Sun He.", "He scolded them for creating a commotion when he saw them.", "He wanted to replace Sun He with his youngest son, Sun Liang.", "Two officials wrote a memorial to Sun Quan to warn him that changing the Crown Prince could lead to a civil war in the future.", "Sun Quan was pressured to pardon Sun He.", "Sun Quan flogged 100 times the people he executed, because he was fed up with them.", "Qu Huang was removed from office and sent back to his home town after he was tricked into committing suicide by Sun Hong, a supporter of Sun Ba.", "One of Sun He's subordinates who begged Sun Quan to spare Sun He was executed.", "Sun He was deposed from his position as Crown Prince and relocated to Guzhang County northwest of Anji County.", "Sun Ba was forced to commit suicide.", "Some of Sun He's personal staff were executed while others were exiled or dismissed.", "It was thought to be a grave injustice to Sun He and his staff.", "Sun He was designated as the new Crown Prince in December of 250.", "He regretted his decision to depose Sun He and thought of restoring Sun He as Crown Prince after he became critically ill.", "He dismissed the idea because Sun Luban, Sun Jun, Sun Hong and others objected to it.", "Sun He the Prince of Nanyang was made a prince in late January or February of this year.", "Sun saw a nest on a wall during his journey from Guzhang County to Changsha.", "Some people thought that it was a sign that disaster would befall Sun He, while others thought that it was a sign that he had been restored to noble status after being deposed.", "The regent at the time was Zhuge Ke, who was too young to be the emperor at the time.", "Sun He's wife was the former Crown Princess of China.", "The former crown princess sent a messenger to the imperial capital to meet Zhuge Ke.", "Before Chen Qian left, Zhuge Ke told him to tell her that he would make her greater than others.", "There were rumors that Zhuge Ke wanted to put Sun He on the throne.", "He was suspicious when he floated the idea of moving the imperial capital from Jianye to Wuchang.", "Sun Jun became the regent after Zhuge Ke was overthrown and killed in a coup d'état.", "Sun Jun sent an emissary to force Sun He to commit suicide after he was demoted to commoner status.", "He bid farewell to his wife, the former Crown Princess, before taking his own life, she told him, \"I'll accompany you through thick and thin; I won't continue living on my own.\"", "He committed suicide.", "Lady He asked, \"If we all die, who is going to raise the children?\"", "She did not take her own life and continued to raise her children.", "After Sun He's son, Sun Hao, became the fourth emperor of Eastern Wu, he honoured his father with the posthumous title \"Emperor Wen\" and had him reburied at the Ming Mausoleum, with officials and 200 households.", "In February or March of this year, he separated the nine counties from the two Commanderys to form a new Commandery, called Wuxing Commandery.", "He put the Administrator in charge of the ceremonies to honor his father every season.", "Sun Hao built a temple to honor his father in the imperial capital of Jianye in August of 267.", "The temple was named \"Qing Temple\".", "He ordered the Imperial Counsellor and the Minister of Ceremonies to lead 2,000 troops to the mausoleum in order to escort Sun He's spirit to the temple.", "Sun kept asking the priest about the condition of his father's spirit.", "Sun Hao shed tears of joy and sadness after the priest told him that his father looked the same as when he was alive.", "The Imperial Chancellor Lu Kai was ordered to oversee the sacrificing of animals in the neighboring villages as offerings to his father's spirit.", "Sun Hao slept outside.", "Sun Hao was sad when his father's spirit was being put in the temple.", "He visited the temple three times within seven days to pay respects to his father's spirit, and even ordered singers and dancers to entertain him.", "The official told him that the ceremony would lose its sacredness if he performed it too much.", "He had at least four sons.", "Sun Jun and Sun Hao were both born to Sun He's concubine Lady He.", "The mothers of Sun De and Sun Qian were probably Sun He's concubines.", "Sun He's oldest son, Sun Hao, was enfeoffed by Sun He's sixth son, Sun Xiu, in 258.", "Sun Jun was appointed as a cavalryman by Sun Xiu, as well as being enfeoffed by Sun De and Sun Qian.", "Sun Hao became the fourth emperor of Eastern Wu after Sun Xiu's death.", "Sun Jun Sun Jun had a reputation for being intelligent and bright, so he found an excuse to have him executed.", "Sun De Sun De's fate is unknown.", "Sun Hao might have killed him too.", "Sun Hao moved the imperial capital from Jianye to Wuchang in late September or October of 265.", "Due to Sun Hao's oppressive rule, a group of 10,000 men started a rebellion.", "The rebels wanted to make Sun Qian the new emperor and took him hostage.", "When they were away from Jianye, Sun Qian ordered them to submit to him.", "Sun Qian's messenger was executed by Zhuge Jing.", "Government forces from Jianye attacked the rebels when they were nine miles away.", "As the rebels did not have body armour to protect themselves, they abandoned Sun Qian, who was sitting in a carriage, and fled at the sight of soldiers marching towards them.", "When they took Sun Qian captive, they sent a messenger to ask Sun Hao what to do with him.", "Sun Qian's mother was ordered to be poisoned by Sun Hao.", "Sun He had a daughter who was born to a Crown Princess.", "She married Lu Jing, who was born to Lu Kang and another daughter of Zhang Cheng, as well as Sun He's daughter and Lu Jing, who were both maternal granddaughters.", "The lists of people of the Three Kingdoms were written in the 3rd century.", "There are records of the Three Kingdoms.", "Pei was born in the 5th century.", "There are annotations to the records of the Three Kingdoms.", "Forced suicides of Chinese people were executed by Eastern Wu people who never married Ancient people who committed suicide." ]

[ "Sun He", "Sun Quan", "Sun Deng", "Sun Quan", "Sun He", "Sun Ba", "Sun Quan", "Sun Ba", "Sun He", "Sun Liang", "Sun Liang", "Sun Jun", "Sun He", "Sun He", "Sun Hao", "Sun Hao", "Sun He", "Sun Quan", "Sun Quan", "Sun Quan", "Sun He", "Sun He", "Sun Quan", "Sun He", "Sun He", "Sun He", "Sun Quan", "Sun Deng", "Sun Quan", "Sun He", "Sun Deng", "Sun Quan", "Sun He", "Sun Quan", "Sun Quan", "Sun He", "Sun He", "Sun Quan", "Sun He", "Sun Quan", "Sun Quan", "Sun He", "Sun Quan", "Sun He", "Sun He", "Sun He", "Sun He", "Sun Ba", "Sun He", "Sun Quan", "Sun Luban", "Sun Luban", "Sun He", "Sun Quan", "Sun He", "Sun He", "Sun He", "Sun Luban", "Sun He", "Sun He", "Sun He", "Sun Quan", "Sun Quan", "Sun Quan", "Sun He", "Sun He", "Sun Ba", "Sun Quan", "Sun Quan", "Sun He", "Sun Ba", "Sun Quan", "Sun He", "Sun Ba", "Sun Quan", "Sun He", "Sun Ba", "Sun Quan", "Sun He", "Sun Hong", "Sun Qi", "Sun Ba", "Sun He", "Sun Quan", "Sun Quan", "Sun Jun", "Sun Qi", "Sun He", "Sun He", "Sun Ba", "Sun Quan", "Sun Quan", "Sun Ba", "Sun He", "Sun Ba", "Sun Ba", "Sun Quan", "Sun He", "Sun Quan", "Sun He", "Sun Quan", "Sun He", "Sun Liang", "Sun Quan", "Sun Quan", "Sun Quan", "Sun He", "Sun Quan", "Sun Hong", "Sun Ba", "Sun He", "Sun Quan", "Sun He", "Sun Quan", "Sun He", "Sun Ba", "Sun He", "Sun He", "Sun Quan", "Sun Liang", "Sun He", "Sun Quan", "Sun He", "Sun He", "Sun Luban", "Sun Jun", "Sun Hong", "Sun Quan", "Sun He", "Sun He", "Sun He", "Sun He", "Sun Quan", "Sun Liang", "Sun He", "Sun Liang", "Sun He", "Sun Jun", "Sun Liang", "Sun Jun", "Sun He", "Sun He", "Sun He", "Sun He", "Lady He", "Sun Hao", "Sun He", "Sun He", "Sun Hao", "Sun Hao", "Sun He", "Sun He", "Sun Hao", "Sun Hao", "Sun Ha", "Sun Hao", "Sun He", "Sun Jun", "Sun Hao", "Sun De", "Sun Qian", "Sun Jun", "Sun He", "Sun Hao", "Sun He", "Lady He", "Sun De", "Sun Qian", "Sun He", "Sun Quan", "Sun Xiu", "Sun Liang", "Sun He", "Sun Hao", "Sun Xiu", "Sun De", "Sun Qian", "Sun Jun", "Sun Xiu", "Sun Hao", "Sun Jun", "Sun Jun", "Sun Hao", "Sun Jun", "Sun De", "Sun De", "Sun Hao", "Sun Qian", "Sun Hao", "Sun Hao", "Sun Qian", "Sun Qian", "Sun Qian", "Sun Qian", "Sun Qian", "Sun Qian", "Sun Hao", "Sun Ha", "Sun Qian", "Sun Qian", "Sun He", "Sun He", "Sun He", "Sun He", "Sun Quan" ]

[ "Sun He", "Sun Deng", "Sun He", "Sun Ba", "Sun Ba", "Sun He", "Sun He", "Sun Jun", "Sun He", "Sun Hao", "Sun Hao", "Sun He", "Sun Quan", "Sun Quan", "Sun He", "Sun He", "Sun Quan", "Sun He", "Sun He", "Sun Deng", "Sun Quan", "Sun He", "Sun Deng", "Sun Quan", "Sun Q", "Sun", "Sun", "Sun Quan", "Sun", "Sun Quan", "Sun He", "Sun Luban", "Sun Luban", "Sun He", "Sun Quan", "Sun He", "Sun He", "Sun Luban", "Sun He", "Sun Quan", "Sun Quan", "Sun Quan", "Sun", "Sun Ba", "Sun Quan", "Sun Ba", "Sun Quan", "Sun He", "Sun Quan", "Sun He", "Sun Ba", "Sun He", "Sun Ba", "Sun Hong", "Sun He", "Sun Jun", "Sun He", "Sun Ba", "Sun He", "Sun Quan", "Sun Ba", "Sun", "Sun Ba", "Sun He", "Sun Quan", "Sun He", "Sun He", "Sun Liang", "Sun Quan", "Sun Quan", "Sun He", "Sun Quan", "Sun Hong", "Sun Ba", "Sun He", "Sun Quan", "Sun He", "Sun He", "Sun Ba", "Sun He", "Sun He", "Sun He", "Sun He", "Sun He", "Sun Luban", "Sun Jun", "Sun Hong", "Sun He", "Sun", "Sun He", "Sun He", "Sun He", "Sun Jun", "Sun Jun", "Sun He", "He", "Sun He", "Sun Hao", "Sun Hao", "Sun He", "Sun", "Sun Hao", "Sun Ha", "Sun Hao", "Sun Jun", "Sun Hao", "Sun He", "Lady He", "Sun De", "Sun Qian", "Sun He", "Sun He", "Sun Hao", "Sun He", "Sun Xiu", "Sun Jun", "Sun Xiu", "Sun De", "Sun Qian", "Sun Hao", "Sun Xiu", "Sun Jun", "Sun Jun", "Sun De", "Sun De", "Sun Hao", "Sun Hao", "Sun Hao", "Sun Qian", "Sun Qian", "Sun Qian", "Sun Qian", "Sun Qian", "Sun Hao", "Sun Qian", "Sun Hao", "Sun He", "Sun He" ]

[ "Dylan Groenewegen (born 21 June 1993) is a Dutch professional road racing cyclist, who currently rides for UCI WorldTeam .", "He has won four individual Tour de France stages and one team time trial stage.", "He has also won the Dutch National Road Race Championships, five stages of the Tour of Norway, five stages of the Tour of Britain and three stages of Paris-Nice.", "In 2020, Groenewegen received considerable attention for causing a serious crash at the Tour de Pologne, which put Fabio Jakobsen in hospital, for which he received a nine-month ban from racing.", "Early life\nGroenewegen was born to a working-class family in Amsterdam.", "His grandfather, Ko Zieleman (1933–2021), assembled custom bike frames of which Groenewegen received his first bike at the age of seven.", "Zieleman owned a shop selling bike frames, a trade that his father had started in 1928, which Groenewegen's father, Gerrie, has continued.", "At the age of 17, Groenewegen went to a trade school in order to follow his previous three generations as a frame-builder.", "Career\n\nPre-World Tour\nGroenewegen said in an interview that he had to choose between or to join in 2014.", "He chose the former as they gave him \"a lot of confidence\".", "LottoNL–Jumbo (2016–2021)\nIn October 2015, Groenewegen announced that he had signed with , on an initial three-year deal from 2016.", "2016\nIn June, Groenewegen won the Dutch National Road Race Championships after outsprinting Wouter Wippert.", "During a review of Groenewegen's Bianchi Oltre XR4 bicycle, Simon Richardson of Global Cycling Network said he is \"a very easy rider to work with\" in respect to the mechanics.", "Groenewegen won stage 4 of the Tour of Britain.", "2017\nIn the Dubai Tour, which ran from late January into early February, Groenewegen came second in the general classification, having finished second in stages 1 and 2.", "Despite narrowly missing out on victory in these areas, he did win the overall youth classification.", "On 28 April, Groenewegen won the first stage of the Tour de Yorkshire.", "The stage, which was long from Bridlington to Scarbrough, came down to a photo finish where he held off Australian sprinter Caleb Ewan.", "He came fourth on the second stage which finished in Harrogate.", "He continued this success when in May, he won two stages at the Tour of Norway.", "The Tour de France started well for Groenewegen when he came fifth on stage 2, the first flat stage.", "He produced two more top-10 results in the first week, with sixth in stages 6 and 7.", "After two mountain stages and a rest day in Dordogne, he returned to finish third on stage 10 – a route from Périgueux to Bergerac.", "Groenewegen won the final stage of the race on the last stage on the Champs-Élysées in Paris.", "2018\nIn February, Groenewegen competed in the Dubai Tour and won stage 1.", "Groenewegen held the general classification lead until the third stage when he was penalised 20 seconds after illegally drafting behind his team's car after suffering a mechanical fault.", "The blue jersey, given to the race leader, was lost to Elia Viviani who started the day two seconds behind Groenewegen, who dropped out of the top 10.", "He expressed his anger, saying \"I had problems with my bike, the mechanicals fucked it up for me.", "I actually think it was a good decision by the judges but it fucked it up for me\" before placing the blame on his mechanics, saying that \"it's the fault of my mechanics\".", "In the Tour de France, Groenewegen won stage 7 after beating Fernando Gaviria and Peter Sagan, both of whom had won two stages to that point in the tour.", "The stage was the longest in the tour at which started in Fougères and finished in Chartres, Northern France.", "Groenewegen also won stage 8, beating Sagan and John Degenkolb in Amiens.", "In an interview, Groenewegen said that the sprint was \"a bit messy\" but he said that he \"surged ahead\" and took advantage of the \"good opportunity\".", "2019\nIn March, Groenewegen won the first two stages of Paris-Nice.", "On the second stage, he found himself at the head of the race in a group of 23 riders about from the finish line, and ended up winning the stage after another split left just 7 riders contesting for the win.", "Later in March, he won the Three Days of Bruges–De Panne, out sprinting Gaviria and Viviani after squeezing through a gap between Gaviria and the barrier in order to open up his sprint.", "Team Jumbo-Visma won the team time trial on stage 2 of the Tour de France, thus increasing the lead of Groenewegen's teammate, Mike Teunissen in the general classification.", "Groenwegen went on to win stage 7 of the Tour de France, the longest stage in the tour at finishing in Chalon-sur-Saône.", "He beat Caleb Ewan and Sagan, giving him his fourth Tour de France stage win.", "Groenewegen won stages 1, 3 and 5 of the Tour of Britain, beating Davide Cimolai, Mathieu van der Poel, and Matthew Walls on the respective stages.", "2020\nGroenewegen's 2020 season started well, with victories on stages 1 and 3 as well as the points classification of the Volta a la Comunitat Valenciana.", "Groenewegen had further success in the UAE Tour, winning stage 4 on 26 February.", "He beat Fernando Gaviria and Pascal Ackermann to the finish in Dubai after 173km.", "During stage 1 of the Tour de Pologne in Katowice, Poland on 5 August, Groenewegen pushed Fabio Jakobsen into the barriers surrounding the finish line causing a very serious crash that put his rival in hospital and eventually in a medically induced coma.", "Groenewegen crashed as well and suffered a broken collarbone.", "More riders were involved in the crash; French sprinter Marc Sarreau had to abandon the race due to his injuries resulting from the crash.", "Groenewegen was disqualified from the race and fined CHF 500.", "Jakobsen's directeur sportif Patrick Lefevere said his team are considering bringing criminal charges against Groenewegen.", "In November 2020, Groenewegen was handed a nine-month ban for causing the crash, backdated to the day of the incident, meaning the ban ended on 7 May 2021.", "The previous month, Jakobsen had to undergo facial surgery where his jaw was reconstructed and bone was transplanted.", "Both Groenewegen and his team Jumbo-Visma apologized and took responsibility, with Groenewegen saying he \"deviated from [his] line\" and also that he wanted to be a \"fair sprinter\".", "Team BikeExchange–Jayco (2022–present)\nIn December 2021, Groenewegen signed a three-year contract with Australian UCI WorldTeam from 2022 season.", "Personal life\nAs of 2017, Groenewegen lives in Rivierenbuurt, a district in Amsterdam." ]

[ "Dylan Groenewegen is a Dutch professional road racing cyclist.", "He has won four individual Tour de France stages.", "He won the Dutch National Road Race Championships, five stages of the Tour of Norway, five stages of the Tour of Britain, and three stages of Paris-Nice.", "Groenewegen received a nine-month ban from racing in 2020 for causing a serious crash at the Tour de Pologne, which resulted in a patient being hospitalized.", "Groenewegen was born to a working class family in Amsterdam.", "Groenewegen received his first bike at the age of seven from his grandfather, Ko Zieleman.", "The father of Groenewegen's father, Gerrie, started a business selling bike frames in the 1920s.", "Groenewegen went to a trade school at the age of 17 to learn how to build frames.", "In an interview, Groenewegen said that he had to choose between the World Tour or his career.", "They gave him a lot of confidence and he chose the former.", "In October 2015, Groenewegen announced that he had signed with on an initial three-year deal.", "The Dutch National Road Race Championships were won by Groenewegen.", "Simon Richardson of Global Cycling Network said that he is a very easy rider to work with when it comes to mechanics.", "The fourth stage of the Tour of Britain was won by Groenewegen.", "Groenewegen finished second in the general classification in the first two stages of the Dubai Tour.", "He won the overall youth classification despite narrowly missing out on victory.", "Groenewegen won the first stage of the Tour de Yorkshire.", "He held off an Australian sprinter at the end of the stage from Bridlington to Scarbrough.", "He was fourth on the second stage.", "He won two stages at the Tour of Norway in May.", "Groenewegen came fifth on the first flat stage of the Tour de France.", "He produced two more top 10 results in the first week.", "After two mountain stages and a rest day in Dordogne, he returned to finish third on stage 10, a route from Périgueux to Bergerac.", "The final stage of the race was on the Champs-lysées in Paris.", "Groenewegen won stage 1 of the Dubai Tour in February.", "Groenewegen was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "The race leader's blue jersey was lost to Elia Viviani who was two seconds behind Groenewegen at the start of the day.", "He said he had problems with his bike and the mechanicals messed it up.", "I think it was a good decision by the judges, but they messed it up for me and that's the fault of my mechanics.", "In the 7th stage of the Tour de France, Groenewegen beat Fernando Gaviria and Peter Sagan, both of whom had won two stages to that point in the tour.", "The tour started in Fougres and ended in Chartres, Northern France.", "Groenewegen beat John Degenkolb in Amiens on stage 8.", "Groenewegen said in an interview that he \"surged ahead\" and took advantage of the \"good opportunity\" despite the sprint being a bit messy.", "The first two stages of Paris-Nice were won by Groenewegen.", "On the second stage, he found himself at the head of the race in a group of 23 riders about from the finish line, and ended up winning the stage.", "He won the Three days of Bruges–De Panne after sprinting through a gap between Gaviria and the barrier to open up his sprint.", "Team Jumbo-Visma won the team time trial on stage 2 of the Tour de France, increasing the lead of Groenewegen's teammate, Mike Teunissen in the general classification.", "The longest stage in the Tour de France was stage 7 and it was won by Groenwegen.", "He won his fourth Tour de France stage.", "Groenewegen won stages 1, 3 and 5 of the Tour of Britain.", "The 2020 season started well for Groenewegen, with victories on stages 1 and 3 as well as the points classification of the Volta a la Comunitat Valenciana.", "Groenewegen won stage 4 of the tour.", "He was the winner of the race after 173 km.", "During the first stage of the Tour de Pologne in Poland on August 5, Groenewegen pushed his rival into the barriers, causing a very serious crash that put him in a medically induced coma.", "Groenewegen broke his collarbone when he crashed.", "More riders were involved in the crash that resulted in the abandonment of the race by a French sprinter.", "Groenewegen was fined 500 Swiss Francs for being disqualified from the race.", "Patrick Lefevere said his team might bring criminal charges against Groenewegen.", "The nine-month ban imposed on Groenewegen for causing the crash ended on May 7, 2021.", "In the previous month, he underwent facial surgery where his jaw was reconstructed.", "Groenewegen and his team apologized and took responsibility, with Groenewegen saying he wanted to be a fair sprinter.", "Groenewegen signed a three-year contract with the Australian UCI World Team.", "Groenewegen lives in a district in Amsterdam." ]

[ "Dylan Groenewegen" ]

[ "Dylan Groenewegen", "Groenewegen", "Groenewegen", "Groenewegen", "Groenewegen", "Groenewegen" ]

[ "Mary Anne Amirthi Mohanraj (born July 26, 1971) is an American writer, editor, and academic of Sri Lankan birth.", "Background \nMohanraj was born in Colombo, Sri Lanka but moved to the United States at the age of two and grew up in New Britain, Connecticut.", "Her parents, who had originally intended to return to Sri Lanka after a few years and were still considering the possibility for the future, planned in 1983 to send 12-year-old Mary Anne to live with her grandparents for a summer \"to reconnect\" with her homeland.", "Just before she was to go, her father received a telegram.", "\"Don't send her.", "There's trouble coming.\"", "He cancelled the trip.", "As she later wrote,It's called Black July in Sri Lanka.", "Riots erupted in Colombo, the capital city, killing thousands of Tamils, the ethnic minority group, the group to which I belong.", "Brutal chaos ensued – friends of mine who were there tell horrifying stories.", "They saw tires put around men's necks, saw them lit on fire.", "They saw women and children dragged from their homes, pulled from cars to be raped and killed in the street.", "I saw none of this, but the stories haunt my fiction.", "Whether I'm writing mainstream lit or fantasy or science fiction, I keep coming back to the war in Sri Lanka.", "I keep thinking about the life I would have had, if my parents had made different choices.", "If we had stayed there, and been killed in the riots.", "If I had gotten on that plane.", "If we had fled, as so many of my aunts and uncles did, and ended up as refugees in Canada or elsewhere.", "Instead, Mohanraj attended Miss Porter's School and the University of Chicago and graduated with a degree in English Literature in 1993.", "She holds an MFA from Mills College (1998) and a PhD in English Literature from the University of Utah (2005).", "She also attended the Clarion West Writing Workshop in 1997.", "Academic career \nMohanraj has taught at Salt Lake Community College, the University of Utah, and Vermont College.", "From September 2005 to June 2007, she was a Visiting Professor in the MFA Program at Roosevelt University.", "From 2007 to 2008, she was a Visiting Professor at Northwestern University, in the Center for the Writing Arts.", "She taught at the Clarion Workshop in July 2008.", "Since 2008, she has worked as in the English Department at the University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC), first as Clinical Assistant Professor, and currently as Clinical Associate Professor.", "She was Associate Coordinator of Asian and Asian American Studies at UIC from 2009 to 2014.", "Writing \nHer novel-in-stories, Bodies in Motion, received an honorable mention from the 2007 Asian American Literary Awards and was named a USA Today notable book.", "In 2006, Mohanraj received an Illinois Arts Council Fellowship in Prose.", "She was the co-founder and editor-in-chief for Clean Sheets, an online magazine of erotica, from 1998 to 2000.", "In 2000 she helped found Strange Horizons, where she was the editor-in-chief through 2003.", "In 2004 she founded the Speculative Literature Foundation, which she still directs, and is a founding member and Executive Director of Desilit, an organization designed to support South Asian and diaspora writers.", "Mohanraj founded and is Executive Director of the biennial Kriti Festival, a celebration of South Asian and diaspora literature and arts, founded in 2005.", "As of 2013, she is Editor-in-Chief of Jaggery, \"A DesiLit Arts and Literature Journal\".", "Mohanraj was a host for season 12 of the Writing Excuses podcast.", "Mohanraj's writing frequently explores issues of cultural identity.", "She has noted in interviews that she feels the complexity of such issues in her own life: \"When people ask me what my identity is, I could say I'm Sri Lankan-American ...", "I could say I was raised Catholic but now I'm agnostic.", "I could say I've been called a queer, because although I've been with a man the past 17 years, I'm bisexual.\"", "She is also something of a sexuality activist; she founded and moderates the Internet Erotica Writers' Workshop, and was a former moderator for soc.sexuality.general.", "Mohanraj has had stories published in the Wild Cards science fiction shared universe edited by George R. R.", "Martin., and has announced that she will have further stories in forthcoming Wild Cards anthologies Fort Freak, Lowball, Low Chicago, Joker Moon, and Three Kings.", "Personal life \nMohanraj lives in Oak Park, Illinois, a Chicago suburb, with her husband, Kevin Whyte (a mathematician), and their children, daughter Kaviarasi Whyte (born May 18, 2007), and son Anandan Whyte (born September 24, 2009).", "She is self-proclaimed as polyamorous (\"we have an open relationship, and I feel very lucky that I’m able to have other loves in my life\"), and has a relationship of over 20 years with writer-editor Jed Hartman, which Hartman acknowledges on his own website.", "On February 12, 2015, she announced in her blog that she had been diagnosed with breast cancer.", "She has been documenting the treatment (including chemotherapy and a lumpectomy) in a \"Cancer Log\" on her website.", "On February 24, 2015, she married Whyte, with whom she had had a domestic partnership for 23 years.", "In 2017, Mohanraj ran for the Oak Park library board.", "Democracy for America endorsed her candidacy.", "She was successfully elected on April 4, 2017.", "In April 2021, she was elected to the D200 school board, which governs Oak Park and River Forest High School.", "Bibliography\nFiction\n Kathryn in the City: A Choose-Your-Own-Erotic-Adventure (Melcher Media, 2003) ()\n The Classics Professor: A Choose-Your-Own-Erotic-Adventure (Melcher Media, 2003) ()\n Bodies in Motion: Stories (HarperCollins, 2005) ()\n The Stars Change (Circlet Press, 2013) ()\n Perennial: A Garden Romance (Lethe Press, 2018) ()\n\nMixed-genre collections\n Torn Shapes of Desire (IAM [Intangible Assets Manufacturing], 1997) ()\n Silence and the Word (Lethe Press, 2004) ()\n Without a Map [with Nnedi Okorafor] (Aqueduct Press, 2010) ()\n\nNonfiction\n A Taste of Serendib: A Sri Lankan Cookbook (Lethe Press, 2003) ()\n A Feast of Serendib: Recipes from Sri Lanka (2020) ()\n\nChildren's\n The Poet's Journey (Serendib Press, 2008) () [as \"Amirthi Mohanraj\"]\n\nEdited books\n Aqua Erotica (Three Rivers Press, 2000) ()\n Wet: More Aqua Erotica (Three Rivers Press, 2002) ()\n The Best of Strange Horizons: Year One (Lethe Press, 2003) ()\n The WisCon Chronicles, Vol.", "9: Intersections and Alliances (Aqueduct Press, 2015) ()\n Invisible 3: Essays and Poems on Representation in SF/F [with Jim C. Hines] (2017) ()\n Survivor [with JJ Pionke] (Lethe Press, 2018) ()\n\nEdited online magazines/journals\n Clean Sheets (founder and editor-in-chief, 1998–2000) \n Strange Horizons (founder and editor-in-chief, 2000–2003) \n Jaggery (founder; editor-in-chief, 2013–17)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Contains links to her biography, bibliography, journal, and other areas of interest.", "Uniting Desi Writers and Readers Interview in India Currents Magazine by Ranjit Souri\n\n1971 births\n20th-century American writers\n21st-century American novelists\n20th-century American women writers\n21st-century American women writers\nAmerican bloggers\nAmerican erotica writers\nSri Lankan emigrants to the United States\nAmerican people of Sri Lankan Tamil descent\nAmerican science fiction writers\nBisexual writers\nBisexual women\nLGBT people from Sri Lanka\nLiving people\nScience fiction editors\nScience fiction fans\nUniversity of Chicago alumni\nUniversity of Utah alumni\nWomen science fiction and fantasy writers\nAmerican novelists of Asian descent\nAmerican writers of Sri Lankan descent\nAmerican women novelists\nWriters from Chicago\nAmerican LGBT novelists\nMiss Porter's School alumni\nAmerican women bloggers\nWomen erotica writers\nNovelists from Illinois\nBisexual academics\nLGBT people from Connecticut\nLGBT American people of Asian descent\nSchool board members in Illinois\nPolyamorous people" ]

[ "Mary Anne Mohanraj was born in 1971 and is an American writer, editor, and academic.", "At the age of two, Mohanraj moved to the United States and lived in New Britain, Connecticut.", "Mary Anne's parents planned to send her to live with her grandparents for a summer in 1983 in order to \"reunion\" with her homeland after a few years.", "Her father received a telegram before she left.", "Don't send her.", "There's trouble on the way.", "The trip was canceled by him.", "Black July is a name she later wrote about.", "Thousands of Tamils were killed in riots in the capital city of Sri Lanka.", "Friends of mine who were there tell horrifying stories.", "They saw tires being put around men's neck.", "They witnessed women and children being raped and killed in the street.", "The stories haunt my fiction.", "I keep coming back to the war in Sri Lanka when I'm writing mainstream lit or fantasy or science fiction.", "I think about the life I would have had if my parents had made different choices.", "We would have been killed in the riots.", "I would have gotten on that plane.", "As many of my aunts and uncles did, we fled and ended up as refugees in Canada or elsewhere.", "Mohanraj graduated with a degree in English Literature from the University of Chicago in 1993.", "She received a PhD in English Literature from the University of Utah.", "She attended the writing workshop in 1997.", "Mohanraj taught at Salt Lake Community College, the University of Utah, and Vermont College.", "She was a Visiting Professor at Roosevelt University from September 2005 to June 2007.", "She was a Visiting Professor at the Center for the Writing Arts.", "She taught at the workshop.", "Since 2008, she has worked in the English Department at the University of Illinois at Chicago, first as Clinical Assistant Professor and now as Clinical Associate Professor.", "She was an associate professor of Asian and Asian American Studies at the University of Illinois.", "Her novel-in-stories, Bodies in Motion, received an honorable mention from the Asian American Literary Awards and was named a USA Today notable book.", "Mohanraj received a fellowship in 2006 from the Illinois Arts Council.", "She was the editor-in-chief of Clean Sheets from 1998 to 2000.", "She was the editor-in-chief through 2003 when she helped found Strange Horizons.", "She is a founding member and Executive Director of Desilit, an organization that supports South Asian and diaspora writers.", "The biennial Kriti Festival was founded in 2005 and is a celebration of South Asian and diaspora literature and arts.", "She is the Editor-in-Chief of \"A DesiLit Arts and Literature Journal\".", "The Writing Excuses was hosted by Mohanraj.", "Issues of cultural identity are explored in Mohanraj's writing.", "She has noted in interviews that she feels the complexity of such issues in her own life.", "I was raised Catholic, but now I'm not.", "Although I've been with a man for 17 years, I'm bisexual.", "She founded and moderated the Internet Erotica Writers' Workshop and was a former moderator for soc.sexuality.general.", "The Wild Cards science fiction shared universe was edited by George R. R.", "There will be more stories in the upcoming Wild Cards anthology Fort Freak, Lowball, Low Chicago, and Three Kings.", "Mohanraj lives in Oak Park, Illinois, a suburb of Chicago, with her husband, Kevin, and their three children.", "She claims to be polyamorous and has a relationship of over 20 years with a writer-editor, which Hartman acknowledges on his own website.", "She was diagnosed with breast cancer in February of 2015.", "She has been documenting the treatment on her website.", "She had had a domestic partnership with him for 23 years.", "Mohanraj was a candidate for the Oak Park library board.", "She was endorsed by Democracy for America.", "On April 4, she was elected.", "Oak Park and River Forest High School are governed by the D200 school board.", "The Classics Professor: A Choose-Your-Own- Erotic-Adventure is a fiction novel.", "Intersections and Alliances was published by Aqueduct Press.", "The Uniting Desi Writers and Readers Interview is in India Currents Magazine." ]

[ "Mary Anne Amirthi Mohanraj", "Mohanraj", "Mary Anne", "Mohanraj", "Mohanraj", "Mohanraj", "Mohanraj", "Mohanraj", "Mohanraj", "Mohanraj", "Mohanraj", "Mohanraj" ]

[ "Mary Anne Mohanraj", "Mohanraj", "Mary Anne", "Mohanraj", "Mohanraj", "Mohanraj", "Mohanraj", "Mohanraj", "Mohanraj", "Mohanraj" ]

[ "Ryan Keberle is an American trombone player, composer, arranger, and educator.", "Described by The New York Times as a \"trombonist of vision and composure\", he leads Ryan Keberle & Catharsis, his All Ears Orchestra, the Big Band Living Legacy Project and co-leads the international chamber jazz ensemble, Reverso.", "Keberle has performed with David Bowie, Maria Schneider, Wynton Marsalis, Darcy James Argue, Alicia Keys, and Sufjan Stevens, among others, and has appeared on seven Grammy Award-winning records.", "Keberle currently directs the jazz program at Hunter College.", "A \"relentlessly prolific sideman\", Keberle has appeared on movie soundtracks for filmmakers including Woody Allen and in the pit for Broadway musicals such as In the Heights.", "Early life and education\nKeberle was born in Bloomington, Indiana, to Ann Winterer and Dan Keberle.", "He grew up in Spokane, Washington, where his father, a trumpeter, teaches jazz studies at Whitworth University, and directs the Whitworth Jazz Ensemble.", "At four, Keberle was taught to play the piano by his mother, a piano teacher and church choir director, and through the Suzuki Method he learned to play the violin.", "In fifth grade, at the encouragement of his father, he began to play the trombone.", "He was inspired by the tradition of the instrument in jazz history, as well as by the horn bands Chicago, Blood, Sweat & Tears, Tower of Power, and Earth, Wind & Fire.", "In high school, he discovered jazz artists including John Coltrane and Dexter Gordon, and would play along with their records.", "Keberle continued to play the piano while focused on the trombone.", "He studied with David Matterne, the principal trombonist for the Spokane Symphony, and as a teenager he performed with the Spokane Youth Symphony and sat in with the Spokane Jazz Orchestra and the Whitworth Jazz Ensemble.", "The valedictorian of his class, Keberle graduated from Mead High School in 1998.", "Following his high school graduation, Keberle enrolled at Whitworth with a double major in physics and music.", "He transferred to the Manhattan School of Music in 1999, where he studied trombone with Steve Turre and composition with Michael Abene and Manny Albam.", "As a student at the Manhattan School, Keberle first encountered several musicians he would continue to collaborate with, including the Argentinian bassist and composer Pedro Giraudo.", "In 2001 — the year he graduated — Keberle was selected as the artistic director for New York City's first youth jazz orchestra, Jazz Band Classic, a program of the New York Symphony, and won the William H. Borden Award for Musical Excellence in Jazz from Manhattan School of Music.", "After he earned his undergraduate degree, Keberle was selected to attend Juilliard as a student in their inaugural Jazz Performance program.", "Studying trombone with Wycliffe Gordon and composition with David Berger, he was one of the first musicians to earn an artist diploma in Jazz Performance from Juilliard.", "Career\nKeberle played professionally while a student; he supported himself mainly as a pianist during his first four years in New York.", "Following his graduation, he performed with the David Berger Jazz Orchestra, the Lincoln Center Jazz Orchestra, the Maria Schneider Jazz Orchestra and Wynton Marsalis, among others.", "His compositions \"Cylindrically\" and \"Something Speaking\" were performed by the Juilliard Jazz Orchestra, and \"Slants\", a commissioned piece, was performed by the Spokane Jazz Orchestra.", "Based in Brooklyn, he freelanced as a recording and performing musician in multiple genres — in addition to traditional and avant-garde jazz, Keberle played with Latin, R&B, and rock artists.", "He was an orchestra member for several Broadway productions, performed in ensembles for television shows, and served as the music director at St. James Catholic Church.", "In 2003, he formed the Ryan Keberle Double Quartet.", "Composed of piano, bass, drums, two trombones, trumpet, French horn, and tuba, the Ryan Keberle Double Quartet's self-titled debut was released on Alternate Side in 2007.", "It was followed by Heavy Dreaming in 2010.", "Both albums were critically well-received; Wondering Sound wrote that the records displayed the \"wonderful emotional transparency of Keberle's striking compositions and arrangements,\" and Heavy Dreaming was selected as one of the best records of the year by publications including JazzTimes and Stereophile.", "In 2012, after touring internationally with Sufjan Stevens, Keberle formed Catharsis, a pianoless acoustic quartet, with Mike Rodriguez on trumpet, Jorge Roeder on bass and Eric Doob on drums.", "They released their first album, Music Is Emotion, on Alternate Side in 2013.", "The album was described by the Los Angeles Times as \"a potent blend of cinematic sweep and lush, ear-grabbing melodies.\"", "All About Jazz wrote: \"In just over a decade, Keberle has become one of the most in-demand trombonists on the scene, and he's done so by using his considerable technique to communicate with, rather than play at, the people who encounter his horn.", "Keberle keeps wide-ranging company, working with everybody from Latin luminary Ivan Lins to compositional queen Maria Schneider to pop/R&B superstar Alicia Keys, but his raison d'être isn't diversification; he's all about touching the soul through sound means.\"", "In 2014, Catharsis signed to Dave Douglas' Greenleaf Music.", "They released their second album, Into the Zone, in September, adding vocalist Camila Meza.", "Azul Infinito, an album inspired by Keberle's experience working with South American composers, was released in March 2016.", "\"Keberle might seem like an unlikely candidate for jazz stardom—he is primarily a brilliant trombonist, after all — but his band is propulsive and infectious, grooving and gorgeous,\" PopMatters wrote in a May 2016 review.", "Keberle has directed the jazz program at Hunter College since 2004.", "In addition to other colleges and universities, Keberle has conducted trombone improvisation clinics at Berklee College of Music, the Brubeck Institute, Cornish College of the Arts, Dartmouth College, New York University, the Royal Academy of Music in London, Cork College of Music in Ireland, and the Conservatory del Liceu in Barcelona.", "He has led clinics throughout the New York City public school system as part of the American Composer Orchestra's educational outreach program, and has guest-conducted local and all-region jazz bands.", "Keberle has taught privately since 1999.", "In 2016, Keberle helped form Reverso, a trans-oceanic chamber jazz ensemble featuring French pianist and composer, Frank Woeste, and French improvising cellist and ECM recording artist, Vincent Courtois, and, at times, Jeff Ballard or Greg Hutchinson on drums.", "Since the ensemble's inception in 2016, Reverso has released two albums on the Belgian OutNote record label and performed for audiences throughout the United States and Europe.", "In 2017 Catharsis turned its attention to political turmoil in the U.S. with the protest album Find the Common, Shine a Light, praised by The Nation as “unpretentiously intelligent and profoundly moving.” Find the Common also saw Keberle emerging as a solid performing keyboardist (his first instrument) and as a vocalist.", "In 2019 Keberle and Catharsis released their latest album, The Hope I Hold, with lyrics and inspiration drawn from the Langston Hughes’ poem, “Let America be America Again”.", "The album received critical praise from the NY Times saying “all those tones give the lovely, splayed-out energy, turning his sighing compositions, into big, open canvases” and The Wall Street Journal said the “wordless vocals, lyrics and solos emerge from gorgeous weaves of musical textures.”\n\nKeberle was featured in Downbeat Magazine's Blindfold Test in January 2020.", "Personal life\nKeberle and his wife Erica live in the Sullivan County Catskills, NY\n\nAwards and recognition\n Yamaha Young Performing Artist (1998)\n William H. Borden Award for Musical Excellence in Jazz, Manhattan School of Music (2001)\n Finalist, Thelonious Monk International Jazz Trombone Competition (Herbie Hancock Institute of Jazz) (2003)\n Latin Jazz Corner, Trombonist of the Year (2009)\n Latin Jazz Corner, Trombonist of the Year (2010)\n PSC-CUNY Research Grant, Leaving the Blues Behind (2012)\n PSC-CUNY Research Grant, Leaving the Blues Behind (2013)\n Hunter College Presidential Award in Excellence for Scholarship/Creative Work (2013)\n AEC Grant for partial funding of Big Band Living Legacy Project (2014)\n AEC Grant for partial funding of Big Band Living Legacy Project (2015)\n No." ]

[ "Ryan Keberle is an American musician.", "He leads Ryan Keberle & Catharsis, his All Ears Orchestra, the Big Band Living Legacy Project, and co-leads the international chamber jazz ensemble, Reverso.", "Over the course of her career, Keberle has performed with David Bowie, Maria Schneider, Wynton Marsalis, Darcy James Argue, and Sufjan Stevens, among others.", "Hunter College has a jazz program.", "A \"relentlessly prolific sideman\", Keberle has appeared on movie soundtracks for filmmakers including Woody Allen and in the pit for Broadway musicals.", "Keberle was born in Bloomington, Indiana, to Ann Winterer and Dan Keberle.", "He grew up in Washington, where his father taught jazz at Whitworth University.", "At four years old, Keberle was taught to play the piano by his mother, a piano teacher and church choir director, as well as the Suzuki Method to play the violin.", "His father encouraged him to play the trombone in fifth grade.", "The tradition of the instrument in jazz history, as well as by the horn bands Chicago, Blood, Sweat & Tears, Tower of Power, and Earth, Wind & Fire inspired him.", "He discovered jazz artists in high school and would play along with their records.", "While focused on the trombone, Keberle continued to play the piano.", "He studied with David Matterne, the principal trombonist for the Spokane Symphony, and as a teenager sat in with the Spokane Jazz Orchestra and the Whitworth Jazz Ensemble.", "Keberle was the valedictorian of his class.", "Keberle majored in physics and music after graduating from high school.", "He studied trombone with Steve Turre and composition with Michael Abene and Manny Albam at the Manhattan School of Music.", "As a student at the Manhattan School, Keberle first encountered several musicians he would continue to collaborate with.", "In 2001, Keberle was selected as the artistic director for New York City's first youth jazz orchestra, Jazz Band Classic, a program of the New York Symphony.", "Keberle was selected to attend the inaugural Jazz Performance program at the Juilliard school after earning his undergraduate degree.", "He was one of the first musicians to earn an artist diploma in Jazz Performance after studying trombone with Wycliffe Gordon and composition with David Berger.", "During his first four years in New York, Keberle supported himself mainly by playing the piano.", "He performed with the David Berger Jazz Orchestra, the Lincoln Center Jazz Orchestra, the Maria Schneider Jazz Orchestra and Wynton Marsalis.", "Two of his compositions, \"Cylindrically\" and \"Slants\", were performed by the Juilliard Jazz Orchestra.", "In addition to traditional and avant-garde jazz, Keberle played with Latin, R&B, and rock artists.", "He served as the music director at St. James Catholic Church and was an orchestra member for several Broadway productions.", "He formed the Ryan Keberle Double Quartet.", "The Ryan Keberle Double Quartet's self-titled debut was released in 2007, and was composed of piano, bass, drums, two trombones, trumpet, French horn, and tuba.", "Heavy Dreaming followed in 2010.", "Heavy Dreaming was selected as one of the best records of the year by publications including JazzTimes and Stereophile, and Wondering Sound wrote that the records displayed the \"wonderful emotional transparency of Keberle's striking compositions and arrangements.\"", "Catharsis was formed in 2012 after Keberle toured internationally with Sufjan Stevens.", "Music Is Emotion was released on alternate side.", "The Los Angeles Times described the album as a potent blend of cinematic sweep and lush, ear-grabbing melodies.", "In just over a decade, Keberle has become one of the most in-demand trombonists on the scene, and he's done so by using his considerable technique to communicate with, rather than play at, the people who encounter his horn.", "Keberle works with a lot of people, but his main focus is touching the soul through sound.", "Catharsis signed with Dave Douglas' Greenleaf Music.", "Their second album, Into the Zone, was released in September.", "The album was released in March 2016 and was inspired by Keberle's experience working with South American composers.", "\"Keberle might seem like an unlikely candidate for jazz stardom--he is primarily a brilliant trombonist, after all--but his band is propulsive and infectious, grooving and gorgeous,\" PopMatters wrote in a May 2016 review.", "The jazz program at Hunter College has been directed by Keberle.", "Keberle has conducted trombone clinics at a number of colleges and universities.", "He has led clinics throughout the New York City public school system as part of the American Composer Orchestra's educational outreach program.", "Keberle has taught privately.", "In 2016 Keberle helped form Reverso, a trans-oceanic chamber jazz ensemble featuring French pianist and composer, Frank Woeste, and French improvising cellist and ECM recording artist,Vincent Courtois, and at times, Jeff Ballard or Greg Hutchinson on drums.", "Since the inception of the ensemble, Reverso has released two albums on the Belgian OutNote record label and performed for audiences throughout the United States and Europe.", "Catharsis' protest album Find the Common, Shine a Light, was praised by The Nation as \"unpretentiously intelligent and profoundly moving.\"", "Keberle and Catharsis released their latest album, The Hope I Hold, with lyrics and inspiration from a poem called \"Let America be America Again\".", "The NY Times said all those tones give the lovely, splayed-out energy, turning his sighing compositions into big, open canvases, and The Wall Street Journal said the \"wordless vocals, lyrics and solo emerge from gorgeous weaves of musical texture\".", "Keberle and his wife have a home in the Sullivan County Catskills, NY Awards and Yamaha Young Performing Artist recognition." ]

[ "Ryan Keberle", "Keberle", "Dan Keberle" ]

[ "Ryan Keberle", "Keberle", "Dan Keberle" ]

[ "Frederick Gridley Kilgour (January 6, 1914 – July 31, 2006) was an American librarian and educator known as the founding director of OCLC (Online Computer Library Center), an international computer library network and database.", "He was its president and executive director from 1967 to 1980.", "Biography\nBorn in Springfield, Massachusetts to Edward Francis and Lillian Piper Kilgour, Kilgour earned a bachelor's degree in chemistry from Harvard College in 1935 and afterward held the position as assistant to the director of Harvard University Library.", "In 1940, he married Eleanor Margaret Beach, who had graduated from Mount Holyoke College and taken a job at the Harvard College Library, where they met.", "In 1942 to 1945, Kilgour served during World War II as a lieutenant in the U.S.", "Naval Reserve and was Executive Secretary and Acting Chairman of the U.S. government's Interdepartmental Committee for the Acquisition of Foreign Publications (IDC), which developed a system for obtaining publications from enemy and enemy-occupied areas.", "This organization of 150 persons in outposts around the world microfilmed newspapers and other printed information items and sent them back to Washington, DC.", "An example of the kind of intelligence gathered was the Japanese \"News for Sailors\" reports that listed new minefields.", "These reports were sent from Washington, D.C. directly to Pearl Harbor and U.S. submarines in the Western Pacific.", "Kilgour received the Legion of Merit for his intelligence work in 1945.", "He worked at the United States Department of State as deputy director of the Office of Intelligence Collection and Dissemination from 1946 to 1948.", "In 1948, he was named Librarian of the Yale Medical Library.", "At Yale he was also a lecturer in the history of science and technology and published many scholarly articles on those topics.", "While running the Yale University Medical Library, Kilgour began publishing studies and articles on library use and effectiveness.", "He asked his staff to collect empirical data, such as use of books and journals by categories of borrowers to guide selection and retention of titles.", "He viewed the library \"not merely as a depository of knowledge,\" but as \"an instrument of education.\"", "At the dawn of library automation in the early 1970s, he was a member of the Library and Information Technology Association (LITA), an organization within the American Library Association, where he was president from 1973 to 1975.", "He joined the Ohio College Association in 1967 to develop OCLC (Online Computer Library Center) and led the creation of a library network that today links 72,000 institutions in 170 countries.", "It first amassed the catalogs of 54 academic libraries in Ohio, launching in 1971 and expanding to non-Ohio libraries in 1977.", "Kilgour was president of OCLC from 1967 to 1980, presiding over its rapid growth from an intrastate network to an international network.", "In addition to creating the WorldCat database, he developed an online interlibrary loan system that libraries used to arrange nearly 10 million loans annually in 2005.", "Today, OCLC has a staff of 1,200 and offices in seven countries.", "Its mission remains the same: to further access to the world's information and reduce library costs.", "In 1981 Kilgour stepped down from management but continued to serve on the OCLC Board of Trustees until 1995.", "He was a distinguished research professor emeritus at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill's School of Information and Library Science.", "He taught there from 1990, retiring in 2004.", "He died in 2006 was 92 years old and had lived since 1990 in Chapel Hill, North Carolina.", "He was survived by his wife and their daughters, Martha Kilgour and Alison Kilgour of New York City, and Meredith Kilgour Perdiew of North Edison, New Jersey; and two grandchildren and five great grandchildren.", "OCLC\nBased in Dublin, Ohio, OCLC and its member libraries cooperatively produce and maintain WorldCat—the OCLC Online Union Catalog, the largest OPAC in the world.", "Under Kilgour's leadership, the nonprofit corporation introduced a shared cataloging system in 1971 for 54 Ohio academic libraries.", "WorldCat contains holding records from most public and private libraries worldwide.", "WorldCat is available through many libraries and university computer networks.", "In 1971, after four years of development, OCLC introduced its online shared cataloging system, which would achieve dramatic cost savings for libraries.", "For example, in the first year of system use, the Alden Library at Ohio University was able to increase the number of books it cataloged by a third, while reducing its staff by 17 positions.", "Word of this new idea spread on campuses across the country, starting an online revolution in libraries that continues to this day.", "The shared cataloging system and database that Kilgour devised made it unnecessary for more than one library to originally catalog an item.", "Libraries would either use the cataloging information that already existed in the database, or they would put it in for other libraries to use.", "The shared catalog also provided information about materials in libraries in the rest of the network.", "For the first time, a user in one library could easily find out what was held in another library.", "The network quickly grew outside Ohio to all 50 states and then internationally.", "Because of his contributions to librarianship, OCLC and LITA, jointly sponsors an award named after Kilgour.", "Inaugurated in 1998 and awarded annually, it highlights research on information technology with a focus on \"work that \"shows the promise of having a positive and substantive impact on any aspect of the publication, storage, retrieval, and dissemination of information, or the processes by which information and data are manipulated and managed.\"", "Legacy\nKilgour is widely recognized as one of the leading figures in 20th century librarianship for his work in using computer networks to increase access to information in libraries around the world.", "He was among the earliest proponents of adapting computer technology to library processes.", "The database that Kilgour created, now called WorldCat, is regarded as the world's largest computerized library catalog, including not only entries from large institutions such as the Library of Congress, the British Library, the Russian State Library and Singapore, but also from small public libraries, art museums and historical societies.", "It contains descriptions of library materials and their locations.", "More recently, the database provides access to the electronic full text of articles, books as well as images and sound recordings.", "It spans 4,000 years of recorded knowledge.", "It contains more than 70 million records and one billion location listings.", "Every 10 seconds a library adds a new record.", "It is available on the World Wide Web.", "Inspired by Ralph H. Parker's 1936 work using punched cards for library automation, Kilgour soon began experimenting in automating library procedures at the Harvard University Library, primarily with the use of punched cards for a circulation system.", "He also studied under George Sarton, a pioneer in the new discipline of the history of science, and began publishing scholarly papers.", "He also launched a project to build a collection of microfilmed foreign newspapers to help scholars have access to newspapers from abroad.", "This activity quickly came to the attention of government officials in Washington, D.C.", "In 1961, he was one of the leaders in the development of a prototype computerized library catalog system for the medical libraries at Columbia, Harvard and Yale Universities that was funded by the National Science Foundation.", "In 1965, Kilgour was named associate librarian for research and development at Yale University.", "He continued to conduct experiments in library automation and to promote their potential benefits in the professional literature.", "In his professional writings, Kilgour was one of the earliest proponents of applying computerization to librarianship.", "He pointed out that the explosion of research information was placing new demands on libraries to furnish information completely and rapidly.", "He advocated the use of the computer to eliminate human repetitive tasks from library procedures, such as catalog card production.", "He recognized nearly 40 years ago the potential of linking libraries in computer networks to create economies of scale and generate \"network effects\" that would increase the value of the network as more participants were added.", "OCLC has proved the feasibility of nationwide sharing of catalog-record creation and has helped libraries to maintain and to enhance the quality and speed of service while achieving cost control—and even cost reduction—in the face of severely reduced funding.", "This achievement may be the single greatest contribution to national networking in the United States.", "His work will have a lasting impact on the field of information science.", "The main office building on the OCLC campus is named after Kilgour.", "The main entrance road to the OCLC campus is named Kilgour Place.", "OCLC created an annual award in Kilgour's name, the Kilgour Award, which is given to a researcher who has contributed to advances information science.", "Awards\nIn 1990, he was named Distinguished Research Professor of the School of Information and Library Science, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and served on the faculty until his retirement in 2004.", "Kilgour was the author of 205 scholarly papers.", "He was the founder and first editor of the journal, Information Technology and Libraries.", "In 1999, Oxford University Press published his book The Evolution of the Book.", "His other books include The Library of the Medical Institution of Yale College and its Catalogue of 1865 and The Library and Information Science CumIndex.", "He received numerous awards from library associations and five honorary doctorates.", "In 1982, the American Library Association presented him with Honorary Life Membership.", "The citation read:\n\nIn 1979, the American Society for Information Science and Technology gave him the Award of Merit.", "The citation read:\n\nWorks\n Frederick G. Kilgour: The Evolution of the Book, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n Collected Papers of Frederick G. Kilgour \n Interlibrary Lending Online, article by Kilgour on work at OCLC and OCLC's contribution to automating the interlibrary loan process\n Frederick G. Kilgour Award\nTributes\n\n Tribute page on Frederick G. Kilgour at OCLC\n Frederick G. Kilgour 1914-2006 at Scanblog\n\n1914 births\n2006 deaths\nAmerican librarians\nUnited States Navy personnel of World War II\nHarvard University librarians\nHarvard College alumni\nOCLC people\nPeople from Springfield, Massachusetts\nPeople from Chapel Hill, North Carolina\nPeople from Columbus, Ohio\nRecipients of the Legion of Merit\nUnited States Navy officers\nYale University staff\nMilitary personnel from Massachusetts" ]

[ "The founding director of the online computer library center was an American named Frederick Gridley Kilgour.", "From 1966 to 1980 he was its president and executive director.", "After graduating from Harvard College with a bachelor's degree in chemistry in 1935, Kilgour held the position of assistant to the director of Harvard University Library.", "He married Eleanor Margaret Beach in 1940, after she took a job at the Harvard College Library.", "Kilgour was a lieutenant in the U.S. during World War II.", "The Naval Reserve and the Interdepartmental Committee for the Acquisition of Foreign Publications developed a system for obtaining publications from enemy and enemy-occupied areas.", "The group of 150 people in outposts around the world sent newspapers and other printed information back to Washington, DC.", "The Japanese \"News for Sailors\" reports were an example of the kind of intelligence gathered.", "The reports were sent from Washington, D.C. to Pearl Harbor.", "The Legion of Merit was given to Kilgour in 1945.", "He was deputy director of the Office of Intelligence Collection and Dissemination at the United States Department of State from 1946 to 1948.", "He was named the Yale Medical Library's Librarian in 1948.", "He was a lecturer in the history of science and technology at Yale.", "While running the Yale University Medical Library, Kilgour began publishing studies and articles on library use and effectiveness.", "He asked his staff to collect empirical data to help guide the selection and retention of titles.", "The library was viewed as an instrument of education by him.", "He was president of the American Library Association from 1973 to 1975 and was a member of the Library and Information Technology Association.", "He led the creation of a library network that links 72,000 institutions in 170 countries when he joined the Ohio College Association in 1967.", "The first 54 academic libraries in Ohio were cataloged in 1971 and expanded to non-Ohio libraries in 1977.", "During his time as president, Kilgour oversaw the rapid growth of the network from an internal network to an international one.", "In addition to creating the WorldCat database, he developed an online interlibrary loan system that libraries used to arrange 10 million loans annually in 2005.", "There is a staff of 1,200 and offices in seven countries.", "To further access to the world's information and reduce library costs is its mission.", "Kilgour continued to serve on the board after he stepped down from management.", "He was a professor at Chapel Hill's School of Information and Library Science.", "He retired in 2004.", "He was 92 years old when he died in Chapel Hill, North Carolina.", "He was survived by his wife and their daughters, Martha Kilgour and Alison Kilgour, as well as two grandsons and five great grandsons.", "The largest Online Union Catalog in the world is produced and maintained by OCLC and its member libraries.", "In 1971 the nonprofit corporation introduced a shared cataloging system for 54 Ohio academic libraries.", "Most public and private libraries have records in WorldCat.", "Many libraries and university computer networks have WorldCat.", "After four years of development, the online shared cataloging system was introduced in 1971.", "In the first year of system use, the Alden Library at Ohio University was able to increase the number of books it cataloged by a third, while reducing its staff by 17 positions.", "The online revolution in libraries began when word of this new idea spread on campuses across the country.", "It was unnecessary for more than one library to catalog an item because of the shared cataloging system and database created by Kilgour.", "The cataloging information that already existed in the database would be put in for other libraries to use.", "Information about materials in libraries in the rest of the network was provided by the shared catalog.", "For the first time, a user in one library could find out what was held in another library.", "Outside of Ohio, the network grew to all 50 states.", "The award is named after Kilgour because of his contributions to librarians.", "It highlights research on information technology with a focus on work that shows the promise of having a positive and substantive impact on any aspect of the publication, storage, retrieval, and dissemination of information, or the processes by which information and data are.", "Legacy Kilgour is one of the leading figures in 20th century librarianship for his work in using computer networks to increase access to information in libraries around the world.", "He was one of the earliest proponents of using computer technology in libraries.", "The world's largest computerized library catalog includes entries from large institutions such as the Library of Congress, the British Library, the Russian State Library and Singapore, as well as small public libraries and art museums.", "There are descriptions of library materials.", "The database now has access to the electronic full text of articles, books and images.", "It has 4,000 years of recorded knowledge.", "There are more than 70 million records and one billion listings.", "A new record is added every 10 seconds.", "It can be found on the World Wide Web.", "The use of punched cards for a circulation system inspired Kilgour to begin experimenting with automated library procedures at the Harvard University Library.", "He began publishing scholarly papers after studying under George Sarton, a pioneer in the new discipline of the history of science.", "He launched a project to build a collection of foreign newspapers to give scholars access to newspapers from abroad.", "Government officials in Washington, D.C. quickly became aware of this activity.", "He was one of the leaders in the development of a prototype computerized library catalog system that was funded by the National Science Foundation.", "At Yale University, Kilgour was the associate librarian for research and development.", "Experiments in library automation were conducted to promote their benefits in the professional literature.", "One of the earliest proponents of applying computerization to librarianship was Kilgour.", "He pointed out that the explosion of research information was placing new demands on libraries.", "He wanted the use of the computer to eliminate human repetitive tasks from library procedures.", "He was aware of the potential of linking libraries in computer networks to create economies of scale and generate network effects that would increase the value of the network as more participants were added.", "In the face of severely reduced funding, OCLC has helped libraries to maintain and to enhance the quality and speed of service while achieving cost control.", "It is possible that this achievement is the greatest contribution to national networking in the United States.", "His work will have an impact on the field of information science.", "The main office building is named after Kilgour.", "Kilgour Place is the main entrance to the campus.", "The Kilgour Award is given to a researcher who has contributed to the advancement of information science.", "He served on the faculty at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill until his retirement in 2004.", "The author of 205 papers was Kilgour.", "He was the first editor of the journal.", "The Evolution of the Book was published in 1999.", "The Library and Information Science CumIndex is one of his books.", "He received several awards from libraries.", "He was a member of the American Library Association.", "The American Society for Information Science and Technology gave him the Award of Merit in 1979.", "The works of Frederick G. Kilgour can be found in New York: Oxford University Press." ]

[ "Frederick Gridley Kilgour", "Lillian Piper Kilgour", "Kilgour", "Kilgour", "Kilgour", "Kilgour", "Martha Kilgour", "Alison Kilgour", "Meredith Kilgour", "Kilgour", "Kilgour", "Kilgour", "Legacy Kilgour", "Kilgour", "Kilgour", "Kilgour", "Kilgour", "Kilgourgo", "Frederick G", ". Kilgour", "Frederick G", "Frederick G", ". Kilgour", "Frederick G" ]

[ "Frederick Gridley Kilgour", "Kilgour", "Kilgour", "Kilgour", "Kilgour", "Kilgour", "Kilgour", "Martha Kilgour", "Alison Kilgour", "Kilgour", "Legacy Kilgour", "Kilgour", "Kilgour", "Kilgour", "Frederick G", ". Kilgour" ]

[ "Charles Hermans (7 August 1839 – 7 December 1924) was a Belgian painter of genre scenes, portraits, landscapes and some still lifes.", "Through a number of his monumental genre paintings he played an important role in the recognition of Realism in Belgian art.", "Life \nHermans was born in Brussels in a well-off bourgeois family.", "He showed an interest in art from an early age.", "In his native city Hermans received some artistic guidance from the painter Louis Gallait.", "He then studied at the Saint Luc workshop in Brussels, a liberal workshop which offered an alternative to traditional academic education.", "Between 1858 and 1861 he stayed in Paris where he studied at the workshop of the Swiss painter Charles Gleyre at the École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts.", "Gleyre was a prominent painter who had taken over the studio of Paul Delaroche in 1843 and taught a number of younger artists who became prominent, including Claude Monet, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Alfred Sisley, and James Abbott McNeill Whistler.", "From 1862 to 1867, Hermans stayed in Italy.", "In Rome he became fascinated with the life of the monks, which became a favorite subject of many paintings between 1866 and 1869.", "The theme of Catholic clergy was popular at the time as evidenced by the vogue of cardinal paintings made by artists such as the Belgian Georges Croegaert.", "He had an early success with his paintings of clerics.", "He later made several trips especially in the Mediterranean region and, in particular, Spain.", "Hermans joined the Société Libre des Beaux-Arts, founded in Brussels on 1 March 1868, which brought together several famous Belgian naturalist artists such as Charles de Groux, Alfred Verwee, Constantin Meunier, Louis Dubois, Félicien Rops, Constantin Meunier, Louis Artan de Saint-Martin and Théodore Baron.", "The members admired the work of the French Realist painter Gustave Courbet and wished to confront the prevailing Academism in contemporary Belgian art.", "The Realist movement in Belgium gradually gained ground as evidenced by the fact that the Realist artists Constantin Meunier and Louis Artan de Saint-Martin received prizes at the Brussels salon of 1869.", "The battle with the Belgian art establishment appeared to have been won when in 1875 Hermans' At dawn was accepted at the Brussels salon without opposition.", "Hermans participated in major international exhibitions such as the art section of the World Fair held in Paris in 1878 where he showed At dawn to general acclaim.", "He earned an international reputation thanks to this success.", "His paintings were acquired by museums, both in Belgium and abroad.", "Despite this early success Hermans was not able to realise the expectations.", "He had hoped to reiterate the reception of At dawn by creating the large, ambitious work The masked ball, which was exhibited at the Paris Salon of 1880.", "The impact of the work was less than that of his earlier work.", "Still many reproductions of it were made and the original was acquired by the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts in 1882.", "Hermans died in Menton on 7 December 1924.", "Work \nHermans was a prolific artist who practised many genres throughout his career: history painting, genre art, portraits and landscape painting.", "He initially painted genre scenes of monks.", "He subsequently tried to elevate genre painting by treating biblical subjects as genre art.", "He painted a Job visited by his friends in which he depicted Job as an ordinary poor man in a Realist style.", "He then turned to genre scenes such as the Honeymoon showing a fashionable young couple clearly in love.", "He later turned to subjects with a social connotation such as the Sunday visit to the children's clinic at St. Peter's Hospital.", "In this composition he addressed human tragedy and suffering humanity in a moving and honest manner.", "The sentimentality of the subject assured the success of this composition.", "The crowning achievement of his genre art was the work of 1875 At dawn.", "It is a realistic and moralizing painting representing an encounter of an group of inebriated revellers leaving a restaurant with prostitutes on their arms in the early hours and a group of poor labourers on their way to work.", "The work was interpreted as a work of social criticism by contrasting the honest, simple workers with the depraved bourgeoisie.", "Hermans himself denied that his intention was to engage in social criticism and argued that he chose the subject because of its artistic possibilities.", "Hermans followed up this masterwork with other smaller genre pieces until he attempted another genre scene on a large scale, The masked ball.", "This work depicts one of the all-night society masked balls of the late 19th century, which were also attended by young women of the demi-monde.", "The composition shows a large room filled with groups of partygoers some of whom are in the shadows looking from a balcony in the background while others are active on the crowded dance floor in the front.", "Elegantly dressed men are joined by many women on the dance floor some in close embrace or animated conversation.", "Many of the men depicted were prominent personalities of the time.", "Hermans was able to convey with a remarkable skill the jostling and carnival madness of a night at the theater.", "Not achieving the expected success with this work, Hermans turned to smaller scale works often depicting charming women, which were based on the studies he had made for the Masked ball.", "These works are in the same vein as the society portraits of Alfred Stevens.", "He also painted at the sea from which he returned with fantasies of nude women bathing and Bacchantes.", "A new high point of this period is the composition Circe as temptress, which shows a seductive woman in a modern interior with a man passed out at a table with an overturned wine glass.", "This was a return to the veiled social criticism of his earlier work.", "In his later years he painted large decorative works and landscapes with many figures.", "During World War I he treated some wartime subjects such as The martyrs and the Execution of Edith Cavell by the Germans.", "Hermans' large-format Realist works were influential on the next generation of Belgian artists such as Eugène Laermans and Léon Frédéric.", "Gallery\n\nNotes\n\nExternal links\n\n1839 births\n1924 deaths\nArtists from Brussels\nBelgian portrait painters\nBelgian genre painters\nBelgian landscape painters\n19th-century Belgian painters\n20th-century Belgian painters\nAlumni of the École des Beaux-Arts" ]

[ "Charles Hermans was a Belgian painter of genre scenes, portraits, landscapes and some still lifes.", "He played an important role in the recognition of Realism in Belgian art through his monumental genre paintings.", "In a well-off bourgeois family, Life Hermans was born.", "He was interested in art at an early age.", "Hermans received some artistic guidance from a painter.", "He studied at the Saint Luc workshop which offered an alternative to traditional academic education.", "He studied at the cole nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts in Paris from 1858 to 1861.", "Claude Monet, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, and Alfred Sisley were among the younger artists who were taught by Gleyre, who took over the studio of Paul Delaroche in 1843.", "Hermans lived in Italy from 1862 to 1867.", "The life of the monks became a favorite subject of many paintings during the 19th century.", "Cardinal paintings made by artists such as the Belgian Georges Croegaert were popular at the time because of the theme of Catholic clergy.", "He had a success with his paintings of clerics.", "In particular, he made several trips to Spain.", "Charles de Groux, Alfred Verwee, and Félicien Rops were some of the Belgian artists who were members of the Société Libre des Beaux-Arts.", "The members wanted to confront the Academism in contemporary Belgian art because they admired the work of the French Realist painter Gustave Courbet.", "The Realist movement in Belgium gained ground due to the fact that two Realist artists received prizes in 1869.", "When Hermans' At dawn was accepted at the Brussels salon without opposition in 1875, the battle with the Belgian art establishment appeared to have been won.", "The art section of the World Fair held in Paris in 1878 was where Hermans showed At dawn to the general public.", "Thanks to this success, he earned an international reputation.", "In Belgium and abroad, his paintings were acquired by museums.", "Hermans wasn't able to realise the expectations despite the early success.", "The large, ambitious work The masked ball was created to reiterate the reception of At dawn.", "The work had less impact than before.", "The original was acquired by the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts in the late 19th century.", "On December 7, 1924, Hermans died in Menton.", "Work Hermans was a prolific artist who did many genres throughout his career.", "He painted monks.", "He tried to elevate genre painting by treating biblical subjects as genre art.", "He painted a Job in which he depicted a poor man in a Realist style.", "The Honeymoon scene showed a young couple in love.", "The Sunday visit to the children's clinic at St. Peter's Hospital was one of the subjects he turned to.", "He addressed human tragedy and suffering in a moving and honest way.", "The success of this composition was assured by the sentimentality of the subject.", "The work of 1875 At dawn was the crowning achievement of his genre art.", "The painting depicts an encounter of a group of inebriated revellers leaving a restaurant with prostitutes on their arms in the early hours and a group of poor labourers on their way to work.", "The work was seen as a work of social criticism because it contrasted the honest, simple workers with the depraved bourgeoisie.", "Hermans argued that he chose the subject because of its artistic possibilities and denied that he intended to engage in social criticism.", "Hermans attempted a genre scene on a large scale, The masked ball.", "The masked balls of the late 19th century were attended by young women and depicted in this work.", "The composition shows a large room filled with groups of partygoers some of whom are in the shadows looking from a balcony in the background while others are active on the dance floor in the front.", "A group of men and women are dancing together on the dance floor.", "Many of the men were well-known.", "Hermans was able to convey the carnival madness of a night at the theater.", "Not achieving the expected success with this work, Hermans turned to smaller scale works depicting charming women, which were based on the studies he had made for the Masked ball.", "The works are similar to the portraits of Alfred Stevens.", "He painted nude women bathing and Bacchantes at the sea.", "A new high point of this period is the composition Circe as temptress, which shows a seductive woman in a modern interior with a man passed out at a table with an overturned wine glass.", "He returned to the social criticism of his earlier work.", "He painted landscapes with many figures in his later years.", "The martyrs and the Execution of Edith Cavell were subjects that he treated during World War I.", "The next generation of Belgian artists such as Eugne Laermans and Léon Frédéric were influenced by Hermans' large-format Realist works.", "There are links to births and deaths of artists from the cole des Beaux-Arts." ]

[ "Charles Hermans", "Hermans", "Charles Gleyre", "Charles de", "Hermans", "Hermans", "Hermans", "Hermans" ]

[ "Charles Hermans", "Life Hermans", "Charles de", "Hermans", "Hermans" ]

[ "Daniel John Webb (born 2 July 1983) is an English former footballer who played as a defender and is employed as Assistant Manager at Chesterfield, having initially been appointed as First Team Coach.", "He previously served as Leyton Orient first-team manager in 2017.", "Playing career\n\nSouthend United\nWebb started his career as a trainee at Southampton but failed to break into the Saints' first team squad.", "In December 2000, Webb was brought to Southend United for a fee of £10,000 by his father David, who had recently taken over as manager of Southend in September.", "Webb went on to make 39 appearances for the Shrimpers between 2000 and 2002, scoring four goals, but found his first team opportunities limited after his father's resignation in October 2001, following which Daniel had two loan spells at Brighton & Hove Albion in 2001–02 and 2002–03, where he made a total 16 appearances and scored one goal against Notts County, however a permanent move failed to materialise.", "Hull City\nIn 2002 Webb left Southend, moving to Hull City on a free transfer, where he went on to make a total of 18 appearances, scoring one goal, between 2002 and 2004.", "However, Webb always had a bit-part role at Hull and was loaned out to Lincoln City in his first season at the club, where he scored once against Bristol Rovers.", "Webb returned to Hull making a handful of first team starts at the beginning of the 2003–04 season, which earned him a Division Three runners-up medal.", "He scored his only goal for the club in a Football League Trophy tie against Scunthorpe United in November 2003.", "His first team opportunities became limited in the second half of the season and he was sent out to Cambridge United on an initial one-month loan.", "Cambridge United\nWebb impressed while on loan at Cambridge, securing another month's extension to his loan.", "In total he made 10 starts and scored one goal while on loan at the U's.", "In February 2004, Cambridge made the move permanent, and Webb went on to make a further 35 appearances and scored three goals for the club.", "The player's time at the club was not without controversy and in August 2004, Webb was fined by United's manager Hervé Renard for an on-the-field punch-up with teammate Luke Guttridge during a match against Shrewsbury Town.", "Webb was released by Cambridge at the end of the 2004–05 season after the club's relegation from the Football League and severe financial difficulties.", "Yeovil Town\nWebb started the 2005–06 season with Weymouth; however, in January 2006, he moved to Yeovil Town, teaming up once again with his father who had bought into the club in December 2005.", "David Webb's executive role however was brief, ending in February 2006, and his son never really subsequently broke into the first team, making only 10 appearances in 18 months at the club.", "In 2007, Webb was again loaned out repeatedly with brief spells at Rushden & Diamonds and with Woking, where a strong performance in his debut against Aldershot Town, in which he scored with his first touch, brought him to the attention of Terry Brown, the then Aldershot manager, who was later to sign him for Wimbledon.", "Marsaxlokk\nHaving been released by Yeovil at the end of the 2006–07 season, Webb moved to Malta to sign for champions Marsaxlokk under the guidance of English manager Brian Talbot.", "Webb only played once for Marsaxlokk in an appearance in a Champions League qualifier against FK Sarajevo.", "AFC Wimbledon\nFollowing his stint with Marsaxlokk, Webb returned to England to sign for AFC Wimbledon on 23 July 2007, ending the club's long search for a \"target man\".", "However, Webb failed to score regularly for the Dons and after losing his place in the starting team played only a bit-part role for much of the second half of the 2007–08 season.", "He was one of eight players released at the end of the campaign after being deemed surplus to requirements by Dons boss Terry Brown.", "Chelmsford City\nOn 1 July 2008, he signed a contract with Chelmsford City becoming the Claret's second pre-season signing.", "However was later released by Chelmsford City for not being in Jeff King's plans.", "Havant & Waterlooville\nAfter being released by Chelmsford City, he signed a contract with Havant & Waterlooville in October 2008.", "He made three league appearances for Havant before going on trial at Salisbury City.", "Salisbury City\nWhilst on trial, Webb played one game and impressed manager Nick Holmes which resulted in him being signed by the club after they lost some of their first choice strikers due to financial problems.", "In 2009–10, Webb was a utility player for Salisbury, playing in defence, and once filling in for James Bittner in goal, against former club AFC Wimbledon, after Bittner saw red early in the second half.", "For a period of time, he also partnered Tubbs up front when other forwards in the squad were sidelined by injury.", "Bath City\nWebb left Salisbury City for Bath City during the summer of 2010.", "This was as a result of the club's two league demotion.", "He scored his first goal for Bath in their 2–1 defeat of Crawley Town and was soon a regular in the Bath side.", "However, after the summer break, Webb had trouble in breaking back into the side for the 2011–12 season and so joined his former club Salisbury City on loan on 2 November 2011.", "The loan move was later made permanent.", "Coaching career\n\nLeyton Orient\nWebb joined Leyton Orient in 2011 as Under 14's coach.", "Since then he has progressed through the age groups and led the under-16s to National Category Three Cup final victory in 2014.", "Webb stepped up to assist Academy Director Andy Edwards at the start of 2015–16 season with the under-18s.", "After Edwards was promoted to assist Kevin Nolan on a more regular basis, Webb led Orient's youngsters to the Merit League Two title — finishing unbeaten from their 10 games.", "On 1 July 2016, Webb was promoted to First Team Coach.", "On 29 January 2017, he was appointed manager at Orient after Andy Edwards resigned to take a role on the FA's coaching staff.", "On 30 March 2017, after 12 games in charge Webb resigned as manager of Leyton Orient.", "On 1 July 2017, Webb returned to Leyton Orient as Youth Team Coach.", "Managerial statistics\n\nPersonal life\n\nWebb is the son of former Chelsea player David Webb, with whom he has had a number of links throughout his playing career.", "References\n\nExternal links\n\n1983 births\nSportspeople from Poole\nLiving people\nEnglish footballers\nEnglish football managers\nAssociation football defenders\nSouthampton F.C.", "players\nSouthend United F.C.", "players\nBrighton & Hove Albion F.C.", "players\nHull City A.F.C.", "players\nLincoln City F.C.", "players\nCambridge United F.C.", "players\nYeovil Town F.C.", "players\nRushden & Diamonds F.C.", "players\nWoking F.C.", "players\nMarsaxlokk F.C.", "players\nAFC Wimbledon players\nChelmsford City F.C.", "players\nSutton United F.C.", "players\nHavant & Waterlooville F.C.", "players\nSalisbury City F.C.", "players\nBath City F.C.", "players\nDover Athletic F.C.", "players\nEnglish Football League players\nNational League (English football) players\nLeyton Orient F.C.", "non-playing staff\nLeyton Orient F.C.", "managers\nEnglish Football League managers" ]

[ "An English former footballer who played as a defender and is currently employed as an assistant manager at Chesterfield, has initially been appointed as a first team coach.", "He was the first-team manager at Leyton Orient.", "He failed to break into the Saints' first team squad after starting his career at Southend United.", "David, who had recently taken over as manager of Southend, brought his son to the club in December 2000 for a fee of £10,000.", "After his father's resignation in October 2001, Daniel had two loan spells at the Seagulls in 2001 and 2002 where he scored two goals.", "In 2002 he moved to Hull City on a free transfer and made a total of 18 appearances, scoring one goal.", "In his first season at Lincoln City, he scored against Bristol Rovers, but he had a bit of a role at Hull.", "At the start of the 2003– 2004 season, he earned a Division Three runners-up medal after making a number of first team starts.", "He scored his only goal for the club in November of 2003", "His first team opportunities became limited in the second half of the season and he was sent to Cambridge United on an initial one-month loan.", "He secured another month's extension to his loan while on loan at Cambridge.", "He scored one goal while on loan at the U's.", "In February 2004, Cambridge made the move permanent, and Webb went on to make a further 35 appearances and score three goals for the club.", "In August 2004, the player's time at the club was not without controversy, as he was fined by the manager for an on-the-field punch-up with his teammate.", "He was released by Cambridge at the end of the 2004–05 season after the club was demoted from the Football League.", "In January 2006 he moved to Yeovil Town with his father who had bought into the club in December 2005.", "His son never really broke into the first team after his father's executive role ended, making only 10 appearances in 18 months at the club.", "Terry Brown, the then manager of Aldershot Town, was the one who brought him to his attention after a strong performance in his debut against Rushden & Diamonds, in which he scored with his first touch.", "After being released by Yeovil at the end of the 2006–07 season, he moved to Malta to sign for Marsaxlokk under the guidance of English manager Brian Talbot.", "He only played once for Marsaxlokk, in a qualification game for the playoffs.", "The club's long search for a \"target man\" ended on July 23, 2007, when Webb returned to England to sign for Wimbledon.", "After losing his place in the starting team, and failing to score a lot for the Dons, Webb played a bit-part role in the second half of the season.", "He was one of eight players who were released at the end of the season.", "He signed a contract with Chelmsford City on July 1st, 2008.", "However was released by Chelmsford City because he wasn't in Jeff King's plans.", "He signed a contract with Havant & Waterlooville after being released by Chelmsford City.", "He went on trial at Salisbury City after making three league appearances for Havant.", "After losing some of their first choice strikers due to financial problems, Salisbury City signed Webb after he impressed their manager and played one game.", "After James Bittner was sent off in the second half against former club AFC Wimbledon, the utility player for Salisbury was called into action, filling in for him.", "He used to partner Tubbs up front when other forwards in the squad were injured.", "During the summer of 2010, Bath City Webb left Salisbury City.", "The club was demoted to the second tier.", "He was a regular in the Bath side after scoring his first goal.", "After the summer break, he had trouble breaking back into the side and so joined his former club Salisbury City on a loan.", "The loan move was permanent.", "He was the Under 14's coach at Leyton Orient.", "He led the under-16s to a National Category Three Cup final victory.", "At the start of the 2015–16 season, Webb stepped up to assist the Academy Director.", "The Merit League Two title was won by Orient's youngsters, who were perfect from their 10 games.", "He was promoted to First Team Coach on July 1st.", "He became Orient's manager on January 29, 2017, after Andy Edwards left to join the FA's coaching staff.", "The manager of Leyton Orient resigned after 12 games.", "The youth team coach was back at the Orient on July 1st.", "The son of a former player has had a number of links throughout his playing career.", "There are links to External links.", "The players are from Southend United F.C.", "The players are from BRIGHTON & HOSEA ION F.C.", "The players are from Hull City A.F.C.", "The players are from Lincoln City.", "The players of United F.C. are from Cambridge.", "The players are from Yeovil Town F.C.", "Rushden and Diamonds F.C. are players.", "The players are from Woking.", "The players are Marsaxlokk F.C.", "The players are from Wimbledon and Chelmsford City F.C.", "The players are from Sutton United F.C.", "Havant and Waterlooville F.C. are players.", "The players are from Salisbury City F.C.", "The players are from Bath City F.C.", "The players are from Dover Athletic F.C.", "Football players from the English Football League and the National League.", "There are no playing staff at Leyton Orient F.C.", "The managers of the English Football League." ]

[ "Daniel John Webb", "Webb", "Webb", "Webb", "Daniel", "Webb", "Webb", "Webb", "Webb", "Webb", "Webb", "Webb", "Webb", "David Webb", "Webb", "Webb", "Webb", "Webb", "Webb", "Webb", "Webb", "Webb", "Webb", "Webb", "Webb", "Webb", "Webb", "Webb", "Webb", "Webb", "David Webb" ]

[ "Daniel", "Webb", "Webb", "Webb", "Webb", "Webb", "Webb" ]

[ "Igor Yurievich Danchenko (born May 5, 1978) is a Russian citizen and U.S. resident currently residing in Virginia who works as a Eurasia political risk, defense and economics analyst.", "Together with Clifford Gaddy he analyzed Vladimir Putin's 1996 university dissertation and presented examples of plagiarism.", "In July 2020, Danchenko was revealed to have worked for Christopher Steele's Orbis Business Intelligence as a source for the 2016 Steele dossier.", "In November 2021, he was arrested and indicted for lying to the FBI.", "Education\nDanchenko grew up in Perm Oblast, Russia.", "In 1996, Danchenko graduated from Specialized English Language School 7 in Perm, Russia.", "Danchenko graduated from the Law Faculty of Perm State University and the Department of Political Science at the University of Louisville in Kentucky, United States.", "While working at the Brookings Institution, Danchenko earned a master's degree from Georgetown University.", "From 2006 to 2009 he attended the CERES (Center for Eurasian, Russian and East European Studies) program at the Walsh School of Foreign Service there.", "Career \nEarly in his career, Danchenko worked at Lukoil subsidiary Permtex in Perm and at UralSubSoetStroy in Iran.", "Between 1999 and 2005, he was a facilitator for the Open World Russian Leadership Program, US Library of Congress and a leader for senior Russian federal and regional delegations to the US.", "From 2003 to 2005, Danchenko worked as a graduate teaching assistant at the University of Louisville.", "Danchenko worked at the Brookings Institution from 2005 to 2010.", "While there, Danchenko worked closely with Fiona Hill.", "In 2010, Danchenko, Hill and Erica Downs co-authored a paper called \"One Step Forward, Two Steps Back?", "The Realities of a Rising China and Implications for Russia’s Energy Ambitions\".", "Hill introduced Danchenko to Christopher Steele and to U.S.-based public-relations executive Charles Dolan Jr., who would later become one of Danchenko's sources for the Steele dossier.", "Since 2010, Danchenko has been an analyst on political risk and business intelligence, managing projects on Russia and Eurasia.", "Danchenko has been quoted by media outlets on topics ranging from energy politics to defense matters.", "Putin plagiarism accusations \nDanchenko first made the news alongside his Brookings Institution colleague, Cliff Gaddy, when they obtained a copy of the previously inaccessible 218-page dissertation of Vladimir Putin entitled The Strategic Planning of Regional Resources Under the Formation of Market Relations, which he defended at the St. Petersburg Mining Institute in 1996.", "Danchenko and Gaddy revealed their findings on March 30, 2006, at a Brookings Institution event, where they discussed the dissertation's relevance to Putin's views on governance and the economy.", "They also presented evidence of extensive plagiarism in the dissertation, including a translation of a 1978 textbook.", "The Russian dissertation committee disputed their accusations.", "Early FBI investigation and contact with Russian intelligence officers\nIn May 2009, the FBI opened a preliminary investigation into Danchenko after he had reportedly told two associates from the Brookings Institution that he knew of a way they could \"make a little extra money” if they were able to \"get a job in the government and had access to classified information.” The investigation was upgraded from preliminary to full once further information revealed that Danchenko had prior contacts with Russian intelligence officers in 2005 and 2006.", "The FBI's investigation into Danchenko was closed in March 2011.", "Connection to Christopher Steele and indictment\nBeginning in March 2016, Danchenko was tasked by Christopher Steele to investigate Paul Manafort, as well as Donald Trump, Sergei Ivanov, Carter Page, and Michael Cohen.", "Some parts of the information contributed by Danchenko became part of the FBI's foreign intelligence surveillance warrants on Carter Page.", "One of Danchenko's primary sources for information about the alleged collusion between the Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign and the Russian government was allegedly Olga Galkina, a Russian public-relations executive and former parliamentary correspondent for RIA Novosti.", "Galkina, a longtime friend of Danchenko, has denied being one of his sources.", "Other information was alleged to have come from Charles Dolan Jr., who was \"a longtime participant in Democratic Party politics\".", "In January 2017, shortly after BuzzFeed News published the Steele dossier, Danchenko was contacted by the FBI for an interview.", "About a week and a half later, in exchange for legal immunity, he agreed to answer questions about his working relationship with Steele, as well as his opinion on the accuracy of the Steele dossier.", "The FBI found that Danchenko was \"truthful and cooperative\", but the FBI's Supervisory Intel Analyst said that \"it was his impression that the Primary Sub-source may not have been 'completely truthful' and may have been minimizing certain aspects of what he/she told Steele\".", "He also \"believed that there were instances where the Primary Sub-source was 'minimizing' certain facts but did not believe that he/she was 'completely fabricating' events\".", "He added that he \"did not know whether he could support a 'blanket statement' that the Primary Sub-source had been truthful\".", "In July 2020, the Senate Judiciary Committee released a 59-page summary of the FBI's interview with Danchenko, where he was referred to anonymously as the \"Primary Subsource\" for the Steele Dossier.", "Shortly after the release of the summary, online sleuths identified the \"Primary Subsource\" as Danchenko.", "In December 2020, Special Counsel John Durham subpoenaed the Brookings Institution for Danchenko's personnel files.", "In November 2021, Danchenko was arrested in connection with the John Durham investigation and was charged with five counts of making false statements to the FBI on five different occasions (between March 2017 and November 2017) regarding the sources of material he provided for the Steele dossier.", "This includes Danchenko having allegedly obscured his relationship with Charles Dolan Jr. and having allegedly fabricated contacts with Sergei Millian.", "Danchenko has pleaded \"not guilty\" to all charges.", "Right-wing columnist and attorney Andrew C. McCarthy reacted to what he described as the \"if not irrational, then exaggerated\" reactions by Trump supporters to these reports of arrests.", "He urged them to be cautious as John Durham's \"indictments narrowly allege that the defendants lied to the FBI only about the identity or status of people from whom they were getting information, not about the information itself.", "References\n\n1978 births\nLiving people\nPeople from Perm, Russia\nPerm State University alumni\nRussian expatriates in the United States\nUniversity of Louisville alumni\nWalsh School of Foreign Service alumni" ]

[ "A Russian citizen and U.S. resident currently residing in Virginia, Danchenko works as a political risk, defense and economics analyst.", "He analyzed Putin's 1996 university thesis and presented examples of plagiarizing.", "Christopher Steele's Orbis Business Intelligence was the source of the 2016 Steele dossier.", "He was indicted for lying to the FBI.", "Education Danchenko was born in Perm Oblast, Russia.", "Danchenko graduated from Specialized English Language School 7 in Perm, Russia, in 1996.", "The Law Faculty of Perm State University and the Department of Political Science at the University of Louisville have diplomas in hand.", "Danchenko received a master's degree from Georgetown University.", "He attended the Walsh School of Foreign Service's Center for Eurasian, Russian and East European Studies from 2006 to 2009.", "He worked at two companies early in his career, one in Perm and the other in Iran.", "He was a leader for senior Russian federal and regional delegations to the US while he was a leader for the Open World Russian Leadership Program.", "Danchenko was a graduate teaching assistant at the University of Louisville.", "From 2005 to 2010 he worked at the Brookings Institution.", "The two worked closely with each other.", "The paper \"One Step forward, Two Steps back?\" was co-authored by Danchenko, Hill and Downs.", "The implications of a rising China for Russia's energy ambitions.", "Christopher Steele was introduced to Hill by a U.S.-based public-relations executive who later became one of Danchenko's sources.", "Danchenko has been an analyst on political risk and business intelligence since 2010.", "Danchenko has been quoted on a variety of topics.", "Danchenko and Gaddy obtained a copy of the previously unavailable 218-page thesis of Putin entitled The Strategic Planning of Regional Resources Under the Formation of Market Relations, which he defended at the St. Petersburg Mining Institute.", "On March 30, 2006 Danchenko and Gaddy revealed their findings and discussed their relevance to Putin's views on governance and the economy.", "Evidence of plagiarism was presented, as well as a translation of a 1978 textbook.", "The Russian committee disagreed with their accusations.", "In May 2009, the FBI opened a preliminary investigation into Danchenko after he was said to have told two associates that he knew of a way they could make a little extra money if they were able to get a job in the government.", "The FBI closed its investigation into Danchenko in March 2011.", "Christopher Steele was tasked to investigate Paul Manafort, as well as Donald Trump, Carter Page, and Michael Cohen.", "Carter Page was part of the FBI's foreign intelligence surveillance warrants.", "The Russian public-relations executive and former parliamentary correspondent for RIA Novosti is said to be one of the primary sources for information about the alleged collusion between the Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign and the Russian government.", "The friend of Danchenko denied being one of his sources.", "Charles Dolan Jr., who was a long time participant in Democratic Party politics, was said to have provided other information.", "Shortly after the Steele dossier was published, Danchenko was contacted by the FBI for an interview.", "In exchange for legal immunity, he agreed to answer questions about his working relationship with Steele, as well as his opinion on the accuracy of the Steele dossier.", "According to the FBI's intel analyst, it was his impression that the Primary Sub- source may not have been completely truthful and may have been minimizing certain aspects of what he/she told Steele.", "He believed that there were instances where the Primary Sub- source was \"minimizing\" certain facts but did not believe that they were completely fabrications\".", "He didn't know if he could support a blanket statement that the primary source had been honest.", "In July 2020, the Senate Judiciary Committee released a 59-page summary of the FBI's interview with Danchenko, where he was referred to as the \"Primary Sub source\" for the Steele Dossier.", "The \"Primary Sub source\" was identified by online sleuths after the summary was released.", "Special Counsel John Durham subpoenaed the personnel files of Danchenko.", "Danchenko was charged with five counts of making false statements to the FBI regarding the sources of material he provided for the Steele dossier after he was arrested in connection with the John Durham investigation.", "Danchenko has been accused of faking contacts with Sergei Millian and concealing his relationship with Charles Dolan Jr.", "Danchenko has pleaded not guilty.", "Andrew C. McCarthy was a right-wing columnist and attorney.", "John Durham's indictments alleged that the defendants lied to the FBI only about the identity or status of people from whom they were getting information, not about the information itself.", "There are people from Perm, Russia, Perm State University alumni, and the Walsh School of Foreign Service alumni." ]

[ "Igor Yurievich Danchenko", "Danchenko", "Danchenko", "Danchenko", "Danchenko", "Danchenko", "Danchenko", "Danchenko", "Danchenko", "Danchenko", "Danchenko", "Danchenko", "Danchenko", "Danchenko", "Danchenko", "Danchenko", "Danchenko", "Danchenko", "Danchenko", "Danchenko", "Danchenko", "Danchenko", "Danchenko", "Danchenko", "Danchenko", "Danchenko", "Danchenko", "Danchenko", "Danchenko", "Danchenko", "Danchenko", "Danchenko" ]

[ "Danchenko", "Danchenko", "Danchenko", "Danchenko", "Danchenko", "Danchenko", "Danchenko", "Danchenko", "Danchenko", "Danchenko", "Danchenko", "Danchenko", "Danchenko", "Danchenko", "Danchenko", "Danchenko", "Danchenko", "Danchenko", "Danchenko", "Danchenko" ]

[ "Anders Osborne (born May 4, 1966 in Uddevalla, Sweden) is an American singer-songwriter.", "He tours solo and with a band, and often plays in North Mississippi Osborne (N.M.O), a group formed by Osborne and North Mississippi Allstars.", "Early life\nAs a teen, Osborne started playing guitar and listening to Bob Dylan, Neil Young, Jackson Browne, and Joni Mitchell records.", "He was influenced by the vocal styles of Ray Charles, Van Morrison and Lowell George, Robert Johnson and recordings of African drumming.", "\"Blues connected everything together for me,\" Osborne recalls.", "\"The early rock, the R&B, the jazz, the singer-songwriters.", "Blues was like a thread running through everything.\"", "He began playing in Open D tuning, which gives his fretwork a signature sound and feel.", "\"I first heard Open D on Joni Mitchell's Blue,\" he says, \"and my fingers just fit the tuning.\"", "Okeh records\n\nOsborne and his band toured the U.S. during these years and in 1995, he was signed to Okeh Records.", "He released Which Way to Here, an album that dealt with spirituality and tolerance.", "The record became Osborne's first commercial break with two top-five singles \"Favorite Son\" and \"Pleasin' You.\"", "Both were featured in several Hollywood movies, and the latter was later recorded by Jonny Lang.", "Shanachie Entertainment\nShanachie Entertainment signed Osborne in 1998 and, in 1999, released his fourth album, Living Room, a personal record that signified some new directions in Osborne's music after the breakup with his longtime accompanist Theresa Andersson, drug use, and a family death.", "This album also features guest appearances by Keb' Mo', Kirk Joseph and Tommy Malone.", "Besides writing for his own album, Osborne has had a number of his songs successfully recorded by other artists.", "Keb' Mo's 1999 Grammy Award winning album Slow Down, featured two songs co-written with Osborne.", "After his Shanachie recordings, Osborne worked as a professional songwriter in New Orleans and then in Nashville, first for PolyGram and then its successor Universal Music.", "His song, \"Watch the Wind Blow By,\" was recorded by the country musician Tim McGraw, hitting No.", "1 on the country charts for two weeks and selling over three million albums.", "More recently, he has co-written with Tab Benoit, Mike Zito and Johnny Sansone, for whom he's also served as producer.", "M.C.", "Records\n\nReturning to New Orleans from Nashville, he recorded Coming Down (2007), a stripped-down semi-acoustic album which was released on the M.C.", "label and was nominated for the 8th Annual Independent Music Awards Folk/Singer-Songwriter Album of the Year.", "Alligator records\nIn 2009, Osborne recorded a new, full band album co-produced by Osborne, Galactic’s Stanton Moore and Pepper Keenan.", "All songs on the album were written or co-written by Osborne.", "The album was picked up by Chicago-based Alligator Records, who signed Osborne and released the new recording in 2010 under the title American Patchwork.", "New Orleans’ OffBeat magazine praised the album, saying, \"American Patchwork is the album Osborne fans have been waiting for.", "The record is a focused and tuneful triumph.", "Osborne's gifts as a guitar player are significant.", "His voice is so emotionally intense it feels like an explosion.", "He writes with remarkable eloquence...this is the living definition of great art.\"", "Relix described the album as \"raging, expressive guitar and soulful singing...from scorched-earth rock to sweet, tender ballads.\"", "Since the release of American Patchwork, Osborne has toured virtually non-stop, performing with his own band, solo with Keb Mo, with The Stanton Moore Trio, with Toots and the Maytals, alongside Karl Denson’s Tiny Universe and with Luther Dickinson as well as with The Voice of the Wetlands All-Stars.", "He appeared on Galactic’s song \"Dark Water\" from their Ya Ka Ma album, and in 2011 produced and played on critically acclaimed albums by Tab Benoit, Johnny Sansone and Mike Zito.", "In 2012, he played on and acted as associate producer of Billy Iuso’s Naked album.", "Along the way, he also found time to write and record Black Eye Galaxy, released in 2012.", "Recorded at Dockside Studio in Maurice, Louisiana, the album was produced by Osborne along with engineer Warren Riker and Galactic's Stanton Moore.", "It's sounds range from heavy electric mayhem to acoustic melodicism.", "Blurt Magazine said, \"Black Eye Galaxy is a work of art – a throwback to the days before corporations completely controlled and corrupted media and culture.", "It is the struggle of a man to survive addiction and find some peace and redemption.", "Great art is not afraid to say something and take big risks.", "And on each work he does, Osborne grows as an artist.", "We are lucky to get a chance to witness this.", "The blues is about hard truth and healing.", "And to the extent he covers both; you could say he is a blues guy.", "Kudos must go to Alligator Records – a great if not our greatest-blues label – for letting Anders Osborne follow his vision, inspire us with his story and dazzle us with his craft.", "Black Eye Galaxy is a great album.\"", "In late 2012, he was back in the studio recording a six-song EP entitled Three Free Amigos, which was released by Alligator early in 2013.", "The EP, produced by Osborne and Warren Riker, focused more on Osborne's melodic, acoustic side.", "Players included Osborne's touring band of bassist Carl Dufresne and drummer Eric Bolivar, plus guitarist Billy Iuso and multi-instrumentalist Johnny Sansone, Osborne himself played guitar, bass, keyboards and drums on various tracks.", "It was described by Relix as \"rugged, soulful singing superb hard-hitting songs...A phenomenal blend of self-awareness, spirit and muscle.\"", "Osborne continues to tour almost constantly, both with his own band and in combination with other artists.", "He's appeared multiple times at the New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival as well as at Bonnaroo Music Festival, The High Sierra Festival, The Telluride Blues & Brews Festival, The Hollowbaloo Music & Arts Festival in Honolulu, the Hangout Festival, WYEP Summer Music Fest, Central Park SummerStage, Miami Valley Music fest, as well as playing with Phil Lesh and others at Terrapin Crossroads.", "In 2015, Osborne was included in the all-star cast headed by Derek Trucks and Susan Tedeschi of Tedeschi Trucks Band in a memorial concert to honor Joe Cocker Mad Dogs & Englishmen at the Lockn' Festival.", "His album, Peace, was released on October 8, 2013.", "Osborne was quoted as saying, \"Peace is light from darkness.", "The songs are written from the outside looking in.", "They are not making any judgments.", "I'm just stating facts.", "I'm writing from a brighter perspective.", "There's less dusk and dark, and much more sunlight.", "The results are greater than I expected.", "The driving tones and sounds are free and natural.", "This is one of the coolest records I’ve ever made.\"", "Back on Dumaine records \nIn fall of 2014 and March 2015, Osborne recorded album Spacedust & Ocean Views in New Orleans; it was released on March 18, 2016.", "His next album, Flower Box, was released on July 22, 2016.", "Anders' third offering on the label the award winning Buddha and the Blues came out in 2019.", "Discography\n\nAlbums \n\n1989: Doin' Fine (Rabadash)\n1993: Break The Chain (Rabadash)\n1995: Which Way to Here (Okeh)\n1996: Break the Chain (Shanachie)\n1998: Live at Tipitina's (Shanachie)\n1999: Living Room (Shanachie)\n2001: Ash Wednesday Blues (Shanachie)\n2002: Bury the Hatchet (Shanachie) with Big Chief Monk\n2007: Coming Down (M.C.", "Records)\n2010: American Patchwork (Alligator Records)\n2012: Black Eye Galaxy (Alligator Records)\n2013: Peace (Alligator Records)\n2016: Spacedust & Ocean Views (Back on Dumaine Records)\n2016: Flower Box (Back on Dumaine Records)\n2019: Buddha & The Blues (Back on Dumaine Records)\n2021: Orpheus and the Mermaids (5th Ward Records)\n\nLive albums \n2006\" Live at Tippitinas\" (MunckMix, Inc. )\n2011: Live at 2011 New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival (MunckMix, Inc.)\n\nEPs \n\n2013: Three Free Amigos EP (Alligator Records)\n\nSingles \n\n2017: \"Liquor Drought\" (Back on Dumaine Records)\n\nNorth Mississippi Allstars and Anders Osborne \n\nFreedom & Dreams (NMO Records)\n\nAwards\n\nBest of the Beat Awards \nOffbeat's Best of the Beat Awards pay tribute each year to musicians who are voted best in a variety of musical categories and genres.", "The Big Easy Music Awards \nThe Big Easy Music Awards recognize top male and female performers, the best album of the year and winners in 15 music categories, including blues, jazz, Cajun, zydeco, rock and others.", "References\n\nExternal links\n\n \n About Anders Osborne\n Biography at Alligator Records\n Gambit Weekly: Anders Osborne is the Big Easy Music Awards Entertainer of the Year (30 April 13)\n Living Room review by George Graham\n Anders Osborne: A direct language, a beautiful mystery Feature interview from HonestTune.com\n Feature interview with Ira Haberman, The Sound Podcast\n\n1966 births\nLiving people\nPeople from Uddevalla Municipality\nSongwriters from Louisiana\nSwedish singer-songwriters\nSwedish male singers" ]

[ "The American singer-songwriter was born in Sweden.", "He tours with a band and plays in a group called North Mississippi Allstars.", "Bob Dylan, Neil Young, and Jackson Browne were some of the records that Osborne listened to as a teen.", "He was influenced by recordings of African drumming, as well as the vocal styles of Ray Charles, Van Morrison and Robert Johnson.", "\"Blues connected everything together for me.\"", "The early rock, the R&B, the jazz.", "There was a thread running through everything.", "Open D tuning gives his fretwork a signature sound and feel.", "He says that he first heard Open D on Blue.", "Okeh Records signed him in 1995 after he and his band toured the U.S.", "Which Way to Here dealt with tolerance and spirituality.", "The record had two top-five singles, \"Favorite Son\" and \"Pleasin' You\".", "Both of them were in several Hollywood movies and later recorded by Jonny Lang.", "In 1999, Osborne released his fourth album, Living Room, a personal record that signaled some new directions in his music after the death of his family and the breakdown of his relationship with Theresa Andersson.", "The album has guest appearances by Keb' Mo' and Kirk Joseph.", "A number of his songs have been recorded by other artists.", "Keb' Mo's 1999 album Slow Down had two co-written songs.", "After his recordings, he worked as a professional writer in New Orleans and then in Nashville, first for PolyGram and then its successor Universal Music.", "His song, \"Watch the Wind Blow By,\" was recorded by Tim McGraw.", "1 was on the country charts for two weeks and sold over three million albums.", "He's co-written with Tab, Mike, and Johnny for whom he's also served as producer.", "M.C.", "Coming Down, a stripped-down semi-acoustic album, was released on the M.C. after he returned to New Orleans from Nashville.", "The 8th Annual Independent Music Awards Folk/Singer-Songwriter Album of the Year was nominated by the label.", "A new Alligator album was recorded in 2009.", "The songs on the album were written or co-written by the author.", "The new recording was released in 2010 under the title American Patchwork, after the album was picked up by Alligator Records.", "American Patchwork is the album fans have been waiting for, according to OffBeat magazine.", "The record is a triumph.", "His gifts as a guitar player are significant.", "It feels like an explosion when his voice is so intense.", "The living definition of great art is what he writes about.", "From scorched-earth rock to sweet, tender ballads, the album was described by Relix.", "Since the release of American Patchwork, Osborne has toured virtually non-stop, performing with his own band, solo with Keb Mo, with The Stanton Moore Trio, with Toots and the Maytals, Karl Denson's Tiny Universe and with Luther Dickinson as well as with The", "He produced and played on critically acclaimed albums by Tab Benoit, Johnny Sansone and Mike Zito.", "He was an associate producer of Billy Iuso's Naked album.", "He was able to write and record Black EyeGalaxy, released in 2012.", "The album was recorded at a studio in Maurice, Louisiana.", "The sounds range from heavy electric carnage to acoustic melodicism.", "Blurt Magazine said, \"Black Eye Galaxy is a work of art that is reminiscent of the days before corporations completely controlled and corrupted media and culture.\"", "The struggle of a man to survive addiction and find some peace and redemption is what it is.", "Great art takes big risks and is unafraid to say something.", "On each work he does, he grows as an artist.", "We are fortunate to be able to witness this.", "The blues are about truth and healing.", "You could say he is a blues guy.", "Alligator Records, our greatest-blues label, is a great example of how to let a man follow his vision, inspire us with his story and dazzle us with his craft.", "Black EyeGalaxy is a great album.", "In late 2012 he was back in the studio recording a six-track project called Three Free Amigos, which was released by Alligator in early 2013.", "The melodic, acoustic side of the man was the focus of the EP.", "The band included bassist Carl Dufresne, drummer Eric Bolivar, guitarist Billy Iuso, and multi-instrumentalist Johnny Sansone.", "Relix described it as \"rugged,soul singing superb hard-hitting songs...A phenomenal blend of self-awareness, spirit and muscle.\"", "He tours with his own band and with other artists.", "He's performed multiple times at the New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival, The High Sierra Festival, The Telluride Blues & Brews Festival, The Hollowbaloo Music & Arts Festival in Honolulu, and the WYEP Summer Music Fest.", "The memorial concert to honor Joe Cocker Mad Dogs & Englishmen was hosted by the Tedeschi Trucks Band and was attended by some of the biggest names in music.", "His album, Peace, was released in October.", "A quote 888-320-4449 888-320-4449 888-320-4449 888-320-4449 888-320-4449 888-320-4449 888-320-4449 888-320-4449 888-320-4449 888-320-4449 888-320-4449 888-320-4449 888-320-4449 888-320-4449 888-320-4449 888-320-4449 888-320-4449 888-320-4449 888-320-4449 888-320-4449 888-320-4449 888-320-4449 888-320-4449 888-320-4449 888-320-4449 888-320-4449 888-320-4449 888-320-4449 888-320-4449 888-320-4449 888-320-4449 888-320-4449 888-320-4449 888-320-4449 888-320-4449 888-320-4449 888-320-4449 888-320-4449 888-320-4449 888-320-4449 888-320-4449 888-320-4449 888-320-4449 888-320-4449 888-320-4449 888-320-4449 888-320-4449 888-320-4449 888-320-4449 888-320-4449 888-320-4449 888-320-4449 888-320-4449 888-320-4449 888-320-4449 888-320-4449", "The songs are written from outside.", "They aren't making any decisions.", "I'm just telling the truth.", "I'm writing from a different point of view.", "There is less darkness and more sunlight.", "The results are better than I anticipated.", "The sounds and tones are free and natural.", "This is one of the best records I have ever made.", "Spacedust & Ocean Views was released on March 18, 2016 after being recorded in New Orleans.", "On July 22, 2016 he released his next album, Flower Box.", "The award winning Buddha and the Blues was released in 2019.", "1989: Doin' Fine, 1993: Break The Chain, 1995: Which Way to Here, 1996: Break the Chain, 1998: Live at Tipitina's.", "The records are as follows: 2010: American Patchwork (Alligator Records); 2012: Black Eye Galaxy (Alligator Records); and 2013: Peace (Alligator Records).", "The Big Easy Music Awards recognize top male and female performers, the best album of the year, and winners in 15 music categories, including blues, jazz, Cajun, zydeco, rock and others.", "The Big Easy Music Awards Entertainer of the Year is a biography at Alligator Records." ]

[ "Anders Osborne", "Osborne", "Osborne", "Osborne", "Osborne", "Osborne", "Osborne", "Osborne", "Theresa Andersson", "Osborne", "Osborne", "Osborne", "Osborne", "Osborne", "Osborne", "Osborne", "Osborne", "Osborne", "Osborne", "Osborne", "Osborne", "Anders Osborne", "Osborne", "Osborne", "Osborne", "Osborne", "Osborne", "Osborne", "Osborne", "Osborne", "Anders", "Anders Osborne", "Anders Osborne", "Anders Osborne" ]

[ "Osborne", "Osborne", "Theresa Andersson", "Osborne" ]

[ "Astrid Anna Emilia Lindgren (; ; 14 November 1907 – 28 January 2002) was a Swedish writer of fiction and screenplays.", "She is best known for several children's book series, featuring Pippi Longstocking, Emil of Lönneberga, Karlsson-on-the-Roof, and the Six Bullerby Children (Children of Noisy Village in the US), and for the children's fantasy novels Mio, My Son, Ronia the Robber's Daughter, and The Brothers Lionheart.", "Lindgren worked on the Children's Literature Editorial Board at the Rabén & Sjögren publishing house in Stockholm and wrote more than 30 books for children.", "In January 2017, she was calculated to be the world's 18th most translated author, and the fourth most translated children's writer after Enid Blyton, Hans Christian Andersen and the Brothers Grimm.", "Lindgren has so far sold roughly 165 million books worldwide.", "In 1994, she was awarded the Right Livelihood Award for \"her unique authorship dedicated to the rights of children and respect for their individuality.\"", "Biography \n\nAstrid Lindgren grew up in Näs, near Vimmerby, Småland, Sweden, and many of her books are based on her family and childhood memories.", "Lindgren was the daughter of Samuel August Ericsson (1875–1969) and Hanna Jonsson (1879–1961).", "She had two sisters, and , and a brother, , who eventually became a member of the Swedish parliament.", "Upon finishing school, Lindgren took a job with a local newspaper in Vimmerby.", "She had a relationship with the chief editor, who was married but eventually proposed marriage in 1926 after she became pregnant.", "She declined and moved to the capital city of Stockholm, learning to become a typist and stenographer (she would later write most of her drafts in stenography).", "In due time, she gave birth to her son, Lars, in Copenhagen and left him in the care of a foster family.", "Although poorly paid, she saved whatever she could and traveled as often as possible to Copenhagen to be with Lars, often just over a weekend, spending most of her time on the train back and forth.", "Eventually, she managed to bring Lars home, leaving him in the care of her parents until she could afford to raise him in Stockholm.", "Since 1928 Lindgren worked as secretary at the Royal Automobile Club (Kungliga Automobil Klubben) and by 1931 she married her boss, Sture Lindgren (1898–1952), who left his wife for her.", "Three years later, in 1934, Lindgren gave birth to her second child, Karin, who would become a translator.", "The character Pippi Longstocking was invented to amuse her daughter while she was ill in bed.", "Lindgren later related that Karin had suddenly said to her, \"Tell me a story about Pippi Longstocking,\" and the tale was created in response to that request.", "The family moved in 1941 to an apartment on Dalagatan, with a view over Vasaparken, where Lindgren remained until her death on 28 January 2002 at the age of 94, having become blind.", "Astrid Lindgren died in her home in central Stockholm.", "Her funeral took place in the Storkyrkan in Gamla stan.", "Among those attending were King Carl XVI Gustaf with Queen Silvia and others of the royal family, and Prime Minister Göran Persson.", "The ceremony was described as \"the closest you can get to a state funeral.\"", "Career \nLindgren worked as a journalist and secretary before becoming a full-time author.", "She served as a secretary for the 1933 Swedish Summer Grand Prix.", "In the early 1940s, she worked as a secretary for criminalist Harry Söderman; this experience has been cited as an inspiration for her fictional detective Bill Bergson.", "In 1944 Lindgren won second prize in a competition held by Rabén & Sjögren, with the novel Britt-Marie lättar sitt hjärta (Britt-Marie Unburdens Her Heart).", "A year later she won first prize in the same competition with the chapter book Pippi Långstrump (Pippi Longstocking), which had been rejected by Bonniers.", "(Rabén & Sjögren published it with illustrations by Ingrid Vang Nyman, the latter's debut in Sweden.)", "Since then it has become one of the most beloved children's books in the world and has been translated into 60 languages.", "While Lindgren almost immediately became a much appreciated writer, the irreverent attitude towards adult authority that is a distinguishing characteristic of many of her characters has occasionally drawn the ire of some conservatives.", "The women's magazine Damernas Värld sent Lindgren to the United States in 1948 to write short essays.", "Upon arrival she is said to have been upset by the discrimination against black Americans.", "A few years later she published the book Kati in America, a collection of short essays inspired by the trip.", "In 1956, the inaugural year of the Deutscher Jugendliteraturpreis, the German-language edition of Mio, min Mio (Mio, My Son) won the Children's book award.", "(Sixteen books written by Astrid Lindgren made the Children's Book and Picture Book longlist, 1956–1975, but only Mio, My Son won a prize in its category.)", "In 1958 Lindgren received the second Hans Christian Andersen Medal for Rasmus på luffen (Rasmus and the Vagabond), a 1956 novel developed from her screenplay and filmed in 1955.", "The biennial International Board on Books for Young People, now considered the highest lifetime recognition available to creators of children's books, soon came to be called the Little Nobel Prize.", "Prior to 1962 the Board cited a single book published during the preceding two years.", "On her 90th birthday, she was pronounced International Swede of the Year 1997 by Swedes in the World (SVIV), an association for Swedes living abroad.", "In its entry on Scandinavian fantasy, The Encyclopedia of Fantasy named Lindgren the foremost Swedish contributor to modern children's fantasy.", "Its entry on Lindgren was: \"Her niche in children's fantasy remains both secure and exalted.", "Her stories and images can never be forgotten.\"", "Translations \nBy 2012 Astrid Lindgren's books had been translated into 95 different languages and language variants.", "Further, the first chapter of Ronja the Robber's Daughter has been translated into Latin.", "Up until 1997 a total of 3,000 editions of her books had been issued internationally, and globally her books had sold a total of 165 million copies.", "Many of her books have been translated into English by the translator Joan Tate.", "Politics \n\nIn 1976 a scandal arose in Sweden when it was publicised that Lindgren's marginal tax rate had risen to 102 percent.", "This was to be known as the \"Pomperipossa effect\", from a story she published in Expressen on 3 March 1976, entitled Pomperipossa in Monismania, attacking the government and its taxation policies.", "It was a satirical allegory in response to the marginal tax rate Lindgren had incurred in 1976, which required self-employed individuals to pay both regular income tax and employers' deductions.", "In a stormy tax debate, she attracted criticism from Social Democrats and even from her own colleagues, and responded by raising the issue of the lack of women involved in the Social Democrats' campaign.", "In that year's general election, the Social Democratic government was voted out for the first time in 44 years, and the Lindgren tax debate was one of several controversies that may have contributed to the result.", "Another controversy involved Ingmar Bergman's farewell letter to Sweden, after charges had been made against him of tax evasion.", "Lindgren nevertheless remained a Social Democrat for the rest of her life.", "In 1978, when she received the Peace Prize of the German Book Trade, Lindgren made a speech, Never Violence!.", "She spoke against corporal punishment of children.", "After that she teamed up with scientists, journalists and politicians to achieve non-violent upbringing.", "In 1979, a law was introduced in Sweden prohibiting violence against children.", "Until then there was no such law anywhere in the world.", "From 1985 to 1989 Lindgren wrote articles concerning animal protection and mass production in the Swedish magazines Expressen and Dagens Nyheter along with the veterinarian Kristina Forslund.", "They wanted to launch an awareness campaign to promote better animal treatment in factory farming.", "Eventually their activities led to a new law which was called Lex Lindgren and was presented to Astrid Lindgren during her 80th birthday.", "During that time it was the strictest law concerning animal welfare in the world.", "However, Lindgren and Forslund weren't satisfied with it.", "Not enough had been done and only minor changes occurred.", "The articles Forslund and Lindgren wrote were later published in the book Min ko vill ha roligt.", "Lindgren was well known both for her support for children's and animal rights and for her opposition to corporal punishment and the EU.", "In 1994 she received the Right Livelihood Award, \"For her commitment to justice, non-violence and understanding of minorities as well as her love and caring for nature.\"", "Honors and memorials \n\nIn 1967 the publisher Rabén & Sjögren established an annual literary prize, the Astrid Lindgren Prize, to mark her 60th birthday.", "The prize—40,000 Swedish kronor—is awarded to a Swedish-language children's writer every year on Lindgren's birthday in November.", "Following Lindgren's death, the government of Sweden instituted the Astrid Lindgren Memorial Award in her memory.", "The award is the world's largest monetary award for children's and youth literature, in the amount of five million Swedish kronor.", "The collection of Astrid Lindgren's original manuscripts in Kungliga Biblioteket in Stockholm (the Royal Library) was placed on UNESCO's Memory of the World Register in 2005.", "On 6 April 2011 Sweden's central bank Sveriges Riksbank announced that Lindgren's portrait will feature on the 20 kronor banknote, beginning in 2014–15.", "In the run-up to the announcement of the persons who would feature on the new banknotes, Lindgren's name had been the one most often put forward in the public debate.", "Asteroid Lindgren \nAsteroid 3204 Lindgren, discovered in 1978 by Soviet astronomer Nikolai Chernykh, was named after her.", "The name of the Swedish microsatellite Astrid 1, launched on 24 January 1995, was originally selected only as a common Swedish female name, but within a short time it was decided to name the instruments after characters in Astrid Lindgren's books: PIPPI (Prelude in Planetary Particle Imaging), EMIL (Electron Measurements – In-situ and Lightweight), and MIO (Miniature Imaging Optics).", "Astrid's Wellspring \n\nIn memory of Astrid Lindgren, a memorial sculpture was created next to her childhood home, named Källa Astrid (\"Astrid's Wellspring\" in English).", "It is situated at the spot where Astrid Lindgren first heard fairy tales.", "The sculpture consists of an artistic representation of a young person's head (1.37 m high), flattened on top, in the corner of a square pond, and, just above the water, a ring of rosehip thorn (with a single rosehip bud attached to it).", "The sculpture was initially slightly different in design and intended to be part of a fountain set in the city center, but the people of Vimmerby vehemently opposed the idea.", "Furthermore, Astrid Lindgren had stated that she never wanted to be represented as a statue.", "(However, there is a statue of Lindgren in the city center.)", "The memorial was sponsored by the culture council of Vimmerby.", "Lindgren's childhood home is near the statue and open to the public.", "Just from Astrid's Wellspring is a museum in her memory.", "The author is buried in Vimmerby where the Astrid Lindgren's World theme park is also located.", "The children's museum Junibacken, in Stockholm, was opened in June 1996 with the main theme of the permanent exhibition being devoted to Astrid Lindgren; at the heart of the museum is a theme train ride through the world of Astrid Lindgren's novels.", "Many of the plays were created in the 1940s and 1950s in collaboration with her friend Elsa Olenius, a pioneer in the Swedish children's theater.", "Many of the stories were written exclusively for the theater.", "They have been translated into several languages, including Danish, Finnish and Romanian.", "Most of Astrid Lindgren's plays have not been translated into English.", "Kalle Blomkvist, Nisse Nöjd och Vicke på Vind Mästerdetektiven Kalle Blomkvist: För kasperteater två korta akter Jul hos Pippi Långstrump Serverat, Ers Majestät!", "En fästmö till låns Huvudsaken är att man är frisk Jag vill inte vara präktig Snövit Pippi Långstrumps liv och leverne Filmography \n\nThis is a chronological list of feature films based on stories by Astrid Lindgren.Astrid Lindgren at IMDb.", "There are live action films as well as animated features.", "The most films were made in Sweden, followed by Russia.", "Further reading \nAstrid Lindgren – en levnadsteckning.", "Margareta Strömstedt.", "Stockholm, Rabén & Sjögren, 1977.", "Paul Berf, Astrid Surmatz (ed.", "): Astrid Lindgren.", "Zum Donnerdrummel!", "Ein Werk-Porträt.", "Zweitausendeins, Frankfurt 2000 \nVivi Edström: Astrid Lindgren.", "Im Land der Märchen und Abenteuer.", "Oetinger, Hamburg 1997 \nMaren Gottschalk: Jenseits von Bullerbü.", "Die Lebensgeschichte der Astrid Lindgren.", "Beltz & Gelberg, Weinheim 2006 \nJörg Knobloch (ed.", "): Praxis Lesen: Astrid Lindgren: A4-Arbeitsvorlagen Klasse 2–6, AOL-Verlag, Lichtenau 2002 \nSybil Gräfin Schönfeldt: Astrid Lindgren.", "10.", "ed., Rowohlt, Reinbek 2000 \nMargareta Strömstedt: Astrid Lindgren.", "Ein Lebensbild.", "Oetinger, Hamburg 2001 \nAstrid Surmatz: Pippi Långstrump als Paradigma.", "Die deutsche Rezeption Astrid Lindgrens und ihr internationaler Kontext.", "Francke, Tübingen, Basel 2005 \nMetcalf, Eva-Maria: Astrid Lindgren.", "New York, Twayne, 1995\n\nExternal links \n\nAstridLindgren.se – official site produced by license holders\n\nAstrid Lindgren's World – official site of the theme park\nAstrid Lindgrens Näs – official site produced by the Astrid Lindgren-museum and culture center Astrid Lindgrens Näs in Vimmerby\nAstrid Lindgren – Right Livelihood Award (1994)\nAstrid Lindgren – fan site\n\nAstrid spacecraft description at NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive\nAstrid Lindgren – profile at FamousAuthors.org\n\n \n1907 births\n2002 deaths\n20th-century Swedish novelists\n20th-century Swedish women writers\nChildren's songwriters\nHans Christian Andersen Award for Writing winners\nLitteris et Artibus recipients\nMemory of the World Register\nSelma Lagerlöf Prize winners\nSommar (radio program) hosts\nSwedish children's writers\nSwedish eurosceptics\nSwedish fantasy writers\nSwedish-language writers\nSwedish satirists\nSwedish screenwriters\nSwedish Social Democratic Party\nSwedish pacifists\nSwedish women children's writers\nPeople from Vimmerby Municipality\nWomen science fiction and fantasy writers\nWriters from Småland\n20th-century screenwriters" ]

[ "A Swedish writer of fiction and screenplays was born in 1907.", "She is the author of several children's book series, including Pippi Longstocking and the Six Bullerby Children.", "At the Rabén & Sjgren publishing house in Sweden, Lindgren worked on the Children's Literature Editorial Board and wrote more than 30 books for children.", "She was calculated to be the world's 18th most translated author and the fourth most translated children's writer after Hans Christian Andersen and the Brothers Grimm.", "165 million books have been sold by Lindgren.", "She was awarded the Right Livelihood Award in 1994 for her unique authorship dedicated to the rights of children and respect for their individuality.", "Many of her books are based on her memories of growing up in Ns, near Vimmerby, Smland, Sweden.", "She was the daughter of Samuel August Ericsson and Hannah Jonsson.", "She had a brother who became a member of the Swedish parliament.", "After finishing school, Lindgren worked for a newspaper in Vimmerby.", "The chief editor proposed to her after she became pregnant, but he was married at the time.", "She moved to the capital city of Sweden to become a stenographer, and later wrote most of her drafts in stenography.", "She left her son in the care of a foster family after she gave birth.", "She spent most of her time on the train back and forth between the two cities, saving whatever she could, even though she was poorly paid.", "She left him in the care of her parents until she could afford to raise him in Sweden.", "She married her boss at the Royal Automobile Club in 1931 after he left his wife for her.", "In 1934, Lindgren gave birth to her second child, who would become a translator.", "The character Pippi Longstocking was invented to amuse her daughter.", "The tale was created in response to a request from Karin, who suddenly said to her, \"tell me a story about Pippi Longstocking.\"", "The family moved in 1941 to an apartment on Dalagatan, with a view over Vasaparken, where Lindgren lived until her death in 2002 at the age of 94.", "She died in her home.", "Her funeral was held in the Storkyrkan.", "The royal family and Prime Minister Gran Persson attended.", "The closest you can get to a state funeral is at the ceremony.", "Before becoming a full-time author, Career Lindgren worked as a journalist and secretary.", "She was a secretary for the Swedish Summer Grand Prix.", "In the early 1940s, she worked as a secretary for criminalist Harry Sderman, and this experience has been cited as an inspiration for her fictional detective Bill Bergson.", "The novel \"Britt-Marie Unburdens Her Heart\" was 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780", "She won the first prize in the competition with the chapter book Pippi Lngstrump, which had been rejected by Bonniers.", "The book was published by Rabén & Sjgren with illustrations by Ingrid Vang Nyman.", "It has become one of the most popular children's books in the world and has been translated into 60 different languages.", "The irreverent attitude towards adult authority that is a distinguishing characteristic of many of her characters has drawn the ire of some conservatives.", "Damernas Vrld sent Lindgren to the United States in 1948 to write short essays.", "She was upset by the discrimination against black Americans.", "The book Kati in America was published a few years later.", "The German-language edition of \"Mio, My Son\" won the Children's book award.", "Only Mio, My Son won a prize in its category of the Children's Book and Picture Book longlist.", "In 1959 she received the second Hans Christian Andersen medal for her novel, which was filmed in 1955.", "The International Board on Books for Young People is considered the highest lifetime recognition available to creators of children's books.", "Prior to 1962, the Board cited a single book.", "She was declared International Swede of the Year 1997 by Swedes in the World on her 90th birthday.", "The Encyclopedia of Fantasy named Lindgren the foremost Swedish contributor to modern children's fantasy.", "Her niche in children's fantasy remains secure and exalted.", "Her stories can never be forgotten.", "By 2012 the books had been translated into 95 different languages.", "The first chapter of Ronja the Robber's Daughter has been translated into Latin.", "Up until 1997 her books had sold a total of 165 million copies around the world.", "Joan Tate translated many of her books.", "There was a scandal in Sweden in 1976 when it was discovered that the marginal tax rate had gone up to 102 percent.", "She published a story in Expressen on March 3, 1976, called Pomperipossa in Monismania, attacking the government and its taxation policies.", "In 1976, self-employed individuals were required to pay both regular income tax and employers' deductions because of a marginal tax rate.", "She raised the issue of the lack of women involved in the Social Democrats' campaign after attracting criticism from Social Democrats and even from her own colleagues.", "In that year's general election, the Social Democratic government was voted out for the first time in 44 years, and the Lindgren tax debate was one of several controversies that may have contributed to the result.", "Ingmar Bergman was charged with tax evasion after he wrote his farewell letter to Sweden.", "She remained a Social Democrat for the rest of her life.", "In 1978, when she received the Peace Prize of the German Book Trade, she made a speech.", "She was against the punishment of children.", "She collaborated with scientists, journalists and politicians to achieve a non-violent upbringing.", "The law against violence against children was introduced in Sweden in 1979.", "There was no such law until then.", "In the 1980's and 90's, Lindgren wrote about animal protection and mass production in Swedish magazines.", "They wanted to raise awareness about the treatment of animals in factory farming.", "Their activities led to the creation of a new law called Lex Lindgren, which was presented to Astrid Lindgren at her 80th birthday.", "It was the strictest animal welfare law in the world.", "They weren't satisfied with it.", "Minor changes occurred because not enough had been done.", "The articles were published in a book.", "She was known for her support for children's and animal rights and her opposition to the EU.", "She received the Right Livelihood Award for her commitment to justice, non-violence and understanding of minorities as well as her love and caring for nature.", "The publisher Rabén & Sjgren established an annual literary prize to mark the 60th birthday of the author.", "Every year on Lindgren's birthday, the prize is awarded to a Swedish-language children's writer.", "The award was instituted in her memory by the government of Sweden.", "Five million Swedish kronor is the world's largest monetary award for children's and youth literature.", "The Royal Library's collection of original manuscripts was placed on the UNESCO's Memory of the World Register in 2005.", "On 6 April 2011 Sweden's central bank Sveriges Riksbank announced that Lindgren's portrait will be on the 20 kronor banknote.", "In the run-up to the announcement of the persons who would feature on the new banknotes, Lindgren's name had been the one most often put forward in the public debate.", "The asteroid was named after her.", "The name of the Swedish microsatellite was originally selected only as a common Swedish female name, but within a short time it was decided to name the instruments after characters in the books.", "A memorial sculpture was created next to her childhood home, named \"Astrid's Wellspring\" in English.", "It is at the spot where the first fairy tales were heard.", "A young person's head is flattened on top in the corner of a pond and a ring of thorn is attached to it.", "The people of Vimmerby objected to the idea of the sculpture being part of a fountain in the city center.", "She never wanted to be depicted as a statue.", "There is a statue of Lindgren in the city center.", "The culture council of Vimmerby sponsored the memorial.", "Lindgren's childhood home is open to the public.", "There is a museum in her memory.", "There is a theme park located in Vimmerby where the author is buried.", "The main theme of the permanent exhibition at the children's museum is devoted to the author of the books, and at the heart of the museum is a train ride through the world of the books.", "In the 1940s and 1950s, she collaborated with her friend Olenius, a pioneer in the Swedish children's theater, to create many of the plays.", "The stories were written for the theater.", "They have been translated into several other languages.", "The majority of Lindgren's plays have not been translated into English.", "Akter hos Pippi Lngstrump serverat, Kalle Blomkvist.", "This is a chronological list of filmography.", "There are live action films.", "Sweden and Russia made the most films.", "Further reading about Astrid Lindgren.", "Strmstedt was Margareta.", "Rabén & Sjgren were born in 1977.", "Paul Berf is the author of the ed.", "There is a person named Astrid Lindgren.", "It's Donnerdrummel!", "Ein Werk-Portrt ist.", "The name of the place is Zweitausendeins, and it is located in the 2000 edition of the edition of the edition of the edition of the edition of the edition of the edition of the edition of the edition of the edition of the edition of the edition of the edition of", "Land der Mrchen und Abenteuer.", "Oetinger wrote \"Jenseits von Bullerb\" in 1997.", "The Astrid Lindgren ist die Lebensgeschichte.", "The Weinheim 2006 Knob Jrgloch was written by Beltz and Gelberg.", "The title of the book is A4-Arbeitsvorlagen Klasse 2–6, AOL-Verlag.", "10.", "Margareta Strmstedt: Astrid Lindgren is an ed.", "The book is called Ein Lebensbild.", "Oetinger wrote a book about Pippi Lngstrump.", "Ihren internationaler Kontext ist die deutsche Rezeption Astrid Lindgrens.", "Eva-Maria: Astrid Lindgren was written by Francke and Tbingen.", "The official site of the theme park Astrid Lindgrens Ns is produced by the Astrid Lindgren museum and culture center." ]

[ "Astrid Anna Emilia Lindgren", "Astrid Lindgren", "Lindgren", "Lindgren", "Lindgren", "Lindgren", "Astrid", "Lindgren", "Lindgren", "Lindgren", "Lindgren", "Lindgren", "Astrid", "Lindgren", "Lindgren", "Lindgren", "Lindgren", "Astrid", "Lindgren", "Lindgren", "Lindgren", "Lindgren", "Lindgren", "Lindgren", "Astrid", "Lindgren", "Lindgren", "Lindgren", "Lindgren", "Lindgren", "Lindgrentri", "Astrid", "Lindgren", "Lindgren", "Lindgren", "Astrid", "Lindgren", "Astrid", "Lindgren", "Astrid", "Lindgren", "Lindgren", "Astrid", "Lindgren", "Astrid", "Lindgren", "Astrid", "Lindgren", "Astrid", "Lindgren", "Astrid", "Lindgren", "Astrid", "Lindgren", "Astrid", "Astrid", "Lindgren", "Astrid", "Lindgren", "Astrid", "Lindgren", "Astrid", "Astrid", "Astrid", "Lindgren", "Astrid", "Lindgren", "Astrid", "Lindgren" ]

[ "Lindgren", "Lindgren", "Lindgren", "Lindgren", "Lindgren", "Career Lindgren", "Lindgren", "Lindgren", "Lindgren", "Astrid", "Lindgren", "Lindgren", "Lindgren", "Lindgren", "Lindgren", "Lindgren", "Lindgren", "Astrid", "Lindgren", "Astrid", "Lindgren", "Astrid", "Lindgren" ]

[ "Simon Salinas (born October 8, 1955) is a California politician.", "He was a member of the California State Assembly district 28 from 2000 to 2006.", "His district included all of Salinas and Watsonville.", "Before going to the Assembly, Salinas was a County Supervisor, a City Council Member, a community college instructor, and an elementary school teacher.", "Salinas is a Democrat.", "He left the assembly in 2006 because he was termed out.", "He surprised the political establishment by not challenging Republican incumbent Jeff Denham for the California State Senate district 12.", "Salinas returned to local politics and was elected to the Monterey County Board of Supervisors in 2006, representing District 3.", "Salinas has lived most of his life in the Salinas area, growing up around agribusiness.", "He has one son.", "Background\n\nFamily life\nSalinas was born in Slaton, Texas, one of twelve children of migrant farmworkers.", "His family originates from the Mexican state of San Luis Potosí, where his mother attended school until the 3rd grade.", "His father had no formal education and originally came to the United States under the Bracero Program in the 1940s, living and working in Kansas.", "He returned to Mexico, married, and years later returned with his wife and children to the United States in the 1950s, settling in Texas.", "This was the beginning of his experience as a farmworker over a 15-year period of fieldwork that included many migratory moves between the states of California and Texas, working in cotton and orange fields and whatever else was in season.", "Later, when Simón and his family picked up contract labor work, he picked strawberries in the central coast region of California at the age of 9.", "Due to the seasonal farmwork they followed, Simón moved constantly and never fully settled for long periods of time in one place.", "For his parents, this pattern continued until their retirement in 1985.", "Education\nSimon Salinas finally settled permanently in the city of Watsonville, California, at the age of 18, so that he could focus on his education.", "He graduated from Watsonville High School in 1974, and then went on to Claremont McKenna College to receive a Bachelor of Arts in Political Science and Latin American Studies in 1978.", "In 1981, Simón earned a Bilingual Teaching Credential from San Jose State University and in 1984 graduated with a J.D.", "from Santa Clara University Law School in California.", "Teaching\nSalinas credits his motivation in seeking a higher education to his parents, who instilled in him the motivation to succeed.", "He points to the example set by his father who, without any formal education, taught himself to read and write.", "It was this fact that encouraged Salinas to take advantage of the educational opportunities his parents were never given.", "Salinas was a bilingual 6th grade teacher at Bardin Elementary School in east Salinas.", "He became a professor at Hartnell College, in Salinas, from 1989 through 1993.", "Local politics\nSalinas began his public service career in June 1989 when he was elected as the first Mexican-American to serve on the Salinas City Council.", "During his tenure with the City of Salinas, Mr. Salinas served as Mayor Pro-Tem.", "Salinas was first elected to the Monterey County Board of Supervisors in 1993, representing District One, and was reelected in 1997.", "During his second term, he was elected Chair of the Board and was the first Mexican-American to serve on the Monterey County Board of Supervisors in over 100 years.", "State legislature\nIn 2000, Salinas ran for the California state Assembly.", "After winning the Democratic primary, he won an expensive, hard-fought general election against Republican Jeff Denham, who went on to be elected state Senator in 2002.", "Salinas was sworn in to represent the 28th District in the California State Assembly on December 4, 2000.", "He authored legislation addressing issues in affordable housing, agriculture, healthcare, public safety, transportation, local government, and education.", "For his legislative efforts on these and other issues, he was named \"Legislator of the Year\" by a few organizations that include Skills USA-VICA, California Transit Association, the League of California Cities, and the American Planning Association.", "In Salinas's first year in the Legislature, he sent 11 bills to the Governor and 9 were signed into law.", "Salinas served as the Chair of the Local Government Committee and as a Member of the Agriculture, Education, Health and Housing, Community Development Committees and other non-profit organization.", "He was Chair of the Select Committee on Rural Economic Development and vice president and co-founder of Caminos Del Arte, a non-profit organization that provides services for at-risk youth.", "As an assembly member, Salinas was a supporter of the 2006 bond measures.", "He was also a supporter of raising taxes, universal healthcare, improving social services, closing loopholes in Proposition 13, and independent redistricting.", "Return to local politics\nOn January 9, 2007, Salinas became a Monterey County Supervisor, this time representing the 3rd district.", "He retired from the Board of Supervisors in 2019." ]

[ "Simon Salinas is a politician.", "From 2000 to 2006 he was a member of the California State Assembly.", "His district included all of Salinas.", "Salinas was a County Supervisor, a City Council Member, a community college instructor, and an elementary school teacher.", "Salinas is a Democrat.", "In 2006 he left the assembly.", "He didn't challenge Jeff Denham for the California State Senate district 12.", "In 2006 Salinas was elected to the Monterey County Board of Supervisors, representing District 3.", "Salinas has lived in the Salinas area for most of his life.", "He has a son.", "One of twelve children of migrant farmworkers, Salinas was born in Slaton, Texas.", "His mother attended school until the 3rd grade in the Mexican state of San Luis Potos.", "His father came to the United States under the Bracero Program in the 1940s and had no formal education.", "After returning to Mexico, he married and settled in Texas with his family in the 1950s.", "This was the beginning of his experience as a farmworker over the course of 15 years, during which he worked in cotton and orange fields in Texas and California.", "At the age of 9, Simn picked strawberries in the central coast region of California.", "Simn never fully settled for long periods of time in one place due to the seasonal farmwork they followed.", "His parents retired in 1985.", "Simon Salinas settled in the city ofWatsonville, California at the age of 18 so that he could focus on his education.", "He received a Bachelor of Arts in Political Science and Latin American Studies from the college in 1978 after graduating from the high school.", "Simn graduated with a J.D. from San Jose State University in 1984.", "Santa Clara University Law School is in California.", "The motivation to succeed was instilled in Teaching Salinas by his parents.", "He points to the example set by his father who, without any formal education, taught himself to read and write.", "Salinas was encouraged to take advantage of the educational opportunities his parents never gave him.", "At Bardin Elementary School, Salinas was a bilingual 6th grade teacher.", "He was a professor at Hartnell College from 1989 to 1993.", "In June 1989 Salinas was elected as the first Mexican-American to serve on the Salinas City Council.", "Mr. Salinas was the Mayor Pro-Tem.", "Salinas was first elected to the Monterey County Board of Supervisors in 1993 and reelected in 1997.", "He was the first Mexican-American to serve on the Monterey County Board of Supervisors in over 100 years when he was elected Chair of the Board during his second term.", "Salinas ran for the California state Assembly in 2000.", "He won a hard-fought general election against Jeff Denham, who went on to be elected state Senator.", "On December 4, 2000 Salinas was sworn in to represent the 28th District in the California State Assembly.", "Legislation addressing issues in affordable housing, agriculture, healthcare, public safety, transportation, local government, and education was authored by him.", "He was named \"Legislator of the Year\" by Skills USA-VICA, California Transit Association, the League of California Cities, and the American Planning Association for his legislative efforts on these and other issues.", "In his first year in the Legislature, Salinas sent 11 bills to the Governor and 9 were signed into law.", "Salinas was a member of the Agriculture, Education, Health and Housing, Community Development Committees and other non-profit organizations.", "He was the chair of the Select Committee on Rural Economic Development and the vice president of the non-profit organization that provides services for at-risk youth.", "Salinas was a supporter of the bond measures.", "He was a supporter of raising taxes, universal healthcare, and improving social services.", "Salinas became a Monterey County Supervisor on January 9, 2007, representing the 3rd district.", "He retired from the Board of Supervisors." ]

[ "Simon Salinas", "Salinas", "Salinas", "Salinas", "Salinas", "Salinas", "Simon Salinas", "Salinas", "Salinas", "Salinas", "Salinas", "Salinas", "Salinas", "Salinas", "Salinas", "Salinas", "Salinas", "Salinas", "Salinas" ]

[ "Simon Salinas", "Salinas", "Salinas", "Salinas", "Salinas", "Salinas", "Simon Salinas", "Teaching Salinas", "Salinas", "Salinas", "Salinas", "Salinas", "Salinas", "Salinas", "Salinas", "Salinas", "Salinas", "Salinas", "Salinas" ]

[ "Lana Turner ( ; born Julia Jean Turner; February 8, 1921June 29, 1995) was an American actress.", "Over the course of her nearly 50-year career, she achieved fame as both a pin-up model and a film actress, as well as for her highly publicized personal life.", "In the mid-1940s, she was one of the highest-paid actresses in the United States, and one of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer's (MGM) biggest stars, with her films earning more than $50 million for the studio during her 18-year contract with them.", "Turner is frequently cited as a popular culture icon of Hollywood glamour and a screen legend of classical Hollywood cinema.", "Born to working-class parents in northern Idaho, Turner spent her childhood there before her family relocated to San Francisco.", "In 1936, when Turner was 15, she was discovered while purchasing a soda at the Top Hat Malt Shop in Hollywood.", "At 16, she was signed to a personal contract by Warner Bros. director Mervyn LeRoy, who took her with him when he transferred to MGM in 1938.", "She soon attracted attention by playing the role of a murder victim in her film debut, LeRoy's They Won't Forget (1937), and she later moved into supporting roles, often appearing as an ingénue.", "During the early 1940s, Turner established herself as a leading lady and one of MGM's top stars, appearing in such films as the film noir Johnny Eager (1941); the musical Ziegfeld Girl (1941); the horror film Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1941); and the romantic war drama Somewhere I'll Find You (1942), one of several films in which she starred opposite Clark Gable.", "Turner's reputation as a glamorous femme fatale was enhanced by her critically acclaimed performance in the noir The Postman Always Rings Twice (1946), a role which established her as a serious dramatic actress.", "Her popularity continued through the 1950s in dramas such as The Bad and the Beautiful (1952) and Peyton Place (1957), the latter for which she was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actress.", "Intense media scrutiny surrounded the actress in 1958 when her teenage daughter Cheryl Crane stabbed Turner's lover at the time Johnny Stompanato to death in their home during a domestic struggle.", "Her next film, Imitation of Life (1959), proved to be one of the greatest commercial successes of her career, and her starring role in Madame X (1966) earned her a David di Donatello Award for Best Foreign Actress.", "Turner spent most of the 1970s in semi-retirement, making her final film appearance in 1980.", "In 1982, she accepted a much-publicized and lucrative recurring guest role in the television series Falcon Crest, which afforded the series notably high ratings.", "In 1992, Turner was diagnosed with throat cancer and died of the disease three years later at age 74.", "Life and career\n\n1921–1936: Early life and education \n\nLana Turner was born Julia Jean Turner on February 8, 1921, at Providence Hospital in Wallace, Idaho, a small mining community in the Idaho Panhandle region.", "She was the only child of John Virgil Turner, a miner from Montgomery, Alabama of Dutch descent, and Mildred Frances Cowan from Lamar, Arkansas, who had English, Scottish and Irish ancestry.", "Mildred was four days shy of her own 17th birthday when she gave birth to her only child.", "Lana's parents had first met while 14-year-old Mildred, the daughter of a mine inspector, was visiting Picher, Oklahoma, with her father, who was inspecting local mines there.", "John was 24 years old at the time, and Mildred's father objected to the courtship.", "Shortly after, the two eloped and moved west, settling in Idaho.", "The family lived in Burke, Idaho at the time of Turner's birth, and relocated to nearby Wallace in 1925, where her father opened a dry cleaning service and worked in the local silver mines.", "As a child, Turner was known to family and friends as Judy.", "She expressed interest in performance at a young age, performing short dance routines at her father's Elks chapter in Wallace.", "At age three, she performed an impromptu dance routine at a charity fashion show in which her mother was modeling.", "The Turner family struggled financially, and relocated to San Francisco when she was six years old, after which her parents separated.", "On December 14, 1930, her father won some money at a traveling craps game, stuffed his winnings in his left sock, and headed for home.", "He was later found bludgeoned to death on the corner of Minnesota and Mariposa Streets, on the edge of San Francisco's Potrero Hill and the Dogpatch District, with his left shoe and sock missing.", "His robbery and homicide were never solved, and his death had a profound effect on Turner.", "\"I know that my father's sweetness and gaiety, his warmth and his tragedy, have never been far from me,\" she later said.", "\"That, and a sense of loss and of growing up too fast.\"", "Turner sometimes lived with family friends or acquaintances so that her impoverished mother could save money.", "They also frequently moved, for a time living in Sacramento and throughout the San Francisco Bay Area.", "Following her father's death, Turner lived for a period in Modesto with a family who physically abused her and \"treated her like a servant\".", "Her mother worked 80 hours per week as a beautician to support herself and her daughter, and Turner recalled sometimes \"living on crackers and milk for half a week\".", "While baptized a Protestant at birth, Turner attended Mass with the Hislops, a Catholic family with whom her mother had temporarily boarded her in Stockton, California.", "She became \"thrilled\" by the ritual practices of the church, and when she was seven, her mother allowed her to formally convert to Roman Catholicism.", "Turner subsequently attended the Convent of the Immaculate Conception in San Francisco, hoping to become a nun.", "In the mid-1930s, Turner's mother developed respiratory problems and was advised by her doctor to move to a drier climate, upon which the two moved to Los Angeles in 1936.", "1937–1939: Discovery and early films\n\nTurner's discovery is considered a show-business legend and part of Hollywood mythology among film and popular cultural historians.", "One version of the story erroneously has her discovery occurring at Schwab's Pharmacy, which Turner claimed was the result of a reporting error that began circulating in articles published by columnist Sidney Skolsky.", "By Turner's own account, she was a junior at Hollywood High School when she skipped a typing class and bought a Coca-Cola at the Top Hat Malt Shop located on the southeast corner of Sunset Boulevard and McCadden Place.", "While in the shop, she was spotted by William R. Wilkerson, publisher of The Hollywood Reporter.", "Wilkerson was attracted by her beauty and physique, and asked her if she was interested in appearing in films, to which she responded: \"I'll have to ask my mother first.\"", "With her mother's permission, Turner was referred by Wilkerson to the actor/comedian/talent agent Zeppo Marx.", "In December 1936, Marx introduced Turner to film director Mervyn LeRoy, who signed her to a $50 weekly contract with Warner Bros. on February 22, 1937 ($ in dollars ).", "She soon became a protégée of LeRoy, who suggested that she take the stage name Lana Turner, a name she would come to legally adopt several years later.", "Turner made her feature film debut in LeRoy's They Won't Forget (1937), a crime drama in which she played a teenage murder victim.", "Though Turner only appeared on screen for a few minutes, Wilkerson wrote in The Hollywood Reporter that her performance was \"worthy of more than a passing note\".", "The film earned her the nickname of the \"Sweater Girl\" for her form-fitting attire, which accentuated her bust.", "Turner always detested the nickname, and upon seeing a sneak preview of the film, she recalled being profoundly embarrassed and \"squirming lower and lower\" into her seat.", "She stated that she had \"never seen myself walking before… [It was] the first time [I was] conscious of my body.\"", "Several years after the film's release, Modern Screen journalist Nancy Squire wrote that Turner \"made a sweater look like something Cleopatra was saving for the next visiting Caesar\".", "Shortly after completing They Won't Forget, she made an appearance in James Whale's historical comedy The Great Garrick (1937), a biographical film about British actor David Garrick, in which she had a small role portraying an actress posing as a chambermaid.", "In late 1937, LeRoy was hired as an executive at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM), and asked Jack L. Warner to allow Turner to relocate with him to MGM.", "Warner obliged, as he believed Turner would not \"amount to anything\".", "Turner left Warner Bros. and signed a contract with MGM for $100 a week ($ in dollars ).", "The same year, she was loaned to United Artists for a minor role as a maid in The Adventures of Marco Polo.", "Her first starring role for MGM was scheduled to be an adaptation of The Sea-Wolf, co-starring Clark Gable, but the project was eventually shelved.", "Instead, she was assigned opposite teen idol Mickey Rooney and Judy Garland in the Andy Hardy film Love Finds Andy Hardy (1938).", "During the shoot, Turner completed her studies with an educational social worker, allowing her to graduate high school that year.", "The film was a box-office success, and her appearance in it as a flirtatious high school student convinced studio head Louis B. Mayer that Turner could be the next Jean Harlow, a sex symbol who had died six months before Turner's arrival at MGM.", "Mayer helped further Turner's career by giving her roles in several youth-oriented films in the late 1930s, such as the comedy Rich Man, Poor Girl (1938) in which she played the sister of a poor woman romanced by a wealthy man, and Dramatic School (1938), in which she portrayed Mado, a troubled drama student.", "In the former, she was billed as the \"Kissing Bug from the Andy Hardy film\".", "Upon completing Dramatic School, Turner screen-tested for the role of Scarlett O'Hara in Gone with the Wind (1939).", "She was then cast in a supporting part as a \"sympathetic bad girl\" in Calling Dr. Kildare (1939), MGM's second entry in the Dr. Kildare series.", "This was followed by These Glamour Girls (1939), a comedy in which she portrayed a taxi dancer invited to attend a dance with a male coed at his elite college.", "Turner's onscreen sex appeal in the film was reflected by a review in the St. Louis Post-Dispatch in which she was characterized as \"the answer to 'oomph.", "In her next film, Dancing Co-Ed (1939), Turner was given first billing portraying Patty Marlow, a professional dancer who enters a college as part of a rigged national talent contest.", "The film was a commercial success, and led to Turner appearing on the cover of Look magazine.", "In February 1940, Turner garnered significant publicity when she eloped to Las Vegas with 28-year-old bandleader Artie Shaw, her co-star in Dancing Co-Ed.", "Though they had only briefly known each other, Turner recalled being \"stirred by his eloquence\", and after their first date the two spontaneously decided to get married.", "Their marriage only lasted four months, but was highly publicized, and led MGM executives to grow concerned over Turner's \"impulsive behavior\".", "In the spring of 1940, after the two had divorced, Turner discovered she was pregnant and had an abortion.", "In contemporaneous press, it was noted she had been hospitalized for \"exhaustion\".", "She would later recall that Shaw treated her \"like an untutored blonde savage, and took no pains to conceal his opinion\".", "In the midst of her marriage to Shaw, she starred in We Who Are Young, a drama in which she played a woman who marries her coworker against their employer's policy.", "1940–1945: War years and film stardom\n\nIn 1940, Turner appeared in her first musical film, Two Girls on Broadway, in which she received top billing over established co-stars Joan Blondell and George Murphy.", "A remake of The Broadway Melody, the film was marketed as featuring Turner's \"hottest, most daring role\".", "The following year, she had a lead role in her second musical, Ziegfeld Girl, opposite James Stewart, Judy Garland and Hedy Lamarr.", "In the film, she portrayed Sheila Regan, an alcoholic aspiring actress based on Lillian Lorraine.", "Ziegfeld Girl marked a personal and professional shift for Turner; she claimed it as the first role that got her \"interested in acting\", and the studio, impressed by her performance, marketed the film as featuring her in \"the best role of the biggest picture to be released by the industry's biggest company\".", "The film's high box-office returns elevated Turner's profitability, and MGM gave her a weekly salary raise to $1,500 as well as a personal makeup artist and trailer ($ in dollars ).", "After completing the film, Turner and co-star Garland remained lifelong friends, and lived in houses next to one another in the 1950s.", "Following the success of Ziegfeld Girl, Turner took a supporting role as an ingénue in Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1941), a Freudian-influenced horror film, opposite Spencer Tracy and Ingrid Bergman.", "MGM had initially cast Turner in the lead, but Tracy specifically requested Bergman for the part.", "The studio recast Turner in the smaller role, though she was still given top billing.", "While the film was financially successful, Time magazine panned it, calling it \"a pretentious resurrection of Robert Louis Stevenson's ghoulish classic ... As for Lana Turner, fully clad for a change, and the rest of the cast ... they are as wooden as their roles.\"", "Turner was then cast in the Western Honky Tonk (1941), the first of four films in which she would star opposite Clark Gable.", "The Turner-Gable films' successes were often heightened by gossip-column rumors about a relationship between the two.", "In January 1942, she began shooting her second picture with Gable, titled Somewhere I'll Find You; however, the production was halted for several weeks after the death of Gable's wife, Carole Lombard, in a plane crash.", "Meanwhile, the press continued to fuel rumors that Turner and Gable were romantic offscreen, which Turner vehemently denied.", "\"I adored Mr. Gable, but we were [just] friends,\" she later recalled.", "\"When six o'clock came, he went his way and I went mine.\"", "Her next project was Johnny Eager (1941), a violent mobster film in which she portrayed a socialite.", "James Agee of Time magazine was critical of co-star Robert Taylor's performance and noted: \"Turner is similarly handicapped: Metro has swathed her best assets in a toga, swears that she shall become an actress, or else.", "Under these adverse circumstances, stars Taylor and Turner are working under wraps.\"", "At the advent of World War II, Turner's increasing prominence in Hollywood led to her becoming a popular pin-up girl, and her image appeared painted on the noses of U.S. fighter planes, bearing the nickname \"Tempest Turner\".", "In June 1942, she embarked on a 10-week war-bond tour throughout the western United States with Gable.", "During the tour, she began promising kisses to the highest war bond buyers; while selling bonds at the Pioneer Courthouse in Portland, Oregon, she sold a $5,000 bond to a man for two kisses, and another to an elderly man for $50,000.", "Arriving to sell bonds in her hometown of Wallace, Idaho, she was greeted with a banner that read \"Welcome home, Lana\", followed by a large celebration during which the mayor declared a holiday in her honor.", "Upon completing the tour, Turner had sold $5.25 million in war bonds.", "Throughout the war, Turner continued to make regular appearances at U.S. troop events and area bases, though she confided to friends that she found visiting the hospital wards of injured soldiers emotionally difficult.", "In July 1942, Turner met her second husband, actor-turned-restaurateur Joseph Stephen \"Steve\" Crane, at a dinner party in Los Angeles.", "The two eloped to Las Vegas a week after they began dating.", "Their marriage was annulled by Turner four months later upon discovering that Crane's previous divorce had not yet been finalized.", "After discovering she was pregnant in November 1942, Turner remarried Crane in Tijuana in March 1943.", "During her early pregnancy, she filmed the comedy Marriage Is a Private Affair, in which she starred as a carefree woman struggling to balance her new life as a mother.", "Though she wanted multiple children, Turner had Rh-negative blood, which caused fetal anemia and made it difficult to carry a child to term.", "Turner was urged by doctors to undergo a therapeutic abortion to avoid potentially life-threatening complications, but she managed to carry the child to term.", "She gave birth to a daughter, Cheryl, on July 25, 1943.", "Turner's blood condition resulted in Cheryl being born with near-fatal erythroblastosis fetalis.", "Meanwhile, publicity over Turner's remarriage to Crane led MGM to play up her image as a sex symbol in Slightly Dangerous (1943), with Robert Young, Walter Brennan and Dame May Whitty, in which she portrayed a woman who moves to New York City and poses as the long-lost daughter of a millionaire.", "Released in the midst of Turner's pregnancy, the film was financially successful but received mixed reviews, with Bosley Crowther of The New York Times writing: \"No less than four Metro writers must have racked their brains for all of five minutes to think up the rags-to-riches fable ...", "Indeed, there is cause for suspicion that they didn't even bother to think.\"", "Critic Anita Loos praised Turner's performance in the film, writing: \"Lana Turner typifies modern allure.", "She is the vamp of today as Theda Bara was of yesterday.", "However, she doesn't look like a vamp.", "She is far more deadly because she lets her audience relax.\"", "In August 1944, Turner divorced Crane, citing his gambling and unemployment as primary reasons.", "A lifelong Democrat, she spent the remainder of the year campaigning for Franklin D. Roosevelt during the 1944 presidential election.", "In 1945, she co-starred with Laraine Day and Susan Peters in Keep Your Powder Dry, a war drama about three disparate women who join the Women's Army Corps.", "She was then cast as the female lead in Week-End at the Waldorf, a loose remake of Grand Hotel (1932) in which she portrayed a stenographer (a role originated by Joan Crawford).", "The film was a box-office hit.", "1946–1948: Expansion to dramatic roles \n\nAfter the war, Turner was cast in a lead role opposite John Garfield in The Postman Always Rings Twice (1946), a film noir based on James M. Cain's debut novel of the same name.", "She portrayed Cora, an ambitious woman married to a stodgy, older owner of a roadside diner, who falls in love with a drifter and their desire to be together motivates them to murder her husband.", "The classic film noir marked a turning point in Turner's career as her first femme fatale role.", "Reviews of the film, including Turner's performance, were glowing, with Bosley Crowther of The New York Times writing it was \"the role of her career\".", "Life magazine named the film its \"Movie of the Week\" in April 1946, and noted that both Turner and Garfield were \"aptly cast\" and \"take over the screen, [creating] more fireworks than the Fourth of July\".", "Turner commented on her decision to take the role:\n\nThe Postman Always Rings Twice became a major box office success, which prompted the studio to take more risks on Turner, casting her outside of the glamorous sex-symbol roles for which she had come to be known.", "In August 1946, it was announced she would replace Katharine Hepburn in the big-budget historical drama Green Dolphin Street (1947), a role for which she darkened her hair and lost 15 pounds.", "The film was produced by Carey Wilson, who insisted on casting Turner based on her performance in The Postman Always Rings Twice.", "In the film, she portrayed the daughter of a wealthy patriarch who pursues a relationship with a man in love with her sister.", "Turner later recalled she was surprised about replacing Hepburn, saying: \"I'm about the most un-Hepburnish actress on the lot.", "But it was just what I wanted to do.\"", "It was her first starring role that did not center on her looks.", "In an interview, Turner said: \"I even go running around in the jungles of New Zealand in a dress that's filthy and ragged.", "I don't wear any make-up and my hair's a mess.\"", "Nevertheless, she insisted she would not give up her glamorous image.", "In the midst of filming Green Dolphin Street, Turner began an affair with actor Tyrone Power, whom she considered to be the love of her life.", "She discovered she was pregnant with Power's child in the fall of 1947, but chose to have an abortion.", "During this time, she also had romantic affairs with Frank Sinatra and Howard Hughes, the latter of which lasted for 12 weeks in late 1946.", "Turner's next film was the romantic drama Cass Timberlane, in which she played a young woman in love with an older judge, a role for which Jennifer Jones, Vivien Leigh and Virginia Grey had also been considered.", "As of early 1946, Turner was set for the role, but schedules with Green Dolphin Street almost prohibited her from taking it, and by late 1946, she was nearly recast.", "Production of Cass Timberlane was exhausting for Turner, because it was shot in between retakes of Green Dolphin Street.", "Cass Timberlane earned Turner favorable reviews, with Variety noting: \"Turner is the surprise of the picture via her top performance thespically.", "In a role that allows her the gamut from tomboy to the pangs of childbirth and from being another man's woman to remorseful wife, she seldom fails to acquit herself creditably.\"", "In August 1947, immediately upon completion of Cass Timberlane, Turner agreed to appear as the female lead in the World War II-set romantic drama Homecoming (1948), in which she was again paired with Clark Gable, portraying a female army lieutenant who falls in love with an American surgeon (Gable).", "She was the studio's first choice for the role, but it was reluctant to offer her the part, considering her overbooked schedule.", "Homecoming was well received by audiences, and Turner and Gable were nicknamed \"the team that generates steam\".", "By this period, Turner was at the zenith of her film career, and was not only MGM's most popular star, but also one of the ten highest-paid women in the United States, with annual earnings of $226,000.", "1948–1952: Studio rebranding and personal struggles\nIn late 1947, Turner was cast as Lady de Winter in The Three Musketeers, her first Technicolor film.", "Around this time, she began dating Henry J.", "\"Bob\" Topping Jr., a millionaire socialite and brother of New York Yankees owner Dan Topping, and a grandson of tin-plate magnate Daniel G. Reid.", "Topping proposed to her at the 21 Club in New York City by dropping a diamond ring into her martini, and they married shortly after in April 1948 at the Topping family mansion in Greenwich, Connecticut.", "Turner's wedding celebrations interfered with her filming schedule for The Three Musketeers, and she arrived to the set three days late.", "Studio head Louis B. Mayer threatened to suspend her contract, but Turner managed to leverage her box-office draw with MGM to negotiate an expansion of her role in the film, as well as a salary increase amounting to $5,000 per week ($ in dollars ).", "The Three Musketeers went on to become a box-office success, earning $4.5 million ($ in dollars ), but Turner's contract was put on temporary suspension by Mayer after production finished.", "After the release of The Three Musketeers, Turner discovered she was pregnant; in early 1949, she went into premature labor and gave birth to a stillborn baby boy in New York City.", "In 1949, Turner was to star in A Life of Her Own (1950), a George Cukor-directed drama about a woman who aspires to be a model in New York City.", "The project was shelved for several months, and Turner told journalists in December 1949: \"Everybody agrees that the script is still a pile of junk.", "I'm anxious to get started.", "By the time this one comes out, it will be almost three years since I was last on the screen, in The Three Musketeers.", "I don't think it's healthy to stay off the screen that long.\"", "Though she was unenthusiastic about the screenplay, Turner agreed to appear in the film after executives promised her suspension would be lifted upon doing so.", "A Life of Her Own was among the least successful of Cukor's films, receiving unfavorable reviews and low box-office sales.", "On May 24, 1950, Turner left her handprints and footprints in cement in front of Grauman's Chinese Theatre.", "In response to the poor reception for A Life of Her Own, MGM attempted to rebrand Turner by casting her in musicals.", "The first, Mr. Imperium, released in March 1951, was a box-office flop, and had Turner starring as an American woman who is wooed by a European prince.", "\"The script was stupid,\" she recalled.", "\"I fought against doing the picture, but I lost.\"", "It earned her unfavorable reviews, with one critic from the St. Petersburg Times writing: \"Without Lana Turner, Mr. Imperium ... would be a better picture.\"", "During this period, Turner's personal finances were in disarray, and she was facing bankruptcy.", "Suffering from chronic depression over her career and financial problems, she attempted suicide in September 1951 by slitting her wrists in a locked bathroom.", "She was saved by her business manager, Benton Cole, who broke down the bathroom door and called emergency medical services.", "The following year, she began filming her second musical, The Merry Widow.", "During the shoot, Turner began an affair with her co-star Fernando Lamas, which ended after Lamas physically assaulted her; the incident also caused Lamas to lose his MGM contract upon the production's completion.", "The Merry Widow proved more commercially successful than Turner's previous musical, Mr. Imperium, despite receiving unfavorable critical reviews.", "Turner's next project was opposite Kirk Douglas in Vincente Minnelli's The Bad and the Beautiful (1952), a drama focusing on the rise and fall of a Hollywood film mogul, in which Turner portrayed an alcoholic movie star.", "The Bad and the Beautiful was both a critical and commercial success, and earned her favorable reviews.", "A little over a week before the film's release in December 1952, Turner divorced her third husband, Bob Topping.", "She later claimed Topping's drinking problem and excessive gambling as her impetus for the divorce.", "Her next film project was Latin Lovers (1953), a romantic musical in which Lamas had originally been cast.", "He was replaced by Ricardo Montalbán.", "1953–1957: MGM departure and film resurgence\nIn the spring of 1953, Turner relocated to Europe for 18 months to make two films under a tax credit for American productions shot abroad.", "The films were Flame and the Flesh, in which she portrayed a manipulative woman who takes advantage of a musician, and Betrayed, an espionage thriller set in the Nazi-occupied Netherlands; the latter marked Turner's fourth and final film appearance opposite Clark Gable.", "In The New York Times, Bosley Crowther wrote of Betrayed: \"By the time this picture gets around to figuring out whether the betrayer is Miss Turner or Mr.", "Mature, it has taken the audience through such a lengthy and tedious amount of detail that it has not only frayed all possible tension but it has aggravated patience as well.\"", "Upon returning to the United States in September 1953, Turner married actor Lex Barker, whom she had been dating since their first meeting at a party held by Marion Davies in the summer of 1952.", "In 1955, MGM's new studio head Dore Schary had Turner star as a pagan temptress in the Biblical epic The Prodigal (1955), her first CinemaScope feature.", "She was reluctant to appear in the film because of the character's scanty, \"atrocious\" costumes and \"stupid\" lines, and during the shoot struggled to get along with co-star Edmund Purdom, whom she later described as \"a young man with a remarkably high opinion of himself\".", "Variety deemed the film \"a big-scale spectacle ...End result of all this flamboyant polish, however, is only fair entertainment.\"", "Turner was next cast in John Farrow's The Sea Chase (1955), an adventure film starring John Wayne, in which she portrayed a femme fatale spy aboard a ship.", "The film, released one month after The Prodigal, was a commercial success.", "MGM then gave Turner the titular role of Diane de Poitiers in the period drama Diane (1956), which had originally been optioned by the studio in the 1930s for Greta Garbo.", "After completing Diane, Turner was loaned to 20th Century-Fox to headline The Rains of Ranchipur (1955), a remake of The Rains Came (1939), playing the wife of an aristocrat in the British Raj opposite Richard Burton.", "The production was rushed to accommodate a Christmas release and was completed in only three months, but it received unfavorable reviews from critics.", "Meanwhile, Diane was given a test screening in late December 1955, and was met with poor response from audiences.", "Though an elaborate marketing campaign was crafted to promote the film, it was a box-office flop, and MGM announced in February 1956 that it was opting not to renew Turner's contract.", "Turner gleefully told a reporter at the time that she was \"walking around in a daze.", "I've been sprung.", "After 18 years at MGM, I'm a free agent ...I used to go on a bended knee to the front office and say, please give me a decent story.", "I'll work for nothing, just give me a good story.", "So what happened?", "The last time I begged for a good story they gave me The Prodigal.\"", "At the time of her contract termination, Turner's films had earned the studio more than $50 million.", "In 1956, Turner discovered she was pregnant with Barker's child, but gave birth to a stillborn baby girl seven months into the pregnancy.", "In July 1957, she filed for divorce from Barker after her daughter Cheryl alleged that he had regularly molested and raped her over the course of their marriage.", "According to Cheryl, Turner confronted Barker before forcing him out of their home at gunpoint.", "Weeks after her divorce, Turner began filming 20th Century-Fox's Peyton Place, in which she had been cast in the lead role of Constance MacKenzie, a New England mother struggling to maintain a relationship with her teenage daughter.", "The film, directed by Mark Robson, was adapted from Grace Metalious' best-selling novel of the same name.", "Released in December 1957, Peyton Place was a major blockbuster success, which worked in Turner's favor as she had agreed to take a percentage of the film's overall earnings instead of a salary.", "She also received critical acclaim, with Variety noting that \"Turner looks elegant\" and \"registers strongly\", and, for the first and only time, she was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actress.", "Though grateful for the nomination, Turner would later state that she felt it was not \"one of my better roles\".", "1958–1959: Johnny Stompanato homicide scandal\n\nIn January 1958, Paramount Pictures released The Lady Takes a Flyer, a romantic comedy in which Turner portrayed a female pilot.", "While shooting the film the previous spring, she had begun receiving phone calls and flowers on the set from mobster Johnny Stompanato, using the name \"John Steele\".", "Stompanato had close ties to the Los Angeles underworld and gangster Mickey Cohen, which he feared would dissuade her from dating him.", "He pursued Turner aggressively, sending her various gifts.", "Turner was \"thoroughly intrigued\" and began casually dating him.", "After a friend informed her of who Stompanato actually was, she confronted him and tried to break off the affair.", "Stompanato was not easily deterred, and over the course of the following year, they carried on a relationship filled with violent arguments, physical abuse and repeated reconciliations.", "Turner would also claim that on one occasion he drugged her and took nude photographs of her while unconscious, potentially to use as blackmail.", "In September 1957, Stompanato visited Turner in London, where she was filming Another Time, Another Place, co-starring Sean Connery.", "Their meeting was initially happy, but they soon began fighting.", "Stompanato became suspicious when Turner would not allow him to visit the set and, during one fight, he violently choked her.", "To avoid further confrontation, Turner and her makeup artist, Del Armstrong, called Scotland Yard in order to have Stompanato deported.", "Stompanato got wind of the plan and showed up on the set with a gun, threatening her and Connery.", "Connery answered by grabbing the gun out of Stompanato's hand and twisting his wrist, causing him to run off the set.", "Turner and Armstrong later returned with two Scotland Yard detectives to the rented house where she and Stompanato were staying.", "The detectives advised Stompanato to leave and escorted him out of the house and to the airport, where he boarded a plane back to the U.S.\n\nOn the evening of March 26, 1958, Turner attended the Academy Awards to observe her nomination for Peyton Place and present the award for Best Supporting Actor.", "Stompanato, angered that he did not attend with her, awaited her return home that evening, whereupon he physically assaulted her.", "Around 8:00 p.m. on Friday, April 4, Stompanato arrived at Turner's rented home at 730 North Bedford Drive in Beverly Hills.", "The two began arguing heatedly in the bedroom, during which Stompanato threatened to kill Turner, her daughter Cheryl and her mother.", "Fearing that her mother's life was in danger, Cheryl - who had been watching television in an adjacent room - grabbed a kitchen knife and ran to Turner's defense.", "According to testimony provided by Turner, Stompanato died at the scene when Cheryl, who had been listening to the couple's fight behind the closed door, stabbed Stompanato in the stomach when Turner attempted to usher him out of the bedroom.", "Turner testified that she initially believed Cheryl had punched him, but realized Stompanato had been stabbed when he collapsed and she saw blood on his shirt.", "Because of Turner's fame and the fact that the killing involved her teenage daughter, the case quickly became a media sensation.", "More than 100 reporters and journalists attended the April 12, 1958 inquest, described by attendees as \"near-riotous\".", "After four hours of testimony and approximately 25 minutes of deliberation, the jury deemed the killing a justifiable homicide.", "Cheryl remained a temporary ward of the court until April 24, when a juvenile court hearing was held, during which the judge expressed concerns over her receiving \"proper parental supervision\".", "She was ultimately released to the care of her grandmother, and was ordered to regularly visit a psychiatrist alongside her parents.", "Though Turner and her daughter were exonerated of any wrongdoing, public opinion on the event was varied, with numerous publications intimating that Turner's testimony at the inquest was a performance; Life magazine published a photo of Turner testifying in court along with stills of her in courtroom scenes from three of her films.", "The scandal also coincided with the release of Another Time, Another Place, and the film was met with poor box-office receipts and a lackluster critical response.", "Stompanato's family sought a wrongful death suit of $750,000 in damages against both Turner and her ex-husband, Steve Crane.", "In the suit, Stompanato's son alleged that Turner had been responsible for his death, and that her daughter had taken the blame.", "The suit was settled out of court for a reported $20,000 in May 1962.", "A 1962 novel by Harold Robbins entitled Where Love Has Gone and its subsequent film adaptation were inspired by the event.", "1959–1965: Financial successes \nIn the wake of negative publicity related to Stompanato's death, Turner accepted the lead role in Ross Hunter's remake of Imitation of Life (1959) under the direction of Douglas Sirk.", "She portrayed a struggling stage actress who makes personal sacrifices to further her career.", "The production was difficult for Turner given the recent events of her personal life, and she suffered a panic attack on the first day of filming.", "Her co-star Juanita Moore recalled that Turner cried for three days after filming a scene in which Moore's character dies.", "When she returned to the set, \"her face was so swollen, she couldn't work\", Moore said.", "Released in the spring of 1959, Imitation of Life was among the year's biggest successes, and the biggest of Turner's career; by opting to receive 50% of the film's earnings rather than receiving a salary, she earned more than two million dollars.", "Imitation of Life made more than $50 million in box office receipts.", "Reviews were mixed, although Variety praised her performance, writing: \"Turner plays a character of changing moods, and her changes are remarkably effective, as she blends love and understanding, sincerity and ambition.", "The growth of maturity is reflected neatly in her distinguished portrayal.\"", "Critics and audiences could not help noticing that the plots of Peyton Place and Imitation of Life both seemed to mirror certain parts of Turner's private life, resulting in comparisons she found painful.", "Both films depicted the troubled, complicated relationship between a single mother and her teenage daughter.", "During this time, Turner's daughter Cheryl privately came out as a lesbian to her parents, who were both supportive of her.", "Despite this, Cheryl ran away from home multiple times and the press wrote about her rebelliousness.", "Worried she was still suffering from the trauma of Stompanato's death, Turner sent Cheryl to the Institute of Living in Hartford, Connecticut.", "Shortly before the release of Imitation of Life in the spring of 1959, Turner was cast in a lead role in Otto Preminger's Anatomy of a Murder, but walked off the set over a wardrobe disagreement, effectively dropping out of the production.", "She was replaced by Lee Remick.", "Instead, Turner took a lead role as a disturbed socialite in the film noir Portrait in Black (1960) opposite Anthony Quinn and Sandra Dee, which was a box-office success despite bad reviews.", "Ray Duncan of the Independent Star-News wrote that Turner \"suffers prettily through it all, like a fashion model with a tight-fitting shoe\".", "In November 1960, Turner married her fifth husband, Frederick \"Fred\" May, a rancher and member of the May department-store family whom she had met at a beach party in Malibu shortly after filming Imitation of Life.", "Turner moved in with him on his ranch in Chino, California, where the two took care of horses and other animals.", "The following year, she made her final film at MGM with Bob Hope in Bachelor in Paradise (1961), a romantic comedy about an investigative writer (Hope) working on a book about the wives of a lavish California community; the film received a mostly positive critical reception.", "Upon completing filming, Turner collected the remaining $92,000 from her pension fund with MGM.", "The same year, she starred in By Love Possessed (1961), based on a bestselling novel by James Gould Cozzens.", "The film became the first in-flight movie to be shown on a regular basis on a scheduled airline flight when TWA showed it to its first-class passengers.", "In mid-1962, Turner filmed Who's Got the Action?, a comedy in which she portrayed the wife of a gambling addict opposite Dean Martin.", "In September of that year, Turner and May separated, divorcing shortly after in October.", "They remained friends throughout her later life.", "In 1965, she met Hollywood producer and businessman Robert Eaton, who was ten years her junior, through business associates.", "The two married in June of that year at his family's home in Arlington, Virginia.", "1966–1985: Later films, television and theatre\n\nIn 1966, Turner had her last major starring role in the courtroom drama film Madame X, based on the 1904 play by Alexandre Bisson, in which Turner portrayed a lower-class woman who marries into a wealthy family.", "A review in the Chicago Tribune praised her performance, noting: \"when she takes the stand in the final (with Keir Dullea) courtroom scene, her face resembling a dust bowl victory garden, it's the most devastating denouement since Barbara Fritchie poked her head out the window.\"", "Kaspar Monahan of the Pittsburgh Press lauded her performance, writing: \"Her performance, I think, is far and away her very best, even rating Oscar consideration in next year's Academy Award race, unless the culture snobs gang up against her.\"", "The role earned Turner a David di Donatello Golden Plaque Award for Best Foreign Actress that year.", "In late 1968, she began filming the low-budget thriller The Big Cube, in which she portrayed a glamorous heiress being dosed with LSD by her stepdaughter in hopes of driving her insane and receiving the family estate.", "One critic deemed Turner's acting in the film \"strained and amateurish\", and declared it \"one of her poorest performances\".", "In April 1969, Turner filed for divorce from Eaton after four years of marriage upon discovering he had been unfaithful to her.", "Weeks later, on May 9, 1969, she married Ronald Pellar, a nightclub hypnotist whom she had met at a Los Angeles disco.", "According to Turner, Pellar (also known as Ronald Dante or Dr. Dante) falsely claimed to have been raised in Singapore and to have a Ph.D. in psychology.", "With few film offers coming in, Turner signed on to appear in the television series Harold Robbins' The Survivors.", "Premiering in September 1969, the series was given a major national marketing campaign, with billboards featuring life-sized images of Turner.", "Despite ABC's extensive publicity campaign and the presence of other big-name stars, the program fared badly, and it was canceled halfway into the season after a 15-week run in 1970.", "Meanwhile, after six months of marriage, Turner discovered Pellar had stolen $35,000 she had given him for an investment.", "In addition, she later accused him of stealing $100,000 worth of jewelry from her.", "Pellar denied the accusations and no charges were filed against him.", "She filed for divorce in January 1970, after which she claimed to be celibate for the remainder of her life.", "Turner married a total of eight times to seven different husbands, and later famously said: \"My goal was to have one husband and seven children, but it turned out to be the other way around.\"", "Turner returned to feature films with a lead role in the 1974 British horror film Persecution, in which she played a disturbed wealthy woman tormenting her son.", "Variety noted of her performance: \"Under the circumstances, Turner's performance as Carrie, the perverted dame of the English manor, has reasonable poise.\"", "In April 1975, Turner spoke at a retrospective gala in New York City examining her career, which was attended by Andy Warhol, Sylvia Miles, Rex Reed and numerous fans.", "Her next film was Bittersweet Love (1976), a romantic comedy in which she portrayed the mother of a woman who unwittingly marries her half-brother.", "Lawrence Van Gelder of The New York Times wrote that the film served \"as a reminder that Miss Turner was never one of our subtler actresses\".", "In the early 1970s, Turner transitioned to theater, beginning with a production of Forty Carats, which toured various East Coast cities in 1971.", "A review in The Philadelphia Inquirer noted: \"Miss Turner always could wear clothes well, and her Forty Carats is a fashion show in the guise of a frothy, little comedy.", "It wasn't much of a play even when Julie Harris was doing it, and it all but disappears under the old-time Hollywood glamor of Miss Turner's star presence.\"", "In 1975, Turner gave a single performance as Jessica Poole in The Pleasure of His Company opposite Louis Jourdan at the Arlington Park Theater in Chicago.", "From 1976 to 1978, she starred in a touring production of Bell, Book and Candle, playing Gillian Holroyd.", "Critic Elaine Matas noted of a 1977 performance that Turner was \"brilliant\" and \"the bright spot in an otherwise mediocre play\".", "In the fall of 1978, she appeared in a Chicago production of Divorce Me, Darling, an original play in which she portrayed a San Francisco divorce attorney.", "During rehearsals, a stagehand told reporters that Turner was \"the hardest working broad I've known\".", "Richard Christiansen of the Chicago Tribune praised her performance, writing that, \"though she is still a very nervous and inexpert actress, she is giving by far her most winning performance\".", "Between 1979 and 1980, Turner returned to theater, appearing in Murder Among Friends, a murder-mystery play that showed in various U.S. cities.", "During this time, Turner was in the midst of a self-described \"downhill slide\".", "She was suffering from an alcohol addiction that had begun in the late 1950s, was missing performances and weighed only .", "In 1980, Turner made her final feature-film appearance alongside Teri Garr in the comedy horror film Witches' Brew.", "The same year, she had what she referred to as a \"religious awakening\", and again began practicing her Catholic faith.", "On October 25, 1981, the National Film Society presented Turner with an Artistry in Cinema award.", "In December 1981, it was announced that Turner would appear as the mysterious Jacqueline Perrault in an episode of Falcon Crest, marking her first television role in 12 years.", "Her appearance was a ratings success, and her character returned for an additional five episodes.", "In January 1982, Turner reprised her role in Murder Among Friends, which toured throughout the U.S. that year; paired with Bob Fosse's Dancin', the play earned a combined gross of $400,000 during one week at Pittsburgh's Heinz Hall in June 1982.", "In September, Turner released an autobiography entitled Lana: The Lady, the Legend, the Truth.", "She subsequently guest-starred on an episode of The Love Boat in 1985, which marked her final on-screen appearance.", "1986–1995: Illness and death\nTurner was a regular drinker and cigarette smoker for most of her life.", "During her contract with MGM, photographs that showed her holding cigarettes had to be airbrushed at the studio's request in an effort to conceal her smoking.", "In her early 60s, Turner stopped drinking to preserve her health, but she was unable to quit smoking.", "She was diagnosed with throat cancer in the spring of 1992.", "In a press release, she stated that the cancer had been detected early and had not damaged her vocal cords or larynx.", "She underwent exploratory surgery to remove the cancer, but it had metastasized to her jaw and lungs.", "After undergoing radiation therapy, Turner announced that she was in full remission in early 1993.", "The cancer was found to have returned in July 1994.", "In September 1994, Turner made her final public appearance at the San Sebastián International Film Festival in Spain to accept a Lifetime Achievement Award, and was confined to a wheelchair for much of the event.", "She died nine months later at the age of 74 on June 29, 1995, of complications from the cancer, at her home in Century City, Los Angeles, with her daughter by her side.", "According to Cheryl, Turner's death was a \"total shock\", as she had appeared to be in better health and had recently completed seven weeks of radiation therapy.", "Turner's remains were cremated and given to Cheryl.", "Multiple accounts have the ashes still in Cheryl's possession, while other accounts say the ashes were scattered in the ocean, but which ocean and location varies by the sources.", "Cheryl and her life partner Joyce LeRoy, whom Turner said she accepted \"as a second daughter\", inherited some of Turner's personal effects and $50,000 in Turner's will.", "Her estate was estimated in court documents to be worth $1.7 million.", "Turner left the majority of her estate to her maid, Carmen Lopez Cruz, who had been her companion for 45 years and caregiver during her final illness.", "Cheryl challenged the will, and Cruz said that the majority of the estate was consumed by probate costs, legal fees and medical expenses.", "Public and screen persona\n\nWhen Turner was discovered, MGM executive Mervyn LeRoy envisioned her as a replacement for the recently deceased Jean Harlow and began developing her image as a sex symbol.", "In They Won't Forget (1937) and Love Finds Andy Hardy (1938), she embodied an \"innocent sexuality\" portraying ingénues.", "Film historian Jeanine Basinger notes that she \"represented the girl who'd rather sit on the diving board to show off her figure than get wet in the water ... the girl who'd rather kiss than kibbitz\".", "In her early films, Turner did not color her auburn hair—see Dancing Co-Ed (1939), in which she was billed \"the red-headed sensation who brought \"it\" back to the screen\".", "1941's Ziegfeld Girl was the first film to showcase Turner with [[Blond#Varieties %3c/span>|platinum blonde]] hair, which she wore for much of the remainder of her life and for which she came to be known.", "After Turner's first marriage in 1940, columnist Louella Parsons wrote: \"If Lana Turner will behave herself and not go completely berserk she is headed for a top spot in motion pictures.", "She is the most glamorous actress since Jean Harlow.\"", "She also likened her to Clara Bow, adding: \"Both of them, trusting and lovable, use their hearts instead of their heads.", "Lana ... has always acted hastily and been guided more by her own ideas than by any advance any studio gave her.\"", "By the mid-1940s, Turner had been married and divorced three times, had given birth to her daughter Cheryl and had numerous publicized affairs.", "However, her image in 1946's The Postman Always Rings Twice marked a departure from her strictly-sex symbol screen persona to that of a full-fledged femme fatale.", "By the 1950s, both critics and audiences began noting parallels between Turner's rocky personal life and the roles she played.", "The likeness was most evident in Peyton Place and Imitation of Life, both films in which Turner portrayed single mothers struggling to maintain relationships with their teenage daughters.", "Film scholar Richard Dyer cites Turner as an example of one of Hollywood's earliest stars whose publicized private life perceptibly inflected their careers: \"Her career is marked by an unusually, even spectacularly, high degree of interpenetration between her publicly available private life and her films ... not only do her vehicles furnish characters and situations in accord with her off-screen image, but frequently incidents in them echo incidents in her life so that by the end of her career films like Peyton Place, Imitation of Life, Madame X and Love Has Many Faces seem in parts like mere illustrations of her life.\"", "Basinger echoes similar sentiments, noting that Turner was often \"cast only in roles that were symbolic of what the public knew—or thought they knew—of her life from headlines she made as a person, not as a movie character ...", "Her person became her persona.\"", "In addition, Basinger credits Turner as the first mainstream female star to \"take the male prerogative openly for herself\", publicly indulging in romances and affairs that in turn fueled the publicity surrounding her.", "Film scholar Jessica Hope Jordan considers Turner an \"implosion\" of both a \"real-life image and star image\" and suggests that she utilized one to mask the other, thus rendering her representative of the \"ultimate femme fatale\".", "Columnist Dorothy Kilgallen took note of the intersections between Turner's life and screen persona early in her career, writing in 1946:\n\nHistorians have cited Turner as one of the most glamorous film stars of all time, an association that was made both during her lifetime and after her death.", "Commenting on her image, she once told a journalist: \"Forsaking glamour is like forsaking my identity.", "It's an image I've worked too hard to obtain and preserve.\"", "Michael Gordon, who directed Turner in Portrait in Black, remembered her as \"a very talented actress whose chief reliability was what I regarded as impoverished taste ... Lana was not a dummy, and she would give me wonderful rationalizations why she should wear pendant earrings.", "They had nothing to do with the role, but they had to do with her particular self-image.\"", "According to her daughter, Turner's obsessive attention to detail often resulted in dressmakers storming out during dress fittings.", "No matter the setting, Turner also took care to ensure she was always \"camera-ready\", wearing jewelry and makeup even while lounging in sweatpants.", "Turner often purchased her favorite styles of shoes in every available color, at one time accumulating 698 pairs.", "She favored the designers Salvatore Ferragamo, Jean Louis, Helen Rose and Nolan Miller.", "Film historians Joe Morella and Edward Epstein have observed that, unlike many female stars, Turner \"wasn't resented by female fans\", and that women made up a large part of her fan base in later years.", "Turner maintained her glamorous image into her late career; a 1966 film review characterized her as \"the glitter and glamour of Hollywood\".", "While she consistently embraced her glamorous persona, she was also vocal about her dedication to acting and attained a reputation as a versatile, hard-working performer.", "She was an admirer of Bette Davis, whom she cited as her favorite actress.", "Legacy\n\nTurner has been noted by historians as a sex symbol, a popular culture icon and \"a symbol of the American Dream fulfilled ... Because of her, being discovered at a soda fountain has become almost as cherished an ideal as being born in a log cabin.\"", "Critic Leonard Maltin noted in 2005 that Turner \"came to crystallize the opulent heights to which show business could usher a small-town girl, as well as its darkest, most tragic and narcissistic depths\".", "She has also been cited by scholars as a gay icon because of her glamorous persona and triumphs over personal struggles.", "While discussions surrounding Turner have largely been based on her cultural prevalence, little scholarly study has been undertaken on her career, and opinion of her legacy as an actress has divided critics.", "Upon Turner's death, John Updike wrote in The New Yorker that she \"was a faded period piece, an old-fashioned glamour queen whose fifty-four films, over four decades didn't amount, retrospectively to much ... As a performer, she was purely a studio-made product.\"", "Defenders of Turner's acting ability, such as Jessica Hope Jordan and James Robert Parish, cite her performance in The Postman Always Rings Twice as an argument for the value of her work.", "Turner's role in the film has also caused her to be frequently associated with film noir and the femme fatale archetype in critical circles.", "In a 1973 Films in Review retrospective on her career, Turner was referred to as \"a master of the motion picture technique and a hardworking craftsman\".", "Jeanine Basinger has similarly championed Turner's acting, writing of her performance in The Bad and the Beautiful: \"None of the sex symbols who have been touted as actresses—not Hayworth or Gardner or Taylor or Monroe—have ever given such a fine performance.\"", "Because of the intersections between Turner's high-profile, glamorous persona, and storied, often troubled personal life, she is included in critical discussions about the Hollywood studio system, specifically its capitalization on its stars' private travails.", "Basinger considers her the \"epitome of the Hollywood machine-made stardom\".", "Turner has also been cited in scholarly discussions of women's sexuality.", "Turner has been depicted and referenced in numerous works across literature, film, music and art.", "She was the subject of the poem \"Lana Turner has collapsed\" by Frank O'Hara, and was depicted as a minor character in James Ellroy's novel L.A.", "Confidential (1990).", "The Stompanato murder and its aftermath were also the basis of the Harold Robbins novel Where Love Has Gone (1962).", "In popular music, Turner was referenced in songs recorded by Nina Simone and Frank Sinatra, and was the source of the stage name of singer-songwriter Lana Del Rey.", "In 2002, artist Eloy Torrez included Turner in an outdoor mural, Portrait of Hollywood, painted on the auditorium of Hollywood High School, her alma mater.", "Turner has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6241 Hollywood Boulevard.", "In 2012, Complex named her the eighth-most infamous actress of all time.", "Filmography and credits\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nSources\n\nExternal links\n\n \n \n \n Lana Turner media archive at the University of Alabama\n\n \n1921 births\n1995 deaths\n20th-century American actresses\nActresses from Idaho\nActresses from Los Angeles\nActresses from San Francisco\nAmerican film actresses\n20th-century American memoirists\nAmerican people of Dutch descent\nAmerican people of English descent\nAmerican people of Irish descent\nAmerican people of Scottish descent\nAmerican radio actresses\nAmerican stage actresses\nAmerican television actresses\nCatholics from Idaho\nConverts to Roman Catholicism from Protestantism\nDavid di Donatello winners\nDeaths from cancer in California\nDeaths from oropharyngeal cancer\nCalifornia Democrats\nIdaho Democrats\nGlamour models\nHollywood High School alumni\nMetro-Goldwyn-Mayer contract players\nPeople from Shoshone County, Idaho\nPeople from Wallace, Idaho\nFormer Protestants" ]

[ "Lana Turner was an American actress.", "She achieved fame as both a pin-up model and a film actress, as well as for her highly publicized personal life, over the course of her nearly 50-year career.", "In the mid-1940s, she was one of the highest-paid actresses in the United States, and one of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer's biggest stars, with her films earning more than $50 million for the studio.", "Turner is a popular culture icon of Hollywood glamour and a screen legend of classical Hollywood cinema.", "Before her family moved to San Francisco, Turner spent her childhood in northern Idaho.", "Turner was discovered at the Top Hat Malt Shop when she was 15.", "She was signed to a personal contract when she was 16 by Warner Bros. director Mervyn LeRoy.", "She played a murder victim in her film debut, LeRoy's They Won't Forget, and later moved into supporting roles, often appearing as an ingénue.", "Turner appeared in a number of MGM's top films during the early 1940s, including the noir Johnny Eager, the musical Ziegfeld Girl, and the horror film Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde.", "Turner's reputation as a glamorous femme fatale was enhanced by her performance in the noir The Postman Always Rings Twice, a role which established her as a serious dramatic actress.", "In The Bad and the Beautiful, she was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actress.", "Turner's daughter, Cheryl Crane, stabbed Turner's lover, Johnny Stompanato, to death in their home during a domestic struggle, sparking intense media scrutiny.", "She received a David di Donatello Award for Best Foreign Actress for her role in Madame X, which was one of the greatest commercial successes of her career.", "Turner made her final film appearance in 1980.", "She played a recurring guest role in the high ratings television series Falcon Crest in 1982.", "Turner died of throat cancer three years after he was diagnosed in 1992.", "Lana Turner was born on February 8, 1921, at Providence Hospital in Wallace, Idaho, a small mining community in the Idaho Panhandle region.", "She was the only child of a miner from Montgomery, Alabama and a woman from Lamar, Arkansas who had English, Scottish and Irish ancestry.", "She gave birth to her child four days before her 17th birthday.", "Lana's parents met when the daughter of a mine inspector visited Picher, Oklahoma, with her father.", "John was 24 years old at the time, and his father objected to the courting.", "The two eloped and settled in Idaho.", "The family relocated to Wallace in 1925 after Turner's father opened a dry cleaning service in the local silver mines.", "Turner was known to her family and friends as Judy.", "At a young age, she performed short dance routines at her father's lodge.", "At a charity fashion show when she was three years old, she performed an impromptu dance routine.", "After her parents separated, the Turner family relocated to San Francisco.", "On December 14, 1930, her father won some money at a traveling craps game, stuffed his winnings in his left sock, and headed for home.", "On the edge of San Francisco's Potrero Hill and the Dogpatch District, he was found murdered with his left shoe and socks missing.", "His death had a profound effect on Turner.", "She said that her father's warmth and tragedy have never been far from her.", "There was a sense of loss and growing up too fast.", "Turner lived with family friends to help her mother save money.", "They lived in Sacramento and throughout the San Francisco Bay Area.", "Turner was treated like a servant by a family who physically abused her after her father's death.", "Turner's mother worked 80 hours per week as a hairdresser to support herself and her daughter, and sometimes lived on crackers and milk for a week.", "Turner attended Mass with the Hislops, a Catholic family with whom her mother had temporarily boarded her in California.", "When she was seven, her mother allowed her to convert to Roman Catholicism, after she became \"thrilled\" by the ritual practices of the church.", "Turner wanted to become a nun and attended the convent in San Francisco.", "After Turner's mother developed respiratory problems and was advised by her doctor to move to a drier climate, the two moved to Los Angeles in 1936.", "Turner's discovery is considered a show-business legend and part of Hollywood mythology.", "Turner claimed that her discovery was the result of a reporting error that began circulating in articles published by Sidney Skolsky.", "Turner said she was a junior at Hollywood High School when she bought a Coca-Cola at the Top Hat Malt Shop on the southeast corner of Sunset Boulevard and McCadden Place.", "William R. Wilkerson is publisher of The Hollywood Reporter.", "She replied \"I'll have to ask my mother first\" after she was asked if she was interested in appearing in films.", "Turner was referred to Marx by her mother's permission.", "Turner was signed to a $50 weekly contract by Warner Bros. on February 22, 1937, after Marx introduced her to LeRoy.", "LeRoy suggested that she take the stage name Lana Turner, a name she would legally adopt several years later.", "Turner made her feature film debut in LeRoy's They Won't Forget, a crime drama in which she played a teenage murder victim.", "Turner's performance was \"worthy of more than a passing note\", according to The Hollywood Reporter.", "The film earned her the nickname of the \"Sweater Girl\" because of her form-fitting attire.", "When Turner saw a sneak preview of the film, she was profoundly embarrassed and \"squirming lower and lower\" into her seat.", "She said that it was the first time she was aware of her body.", "Turner made a sweater look like something Cleopatra was saving for the next visiting Caesar, according to a Modern Screen journalist.", "She had a small role in James Whale's The Great Garrick, a biographical film about British actor David Garrick, shortly after completing They Won't Forget.", "LeRoy asked Jack L. Warner to allow Turner to relocate with him to MGM after he was hired as an executive at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.", "Warner believed Turner wouldn't \"amount to anything\".", "Turner signed a contract with MGM for $100 a week.", "She had a minor role in The Adventures of Marco Polo as a maid.", "The Sea-Wolf, co-starring Clark Gable, was to be her first starring role for MGM.", "She was assigned opposite Mickey Rooney and Judy Garland in the film Love Finds Andy Hardy.", "Turner was able to graduate high school that year after completing her studies with an educational social worker.", "Turner's appearance in the film as a flirtatious high school student convinced the studio head that she was the next Jean Harlow, a sex symbol who had died six months before Turner's arrival at MGM.", "She played the sister of a poor woman romanced by a wealthy man in the comedy Rich Man, Poor Girl and Dramatic School, two films that helped further Turner's career.", "She was referred to as the \"Kissing Bug\" from the film.", "Turner was screen-tested for a role in Gone with the Wind.", "She played a sympathetic bad girl in MGM's second entry in the Dr. Kildare series.", "These Glamour Girls was a comedy in which she portrayed a taxi dancer invited to attend a dance with a male coed at his elite college.", "Turner was described as the answer to \"oomph\" by a review in the St. Louis Post-Dispatch.", "Turner was given the first billing in Dancing Co-Ed, which was about a professional dancer who enters a college as part of a rigged national talent contest.", "Turner appeared on the cover of Look magazine after the film's commercial success.", "Turner got a lot of attention when she eloped to Las Vegas with Artie Shaw, her co-star in Dancing Co-Ed.", "Turner said that after their first date, the two decided to get married.", "MGM executives grew concerned over Turner's \"impulsive behavior\" because their marriage only lasted four months.", "Turner had an abortion in the spring of 1940 after discovering she was pregnant.", "She had been hospitalized for exhaustion.", "Shaw treated her like an untutored blonde savage, and took no pains to hide his opinion.", "She starred in We Who Are Young, a drama in which she played a woman who married her coworker against her employer's policy.", "Turner was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "The film was marketed as featuring Turner's \"hottest, most daring role\".", "She had a lead role in her second musical, which starred James Stewart, Judy Garland and Hedy Lamarr.", "She portrayed an alcoholic in the film.", "Turner claimed that the film was the first role that got her interested in acting, and the studio marketed the film as featuring her in the best role of the biggest picture to be released by the industry.", "The film's high box-office returns elevated Turner's profitability, and MGM gave her a weekly salary raise as well as a personal makeup artist and trailer.", "Turner and Garland lived in houses next to each other in the 1950s, after completing the film.", "Turner played an ingénue in Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, opposite Spencer Tracy and Ingrid Bergman.", "MGM initially cast Turner in the lead, but Tracy requested Bergman for the part.", "Turner was given top billing despite the studio changing her role.", "While the film was financially successful, Time magazine panned it, calling it \"a pretentious resurrection of Robert Louis Stevenson's ghoulish classic.\" Lana Turner, fully clad for a change, and the rest of the cast are as wooden as their roles.", "Turner was cast in the first of four films in which she would play opposite Clark Gable.", "gossip-column rumors about a relationship between the two made the Turner-Gable films more successful.", "The production of Somewhere I'll Find You was halted for several weeks after Gable's wife died in a plane crash.", "Turner denied rumors that he and Gable were romantically involved.", "She later recalled that she was just friends with Mr. Gable.", "\"When six o'clock came, he went his way and I went mine.\"", "Johnny Eager was her next film and was a violent mobster film.", "James Agee of Time magazine was critical of co-star Robert Taylor's performance and noted: \"Turner is similarly handicapped: Metro has swathed her best assets in a toga, swears that she shall become an actress, or else.\"", "The stars are working under wraps.", "At the start of World War II, Turner's image was painted on the noses of U.S. fighter planes with the nickname \"Tempest Turner\".", "She and Gable embarked on a 10-week war-bond tour throughout the western United States in June 1942.", "During the tour, she began promising kisses to the highest war bond buyers; while selling bonds at the Pioneer Courthouse in Portland, Oregon, she sold a $5,000 bond to a man for two kisses, and another to an elderly man for $50,000.", "After arriving to sell bonds in her hometown of Wallace, Idaho, she was greeted with a banner that read \"Welcome home, Lana\" and a large celebration during which the mayor declared a holiday in her honor.", "Turner sold $5.25 million in war bonds after completing the tour.", "Turner made regular appearances at U.S. troop events and area bases, even though she found visiting the hospital wards of injured soldiers difficult.", "Turner met her second husband, actor-turned-restaurateur Joseph Stephen \"Steve\" Crane, at a dinner party in Los Angeles in July 1942.", "They got married in Las Vegas a week after they started dating.", "Crane's previous divorce had not yet been finalized, which led to their marriage being nullified by Turner four months later.", "Turner and Crane were married in March 1943 after Turner discovered she was pregnant.", "She starred in the comedy Marriage Is a Private Affair, which was filmed while she was pregnant.", "Turner had Rh-negative blood, which made it difficult to carry a child to term, because she wanted multiple children.", "Turner carried the child to term despite being urged by doctors to have a therapeutic abortion.", "Her daughter, Cheryl, was born on July 25, 1943.", "Turner's blood condition resulted in Cheryl being born with a life-threatening disease.", "Turner's remarriage to Crane led MGM to play up her image as a sex symbol in Slightly Dangerous, with Robert Young, Walter Brennan and Dame May Whitty, in which she portrayed a woman who moves to New York City and poses as the long-lost.", "Bosley Crowther of The New York Times wrote that \"no less than four Metro writers must have racked their brains for all of five minutes to think up the rags-to-riches.\"", "There is a chance that they didn't even bother to think.", "Turner's performance in the film was praised by the critic.", "She is the same person as Theda Bara was yesterday.", "She doesn't look like a vampire.", "She allows her audience to relax.", "Turner divorced Crane because of his gambling and unemployment.", "During the 1944 presidential election, she spent the rest of the year campaigning for Roosevelt.", "Keep Your Powder Dry was a war drama about three women who join the Women's Army Corps.", "She was cast as the female lead in a remake of the Grand Hotel in which she played a stenographer.", "The film made a lot of money.", "Turner was cast in a lead role opposite John Garfield in The Postman Always Rings Twice, a film noir based on James M. Cain's debut novel of the same name.", "She portrayed an ambitious woman married to a stodgy older owner of a roadside diner who falls in love with a drifter and their desire to be together motivates them to murder her husband.", "Turner's first role as a femme fatale was in the classic film noir.", "Bosley Crowther of The New York Times wrote that Turner's performance in the film was \"the role of her career\".", "Life magazine named the film \"Movie of the Week\" in April 1946, noting that both Turner and Garfield were well-cast and created more fireworks than the Fourth of July.", "Turner commented on her decision to take the role, \"The Postman Always Rings Twice became a major box office success, which prompted the studio to take more risks on Turner, casting her outside of the glamorous sex-symbol roles for which she had come to be known.\"", "In August 1946, it was announced that she would replace Hepburn in Green Dolphin Street, a role for which she lost 15 pounds.", "Carey Wilson insisted on casting Turner based on her performance in The Postman Always Rings Twice.", "She played the daughter of a wealthy family who is in love with a man who is in love with her sister.", "Turner said she was the most un-Hepburnish actress on the lot.", "It was what I wanted to do.", "Her first starring role was not about her looks.", "Turner said in an interview that he went running in the jungles of New Zealand in a dress that was filthy and ragged.", "I don't wear makeup and my hair is messy.", "She insisted she wouldn't give up her glamorous image.", "Turner and Power were having an affair in the midst of filming Green Dolphin Street.", "She had an abortion when she discovered she was pregnant with Power's child.", "She had romantic affairs with both Frank Sinatra and Howard Hughes during this time.", "In Turner's next film, she played a young woman in love with an older judge, a role for which she had also been considered.", "Turner was set for the role as early as 1946, but her schedules with Green Dolphin Street almost prevented her from taking it.", "Turner was exhausted because it was shot in between the re-enactments of Green Dolphin Street.", "Variety noted that Turner is the surprise of the picture due to her top performance.", "She rarely fails to acquit herself creditably in a role that allows her from being a man's woman to a remorseful wife.", "In August 1947, Turner agreed to appear as the female lead in the World War II-set romantic drama Homecoming, in which she was againpaired with Clark Gable, portraying a female army lieutenant who falls in love with an American surgeon.", "She was the studio's first choice for the role, but it was reluctant to give her the part because of her busy schedule.", "The team that generated steam was Turner and Gable.", "Turner was not only MGM's most popular star, but also one of the ten highest-paid women in the United States, with an annual earnings of $226,000.", "Turner was cast as Lady de Winter in The Three Musketeers in late 1947.", "She began dating Henry J around this time.", "Dan Topping, the owner of the New York Yankees, is the brother of \"Bob\" Topping Jr.", "Topping proposed to her at the 21 Club in New York City by dropping a diamond ring into her martini, and they married in April 1948 at the Topping family mansion in Connecticut.", "Turner was late to the set of The Three Musketeers because of her wedding celebrations.", "Turner used her box-office draw with MGM to negotiate an expansion of her role in the film, as well as a salary increase amounting to $5,000 per week, after the studio head threatened to suspend her contract.", "The Three Musketeers went on to become a box-office success, earning $4.5 million, but Turner's contract was put on hold after production finished.", "Turner gave birth to a stillborn baby in New York City in 1949 after discovering she was pregnant after the release of The Three Musketeers.", "Turner was to play a woman who aspires to be a model in George Cukor's film A Life of Her Own.", "Turner told journalists in December 1949 that the script was a pile of junk.", "I'm anxious to start.", "It will be almost three years since I last appeared in a movie, in The Three Musketeers.", "I don't think it's a good idea to stay off the screen for that long.", "Turner agreed to appear in the film after executives promised her suspension would be lifted if she did so.", "Cukor's film A Life of Her Own received unfavorable reviews and low box-office sales.", "Turner left her handprints and footprints in front of Grauman's Chinese Theatre on May 24, 1950.", "Turner was cast in musicals in response to the poor reception for A Life of Her Own.", "Mr. Imperium was a flop and had Turner starring as an American woman who is wooed by a European prince.", "She said the script was stupid.", "I lost the fight against doing the picture.", "One critic from the St. Petersburg Times wrote that Mr. Imperium would be a better picture without Lana Turner.", "Turner's personal finances were in disarray and she was facing bankruptcy.", "She tried to kill herself in September 1951 by cutting her wrists in a locked bathroom.", "She was saved by her business manager who broke down the bathroom door.", "She began filming her second musical, The Merry Widow.", "Turner began an affair with her co-star Fernando Lamas, which ended after Lamas physically attacked her, and also caused Lamas to lose his MGM contract upon the production's completion.", "Turner's previous musical, Mr. Imperium, received unfavorable reviews, but The Merry Widow proved to be more successful.", "Turner played an alcoholic movie star in The Bad and the Beautiful, a drama about the rise and fall of a Hollywood film mogul.", "The Bad and the Beautiful was both a commercial success and a critical success.", "Turner divorced her third husband, Bob Topping, a week before the film's release.", "She claimed Topping's drinking problem and excessive gambling was the reason for her divorce.", "Lamas had originally been cast in Latin Lovers, her next film.", "He was replaced by someone else.", "Turner relocated to Europe for 18 months in the spring of 1953 to make two films under a tax credit for American productions shot abroad.", "Turner's fourth and final film appearance was opposite Clark Gable in Betrayed, in which she played a woman who takes advantage of a musician.", "Bosley Crowther wrote about Betrayed in The New York Times.", "It has taken the audience through a lengthy and tedious amount of detail that has made them tense and has made them impatient as well.", "Turner and Barker had been dating since their first meeting at a party held by Davies in the summer of 1952.", "Turner had her first CinemaScope feature, The Prodigal, in 1955, in which she starred as a pagan temptress.", "She was reluctant to appear in the film because of the character's \"atrocious\" costumes and \"stupid\" lines, and she struggled to get along with her co-star Edmund Purdom, who she later described as a young man with a high opinion.", "The film was described by Variety as a big-scale spectacle and only fair entertainment.", "Turner played a spy aboard a ship in John Farrow's The Sea Chase, which starred John Wayne.", "One month after The Prodigal, the film was a commercial success.", "Turner was given the role of Diane de Poitiers in the period drama Diane (1956), which had originally been optioned by the studio in the 1930s for Greta Garbo.", "Turner was lent to 20th Century-Fox to play the wife of Richard Burton in a remake of The Rains Came in 1939.", "The production was rushed to accommodate a Christmas release and was completed in three months, but it received unfavorable reviews from critics.", "Diane was given a test screening in December of 1955 and received a poor response from the audience.", "MGM decided not to renew Turner's contract after the film flopped in the box office.", "Turner told a reporter that she was walking around in a daze.", "I was sprung.", "After 18 years at MGM, I'm a free agent and I used to go to the front office and ask for a decent story.", "Give me a good story and I'll work for nothing.", "What happened?", "The last time I asked for a good story, they gave me The Prodigal.", "Turner's films had earned the studio more than $50 million.", "Turner gave birth to a stillborn baby girl seven months after discovering she was pregnant with Barker's child.", "In July 1957, she filed for divorce from Barker after her daughter Cheryl accused him of molesting and raping her over the course of their marriage.", "Turner forced Barker out of their home at gun point, according to Cheryl.", "Turner began filming 20th Century-Fox's Peyton Place, in which she had been cast in the lead role of a New England mother struggling to maintain a relationship with her teenage daughter, after her divorce.", "The film was adapted from Grace Metalious' best-selling novel.", "Turner's favor was helped by the fact that she agreed to take a percentage of the film's overall earnings instead of a salary.", "For the first and only time, she was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actress, as Variety noted that \"Turner looks elegant\" and \"registers strongly\".", "Turner felt that it was not one of her better roles, even though she was grateful for the nomination.", "The Lady Takes a Flyer, a romantic comedy starring Turner, was released in January of 1959.", "She had begun receiving phone calls and flowers from Johnny Stompanato, using the name \"John Steele\", while shooting the film the previous spring.", "Stompanato had close ties to the Los Angeles underworld and Mickey Cohen, which he feared would deter her from dating him.", "He sent various gifts to Turner.", "Turner began casually dating him.", "She confronted Stompanato after learning that he was actually a friend.", "Over the course of a year, Stompanato had a relationship filled with violent arguments, physical abuse and reconciliations.", "Turner would claim that he drugged her and took nude photographs of her while she was unconscious, potentially to use as blackmail.", "In 1957, Stompanato visited Turner in London, where she was filming Another Time, Another Place.", "They started fighting after their meeting was initially happy.", "Stompanato became suspicious when Turner wouldn't allow him to visit the set and, during one fight, he violently choked her.", "Turner and her makeup artist called Scotland Yard in order to have Stompanato deported.", "Stompanato showed up on the set with a gun, threatening her and Connery.", "Stompanato ran off the set after Connery grabbed the gun out of his hand.", "Turner and two Scotland Yard detectives went back to the rented house where she and Stompanato were staying.", "The detectives escorted Stompanato out of the house and to the airport, where he boarded a plane back to the U.S.", "Stompanato physically attacked her after he did not attend with her.", "On Friday, April 4, Stompanato arrived at Turner's rented home in Beverly Hills.", "Stompanato threatened to kill Turner, her daughter Cheryl and her mother after they argued in the bedroom.", "Cheryl ran to Turner's defense because she was afraid that her mother's life was in danger.", "According to testimony provided by Turner, Stompanato died at the scene when Cheryl stabbed him in the stomach when Turner tried to get him out of the bedroom.", "Turner saw blood on Stompanato's shirt when she realized he had been stabbed.", "The case became a media sensation because of Turner's fame and the fact that her daughter was involved.", "The April 12, 1958 inquest was described by attendees as \"near-riotous\".", "After four hours of testimony and 25 minutes of deliberations, the jury decided the killing was justified.", "When a juvenile court hearing was held on April 24, the judge expressed concerns over Cheryl receiving proper parental supervision.", "She was released to the care of her grandmother, and was ordered to visit a psychiatrist with her parents.", "Life magazine published a photo of Turner testifying in court along with stills of her in courtroom scenes from three of the courtroom scenes.", "The release of Another Time, Another Place was met with poor box-office receipts and a lackluster critical response.", "The wrongful death suit was filed by Stompanato's family against Turner and Crane.", "Stompanato's son alleged that Turner was responsible for his death, and that his daughter took the blame.", "In May 1962, the suit was settled for $20,000.", "The 1962 novel Where Love Has Gone by Harold Robbins was inspired by the event.", "In the wake of negative publicity related to Stompanato's death, Turner accepted the lead role in Ross Hunter's remake of Imitation of Life.", "She was portraying a struggling stage actress who made personal sacrifice to further her career.", "Turner had a panic attack on the first day of filming due to the recent events of her personal life.", "Turner cried for three days after filming a scene in which Moore's character dies, according to her co-star.", "Moore said that she couldn't work when she returned to the set.", "Turner earned more than two million dollars by opting to receive 50% of the film's earnings rather than a salary, despite the fact that it was one of the year's biggest successes.", "The film made more than $50 million at the box office.", "Variety praised her performance, writing: \"Turner plays a character of changing moods, and her changes are remarkably effective, as she blends love and understanding, sincerity and ambition.\"", "The growth of maturity is reflected in her portrayal.", "The plots of Peyton Place and Imitation of Life seemed to mirror certain parts of Turner's private life, resulting in comparisons she found painful.", "The relationship between a single mother and her daughter was depicted in both films.", "Turner's daughter Cheryl came out as a lesbian to her parents, who were both supportive of her.", "Cheryl ran away from home many times and the press wrote about it.", "Turner worried that Cheryl was still suffering from the trauma of Stompanato's death and sent her to the Institute of Living in Connecticut.", "Turner was cast in a lead role in Otto Preminger's Anatomy of a Murder, but walked off the set over a wardrobe disagreement, which resulted in him dropping out of the production.", "Lee Remick replaced her.", "Turner took the lead role in Portrait in Black, a film that was a box-office success despite bad reviews.", "Turner is like a fashion model with a tight-fitting shoe, according to Ray Duncan of the Independent Star-News.", "Turner married her fifth husband, Frederick \"Fred\" May, a rancher and member of the May department-store family, in November 1960.", "Turner moved in with him on his ranch in Chino, California, where the two took care of horses and other animals.", "She made her final film at MGM with Bob Hope in Bachelor in Paradise, a romantic comedy about an investigative writer working on a book about the wives of a lavish California community; the film received a mostly positive critical reception.", "Turner collected the last $92,000 from her pension fund.", "By Love Possessed was based on a novel by James Gould Cozzens.", "TWA showed the film to its first-class passengers, making it the first in-flight movie to be shown on a regular basis.", "Turner starred in Who's Got the Action?, a comedy in which she played the wife of a gambler.", "Turner and May separated in September of that year.", "They were friends throughout her life.", "She met Robert Eaton, who was ten years her junior, through business associates.", "The couple got married at his family's home in Arlington, Virginia.", "Turner's last major starring role was in the courtroom drama film Madame X, in which she played a lower-class woman who married into a wealthy family.", "When she takes the stand in the final scene, her face resembles a dust bowl victory garden, it's the most devastating denouement since Barbara Fritchie poked her head out, according to a review in the Chicago Tribune.", "\"Her performance, I think, is far and away her very best, even rating Oscar consideration in next year's Academy Award race, unless the culture snobs gang up against her,\" wrote Kaspar Monahan of the Pittsburgh Press.", "Turner received a David di Donatello Golden Plaque Award for Best Foreign Actress.", "In late 1968, she began filming the low-budget thriller The Big Cube, in which she portrayed a glamorous heiress being dosed with LSD by her stepdaughter in hopes of driving her insane and receiving the family estate.", "Turner's acting in the film was deemed \"strained and amateurish\" by one critic.", "Turner filed for divorce in 1969 after four years of marriage because he had been unfaithful to her.", "On May 9, 1969 she married Ronald Pellar, a nightclub hypnotist whom she had met at a Los Angeles disco.", "Turner claims that Ronald Dante, also known as Dr. Dante, lied about being raised in Singapore and having a PhD in psychology.", "Turner is going to appear in a television series called The Survivors.", "The series was given a major national marketing campaign, with billboards featuring life-sized images of Turner.", "Despite ABC's extensive publicity campaign and the presence of other big-name stars, the program flopped and was canceled halfway into the season in 1970.", "After six months of marriage, Turner discovered that her husband had stolen money from her.", "She accused him of taking $100,000 worth of jewelry from her.", "No charges were filed against him after he denied the accusations.", "She claimed to be celibate for the rest of her life after she filed for divorce.", "Turner said she wanted to have one husband and seven children, but it turned out to be the other way around.", "Turner returned to feature films with a lead role in a 1974 British horror film, in which she played a disturbed wealthy woman tormenting her son.", "Turner's performance as Carrie, the perverted dame of the English manor, has reasonable composure.", "Turner spoke at a New York City retrospective in 1975, attended by Andy Warhol, Sylvia Miles, Rex Reed and numerous fans.", "She played the mother of a woman who inadvertently married her half-brother in Bittersweet Love.", "The New York Times' Lawrence Van Gelder wrote that the film reminded him that Miss Turner was not a subtler actress.", "Turner's first theater production was Forty Carats, which toured various East Coast cities in 1971.", "Miss Turner always could wear clothes well, and her Forty Carats is a fashion show in the guise of a frothy, little comedy.", "It wasn't much of a play even when Julie Harris was doing it, and it all but disappears under the old-time Hollywood glamor of Miss Turner's star presence.", "The Pleasure of His Company was performed at the Arlington Park Theater in Chicago by Turner.", "She was in a touring production of Bell, Book and Candle from 1976 to 1978.", "Turner was the bright spot in an otherwise mediocre play according to Elaine Matas.", "She played the role of a San Francisco divorce attorney in an original play in Chicago in 1978.", "Turner was the hardest working broad I've known, according to a stagehand.", "\"Though she is still a very nervous and inexpert actress, she is giving by far her most winning performance\", wrote Richard Christiansen of the Chicago Tribune.", "Turner appeared in Murder Among Friends, a murder-mystery play, in various U.S. cities between 1979 and 1980.", "Turner was in the middle of a hill slide.", "She was suffering from an alcohol addiction that began in the late 1950s and was missing performances.", "Turner's last film appearance was in the comedy horror film Witches' Brew.", "She began practicing her Catholic faith again after having a religious awakening.", "Turner received an award from the National Film Society.", "Turner's first television role in 12 years was in an episode of Falcon Crest.", "Her appearance was a ratings success and her character returned for five more episodes.", "In 1982, Turner reprised her role in Murder Among Friends, which toured throughout the U.S. and earned a combined gross of $400,000.", "Turner released an autobiography called Lana: The Lady, the Legend, the Truth.", "She appeared on an episode of The Love Boat in 1985.", "Turner was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "During her contract with MGM, photographs that showed her holding cigarettes had to be altered in order to hide her smoking.", "Turner was unable to stop smoking because she stopped drinking.", "She was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "She stated in a press release that the cancer had not damaged her vocal cords.", "She had exploratory surgery to remove the cancer, but it had spread to her lungs and jaw.", "Turner announced in 1993 that she was in full remission after undergoing radiation therapy.", "The cancer came back in July 1994.", "Turner was confined to a wheelchair for most of the event at the San Sebastin International Film Festival in Spain in 1994.", "She died nine months after being diagnosed with cancer at her home in Century City, Los Angeles, with her daughter by her side.", "Turner had just completed seven weeks of radiation therapy and had appeared to be in good health, according to Cheryl.", "Turner's remains were cremated and given to Cheryl.", "Multiple accounts have the ashes in Cheryl's possession, while other accounts say the ashes were scattered in the ocean.", "Turner's personal effects and $50,000 in his will were bequeathed to Cheryl and Joyce LeRoy.", "According to court documents, her estate was worth more than $1 million.", "Turner left most of her estate to her maid, Carmen Lopez Cruz, who had been her companion for 45 years.", "Cruz said that the majority of the estate was consumed by legal fees and medical expenses.", "When Turner was discovered, MGM executive Mervyn LeRoy thought of her as a replacement for Jean Harlow and began developing her image as a sex symbol.", "She embodied an \"innocent sexuality\" in They Won't Forget.", "The girl who'd rather kiss than get wet in the water was represented by Jeanine Basinger.", "Turner didn't color her auburn hair in her early films because she was billed as the red-headed sensation who brought \"it\" back to the screen.", "Turner's blonde hair, which she wore for much of her life and DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch", "\"If Lana Turner will behave herself and not go completely berserk she is headed for a top spot in motion pictures,\" wrote columnist Louella Parsons after Turner's first marriage in 1940.", "Since Jean Harlow, she is the most glamorous actress.", "She said that she and Clara Bow used their hearts instead of their heads.", "Lana has acted hastily and been guided more by her own ideas than any studio gave her.", "By the mid-1940s, Turner had been married and divorced three times, had given birth to her daughter Cheryl, and had many publicized affairs.", "Her image in The Postman Always Rings Twice marked a departure from her strictly-sex symbol screen persona.", "Turner's rocky personal life and the roles she played were noted by both critics and audiences by the 1950s.", "Turner portrayed single mothers struggling to maintain relationships with their teenage daughters in both films.", "Turner's career was marked by a high degree of interpenetration between her publicly available private life and her films.", "Turner was often \"cast only in roles that were symbolic of what the public knew, or thought they knew, of her life from headlines she made as a person, not as a movie character,\" Basinger said.", "Her person became her persona.", "Turner was credited by Basinger with being the first mainstream female star to take the male prerogative openly for herself.", "Jessica Hope Jordan suggests that Turner used her real-life image and star image to mask the fact that she was the ultimate femme fatale.", "Historians have cited Turner as one of the most glamorous film stars of all time, an association that was made both during her lifetime and after her death.", "She once told a journalist that forsaking glamour was like forsaking her identity.", "It's an image I've worked hard to get.", "Michael Gordon, who directed Turner in Portrait in Black 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266", "They had nothing to do with the role, but with her self- image.", "Turner's obsessive attention to detail often resulted in dressmakers storming out during dress fitting.", "Turner was always \"camera ready\" even while lounging in sweatpants, because she took care to ensure she was always wearing jewelry and makeup.", "Turner bought her favorite styles of shoes in every available color.", "She favored the designers.", "Women made up a large part of Turner's fan base in the later years, according to film historians.", "Turner was described as \"the glitter and glamour of Hollywood\" in a 1966 film review.", "She was vocal about her dedication to acting and her reputation as a versatile, hard-working performer while embracing her glamorous persona.", "She named her favorite actress to be Bette Davis.", "Being discovered at a soda fountain has become almost as cherished an ideal as being born in a log cabin because of Legacy Turner, who has been noted by historians as a sex symbol, a popular culture icon and a symbol of the American Dream fulfilled.", "Turner came to crystallize the opulent heights to which show business could bring a small-town girl, as well as its darkest, most tragic and narcissistic depths, according to Leonard Maltin.", "She has been cited by scholars as a gay icon because of her glamorous persona.", "While discussions surrounding Turner have largely been based on her cultural prevalence, little scholarly study has been done on her career, and her legacy as an actress has divided critics.", "John Updike wrote in The New Yorker that Turner was a faded period piece, an old-fashioned glamour queen whose fifty-four films over four decades didn't amount to much.", "Turner's performance in The Postman Always Rings Twice is an argument for the value of her work according to Defenders of Turner's acting ability.", "Turner has been associated with film noir and the femme fatale in critical circles because of her role in the film.", "Turner was referred to as a master of the motion picture technique in a retrospective on her career.", "Turner's acting has been praised by Jeanine Basinger, who wrote of her performance in The Bad and the Beautiful: \"None of the sex symbols who have been promoted as actresses have ever given such a fine performance.\"", "Turner is included in critical discussions about the Hollywood studio system because of her high-profile, glamorous persona and storied, often troubled personal life.", "Basinger considers her the epitome of Hollywood machine-made stardom.", "Turner has been cited in discussions of women's sexuality.", "Turner has been depicted and referenced in many works.", "She was depicted as a minor character in James Ellroy's novel L.A., as the subject of the poem \"Lana Turner has collapsed\".", "The book was Confidential.", "Harold Robbins wrote Where Love Has Gone after the Stompanato murder.", "Turner was the source of Lana Del Rey's stage name, as well as being referenced in songs recorded by Frank Sinatra andNina Simone.", "Turner was included in an outdoor mural on the auditorium of Hollywood High School in 2002.", "Turner has a star on the Walk of Fame.", "Complex named her the eighth most notorious actress of all time.", "There are links to Lana Turner's media archive at the University of Alabama." ]

[ "Lana Turner", "Julia Jean Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Lana Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Lana", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Lana Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Lana Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Lana", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Lana Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Lana Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Miss Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Miss Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Miss Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Lana", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Lana Turner", "Lana", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Lana", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Lana Turner", "Turner", "Lana Del", "Turner", "Turner", "Lana Turner" ]

[ "Lana Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Lana Turner", "Lana", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Lana Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Lana Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Lana", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Lana Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Miss Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Miss Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Lana", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Lana Turner", "Turner", "Lana", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Legacy Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Turner", "Lana Turner", "Turner", "Lana Del", "Turner", "Turner", "Lana Turner" ]

[ "Stefanos Korkolis (; born 12 September 1960) is a Greek composer and pianist.", "He has performed in theaters and auditoriums all around the world, including the Concertgebouw, the Belém Cultural Center (Portugal and Brazil), the Royal Theater Carré, the Athens Concert Hall, the Thessaloniki Concert Hall, and the Odeon of Herodes Atticus.", "Early life \nStefanos was born in Athens and showed a passion for music in his early youth.", "At the age of 4, although unaware of musical notation, he had the ability of memorizing pieces of classical music with great ease and reproducing them on the piano almost intact.", "He began his studies at the Athens Conservatoire under the guidance of the late Marika Papaioannou and the instruction of Phoebe Vallinda.", "After receiving his diploma in piano, he traveled to Paris to continue his studies – thanks to a fellowship from the French government – next to internationally renowned pianist Yvonne Lefébure.", "He simultaneously attended courses in composition, orchestration, conducting and cinema music.", "These included classes by Pierre Boulez, Astor Piazzolla and other acclaimed music masters.", "While in Paris, Stefanos became acquainted with famous Argentinian pianist, Martha Argerich and was joined by ties of friendship and mutual artistic appreciation.", "It was thanks to Martha that Stefanos dream to meet the great Vladimir Horowitz came true.", "In his short apprenticeship with Horowitz, Stefanos learned about the true value of music as well as techniques that only a master of that caliber could transfuse.", "By that time Stefanos completed his studies at the Conservatoire de Paris and the École Normale de Musique de Paris he achieved the first prize for modern ballet composition at the Val-de-Marne International Music Festival.", "He kept on performing around the world with a repertory consisting mainly of his own works as well as works by great Russian composers, such as Alexander Scriabin and Sergei Prokofiev.", "His performances were received with much enthusiasm and received excellent critiques, which continue until today.", "Career\n\nInternational collaborations \nStefanos had the pleasure of working with some of the greatest singers, singing his own music.", "His worldwide collaborations include: Alfredo Kraus, José Carreras, Teresa Berganza, Dulce Pontes, Lucio Dalla, Luca Carboni, Vittorio Grigolo and others.", "During his collaboration with the famous Portuguese artist Dulce Pontes touring around the world since 2003 and being her permanent conductor, orchestrator and pianist, he also had the pleasure of working with Academy Award Winner Ennio Morricone and Horacio Ferrer, Astor Piazzolla's poet.", "Greek collaborations \nSome of Stefanos important collaborations are with Vicky Leandros and Nana Mouskouri.", "He also collaborated with various important artists in Greece like Dimitra Galani, Alkistis Protopsalti, Mario Frangoulis, George Dalaras, Dimitris Mitropanos, Marinella, Antonis Remos, Sakis Rouvas, Maria Dimitriadi, George Perris and others.", "He wrote music for the play “Theodora”, directed by the memorable Michael Cacoyannis (known for the movie Zorba the Greek).", "He also wrote the music for the film of Michael Cacoyannis’ “Up, down and sideways.” During a period of seven years, the period of his “musical adolescence” as Stefanos often refers to, without giving up the classical concerts, he included modern Greek music in his activities, first as arranger – composer and then as a performer of his own compositions, winning multiple platinum albums and performing in front of packed stadiums in Greece, Cyprus and Italy.", "Orchestra and auditoriums\nHe has collaborated with orchestras such as the Prague Philharmonic Orchestra, the Bulgarian National Radio Symphony Orchestra, the Warsaw National Philharmonic Orchestra, the Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra, the Orchestra Mozart and others.", "He has performed under the baton of acclaimed conductors such as Vladimír Válek, Valeri Vatchev, Alexander Myrat, Dimitris Agrafiotis, Nick Tshouchlos, Simeon Cogan and others.", "He has performed in great theaters and auditoriums all around the world, like the Concertbaum (Netherlands), the Opera de la Corunia, the Centro Cultural de Belem (Portugal and Brazil), the Carre Theatre of Amsterdam and of course the Athens Concert Hall, the Thessaloniki Concert Hall, and the Odeon Herodus Atticus.", "He was invited to perform at José Carreras' gala in Leipzig.", "He also composed the Russian Air Force Anthem that he performed in Kremlin for the celebration of the 85th anniversary of the Federal Air Transport Agency under permission by the Dmitri Shostakovich family for the transcription for piano and orchestra of Shostakovitch's work, the Concertino for two pianos.", "Stefanos is the official ambassador of Mikis Theodorakis' music in Greece and abroad.", "In May 2017, at the request of Mikis Theodorakis, he presented symphonic works of the latter, in Cologne, in the presence of the composer himself, and on September 1, 2017, Stefanos once again appeared at the Herodes Atticus theatre, in the framework of a charity concert to support the Association of Friends of Children with Cancer \"ELPIDA\", next to Maria Farantouri and Sofia Manousaki.", "Special Olympics \nHe has composed the Special Olympics’ Anthem and also the song of the Union “Mazi gia to pedi – Together for the child”, for charity purposes of which Stefanos gave a concert in September 2012 at the Odeon of Herodes Atticus (Athens Herodion).", "The concert had an enormous success and the revenues, which reached the amount of 153,000 euros, were distributed entirely to 10 clubs of the Union.", "Other projects \nStefanos finished his last project abroad entitled «Bloody Faeries», a production of legendary British producer Haydn Bendall and he continues to give concerts in Greece and worldwide as a soloist in recitals and in collaboration with famous orchestras.", "The most recent concert he gave was at the Chopin Academy of Music in Warsaw, in January 2014, where Stefanos presented for the first time his new “discovery” Sophia Manousaki, a very young and talented singer of the new generation, in front of a very demanding audience, winning rave reviews.", "On August 27, 2014, Stefanos and Sophia Manousaki launched the brand new institution “Αrt in the square» at the Cyprus Limassol Marina, in front of a large audience.", "Also, on September 5, 2014 Stefanos participated with huge success, in the charity concert “sing me an angel”, which took place at the Odeon of Herodes Atticus (Athens Herodion), in collaboration with the internationally renowned tenor Mario Frangoulis and Norwegian soprano Sissel, under the direction of conductor, Richard Balcombe.", "Finally, on September 13, 2014 he participated in the Russian-Cypriot charity gala, which took place in the gardens of the Presidential Palace in Cyprus.", "In May 2015, the new album of Stefanos, entitled “SINANTISI/ THE MEETING” was released in Greece and Cyprus.", "In this double CD, for the first time Stefanos, as a piano soloist, touches pieces from all over the musical spectrum of the great Greek composer Mikis Theodorakis, such as preludes for piano, adaptations / arrangements of orchestral pieces for piano and of course, lyrical songs, which were interpreted by the talented young singer Sophia Manousaki.", "From the first days of the release, the double CD received excellent reviews and on October 17, 2015, the award ceremony of the gold disc, took place at the Athens Concert Hall, with the presence of Mikis Theodorakis, who, after the ceremony and the concert, and while the audience was giving Stefanos a standing ovation, said: What happened today means a new beginning for my music, I owe this new beginning to Stefanos Korkolis, who is, first of all, an important and great composer and it is a heavy responsibility for a composer to recognize the value of another composer.", "This never happens!", "Only Liszt did this and he was the only one.", "Stefanos shows his love and devotion to my music not only through words but also through his acts.", "When he plays piano, he combines Apollo and Dionysus.", "From one moment to another he can become Apollo or Dionysus.", "This is very difficult.", "It makes you feel the light !”.", "Already this concert entitled \"SINANTISI\" has traveled in twenty cities across Greece, achieving a huge success.", "All the concerts were sold out and in some cities the concerts were repeated because of the excessive attendance of the world.", "Everywhere the reviews were dithyrambic.", "Many people consider the tour \"SINANTISI\" by Mikis Theodorakis, Stefanos Korkolis and Sophia Manousaki as the success of this year's winter\n\nAlso, the song \"Thes\" from the album entitled \"Pes mou t' alithina sou'' in lyrics of Rebecca Roussi and music of Stefanos Korkolis, which was sung in an unique way by Dimitris Mitropanos, thanks to a tasteful tv spot, came back to the news scoring a great success 11 years, after it was released, so it gained the hearts of all Greek people and conquered the first positions even in the international charts.", "In November 2016, the project \"SINANTISI\" was presented in Paris, at the Alambra Theatre, where it received an enormous success from the French public.", "Immediately afterwards took place two sold out concerts at the bookstore “IANOS”, where Stefanos and Sophia Manousaki presented the new double CD entitled SYNANTISI II\" which includes, at first nationwide release, the circle of songs entitled \"A sea full of music\" in poetry by Dimitra Manda, as well as the circle of songs entitled \"Chairetismoi\" in poetry of Giannis Theodorakis, Angeliki Eleftheriou and Mikis Theodorakis.", "These two circle of songs belong to the circle “'Betrayed Projects\" by great Greek composer Mikis Theodorakis.", "This double CD, also, received excellent reviews and on January 16, 2017, the award ceremony of the gold disc, took place at the bookstore “IANOS”.", "Stefanos continues the concerts all over Greece and abroad while in April 2018, was released his new album, a double cd entitled “I should like to relate this memory” which includes songs and orchestral works inspired by Constantine P. Cavafy's poems.", "References\n\nLiving people\nGreek classical musicians\nGreek pianists\nGreek songwriters\nGreek pop musicians\n1960 births\n21st-century pianists" ]

[ "A Greek composer and pianist is named Stefanos Korkolis.", "He has performed in theaters and auditoriums all over the world, including the Concertgebouw, the Belém Cultural Center, the Royal Theater Carré, the Athens Concert Hall, the Thessaloniki Concert Hall, and the Odeon of Herodes Atticus.", "Growing up in Athens, Stefanos had a passion for music.", "At the age of 4, he had the ability to memorize classical music and play it on the piano almost intact.", "He began his studies at the Athens Conservatoire under the guidance of the late Marika Papaioannou.", "Thanks to a fellowship from the French government, he traveled to Paris to continue his studies after receiving his piano degree.", "He attended courses in composition, conducting, and cinema music.", "Pierre Boulez and other renowned music masters taught in these classes.", "While in Paris, Stefanos became acquainted with a famous Argentinian pianist, Martha Argerich.", "It was thanks to Martha that Stefanos dream came true.", "The true value of music as well as techniques that only a master of that caliber could transfuse was learned by Stefanos in his short apprenticeship with Horowitz.", "The first prize for modern ballet composition at the Val-de-Marne International Music Festival was won by Stefanos.", "He performed a repertory consisting of his own works as well as works by great Russian composers, such as Alexander Scriabin and Sergei Prokofiev.", "His performances received rave reviews and continue until today.", "Stefanos was able to work with some of the greatest singers, singing his own music.", "He has collaborated with many people around the world, including: Alfredo Kraus, José Carreras, Teresa Berganza, Dulce Pontes, Luca Carboni, Vittorio Grigolo, and others.", "He collaborated with the famous Portuguese artist Dulce Pontes and was her permanent conductor, orchestrator and pianist, as well as working with Academy Award Winner Ennio Morricone.", "Some of the important collaborations are with Greek people.", "He collaborated with many important artists in Greece.", "He wrote the music for the play \"Theodora\", which was directed by Michael Cacoyannis.", "During his musical adolescence, he included modern Greek music in his activities without giving up the classical concerts.", "Orchestras he has collaborated with include the Warsaw National Philharmonic Orchestra, the Orchestra Mozart and others.", "He has performed under the baton of some of the best conductors in the world.", "He has performed in many great theaters and auditoriums around the world, including the Concertbaum (Netherlands), the Opera de la Corunia, the Centro Cultural de Belem (Portugal and Brazil), the Carre Theatre of Amsterdam, and the Athens Concert Hall.", "He was invited to perform.", "The Russian Air Force Anthem was composed for the 85th anniversary of the Federal Air Transport Agency and was performed in the Kremlin by him.", "The ambassador of Mikis Theodorakis' music is Stefanos.", "In May of last year, at the request of Theodorakis, he presented the works of the latter in Cologne, in the presence of the composer himself, and in September of last year, he again appeared at the Herodes Atticus theatre, in the framework of a charity concert to support", "The song of the Union \"Mazi gia to pedi - Together for the child\" and the Anthem of the Special Olympics have been composed by him.", "The concert had an enormous success and the revenues, which reached the amount of 153,000 euros, were distributed to 10 clubs of the Union.", "After finishing his last project abroad entitled Bloody Faeries, a production of legendary British producer Haydn Bendall, he continues to give concerts in Greece and worldwide as a soloist in recitals and in collaboration with famous orchestras.", "Sophia Manousaki, a very young and talented singer of the new generation, won rave reviews for her performance at the most recent concert he gave.", "In front of a large audience, the brand new institution \"rt in the square\" was launched by Stefanos and Sophia Manousaki.", "The charity concert \"sing me an angel\", which took place at the Odeon of Herodes Atticus (Athens Herodion), in collaboration with the internationally renowned tenor Mario Frangoulis and Norwegian Soprano Sissel, was a huge success.", "The Russian-Cypriot charity event took place in the gardens of the Presidential Palace in Cyprus.", "The new album of Stefanos was released in Greece and Cyprus.", "In this double CD, for the first time, Stefanos, as a piano soloist, touches pieces from all over the musical spectrum of the great Greek composer Mikis Theodorakis.", "The double CD received excellent reviews and on October 17, 2015, the award ceremony of the gold disc took place at the Athens Concert Hall, with the presence of Mikis Theodorakis, who, after the ceremony and the concert, and while the audience was.", "This never happens!", "He was the only one who did this.", "Through words and acts, Stefanos shows his love and devotion to my music.", "He combines Apollo and Dionysus when he plays the piano.", "He can become either Apollo or Dionysus.", "This is very difficult.", "It makes you feel light.", "The concert entitled \"SINANTISI\" has traveled in twenty cities across Greece.", "In some cities the concerts were repeated because of the high attendance of the world.", "The reviews were very bad.", "The tour \"SINANTISI\" is considered the success of this year's winter by many people.", "In November 2016 the project \"SINANTISI\" was presented in Paris, at the Alambra Theatre, where it received an enormous success from the French public.", "There were two sold out concerts at the bookstore \"IANOS\" where the new double CD SYNANTISI II was presented by Stefanos and Sophia Manousaki.", "The two circle of songs are from the song \"Betrayed Projects\" by Theodorakis.", "On January 16, 2017, the award ceremony of the gold disc took place at the bookstore \"IANOS\", after the double CD received excellent reviews.", "In April of last year, Stefanos released his new album \"I should like to relate to this memory\" which includes songs and orchestral works inspired by Constantine P. Cavafy's poems.", "Greek pop musicians 1960 births 21st-century pianists are mentioned." ]

[ "Stefanos Korkolis", "Stefanos", "Stefanos", "Stefanos", "Stefanos", "Stefanos", "Stefanos", "Korkolis", "Stefanos", "Korkolis", "Stefanos", "Korkolis", "Stefanos", "Stefanos" ]

[ "Stefanos Korkolis", "Stefanos", "Stefanos", "Stefanos", "Stefanos", "Stefanos", "Stefanos" ]

[ "Judy Grahn (born July 28, 1940) is an American poet and author.", "Inspired by her experiences of disenfranchisement as a butch lesbian, she became a feminist poet, highly-regarded in underground circles before achieving public fame.", "A major influence in her work is Metaformic Theory, tracing the roots of modern culture back to ancient menstrual rites, though she does not regard the philosophy as exclusively feminist.", "Grahn teaches women's mythology and ancient literature at the California Institute for Integral Studies and other institutions.", "Personal life\n\nJudy Rae Grahn was born in 1940 in Chicago, Illinois.", "Her father was a cook and her mother was a photographer's assistant.", "Grahn described her childhood as taking place in \"an economically poor and spiritually depressed late 1950s New Mexico desert town near the hellish border of West Texas.\"", "When she was eighteen, she eloped with a student named Yvonne at a nearby college.", "Grahn credits Yvonne with opening her eyes to gay culture.", "Soon thereafter she would join the United States Air Force.", "At twenty-one she was discharged (in a \"less than honorable,\" manner, she stated) for being a lesbian.", "Grahn experienced a fair amount of homophobia during the odd jobs she did to earn money for school, trying to find housing, and was beat up for her butch attire.", "\"These jolts taught me everything I would ever need to know about the oppression of Gay people,\" she mentioned in an interview with Tongue.", "At the age of 25, Grahn suffered from Inoculation lymphoreticulosis, or Cat Scratch Fever, which led to her being in a coma.", "After overcoming her illness, she realized that she wanted to become a poet.", "This realization was partially due to the abuse and mistreatment Grahn faced for being an open lesbian.", "Of the incident, Grahn stated \"I realized that if I was going to do what I had set out to do in my life, I would have to go all the way with it and take every single risk you could take....", "I decided I would not do anything I didn't want to do that would keep me from my art.\"", "Grahn then moved to the west coast where she would become active in the feminist poetry movement of the 1970s.", "During this period, many rumors surfaced pertaining to Grahn's weight and a possible eating disorder.", "Grahn attributes her thin frame to poor eating habits, smoking cigarettes, and drinking coffee.", "She earned her PhD from the California Institute of Integral Studies.", "Until 2007, Grahn was the director of the Women's Spirituality (MA) and Creative Inquiry (MFA) programs at the New College of California.", "Today, Grahn lives in California and teaches at the California Institute for Integral Studies, the New College of California, and the Institute for Transpersonal Psychology.", "There she teaches women's mythology and ancient literature, Metaformic Consciousness (a philosophy created by Grahn), and Uncommon Kinship – a course that uses theories from her Metaformic philosophy.", "Career\nGrahn knew she was a poet by the time she was nine, and had written poetry until she was sixteen when she took a break, but it wasn't until she was twenty-five that she consciously committed herself to her work after overcoming her illness.", "Grahn was a member of the Gay Women's Liberation Group, GWLG, the first lesbian-feminist collective on the West Coast, founded in 1969.", "Grahn and her partner, artist Wendy Cadden, produced books, poems, and graphics.", "This contributed the basis of the Women's Press Collective (WPC), which strived to devote \"itself exclusively to work by lesbians disfranchised by race or class\".", "GWLG is also responsible for founding the women's bookstore A Woman's Place.", "Grahn's poems circulated in \"periodicals, performances, chapbooks, and by word of mouth, and were foundational documents of lesbian feminism.\"", "Her work did not extend to a commercial audience until the late 1970s; however, it garnered a wide underground audience before 1975.", "Carl Morse and Joan Larkin cite Grahn's work as \"fueling the explosion of lesbian poetry that began in the 70s.\"", "Grahn's poetry is at times free verse, and is infused with her feminist lesbian identity.", "Her works stay true to her working-class roots, covering racism, sexism, classicism, and the struggles of being female and a lesbian.", "She uses plain language and what the Poetry Foundation describes as an \"etymological curiosity that often eschews metaphor in favor of incantation.\"", "Grahn does not limit her work to just written poetry, but also collaborates with other artists such as singer-songwriter Anne Carol Mitchell and dancer and choreographer Anne Blethenthal.", "Her writing is heavily political and focuses on the strength of lesbian culture and critiqued heterosexist biases and the patriarchy.", "Today, Grahn co-edits the online journal Metaformia, a journal about menstruation and women's culture.", "Works\n\nHer first poetry collection, Edward the Dyke and Other Poems was released in 1971, and was combined with She Who (1972) and A Woman is Talking to Death (1974) in a poetry collection titled The Work of a Common Woman in 1978.", "In 1974 she held a reading of the poetry from the first two books at an event organized by the Westbeth Playwrights Feminist Collective.", "On A Woman is Talking to Death Grahn stated that it began \"a redefinition for myself of the subject of love.\"", "A collection of selected and newer poems, love belongs to those who do the feeling (2008) won the 2009 Lambda Literary Award for lesbian poetry.", "Grahn's poetry has been used as a source of empowerment and a way to reestablish possession of words and signs of lesbian culture that are often used as derogatory by outsiders.", "In a short poem from the She Who collection (1971–1972) she confidently asserts, \"I am the dyke in the matter, the other / I am the wall with the womanly swagger / I am the dragon, the dangerous dagger / I am the bulldyke, the bulldagger.\"", "In 1993, Grahn wrote her second book, Blood, Bread, and Roses: How Menstruation Created the World which focuses on menstrual rituals as the origin of human civilization by using anthropology, history, archeology, myths, and stories.", "In addition, lines from her Common Woman collection became \"touchstones for the women's movement in the seventies, such as 'the common woman is as common as the best of bread/ and will rise.'\"", "Theory\n\nMargot Gayle Backus cites Grahn's best work as her poem, \"A Woman is Talking to Death\".", "She argues for its \"extraordinary impact on its audiences and readers\", and attributes this to \"Grahn's assumption of an utterly believable, vulnerable poetic voice that fearlessly and scrupulously speaks the truth to an overwhelming but nonetheless nameable, identifiable, and therefore negotiable power.", "\"<ref name=\"Backus, Margot Gayle 1993 p. 816\">Backus, Margot Gayle.", "Judy Grahn and the Lesbian Invocational Elegy: Testimonial and Prophetic Responses to Social Death in 'A woman is Talking to Death'.", "Signs, Vol.", "18, No.", "4, Theorizing Lesbian Experience (Summer, 1993), p. 816.</ref> Backus argues that Grahn's \"prophetic poetic voice\" may be attributed to works such as \"Lycidas\" or that of the poets Shakespeare and Donne.", "Backus writes that in \"A Woman is Talking to Death\", \"the central themes of the elegy and the love lyric interpenetrate in complex and innovative ways... Grahn thematically consolidates two major canonical poetic genres with deep roots in the historical development of poetic representation in Europe while radically transforming them by introducing into poetic form a broad nexus of trends in twentieth-century lesbian writing.\"", "Grahn is a chief theorist behind Metaformic Theory, a theory that traces the roots of culture back to ancient menstrual rites.", "The theory first emerged in her book Blood, Bread, and Roses.", "Although some believe that Grahn was a separatist due to her involvement in lesbian feminism, she states that her Metaformic philosophy was inclusive.", "Grahn also plays with language in her poem \"The woman in three pieces\".", "Lydia Bastida Tullis cites Grahn as emphasizing language's formal properties \"by increasingly straining its ability to make 'sense,'\" and ultimately calling into question \"the speaker's (and reader's) relationship to language.\"", "Awards\n\nAside from the Lambda Literary Award, Grahn has been the recipient of other awards for her work.", "She has received a grant from the National Endowment for the Arts, an American Book Review award, an American Book Award, a Gay Book Award, and a Founding Foremothers of Women's Spirituality Award.", "She received the Bill Whitehead Award for Lifetime Achievement from Publishing Triangle in 1994.", "Judy Grahn Award for Lesbian Nonfiction\n\nIn 1997, Publishing Triangle, an association of lesbians and gay men in publishing, established the Judy Grahn Award for Lesbian Nonfiction to recognize the best nonfiction book of the year affecting lesbian lives.", "Works\n\n Nonfiction Another Mother Tongue.", "Boston: Beacon Press (1984).", "The Highest Apple: Sappho And The Lesbian Poetic Tradition (Spinster’s Ink 1985).Really Reading Gertrude Stein: A Selected Anthology With Essays (Crossing Press 1990).", "Blood, Bread, and Roses: How Menstruation Created the World (Beacon Press 1993).", "A Simple Revolution: the Making of an Activist Poet (Aunt Lute Books 2012).", "with Gina Covina and Laurel Galana.", "The Lesbian Reader.", "Barn Owl Books (1975).", "with Lisa Maria Hogeland.", "The Judy Grahn Reader.", "San Francisco: Aunt Lute Books (2009).", "Fiction Mundane's World.", "Crossing Press (1988).", "The Work of a Common Woman: The Collected Poetry of Judy Grahn 1964–1977.", "Crossing Press (1984).", "A Simple Revolution.", "Aunt Lute Books (November 27, 2012).", "Poetry The Common Woman Poems (Women's Press Collective 1970).", "Edward the Dyke and Other Poems.", "(Women's Press Collective 1971).A Woman is Talking to Death (Women's Press Collective 1974)She Who (Women's Press Collective/Diana Press 1977).", "The Work of a Common Woman: Collected Poetry (1964–1977).", "St. Martin's Press (1982).", "The Queens of Wands.", "(Crossing Press 1982).", "The Queen of Swords (Beacon Press 1987).", "Love Belongs to Those Who Do the Feeling (1966-2006).", "Red Hen Press (2008).", "(Winner, 2009 Lambda Literary Award for Lesbian Poetry)Hanging on our Own Bones (Red Hen Press 2017).", "Recordings Detroit Annie Hitchhiking (2009)Lunarchy (2010)\n\nFurther reading\n\nDehler, Johanna.", "Fragments of Desire: Sapphic Fictions in Works by H.D., Judy Grahn, and Monique Wittig.", "New York: Peter Lang Publishing (1999).", "Marc, Stein.", "\"Encyclopedia of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender History in America\".", "Charles Scribner's Sons/Thomson/Gale (2004).", "Zimmerman, Bonnie.", "\"Lesbian Histories and Cultures: An Encyclopedia\".", "Garland Publishing, Inc. (2000).", "See also\n Lesbian Poetry\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nA Simple Revolution: Community Dialogue with Judy Grahn website created by Aunt Lute Books honoring the history and legacy of the Bay Area lesbian movement\nGrahn, Judy article in glbtq: An Encyclopedia of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Culture\nModern American Poetry University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign website on Grahn: biographical information, analyses of several poems, excerpts from interviews.", "Companion to the Anthology of Modern American Poetry''.", "Serpentina website founded by Dianne Jenett and Judy Grahn to support research, projects, and social activism in women's spirituality.", "1940 births\nAmerican women poets\nLesbian feminists\nAmerican lesbian writers\nLiving people\nWriters from Chicago\nLambda Literary Award for Lesbian Poetry winners\nNew College of California alumni\nNew College of California faculty\nAmerican feminist writers\nWriters from the San Francisco Bay Area\nAmerican LGBT poets\nLGBT people from Illinois\nAmerican Book Award winners\nStonewall Book Award winners\n21st-century American women" ]

[ "Judy Grahn is an American poet and author.", "She became a feminist poet because of her experiences of being a butch lesbian.", "Her work is influenced by Metaformic Theory, a philosophy that traces the roots of modern culture back to ancient menstrual rituals.", "At the California Institute for Integral Studies, Grahn teaches women's mythology and ancient literature.", "Judy Rae Grahn was born in Chicago, Illinois.", "Her mother was a photographer's assistant and her father was a cook.", "A poor and depressed New Mexico desert town near the border of West Texas was where Grahn grew up.", "She married a student named Yvonne at a nearby college when she was eighteen.", "Yvonne opened her eyes to gay culture.", "She joined the United States Air Force.", "She was discharged for being a lesbian at twenty-one.", "Grahn was beaten up for her butch attire and experienced a fair amount of homophobia while working odd jobs.", "She mentioned in an interview with Tongue that she learned everything she could about the oppression of Gay people.", "Grahn was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "She wanted to become a poet after overcoming her illness.", "Grahn was abused and mistreated for being an open lesbian.", "Grahn stated that if he was going to do what he had set out to do in his life, he would have to go all the way with it.", "I decided that I wouldn't do anything that would keep me out of my art.", "Grahn became active in the feminist poetry movement of the 1970s on the west coast.", "There were many rumors about Grahn's weight and possible eating disorder.", "Poor eating habits, smoking cigarettes, and drinking coffee are what causes Grahn's thin frame.", "She received her PhD from the California Institute of Integral Studies.", "Grahn was the director of the Creative Inquiry and Women's Spirituality programs at the New College of California.", "Grahn teaches at the California Institute for Integral Studies, the New College of California, and the Institute for Transpersonal Psychology.", "She teaches Metaformic Consciousness, a philosophy created by Grahn, and Uncommon Kinship, a course that uses theories from her Metaformic philosophy.", "Career Grahn knew she was a poet by the time she was nine, but it wasn't until she was twenty-five that she consciously committed herself to her work after overcoming her illness.", "The first lesbian-feminist collective on the West Coast was founded in 1969 by Grahn and the Gay Women's Liberation Group.", "Wendy Cadden and Grahn produced books, poems, and graphics.", "The Women's Press Collective tried to devote \"itself exclusively to work by lesbians disfranchised by race or class\"", "The women's bookstore A Woman's Place was founded by GWLG.", "The poems of Grahn were important documents of lesbian feminism.", "Her work did not reach a commercial audience until the late 1970s, but it did reach an underground audience before 1975.", "The explosion of lesbian poetry that began in the 70s was fueled by Grahn's work.", "Grahn's poetry is free verse and infused with her feminist lesbian identity.", "She covers racism, sexism, classicism, and the struggles of being female and a lesbian in her works.", "The Poetry Foundation describes her as an \"etymological curiosity that often shuns metaphor in favor of incantation.\"", "Grahn does more than just write poetry, she also works with other artists such as Anne Carol Mitchell and Anne Blethenthal.", "Heterosexist biases and the patriarchy are critiqued in her writing.", "Metaformia is an online journal about menstruation and women's culture.", "Her first poetry collection, Edward the Dyke and Other Poems, was released in 1971 and was combined with She Who and A Woman is Talking to Death in a poetry collection called The Work of a Common Woman in 1978.", "She read poetry from the first two books at an event organized by the Westbeth Playwrights Feminist Collective.", "Grahn stated that On A Woman is Talking to Death began a redefinition for him of the subject of love.", "The Lambda Literary Award for lesbian poetry was won by a collection of selected and newer poems.", "Grahn's poetry has been used as a source of empowerment and a way to reestablish possession of words and signs of lesbian culture that are often used as derogatory by outsiders.", "\"I am the dyke in the matter, the other is the wall with the womanly swagger, and I am the dragon, the dangerous dagger,\" she wrote in a poem from the She Who collection.", "In 1993, Grahn wrote her second book, Blood, Bread, and Roses: How Menstruation Created the World, which focuses on menstrual rituals as the origin of human civilization by using anthropology, history, archeology, myths, and stories.", "Her Common Woman collection became \"touchstones for the women's movement in the seventies, such as 'the common woman is as common as the best of bread'.\"", "According to Theory, Grahn's poem, \"A Woman is Talking to Death\" is her best work.", "She attributes this to \"Grahn's assumption of an utterly believable, vulnerable poetic voice that fearlessly and scrupulously speaks the truth to an overwhelming but nonetheless nameable, identifiable, and therefore negotiable power.\"", "\"BACKUS, MARGARTA GAY\" is the name of the person.", "The Lesbian Invocational Elegy: Testimonial and Prophetic Responses to Social Death in 'A woman is Talking to Death' was written by Judy Grahn.", "There are signs in this edition of signs.", "18, No.", "According to Backus, Grahn's poetic voice may have come from works by Shakespeare and Donne.", "In \"A Woman is Talking to Death\", the central themes of the elegy and the love lyric interpenetrate in complex and innovative ways.", "Metaformic Theory is a theory that traces the roots of culture back to ancient menstrual rituals.", "She wrote Blood, Bread, and Roses.", "She states that her Metaformic philosophy was inclusive despite the fact that she was involved in lesbian feminism.", "The woman in three pieces is a poem by Grahn.", "Grahn emphasizes language's formal properties by straining its ability to make sense, and ultimately calling into question the speaker's relationship to language.", "Grahn has received other awards for her work.", "She has received several awards, including a grant from the National Endowment for the Arts.", "She received a lifetime achievement award from Publishing Triangle.", "The Judy Grahn Award for Lesbian Nonfiction was established in 1997 by Publishing Triangle, an association of lesbians and gay men in publishing.", "A mother tongue works for Nonfiction Another Mother Tongue.", "The Beacon Press was published in Boston.", "The Lesbian Poetic Tradition and The Highest Apple are both from Spinster's Ink 1985.", "Blood, Bread, and Roses: How Menstruation Created the World was published in 1993.", "The Making of an Activist Poet is a book.", "Gina Covina and Laurel Galana were with them.", "The lesbian reader.", "Barn Owl books were published in 1975.", "with Lisa Maria.", "Judy Grahn is a reader.", "Aunt Lute books was in San Francisco.", "There is a fiction world.", "The Crossing Press was published in 1988.", "The Collected Poetry of Judy Grahn was published in 1977.", "The Crossing Press was published in 1984.", "A simple revolution.", "Aunt Lute books was published in November.", "The Common Woman Poems are from the Women's Press Collective.", "There are poems by Edward the Dyke.", "A Woman is Talking to Death is from the Women's Press Collective.", "Collected poetry is the work of a common woman.", "St. Martin's Press was published in 1982.", "The queens of wands", "TheCrossing Press was published in 1982.", "The Queen of Swords was published in 1987.", "Love is for those who do the feeling.", "Red Hen Press was published in 2008.", "Hanging on our Own Bones was a winner of the 2009 Lambda Literary Award for Lesbian Poetry.", "Further reading Dehler, Johanna.", "H.D., Judy Grahn, and Monique Wittig wrote Fragments of Desire.", "New York: Peter Lang Publishing.", "The person is Stein, by the way.", "There is an encyclopedia of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender History in America.", "Charles Scribner's Sons/Thomson/Gale was published in 2004.", "Bonnie.", "\"Lesbian Histories and Cultures: An Encyclopedia\" was published.", "Garland Publishing, Inc.", "A Simple Revolution: Community Dialogue with Judy Grahn website was created by Aunt Lute Books to honor the history and legacy of the Bay Area lesbian movement.", "A companion to the anthology of modern American poetry.", "The Serpentina website was founded by Dianne Jenett and Judy Grahn.", "The 1940s saw the birth of American women poets Lesbian feminists American lesbian writers Living people Writers from Chicago." ]

[ "Judy Grahn", "Judy Rae Grahn", "Judy Grah", "Judy Grah", "Judy Grah", "Judy Grah", "Judy Grah", "Judy", "Judy Grah" ]

[ "Judy Grahn", "Judy Rae Grahn", "Judy Grah", "Judy Grah", "Judy Grahn", "Judy Grah", "Judy Grahn", "Judy Grah", "Judy Grahn" ]

[ "Judith Ann Bense is an American academic, Florida historical archaeologist, and a former president of the University of West Florida.", "She is also the chairwoman of the Florida Historical Commission at the University of West Florida, she served as a faculty member and department chair in the anthropology program, which she started at the school.", "In 2008, she started her 7-year term as president of the university.", "Prior to this, she was the executive director of anthropology and archaeology at UWF.", "During her career, she was fundamental in drafting the legislation to create the Florida Public Archaeology Network (FPAN).", "Early life\nBense was born in New Jersey, but grew up in Panama City, Florida, where she lived on her family’s dairy farm with both parents and two brothers.", "By the time she was eight, she knew she wanted to be an archaeologist, a decision heavily influenced by family trips to historical state parks.", "She attended Panama City’s Bay High School and graduated in 1963.", "Education\nBense graduated from Florida State University (FSU) with a bachelor's degree in anthropology in 1967.", "She then went on to receive her master's in anthropology with a focus on archaeology from this institution in 1969.", "Her Master’s thesis research, working with David S. Phelps, focused on a Late Woodland shell ring located in Wakulla County, Florida.", "After graduated from FSU in 1969, Bense and took a job in cultural resource management working for the Florida Division of Archives, History, and Records Management on the Interstate 10 survey.", "Later that same year, Bense went on to receive her Ph.D. in anthropology from Washington State University (WSU) in 1972.", "At WSU, Bense worked with archaeologist Richard Daugherty and her advisor Frank C. Leonhardy.", "Her dissertation research focused on prehistoric climate change along the lower Snake River.", "In 1972, Bense graduated and moved back to Florida to help take care of her family in the light of both her parent’s deaths, her father in 1967 and mother in 1972.", "Early career \nBense spent the next five years focusing on business endeavors related to her family’s north Florida farm.", "In 1977, she began teaching anthropology and archaeology classes at UWF and taught an archaeology field school at Kings Point site, St. Andrews Bay, Florida.", "This was the first field school taught by UWF.", "Next, Bense headed the cultural resource reconnaissance of the St. Marks National Wildlife Refuge on the Florida Gulf Coast from 1977–1978.", "This project was immediately followed by a mitigation project in Mobile, Alabama, and a testing project along the Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway, Mississippi.", "The last project led her to be appointed as a senior research archaeologist for the Office of Archaeological Research at the University of Alabama.", "In this position she managed numerous large projects.", "Career \nBense made a deal with UWF to bring her CRM contracts to the school if they agreed to allow her to establish an anthropology program.", "In 1980, Bense started the WSU anthropology department as well as a research unit, the UWF Archaeology Institute.", "In 1988, she received tenure and became a full professor eight years later in 1994.", "In 1991, she collaborated with the UWF History department to create a master’s program in historical archaeology.", "In 2000, she became the department chair and introduced a master’s program in anthropology two years later.", "In 1984, a new city hall was constructed in downtown Pensacola and in the process unearthed and destroyed some of the town’s colonial history.", "Bense led a short salvage project and in the process recognized the importance of educating local community members and leaders about the archaeological and historical resources in their very backyard.", "As downtown Pensacola underwent an urban renewal, a massive urban archaeology project headed by Bense was started to preserve and detail the Spanish and British colonial history of the city.", "Later that same year, Bense worked with Gulf Power on another large public archaeology program.", "The company was building a new headquarters on a known Middle Woodland period site and a historic African American neighborhood known as Hawkshaw.", "Although the company was not under obligation, Bense was able to conduct archaeological excavations for two years.", "The information was accessible to the public through a series of programs, publications, and exhibits.", "Bense and Gulf Power were awarded the National Public Service Award from the Department of the Interior for the project in 1986, making the Hawkshaw project the first archaeology venture to be bestowed this honor.", "Cultural resources management or public archaeology became a mainstay in Pensacola culture over the next few decades.", "Excavations were undertaken at the Presidio San Miguel de Panzacola, British Fort of Pensacola, the Spanish Town of Pensacola, the Spanish Presidio Santa María de Galve on the Naval Air Station, and the Presidio Isla de Santa Rosa on the Gulf Islands National Seashore.", "In the early 1990s, the Pensacola Shipwreck Survey was conducted for the Bureau of Archaeological Research (BAR) and uncovered a 16th century Spanish shipwreck, named the Emanuel Point, off the shoreline.", "In 1997, BAR and UWF Anthropology partnered together to finish the excavation.", "Following this, Bense decided that underwater archaeology needed to be incorporated into the UWF curriculum.", "She felt strongly that underwater resources in the area needed equal attention.", "In 1999, UWF began excavating the remains of frigate and flagship of the Spanish Windward Fleet names the Rosario.", "In 2004, Bense worked alongside other CRM professionals and public archaeologists to write the legislature and obtain funding to start the Florida Public Archaeology Network (FPAN) \n\nWhen Bense began doing public archaeology within both the Pensacola community and the broader state of Florida, she recognized that the information could be distributed in multiple ways to the public.", "She started a radio show through the UWF NPR channel called Unearthing Pensacola.", "The show has now morphed and discusses more broadly Florida historical archaeology and is produced under the name Unearthing Florida\n\nOther activities\nBense served from 1984-1999 on the Governmental Affairs Committee of the Society of American Archaeology’s (SAA); as the conference chair for the Southeastern Archaeological Conference in 1984 and 1999 and their board of directors from 1980-1985 and 1997-1999; vice president of the Florida Anthropological Society from 1992-1993; from 1995-1997 on the Florida Archaeological Council’s board of directors; chair of the Stewards of Heritage Awards Committee from 1994-1995; and on the Florida Archaeological Week Committee in 1993.", "Bense was appointed interim president of the University of West Florida in 2008 and served until 2016.", "She was not only the first woman president of the college but also the first anthropologist to become the president of a public university in the US.", "She had taken her approach of involving the community in archaeology to her position as president in which she has sought to involve and embed the UWF community within the community of Pensacola.", "During her time as president, she secured a grant to fully fund and establish a football program at the school.", "Awards\n\nAward of Merit, from the Society for Historical Archaeology in 2002.", "Distinguished Teaching Award from the University of West Florida in 2001.", "Presidential Award, by the Society for American Archaeology for Leadership in Government Affairs in 1999.", "Ripley P. Bullen Award in 1998.", "National History Award Medal, from the Daughters of the American Revolution in 1996.", "References\n\nExternal links\nPensacola newspaper writes about appointment\nOfficial UWF Directory Info\nArchaeology.com article about Dr. Bense\nBook written by Dr. Bense\n\nLiving people\nPresidents of University of West Florida‎\nFlorida State University alumni\nWashington State University alumni\nYear of birth missing (living people)\nAmerican archaeologists" ]

[ "A former president of the University of West Florida, Judith Ann Bense is an American academic.", "She served as a faculty member and department chair in the anthropology program at the University of West Florida and is the chairwoman of the Florida Historical Commission.", "She was president of the university for 7 years.", "She was the executive director of anthropology and archaeology at UWF.", "She drafted the legislation for the Florida Public Archaeology Network.", "Bense was born in New Jersey but grew up in Panama City, Florida, on her family's dairy farm.", "She was influenced by her family's trips to historical state parks when she decided she wanted to be an archaeologist.", "She graduated from Panama City's Bay High School in 1963.", "Bense graduated from Florida State University with a degree in anthropology.", "She received her master's degree in anthropology from this institution in 1969.", "The shell ring located in Wakulla County, Florida was the focus of her thesis research.", "Bense worked for the Florida Division of Archives, History, and Records Management after graduating from FSU.", "Bense received her PhD in anthropology from Washington State University in 1972.", "Bense worked with archaeologists Richard Daugherty and Frank C. Leonhardy.", "The lower Snake River was the focus of her research.", "Bense moved back to Florida in 1972 to take care of her family in the wake of her parents deaths.", "Bense spent the next five years working on her family's farm.", "She began teaching anthropology and archaeology at UWF in 1977.", "The first field school was taught by UWF.", "The St. Marks National Wildlife refuge on the Florida Gulf Coast was headed by Bense.", "This project was followed by a testing project along the Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway in Mississippi.", "She was appointed as a senior research archaeologist for the Office of Archaeological Research at the University of Alabama.", "She managed a lot of large projects.", "If UWF agreed to allow her to establish an anthropology program, Career Bense would bring her contracts to the school.", "The UWF Archaeology Institute was started in 1980 by Bense.", "She became a full professor in 1994.", "She collaborated with the UWF History department to create a master's program in historical archaeology.", "She introduced a master's program in anthropology two years after she became the department chair.", "Some of the town's colonial history was destroyed when a new city hall was built in 1984.", "Bense recognized the importance of educating local community members and leaders about the archaeological and historical resources in their backyard when he led a short salvage project.", "As the city underwent an urban renewal, a massive urban archaeology project headed by Bense was started to preserve and detail the Spanish and British colonial history of the city.", "Bense worked with Gulf Power on a large public archaeology program.", "The company was building a new headquarters on the site of a historic African American neighborhood.", "Bense was able to conduct archaeological excavations for two years.", "Through a series of programs, publications, and exhibits, the information was accessible to the public.", "Bense and Gulf Power were awarded the National Public Service Award from the Department of the Interior for the project in 1986.", "Over the next few decades, cultural resources management or public archaeology became a mainstay.", "The Spanish fort of Santa Mara de Galve on the Naval Air Station was one of the sites that were excavated.", "The Emanuel Point, a 16th century Spanish shipwreck, was discovered in the early 1990s by the Bureau of Archaeological Research.", "The excavation was finished in 1997 by BAR and UWF Anthropology.", "Bense decided that the UWF curriculum needed to include underwater archaeology.", "She felt that the underwater resources in the area needed more attention.", "The remains of the flagship of the Spanish Windward Fleet were excavated in 1999.", "The Florida Public Archaeology Network (FPAN) was started by Bense in 2004, after she wrote the legislature and obtained funding for it.", "She started a radio show on the UWF NPR channel.", "Bense was the conference chair for the Southeastern Archaeological Conference in 1984 and served on the Governmental Affairs Committee of the Society of American Archaeology.", "Bense served as interim president of the University of West Florida from 2008 to 2016", "She was the first woman president of the college and the first anthropologist to be president of a public university in the US.", "She took her approach of involving the community in archaeology to her position as president and has sought to involve the UWF community within the community of Pensacola.", "She secured a grant to establish a football program when she was president.", "The Society for Historical Archaeology gave an Award of Merit in 2002.", "The University of West Florida gave a distinguished teaching award in 2001.", "The Society for American Archaeology for Leadership in Government Affairs gave a Presidential Award in 1999.", "The Ripley P. Bullen Award was presented in 1998.", "The National History Award medal came from the American Revolution.", "The official directory of the University of West Florida writes about the appointment of Dr. Bense." ]

[ "Judith Ann Bense", "Bense", "Bense", "Bense", "Bense", "Bense", "Bense", "Bense", "Bense", "Bense", "Bense", "Bense", "Bense", "Benseipley" ]

[ "Judith Ann Bense", "Bense", "Bense", "Bense", "Bense", "Bense", "Bense", "Bense", "Bense", "Career Bense", "Bense", "Bense", "Bense", "Bense", "Bense", "Bense", "Bense" ]

[ "Harold Sydney Bride (11 January 1890 – 29 April 1956) was a British merchant seaman and the junior wireless officer on the ocean liner RMS Titanic during its ill-fated maiden voyage.", "After the Titanic struck an iceberg at 11:40 pm 14 April 1912, Bride and his senior colleague Jack Phillips were responsible for relaying CQD messages (later SOS at Captain Edward Smith's urging) to ships in the vicinity, which led to the survivors being picked up by the RMS Carpathia.", "The men remained at their posts until the ship's power was almost completely out.", "Bride was washed off the ship as the boat deck flooded, but managed to scramble onto the upturned lifeboat Collapsible 'B', and was rescued by the Carpathia later in the morning.", "Despite being injured, he helped Harold Cottam, the Carpathia's wireless operator and a personal friend of his, transmit survivor lists and personal messages from the ship.", "Early history\nHarold Bride was born in Nunhead, London, England, in 1890 to Arthur Bride and Mary Ann Lowe.", "The youngest of five children, Bride lived with his family in Bromley.", "After primary school Bride decided he wanted to become a wireless operator and he worked in his family's business to help pay for training.", "He completed training for the Marconi Company in July 1911.", "Working for Marconi, his first sea assignment as a wireless operator was on the SS Haverford; later he worked on the Beaverford, the LaFrance, the Lusitania, and the Anselm.", "RMS Titanic\nIn 1912 Harold Bride joined the crew of the RMS Titanic as the junior wireless operator and assistant to Jack Phillips at Belfast, Ireland.", "Stories have appeared that Bride knew Phillips before the Titanic, but Bride insisted that they had never met before Belfast.", "The Titanic left on her maiden voyage to New York City from Southampton, England, on 10 April.", "During the voyage, Bride and Phillips worked from the wireless room on the Boat Deck, sending out passengers' personal messages and receiving iceberg warnings from other ships.", "On 11 April, a day after the ship set sail, Phillips and Bride had celebrated Phillips' 25th birthday, with pastries brought from the first class dining room.", "On the evening of 14 April 1912 Bride had gone to bed early in preparation to relieve Jack Phillips at midnight, two hours earlier than normal.", "The wireless had not been working earlier and Phillips was busy catching up on a backlog of passengers' personal messages being sent to Cape Race, Newfoundland.", "The Titanic hit the iceberg at 11:40 pm that night and began sinking.", "Bride woke up shortly after and asked Phillips what was happening.", "Phillips said they struck something; Bride acknowledged Phillips and began to get ready to go on duty.", "Captain Edward Smith soon came into the wireless room alerting Bride and Phillips to be ready to send out a distress signal.", "Shortly after midnight he came in and told them to request help and gave them the ship's position.", "Jack Phillips sent out CQD while Bride took messages to the Captain about which ships were coming to the Titanic assistance.", "However, the closest ship to respond, the RMS Carpathia, would not reach the Titanic until after she sank.", "At one point Bride reminded Phillips that the new code was SOS and jokingly said, \"Send SOS, it's the new call, and it may be your last chance to send it.\"", "Later Phillips took a quick break and Bride took over the wireless.", "Phillips soon returned to the wireless room reporting that the forward part of the ship was flooded and that they should put on more clothes and life vests.", "Bride began to get dressed while Phillips went back to work on the wireless machine.", "The wireless power was almost out when Captain Smith arrived and told the men that they had done their duty and that they were relieved.", "Phillips continued working while Bride gathered some money and personal belongings.", "Bride later remembered being moved by the way Phillips continued working.", "When his back was turned a crew member had sneaked in and was taking Phillips' life vest.", "Bride, outraged at the man's behaviour, attacked the man and might have hit him with an object.", "The water was beginning to flood the wireless room as they both ran out of the wireless room, leaving the motionless crewman where he fell.", "Bride thought the man was \"a stoker, or someone from below decks\".", "Bride wrote later: \"I did my duty.", "I hope I finished [the man].", "I don't know.", "We left him on the cabin floor of the radio room, and he was not moving.\"", "The men then split up, Bride heading forward and Phillips heading aft.", "This was the last time Bride saw Phillips.", "Bride began helping remove one of the last two lifeboats, Collapsible B, off the roof of the officer's quarters.", "The crew was unable to launch the boat before it was washed off the deck upside down.", "Bride was also washed off the deck and found himself beneath the overturned boat.", "He swam out from under and climbed onto the boat, on which he and fifteen other men were able to survive, although the collapsible was waterlogged and slowly sinking.", "Bride and the others on B were later assisted into other lifeboats and were eventually taken aboard the RMS Carpathia.", "On the Carpathia, the seriously injured Bride rested, and later helped the Carpathia's wireless operator, Harold Cottam, send out the large number of personal messages from the survivors.", "According to Encyclopedia Titanica: \"Incidentally, Bride and Cottam had met before the disaster and were good friends.", "After the tragedy they stayed in contact for many years.\"", "Post-Titanic\n\nBride, who had to be carried off the Carpathia because of injuries to his feet (one was badly sprained, the other frostbitten), was met in New York City by Guglielmo Marconi and The New York Times, which gave Bride $1,000 for his exclusive story, \"Thrilling Story by Titanic's Surviving Wireless Man\".", "Bride later gave testimony in the American and British inquiries into the Titanic disaster, describing what iceberg warnings had been received and what had happened the night of the disaster.", "In the American Inquiry, Bride was also questioned about ignoring requests for information, while on the Carpathia, from the press and the U.S. Navy, which wanted to know the fate of President Taft's personal friend and aide, Archibald Butt.", "Bride stated that priority was given to personal messages and survivor lists over answering questions from the press and claimed that the Navy did not understand British Morse signals, which the Navy denied.", "The Marconi Company was accused of secretly setting up the New York Times interview with Bride and telling him and Harold Cottam to keep quiet until they arrived in New York, but Marconi denied the accusations.", "This matter was not pursued, and Bride was considered one of the heroes of the disaster.", "Despite being a key witness in the inquiries, Bride kept a low profile after the sinking.", "Before Titanic, on 16 March 1912, he became engaged to Mabel Ludlow, but he broke off the engagement in September when he met Lucy Downie, whom he married on 10 April 1920.", "In August 1912, London via Melbourne, records show Bride being aboard the SS Medina as a Marconi Operator.", "During World War I, Bride served as the wireless operator on the steamship Mona’s Isle, and in 1922 he and Lucy moved to Glasgow, where Bride became a salesman.", "They had three children: Lucy in 1921, John in 1924 and Jeanette in 1929.", "Death\nBride died aged 66 of lung cancer on 29 April 1956 in Glasgow.", "His body was cremated at Glasgow, and his ashes were scattered in the garden of the crematorium's chapel.", "Portrayals\nDavid McCallum (1958) (A Night to Remember)\nBarry Pepper (1996) (Titanic) (TV miniseries)\nCraig Kelly (1997) (Titanic)\nMartin Moran (1999) — Titanic (Broadway musical)\nSteve Kearney (1999) (The Titanic Chronicles) (TV documentary) (voice only)\nJake Swing (2012) (The Last Signals)\n\nSee also \nSinking of the RMS Titanic\nUnited States Senate inquiry into the sinking of the RMS Titanic\nBritish Titanic inquiry\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\n\nExternal links\n \n\n1890 births\n1956 deaths\nBritish Merchant Service personnel of World War I\nBritish Merchant Navy officers\nTelegraphists\nDeaths from lung cancer\nDeaths from cancer in Scotland\nRMS Titanic survivors" ]

[ "The junior wireless officer on the Titanic was a British merchant seaman named Harold Bride.", "The survivors of the Titanic were picked up by the Carpathia after Bride and JackPhillips relaying CQD messages to ships in the vicinity.", "The men were at their posts until the ship's power went out.", "Bride was washed off the ship as the boat deck flooded, but managed to scramble onto the upturned lifeboat, and was rescued by the Carpathia later in the morning.", "He helped Harold Cottam, the Carpathia's wireless operator, transmit survivor lists and personal messages despite being injured.", "Harold Bride was born in Nunhead, London, England, in 1890 to Arthur Bride and Mary Ann Lowe.", "Bride was the youngest of five children.", "Bride worked in his family's business to help pay for training after he decided he wanted to become a wireless operator.", "He completed his training for the company in July of 1911.", "His first sea assignment was as a wireless operator, and he later worked on the LaFrance, the Lusitania, and the Anselm.", "Harold Bride joined the crew of the Titanic in 1912 as the junior wireless operator and assistant to JackPhillips.", "Bride insisted that they had never met before Belfast, despite stories that they knewPhillips before the Titanic.", "The Titanic left on her maiden voyage to New York City.", "During the voyage, Bride andPhillips worked from the wireless room on the Boat Deck, sending out passengers' personal messages and receiving warnings from other ships.", "On 11 April, a day after the ship set sail,Phillips and Bride had celebratedPhillips' 25th birthday with pastries brought from the first class dining room", "Bride went to bed early on the night of April 14, 1912 in order to relieve JackPhillips at midnight two hours earlier than normal.", "Phillips was busy catching up on personal messages being sent to Cape Race, Newfoundland, because the wireless had not been working earlier.", "The Titanic hit the iceberg and began to sink.", "The bride woke up and asked what was happening.", "The Bride acknowledgedPhillips and began to get ready to go on duty.", "Bride andPhillips were ready to send out a distress signal when Captain Edward Smith came into the wireless room.", "He came in after midnight and told them to ask for help.", "The Bride took messages from the Captain about which ships were coming to help the Titanic.", "The Carpathia would not reach the Titanic until after she sank.", "At one point Bride joked that it may be the last chance to send it, as the new code was \"soothing\".", "Bride took over the wireless afterPhillips took a break.", "The forward part of the ship was flooded and they should put on more clothes and life vests.", "The bride was getting dressed while the man worked on the machine.", "When Captain Smith arrived, he told the men that they had done their duty and that they were relieved.", "The Bride was gathering money and personal belongings.", "The bride remembered howPhillips continued working.", "A crew member sneaked in and tookPhillips' life vest.", "The woman might have hit the man with an object.", "The crewman fell after they ran out of the wireless room and the water began to flood the room.", "The bride thought the man was a stoker.", "The bride wrote that she did her duty.", "I want to finish the man.", "I don't know.", "We left him on the floor of the radio room.", "The men split up, Bride heading forward andPhillips heading away.", "The last time the bride saw him was this one.", "The bride was helping to remove the last of the two life boats from the officer's quarters.", "The boat was washed off the deck after the crew was unable to launch it.", "The bride was washed off the deck and found under the overturned boat.", "He and fifteen other men were able to survive, although the collapsible was slowly sinking, because he swam out from under and climbed onto the boat.", "Bride and the others on B were taken to the Carpathia, where they were assisted into other boats.", "On the Carpathia, the seriously injured Bride rested, and later helped the Carpathia's wireless operator, Harold Cottam, send out the large number of personal messages from the survivors.", "Bride and Cottam were good friends and had met before the disaster.", "They were in contact for many years after the tragedy.", "Post-Titanic Bride, who had to be carried off the Carpathia because of injuries to his feet, was met in New York City by Guglielmo Marconi and The New York Times, which gave him $1,000 for his exclusive.", "In the American and British inquiries into the Titanic disaster, the bride gave testimony about what had happened the night of the disaster.", "Bride was questioned about ignoring requests for information, while on the Carpathia, by the press and the U.S. Navy, which wanted to know the fate of Butt.", "Bride claimed that priority was given to personal messages and survivor lists over answering questions from the press and 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266", "The New York Times interview with Bride was set up by the Marconi Company, but they denied the accusations.", "Bride was considered one of the heroes of the disaster because this matter was not pursued.", "Bride kept a low profile after the sinking despite being a key witness.", "He got married to Lucy Downie on April 10, 1920, but he broke off his engagement in September of 1912.", "Records show that Bride was a Marconi Operator in August of 1912.", "In 1922, Bride and Lucy moved to Glasgow, where Bride became a salesman.", "Lucy was born in 1921, John in 1924 and Jeanette in 1929.", "Death Bride died of lung cancer at the age of 66.", "His ashes were scattered in the garden of the crematorium's chapel after he was cremated.", "Portrayals David McCallum, Barry Pepper, Craig Kelly, and Martin Moran all starred in Titanic." ]

[ "Harold Sydney Bride", "Bride", "Bride", "Harold Cottam", "Harold Bride", "Arthur Bride", "Bride", "Bride", "Harold Bride", "Bride", "Bride", "Bride", "Bride", "Bride", "Bride", "Bride", "Bride", "Bride", "Bride", "Bride", "Bride", "Bride", "Bride", "Bride", "Bride", "Bride", "Bride", "Bride", "Bride", "Bride", "Bride", "Bride", "Harold Cottam", "Bride", "Bride", "Bride", "Bride", "Bride", "Bride", "Bride", "Harold Cotta", "Bride", "Bride", "Bride", "Bride", "Bride", "Bride" ]

[ "Harold Bride", "Bride", "Bride", "Harold Cottam", "Harold Bride", "Arthur Bride", "Bride", "Bride", "Harold Bride", "BrideP", "BrideP", "BrideP", "Bride", "BrideP", "BrideP", "Bride", "Bride", "Bride", "BridePip", "Bride", "Bride", "Harold Com", "Bride", "Bride", "Bride", "Bride", "Bride", "Bride", "Bride", "Bride", "Bride", "Bride", "Bride" ]

[ "Elisabeth Margaret Welch (February 27, 1904July 15, 2003) was an American singer, actress, and entertainer, whose career spanned seven decades.", "Her best-known songs were \"Stormy Weather\", \"Love for Sale\" and \"Far Away in Shanty Town\".", "She was American-born, but was based in Britain for most of her career.", "Early life\nAccording to her birth certificate, Welch was born at 223 West 61st Street in New York City.", "Her father was chief gardener of an estate in Englewood, New Jersey.", "Her father was of indigenous American and African American ancestry; her mother was of Scottish and Irish descent.", "Welch was brought up in a Baptist-Christian family, and began her singing in a church choir.", "She first intended to go from high school into social work, but instead chose to become a professional singer.", "She started her career in New York in 1922, but in 1929 she went on to Europe – first to Paris and then to London.", "Professional career\nAfter her first appearance in America in Liza in 1922, Welch was the initial singer of the Charleston in the show Runnin' Wild (1923).", "During the 1920s she appeared in African-American Broadway theatre shows, including The Chocolate Dandies (1924) and Blackbirds of 1928.", "She made relatively few recordings.", "Before moving to Europe she made only one record – \"Doin' The New Lowdown\", b/w 'Digga Digga Do\", as vocalist for the Irving Mills-assembled Hotsy Totsy Gang (Brunswick 4014, 27 July 1928).", "\"Blackbirds of 1928\" was taken to the Moulin Rouge in Paris in 1929 and it was here that Welch began her career as a cabaret singer including performances at the popular nightclub Chez Florence.", "Welch was asked to return to New York, where she replaced a singer in The New Yorkers (1930–1931) and sang Cole Porter's controversial song \"Love for Sale\".", "The composer met her afterwards in Paris, and then invited her to perform his song \"Solomon\" in Nymph Errant in London in 1933.", "That year, before this show was available, Welch was given permission to perform in London in Dark Doings, in which she sang \"Stormy Weather\", newly written by Harold Arlen and Ted Koehler.", "She subsequently took the song as her signature tune.", "Welch's show-stopping performance in Nymph Errant was seen by Ivor Novello, and in 1935, he gave her a part in his show Glamorous Night, in which she stood out again singing his blues song \"Far Away in Shanty Town\".", "In 1931, she had included in her cabaret act the new song \"As Time Goes By\", almost a dozen years before it achieved screen fame in Casablanca.", "In the mid 1930s, Welch entered two media: she appeared in films – usually as a singer, and as leading lady to Paul Robeson in Song of Freedom and the musical Big Fella – and she was also one of the first artists to perform on British television, appearing on the BBC's new TV service from Alexandra Palace.", "During World War II, she remained in London during the Blitz.", "She entertained the armed forces along with many other artists.", "After the war she was in many West End theatre shows, including revues.", "She continued on both television and radio.", "She also had a series of one-woman shows until 1990.", "She was in the Royal Variety Performance in 1979 and 1985.", "In 1979, she was cast as a Goddess by Derek Jarman and sang \"Stormy Weather\" in his film version of Shakespeare's The Tempest.", "In 1980, she returned to New York to appear in Black Broadway and she appeared there again in 1986 when her one-woman show earned her an Obie Award.", "She was nominated for a Tony Award for her performance in Jerome Kern Goes to Hollywood.", "Welch was the subject of This Is Your Life in October 1985 when she was surprised by Eamonn Andrews outside London's Palace Theatre.", "Her final performance was in 1996 for Black Divas, a Channel 4 television documentary, in which she sang \"Stormy Weather\", at the age of 92.", "Personal life\nIn 1928, she was married to Luke Smith, a musician, but they separated after a few months.", "He died in 1936.", "They had no children.", "Welch died at the age of 99 at Denville Hall in Northwood, London on July 15, 2003.", "Legacy\nIn February 2012, writer Bonnie Greer unveiled an English Heritage blue plaque at Ovington Court in Kensington, London, where Welch lived from 1933 to 1936.", "She was twice a guest on the BBC radio programme Desert Island Discs, on February 26, 1952 and November 18, 1990; her latter appearance is now part of the programme's online archive.", "Guinness Who's Who of Stage Musicals, ed.", "C. Larkin.", "Guinness – )\n Stephen Bourne, Elisabeth Welch – Soft Lights and Sweet Music (foreword by Ned Sherrin) (2005, Scarecrow Press)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n \n \n Photos\n\n1904 births\n2003 deaths\n20th-century American actresses\nActresses from New Jersey\nAmerican expatriates in the United Kingdom\nAmerican film actresses\nAmerican musical theatre actresses\nAmerican people of Irish descent\nAmerican people of Scottish descent\nAmerican stage actresses\nAmerican television actresses\nTraditional pop music singers\nSingers from New Jersey\nPeople from Englewood, New Jersey\n20th-century American singers\n20th-century American women singers\n21st-century American women" ]

[ "Her career spanned seven decades and she was an American singer, actress, and entertainer.", "Her best-known songs were \"Stormy Weather\", \"Love for Sale\" and \"Far Away in Shanty Town\".", "She lived in Britain for most of her career.", "According to her birth certificate, she was born in New York City.", "Her father was a gardener.", "Her parents were both of Scottish and Irish descent.", "She began singing in a church choir after being brought up in a Baptist-Christian family.", "She wanted to go from high school to social work, but decided to become a professional singer.", "She moved to Europe in 1929 after starting her career in New York in 1922.", "In 1923, she was the first singer of the Charleston in the show Runnin' Wild.", "She appeared in two African-American Broadway theatre shows in the 1920s.", "She didn't make a lot of recordings.", "She made one record before moving to Europe, \"Doin' The New Lowdown\", b/w 'Digga Digga Do', as vocalist for the Hotsy Totsy Gang.", "In 1929, \"Blackbirds of 1928\" was taken to the Moulin Rouge in Paris and it was there that Welch began her career as a cabaret singer.", "She was asked to return to New York, where she replaced a singer in The New Yorkers and sang Cole Porter's \"Love for Sale\".", "The composer invited her to perform his song \"Solomon\" in London in 1933 after meeting her in Paris.", "She was given permission to perform in London in Dark Doings, in which she sang \"Stormy Weather\", before this show was available.", "She took the song as her signature tune.", "Ivor Novello saw her performance in Nymph Errant and gave her a part in his show Glamorous Night, in which she stood out again singing his blues song \"Far Away in Shanty Town\".", "She included the new song \"As Time Goes By\" in her cabaret act almost a dozen years before it became famous.", "She was one of the first artists to perform on British television, and she appeared in films as a singer and as a leading lady in Paul Robeson's Song of Freedom and Big Fella.", "During World War II, she was in London.", "She entertained the armed forces.", "She was in many West End theatre shows after the war.", "She was on both radio and television.", "She had a number of one-woman shows.", "In 1979 and 1985 she was in the Royal Variety Performance.", "She sang \"Stormy Weather\" in the film version of Shakespeare's The Tempest.", "She appeared in Black Broadway in New York in 1980, and in 1986 she received an Obie Award for her one-woman show.", "She was nominated for a Tony Award for her performance.", "She was the subject of This Is Your Life in October 1985 when she was surprised by Eamonn Andrews outside London's Palace Theatre.", "Her final performance was in 1996 for Black Divas, a Channel 4 television documentary, in which she sang \"Stormy Weather\" at the age of 92.", "She was married to a musician, but they separated after a few months.", "He died in 1936.", "They didn't have any children.", "On July 15, 2003 there was a death at Denville Hall.", "The English Heritage blue plaque at Ovington Court was unveiled in February 2012 by writer Bonnie Greer.", "She was a guest on Desert Island Discs twice, once in 1952 and once in 1990.", "The Who's Who of Stage Musicals is published by Guinness.", "C. Larkin.", "References External links Photos 1904 births 2003 deaths 20th-century American actresses Actresses from New Jersey American expatriates in the United Kingdom" ]

[ "Elisabeth Margaret Welch", "Welch", "Welch", "Welch", "Welch", "Welch", "Welch", "Welch", "Welch", "Welch", "Welch", "Welch", "Elisabeth Welch" ]

[ "Welch" ]

[ "Tony Patrick Hall (born January 16, 1942) is an American politician, businessman, and diplomat who served as a member of the U.S. House of Representatives, representing Ohio's 3rd congressional district from 1979 to 2002.", "Hall had previously served in both chambers of the Ohio General Assembly.", "From 2002 to 2006, Hall served as United States Ambassador to the United Nations Agencies for Food and Agriculture, and as chief of the United States Mission to the UN Agencies in Rome, which includes the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the World Food Programme, and the International Fund for Agricultural Development.", "Subsequently, Hall worked on a Middle East peace initiative in collaboration with the Center for the Study of the Presidency.", "Early life and education\nHall was born in Dayton, Ohio.", "His father, Dave Hall, served as a Republican mayor of Dayton.", "Hall graduated from Fairmont High School in Kettering, Ohio, in 1960.", "He received a bachelor's degree from Denison University in 1964.", "While in college, Hall was named Little All-American football tailback and the Ohio Conference's Most Valuable Player (1963).", "Career \nAfter college, Hall served as Peace Corps Volunteer in Thailand, teaching English in 1966 and 1967, an experience that contributed to his strong interest in world hunger issues.", "He also worked in the real estate business.", "Ohio Legislature\nHall became active in politics, joining the Democratic Party in a change from his father's affiliation.", "He was elected as a member of the Ohio House of Representatives, serving from 1969 to 1973, and as an Ohio state senator from 1973 to 1979.", "In 1974, Hall ran for Ohio Secretary of State and lost to Republican incumbent Ted W. Brown.", "U.S. Representative \nHall was first elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1978, to succeed 12-year incumbent Charles W. Whalen Jr., a moderate Republican.", "He won election with 54 percent of the vote, but would never face another contest anywhere near that close.", "He would be reelected 11 more times, never dropping below 57 percent of the vote.", "As a measure of how popular he was in the Dayton area, he was unopposed for reelection in 1984 even as Ronald Reagan carried the district in a landslide.", "He was unopposed again in 1990, and faced no major-party opposition in 1982 and 2000.", "In the 1980s, Hall became an evangelical Christian, prompting him to change his position on abortion from abortion rights to pro-life.", "Otherwise, his voting record was liberal.", "During his tenure in Congress, Hall concentrated on seeking to alleviate world hunger.", "He made frequent trips to more than 100 countries such as Sierra Leone, Ethiopia, Sudan, and North Korea where hunger was widespread.", "He was chairman of the Select Committee on Hunger from 1989 to 1993.", "When the committee was abolished, Hall fasted for 22 days in protest.", "He was founder of the Congressional Friends of Human Rights Monitors and the Congressional Hunger Center.", "Hall served terms on the foreign affairs and small business committees before being appointed to the House Rules Committee in 1981.", "Twice during his tenure as U.S. representative, Hall introduced legislation that would have apologized for slavery in the United States.", "Hall was an Ohio delegate to the 2000 Democratic National Convention.", "U.S.", "Ambassador\nHall served in the House into 2002, when President George W. Bush nominated him to succeed George McGovern as United States Ambassador to the United Nations Agencies for Food and Agriculture.", "Hall's confirmation to the post was held up for several months, but he was confirmed and sworn into the post in September 2002 by U.S. Secretary of State Colin Powell.", "He served in this position until 2006, leading as chief of the United States Mission to the UN Agencies in Rome, which includes the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the World Food Programme, and the International Fund for Agricultural Development.", "Later career\nWith Tom Price, Hall wrote Changing the Face of Hunger: One Man's Story of How Liberals, Conservatives, Democrats, Republicans, and People of Faith Are Joining Forces to Help the Hungry, the Poor, and the Oppressed (2007).", "In March 2007, Hall announced he was committed to fostering a Middle East peace initiative, by working with the Center for the Study of the Presidency and Congress and religious leaders of the Holy Land, principally among Muslims, Christians and Jews in the Middle East.", "Under a $1 million grant from U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice via the U.S. Agency for International Development, to be applied to both economics and faith-based efforts, Hall was to work with religious leaders to help prepare the way for peace in the Middle East.", "Hall received no salary for his work.", "He serves as executive director emeritus of The Alliance to End Hunger.", "Hall also serves on the Board of Advisors of Opportunity International, a charity that seeks to end poverty through microcredit lending to entrepreneurs.", "Hall remains active fighting hunger in his hometown of Dayton.", "In 2015, he created the Hall Hunger Initiative, a Dayton-based nonprofit working to “create a just and equitable food system.", "\"He also served as the Capital Chair for the Gem City Market, a co-op grocery store, and lead a successful effort to raise $5 million.", "Recognition\nAmbassador Hall was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize for 1998, 1999 and 2001 for his humanitarian and hunger-related work.", "For his hunger legislation and for his proposal for a Humanitarian Summit in the Horn of Africa, Ambassador Hall and the Hunger Committee received the 1992 Silver World Food Day Medal from the UN Food and Agriculture Organization.", "Ambassador Hall is a recipient of the United States Committee for UNICEF 1995 Children's Legislative Advocate Award, U.S. AID Presidential End Hunger Award, 1992 Oxfam America Partners Award, Bread for the World Distinguished Service Against Hunger Award, and NCAA Silver Anniversary Award.", "He received honorary Doctor of Laws degrees from Asbury College, Antioch College and Eastern College and a Doctor of Humane Letters degree from Loyola College in Baltimore.", "Personal life \nHall and his wife, Janet Sue Dick, were married in 1973.", "They had two children together, Jyl Hall Smith and Matthew Hall.", "Matthew died in 1996, at age 15, of leukemia.", "See also \n List of United States political appointments that crossed party lines\n List of United States representatives from Ohio\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n \n \n \n \n\n|-\n\n|-\n\n|-\n\n1942 births\nRepresentatives of the United States to the United Nations Agencies for Food and Agriculture\nDenison University alumni\nLiving people\nMembers of the Ohio House of Representatives\nMembers of the United States House of Representatives from Ohio\nOhio state senators\nPoliticians from Dayton, Ohio\nPeace Corps volunteers\nWriters from Dayton, Ohio\nOhio Democrats\nDemocratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives\n21st-century American politicians\nDemocratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Ohio" ]

[ "Tony Patrick Hall was an American politician, businessman, and diplomat who served as a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from 1979 to 2002.", "Hall was a member of the Ohio General Assembly.", "Hall was the United States Ambassador to the United Nations Agencies for Food and Agriculture and the chief of the United States Mission to the UN Agencies in Rome.", "Hall collaborated with the Center for the Study of the Presidency on a Middle East peace initiative.", "Hall was born in Dayton, Ohio.", "Dave Hall was the Republican mayor of Dayton.", "Hall graduated from a high school in Ohio in 1960.", "He received a bachelor's degree from Denison University.", "In college, Hall was named Little All-American football tailback and the Ohio Conference's Most Valuable Player.", "Hall served as a Peace Corps Volunteer in Thailand in 1966 and 1967, teaching English and contributing to his interest in world hunger issues.", "He worked in the real estate business.", "In a change from his father's affiliation, Ohio Legislature Hall joined the Democratic Party.", "He served as an Ohio state senator from 1973 to 1979 and as a member of the Ohio House of Representatives from 1969 to 1973.", "Hall lost to Ted W. Brown in 1974 for Ohio Secretary of State.", "Representative Hall was first elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1978.", "He won the election with 54 percent of the vote, but would never face another contest.", "He was reelected 11 times and never dropped below 57 percent of the vote.", "Even though Ronald Reagan won the district in a landslide, he was not up for reelection in 1984 because he was popular in the Dayton area.", "He faced no major-party opposition in the 1980's and 2000's.", "Hall changed his position on abortion from abortion rights to pro-life in the 1980's after becoming an evangelical Christian.", "His voting record was liberal.", "Hall was focused on trying to alleviate world hunger.", "He traveled to more than 100 countries where hunger was common.", "The Select Committee on Hunger was chaired by him.", "Hall fasted for 22 days in protest after the committee was abolished.", "He founded the Congressional Friends of Human Rights Monitors.", "Hall was appointed to the House Rules Committee in 1981 after serving on the foreign affairs and small business committees.", "Hall twice introduced legislation that would have apologized for slavery in the United States.", "The Democratic National Convention was held in 2000.", "U.S.", "Ambassador Hall was nominated by George W. Bush to be the United States Ambassador to the United Nations Agencies for Food and Agriculture.", "Hall's confirmation to the post was held up for several months, but he was confirmed and sworn into the post in September 2002 by U.S. Secretary of State Colin Powell.", "He was the chief of the United States Mission to the UN Agencies in Rome, which included the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the World Food Programme, and the International Fund for Agricultural Development.", "Changing the Face of Hunger: One Man's Story of How Liberals, Conservatives, Democrats, Republicans, and People of Faith are Joined Forces to Help the Hungry, the Poor, and the Oppressed was written by Hall.", "In March 2007, Hall announced he was committed to fostering a Middle East peace initiative by working with the Center for the Study of the Presidency and Congress and religious leaders of the Holy Land.", "Under a $1 million grant from the U.S. Secretary of State, Hall was to work with religious leaders to prepare the way for peace in the Middle East.", "Hall didn't get a salary for his work.", "He is an executive director of The Alliance to End Hunger.", "The Board of Advisors of Opportunity International is a charity that seeks to end poverty through microcredit lending to entrepreneurs.", "Hall is fighting hunger in his hometown.", "He created the Hall Hunger Initiative in order to create a just and equitable food system.", "He led a successful effort to raise $5 million for the Gem City Market.", "Ambassador Hall was nominated for the Peace Prize three times for his humanitarian and hunger-related work.", "Ambassador Hall and the Hunger Committee received the 1992 Silver World Food Day medal for their work on hunger legislation and for their proposal for a Humanitarian Summit in the Horn of Africa.", "Ambassador Hall received a number of awards, including the United States Committee for UNICEF 1995 Children's Legislative Advocate Award.", "He received a Doctor of Humane Letters degree from Loyola College in Baltimore.", "Hall and his wife, Janet Sue Dick, were married in 1973.", "They had two children together.", "Matthew died of leukemia at the age of 15.", "See also List of United States political appointments that crossed party lines." ]

[ "Tony Patrick Hall", "Hall", "Hall", "Hall", "Hall", "Dave Hall", "Hall", "Hall", "Hall", "Hall", "Hall", "Hall", "Hall", "Hall", "Hall", "Hall", "Hall", "Hall", "Hall", "Hall", "Colin Powell", "Tom Price", "Hall", "Hall", "Hall", "Hall", "Hall", "Hall", "Hall", "Hall", "Hall", "Hall", "Hall Smith", "Matthew Hall" ]

[ "Tony Patrick Hall", "Hall", "Hall", "Hall", "Hall", "Dave Hall", "Hall", "Hall", "Hall", "Hall", "Hall", "Hall", "Hall", "Hall", "Hall", "Hall", "Hall", "Hall", "Hall", "Colin Powell", "Hall", "Hall", "Hall", "Hall", "Hall", "Hall", "Hall", "Hall", "Hall" ]

[ "Ariana Grande-Butera (; born June 26, 1993) is an American singer, songwriter, and actress.", "Her four-octave vocal range has received public acclaim, and her personal life has been the subject of widespread media attention.", "She has received numerous accolades throughout her career, including two Grammy Awards, one Brit Award, one Bambi Award, two Billboard Music Awards, three American Music Awards, nine MTV Video Music Awards, and 26 Guinness World Records.", "Grande began her music career at age 15 in the 2008 Broadway musical 13.", "She rose to fame for playing Cat Valentine in the Nickelodeon television series Victorious (2010–2013) and Sam & Cat (2013–2014).", "Grande signed with Republic Records in 2011 after label executives viewed YouTube videos of her covering songs.", "Her 1950s doo-wop-influenced pop and R&B debut album, Yours Truly (2013), topped the US Billboard 200, while its lead single, \"The Way\", reached the top ten of the US Billboard Hot 100.", "Grande's voice and whistle register on the album drew immediate comparisons to Mariah Carey.", "She continued to explore pop and R&B in her second and third studio albums, My Everything (2014) and Dangerous Woman (2016).", "The former experimented with EDM and achieved global success with its singles \"Problem\", \"Break Free\" and \"Bang Bang\"; the latter became her first of four consecutive number-one albums in the UK.", "Personal struggles influenced her trap-infused fourth and fifth studio albums, Sweetener (2018) and Thank U, Next (2019), both of which were critical and commercial successes.", "Sweetener won the Grammy Award for Best Pop Vocal Album, and Thank U, Next broke the record for the largest streaming week for a pop album and was nominated for Album of the Year.", "The singles \"Thank U, Next\", \"7 Rings\", and \"Break Up with Your Girlfriend, I'm Bored\" made Grande the first solo artist to hold the top three spots on the Hot 100 simultaneously and the first woman to succeed herself at the top of the UK Singles Chart.", "Her 2020 collaborations \"Stuck with U\" with Justin Bieber and \"Rain on Me\" with Lady Gaga helped her break the record for most number-one debuts on the Hot 100, the latter winning the Grammy Award for Best Pop Duo/Group Performance.", "Grande's R&B-focused sixth studio album, Positions (2020), and its title track debuted at number-one in the UK and US.", "In 2021, she had her sixth US number-one single after featuring on the remix of The Weeknd's \"Save Your Tears\".", "Often regarded as a pop cultural icon and triple threat entertainer, Grande is one of the world's best-selling music artists; she has sold more than 85 million records globally, and all of her studio albums have been certified platinum or higher.", "Among her Billboard chart records, she is the first artist and only woman to have five number-one debuts, to chart three number one-debuts in one calendar year, to debut the lead singles from each of her studio albums in the top ten, and to have their first five number one singles debut at top spot.", "Grande is the most streamed female artist ever, the most streamed female artist on Spotify and Apple Music, the most followed female artist on Spotify, and the most subscribed female artist on YouTube.", "She has been included on Times annual list of the 100 most influential people in the world (2016 and 2019) and the Forbes Celebrity 100 (2019–2020).", "Grande was named Woman of the Year (2018), the greatest pop star of 2019, and the most successful female artist to debut in the 2010s by Billboard.", "Aside from music, Grande worked with many charitable organizations and advocates for animal rights, mental health, and gender, racial, and LGBT equality.", "Grande has a large following on social media; she became the most followed woman on Instagram in 2019, and has also ventured into the cosmetics and fashion industries.", "Early life\nAriana Grande-Butera was born on June 26, 1993, in Boca Raton, Florida.", "She is the daughter of Joan Grande, the Brooklyn-born CEO of Hose-McCann Communications, a manufacturer of communications and safety equipment, and Edward Butera, a graphic design firm owner in Boca Raton.", "Grande is of Italian descent, and has described herself as an Italian American with Sicilian and Abruzzese roots.", "She has an older half-brother, Frankie Grande, who is an entertainer and producer, and she has a close relationship with her maternal grandmother, Marjorie Grande.", "Her family moved from New York to Florida before her birth, and her parents separated when she was eight or nine years old.", "When her parents were Florida Panthers season ticket holders, she was accidentally hit on each wrist by errant hockey pucks on two different occasions in 1998, sustaining minor bruises both times.", "The second occurrence happened during the Panthers' inaugural regular-season game at National Car Rental Center on October 9, 1998, in which she was also the first child to ever ride a Zamboni in the brand-new arena during the first intermission, the result of her parents' $200 winning bid at an auction.", "A photograph of her on the Zamboni was featured in the South Florida SunSentinel the next day.", "At age 8, she sang \"The Star-Spangled Banner\" at the Panthers' home game against the Chicago Blackhawks on January 16, 2002.", "As a young child, Grande performed with the Fort Lauderdale Children's Theater, playing her first role as the title character in the musical Annie.", "She also performed in their productions of The Wizard of Oz and Beauty and the Beast.", "At age eight, she performed at a karaoke lounge on a cruise ship and with various orchestras such as South Florida's Philharmonic, Florida Sunshine Pops and Symphonic Orchestras.", "During this time, she attended the Pine Crest School and later North Broward Preparatory.", "Career\n\n2008–2012: Career beginnings and Nickelodeon\nBy age 13, Grande became serious about pursuing a music career, although she still concentrated on theater.", "When she first arrived in Los Angeles, California to meet with her managers, she expressed a desire to record an R&B album: \"I was like, 'I want to make an R&B album,' They were like 'Um, that's a helluva goal!", "Who is going to buy a 14-year-old's R&B album?!'\"", "In 2008, Grande was cast as cheerleader Charlotte in the Broadway musical 13.", "When she joined the musical, Grande left North Broward Preparatory School, but continued to be enrolled; the school sent her materials to study with tutors.", "She also sang various times at the New York City jazz club Birdland.", "Grande was cast in the Nickelodeon television show Victorious along with 13 co-star Elizabeth Gillies in 2009.", "In the sitcom, set at a performing arts high school, she played the \"adorably dimwitted\" Cat Valentine.", "She had to dye her hair red every other week for the role, which severely damaged her hair.", "The show premiered in March 2010 to the second-largest audience for a live-action series in Nickelodeon, with 5.7 million viewers.", "The role helped propel Grande to teen idol status, but she was more interested in a music career, saying that acting is \"fun, but music has always been first and foremost with me.\"", "Her character was compared to \"Brittany Murphy's performance as the hapless Tai in Clueless\" and described as being \"very impressionable and easily swayed\" but \"generally sweet\".", "She also played Miriam in the musical Cuba Libre, written and produced by American songwriter Desmond Child.", "After the first season of Victorious wrapped, Grande wanted to focus on her music career and began working on her debut album in August 2010.", "To strengthen her vocal range, she began working with vocal coach Eric Vetro.", "The second season premiered in April 2011 to 6.2 million viewers, becoming the show's highest-rated episode.", "In May 2011, Grande appeared in Greyson Chance's video for the song \"Unfriend You\" from his album Hold On 'til the Night (2011), portraying his ex-girlfriend.", "She made her first musical appearance on the track \"Give It Up\" from the Victorious soundtrack in August 2011.", "While filming Victorious, Grande made several recordings of herself singing covers of songs by Adele, Whitney Houston and Mariah Carey, and uploaded them to YouTube.", "A friend of Monte Lipman, chief executive officer (CEO) of Republic Records, came across one of the videos.", "Impressed by her vocals, he sent the links to Lipman, who signed her to a recording contract.", "Grande voiced the title role in the English dub of the Spanish-language animated film Snowflake, the White Gorilla in November 2011.", "From 2011 to 2013, she voiced the fairy Princess Diaspro in the Nickelodeon revival of Winx Club.", "In December 2011, Grande released her first single, \"Put Your Hearts Up\", which was recorded for a potential teen-oriented pop album that was never issued.", "She later disowned the track for its bubblegum pop sound, saying she had no interest in recording music of that genre.", "The song was later certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).", "On a second soundtrack, Victorious 2.0, released on June 5, 2012, as an extended play, she supplied vocals as part of the show's cast for the song \"5 Fingaz to the Face\".", "The third and final soundtrack, Victorious 3.0, was released on November 6, 2012, featuring Grande duetting with Victoria Justice in the song \"L.A. Boyz\".", "A music video followed.", "In December 2012, Grande collaborated on the single version of \"Popular Song\", a duet with British singer and songwriter Mika.", "After four seasons, Victorious was not renewed, with the finale airing in February 2013.", "Grande starred as Snow White in the pantomime-style musical theatre production A Snow White Christmas with Charlene Tilton and Neil Patrick Harris at the Pasadena Playhouse.", "She played Amanda Benson in Swindle, a 2013 Nickelodeon film adaptation of the children's book of the same name.", "Meanwhile, Nickelodeon created Sam & Cat, an iCarly and Victorious spin-off starring Jennette McCurdy and Grande.", "Grande and McCurdy reprised their roles as Cat Valentine and Sam Puckett on the buddy sitcom, which paired the characters as roommates who form an after-school babysitting business.", "The pilot aired on June 8, 2013, and the network immediately picked up the show.", "The next month, Nickelodeon doubled Sam & Cats original 20-episode order for season one, making it a 40-episode season.", "Despite its success in the ratings, the series was canceled after 35 episodes.", "The final episode aired on July 17, 2014.", "2013–2015: Yours Truly and My Everything\nGrande recorded her debut studio album Yours Truly, originally titled Daydreamin, over three years.", "It was released on August 30, 2013, and debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 albums chart, with 138,000 copies sold in its first week.", "Yours Truly also debuted in the top ten in several other countries, including Australia, the UK, Ireland, and the Netherlands.", "Its lead single, \"The Way\", featuring Pittsburgh rapper Mac Miller, debuted at number ten on the US Billboard Hot 100, eventually peaking at number nine for two weeks.", "Grande was later sued by Minder Music for copying the line \"What we gotta do right here is go back, back in time\" from the 1972 song \"Troglodyte (Cave Man)\" by The Jimmy Castor Bunch.", "The album's second single, \"Baby I\", was released in July.", "Its third single, \"Right There\", featuring Detroit rapper Big Sean, was released in August 2013.", "They respectively peaked at number 21 and 84 on the Billboard Hot 100.", "Grande recorded the duet \"Almost Is Never Enough\" with Nathan Sykes of The Wanted, which was released as a promotional single in August 2013.", "She also joined Justin Bieber on his Believe Tour for three shows and kicked off her own headlining mini-tour, The Listening Sessions.", "The following month, Billboard magazine ranked Grande at number four on their list of \"Music's Hottest Minors 2013\", an annual ranking of the most popular musicians under the age of 21.", "At the 2013 American Music Awards, she won the award for New Artist of the Year.", "She released a four-song Christmas EP, Christmas Kisses in December 2013.", "Grande received the Breakthrough Artist of the Year award from the Music Business Association, recognizing her achievements throughout 2013.", "By January 2014, Grande had begun recording her second studio album, with singer-songwriter Ryan Tedder and record producers Benny Blanco and Max Martin.", "The same month, she earned the Favorite Breakout Artist award at the People's Choice Awards 2014.", "In March 2014, Grande sang at the White House concert, \"Women of Soul: In Performance at the White House\".", "The following month, President Barack Obama and First Lady Michelle Obama invited Grande again to perform at the White House for the Easter Egg Roll event.", "Grande released her second studio album My Everything on August 25, 2014, and debuted atop the Billboard 200.", "Its lead single \"Problem\" features Australian rapper Iggy Azalea and premiered at the 2014 Radio Disney Music Awards on April 26, 2014.", "The song debuted at number three (eventually climbing to number two) on the Billboard Hot 100, and debuted at number one on the UK Singles Chart, becoming Grande's first number one single in the United Kingdom.", "The album's second single, \"Break Free\", featuring German musician and producer Zedd, peaked at number four in the United States.", "She performed the song as the opening of the 2014 MTV Video Music Awards, and won Best Pop Video for \"Problem\".", "Grande and Nicki Minaj provided guest vocals on \"Bang Bang\", the lead single from Jessie J's album Sweet Talker, which peaked at number one in the UK and reached number three in the US.", "With the singles \"Problem\", \"Break Free\", and \"Bang Bang\", Grande joined Adele as the only female artist with three top ten singles simultaneously on the Billboard Hot 100 as a lead artist.", "Grande was the musical performer on Saturday Night Live, with Chris Pratt as the host on September 27, 2014.", "That same month, third single from My Everything, \"Love Me Harder\", featuring Canadian recording artist The Weeknd, was released and peaked at number seven in the United States.", "The song became her fourth top ten single of 2014, the most by any artist that year.", "In November 2014, Grande was featured in Major Lazer's song \"All My Love\" from the soundtrack album for the film The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 1 (2014).", "The same month, Grande released a Christmas song titled \"Santa Tell Me\" as a single from the reissue of her first Christmas EP, Christmas Kisses (2014).", "She later released the fifth and the final single from My Everything, \"One Last Time\", which peaked at number 13 in the US.", "In February 2015, Grande embarked on her first worldwide concert tour, The Honeymoon Tour, to further promote My Everything, with shows in North America, Europe, Asia and South America.", "Grande was featured on Cashmere Cat's song \"Adore\", which was released in March 2015.", "In the spring, she signed an exclusive publishing contract with the Universal Music Publishing Group, covering her entire music catalog.", "Grande also filmed an episode for the Fox Broadcasting Company reality TV series Knock Knock Live (2015), but the show was canceled before her episode aired.", "She also guest-starred on several episodes of the Fox comedy-horror television series Scream Queens as Sonya Herfmann/Chanel#2 from September to November 2015.; and She recorded the duet \"E Più Ti Penso\" with Italian recording artist Andrea Bocelli, which was released in October 2015 as the lead single from Bocelli's album Cinema (2015), and covered the song \"Zero to Hero\", originally from the animated film Hercules (1997), for the compilation album We Love Disney (2015).", "Grande also released her second Christmas EP, Christmas & Chill in December 2015.", "2015–2017: Dangerous Woman\nGrande began recording songs for her third studio album, Dangerous Woman, originally titled Moonlight, in 2015.", "In October of that year, she released the single \"Focus\", initially intended as the lead single from the album; the song debuted at number seven on the Billboard Hot 100.", "The next month American singer Who Is Fancy released the single \"Boys Like You\", which features her and Meghan Trainor.", "She was featured in the remix version of \"Over and Over Again\", a song by English singer Nathan Sykes' debut studio solo album Unfinished Business, which was released in January 2016.", "Grande made a cameo appearance in the comedy film Zoolander 2 starring Ben Stiller and Owen Wilson.", "In March 2016, Grande released \"Dangerous Woman\" as the lead single from the retitled album of the same name.", "The single debuted at number ten on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming the first artist to have the lead single from each of her first three albums debut in the top ten.", "The same month, Grande appeared as host and musical guest of Saturday Night Live, where she performed \"Dangerous Woman\" and debuted the promotional single \"Be Alright\", which charted at number 43 on the Billboard Hot 100.", "Grande garnered positive reviews for her appearance on the show, including praise for her impressions of various singers, some of which she had done on The Tonight Show.", "Grande won an online voting poll on Entertainment Weekly as the \"best host of the season\".", "In May 2016, Grande appeared on The Voice season 10 finale, performing the second single from the album, \"Into You\", which peaked at number 13 in the United States, and duetted with Christina Aguilera on \"Dangerous Woman\".", "Grande released Dangerous Woman on May 20, 2016, and debuted at number two on the Billboard 200.", "It also debuted at number two in Japan, and at number one in several other markets, including Australia, the Netherlands, Ireland, Italy, New Zealand and UK.", "Mark Savage, writing for BBC News, called the album \"a mature, confident record\".", "At the Summertime Ball at London's Wembley Stadium in June, Grande performed three songs from the album as part of her set.", "In August, Grande released a third single from the album, \"Side to Side\", featuring rapper Nicki Minaj, her eighth top ten entry on the Hot 100, which peaked at number four on that chart.", "Dangerous Woman was nominated for Grammy Award for Best Pop Vocal Album and the title track for Best Pop Solo Performance.", "In August 2016, Grande performed a tribute to the late Whitney Houston on the season finale of the ABC television series Greatest Hits and headlined the opening night of the second annual Billboard Hot 100 Music Festival, performing a nearly hour-long set of her own songs.", "Aside from music, Grande filmed a commercial for T-Mobile that premiered in October 2016 and played Penny Pingleton in the NBC television broadcast Hairspray Live!, which aired in December 2016.", "The same month, Grande and Stevie Wonder appeared on the season finale of the US competition TV series The Voice, performing their collaboration \"Faith\" from the soundtrack of the 2016 animated film Sing.", "\"Faith\" was nominated for Best Original Song at the 74th Golden Globe Awards.", "At the end of the year, Grande participated in the Jingle Ball Tour 2016.", "Grande recorded the title track of the soundtrack for the 2017 live-action remake of Disney's 1991 animated film Beauty and the Beast.", "The recording was released as a duet with American singer John Legend in February 2017.", "The same month, Grande embarked on her third concert tour, the Dangerous Woman Tour, to promote the related album.", "On April 27, 2017, Norwegian DJ Cashmere Cat released the fifth song \"Quit\" from his debut album 9 featuring Grande.", "On May 22, 2017, her concert at Manchester Arena was the target of a suicide bombing—a shrapnel-laden homemade bomb detonated by an Islamic extremist as people were leaving the arena.", "The Manchester Arena bombing caused 22 deaths and injured hundreds more.", "Grande suspended the remainder of the tour and held a televised benefit concert, One Love Manchester, on June 4, helping to raise $23 million to aid the bombing's victims and affected families.", "The concert featured performances from Grande, as well as Liam Gallagher, Robbie Williams, Justin Bieber, Katy Perry, Miley Cyrus and other artists.", "To recognize her efforts, the Manchester City Council named Grande the first honorary citizen of Manchester.", "The tour resumed on June 7 in Paris and ended in September 2017.", "In August 2017, Grande appeared in an Apple Music Carpool Karaoke episode, singing musical theatre songs with American entertainer Seth MacFarlane.", "In December 2017, Billboard magazine named her \"Female Artist of the Year\".", "2018–2019: Sweetener and Thank U, Next\nGrande began working on songs for her fourth studio album, Sweetener, with Pharrell Williams in 2016, but \"the events in Manchester gave a hard reset to the project's expectations\".", "Grande released \"No Tears Left to Cry\" as the lead single from Sweetener in April 2018, with the song debuting at number three on the Billboard Hot 100, making Grande the only artist to have debuted the first single from each of her first four albums in the top ten of the Hot 100.", "In June 2018, she was featured in \"Bed\", the second single from Nicki Minaj's fourth studio album Queen.", "The second single, \"God Is a Woman\", peaked at number 8 on the Hot 100 and became Grande's tenth top ten single in the US.", "Released in August 2018, Sweetener debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 and received acclaim from critics.", "She simultaneously charted nine songs from the album on the Hot 100, along with a collaboration, making her the fourth female artist to reach the ten-song mark.", "Grande gave four concerts to promote the album, billed as The Sweetener Sessions, in New York City, Chicago, Los Angeles, and London between August 20 and September 4, 2018.", "In October 2018, Grande participated in the NBC broadcast, A Very Wicked Halloween, singing \"The Wizard and I\" from the musical Wicked.", "The following month, the BBC aired a one-hour special, Ariana Grande at the BBC, featuring interviews and performances.", "In November 2018, Grande released the single \"Thank U, Next\" and announced her fifth studio album of the same name.", "The song debuted at number one on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming Grande's first chart topping single in the United States, spending seven non-consecutive weeks atop.", "Since then, it has been certified five-times platinum in the United States; the song's music video broke records for most-watched music video on YouTube within 24 hours of release and fastest Vevo video to reach 100 million views on YouTube, both of which were later surpassed by other artists.", "On Spotify, it became the fastest song to reach 100 million streams (11 days) and most-streamed song by a female artist in a 24-hour period, with 9.6 million streams, before being surpassed by her own song \"7 Rings\" (nearly 15 million streams).", "Later the same month, Grande released, in collaboration with YouTube, a four-part docuseries titled Ariana Grande: Dangerous Woman Diaries.", "It shows behind the scenes and concert footage from Grande's Dangerous Woman Tour, including moments from the One Love Manchester concert, and follows her professional life during the tour and the making of Sweetener.", "The series debuted on November 29, 2018.", "She became the most streamed female artist of the year.", "In January 2019, it was announced that Grande would be headlining the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival, where she became the youngest and only the fourth female artist ever to headline the festival.", "It took place April 12–14 and April 19–21.", "Grande brought a number of guest artists to perform with her, including NSYNC, P. Diddy, Nicki Minaj and Justin Bieber.", "Her set has received critical acclaim.", "Grande's second single from Thank U, Next, \"7 Rings\", was released on January 18, 2019, and debuted at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 for the week of February 2, becoming her second single in a row (and overall) to top the charts.", "It made Grande the third female artist with multiple number-one debuts after Mariah Carey (3) and Britney Spears (2) and fifth artist overall after Justin Bieber and Drake.", "The song broke several streaming and recording industry records.", "Spending eight non-consecutive weeks at number one, it became Grande's most successful song on the chart and one of the best selling singles worldwide.", "Thank U, Next was released on February 8, 2019, and debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 while receiving acclaim from critics.", "It broke the records for the largest streaming week for a pop album and for a female album in the United States with 307 million on-demand streams.", "Grande became the first solo artist to occupy the top three spots on the Billboard Hot 100 with \"7 Rings\" at number one, her third single \"Break Up with Your Girlfriend, I'm Bored\" debuting at number two, and her lead single \"Thank U, Next\" rose to number three, and the overall second artist to do so since the Beatles did in 1964 when they occupied the top five spots.", "In the United Kingdom, Grande became the second female solo artist to simultaneously hold the number one and two spots and the first musical artist to replace herself at number one, twice consecutively.", "In February 2019, it was reported Grande wouldn't attend the Grammy Awards after she had a disagreement with producers over a potential performance at the ceremony.", "Grande ended up earning her first Grammy, for Best Pop Vocal Album, for Sweetener.", "The same month, Grande won a Brit Award for International Female Solo Artist.", "She also embarked on her third headlining tour, the Sweetener World Tour, to promote both Sweetener and Thank U, Next, which began on March 18, 2019.", "Grande was nominated for 9 awards at the 2019 Billboard Music Awards, including Top Artist.", "She would win two awards for Billboard Chart Achievement and Top Female Artist on May 1, 2019.", "Grande performed at the event via a pre-recorded performance from her Sweetener World Tour.", "In June 2019, Grande announced that she co-executive produced the soundtrack to the film Charlie's Angels; a collaboration with Miley Cyrus and Lana Del Rey, titled \"Don't Call Me Angel\", was released as the lead single on September 13, 2019.", "It was later nominated for Best Original Song, at the 24th Satellite Awards.", "In August 2019, she released a single titled \"Boyfriend\" with pop duo Social House.", "Grande co-wrote singer Normani's debut solo single \"Motivation\", which was released on August 16, 2019.", "Grande won three awards at the 2019 MTV Video Music Awards, including the Artist of the Year award.", "She was nominated for 12 awards in total, including Video of the Year for \"Thank U, Next\".", "Grande was featured on the remix of American singer and rapper Lizzo's song \"Good as Hell\", which was released on October 25, 2019.", "By the end of the year, Billboard named Grande the most accomplished female artist to debut in the 2010s, while NME named her one of the defining music artists of the decade.", "She also became the most streamed female artist of the decade on music streaming service Spotify.", "Also, Forbes ranked her amongst the highest-paid celebrities in 2019, placing at number 62 on the list, while Billboard ranked her as 2019's highest-paid solo musician.", "2020–present: Positions\nIn January 2020, Grande received multiple nominations at the 2020 iHeartRadio Music Awards, including Female Artist of the Year.", "The following month, she made a guest appearance in the second season of the American television series Kidding, which stars Jim Carrey.", "Grande and Justin Bieber released a collaboration song titled \"Stuck with U\" on May 8, 2020; net proceeds from the sales of the song were donated to the First Responders Children's Foundation in light of the COVID-19 pandemic.", "The song debuted at number one on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming Grande's third chart-topping single.", "Alongside Bieber, both artists tied Mariah Carey and Drake for the most songs to debut at number one on the Hot 100; Grande is the first artist to have her first three number ones debut at the top, following \"Thank U, Next\" and \"7 Rings\".", "Grande also released a collaboration with Lady Gaga, \"Rain on Me\", as the second single from Gaga's sixth studio album Chromatica.", "The song also debuted at number one on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming Grande's fourth number-one single and helping Grande break the record for the most number-one debuts on that chart.", "The song won the Best Pop Duo/Group Performance category at the 63rd Annual Grammy Awards.", "In 2020, Grande became the highest-earning woman in music on Forbess 2020 Celebrity 100 list, placing 17th overall with $72 million.", "At the 2020 MTV Video Music Awards, she was nominated for nine awards for both \"Stuck with U\" (with Bieber) and \"Rain on Me\" (with Gaga).", "For the latter, Grande received her third consecutive nomination for Video of the Year.", "She won four awards, including Song of the Year for \"Rain on Me\".", "Grande's sixth studio album, Positions, was released on October 30, 2020.", "It debuted at number one on the Billboard 200, becoming Grande's fifth number-one album.", "The eponymous lead single was released on October 23.", "It debuted at number one on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming Grande's fifth chart-topping single and breaking numerous records.", "Grande became the first artist to have five number-one debuts on the Hot 100 and the first to have their first five number ones debut at the top.", "\"Positions\" became her third number-one single in 2020 following \"Stuck with U\" and \"Rain on Me\", making Grande the first artist since Drake to have three number-one singles in a single calendar year and the first female artist to do so since Rihanna and Katy Perry in 2010.", "Alongside the release of Positions, the song from the album \"34+35\" served as the second single off the album.", "The song debuted at number 8, becoming Grande's 18th top ten single.", "Grande released a \"34+35\" remix featuring American rappers Doja Cat and Megan Thee Stallion on January 15, 2021.", "The remix helped the song reach a new peak at number two, the highest-charting song credited to three or more female soloists on the Hot 100 since Christina Aguilera, Mýa, Pink and Lil' Kim's \"Lady Marmalade\" in 2001.", "The remix was one of five additional tracks included on the deluxe edition of Positions, released on February 19, 2021.", "Grande was named the most-played artist on iHeartRadio’s stations in 2021, reaching 2.6 billion in audience.", "On October 14, 2020, it was announced, that Grande would star alongside Leonardo DiCaprio, Jennifer Lawrence, and Meryl Streep in Don't Look Up.", "The film was released on the streaming service Netflix, on December 24, 2021.", "To promote the film, Grande released the song \"Just Look Up\", in collaboration with rapper Kid Cudi, on December 3, 2021.", "At the 27th Critics' Choice Awards, Grande received nominations in the categories Best Song and Best Acting Ensemble, as a part of the cast.", "She also received a nomination at the 28th Screen Actors Guild Awards for \nOutstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture.", "November 13, 2020, Grande made a surprise appearance on the Adult Swim Festival, performing alongside music artist Thundercat, performing his song \"Them Changes\", which Grande had previously covered.", "Grande and Jennifer Hudson also featured on a remix of Mariah Carey's 2010 Christmas song \"Oh Santa!\".", "The song was released on December 4, 2020, as part of Mariah Carey's Magical Christmas Special.", "Grande released the concert film for her Sweetener World Tour, Excuse Me, I Love You, on December 21, 2020, exclusively on Netflix.", "In March 2021, Grande had signed on as a coach of the twenty-first season of The Voice; Grande became the highest-paid coach in the show's history, earning a reported $25 million per season.", "In April, Grande featured on Demi Lovato's single \"Met Him Last Night\", and on a remix of the Weeknd's \"Save Your Tears\", released on April 23.", "The remix reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming both artists' sixth number one single.", "She joined Paul McCartney as the only artists to earn three number one duets on the Hot 100.", "Grande and the Weeknd performed \"Save Your Tears\" together at the 2021 iHeartRadio Music Awards.", "In June, Grande featured on the song \"I Don't Do Drugs\" from Doja Cat's third studio album Planet Her.", "Her contribution as a songwriter and featured artist on the song earned Grande a nomination for Album of the Year at the 64th Annual Grammy Awards.", "Grande performed virtually as the headline act of the \"Rift Tour\" on the video game Fortnite from August 6 to 8, 2021.", "The concert attracted 78 million players, beating Travis Scott's record of 11.7 million views for his own concert.", "In November 2021, it was announced that Grande would play Glinda for the upcoming film adaptation of the musical Wicked, directed by Jon M. Chu and starring alongside Cynthia Erivo, who will play Elphaba.", "Artistry\nMusical style and genres\n\nGrande's music is generally pop and R&B with elements of EDM, hip hop, and trap, the latter first appearing prominently on her Christmas & Chill extended play.", "While consistently maintaining pop-R&B tones, she has increased incorporation of trap into her music as her career has progressed thanks to her work with record producer Tommy Brown.", "She has worked with Brown on every album and stated that \"one of the things I love most about working with Tommy is that none of the beats he plays me ever sound the same.\"", "Grande learned how to sound engineer and produce because she loves being hands on during every project, and revealed that Mac Miller taught her how to work with Pro Tools.", "Justin Tranter, a recent collaborator, felt inspired to see how involved Grande is in her music \"from the writing to the vision to the storytelling and to even engineering and comping her own vocals.\"", "She has co-written several of her songs addressing a wide variety of themes such as love, sex, wealth, breakups, independence, empowerment, self-love and moving on from the past.", "Grande's debut album, Yours Truly was complimented for recreating the R&B \"vibe and feel of the 90s\" with the help of songwriter and producer Babyface.", "Her follow-up, My Everything, was described as an evolution from her debut record with a new sound exploring EDM and electropop genres.", "She followed her pop-R&B sound on her third album, Dangerous Woman, which was praised by the Los Angeles Times for adapting to different styles with the reggae-pop \"Side to Side\", the dance-pop-influenced \"Be Alright\", and the fusion of guitar and trap in \"Sometimes\".", "Her trap-pop sound is heavily featured on her fourth and fifth studio albums, Sweetener and Thank U, Next.", "Elias Leight of Rolling Stone believes \"with her new album Sweetener, she set her sights on conquering trap, savage basslines and jittery swarms of drum programming.\"", "She also \"embraces the sound of hard-bitten Southern hip-hop\" exploring elements of funk music with themes of love and prosperity.", "Craig Jenkins of Vulture wrote that Grande had changed and approached her style to trap and hip hop, filled with R&B undertones on Thank U, Next, with lyrics about breakups, empowerment, and self-love.", "Her sixth album, Positions, expands on the R&B and trap-pop sound of Sweetener and Thank U, Next, with topics about sex and romance.", "Influences\n\nGrande grew up listening mainly to urban pop and 1990s music and says that \"Over the Rainbow\" was one of the first songs she remembers singing because \"Wizard Of Oz was always my favorite movie when I was younger.\"", "Mariah Carey and Whitney Houston are her biggest vocal influences: \"I love Mariah Carey.", "She is literally my favorite human being on the planet.", "And of course Whitney [Houston] as well.", "As far as vocal influences go, Whitney and Mariah pretty much cover it.\"", "Alongside Carey and Houston, Grande's other key influences include Celine Dion and Madonna.", "She reflects on her childhood by posting videos of herself singing songs from Dion's 1997 album Let's Talk About Love on her social media.", "Grande credits Madonna for \"pav[ing] the way for me and also every other female artist\" and admitted to being \"obsessed with her entire discography\".", "She credited Gloria Estefan with inspiring her to pursue a music career, after Estefan saw and complimented Grande's performance on a cruise ship when she was eight years old.", "Grande praised Imogen Heap's \"intricate\" song structure and named Judy Garland as a childhood influence, admiring her ability to tell \"a story when she sings\".", "Musically, Grande admires India.Arie because her \"music makes me feel like everything is going to be okay\" and loves Brandy's songs because \"her riffs are incredibly on point.\"", "Destiny's Child and Beyoncé are also major influences and inspirations in her career.", "She has also expressed admiration for rappers who impact the music industry without a planned release date, telling Billboard, \"My dream has always been to be—obviously not a rapper, but, like, to put out music in the way that a rapper does.", "I feel like there are certain standards that pop women are held to that men aren't.", "...", "It's just like, 'Bruh, I just want to ... drop [music] the way these boys do.\"", "It inspired her to release \"Thank U, Next\" without any prior announcement, which The Ringer called \"more of a Drake move than an Ariana Grande move.\"", "Voice\nGrande is a light lyric soprano, possessing a four-octave vocal range and a whistle register.", "With the release of Yours Truly, critics compared Grande to Mariah Carey because of her wide vocal range, sound and musical material.", "Julianne Escobedo Shepherd of Billboard wrote that both Carey and Grande have \"the talent to let their vocals do the talking ... that's not where the similarities end.", "... Grande is subverting it with cute, comfortable, and on-trend dresses with a feminine slant.\"", "Grande responded to the comparisons, \"[I]t's a huge compliment, but when you hear my entire album, you'll see that Mariah's sound is much different than mine.\"", "Steven J. Horowitz of Billboard wrote in 2014, \"With her sophomore album, the 'Problem' singer no longer resembles [Carey]—and that's okay.\"", "Mark Savage of BBC News commented, \"Grande is one of pop's most intriguing and gifted singers.", "A magnetic performer with unrivalled vocal control\".", "In The New York Times, Jon Pareles wrote that Grande's voice \"can be silky, breathy or cutting, swooping through long melismas or jabbing out short R&B phrases; it's always supple and airborne, never forced.\"", "Composer and playwright Jason Robert Brown addressed Grande in a 2016 Time magazine article: \"[N]o matter how much you are underestimated ... you are going to open your mouth and that unbelievable sound is going to come out.", "That extraordinary, versatile, limitless instrument that allows you to shut down every objection and every obstacle.\"", "Public image\n\nGrande cited Audrey Hepburn as a major style influence in her early years of fame, but began to find emulating Hepburn's style \"a little boring\" as her career has progressed.", "She also drew inspiration from actresses of the 1950s and 1960s, such as Ann-Margret, Nancy Sinatra and Marilyn Monroe.", "Grande's modest look early in her career was described as \"age appropriate\" in comparison to contemporary artists who grew up in the public eye.", "Jim Farber of the New York Daily News wrote in 2014 that Grande received less attention \"for how little she wears or how graphically she moves than for how she sings.\"", "That year, she abandoned her earlier style and began wearing short skirts and crop tops with knee-high boots in live performances and red carpet events.", "She also began regularly wearing cat and bunny ears.", "In recent years, she began wearing oversized jackets and hoodies.", "Grande's style is often imitated by social media influencers and celebrities.", "After years of dyeing her hair red for the role of Cat Valentine, Grande wore extensions as her hair recovered from the damage.", "Anne T. Donahue of MTV News noted that her \"iconic\" high ponytail has received more attention than her fashion choices.", "Although Grande drew criticism for alleged impolite interactions with reporters and fans in 2014, she dismissed the reports as \"weird, inaccurate depictions\".", "Rolling Stone wrote: \"Some may cry 'diva', but it's also Grande just taking a stand to not allow others to control her image.\"", "In July 2015, Grande sparked controversy after being seen on surveillance video in a doughnut shop licking doughnuts that were on display and saying \"I hate Americans.", "I hate America.", "This is disgusting\", referring to a tray of doughnuts.", "She subsequently apologized, saying that she is \"EXTREMELY proud to be an American\" and that her comments rather referred to obesity in the United States.", "She later released a video apology for \"behaving poorly\".", "The incident was parodied by The Muppets and featured in Miley Cyrus's Saturday Night Live cover of \"My Way\", about the regrets of the summer of 2015.", "Grande herself poked fun at the incident while hosting Saturday Night Live in 2016, saying, \"A lot of kid stars end up doing drugs, or in jail, or pregnant, or get caught licking a doughnut they didn't pay for.\"", "In 2020, she said that she stopped doing interviews for a while out of fear that her words would be misconstrued and she would be labeled a \"diva\".", "Grande has a large following on social media.", ", her YouTube channel has over 45 million subscribers and her music videos have been viewed a total of over 19 billion times; her Spotify profile has amassed over 65 million followers, making her the second most followed artist and most followed female; her Instagram account has over 255 million followers, making her the third most followed individual and second-most followed female; her Twitter account has over 80 million followers, making it the seventh most followed account; her Facebook page has over 40 million followers, and her TikTok has 26.3 million followers.", "In May 2021, Visual Capitalist ranked Grande as the world's top female social media influencer.", "Achievements\n\nAll of Grande's full-length albums have been certified platinum or higher by the RIAA.", "Having amassed 90 billion streams thus far, Grande is the most streamed female artist ever; she is also the most streamed female artist on Spotify and Apple Music.", "Grande has won two Grammy Awards, one BRIT Award, nine MTV Video Music Awards, three MTV Europe Music Awards and three American Music Awards.", "She has received 22 Billboard Music Award nominations and won two in 2019, including Top Female Artist.", "Grande has won eight Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards, including one in 2014 for Favorite TV Actress for her performance on Sam & Cat, and three People's Choice Awards.", "In 2014, she received the Breakthrough Artist of the Year Award from the Music Business Association and Best Newcomer at the Bambi Awards.", "She has won six iHeartRadio Music Awards and twelve Teen Choice Awards.", "She was named Billboard Women in Music's Rising Star in 2014 and Woman of the Year in 2018.", "As of 2021, Grande has broken over twenty Guinness World Records by achieving \"most songs to debut at number one on the Billboard Hot 100\" with five songs at the top of the charts.", "Across albums, singles and features (when physical, downloads and streaming equivalent sales are combined), Grande has been certified for 85.5 million units in the U.S, and she is the fifth-highest-certified female digital singles artist, with 63 million total units certified by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).", "Grande is also certified for 20.4 million units in the UK.", "Grande has broken numerous Hot 100 records.", "Grande has a total of sixteen top ten debuts thus far, beginning with her first single \"The Way\"; the lead single from each of her first five studio albums have debuted in the top ten, making her the only artist to achieve this.", "In 2020, she became the first act to have her first five number one singles, \"Thank U, Next\", \"7 Rings\", \"Stuck With U\", \"Rain on Me\", and \"Positions\" debut at number one; that year, Grande also broke the record for the most number one debuts.", "Grande would also become the first artist to have three singles debut at number one on a single calendar year.", "She later broke the record for most simultaneously charting songs on the top 40 of the Hot 100 for a female artist with the release of her fifth studio album, Thank U, Next, when eleven of the twelve tracks charted within the region (later surpassed by Billie Eilish).", "The three singles from Thank U, Next, \"7 Rings\", \"Break Up with Your Girlfriend, I'm Bored\", and \"Thank U, Next\" charted at numbers one, two, and three respectively on the week of February 23, 2019, making Grande the first solo artist to occupy the top three spots of the Billboard Hot 100 and the first artist to do so since the Beatles in 1964.", "With her album Thank U, Next, Grande set the record for the largest streaming week for a pop album and for a female artist, with 307 million on-demand audio streams.", "As of May 2021, Grande has 71 entries on the Hot 100, becoming the fourth female artist with the most Hot 100 entries.", "In 2016 and 2019, Grande was named one of Times 100 most influential people in the world.", "In 2017, Celia Almeida wrote an article for Miami New Times and believes that of all the biggest pop stars of the past 20 years, Grande has made the most convincing transition \"from ingénue to independent female artist.\"", "In 2020, Bloomberg named Grande the \"first pop diva of the streaming generation\".", "Grande was also placed on Pitchfork's list of \"The 200 Most Important Artists of Pitchfork's First 25 Years\", stating, \"after a period of horrific tragedy, Grande retreated and reset, eventually emerging with music that pushed her artistry further as it asserted a magical trifecta of hope, joy, and a powerhouse voice\".", "\"Thank U, Next\" was included in Rolling Stone's 2021 revision of their 500 Greatest Songs of All Time.", "In 2021, Grande ranked 78th on Billboard's Greatest of All Time Hot 100 Artists.", "Other ventures\nPhilanthropy and activism\n\nAt age ten, Grande co-founded the South Florida youth singing group Kids Who Care, which performed at charitable fund-raisers and raised over $500,000 in 2007 alone.", "In 2009, as a member of the charitable organization Broadway in South Africa, she and her brother Frankie performed and taught music and dance to children in Gugulethu, South Africa.", "She was featured with Bridgit Mendler and Kat Graham in Seventeen magazine in a 2013 public campaign to end online bullying called \"Delete Digital Drama\".", "After watching the film Blackfish that year, she urged fans to stop supporting SeaWorld.", "In September 2014, Grande participated at the charitable Stand Up to Cancer television program, performing her song \"My Everything\" in memory of her grandfather, who had died of cancer that July.", "Grande has adopted several rescue dogs as pets and has promoted pet adoption at her concerts.", "In 2016, she launched a line of lip shades, \"Ariana Grande's MAC Viva Glam\", with MAC Cosmetics, the profits of which benefited people affected by HIV and AIDS.", "In 2015, Grande and Miley Cyrus performed a cover of Crowded House's \"Don't Dream It's Over\" as part of Cyrus' \"Backyard Sessions\" to benefit her Happy Hippie Foundation, which helps homeless and LGBT youths.", "Later that year, Grande headlined the Dance On the Pier event, part of the LGBT Pride Week in New York City.", "; and As a feminist, Grande wrote a well-received, \"empowering\" essay on Twitter decrying the double standard and misogyny in the focus of the press on female musicians' relationships and sex lives instead of \"their value as an individual\".", "; and She noted that she has \"more to talk about\" concerning her music and accomplishments rather than her romantic relationships.", "In 2016, E!", "writer Kendall Fisher called her \"a feminist hero\".", "That year, Grande joined Madonna to raise funds for orphaned children in Malawi; she and Victoria Monét recorded \"Better Days\" in support of the Black Lives Matter movement.", "To aid the victims of the Manchester Arena bombing in 2017, Grande organized the One Love Manchester concert and re-released \"One Last Time\" and her live performance of \"Over the Rainbow\" at the event as charity singles.", "The total amount raised was reportedly $23 million (more than £17 million), and she received praise for her \"grace and strength\" in leading the benefit concert.", "Madeline Roth of MTV wrote that the performance \"bolstered courage among an audience that desperately needed it.", "...", "Returning to the stage was a true act of bravery and resilience\".", "In 2017, New York magazine's Vulture section ranked the event as the No.", "1 concert of the year, and Billboard's Mitchell Harrison called Grande a \"gay icon\" for her LGBT-friendly lyrics and performances and \"support for the LGBTQ community\".", "In September 2017, Grande performed in A Concert for Charlottesville which benefitted the victims of the August 2017 white nationalist rally in Charlottesville, Virginia.", "In March 2018, she participated in March for Our Lives to support gun control reform.", "Grande donated the proceeds from the first show in Atlanta on her Sweetener World Tour to Planned Parenthood in a response to the passage of a number of anti-abortion laws in several states including Georgia.", "During the COVID-19 pandemic, Grande donated between $500 and $1,000 each to a number of fans as financial support.", "Grande also supported a COVID-19 fund named Project 100, which aimed to provide $1,000 digital payments to 100,000 families who have been greatly impacted by the pandemic.", "In May 2020, Grande announced that all net proceeds from her collaboration with singer Justin Bieber, \"Stuck With U\", would be donated to the First Responders Children's Foundation to fund grants and scholarships for children of frontline workers who are working during the global pandemic.", "That month, Grande joined a Los Angeles protest against the murder of George Floyd, demanding justice and asking fans to sign petitions condemning the act of police brutality.", "She highlighted white privilege and called for more activism outside social media.", "In December 2020, Grande, and Scott and Brian Nicholson, her choreographers and friends, launched \"Orange Twins Rescue\", an animal rescue center based in Los Angeles.", "In the same month, Grande surprised kids, who spend the holiday at children's hospitals in L.A. and the UK, with gifts from wish lists at the UCLA Mattel Children's Hospital and the Royal Manchester Children's Hospital.", "In June 2021, Grande, along with a dozen other celebrities signed an open letter to Congress to pass the Equality Act highlighting the Act would protect \"marginalized communities\".", "In the same month, Grande partnered with the online portal BetterHelp, and gave away $2 million worth of therapy to fans.", "Products and endorsements\nIn October 2014, Grande joined the bottled water brand WAT-AAH!", "as an equity holder and partner.", "In November 2015, she released a limited edition handbag in collaboration with Coach.", "In January 2016, she launched a makeup collection with MAC Cosmetics, donating 100% of proceeds to the MAC AIDS Fund.", "In February 2016, Grande launched a fashion line with Lipsy London.", "Later that year, she teamed up with Brookstone, using the concept art of artist Wenqing Yan, to design cat ear headphones.", "In 2017, Grande collaborated with Square Enix to create a character based on herself for the mobile game Final Fantasy Brave Exvius.", "Grande was a limited time unlockable character as part of the Dangerous Woman Tour event, which also included an orchestral remix of Grande's song \"Touch It\"; the character, Dangerous Ariana, is a magical support character who uses music-based attacks.", "In September 2017, she became a brand ambassador for Reebok.", "In August 2018, she partnered with American Express for The Sweetener Sessions, a partnership which continued through the Sweetener World Tour in 2019, alongside T-Mobile.", "In March 2019, she partnered with Starbucks for the launch of the Cloud Macchiato beverage.", "In May 2019, Grande was announced as the face of Givenchy's Fall-Winter campaign.", "The campaign began in July and generated $25.13 million in media impact value.", "Beats, Samsung, Fiat, Reebok, and Guess products have been featured in Grande's music videos.", "She has appeared in commercials for Macy's, T-Mobile, and Apple, as well as for her own fragrances.", "Grande has released eight fragrances with Luxe Brands.", "She launched her debut fragrance, Ari by Ariana Grande, in 2015.", "In the wake of its success, she launched her second fragrance, Sweet Like Candy, in 2016.", "Her third fragrance, Moonlight, was released in 2017; her latest fragrances, Cloud, Thank U, Next, R.E.M., God Is A Woman, launched in 2018, 2019, and 2020, respectively.", "The collection also included the limited editions Frankie (2016), Sweet Like Candy Limited Edition (2017), Thank U, Next 2.0, and Cloud Intense (2021).", "The fragrances won the Fragrance Foundation Award multiple times, most recently with R.E.M.", "in 2021.", "Since its launch in 2015, the franchise has made $750 million in retail sales globally.", "In November 2021, Grande launched her makeup line, \"R.E.M.", "Beauty\".", "Personal life\nHealth and personal beliefs\nGrande has said she struggled with hypoglycemia, which she attributed to poor dietary habits.", "She also suffered from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and anxiety after the Manchester Arena bombing; she nearly pulled out of her performance in the 2018 broadcast A Very Wicked Halloween due to anxiety.", "Grande has also said she has been in therapy for over a decade, having first seen a mental health professional shortly after her parents' divorce.", "Grande was raised Roman Catholic but abandoned the church during the pontificate of Benedict XVI, opposing its stance on homosexuality and noting that her half-brother Frankie is gay.", "She and Frankie have followed the teachings of Kabbalah, a branch of Jewish mysticism, since she was 12.", "She said that they believe \"the basis lies in the idea that if you're kind to others, good things will happen to you\".", "Several of her songs, such as \"Break Your Heart Right Back\", are supportive of LGBT rights.", "She has also been labeled \"an advocate for a sex-positive attitude\".", "In November 2019, Grande endorsed Senator Bernie Sanders' second presidential bid.", "Relationships\nGrande met actor Graham Phillips in the cast of the Broadway musical 13 in 2008 and dated him until 2011.", "She dated English singer Nathan Sykes between August and December 2013, and then dated rapper Big Sean from October 2014 to April 2015.", "After recording \"The Way\" with Mac Miller in 2012, the two began dating in 2016.", "They collaborated on the single \"My Favorite Part\", released in September 2016 on Miller's album The Divine Feminine (2016).", "Their relationship ended by May 2018.", "That September, Miller died from an accidental drug overdose; Grande expressed grief over his death on social media and called him her \"dearest friend.\"", "In May 2018, Grande began dating actor and comedian Pete Davidson, and they became engaged the next month.", "They called off their engagement and ended the relationship in October 2018.", "Grande began dating real estate agent Dalton Gomez in January 2020.", "Their relationship, while mostly private, was made public in the music video of her and Justin Bieber's charity single \"Stuck With U\".", "Grande announced their engagement on December 20, 2020, after 11 months of dating.", "On May 15, 2021, they married in a private ceremony at her home in Montecito, California, where she wore a custom Vera Wang dress.", "Her wedding pictures became the most-liked Instagram post by a celebrity, with over 25 million likes." ]

[ "Ariana Grande-Butera is an American singer, writer, and actress.", "Her personal life has been the subject of a lot of media attention.", "She has received many awards in her career, including two Grammys, one Brit Award, one Bambi Award, two Billboard Music Awards, three American Music Awards, nine MTV Video Music Awards, and 26 Guinness World Records.", "Grande started her music career when she was 15.", "She rose to fame for her roles in Victorious and Sam & Cat.", "Grande signed with Republic Records in 2011.", "Her debut album, Yours Truly, was the top-selling album in the US and its lead single, \"The Way\", reached the top ten of the US Hot 100.", "Grande's voice and whistle register drew comparisons to Carey.", "In her second and third studio albums, she explored pop and R&B.", "The former achieved global success with its singles \"Problem\", \"Break Free\" and \"Bang Bang\" and the latter became her first of four consecutive number-one albums in the UK.", "Her fourth and fifth studio albums were critical and commercial successes because of her personal struggles.", "Thank U, Next broke the record for the largest streaming week for a pop album and was nominated for album of the year.", "The singles \"Thank U, Next\", \"7 Rings\", and \"Break Up with Your Girlfriend, I'm Bored\" made Grande the first solo artist to hold the top three spots on the Hot 100 simultaneously and the first woman to succeed herself at the top of the UK", "She broke the record for most number-one debuts on the Hot 100 with \"Stuck with U\" and \"Rain on Me\" in 2020, as well as the record for Best Pop Duo/ Group Performance with Lady Gaga.", "The title track of Grande's sixth studio album, Positions (2020), was number-one in the UK and US.", "She had her sixth US number-one single in 2021.", "One of the world's best-selling music artists, Grande has sold more than 85 million records and all of her studio albums have been certified Platinum or higher.", "She is the first artist and only woman to have five number-one debuts, to chart three number one-debuts in one calendar year, and to debut the lead singles from each of her studio albums in the top ten.", "Grande is the most streamed female artist ever, the most streamed female artist on Apple Music, the most followed female artist on Spotify, and the most subscribed female artist on YouTube.", "She was included on the Times annual list of the 100 most influential people in the world.", "Grande was named the greatest pop star of 2019, the most successful female artist to debut in the 2010s, and the most successful female artist of all time.", "Grande was an advocate for animal rights, mental health, and gender, racial, and LGBT equality.", "Grande has a large following on social media and has ventured into the cosmetics and fashion industries.", "On June 26, 1993, Ariana Grande-Butera was born.", "She is the daughter of Joan Grande, the Brooklyn-born CEO of Hose-McCann Communications, a manufacturer of communications and safety equipment, and Edward Butera, a graphic design firm owner.", "Grande is an Italian American with Sicilian and Abruzzese roots.", "She has a close relationship with her maternal grandmother, Marjorie Grande, and she has an older half-brother who is an entertainer.", "Her parents separated when she was eight or nine years old, after her family moved from New York to Florida.", "She was hit on her wrist by hockey pucks on two separate occasions in 1998 when she was a season ticket holder.", "The first occurrence happened during the first regular-season game at the National Car Rental Center on October 9, 1998, when she was the first child to ever ride a Zamboni in the brand-new arena, the result of her parents' $200 winning bid at an auction.", "A photograph of her was published in the South Florida SunSentinel.", "She was 8 years old when she sang \"The Star-Spangled Banner\" at the game.", "Grande played the title character in the musical Annie when she was a child.", "She was a part of the productions of The Wizard of Oz and Beauty and the Beast.", "She performed at a karaoke lounge on a cruise ship at the age of eight.", "She attended the Pine Crest School.", "By age 13, Grande was serious about pursuing a music career, although she still focused on theater.", "When she first arrived in Los Angeles, California to meet with her managers, she expressed a desire to record an R&B album.", "Who is going to buy a 14-year-old's album?", "Grande played cheerleader Charlotte in the Broadway musical 13 in 2008.", "Grande continued to be a student even after she left the school to join the musical.", "She used to sing at the New York City jazz club Birdland.", "In 2009, Grande was cast in the show Victorious along with 13 other co-stars.", "She played the \"adorably dimwitted\" Cat Valentine in the sitcom.", "She had to dye her hair red in order to play the role.", "The second-largest audience for a live-action series in Nickelodeon was for the show in March of 2010.", "The role helped propel Grande to teen idol status, but she was more interested in her music career.", "Her character was compared to Brittany Murphy's performance as the hapless Tai in Clueless and described as being very impressionable and easily swayed.", "The musical Cuba Libre was written and produced by an American.", "After the first season of Victorious ended, Grande wanted to focus on her music career and began working on her debut album.", "She began working with a vocal coach.", "The show's highest-rated episode was the second season's premiere in April 2011.", "Grande appeared in Greyson Chance's video for the song \"Unfriend You\" from his album Hold On 'til the Night, portraying his ex-girlfriend.", "She made her first appearance on a song in August of 2011.", "While filming Victorious, Grande made several recordings of herself singing covers of songs, and uploaded them to the internet.", "A friend of Monte Lipman, the CEO of Republic Records, found one of the videos.", "He sent the links to Lipman, who signed her to a recording contract.", "Grande voiced the title role in the English version of the Spanish-language film.", "She voiced the fairy Princess Diaspro in the Winx Club revival.", "Grande's first single was recorded for a potential teen-oriented pop album that was never issued.", "She said she had no interest in recording bubblegum pop music.", "The RIAA certified the song as Gold.", "On a second soundtrack, Victorious 2.0, released on June 5, 2012 as an extended play, she supplied vocals as part of the show's cast for the song \"5 fingaz to the face\".", "Victorious 3.0 was released on November 6, 2012 and features a duet between Grande and Justice.", "There was a music video.", "Grande and Mika collaborated on a single version of \"Popular Song\" in December of 2012", "The finale of Victorious aired in February 2013).", "Grande played Snow White in a musical theatre production at the Pasadena Playhouse.", "The children's book of the same name was the basis for the film Swindle.", "Sam and Cat is a spin-off of iCarly and Victorious.", "They reprised their roles as Cat and Sam on the buddy sitcom, in which the characters are roommates who form an after-school babysitting business.", "The show was picked up by the network after the pilot aired.", "The first season of Sam & Cats was doubled to 40 episodes.", "The series was canceled after 35 episodes despite its success in the ratings.", "The last episode aired on July 17th.", "Yours Truly and My Everything Grande recorded her debut studio album over three years.", "It sold 138,000 copies in its first week, making it the number one album in the US.", "Australia, the UK, Ireland, and the Netherlands all had Yours Truly in the top ten.", "\"The Way\", featuring Pittsburgh rapper Mac Miller, was the lead single and peaked at number nine on the US Hot 100.", "The line \"What we gotta do right here is go back, back in time\" from the 1972 song \"Troglodyte (Cave Man)\" was copied by Grande.", "The album's second single was released in July.", "\"Right There\", its third single, was released in August of 2013).", "They peaked at number 21 and 84 on the Hot 100.", "The duet \"Almost Is Never Enough\" was recorded by Grande and Nathan Sykes of The Wanted.", "She kicked off her own mini- tour, The Listening sessions, with three shows on the Believe Tour.", "The magazine ranked Grande at number four on their list of the most popular musicians under the age of 21.", "She won the award for New Artist of the Year at the American Music Awards.", "Christmas Kisses was released in December of 2013).", "The Music Business Association gave Grande a breakthrough artist of the year award.", "By January of this year, Grande had begun recording her second studio album.", "She won the Favorite Breakout Artist award at the People's Choice Awards.", "Grande performed at the White House concert, \"Women of Soul: In Performance at the White House\".", "President Barack Obama invited Grande to perform at the White House for the Easter Egg Roll event.", "My Everything was Grande's second studio album and it was the top selling album of the year.", "\"Problem\" was the lead single of the Radio Disney Music Awards.", "The song became Grande's first number one single in the United Kingdom when it was number one on the UK Singles Chart.", "The album's second single, \"Break Free\", peaked at number four in the United States.", "She won Best Pop Video for \"Problem\" at the MTV Video Music Awards.", "The lead single from the album Sweet Talker, which peaked at number one in the UK and reached number three in the US, featured guest vocals from Grande and Minaj.", "Grande became the only female artist with three top ten singles in the same week on the Hot 100 as a lead artist.", "Chris Pratt was the host of Saturday Night Live on September 27, 2014, while Ariana Grande was the musical performer.", "The third single from My Everything, \"Love Me Harder\", featuring Canadian recording artist The Weeknd, was released and peaked at number seven in the United States.", "The song was her fourth top ten single of the year.", "Major Lazer's song \"All My Love\" from the soundtrack album for The Hunger Games: Mockingjay - Part 1 was written by Grande.", "Grande released a Christmas song titled \"Santa Tell Me\" as a single from her first Christmas album, Christmas Kisses.", "The fifth and final single from My Everything, \"One Last Time\", peaked at number 13 in the US.", "In February 2015, Grande embarked on her first worldwide concert tour, The Honeymoon Tour, to further promote My Everything, with shows in North America, Europe, Asia and South America.", "Cashmere Cat's song \"Adore\" features Grande.", "She signed an exclusive publishing contract with the Universal Music Publishing Group in the spring.", "The Knock Knock Live show was canceled before Grande's episode aired.", "She played Sonya Herfmann/Chanel#2 on several episodes of the Fox comedy-horror television series Scream Queens from September to November 2015.", "Christmas & Chill was released in December of 2015.", "In 2015, Ariana Grande began recording songs for her third studio album, Dangerous Woman.", "In October of that year, she released the single \"Focus\", initially intended as the lead single from the album, but it was actually number seven on the Hot 100.", "The song \"Boys Like You\" was released by Who Is Fancy in the month of June.", "She was a part of the original version of \"Over and Over Again\", a song by English singer Nathan Sykes' debut studio solo album Unfinished Business, which was released in January 2016", "Ben Stiller and Owen Wilson reprise their roles in Zoolander 2.", "\"Dangerous Woman\" was the lead single from the retitled album of the same name.", "She is the first artist to have the lead single from each of her first three albums debut in the top ten.", "The same month, Grande appeared as host and musical guest of Saturday Night Live, where she performed \"Dangerous Woman\" and released a promotional single, \"Be Alright\".", "Positive reviews for Grande's appearance on the show included praise for her impressions of various singers, some of which she had done on The Tonight Show.", "Grande was voted the \"best host of the season\" on Entertainment Weekly.", "Grande appeared on The Voice season 10 finale in May of 2016 to perform the second single from her album, \"Into You\", which peaked at number 13 in the United States.", "Grande's second album, Dangerous Woman, was released on May 20, 2016 and made it to the top of the charts.", "It was number one in several markets, including Australia, the Netherlands, Ireland, Italy, New Zealand and the UK.", "The album was called a mature, confident record by Mark Savage.", "At the Summertime Ball at London's Wembley Stadium in June, Grande performed three songs from her album as part of her set.", "In August, Grande released a third single from the album, \"Side to Side\", which was her eighth top ten entry on the Hot 100 and peaked at number four.", "The title track of Dangerous Woman was nominated for an award.", "In August 2016 Grande performed a tribute to the late Whitney Houston on the season finale of the ABC television series Greatest Hits and at the opening night of the second annual Hot 100 Music Festival, performing a nearly hour-long set of her own songs.", "In October of 2016 Grande filmed a commercial for T-Mobile, and in December of 2016 she playedPenny Pingleton in the NBC television broadcast Hairspray Live!", "Stevie Wonder and Ariana Grande performed their duet \"Faith\" from the soundtrack of the 2016 animated film Sing on the season finale of The Voice.", "\"Faith\" was nominated for Best Original Song at the Golden Globe Awards.", "Grande was a part of the Jingle Ball Tour at the end of the year.", "The title track of the soundtrack was recorded by Grande.", "In February of last year, the recording was released as a duet with John Legend.", "The Dangerous Woman Tour was Grande's third concert tour to promote her album.", "Cashmere Cat released the fifth song from his debut album 9 featuring Grande.", "She was performing at the Manchester Arena on May 22, 2017, when a homemade bomb exploded as people left the arena.", "The Manchester Arena bombing resulted in 22 deaths and hundreds of injuries.", "Grande held a benefit concert, One Love Manchester, on June 4, which raised $23 million for the victims of the bombing.", "The concert featured performances from Grande and other artists.", "Grande was named the first honorary citizen of Manchester.", "On June 7th, the tour resumed in Paris.", "In August of last year, Grande appeared in an Apple Music Carpool Karaoke episode, singing musical theatre songs with MacFarlane.", "She was named the \"Female Artist of the Year\" by the magazine.", "The events in Manchester gave a hard reset to the project's expectations as Grande began working on songs for her fourth studio album.", "Grande is the only artist to have debuted the first single from each of her first four albums in the top ten of the Hot 100 with \"No Tears Left to Cry.\"", "\"Bed\" is the second single from the fourth studio album Queen.", "The second single, \"God Is a Woman\", peaked at number 8 on the Hot 100 and became Grande's tenth top ten single in the US.", "The album was released in August of last year and was number one on the charts.", "She became the fourth female artist to reach ten songs on the Hot 100 with nine songs from her album and a collaboration.", "There were four concerts in New York City, Chicago, Los Angeles and London to promote the album.", "The NBC broadcast, A Very Wicked Halloween, featured Grande singing \"The Wizard and I\" from the musical Wicked.", "Ariana Grande at the BBC was a one-hour special that aired on the following month.", "Grande's fifth studio album of the same name was announced in November of last year.", "The song spent seven weeks at the top of the charts, becoming Grande's first chart topping single in the US.", "The song's music video broke records for the most watched music video on YouTube within 24 hours of release and the fastest video to reach 100 million views, both of which were later surpassed by other artists.", "It was the fastest song to reach 100 million streams and most-streamed song by a female artist in a 24 hour period, with 9.6 million streams, before being surpassed by her own song \"7 Rings\".", "Ariana Grande: Dangerous Woman Diaries, a four-part docuseries, was released later that month.", "It shows behind the scenes and concert footage from Grande's Dangerous Woman Tour, including moments from the One Love Manchester concert, and follows her professional life during the tour and the making of Sweetener.", "The first episode of the series was aired on November 29th.", "She was the most streamed female artist of the year.", "In January of this year, it was announced that Grande would be the youngest and only female artist to headline the festival.", "It took place in April.", "Ariana Grande brought a number of guest artists to perform with her.", "Her set has been praised.", "Grande's second single from Thank U, Next, \"7 Rings\", was released on January 18 of this year and became her second single in a row to top the charts.", "It made Grande the third female artist with multiple number-one debuts after Carey and Spears.", "The song broke several records.", "Grande's most successful song on the chart and one of the best selling singles worldwide was spent eight weeks at number one.", "The film Thank U, Next was released in February of this year and made its debut at the top of the charts.", "It was the most streamed pop album of all time with over 300 million on-demand streams, and the most streamed female album of all time with over 300 million on-demand streams.", "Grande became the first solo artist to occupy the top three spots on the Hot 100 with \"7 Rings\" at number one, her third single \"Break Up with Your Girlfriend, I'm Bored\" debuting at number two, and her lead single \"Thank U, Next\" rising to", "In the United Kingdom, Grande became the second female solo artist to simultaneously hold the number one and two spots and the first musical artist to replace herself at number one twice.", "In February of this year, it was reported that Grande wouldn't attend theGrammy Awards due to a disagreement with producers.", "Grande earned her first gramophone for best pop vocal album.", "Grande won a Brit Award for international female solo artist.", "She embarked on her third tour, the Sweetener World Tour, to promote both Thank U, Next and Sweetener.", "Grande was nominated for 9 awards.", "She won two awards on May 1, 2019.", "Grande did a pre-recorded performance at the event.", "The soundtrack to the film Charlie's Angels was co-produced by Grande and was released as the lead single on September 13, 2019.", "At the 24th Satellite Awards, it was nominated for Best Original Song.", "She and Social House released a single called \"Boyfriend\" in August of 2019.", "Normani's debut solo single \"Motivation\" was co-written by Grande.", "Grande won three awards at the MTV Video Music Awards.", "She was nominated for Video of the Year for \"Thank U, Next\".", "The song \"Good as Hell\", a song by American singer and rapper Lizzo, was released on October 25, 2019.", "By the end of the year, Grande was named the most accomplished female artist to debut in the 2010s, as well as one of the defining music artists of the decade.", "She was the most streamed female artist of the decade.", "Forbes ranked her as one of the highest-paid celebrities of the year, and she was also ranked as the highest-paid solo musician.", "Grande was nominated for Female Artist of the Year at the 2020 iHeartRadio Music Awards.", "She made a guest appearance in the second season of Kidding, which starred Jim Carrey.", "Net proceeds from the sale of the song \"Stuck with U\" were donated to the First Responders Children's Foundation in light of the COVID-19 Pandemic.", "Grande's third chart-topping single was number one on the Hot 100.", "Grande is the first artist to have her first three number ones debut at the top, following \"Thank U, Next\" and \"7 Rings\".", "Gaga's second single from her sixth studio album, \"Rain on Me\", was a collaboration with Grande.", "The song became Grande's fourth number-one single and helped her break the record for the most number-one debuts on that chart.", "The Best Pop Duo/ Group Performance category was won by the song.", "Grande placed 17th on the Forbes 2020 Celebrity 100 list with $72 million.", "She was nominated for nine MTV Video Music Awards, including two for \"Stuck with U\" and \"Rain on Me\" with Gaga.", "Grande received her third nomination for Video of the Year.", "She received four awards, including Song of the Year.", "On October 30, 2020, Grande's sixth studio album, Positions, was released.", "It was Grande's fifth number-one album.", "The lead single was released in October.", "It became Grande's fifth chart-topping single and broke numerous records.", "Grande became the first artist to have five number-one debuts on the Hot 100 and the first to have their first five number ones debut at the top.", "Grande became the first female artist since Drake to have three number-one singles in a single year, with \"Positions\" becoming her third number-one single in 2020.", "The second single from the album \"34+35\" was released after the release of Positions.", "The song was Grande's 18th top ten single.", "Doja Cat and Megan Thee Stallion were featured in the \"34+35\" version of Grande's song.", "The song reached a new peak at number two, the highest-charting song credited to three or more female solo artists on the Hot 100 since 2001.", "There were five additional tracks included in the deluxe edition of Positions.", "In the year 2021, Grande was the most-played artist on the stations.", "On October 14, 2020, it was announced that Grande would be starring in Don't Look Up.", "The film was released on December 24, 2021.", "The song \"Just Look Up\" was released by Grande and Kid Cudi to promote the film.", "At the 27th Critics' Choice Awards, Grande received nominations in the categories Best Song and Best acting ensemble, as a part of the cast.", "She received a nomination for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture at the Screen Actors Guild Awards.", "Grande performed \"Them Changes\", a song she had previously covered, at the Adult Swim Festival on November 13, 2020.", "The song \"Oh Santa!\" was reworked by Grande and Hudson.", "The song was released on December 4, 2020.", "The concert film for Grande's Sweetener World Tour, Excuse Me, I Love You, was released on December 21, 2020.", "Grande became the highest-paid coach in the show's history, earning a reported $25 million per season, after signing on as a coach of the twenty-first season of The Voice.", "The Weeknd's \"Save Your Tears\" and Grande's \"Met Him Last Night\" were both released in April.", "Both artists' sixth number one single was the remix.", "She was the only artist to earn three number one duets on the Hot 100.", "The Weeknd and Grande performed a duet at the awards.", "Grande appeared on the song \"I Don't Do Drugs\" from Doja Cat's third studio album Planet Her.", "Grande's nomination for album of the year at the 64th annual gramophone awards was due to her contribution as a writer and featured artist on the song.", "Grande performed in the video game \"Fortnite\" from August 6 to August 8, 2021.", "The concert attracted 78 million players, making it the most watched concert of all time.", "In November 2021, it was announced that Grande would play Glinda in the film adaptation of the musical.", "Grande's music isBroadly Pop and R&B with elements of EDM, hip hop, and trap, the latter first appearing prominently on her Christmas & Chill extended play.", "She has increased her use of trap in her music as a result of her work with Tommy Brown.", "One of the things she loves about working with Tommy is that his beats never sound the same.", "Mac Miller taught Grande how to work with Pro Tools after she learned how to sound engineer and produce.", "He felt inspired to see how involved Grande is in her music, from the writing to the vision to the story and to even engineering and comping her own vocals.", "Several of her songs address a wide variety of themes such as love, sex, wealth, breakups, independence, empowerment, self-love and moving on from the past.", "Grande's debut album, Yours Truly was praised for recreating the R&B \"vibe and feel of the 90s\" with the help of Babyface.", "My Everything was described as an evolution from her debut record with a new sound.", "She followed her pop-R&B sound on her third album, Dangerous Woman, which was praised by the Los Angeles Times for adapting to different styles with the reggae-pop \"Side to Side\", the dance-pop-influenced \"Be Alright\", and the fusion of guitar and", "She has a trap-pop sound on her fourth and fifth studio albums.", "With her new album, she set her sights on conquering trap, savage basslines and jittery swarms of drum programming.", "She embraces the sound of hard-bitten Southern hip-hop and explores elements of the music with themes of love and prosperity.", "According to Craig, Grande had changed her style to trap and hip hop, filled with R&B undertones on Thank U, Next, with lyrics about breakups, empowerment, and self-love.", "Her sixth album, Positions, expands on the R&B and trap-pop sound of Sweetener and Thank U, Next, with topics about sex and romance.", "\"Over the Rainbow\" is one of the first songs Grande remembers singing because it was her favorite movie when she was younger.", "Whitney Houston is one of her biggest vocal influences.", "She is my favorite person on the planet.", "Whitney Houston as well.", "Whitney andMariah cover it, as far as vocal influences go.", "Grande's other key influences are Carey and Houston.", "On her social media, she posted videos of herself singing songs from Dion's 1997 album Let's Talk About Love.", "Grande credits Madonna with paving the way for her and every other female artist.", "She credited Gloria Estefan with inspiring her to pursue a music career, after Estefan saw and praised Grande's performance on a cruise ship when she was eight years old.", "Judy Garland was praised by Grande for her ability to tell a story when she sings.", "Grande likes India.Arie and Brandy's music because they make her feel like everything is going to be okay.", "She is a major influence and inspiration in her career.", "She said that her dream has always been to put out music in a way that a rapper does.", "There are certain standards that pop women are held to that men aren't.", "...", "It's like, 'Bruh, I just want to play music like these boys do.'", "It inspired her to release \"Thank U, Next\" without any prior announcement, which The Ringer called \"more of a Drake move than an Ariana Grande move.\"", "Voice Grande has a four-octave vocal range and a whistle register.", "Critics compared Grande to Carey because of her wide vocal range, sound and musical material.", "Both Carey and Grande have the ability to let their vocals do the talking, but that's not where the similarities end.", "Grande is subverting it with cute, comfortable, and on-trend dresses with a feminine slant.", "When you listen to my entire album, you'll see that my sound is much different than hers.", "\"With her sophomore album, the 'Problem' singer no longer resembles Carey, and that's okay,\" wrote Steven J.", "One of pop's most intriguing and gifted singers is Grande.", "A performer with great vocal control.", "Jon Pareles wrote that Grande's voice can be silky, breathy or cutting, swooping through long melismas or jabbing out short R&B phrases; it's always supple and airborne, never forced.", "\"You are going to open your mouth and that unbelievable sound is going to come out, no matter how much you are underestimated,\" said Brown in a 2016 Time magazine article.", "The instrument that allows you to shut down every objection and obstacle is extraordinary.", "Grande cited Hepburn as a major style influence in her early years of fame, but began to find emulating Hepburn's style a little boring as her career has progressed.", "She was inspired by actresses of the 1950s and 1960s, such as Ann-Margret, Nancy Sinatra and Marilyn Monroe.", "In comparison to contemporary artists who grew up in the public eye, Grande's modest look early in her career was described as age appropriate.", "According to Jim Farber of the New York Daily News, Grande received less attention for how she moves than for how she sings.", "She began wearing short skirts and crop tops with knee-high boots in live performances and red carpet events after abandoning her earlier style.", "She 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "She was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "Grande's style is often copied by other people.", "Grande was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "Anne T. Donahue stated that her \"iconic\" high ponytail has received more attention than her fashion choices.", "Grande dismissed the reports of impolite interactions with reporters and fans as weird, inaccurate depictions.", "Some may cry 'diva', but it's also Grande just taking a stand to not allow others to control her image.", "In July 2015, Grande was caught on camera licking doughnuts in a shop and said she hated Americans.", "I don't like America.", "A tray of doughnuts is disgusting.", "She apologized, saying that she is extremely proud to be an American and that her comments did not refer to Obesity in the United States.", "She apologized in a video for \"behaving poorly\".", "The incident was parodied by The Muppets and featured in a cover of \"My Way\" byMiley Cyrus.", "\"A lot of kid stars end up doing drugs, or in jail, or pregnant, or get caught licking a doughnut they didn't pay for,\" Grande said while hosting Saturday Night Live.", "She stopped doing interviews in 2020 because she was afraid that her words would be misconstrued and she would be labeled a \"diva\".", "Grande has a large following on social media.", "Her YouTube channel has over 45 million subscribers and her music videos have been viewed a total of over 19 billion times, making her the second most followed artist and most followed female.", "Grande was ranked the world's top female social media influencer byVisual Capitalist.", "Grande's full-length albums have been certified Platinum or higher by the RIAA.", "Grande has amassed 90 billion streams thus far, making her the most streamed female artist of all time.", "Grande has won many awards, including a BRIT Award, nine MTV Video Music Awards, three MTV Europe Music Awards, and three American Music Awards.", "She won the Top Female Artist award in 2019.", "Grande won three People's Choice Awards, including one for Favorite TV Actress for her performance on Sam & Cat.", "She won two awards in the same year, the Best Newcomer at the Bambi Awards and the Breakthrough Artist of the Year Award from the Music Business Association.", "She won twelve Teen Choice Awards.", "She was named Woman of the Year in both of the last two years.", "Grande has broken over twenty Guinness World Records by achieving \"most songs to debut at number one on the Hot 100\" with five songs at the top of the charts.", "Grande has been certified for 85.5 million units in the U.S., and she is the fifth-highest-certified female digital singles artist, with 63 million total units certified by the Recording Industry Association of America.", "Grande is certified for 20.4 million units in the UK.", "Grande has broken many Hot 100 records.", "Grande has a total of sixteen top ten debuts thus far, beginning with her first single \"The Way;\" the lead single from each of her first five studio albums have debuted in the top ten, making her the only artist to achieve this.", "She became the first act to have her first five number one singles, \"Thank U, Next\", \"7 Rings\", \"Stuck With U\", and \"Rain on Me\", in 2020.", "Grande would be the first artist to have three singles debut at number one on the same calendar year.", "She broke the record for most simultaneously charting songs on the top 40 of the Hot 100 for a female artist with the release of her fifth studio album Thank U, Next, when eleven of the twelve tracks charted within the region.", "The three singles from Thank U, Next, \"7 Rings\", \"Break Up with Your Girlfriend, I'm Bored\", and \"Thank U, Next\" were released on February 23, 2019.", "With her album Thank U, Next, Grande set the record for the largest streaming week for a pop album and for a female artist, with 307 million on-demand audio streams.", "Grande has 71 entries on the Hot 100, making her the fourth female artist with the most entries.", "Grande was named one of the most influential people in the world.", "According to an article written for Miami New Times, Grande has made the most convincing transition from ingénue to independent female artist in the past 20 years.", "Grande was named the first pop diva of the streaming generation.", "After a period of horrific tragedy, Grande retreated and reset, eventually emerging with music that pushed her artistry further as it asserted a magical trifecta of hope, joy.", "\"Thank U, Next\" was included in Rolling Stone's 500 greatest songs of all time revision.", "Grande was 78th on the list of the greatest of all time hot 100 artists.", "Grande co-founded the South Florida youth singing group Kids Who Care, which performed at charitable fund-raisers and raised over $500,000 in 2007.", "In 2009, she and her brother performed and taught music and dance to children in Gugulethu, South Africa, as a member of the charitable organization Broadway in South Africa.", "She was featured with two other people in a public campaign to end online harassment.", "She urged fans to stop supporting the park after seeing Blackfish.", "Grande performed her song \"My Everything\" in memory of her grandfather, who died of cancer in July of 2014, at the Stand Up to Cancer television program.", "Grande has promoted pet adoption at her concerts.", "The profits of Ariana Grande's lip shades were donated to people affected by HIV and AIDS.", "In 2015, Grande and Cyrus performed a cover of Crowded House's \"Don't Dream It's Over\" to benefit Cyrus' Happy Hippie Foundation.", "The Dance On the Pier event was part of the LGBT Pride Week in New York City.", "Grande wrote a well-received, \"empowering\" essay on Twitter decrying the double standard and misogyny in the focus of the press on female musicians' relationships and sex lives instead of their value as an individual.", "She noted that she has more to talk about than her romantic relationships.", "In the year of 2016", "Fisher called her a feminist hero.", "Madonna and Grande recorded a song together in support of the Black Lives Matter movement.", "Grande re-released \"One Last Time\" and her live performance of \"Over the Rainbow\" at the One Love Manchester concert to raise money for the victims of the Manchester Arena bombing.", "She received praise for her \"grace and strength\" in leading the benefit concert, which raised $23 million.", "The performance was applauded by an audience that desperately needed it.", "...", "It was a true act of bravery and resilience to return to the stage.", "The event was ranked as the No. 1 by New York magazine.", "Grande was called a \"gay icon\" by Mitchell Harrison for her LGBT-friendly lyrics and performances.", "In September of last year, Grande performed in a concert for the victims of the white nationalist rally in Virginia.", "She was involved in March for Our Lives to support gun control reform.", "In response to the passage of anti-abortion laws in several states, Grande donated the proceeds from her first show in Atlanta to the organization.", "Grande donated between $500 and $1,000 each to a number of fans.", "The Project 100 fund was created to provide $1,000 digital payments to 100,000 families who have been impacted by the Pandemic.", "The First Responders Children's Foundation will receive all net proceeds from Grande and Trudeau's collaboration, \"Stuck With U\", to fund grants and scholarships for children of frontline workers who are working during the global Pandemic.", "Grande joined a Los Angeles protest against the murder of George Floyd, demanding justice and asking fans to sign petitions condemning police brutality.", "She called for more activism outside of social media.", "In December 2020, Grande and Scott and Brian Nicholson launched \"Orange Twins Rescue\", an animal rescue center based in Los Angeles.", "In the same month, Grande surprised kids at children's hospitals in L.A. and the UK with gifts from wish lists.", "The Equality Act was signed into law by Grande and a dozen other celebrities in June 2021.", "In the same month, Grande gave away $2 million worth of therapy to her fans.", "Grande joined the bottled water brand in October.", "As a partner.", "She collaborated with Coach on a limited edition handbag.", "She donated 100% of the proceeds from the makeup collection to the AIDS fund.", "Grande and Lipsy London collaborated on a fashion line.", "She and Brookstone used the concept art of an artist to design cat ear headphones.", "A character based on Grande was created for the mobile game Final Fantasy Brave Exvius.", "Grande was a limited time unlockable character as part of the Dangerous Woman Tour event, which also included an orchestral remix of Grande's song \"Touch It.\" The character, Dangerous Ariana, is a magical support character who uses music-based attacks.", "She became a brand ambassador for Reebok.", "American Express and T-Mobile collaborated with her on the Sweetener World Tour in 2019.", "She and Starbucks collaborated on the launch of the Cloud Macchiato beverage.", "Grande was the face of the Fall-Winter campaign.", "The campaign generated $25.13 million in media impact value.", "Products have been used in Grande's music videos.", "She has appeared in commercials for a number of companies.", "Grande and Luxe Brands have released eight fragrances.", "Her first perfume, Ari by Ariana Grande, was launched in 2015.", "Her second perfume, Sweet Like Candy, was launched in 2016 after its success.", "Her latest fragrances, Cloud, Thank U, Next, R.E.M., and God Is A Woman, were launched in 2019.", "The collection included limited editions such as Sweet Like Candy, Thank U, Next 2.0, and Cloud Intense.", "The fragrances won multiple times, most recently with R.E.M.", "In 2021.", "The franchise has made $750 million in retail sales.", "Grande launched her makeup line in November.", "\"Beauty\".", "Grande has said she was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "She was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "Grande said she first saw a mental health professional after her parents' divorce.", "Grande abandoned the church during the pontificate of Benedict XVI because of its stance on homosexuality and because her half-brother is gay.", "Since she was 12 years old, she has followed the teachings of Kabbalah, a branch of Jewish mysticism.", "She said that they believe that if you're kind to others, good things will happen to you.", "\"Break Your Heart Right Back\" is one of her songs that supports LGBT rights.", "She's been called an advocate for a sex-positive attitude.", "Grande endorsed the second presidential bid.", "Grande was in the cast of the Broadway musical 13 and dated an actor named GrahamPhillips.", "She dated Nathan and Big Sean over a two year period.", "The two began dating in 2016 after recording \"The Way\" with Mac Miller.", "They collaborated on a song called \"My Favorite Part\" on Miller's album The Divine Feminine.", "Their relationship ended in May.", "Grande expressed grief over Miller's death on social media and called him her dearest friend.", "Pete Davidson got engaged to Grande in the month after they began dating.", "They ended their relationship in October of last year.", "Grande began dating a real estate agent.", "Their relationship was made public in the music video of their charity song \"Stuck With U\".", "Grande got engaged on December 20, 2020 after 11 months of dating.", "On May 15, 2021, they married in a private ceremony at her home in Montecito, California, where she wore a custom Vera Wang dress.", "Her wedding pictures became the most-liked post by a celebrity." ]

[ "Ariana Grande Butera", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Ariana", "Grande Butera", "Joan Grande", "Grande", "Frankie Grande", "Marjorie Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Next Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Ariana", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grandena", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Ariana", "Grande", "Voice Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Ariana", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Ariana", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande" ]

[ "Ariana Grande Butera", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Ariana", "Grande Butera", "Joan Grande", "Grande", "Marjorie Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Ariana", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Ariana", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "GrandePenny", "Ariana", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Ariana", "Grande", "Grande", "Grandena", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Ariana", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Ariana", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "GrandeMiley", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Ariana", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Ariana", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande", "Grande" ]

[ "Maria Leontievna Bochkareva (July 1889 – 16 May 1920; , née Frolkova (Фролко́ва), nicknamed Yashka) was a Russian soldier who fought in World War I and formed the 1st Russian Women's Battalion of Death.", "She was the first Russian woman to command a military unit.", "Early life\nMaria Frolkova was born to a peasant family in Nikolsko in July 1889.", "Her father was a sergeant in the imperial army who fought in the Russo-Turkish War.", "She left home at sixteen to marry Afanasy Bochkarev.", "They moved to Tomsk, Siberia, where they worked as labourers.", "Her husband abused her, causing her to leave him.", "She found a job as a servant to employers who coerced her into working in their brothel.", "They moved her to Sretensk where Maria began a relationship with a local Jewish man named Yakov (or Yankel) Buk.", "She and Buk opened a butcher shop, but in May 1912 Buk was arrested for larceny and sent to Yakutsk.", "Bochkareva followed him into exile, primarily on foot, where the couple established another butcher shop.", "Buk was caught stealing again and sent to Amga in 1913.", "Once again Bochkareva followed him.", "Buk began drinking heavily and became abusive.", "Military career\n\nAt the outbreak of World War I in 1914, Bochkareva left Buk and returned to Tomsk.", "In November, she was rejected by the 25th Tomsk Reserve Battalion of the Imperial Russian Army.", "The commander suggested that she try joining the Red Cross instead.", "When she insisted that she wanted to fight with the men, the commander helped her compose a telegram to Tsar Nicholas II requesting his personal permission.", "When she obtained his approval, she underwent three months' training and was sent to front-line duty with the 5th Corps, 28th Regiment of the Second Army, stationed at Polotsk.", "She was decorated for rescuing fifty wounded soldiers from the field.", "After she was wounded in the arm and leg, Bochkareva worked as a medical sister until she returned to the front as a corporal in charge of eleven men.", "She suffered another injury that left her paralyzed for four months.", "After she recovered, she returned to the front as a senior non-commissioned officer delivering supplies to a platoon of seventy men.", "Men of the regiment treated her with ridicule or sexually harassed her until she proved her courage in battle.", "Eventually, she became exhausted from her physical injuries and lost interest in her military post.", "She was discharged in the spring of 1917.", "After the abdication of the Tsar in early 1917 due to the February Revolution, she proposed to Mikhail Rodzianko the creation of an all-female combat unit that she claimed would fix the Army's morale problem.", "She believed that it would shame the men into again supporting the war effort.", "Once she agreed to lead the unit, her proposal was approved by Army Commander-in-Chief Brusilov, and she approached Minister of War Alexander Kerensky.", "Although female recruitment went against army regulations, the all-female battalion was granted special dispensation.", "This was the first women's battalion to be organised in Russia.", "Bochkareva's 1st Russian Women's Battalion of Death initially attracted around 2,000 women volunteers, but the commander's strict discipline drove all but around 300 out of the unit.", "The rushed training of the battalion was led by twenty-five male instructors from the Volunskii Regiment of the Petrograd Military District.", "The battalion was blessed at Saint Isaac's Cathedral on June 25, 1917.", "After a month of training, Bochkareva and her unit became attached to the First Siberian Corps and was sent to the Russian western front to participate in the Kerensky Offensive, where Bochkareva was promoted to the rank of lieutenant.", "The unit was involved in one major battle—near the town of Smarhon.", "The women of the unit performed well in combat, but the vast majority of male soldiers, already demoralised, had little inclination to fight.", "Bochkareva herself was wounded in the battle and sent back to Petrograd to recuperate.", "Bochkareva was only marginally involved in the creation of other women's combat units formed in Russia during the spring and summer of 1917.", "Her unit was at the front at the time of the October Revolution and did not participate in the defence of the Winter Palace—another women's unit did, the 1st Petrograd Women's Battalion.", "Bochkareva's unit disbanded after facing increasing hostility from the remaining male troops at the front.", "Bochkareva returned to Petrograd where she was briefly detained by the Bolsheviks.", "She secured permission to rejoin her family in Tomsk but returned to Petrograd again in early 1918.", "She claims to have then received a telegram asking her to take a message to General Lavr Kornilov, who was commanding a White Army in the Caucasus.", "After leaving Kornilov's headquarters, she was again detained by the Bolsheviks and, after they learned of her connection with the Whites, was scheduled to be executed.", "She was rescued, however, by a soldier who had served with her in the Imperial Army in 1915 and who convinced the Bolsheviks to stay her execution.", "She was granted an external passport and allowed to leave the country.", "Bochkareva then made her way to Vladivostok, where she left for the United States by the steamship Sheridan in April 1918.", "United States and Britain\nSponsored by socialite Florence Harriman, Bochkareva arrived in San Francisco and made her way to New York City and Washington, D.C. She was granted a meeting with President Woodrow Wilson on July 10, 1918, during which she begged the president to intervene in Russia.", "Wilson was apparently so moved by her emotional appeal that he responded with tears in his eyes and promised to do what he could.", "While in New York, Bochkareva dictated her memoirs, Yashka: My Life As Peasant, Exile, and Soldier, to a Russian emigre journalist named Isaac Don Levine.", "After leaving the United States, she traveled to Great Britain where she was granted an audience with King George V. The British War Office gave her 500 rubles of funding to return to Russia.", "Return to Russia and execution\nBochkareva arrived in Arkhangelsk in August 1918 and attempted to organise another unit, but failed.", "In April 1919, she returned to Tomsk and attempted to form a women's medical detachment under White Army Admiral Aleksandr Kolchak, but before she could complete this task she was recaptured by the Bolsheviks.", "She was sent to Krasnoyarsk where she was interrogated for four months.", "Ultimately, she was sentenced to death and executed as an \"enemy of the working class\".", "She was shot by the Cheka on May 16, 1920.", "Legacy\n\nMaria Bochkareva is one of the heroines of the Russian film Battalion directed by Dmitriy Meshiev and released to cinemas in February 2015.", "In 2018 the New York Times published a belated obituary for her.", "See also\nFlora Sandes\nMilunka Savić\nEcaterina Teodoroiu\nLeslie Joy Whitehead\nWomen in the military\n\nBibliography\nMaria Botchkareva.", "Yashka: My Life as Peasant, Exile, and Soldier.", "As told to Isaac Don Levine (New York: Frederick A. Stokes, 1919. online (Archive.org))\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n1889 births\n1920 deaths\nPeople from Kirillovsky District\nPeople from Kirillovsky Uyezd\nMemoirists of the Russian Empire\nFeminists of the Russian Empire\nRussian military personnel of World War I\nRussian women of World War I\nWomen in the Imperial Russian military\nRussian Provisional Government\nWhite movement people\nRussian anti-communists\nEmigrants from the Russian Empire to the United States\nEmigrants from the Russian Empire to the United Kingdom\nVictims of Red Terror in Soviet Russia\nExecuted Russian people\nExecuted Russian women\nPeople executed by the Soviet Union by firearm" ]

[ "The 1st Russian Women's Battalion of Death was formed by Maria Leontievna Bochkareva, who was a Russian soldier who fought in World War I.", "She was the first woman to lead a military unit.", "Maria Frolkova was born to a peasant family in July 1889.", "Her father was a sergeant in the imperial army.", "She left home at sixteen to marry a man.", "They worked as labourers in Tomsk.", "She left her husband because he abused her.", "She was coerced into working in a brothel by her employers.", "Maria began a relationship with a Jewish man in Sretensk.", "After opening a butcher shop, she and Buk were arrested and sent to Yakutsk.", "A butcher shop was established by the couple on foot.", "He was sent to Amga in 1913 after being caught stealing again.", "They followed him again.", "The man became abusive when he began drinking heavily.", "After the outbreak of World War I, she returned to Tomsk.", "She was rejected by the 25th Tomsk Reserve Battalion of the Imperial Russian Army.", "She was suggested to join the Red Cross by the commander.", "When she insisted that she wanted to fight the men, the commander helped her compose a telegram requesting his permission.", "She was sent to front-line duty with the 5th Corps, 28th Regiment of the Second Army after three months of training.", "She was decorated for saving wounded soldiers.", "After being wounded in the arm and leg, she returned to the front as a medical sister and was in charge of eleven men.", "She was paralyzed for four months because of another injury.", "She returned to the front as a senior non-commissioned officer and delivered supplies to a platoon of seventy men.", "She was harassed and ridiculed by the men of the regiment until she proved her courage in battle.", "She lost interest in her military post as she became exhausted from her injuries.", "She was discharged in the spring of 1917.", "The creation of an all-female combat unit was proposed to Mikhail Rodzianko by her after the February Revolution.", "She thought it would shame the men into supporting the war effort again.", "She approached Alexander Kerensky, the Minister of War, after she agreed to lead the unit.", "The all-female battalion was allowed to go against army regulations.", "The first women's battalion in Russia was organised.", "The 1st Russian Women's Battalion of Death initially attracted around 2,000 women volunteers, but the commander's strict discipline drove all but 300 out of the unit.", "Twenty-five male instructors from the Volunskii Regiment of the Petrograd Military District led the rushed training of the battalion.", "On June 25, 1917, the battalion was blessed.", "After a month of training, her unit became attached to the First Siberia Corps and was sent to the Russian western front to participate in the Kerensky Offensive, where she was promoted to the rank of lieutenant.", "The battle took place near the town of Smarhon.", "The women of the unit did well in combat, but the majority of the men had little desire to fight.", "She was wounded in the battle and was sent back to Petrograd to recuperate.", "During the spring and summer of 1917, other women's combat units were formed in Russia.", "The Winter Palace was not defended by the 1st Petrograd Women's Battalion at the time of the October Revolution.", "Increasing hostility from the remaining male troops at the front led to the dissolution of the unit.", "The Bolsheviks briefly held her in Petrograd.", "She returned to Petrograd in early 1918 after securing permission to rejoin her family in Tomsk.", "She claims to have received a telegram asking her to send a message to the commanding officer of the White Army in the Caucasus.", "She was scheduled to be executed after the Bolsheviks learned of her connection to the Whites.", "She was saved by a soldier who served with her in the Imperial Army who convinced the Bolsheviks to spare her life.", "She was able to leave the country with an external passport.", "She left for the United States by steamship in April 1918.", "After arriving in San Francisco, she went to New York City and then to Washington, D.C., where she begged the president to intervene in Russia.", "Wilson responded to her appeal with tears in his eyes and promised to do what he could.", "While in New York, she dictated her memoirs to a Russian emigre journalist.", "She was granted an audience with King George V in Great Britain after leaving the United States.", "After returning to Russia, she tried to set up another unit in Arkhangelsk, but failed.", "She returned to Tomsk in April 1919 and tried to form a women's medical team under the White Army admiral, but she was captured by the Bolsheviks.", "She was held for four months in Krasnoyarsk.", "She was sentenced to death and executed as an \"enemy of the working class\".", "The Cheka shot her on May 16, 1920.", "The Russian film Battalion was directed by Dmitriy Meshiev and was released to cinemas in February 2015.", "Her obituary was published by the New York Times.", "There are also women in the military.", "My life was Peasant, Exile, and Soldier.", "There are External links to 1889 births and 1920 deaths." ]

[ "Maria Leontievna Bochkareva", "Maria Frolkova", "Maria", "Bochkareva", "Bochkareva", "Bochkareva", "Bochkareva", "Bochkareva", "Bochkareva", "Bochkareva", "Bochkareva", "Bochkareva", "Bochkareva", "Bochkareva", "Bochkareva", "Bochkareva", "Maria Bochkareva", "Maria Botchkareva" ]

[ "Maria Leontievna Bochkareva", "Maria Frolkova", "Maria" ]

[ "Jonathan Quinn Brookins (born August 13, 1985) is an American mixed martial artist who competed as a featherweight for the Ultimate Fighting Championship.", "A professional MMA competitor since 2006, Brookins has mostly fought in Florida, as well as competing in The Ultimate Fighter: Team GSP vs.", "Team Koscheck.", "On December 4, 2010, Brookins defeated Michael Johnson to become the Ultimate Fighter and earn a contract with the UFC.", "During his time at Lindenwood University he was also the college roommate of former fellow UFC fighter Mike Rio.", "Early life\nBrookins was born on August 13, 1985, in Portland, Oregon.", "He attended high school at Century High School in Hillsboro, Oregon, a suburb of Portland.", "There he started wrestling, winning a state title his senior year and earning a scholarship to Lindenwood University.", "Mixed martial arts career\n\nBackground\nBrookins was introduced to mixed martial arts by Charles Bennett.", "After meeting him and training with him, Brookins made his professional MMA debut against Allen Berube, a TUF 5 veteran.", "Having only trained in wrestling, Brookins surprised himself by winning via KO in under twenty seconds.", "Brookins has mostly fought at featherweight, most notably in World Extreme Cagefighting where he lost to José Aldo via TKO in the third round.", "Brookins would later rebound at Bellator 1 where he defeated Stephen Ledbetter via submission (rear naked choke).", "Brookins then won two fights in G-Force fights, the most notable being a submission victory over Luis Palomino.", "The Ultimate Fighter\nBrookins then signed with the Ultimate Fighting Championship to compete in The Ultimate Fighter: Team GSP vs.", "Team Koscheck.", "In the debut episode, Brookins faced fellow wrestler Ran Weathers.", "Brookins would go on to take a unanimous decision victory in two rounds.", "Following this, Brookins was selected by Team GSP.", "Brookins was GSPs second pick and the fourth overall.", "Brookins was picked by GSP to face Sevak Magakian in the preliminary house fights.", "Brookins faked a takedown, which fooled Magakian.", "Brookins was then able to take down Magakian before attempting a standing rear naked choke.", "Brookins eventually secured the submission at 2:04 of the opening round.", "In the quarter-finals, Brookins faced Judo specialist Sako Chivitchian.", "Brookins was able to throw Chivitchian to the mat, which forced Chivitchian to try to stand up.", "Brookins then got hooks in and worked for a rear naked choke, eventually sealing it soon after, to advance to the semi-finals.", "In the semi-final round, Brookins faced teammate Kyle Watson.", "In a somewhat lopsided bout, Brookins controlled Watson on the ground to take a 30–27 judges decision.", "The win moved Brookins into the finals against Michael Johnson.", "Ultimate Fighting Championship\nBrookins defeated Michael Johnson at The Ultimate Fighter: Team GSP vs.", "Team Koscheck Finale.", "In the first round, Brookins was dominated on the feet by Johnson.", "However, he pulled through and used his wrestling to edge rounds 2 and 3, taking the unanimous decision to become The Ultimate Fighter.", "Brookins was expected to face John Makdessi on April 30, 2011 at UFC 129.", "However, Brookins was pulled from the bout and replaced by Kyle Watson.", "Brookins was expected to face Jeremy Stephens on June 4, 2011 at The Ultimate Fighter 13 Finale.", "However, Brookins was forced from the bout with an injury and replaced by Danny Downes.", "Brookins returned to featherweight for his next fight and faced Erik Koch on September 17, 2011 at UFC Fight Night 25.", "He lost the fight via unanimous decision.", "Brookins was expected to face Rani Yahya on February 15, 2012 at UFC on Fuel TV 1.", "However, Yahya was forced out of the bout with an injury and replaced by Vagner Rocha.", "Brookins won via KO in the first round.", "Brookins faced Charles Oliveira on June 1, 2012 at The Ultimate Fighter 15 Finale.", "He lost the fight via submission due to an anaconda choke in the second round.", "Brookins next faced Dustin Poirier on December 15, 2012 at The Ultimate Fighter: Team Carwin vs.", "Team Nelson Finale.", "He lost the back-and-forth fight via submission in the first round.", "On December 21, 2012, Brookins decided to retire from MMA in order to move to India and devote his time to practicing Yoga full-time.", "Legacy Fighting Championship\nOn January 24, 2014 it was announced that Brookins would return from his retirement to fight for Legacy Fighting Championship.", "He dropped down to the Flyweight division to make his debut on March 21 at Legacy FC 29 against Cody Fuller.", "Brookins was victorious in his flyweight debut with a second round submission finish.", "He then faced Austin Lyons in a bantamweight bout at Legacy FC 34 on August 29, 2014.", "Brookins lost the fight via unanimous decision.", "Pancrase\nBrookins made his Pancrase debut at Pancrase 262 in a non-title fight taking on the Pancrase Bantamweight Champion Shintaro Ishiwatari .", "He won the fight by unanimous decision." ]

[ "There is an American mixed martial artist who competed in the Ultimate Fighting Championship.", "A professional MMA competitor since 2006 has mostly fought in Florida.", "Team Koscheck.", "On December 4, 2010, Brookins defeated Michael Johnson to become the Ultimate Fighter and get a contract with the UFC.", "He was the college roommate of Mike Rio, a former UFC fighter.", "On August 13, 1985, brookins was born in Portland, Oregon.", "He attended Century High School in the suburb of Portland.", "He earned a scholarship to Lindenwood University after winning a state title in wrestling.", "Charles Bennett introduced Brookins to mixed martial arts.", "Brookins made his professional MMA debut against Allen Berube, a TUF 5 veteran, after meeting him and training with him.", "Brookins surprised himself by winning viaKO in under twenty seconds after only training in wrestling.", "In World Extreme Cagefighting, he lost to José Aldo in the third round.", "Stephen Ledbetter was defeated by brookins via submission.", "The submission victory over Luis Palomino was the most notable of the two fights that Brookins won.", "The Ultimate Fighter team will compete in The Ultimate Fighter: Team GSP.", "Team Koscheck.", "In the first episode, the two wrestlers faced each other.", "The unanimous decision victory was achieved in two rounds.", "Brookins was selected by Team GSP.", "He was the second pick and the fourth overall.", "The preliminary house fights will feature Brookins against Magakian.", "Magakian was fooled by the faked takedown.", "After taking down Magakian, Brookins tried a standing rear naked choke.", "The submission was secured at 2:04 of the opening round.", "Sako Chivitchian was the opponent in the quarter-finals.", "Chivitchian was forced to stand up after being thrown to the mat by brookins.", "After getting hooks in and working for a rear naked choke, Brookins advanced to the semi-finals.", "They faced off in the semi-final round.", "The judges gave the bout a 30– 27 decision.", "The finals will be against Michael Johnson.", "At The Ultimate Fighter, Michael Johnson was defeated by Brookins.", "The finale of Team Koscheck.", "Johnson was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "He used his wrestling to edge rounds 2 and 3 and become The Ultimate Fighter.", "John Makdessi was scheduled to face Brookins on April 30, 2011.", "Kyle Watson replaced Brookins, who was pulled from the bout.", "The Ultimate Fighter 13 finale was supposed to have a match between Jeremy and brookins.", "Danny Downes replaced Brookins who was forced from the bout with an injury.", "Kells faced Koch at UFC Fight Night 25 in September of 2011.", "He lost the fight.", "The fight was supposed to be on February 15, 2012 at UFC on Fuel TV 1.", "Vagner Rocha replaced Yahya who was forced out of the bout with an injury.", "The first round was won by brookins.", "The Ultimate Fighter 15 finale was held on June 1, 2012.", "He lost the fight in the second round due to an anaconda choke.", "On December 15, 2012 the two faced off at The Ultimate Fighter: Team Carwin vs.", "Nelson's team won the finale.", "The 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "On December 21, 2012 Brookins decided to retire from MMA in order to devote his time to practicing yoga full-time in India.", "The Legacy Fighting Championship was announced on January 24, 2014.", "He made his debut in the Flyweight division at Legacy FC 29 on March 21.", "He won his flyweight debut with a second round submission.", "He faced Austin Lyons in a bantamweight bout.", "The fight was decided by a unanimous decision.", "There was a non-title fight at Pancrase 262 between Shintaro Ishiwatari and Pancrase's newest entrant, Pancrase's newest entrant, Pancrase's newest entrant, Pancrase's newest entrant, Pancrase's newest entrant, Pancrase's", "He won the fight." ]

[ "Jonathan Quinn Brookins", "Brookins", "Brookins", "Brookins", "Background Brookins", "Brookins", "Brookins", "Brookins", "Brookins", "Brookins", "Brookins", "Brookins", "Brookins", "Brookins", "Brookins", "Brookins", "Brookins", "Brookins", "Brookins", "Brookins", "Brookins", "Brookins", "Brookins", "Brookins", "Brookins", "Brookins", "Brookins", "Brookins", "Brookins", "Brookins", "Brookins", "Brookins", "Brookins", "Brookins", "Brookins", "Brookins", "Brookins", "Brookins", "Brookins", "Brookins", "Brookins" ]

[ "Brookins", "Brookins", "Brookins", "Brookins", "Brookins", "Brookins", "Brookins", "Brookins", "Brookins", "Brookins", "Brookins", "Brookins" ]

[ "is a Japanese professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Nankatsu SC.", "He played for Japan national team.", "Club career\nInamoto was born in Kagoshima Prefecture.", "He played for Japanese club Gamba Osaka during his last year of high school, signing with the club in 1997.", "In April when at the age of 17, he debuted opening match in 1997 J.League season, which made him the youngest player who played J.League (at that time).", "He played for Gamba until summer 2001 and played 118 matches in J1 League.", "He was then one of many high-profile transfers of Asian players to Europe, signing with Arsenal of the Premier League.", "Inamoto scored two goals for the Japanese national team at the 2002 World Cup, but had already been released by Arsenal shortly before the tournament began.", "He was then signed by Fulham on a long-term loan deal from Gamba Osaka.", "Initially he settled well at the London club, garnering good notices as a tough-tackling midfielder with an eye for a spectacular goal.", "He became a cult favourite quickly, scoring four goals over the two legs of Fulham's Intertoto Cup final against Bologna, scoring once in the first leg and a hat trick in the second.", "Other notable goals he scored in his time for Fulham include goals against Tottenham Hotspur, Sunderland, Middlesbrough and also in the 3–1 win against Manchester United at Old Trafford in October 2003.", "He also scored in the FA Cup against Everton which commentator Barry Davies described as \"a Japanese peach\".", "Inamoto was also described as \"bigger than Beckham\" by the Japanese media.", "However, he sustained a fractured tibia in an international friendly against England, and returned to Gamba Osaka to do promotional work.", "Fulham were interested in signing him once more, but concerns remained over his recovery from injury.", "Inamoto signed with West Bromwich Albion for a decidedly small £200,000 transfer fee, which was only to be paid once he had made an appearance for the Midlands club.", "However, Gary Megson departed as West Bromwich Albion manager shortly afterwards, and successor Bryan Robson was unsure of the player.", "Inamoto was loaned to Cardiff City for the latter part of the 2004–05 season, and impressed, being recalled to play a role in West Brom's survival campaign in the Premiership.", "In 2005–06 he was a regular in the West Brom side, and was called up to the Japan squad for the 2006 FIFA World Cup, the first Albion player to play in the tournament for 20 years.", "Whilst at West Brom Inamoto scored once, an extra time winner in a League Cup tie against former club Fulham on 25 October 2005.", "On 31 August 2006, he signed for Galatasaray.", "On 29 May 2007, it was revealed that he signed a two-year contract with German club Eintracht Frankfurt, joining on a free transfer.", "Inamoto was presented in a press conference joining fellow Japanese striker Naohiro Takahara in Frankfurt and was released on 30 May 2009.", "On 19 June 2009, French Ligue 1 side Rennes announced that Inamoto had signed a contract with them.", "Inamoto signed for J1 League club Kawasaki Frontale on 11 January 2010 in a move back to his homeland.", "He played for Frontale for 5 seasons.", "He resigned end of 2014 season.", "Inamoto then subsequently featured for side Consadole Sapporo (later Hokkaido Consadole Sapporo) in J2 League.", "Consadole won the 2016 season and was promoted to J1.", "However he could only play single-digit matches every season from 2016 season.", "He resigned at the end of 2018 season.", "In 2019, he signed with J3 League club SC Sagamihara.", "International career\nIn August 1995, Inamoto was selected Japan U-17 national team for 1995 U-17 World Championship.", "He played all 3 matches.", "In April 1999, he was selected Japan U-20 national team for 1999 World Youth Championship.", "At this tournament, he played three matches and Japan came second place.", "On 5 February 2000, Inamoto debuted for Japan national team under manager Philippe Troussier against Mexico.", "After the debuted, Inamoto played 10 matches or more every year under Troussier.", "In September 2000, Inamoto was selected Japan U-23 national team for 2000 Summer Olympics.", "He played full-time in all 4 matches and scored a goal against Slovakia.", "In 2000, Inamoto played at 2000 Asian Cup.", "He played four matches while Japan won the championship.", "In 2001, he also played at 2001 Confederations Cup.", "He played four matches and Japan came second place.", "In 2002, he was selected Japan for 2002 World Cup.", "He played all four matches and scored two goals against Belgium at first match and Russia at second match.", "Japan qualified to the knockout stage first time in Japan's history.", "After 2002 World Cup, Inamoto played at 2003 and 2005 Confederations Cup.", "In 2006, he was selected Japan for 2006 World Cup.", "He played two matches while Japan was eliminated in the group stages.", "After 2006 World Cup, Inamoto was not selected Japan 1 year for generational change.", "In June 2007, he played for Japan for the first time in a year.", "After that, he played several matches every year.", "In 2010, he was selected Japan for 2010 World Cup.", "He played two matches and Japan qualified to the knockout stage.", "This World Cup is his last game for Japan.", "He played 82 games and scored 5 goals for Japan.", "Career statistics\n\nClub\n\nInternational\n\nInternational goals\nScores and results list Japan's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Inamoto goal.", "Honours\nFulham\nUEFA Intertoto Cup: 2002\n\nHokkaido Consodale Sapporo\nJ2 League: 2016\n\nJapan U17\nAFC U-17 Championship: 1994\n\nJapan U20\nFIFA World Youth Championship runner-up: 1999\n\nJapan\nAFC Asian Cup: 2000\nFIFA Confederations Cup runner-up: 2001\n\nIndividual\nJ.League Best Eleven: 2000\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n \n \n Japan National Football Team Database\n \n \n\n1979 births\n2000 AFC Asian Cup players\n2001 FIFA Confederations Cup players\n2002 FIFA World Cup players\n2003 FIFA Confederations Cup players\n2005 FIFA Confederations Cup players\n2006 FIFA World Cup players\n2010 FIFA World Cup players\nAFC Asian Cup-winning players\nArsenal F.C.", "players\nAssociation football midfielders\nAssociation football people from Kagoshima Prefecture\nBundesliga players\nCardiff City F.C.", "players\nEintracht Frankfurt players\nEnglish Football League players\nExpatriate footballers in England\nExpatriate footballers in France\nExpatriate footballers in Germany\nExpatriate footballers in Turkey\nExpatriate footballers in Wales\nFootballers at the 1998 Asian Games\nFootballers at the 2000 Summer Olympics\nFulham F.C.", "players\nGalatasaray S.K.", "footballers\nGamba Osaka players\nHokkaido Consadole Sapporo players\nJapanese expatriate footballers\nJapanese expatriate sportspeople in France\nJapanese expatriate sportspeople in Germany\nJapanese expatriate sportspeople in England\nJapanese expatriate sportspeople in Turkey\nJapanese footballers\nJapan international footballers\nJapan youth international footballers\nKawasaki Frontale players\nSC Sagamihara players\nJ1 League players\nJ2 League players\nJ3 League players\nLigue 1 players\nLiving people\nOlympic footballers of Japan\nPeople from Kagoshima Prefecture\nPremier League players\nStade Rennais F.C.", "players\nSüper Lig players\nWest Bromwich Albion F.C.", "players\nJapanese expatriate sportspeople in Wales\nAsian Games competitors for Japan" ]

[ "He is a professional footballer in Japan.", "He was a member of the Japan national team.", "Inamoto was born in Kagoshima Prefecture.", "He played for Gamba Osaka in 1997 after graduating from high school.", "At the age of 17 he was the youngest player to play in a J.League match.", "He played in the J1 League for 118 matches.", "He was one of the high-profile transfers of Asian players to Europe.", "At the 2002 World Cup, Inamoto scored two goals for the Japanese national team, but he had already been released by Arsenal.", "He was on a long-term loan from Gamba Osaka.", "Initially he settled well at the London club, getting good notices as a tough-tacklingMidfielder with an eye for a spectacular goal.", "He became a cult favourite after scoring four goals in the Intertoto Cup final against Bologna, including a hat trick in the second leg.", "In October 2003 he scored a goal against Manchester United in a 3–1 win.", "Barry Davies described him as a \"Japanese peach\" after he scored in the FA Cup.", "The Japanese media referred to Inamoto as bigger than Beckham.", "He returned to Gamba Osaka to do promotional work after sustaining a fractured tibia in an international friendly against England.", "Concerns over his recovery from injury kept him from signing with the Cottagers.", "The transfer fee was only paid once Inamoto had made an appearance for the club.", "The successor to Gary Megson, Bryan Robson, was unsure of the player.", "Inamoto was recalled to play a role in West Brom's survival campaign after impressing in a loan spell at Cardiff City.", "He was called up to the Japan squad for the 2006 World Cup, making him the first Albion player to play in the tournament in 20 years.", "Inamoto scored once, an extra time winner in a League Cup tie against a former club.", "He signed for Galatasaray on August 31st.", "On May 29, 2007, it was revealed that he signed a two-year contract with Eintracht Frankfurt, joining on a free transfer.", "On May 30, 2009, Inamoto was released after being presented in a press conference with Takahara.", "Inamoto signed a contract with Rennes on June 19th.", "Inamoto moved back to his homeland after signing for the J1 League club.", "He played for Frontale.", "He resigned at the end of the season.", "Inamoto played for Consadole Sapporo in the J2 League.", "Consadole was promoted to J1 after winning the 2016 season.", "He only played single-digit matches in the 2016 season.", "He quit at the end of the season.", "He signed with a club in the J3 League.", "Inamoto was selected to the Japan U 17 national team for the 1995 World Championship.", "He played in 3 matches.", "The Japan U-20 national team was selected for the 1999 World Youth Championship.", "He played in three matches and Japan came second.", "Philippe Troussier was the manager of the Japan national team.", "Inamoto played at least 10 matches a year under Troussier.", "The Japan U-23 national team was selected for the 2000 Summer Olympics.", "He played in all 4 matches and scored a goal.", "Inamoto played in the 2000 Asian Cup.", "Japan won the championship.", "He played in the 2001 Confederations Cup.", "He played four matches for Japan.", "He was selected for the 2002 World Cup.", "He played all four matches and scored two goals.", "Japan qualified for the knockout stage for the first time.", "Inamoto played in the 2003 and 2005 Confederations Cup.", "He was selected to play in the 2006 World Cup.", "Japan was eliminated from the group stages.", "Inamoto wasn't selected for Japan for a year after the World Cup.", "He played for Japan for the first time in a year.", "He played a lot of matches after that.", "He was selected for the 2010 World Cup.", "Japan qualified for the knockout stage after playing two matches.", "His last game for Japan is the World Cup.", "He scored 5 goals for Japan.", "Career statistics Club International International goals Scores and results list Japan's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Inamoto goal.", "The winner of the 2002 Hokkaido Consodale Sapporo J2 League went on to win the European Intertoto Cup.", "Football people from Kagoshima Prefecture are members of the Association.", "Footballers from England, France, Germany, Turkey, and Wales competed in the 1998 Asian Games.", "The players are Galatasaray S.K.", "Footballers from Gamba Osaka, Hokkaido Consadole, and Kawasaki Frontale play in the J1 League.", "The players are from Sper Lig.", "Japanese athletes are competing in the Asian Games in Wales." ]

[ "Inamoto", "Inamoto", "Inamoto", "Inamoto", "Inamoto" ]

[ "Inamoto", "Inamoto" ]

[ "Keith Lee Barnhart (born October 6, 1962) is an American composer, keyboardist, and audio engineer commonly referred to as \"Plex\".", "Although most of his credits are as a session musician on nearly 100 major label albums, most of his career earnings came from composing for: TV & Radio, library music, and popular song.", "Life and career\n\nEarly life and education\nBarnhart was born and raised in Huntington, West Virginia to adoptive parents.", "He has one son, Byron (born 1996) from a previous marriage.", "His parents put a piano in his bedroom at age 5 and by age 7 he was performing Beethoven by ear.", "By age 8 he was performing in local talent contests.", "In elementary school, he was part-time accompanist and tuned the guitars and auto-harps for the class.", "The music teacher, Caroline Gillespie (married to big-band conductor Mel Gillespie) fostered Barnhart's abilities and got him an audition, at the age of 10, to study with Marshall University music professor Paul Jennings who made an exception in taking Barnhart on as a student.", "For five years Barnhart studied theory, improvisation, electronic music and was exposed to a wide variety of progressive music.", "Early career\nAt age 16 Barnhart dropped out of high school to tour with a funk-band, \"110 Degrees In The Shade, returning to graduate with his class.", "He was immediately to be the musical director of a Neil Diamond-Revue in Arlington, TX and at 17 went to Nashville to tour with an Elvis impersonator.", "1n 1980 he was accepted to the Berklee College of Music in Boston, to study piano and electronic music.", "He performed lead in the last theatrical play performed there (Tom Stoppard’s Dirty Linens) and quickly rose in ranks within the school.", "Plex attended 12 semesters, expanding his studies in different fields, was offered a department chair upon his graduation and returned years later for guest lectures.", "Among his many performances in the Berklee Performance Center was most noticeably the first-ever ALL electronic concert given in 1983, where his talents were discovered by fellow student Joe Mardin, who brought Barnhart to Manhattan to meet his father, legendary producer and Atlantic Records VP [Arif Mardin], for the purpose of working on a demo for Chaka Khan's upcoming album I Feel For You.", "The demo tracks were strong enough on their own to be accepted onto the final album mix.", "In 1985 he traveled to Montréal, Quebec to produce, program, and arrange the debut album for Marie Denise Pelletier, an artist for he also composed.", "Immediately after this project Barnhart moved to Manhattan where is career quickly took flight.", "He would remain there for 15 years.", "Career\nManhattan was very kind to Barnhart during the late 80s and the 90s; within the 1st month of arriving he was recording and touring with Melanie, and penning charts for legendary drummer Steve Ferone.", "His first recording session was in Steely Dan's Riverside studio.", "He began his internship in Times Square's Unique Recording Studio where he quickly established himself as the house programmer and keyboardist, and part-time engineer, which peaked as assistant engineering for Quincy Jones on a Roberta Flack track.", "His quick success enabled free-lance capacity where he still remains.", "Remix credits: Janet Jackson's \"The Pleasure Principle\".", "Remixes with Kurtis Khaleel AKA Mantronik.", ": Herb Alpert, Nu Shooz, Joyce Simms, The Caine Gang, Duran Duran, and Sequal.", "Arif Mardin often called upon Plex for his services recording with Dionne Warwick, Bette Midler, EQ, and Roberta Flack.", "Roger Talkov, a Hit Factory engineer, introduced him to Keith Richards, Brian Wilson, Paul Simon, Phil Ramone, Elliot Easton, and Kim Turner (Sting's manager) all of which Plex provide various services.", "Plex also performed many remixes with producer/ DJ Freddie Bastone for such acts as Yello, Vanessa Williams, Jamiroquai, and Savage Garden.", "Bastone and Plex fused their names to become the act Plexstone that got signed to the indie label Cutting Records, as a dance act that got distributed in South America.", "Barnhart also produced the failed single \"Chicago Nights\" for the Village People.", "Plex has received 9 RIAA certified Gold and Platinum albums for his role as keyboardists and synthesizer programmer.", "NYC Club Scene and live performances\n\nManhattan's live-music scene was very helpful to many musicians during the 80s-90s.", "If one could successfully network in the venues and events, then work would most likely be proffered.", "During this time Plex performed live with Chaka Khan, John Entwistle, Mitch Mitchell, Steve Winwood, Richie Sambora, Billy Squier, Phoebe Snow, All-4-One, along with many of NYC A-list musicians.", "It was at the famed China Club where Plex caught the interest of David Bowie’s musical director and guitarist Carlos Alomar who quickly pulled him in for the Debbie Gibson world tour.", "The tour got cut short due to poor record sales and the Gulf War which broke out the same night Plex performed in front of 200,000 fans in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.", "With Gibson, he also had a performance on The Arsenio Hall Show, and ad work.", "He played keyboards in two MTV videos: Sweet Sensation's \"Sincerely Yours\" in the Apollo Theater, and Debbie Gibson's \"This So-called Miracle\" in a Hollywood studio.", "Barnhart unsuccessfully auditioned for Scritti Politti (the tour never happened) and Lenny Kravitz.", "Publishing and composing\nIn the early 90s Barnhart diversified his talents to writing.", "His work with veteran composer Charles Morrow and production house owner Michael Rubin landed him composing work on the AT&T True Voice campaign with Whitney Houston, Playtex, Nestles, and Post Cereals.", "In 1990 Plex began composing ads for Macy's National with producer John Wonderling (Bay City Rollers and Allan Toussaint), a working relationship that lasted over 12 years.", "Plex also was a freelance composer and studio musician for many other commercial productions.", "In 1992 Barnhart began composing for music libraries, most notably Aircraft that used his works in hundreds of different productions.", "His composing skills were utilized on the feature film bonus material for the movie Tooth Fairy.", "His songwriting highlight was his co-writing of the hit single \"Seems Your Much Too Busy\" with R&B singer Angie Stone for her band Vertical Hold, which topped the Billboard R&B aired single chart.", "He penned a single in Canada for Marie Denise Pelletier, and three songs for Lebanese superstar Lydia Canaan.", "Earlier this decade Plex was invited to submit cues from his personal library for syndicated TV shows: America's Most Wanted, Greatest American Hero, 21 Jump Street, Hunter, and The Commish.", "In 2010 he was the primary composer for the VH-1 show You're Cut Off!", "which has been renewed for 2011.", "In 2013 his cues are being used for the show Redneck Island.", "To date, Plex has been a member of ASCAP for over 30 years, and erstwhile voting member of NARAS (Grammy Awards) for over a decade.", "His compositions have grossed nearly $3,000,000 in royalties.", "He currently resides in Huntington, West Virginia owning the recording studio and music production facility The MusicPlex.", "References\n\nExternal links\n\nAmerican male composers\n21st-century American composers\nAmerican keyboardists\n1962 births\nLiving people\n21st-century American male musicians" ]

[ "The American composer, keyboardist, and audio engineer commonly referred to as \"Plex\" was born in 1962.", "Although most of his credits are as a session musician on nearly 100 major label albums, most of his career earnings came from compositions for TV & Radio, library music, and popular song.", "Barnhart was born and raised in Huntington, West Virginia to adoptive parents.", "He has a son from a previous marriage.", "His parents put a piano in his bedroom when he was 5 years old.", "He was performing in local talent contests by the age of 8.", "He was a part-time accompanist in elementary school.", "At the age of 10, Barnhart got an opportunity to study with a Marshall University music professor who made an exception in taking Barnhart on as a student.", "Barnhart was exposed to a wide variety of progressive music while studying for five years.", "After dropping out of high school to tour with a band, Barnhart returned to graduate with his class.", "He was hired as the musical director of Neil Diamond-Revue in Arlington, Texas at the age of 17 and went to Nashville at the age of 17 to perform with an Elvis clone.", "He was accepted to the Berklee College of Music in Boston in 1980 to study piano and electronic music.", "He rose through the ranks of the school after performing in the last theatrical play there.", "He was offered a department chair after graduating and returned years later for guest lectures.", "The first-ever ALL electronic concert was given in 1983, when Barnhart was discovered by fellow student Joe Mardin, who brought Barnhart to Manhattan to meet his father, legendary producer and Atlantic Records VP.", "The final album mix accepted the demo tracks on their own.", "He traveled to Montréal, Quebec in 1985 to produce, program, and arrange the debut album for MarieDenise Pelletier, an artist he also composed.", "After this project, Barnhart moved to Manhattan.", "He would stay there for 15 years.", "Within the first month of arriving in Manhattan, Barnhart was recording and touring with Melanie and penning charts for legendary drummer Steve Ferone.", "He recorded in Steely Dan's studio.", "He began his internship in Times Square's Unique Recording Studio where he quickly established himself as the house programmer and keyboardist, and part-time engineer, and peaked as assistant engineering for Quincy Jones on a Roberta Flack track.", "His quick success allowed him to remain a free-lancer.", "Janet Jackson's \"The Pleasure Principle\" is a remake.", "Mantronik is a man who is also known as Kurtis Khaleel.", ":Herb Alpert, Nu Shooz, Joyce Simms, The Caine Gang, and Sequal.", "Arif wanted to record with Dionne Warwick, Bette Midler, and Roberta Flack.", "Roger Talkov introduced him to many people who provide various services.", "DJ Freddie Bastone worked with many acts such as Yello and Jamiroquai.", "The act that got signed to Cutting Records was called Plexstone and it was a dance act that got distributed in South America.", "The Village People's failed single was produced by Barnhart.", "9 RIAA certified Gold and Platinum albums have been received by Plex.", "Manhattan's live-music scene was very helpful to many musicians during the 80s-90s.", "Work would most likely be offered if one could network in the venues and events.", "All-4-One, Billy Squier, Steve Winwood, and many other NYC A-list musicians performed live with Plex.", "Carlos Alomar, David Bowie's musical director and guitarist, was so enamored with Plex at the China Club that he invited him to join his world tour.", "The tour was cut short due to poor record sales and the Gulf War which broke out the same night as the performance.", "He had a performance on The Arsenio Hall Show.", "He played keyboards in two MTV videos, one in the Apollo Theater and the other in a Hollywood studio.", "The tour never happened and Barnhart tried out for it.", "Barnhart diversified his talents to writing in the 90s.", "His work with veteran composer Charles Morrow and production house owner Michael Rubin landed him the work on the AT&T True Voice campaign.", "John Wonderling, producer of Bay City Rollers and Allan Toussaint, had a working relationship with Plex that lasted over 12 years.", "Plex was a studio musician for many commercial productions.", "Barnhart's works were used in hundreds of different productions.", "The feature film bonus material was composed by him.", "His co-writing of the hit single \"Seems Your Much Too Busy\" with R&B singer Angie Stone for her band Vertical Hold, which topped the Billboard R&B aired single chart, was his songwriting highlight.", "He wrote three songs for Lydia Canaan.", "America's Most Wanted, Greatest American Hero, 21 Jump Street, Hunter, and The Commish were some of the shows that Plex submitted his personal library for.", "He was the primary composer for You're Cut Off!", "It has been renewed for 2011.", "The show Redneck Island uses his cues.", "Plex has been a voting member of the Grammy Awards for over a decade.", "His compositions have made over $3,000,000 in royalties.", "He owns a recording studio and music production facility in Huntington, West Virginia.", "There are external links to American male composers." ]

[ "Keith Lee Barnhart", "Barnhart", "Barnhart", "Barnhart", "Keith Richards", "Barnhart", "Barnhart", "Barnhart" ]

[ "Barnhart", "Barnhart", "Barnhart", "Barnhart", "Barnhart", "Barnhart", "Barnhart", "Barnhart" ]

[ "Helen Catherine Goodman (born 2 January 1958) is a former British Labour Party politician, who was the Member of Parliament for Bishop Auckland between 2005 and 2019.", "Since 2020 she has been an associate Fellow at Durham University and a member of the advisory board of Durham Energy Institute - working with them on geothermal research.", "During a Parliamentary career spanning 14 years, she held a number of ministerial and shadow ministerial roles, including Deputy Leader of the House of Commons, Parliamentary Under Secretary of State in the Department for Work and Pensions until 2010 with responsibility for child poverty and childcare and shadow Minister for the Americas and the Far East.", "Early life and education\nGoodman's mother was a Danish immigrant and her father was an architect.", "Born in Nottingham, she grew up in Derbyshire and was educated at her village school and Lady Manners School, Bakewell, Derbyshire, which at the time was a Grammar School.", "She studied PPE at Somerville College, Oxford.", "Career before Parliament \nUpon graduating from the University of Oxford, she worked as a researcher for the Labour MP Phillip Whitehead.", "She worked in HM Treasury as a fast stream administrator holding many posts including on the Energy Desk, the Exchange Rate Desk, Central Budget Unit, Overseas Finance.", "In 1990–91, she was seconded to the Office of the Czechoslovak Prime Minister to advise on their economic transition after the Velvet Revolution.", "In 1992, she negotiated an agreement within the OECD to end government subsidies on arms exports to highly indebted countries.", "This was in the wake of the Scott inquiry into the first Iraq war.", "Goodman also oversaw the establishment of the Home Energy Efficiency Scheme in 1990, the first major Government programme to tackle energy efficiency and fuel poverty.", "From 1997, she was the director of the Commission on the Future for MultiEthnic Britain (sponsored by the Runnymede Trust).", "She was appointed the Head of Strategy at The Children's Society in 1998, where she was involved in lobbying on policies to cut child poverty.", "From 2002 until her election to the House of Commons, she was Chief Executive of the National Association of Toy and Leisure Libraries which supported 1,000 projects across Great Britain.", "She is a member of the GMB Union and the Christian Socialist Movement, Amnesty International and Friends of the Earth.", "She has published numerous articles including in the Political Quarterly and Foreign Policy Centre.", "Parliamentary career\n\nGoodman was selected as the Labour Party candidate for the County Durham seat of Bishop Auckland at the 2005 general election through an All-Women Shortlist, following the retirement of the veteran Labour MP Derek Foster.", "Goodman held the seat with a majority of 10,047 votes and made her maiden speech in the Commons on 25 May 2005.", "She was re-elected in 2010, 2015 and 2017 but with dwindling majorities of 5218, 3508 and 502 respectively.", "In 2019 Goodman lost the seat to the Conservative candidate Dehenna Davison whose majority was 7962.", "She was a member of the Public Accounts Committee from May 2005 to April 2007 before becoming a Parliamentary Private Secretary at the Ministry of Justice.", "In June 2007, she was appointed Deputy Leader of the House of Commons, before being made a whip in October 2008.", "She left this role in June 2009 to become a Parliamentary Under Secretary of State at the Department for Work and Pensions.", "In this role, she steered the Child Poverty Act onto the statute book, alongside Stephen Timms.", "After the 2010 general election, Goodman nominated Ed Miliband for the leadership of the Labour Party.", "After his election as party leader, she was appointed as opposition spokesman in Labour's Justice team with special responsibility for Prisons and Sentencing policy.", "In October 2011, she became Shadow Minister for Media.", "In this role she has campaigned for better child protection online.", "In October 2013, she was also given responsibility for Labour's Arts policy.", "In 2010, she ran a successful campaign in conjunction with The Northern Echo to save the Zurbarán paintings at Auckland Castle when the Commissioners of the Church of England threatened to sell them.", "In February 2013, appalled at the impact of the \"bedroom tax\" on her constituents, she tried to live for a week on £18.", "In 2011, Helen led Labour's response to the Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Bill.", "On 3 December 2014, she became Shadow Minister for Welfare Reform as part of a small Shadow Cabinet reshuffle by Ed Miliband.", "Since February 2016, Goodman has also served as a member of the Advisory Board at Polar Research and Policy Initiative.", "From 9 June 2016 to 12 June 2016 she attended the 64th annual Bilderberg Conference in Dresden, Germany.", "Goodman supported Remain in the June 2016 EU referendum campaign, and during the December 2019 General Election was endorsed by the People's Vote Campaign.", "In 2017, she took part in a campaign to save the DWP office in Bishop Auckland from closure.", "She raised questions in Parliament regarding the proposed office closure and took part in a match and Rally opposing the closure on 18 March 2017 \n\nIn July 2017, Goodman was appointed as a junior spokesperson for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs under Shadow Foreign Secretary, Emily Thornberry, with responsibility for the Americas and the Far East.", "In May 2018, she successfully led Labour's attempt to secure Magnitsky Clauses in the Sanctions and Anti-Money Laundering Bill during its Committee Stage and was instrumental in a cross-party initiative that secured an amendment to the Bill requiring public registers of beneficial ownership in the Overseas Territories.", "Other work included developing Labour's policy on the crisis in Hong Kong in 2019, visiting Colombia in May 2019 to meet various stakeholders involved in the implementation of Colombia's faltering peace process and frequently pressing the UK Government to act on a number of human rights issues including the treatment of the Uighur Muslims in Xinjiang, the Rohingya refugee crisis and the rights of West Papuans.", "Alongside veteran MP Ken Clarke, Goodman first developed the concept of holding indicative votes in Parliament to resolve the Brexit deadlock.", "In March 2019, during the indicative votes held by MPs to decide which version of Brexit that they supported, Goodman again worked closely with Ken Clarke to secure support for the option to remain with the EU Customs Union.", "The Customs Union option came closest to securing an overall majority out of all the other options, falling three votes short.", "In October 2019, Goodman was again selected by her local party as Bishop Auckland constituency's Parliamentary Labour candidate.", "During the December 2019 General Election, Bishop Auckland was one of the 59 constituencies lost by the Labour Party.", "Personal life\nGoodman is married to Charles Seaford, a Senior Fellow at Demos.", "The couple have two children.", "References\n\nExternal links\n \n Guardian Unlimited Politics – Ask Aristotle: Helen Goodman MP\n BBC Politics page\n Articles written for The Guardian by Helen Goodman\n \n\n1958 births\n21st-century English women politicians\nAlumni of Somerville College, Oxford\nBritish people of Danish descent\nFemale members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies\nLabour Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies\nLiving people\nPeople from Bakewell\nUK MPs 2005–2010\nUK MPs 2010–2015\nUK MPs 2015–2017\nUK MPs 2017–2019" ]

[ "Helen Catherine Goodman was the Member of Parliament for Bishop Auckland from 2005 to 2019.", "She is an associate fellow at Durham University and a member of the Durham Energy Institute's advisory board.", "She was the Parliamentary Under Secretary of State in the Department for Work and Pensions until 2010 and was Shadow Minister for the Americas and the Far East.", "Her parents were an architect and a Danish immigrant.", "When she was a child, she attended a village school and Lady Manners School, which DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch", "She studied PPE at a college.", "After graduating from the University of Oxford, she worked as a researcher for a Labour Member of Parliament.", "She worked in the Treasury as a fast stream administrator and held many posts.", "She worked for the Office of the Czechoslovak Prime Minister to advise on their economic transition after the Velvet Revolution.", "She negotiated the end of government subsidies on arms exports to highly indebted countries in 1992.", "The Scott inquiry was into the first Iraq war.", "The Home Energy Efficiency Scheme was established in 1990 to tackle energy efficiency and fuel poverty.", "She was the director of the Commission on the Future for MultiEthnic Britain from 1997 to 1997.", "The Head of Strategy at The Children's Society was involved in lobbying on policies to cut child poverty.", "She was the Chief Executive of the National Association of Toy and Leisure Libraries from 2002 until her election to the House of Commons.", "She is a member of the Christian Socialist movement and the Friends of the Earth.", "She has written several articles for the Political Quarterly and Foreign Policy Centre.", "At the 2005 general election, after the retirement of the veteran Labour Member of Parliament, Goodman was selected as the Labour Party candidate for the County Durham seat of Bishop Auckland.", "She made her maiden speech in the Commons on May 25, 2005, after holding the seat with a majority of 10,047 votes.", "She was re-elected in 2010 and 2015, but with smaller margins of victory.", "The Conservative candidate Dehenna Davison won the seat with a majority of 7962.", "From May 2005 to April 2007, she was a member of the Public Accounts Committee.", "She was made a whip in October 2008 after being appointed deputy leader of the House of Commons in June 2007.", "In June 2009, she became a Parliamentary Under Secretary of State at the Department for Work and Pensions.", "She steered the Child Poverty Act onto the statute book with Stephen Timms.", "The Labour Party had a new leader after the 2010 general election.", "She became the opposition spokesman in Labour's Justice team after his election as party leader.", "She became Shadow Minister for Media in October 2011.", "She has been campaigning for better child protection online.", "She was given responsibility for Labour's arts policy in October.", "When the Commissioners of the Church of England threatened to sell the Zurbarn paintings at Auckland Castle, she ran a successful campaign to save them.", "She tried to live for a week on £18 because she was appalled at the impact of the bedroom tax.", "Helen was the leader of Labour's response to the Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Bill.", "She became Shadow Minister for Welfare Reform on December 3, 2014.", "The Advisory Board at Polar Research and Policy Initiative has been chaired by Goodman.", "She attended the 64th annual Bilderberg Conference in Germany from June 9 to June 12.", "The June 2016 EU referendum campaign was supported by the People's Vote Campaign.", "She was part of a campaign to save the DWP office in Bishop Auckland.", "She was appointed as a junior spokesman for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs under Shadow Foreign Secretary Emily Thornberry in July of last year.", "She was part of a cross-party initiative that secured an amendment to the Bill requiring public register of beneficial ownership in the Overseas Territories.", "In addition to developing Labour's policy on the crisis in Hong Kong, the work included visiting Colombia in May to meet various stakeholders involved in the implementation of the peace process and pressing the UK Government to act on a number of human rights issues.", "The idea of holding indicative votes in Parliament was first developed by Ken Clarke.", "The option to remain with the EU Customs Union was secured during the indicative votes held by the MPs in March 2019.", "The Customs Union option fell three votes short of an overall majority.", "In October of this year, she was again selected by her local party to be their Parliamentary Labour candidate.", "The Labour Party lost 59 seats in the General Election.", "Charles Seaford is a Senior Fellow at Demos.", "They have two children.", "Helen Goodman is a member of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for the English constituency Labour Party." ]

[ "Helen Catherine Goodman", "Goodman", "Goodman", "Goodman", "Goodman", "Goodman", "Goodman", "Helen", "Goodman", "Goodman", "Goodman", "Goodman", "Goodman", "Goodman", "Goodman", "Helen Goodman", "Helen Goodman" ]

[ "Helen Catherine Goodman", "Goodman", "Helen", "Goodman", "Helen Goodman" ]

[ "Irving Underhill (1872–1960) was one of the most notable commercial photographers in New York City during the first half of the 20th century.", "He produced work that was featured in postcards and numerous publications while he was still alive, and that continues to be exhibited and receive recognition long after his death.", "Beyond work, Underhill was a long-time member of the Rotary Club of New York, and President of the Underhill Society of America.", "Biography\nIrving Underhill was born in Jersey City, New Jersey, on November 11, 1872.", "He was the son of William James Underhill (1836–1895), a produce commission merchant, who married Louise Prince of Flushing, New York.", "They had several children, of which Irving Underhill was the youngest.", "Irving Underhill opened his photography business in 1896, and provided artistic portraits, city views and panoramas, group photographs, marine, legal, and machinery photography.", "He married Laura Davison on February 16, 1898.", "Irving was a photographer in New York City and served in the New Jersey National Guard.", "By 1922 his studio was in an impressive building on the corner of Broadway and Park Place.", "Incidentally, this building has since been lost and replaced by a skyscraper.", "In 1928 his residence was 277 Harrison Ave., Jersey City, New Jersey.", "Underhill was a member of the Rotary Club of New York among several other organizations.", "He received special recognition for his 25 years as a Rotary Club member in 1938.", "Underhill was present at the funeral of Pirie MacDonald, another professional photographer and Rotarian in 1942.", "Highlights of artistic output and recognition\n\nUnderhill took a particular interest in capturing the cityscape, landmarks, tall buildings, and nautical scenes.", "In 1911 Woolworth hired Underhill - whose studio directly fronted the building site - to document the construction of the Woolworth Building at regularly timed intervals.", "The photographs were then mailed to store managers throughout the country and abroad, with the recommendation that they be distributed and published as \"widely as possible.\"", "Another self-published work that was a promotional piece in collaboration with the Hudson River Day Line was entitled The Hudson River: photo-gravures.", "He was enlisted in the Prohibition with photographs from a Federal Prohibition Laboratory that accompanied a 1926 New York Times article, showing shelves and shelves of liquor.", "Irving Underhill was particularly adept at showing the juxtaposition of old pedestrian-scaled buildings and newer skyscrapers that seemed to dominate the older city.", "Such was the case with one photo of the Trinity Church Spire, shown against the new fifty-story 1 Wall Street at Broadway and Wall, which in 1931 was said to be the most costly plot of real estate in the entire world.", "Underhill also photographed the rise of the Empire State Building.", "In an article celebrating the 50th anniversary of the Architectural League of New York, in 1931, an article in The New York Times entitled \"From Roofs to Towers and Slats\", prominently featured a photograph Irving Underhill.", "This photograph showed the skyline below City Hall Park at the beginning of the century, to symbolize the passing of an era before tall buildings began to dominate the cityscape.", "In 1982, a book entitled New York, photographs, 1850-1950 featured some of Underhill's work, particular his photo of Columbus Circle between 58th and 60th Streets.", "A photo of the Woolworth Building in 1913 made shortly after construction was completed was highlighted in a 1993 New York Times article.", "Charles Hagen compared this photo with an etching from John Marin about the same time, and wrote \"Irving Underhill's photo, made the same year, offers a more sober depiction of the building's Gothic forms than Marin's giddy impression, but records it with a mixture of down-to-earth factuality and pride.\"", "Irving Underhill's work was displayed along with Berenice Abbott's in 1993 exhibition by the Museum of the City of New York entitled \"New York Saved: 30 Years of Landmarks Preservation.\"", "The exhibition displayed Underhill's photo of the exterior of Grand Central Terminal in 1919.", "Still later, a photograph showing the West Street Building and the Singer Tower from the Hudson River, taken by Underhill ca.", "1908, was included in a book on Cass Gilbert.", "The work of Irving Underhill continues to resonate today.", "A colored postcard of Columbus Circle from 1925, was used in a 2005 New York Times article.", "His picture of the Manhattan Bridge from a New York Times article in 1909, was highlighted in a 2009 article talking about the same bridge and how it has struggled to earn recognition and respect.", "Underhill's photo shows the beginning of decking being hung tenuously from the thick and heavy cables overhead.", "Digitization efforts have brought Underhill's work into the public spotlight once again.", "The New York Public Library Digital Gallery, includes 249 Items under the name \"Underhill, Irving\" in their digital collection available via their website.", "Likewise, the Museum of the City of New York has 142 results of digitized images available to view in their online collection.", "The Brooklyn Museum now has 119 Underhill images in their online digital collection.", "Participation in Underhill Society and other family organizations\nIrving Underhill's participation in the Underhill Society of America began innocuously enough, serving as a \"family photographer\".", "Over time he became Treasurer between 1906 and 1932 and later President of the Society between 1946 and 1950.", "When Society President Francis Jay Underhill was travelling through Europe in 1928, Irving Underhill was the recipient of numerous postcards.", "Irving Underhill applied his photographic talents to Underhill subjects as well, such as in 1931 when he took a photograph of the Myron Charles Taylor residence in Locust Valley.", "Following the death of Willard Underhill Taylor, his brother Myron Charles Taylor was proposed as a Director for the Underhill Society.", "Despite actively being involved in affairs of the Underhill Society, Taylor declined.", "Following the death of John Garrett Underhill, Sr., who served as President of the Underhill Society, Myron Charles Taylor speculated about the possibility of placing the Underhill Society and Underhill Burying Ground under the control of the Nassau County Historical Society.", "This proposal never transpired.", "Once again, Irving Underhill reached out to Myron Charles Taylor to become an officer of the Underhill Society, and speculating about the need for protection of the Underhill Westchester Burying Ground.", "Irving Underhill also served as Treasurer and President of the Westchester Burying Ground.", "Taylor declined an Officer position again though gave some input on the future of the Society in a letter dated March 23, 1948.", "References\n\n1872 births\n1960 deaths\nPhotographers from New York (state)" ]

[ "During the first half of the 20th century, Irving Underhill was one of the most notable commercial photographers in New York City.", "He produced work that was featured in postcards and numerous publications while he was still alive, and that continues to be exhibited and receive recognition long after his death.", "The President of the Underhill Society of America was a long-time member of theRotary Club of New York.", "On November 11, 1872, Irving Underhill was born in Jersey City, New Jersey.", "William James Underhill was a produce commission merchant who married Louise Prince.", "Irving Underhill was the youngest of their children.", "Irving Underhill opened his photography business in 1896 and provided artistic portraits, city views and panoramas, group photographs, marine, legal, and machinery photography.", "Laura was married to him on February 16, 1898.", "Irving served in the New Jersey National Guard and was a photographer.", "His studio was located on the corner of Broadway and Park Place by 1922.", "This building was lost and replaced with a skyscraper.", "He lived at 277 Harrison Ave., Jersey City, New Jersey.", "He was a member of several organizations.", "He was a member of theRotary Club for 25 years.", "Underhill was present at the funeral of a professional photographer.", "The cityscape, landmarks, tall buildings, and nautical scenes were some of the highlights of artistic output and recognition.", "Woolworth hired Underhill to document the construction of the Woolworth Building at regular intervals.", "The photographs were mailed to store managers throughout the country and abroad, with the recommendation that they be distributed and published as \"widely as possible.\"", "The Hudson River: photo-gravures was a promotional piece for the Hudson River Day Line.", "He was part of the team that photographed the shelves and shelves of liquor in a New York Times article.", "The juxtaposition of old pedestrian-scaled buildings and newer skyscrapers seemed to dominate the older city.", "The new fifty-story 1 Wall Street at Broadway and Wall was said to be the most expensive real estate in the world when it was built in 1931.", "The Empire State Building was photographed by Underhill.", "An article celebrating the 50th anniversary of the Architectural League of New York was published in The New York Times in 1931.", "The skyline below City Hall Park at the beginning of the century was symbolic of the passing of an era before tall buildings dominated the cityscape.", "In 1982, a book entitled New York, photographs, 1850-1950 featured some of Underhill's work, particularly his photo of Columbus Circle between 58th and 60th Streets.", "The New York Times highlighted a 1913 photo of the Woolworth Building in a 1993 article.", "\"Irving Underhill's photo, made the same year, offers a more sober depiction of the building's Gothic forms than Marin's giddy impression, but records it with a mixture of down-to,\" wrote Charles Hagen.", "The Museum of the City of New York put on an exhibition called \"New York Saved: 30 Years of Landmarks Preservation\" in 1993.", "The exterior of Grand Central Terminal was shown in the exhibition.", "The photograph shows the West Street Building and the Singer Tower from the Hudson River.", "It was included in a book.", "The work of Irving Underhill is still relevant today.", "The New York Times used a colored postcard of Columbus Circle.", "His picture of the Manhattan Bridge was featured in a 1909 New York Times article about the bridge and how it has struggled to earn recognition and respect.", "The beginning of the deck is hung tenuously from the cables overhead.", "Underhill's work has been brought to the attention of the public.", "There are 249 items in the New York Public Library Digital Gallery that are called \"underhill, Irving\".", "The Museum of the City of New York has 142 images in their online collection.", "The Brooklyn Museum has over 100 Underhill images in their online collection.", "Irving Underhill's participation in the Underhill Society of America began innocuously, as a family photographer.", "He was the President of the Society from 1946 to 1950.", "Irving Underhill was the recipient of many postcards when Society President Francis Jay Underhill was travelling through Europe in 1928.", "In 1931, Irving Underhill took a photograph of the residence of Myron Charles Taylor in Locust Valley.", "Myron Charles Taylor was proposed as a Director for the Underhill Society after his brother's death.", "Taylor declined to be involved in the affairs of the society.", "Myron Charles Taylor speculated about the possibility of the Nassau County Historical Society taking control of the Underhill Society after the death of the President.", "This proposal never happened.", "Irving Underhill reached out to Myron Charles Taylor to become an officer of the Underhill Society, and speculated about the need for protection of the Underhill Westchester Burying Ground.", "Irving Underhill was the President of the Westchester Burying Ground.", "In a letter dated March 23, 1948, Taylor gave some input on the future of the society.", "Photographers from New York." ]

[ "Irving Underhill", "Underhill", "Irving Underhill", "William James Underhill", "Irving Underhill", "Irving Underhill", "Irving", "Underhill", "Underhill", "Underhill", "Underhill", "Irving Underhill", "Underhill", "Irving Underhill", "Underhill", "Irving Underhill", "Irving Underhill", "Underhill", "Underhill", "Irving Underhill", "Underhill", "Irving Underhill", "Underhill", "Irving Underhill", "Irving Underhill", "Willard Underhill", "Underhill", "Irving Underhill", "Irving Underhill" ]

[ "Irving Underhill", "Irving Underhill", "William James Underhill", "Irving Underhill", "Irving Underhill", "Irving", "Underhill", "Underhill", "Underhill", "Underhill", "Irving Underhill", "Irving Underhill", "Underhill", "Irving", "Irving Underhill", "Irving Underhill", "Underhill", "Irving Underhill", "Irving Underhill", "Irving Underhill" ]

[ "Bryan Hitch (born 22 April 1970) is a British comics artist and writer.", "Hitch began his career in the United Kingdom for Marvel UK, working on titles such as Action Force and Death's Head, before gaining prominence on American titles such as Wildstorm's Stormwatch and The Authority, DC Comics' JLA, and Marvel Comics' The Ultimates.", "Hitch's artwork and designs have appeared in direct-to-video animated films, television, and major feature films, such as the 2009 film Star Trek, for which he has been praised by director J. J. Abrams.", "Early life\nBryan Hitch began reading comics at an early age, likening them to his \"underage drug habit\" and the newsagent in northern England where he would buy his books from his \"dealer\".", "The newsagent was next door to a cinema, and as Hitch explains, he could go straight from enjoying Christopher Reeve Superman films and other genre films to the store to buy Superman comics drawn by artists such as Curt Swan and José Luis García-López.", "Career\nHitch entered the comics industry after submitting \"Teeth Like Flint\", an Action Force sample story he wrote and drew to Marvel UK, using a style that was fashionable at the time.", "Marvel UK gave him his first professional commission in May or June 1987, approximately a month and a half after his 17th birthday.", "Hitch worked with Simon Furman on Transformers and Death's Head.", "He did some work at Marvel Comics and DC Comics during the late 1980s and early 1990s, in particular his run on The Sensational She-Hulk, and continued drawing for Marvel UK.", "After that imprint closed, he provided the art for an issue of Teen Titans and a couple of series at Valiant Comics before returning to Marvel where he would work with inker Paul Neary.", "It was in the late 1990s that he got a series of high-profile assignments, which would mainly include Neary on inks.", "At Wildstorm, he worked with Warren Ellis in rebooting Stormwatch and launching The Authority.", "This led to a year on JLA with Mark Waid which included the JLA: Heaven's Ladder tabloid-format one-shot.", "Hitch and Neary then returned to Marvel and joined Mark Millar on The Ultimates, The Ultimates 2, and Fantastic Four.", "Hitch's career has been marked by lateness of books, perhaps due to his high detailing.", "Examples include his run JLA, which was broken up by fill-in artists, a situation which he blamed on bad scheduling on DC Comics' part.", "There were long delays in between issues of The Ultimates, which was due to the birth of his child, two house moves, and an office move.", "What would have been his final issue of Fantastic Four with Mark Millar was drawn instead by fill-in artist Stuart Immonen.", "Hitch stresses that Marvel was more supportive of him during his tardiness than DC.", "Hitch provided cover artwork for the November 2006 issue of the British film magazine Empire, for a cover feature on comic book movies.", "He was a character design artist for Ultimate Avengers and Ultimate Avengers 2 animated films.", "He was a character design artist for the video game Incredible Hulk: Ultimate Destruction.", "He was brought aboard the project due to his rendition of the Hulk in The Ultimates.", "He was hired by the BBC as the concept artist for the 2005 relaunch of the Doctor Who television series, having particular input into the design of the TARDIS interior set.", "Hitch contributed designs to the starship piloted by Spock in the 2009 feature film Star Trek, for which director J. J. Abrams has praised him.", "Hitch's cover to Fantastic Four #554 (April 2008) is featured in the opening title sequence of the 2010 History Channel television series, Stan Lee's Superhumans.", "That same year, Impact Books published Bryan Hitch's Ultimate Comics Studio, examination of Hitch's approach and techniques toward his craft, as well as practical tips provided by Hitch on various aspects of the visual storytelling process, and how to develop a career in the comics field.", "Studio, which features a foreword by Joss Whedon, contains both past artworks of Hitch's, as well as original artwork produced specifically for the book.", "In 2012, Hitch was one of several artists to illustrate a variant cover for Robert Kirkman's The Walking Dead #100, which was released 11 July at the San Diego Comic-Con.", "The following year, Hitch illustrated the Image Comics series America's Got Powers, with writer Jonathan Ross.", "He illustrated six issues of the ten-issue miniseries Age of Ultron.", "Hitch and writer Brad Meltzer collaborated on a retelling of Batman's first appearance for Detective Comics vol.", "2 #27 in January 2014.", "March 2014 saw the debut of Hitch's creator-owned series, Real Heroes, written and illustrated by Hitch, who describes the concept as \"the cast of Avengers does Galaxy Quest.\"", "In 2015, Hitch returned DC to write and draw Justice League of America.", "He and artist Tony Daniel collaborated on a new Justice League series in 2016 as part of the DC Rebirth relaunch.", "Hitch finished his work on the series with issue #31 in October 2017.", "In 2018, he and writer Robert Venditti worked together on a Hawkman ongoing series.", "Beginning in 2019, he partnered with Warren Ellis for a twelve-issue DC limited series The Batman's Grave.", "Influence\nFilm director Josh Trank has described himself as a \"huge fan\" of Hitch's artwork, and was inspired by Hitch's depiction of Reed Richards working in his garage in The Ultimates to approach focus on Richards as a young man in the 2015 Fantastic Four film.", "Technique and materials\nHitch does not consider himself an artist or comic artist, but a storyteller, explaining that illustration for him is simply a medium to tell a story.", "Hitch is particular about his studio workspace, which does not contain a TV or sofa, stating that such things belong in the lounge for relaxation.", "In addition to a large drawing board and extra desk space for his computer equipment and lightbox, he keeps copious book shelves.", "Despite using a professional drawing board, he emphasises that any inexpensive board large enough to hold the paper is sufficient, as he himself mostly uses a piece of roughly cut chip-board leaning on the edge of his desk.", "He uses an Apple iMac desktop computer, flatbed scanner and Photoshop to modify his artwork digitally.", "Hitch begins with multiple rough sketches employing different camera angles on paper with a blue pencil, which tends to be less visible in photocopies or scans, and then select the desired elements from the rough sketch with a graphite pencil.", "After picking the initial shapes, he will further emphasise his selections with a red marker pen and other coloured pens, continuing to attempt different variations.", "He will then, depending on how late in the day it is, either redraw the illustration on a sheet of layout paper or use his lightbox to tighten and clean up the drawing, emphasising that the lightbox should not be a mere exercise in tracing, but an opportunity to refine or change elements in the drawing to make it \"clean\" enough to be inked.", "When Hitch transfers the drawing to the final art board, he does initial layouts with a 2H pencil, which feels provides the necessary accuracy and detail, and uses an erasable blue pencil to mark panel frames and vanishing points, which he introduces after the rough stage.", "He chooses not to put too much time or polish into this stage, preferring to work quickly, lightly and instinctively.", "He uses a mechanical pencil with 0.9mm 2H lead at this stage for fine outlines and detail work, and a traditional pencil for more organic work, including softer lines, shading large areas and creating more fluid motion.", "The \"best tool of all\", according to him, is a traditional pencil cut with a craft knife, which he says can produce a variety of marks, and be used for detail, shading and general sketching.", "Hitch believes the best results combine both the mechanical and the knife-sharpened traditional pencil.", "Regarding inking, Hitch says, \"Inking isn't about tracing, or taking someone else's pencil drawing and making it your own.", "It's about being aware of and respectful about the original artist's intentions.", "It's also about making your own artistic judgements based on your interpretation of the piece.", "The skill is then honing your technique to be able to actually deliver a strong, inked piece that is just how the artist wanted it to be.\"", "For feathering, Hitch uses a size 0 sable brush, which he says provide a wider range of sensitive marks than synthetic brushes, despite being softer and harder to use.", "For more free-hand hatching, Hitch uses a Gillott 1960 dip pen, though he prefers to use more solid areas of black to large amounts of rendering.", "Bibliography\n\nInterior work\n\nDC Comics\n\nAdventures of Superman Annual #3 (1991)\nThe Batman's Grave #1-current (2019-present)\nDetective Comics vol.", "2 #27 (2014)\nExciting X-Patrol (Amalgam Comics) (1997)\nGreen Lantern vol.", "3 #1,000,000 (1998)\nHawkman vol.", "5 #1–12 (2018–2019)\nHawkman: Found #1 (2018)\nJLA #47–50, 52–55, 57–58 (2000–2001)\nJLA: Heaven's Ladder (2000)\nJustice League vol.", "3 #1–11, 14–21, 25–31 (writer; also artist on #14, 20–21; 2016–2017)\nJustice League: Rebirth #1 (writer/artist; 2016)\nJustice League of America, vol.", "4, #1–4, 6–9 (writer/artist), #10 (writer only; 2015–2016)\nMartian Manhunter vol.", "2 #11 (1999) \nShowcase '93 #4–5 (Geo-Force) (1993)\nStar Trek: The Next Generation: The Killing Shadows #1 (inker) (2000) \nTeam Titans #21 (1994)\nTransmetropolitan #31 (2000)\nYoung Monsters in Love #1 (Solomon Grundy) (2018)\n\nImage Comics\nAmerica's Got Powers #1–6 (2012–2013)\nReal Heroes #1 (2014)\n\nWildStorm\nThe Authority #1–12 (1999–2000)\nGen-Active #1 (2000) \nStormwatch #4–8, 10–11 (1997)\nWildcats #5 (1999)\n\nImpact Books\nBryan Hitch's Ultimate Comics Studio (2010)\n\nMarvel Comics\n\nAge of Ultron #1–5, 10 (2013)\nAlpha Flight vol.", "2 #6 (1998)\nAvengers vol.", "4 #12.1 (2011)\nCaptain America: Reborn #1–6 (2009–2010)\nCaptain Planet and the Planeteers #11–12 (1992)\nClanDestine #11 (1995)\nColossus #1 (1997)\nExcalibur #104–105 (1997)\nFantastic Four #554–568 (2008–2009)\nGambit Giant-Size #1 (1998)\nGeneration X #28 (1997)\nMarvel Comics Presents #76 (1991)\nNew Avengers #50 (among other artists) (2009)\nNew Avengers Finale (among other artists) (2010)\nSensational She-Hulk #9–11, 13–20, 24–26 (1989–1991)\nThing/She-Hulk: The Long Night one-shot (with Ivan Reis) (2002)\nUltimate Fallout #2 (Thor) (2011)\nThe Ultimates #1–13 (2002–2004)\nThe Ultimates 2 #1–13 (2004–2007)\nUncanny X-Men #323, 331 (1995–1996)\nUncanny X-Men '95 #1 (1995)\nWhat If?", "#59 (Wolverine)(1994)\nX-Factor #105, 118 (1994–1996)\nX-Men Prime #1 (among other artists) (1995)\nX-Men vs. Brood: Day of Wrath #1–2 (1997)\n\nMarvel UK\nHell's Angel, miniseries, #1, 3–5 (with Geoff Senior, 1992)\nDeath's Head #1–5, 7, 10 (1988–1989)\nDeath's Head II #1 (with Liam Sharp, 1992)\nDoctor Who Magazine #139 (1988)\nDragon's Claws #3 (1988)\nG.I.", "Joe: European Missions #2, 6 (1988)\nThe Incomplete Death's Head #8–9, 11–12 (1993)\nMys-Tech Wars #1–4 (1993)\nTransformers #151, 172–173 (with Simon Furman, 1988)\n\nValiant Comics\nNinjak: Yearbook #1 (1994)\nThe Visitor vs. the Valiant Universe, miniseries, #1–2 (1995)\n\nCover work\n\nAction Force #47 (Marvel UK, 1988)\nThe Transformers #154–155, 160–161, 279 (Marvel UK, 1988–1990)\nThe Transformers Special #9–10 (Marvel UK, 1988)\nDeath's Head #4–5, 8–9 (Marvel UK, 1989)\nMarvel Comics Presents #44 (Marvel, 1990)\nNick Fury, Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D.", "#18–19 (Marvel, 1990–1991)\nHell's Angel #1, 3 (Marvel UK, 1992)\nDark Angel #6–7 (Marvel UK, 1992–1993)\nKnights of Pendragon #3, 5, 7–8 (Marvel UK, 1992–1993)\nCodename: Genetix #1–2 (Marvel UK, 1993)\nDie Cut #3 (Marvel UK, 1994)\nMantra #12–14, 23 (Malibu, 1994–1995)\nPrime #23 (Malibu, 1995)\nX-O Manowar #43 (Malibu, 1995)\nX-Men Adventures vol.", "3 #7–11 (DC Comics, 2014–2015)\nWonder Woman vol.", "5 #31–37 (cover art) (DC Comics, 2017)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nBryan Hitch and Paul Neary's website\n\nBryan Hitch at Mike's Amazing World of Comics\nBryan Hitch at the Unofficial Handbook of Marvel Comics Creators\n\n \n\n1970 births\nBritish comics artists\nBritish comics writers\nDC Comics people\nLiving people\nMarvel Comics people\nPeople with bipolar disorder" ]

[ "Bryan Hitch is a British comics artist and writer.", "Hitch worked on titles such as Action Force and Death's Head in the United Kingdom before moving on to work on American titles such as Wildstorm's Stormwatch and The Authority.", "Hitch's artwork and designs have been used in a number of films, including Star Trek, which he has been praised for.", "Bryan Hitch started reading comics at an early age, likening them to his \"underage drug habit\" and the newsagent in northern England where he would buy his books.", "Hitch explained that he could go to the newsagent next to the cinema to buy Superman comics drawn by artists such as Curt Swan and José Luis Garca-Lpez.", "Career Hitch entered the comics industry after submitting a sample story for Action Force called \"Teeth LikeFlint\", which was a style that was fashionable at the time.", "He got his first professional commission around a month and a half after his 17th birthday.", "Hitch worked on Death's Head.", "During the late 1980s and early 1990s, he did some work for both DC and Marvel, including a run on The Sensational She-Hulk.", "After that imprint closed, he provided the art for an issue of Teen Titans and a couple of series at Valiant Comics before returning to work with inker Paul Neary.", "Neary was included in a series of high-profile assignments in the late 1990s.", "He worked with Warren Ellis at Wildstorm to launch The Authority.", "The JLA: Heaven's Ladder tabloid-format one-shot was included in the year on JLA.", "Hitch and Neary were on The Ultimates, The Ultimates 2, and Fantastic Four.", "Hitch's career has been marked by lateness of books.", "He blamed bad scheduling on DC Comics for his run JLA being broken up by fill-in artists.", "The birth of his child, two house moves, and an office move delayed issues of The Ultimates.", "The final issue of Fantastic Four would have been drawn by Stuart Immonen.", "Hitch says that the comic book company was more supportive of him during his tardiness than DC.", "Hitch provided cover artwork for the November 2006 issue of the British film magazine Empire, for a cover feature on comic book movies.", "He was a character design artist.", "He was an artist for the video game.", "He was brought aboard the project because of his performance in The Ultimates.", "He was hired by the BBC as the concept artist for the 2005 relaunch of the Doctor Who television series, having particular input into the design of the TARDIS interior set.", "Hitch contributed designs to the starship piloted by Spock in the film.", "The opening title sequence of Stan Lee's Superhumans is based on Hitch's cover to Fantastic Four # 554.", "Impact Books published Bryan Hitch's Ultimate Comics Studio, an examination of Hitch's approach and techniques toward his craft, as well as practical tips provided by Hitch on various aspects of the visual storytelling process, and how to develop a career in the comics field.", "There are both past artworks of Hitch's and original artwork produced specifically for the book in the studio.", "Hitch was one of several artists to illustrate a variant cover for Robert Kirkman's The Walking Dead # 100, which was released 11 July at the San Diego Comic-Con.", "Hitch illustrated America's Got Powers with writer Jonathan Ross.", "He illustrated six issues of the series.", "Hitch and Brad Meltzer collaborated on a version of Batman's first appearance.", "In January, there were 2 # 27.", "Hitch's creator-owned series, Real Heroes, written and illustrated by Hitch, was launched in March of last year.", "Hitch drew Justice League of America.", "He and Tony Daniel collaborated on a new Justice League series.", "Hitch finished his work on the series in October.", "He and Robert Venditti collaborated on a Hawkman series.", "He and Warren Ellis collaborated on a twelve-issue DC limited series called The Batman's Grave.", "Josh Trank is a huge fan of Hitch's artwork and was inspired by Hitch's depiction of Reed Richards working in his garage in The Ultimates to focus on him in the Fantastic Four film.", "Hitch does not consider himself an artist or comic artist, but a storyteller, explaining that illustration for him is simply a medium to tell a story.", "Hitch believes that things that aren't in a TV or sofa should be in the lounge for relaxation in his studio workspace.", "He has an extra desk space for his computer equipment and lightbox, as well as a large drawing board.", "Despite using a professional drawing board, he emphasizes that any inexpensive board large enough to hold the paper is sufficient, as he himself mostly uses a piece of roughly cut chip-board leaning on the edge of his desk.", "He uses a variety of technology to modify his artwork.", "Hitch begins with multiple rough sketches using different camera angles on paper with a blue pencil, which is less visible in scans and photocopies, and then selects the desired elements from the rough sketch with a pencil.", "He will try different variations with a red marker pen and other coloured pens after picking the initial shapes.", "Depending on how late in the day it is, he can either use his lightbox to tighten and clean up the drawing or he can re-draw the illustration on a sheet of layout paper.", "Hitch uses an erasable blue pencil to mark panel frames and vanishing points after the rough stage when he transfers the drawing to the final art board.", "He doesn't want to put a lot of time into this stage, preferring to work quickly and instinctively.", "He uses a mechanical pencil with 0.9mm 2H lead at this stage for fine outlines and detail work, and a traditional pencil for more organic work, including softer lines, shading large areas and creating more fluid motion.", "According to him, the best tool of all is a traditional pencil cut with a craft knife, which he says can produce a variety of marks, and be used for detail, shading and general sketching.", "Hitch thinks the best results combine mechanical and knife-sharpened pencils.", "Hitch says that inking isn't about tracing, or taking someone else's pencil drawing and making it your own.", "Being aware of and respectful of the original artist's intentions is what it's about.", "You can make your own artistic judgements based on your interpretation of the piece.", "The skill is honing your technique to be able to deliver a strong, inked piece that is just how the artist wanted it to be.", "Hitch uses a size 0 sable brush, which he says provides a wider range of sensitive marks than synthetic brushes, despite being softer and harder to use.", "Hitch uses a Gillott 1960 dip pen for hatching, though he prefers to use more solid areas of black.", "The Batman's Grave #1 is the current edition of Detective Comics vol.", "2 # 27 exciting X-Patrol (Amalgam Comics) Green Lantern vol.", "3,000,000 Hawkman vol.", "JLA: Heaven's Ladder (2000) Justice League vol.", "Justice League: Rebirth #1 is a writer and artist.", "The Martian Manhunter vol. was written by a writer only.", "Star Trek: The Next Generation: The Killing Shadows #1 (inker) was published in 1993.", "The second volume of the Avengers.", "Captain America: Reborn #1–6 was published in 2009.", "#59 (Wolverine)(1994) X-Factor #105, 118 (1994–1996) X-Men Prime #1 ( among other artists)", "Joe: European Missions #2, 6 (1988) The Incomplete Death's Head #8–9, 11–12, 1993 Mys-Tech Wars #1–4, 1993 Transformers #151, 172–171, and The Visitor vs. the Valiant Universe, mini-series.", "Hell's Angel #1, 3, Dark Angel #6, 7, and Knights of Pendragon #3 are Codenames.", "Wonder Woman vol. 3 was published by DC Comics.", "Bryan Hitch and Paul Neary's websites have links to External links." ]

[ "Bryan Hitch", "Bryan Hitch", "Hitch", "Hitch", "Hitch", "Hitch", "Hitch", "Hitch", "Hitch", "Bryan Hitch", "Hitch", "Hitch", "Hitch", "Hitch", "Hitch", "Hitch", "Hitch", "Hitch", "Hitch", "Hitch", "Hitch", "Hitch", "Hitch", "Hitch", "Bryan Hitch", "Bryan Hitch", "Bryan Hitch", "Bryan Hitch" ]

[ "Bryan Hitch", "Bryan Hitch", "Hitch", "Hitch", "Hitch", "Hitch", "Hitch", "Hitch", "Hitch", "Bryan Hitch", "Hitch", "Hitch", "Hitch", "Hitch", "Hitch", "Hitch", "Hitch", "Hitch", "Hitch", "Hitch", "Hitch", "Hitch", "Hitch", "Hitch", "Hitch", "Hitch", "Bryan Hitch" ]

[ "George Francis Houck (July 9, 1847 – March 26, 1916) was Chancellor of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Cleveland.", "He also wrote Volume One of the 1903 A History of Catholicity in Northern Ohio and the Diocese of Cleveland from 1749 to December 31, 1900, an overview history of Roman Catholicism in northern Ohio beginning with Catholic missions in the American frontier of the Ohio Country, one of the first settled parts of the Midwestern United States, and concluding with a history of the Cleveland diocese through the end of the 19th century.", "Early life\nHouck was born July 9, 1847, in Tiffin, Ohio.", "His parents were John and Odile (Fischer) Houck.", "They were natives of Germany.", "His father immigrated to this country from the Grand Duchy of Baden when he was four years old, his mother when she was ten years old.", "They were married February 16, 1846.", "For forty years John Houck was a shoe merchant in Tiffin.", "For two years, when Houck was eighteen years old and his father was sick, Houck took complete charge of the business.", "Houck attended St. Joseph's parochial school in Tiffin.", "He subsequently spent two years in Heidelberg College also in Tiffin.", "He entered Mount St. Mary's Seminary of the West in Cincinnati, in 1867.", "He pursued his studies in that institution until 1874.", "While there he was the seminary's bookkeeper, and was also assistant librarian for five years.", "He was then called by Bishop Richard Gilmour to Saint Mary Seminary and Graduate School of Theology, Cleveland.", "Priesthood\nHouck received Holy Orders July 4, 1875, from Bishop Edward Fitzgerald of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Little Rock, in Cleveland, then performing the duties of Gilmour, who suffered a mental breakdown in 1874 and was in southern France for recuperation.", "Houck's first assignment as a priest, soon after his ordination, was as pastor of St. Joseph's Church, Crestline, Ohio.", "In July 1877, he was appointed Secretary to Gilmour, with duties of chancellor; in May 1882, he was appointed the Chancellor also.", "Michael W. Carr, of the Catholic Historical Society, described Houck as \"the most painstaking, faithful, and efficient chancellor and secretary in any diocese in the country\".", "For seventeen years, 1877–1894, he was chaplain of the Cleveland workhouse, a type of prison in which the sentence includes manual labor.", "In July 1877, Houck was appointed chaplain of St. Vincent's Charity Hospital, Cleveland.", "St. John's and St. Joseph's Cemeteries, up until 1878, were managed by the curates of Cathedral of St. John the Evangelist; in 1878, Gilmour appointed Houck manager of both cemeteries.", "Despite the rapid growth in Cleveland's population, the amount of land set aside for use as burial grounds remained unchanged until 1893 when Calvary Cemetery was purchased.", "That year, Bishop Ignatius Frederick Horstmann appointed Houck manager of this additional cemetery to oversee improvements of the property.", "This new cemetery, in Newburgh Township, was easily reached by tram from all parts of the city.", "On November 26, 1894, Houck, as Horstmann's delegate, consecrated one-half of the grounds.", "He reformed and systematized the operations of the cemeteries under his management.", "Carr described the positive changes:\n\nIn 1900, an additional were purchased making the entire cemetery site one hundred acres in extent.", "During the same year, also, an electric funeral car was introduced, which rapidly grew in public favor.", "He celebrated, on July 24, 1902, his twenty-fifth anniversary as Chancellor.", "Horstmann and over one-hundred-sixty priests were present.", "Writing in 1903, Carr further described Houck:\n\nOn July 25, 1904, Pope Pius X granted him the title Monsignor.", "Houck died on March 26, 1816, and he is buried at St. Joseph Catholic Cemetery in Tiffin, Ohio.", "Historical writing\nIn 1888 Houck wrote A Memoir of the Life and Labors of the Right Rev.", "Amadeus Rappe, D.D., First Bishop of Cleveland.", "In 1889–1890, he published The Church in Northern Ohio and in the Diocese of Cleveland, which was printed in one German language and three English language editions.", "He expanded and revised The Church in Northern Ohio and in the Diocese of Cleveland: from 1817 to September, 1887 with additional facts and published it as Volume One of the 1903 A History of Catholicity in Northern Ohio and the Diocese of Cleveland from 1749 to December 31, 1900.", "Horstmann concluded his approbation of Houck's Volume One of the 1903 A History of Catholicity in Northern Ohio and the Diocese of Cleveland from 1749 to December 31, 1900, with two verses from the New Testament:\n\"Gather up the fragments lest they be lost\", from the Multiplication of the Loaves, translated for the 21st century as, \"When they had had their fill, he said to his disciples, 'Gather the fragments left over, so that nothing will be wasted.", "\"Go and do in like manner\", from the parable of the Good Samaritan who binds up wounds, translated for the 21st century as: \"Jesus said to him, 'Go and do likewise.", "Horstmann's approbation should be seen in the context of his interest in history.", "Horstmann and Houck were both listed, on the same page with some important figures in the history of the diocese, as donors of materials to the American Catholic Historical Society of Philadelphia.", "Horstmann was an organizing member, since 1884, while he was still a priest and later Chancellor of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Philadelphia.", "Horstmann wrote, in his approbation, that he understood this work to be a model history for other dioceses and took credit for proposing a diocesan history.", "Houck's other works did not include an approbation.", "Works or publications\nHouck's newer published works are revisions and expansions of his older works.", "His subjects are northern Ohio Catholic Church history and biographies of Catholics in northern Ohio.", "Notes\n\nReferences\n\n1847 births\n1916 deaths\nAmerican Roman Catholic priests\nContributors to the Catholic Encyclopedia\nRoman Catholic Diocese of Cleveland\nWriters from Cleveland" ]

[ "The Chancellor of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Cleveland was George Francis Houck.", "He wrote Volume One of the 1903 A History of Catholicity in Northern Ohio and the Diocese of Cleveland from 1749 to December 31, 1900, an overview of Roman Catholicism in northern Ohio beginning with Catholic missions in the American frontier of the Ohio Country.", "Houck was born in Ohio in 1847.", "His parents were John and Odile Houck.", "They were born in Germany.", "His parents came to this country from the Grand Duchy of Baden when he was four years old.", "February 16, 1846 is when they were married.", "John Houck was a shoe merchant for forty years.", "Houck took charge of the business for two years when he was eighteen years old and his father was sick.", "St. Joseph's parochial school was where Houck attended.", "He spent two years in the college.", "He entered the Mount St. Mary's Seminary of the West in 1867.", "He studied there until 1874.", "He was the seminary's assistant librarian for five years.", "Saint Mary Seminary and Graduate School of Theology is in Cleveland.", "Bishop Edward Fitzgerald of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Little Rock, in Cleveland, gave Holy Orders to Priesthood Houck on July 4, 1875, and then 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780", "Houck's first assignment as a priest was as pastor of St. Joseph's Church, Crestline, Ohio.", "He was the Secretary to the Chancellor in July of 1877 and the Chancellor in May of 1882.", "According to Michael W. Carr of the Catholic Historical Society, Houck is the most faithful and efficient chancellor and secretary in the country.", "The Cleveland workhouse was a type of prison in which the sentence includes manual labor for seventeen years.", "In July of 1877, Houck was appointed as the hospital's spiritual leader.", "St. John's and St. Joseph's were managed by the Cathedral of St. John the Evangelist.", "Despite the rapid growth in Cleveland's population, the amount of land set aside for use as burial grounds remained the same until 1893.", "The manager of this additional cemetery was appointed by the bishop.", "The cemetery was easily reached by tram from all parts of the city.", "On November 26, 1894, Houck consecrated half of the grounds.", "The operations of the cemeteries were reformed by him.", "The entire cemetery site was made one hundred acres in extent by an additional purchase in 1900.", "The introduction of an electric funeral car rapidly grew in public favor.", "He was the Chancellor for twenty-five years.", "Over one-hundred-sixty priests were present.", "On July 25, 1904, Pope Pius X granted Houck the title of Monsignor.", "Houck is buried in Ohio at St. Joseph Catholic Cemetery.", "A Memoir of the Life and Labors of the Right Rev. was written by Houck.", "The First Bishop of Cleveland was Amadeus Rappe.", "The Church in Northern Ohio was published in one German language and three English language editions.", "Volume One of the 1903 A History of Catholicity in Northern Ohio and the Diocese of Cleveland was published after he expanded and revised The Church in Northern Ohio.", "The first volume of Houck's 1903 A History of Catholicity in Northern Ohio and the Diocese of Cleveland was written from 1749 to December 31, 1900.", "For the 21st century, the parable of the Good Samaritan who heals wounds was translated as: \"Go and do likewise.\"", "His interest in history should be seen in the context of his approbation.", "The American Catholic Historical Society of Philadelphia listed some important figures in the history of the diocese on the same page as donors of materials.", "The Chancellor of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Philadelphia was an organizing member.", "In his approbation, he wrote that he understood the work to be a model history for other dioceses and took credit for proposing a diocesan history.", "There was no approbation in Houck's other works.", "Revisions and expansions of older works are what Houck's newer published works are.", "There are biographies of Catholics in northern Ohio.", "Contributors to the Catholic Encyclopedia include American Roman Catholic priests." ]

[ "George Francis Houck", "Houck", "Houck", "John Houck", "Houck", "Houck", "Houck", "Houck", "Houck", "Houck", "Houck", "Houck", "Houck", "Houck", "Houck", "Houck", "Houck", "Houck", "Houck", "Houck", "Houck" ]

[ "George Francis Houck", "Houck", "Odile Houck", "John Houck", "Houck", "Houck", "Houck", "Houck", "Houck", "Houck", "Houck", "Houck", "Houck", "Houck", "Houck", "Houck" ]

[ "Mathew Amoah (born 24 October 1980) is a Ghanaian former professional footballer who played as a striker.", "From 2002 to 2011 he represented the Ghana national team at international level, scoring 12 goals in 45 matches.", "Club career\n\nVitesse and Fortuna\nBorn in Tema, Amoah moved to the Netherlands at the age of 16, where he linked with Vitesse Arnhem, spending eight seasons at the club.", "His early departure from his homeland has led to an almost anonymous profile there because he never played any top-level club football in Ghana, although in Amoah's home town of Tema his achievements in Europe have not gone unnoticed.", "With three brothers, Amoah learned his craft on the streets of the Ghanaian town and at the age of 15, he was spotted by scouts from the Dutch club while playing in an international youth tournament for his club Great Ambassadors.", "After Amoah moved to Vitesse, he did not play regularly.", "So in order to get regular playing action, Amoah needed a loan spell at Fortuna Sittard to find his feet in Dutch football before going back at Arnhem where coach Ronald Koeman gave him a chance.", "And the move paid off as the club's supporters named him their best player after the 2002–03 season, in which he scored 15 goals for the club and also competed in European club competition.", "Amoah trained at Vitesse where he developed into a good striker.", "It was his performances at Vitesse which gained him a call up to his homeland Ghana's national team.", "At Vitesse, he scored 62 goals in 174 appearances for the club.", "Borussia Dortmund\nAmoah signed with Borussia Dortmund in December 2005, during the winter transfer window, rejoining coach Bert van Marwijk, who managed him during the 1999–2000 season at another Dutch side, Fortuna Sittard.", "Amoah signed a two-year contract, but could only manage seventeen first-team appearances (going scoreless in the process) in one-and-a-half seasons.", "\"There was a number of options but Amoah was the one the manager wanted\", Hans-Joachim Watzke, Dortmund's finance director, told the Westfälische Rundschau at the time.", "NAC Breda\nThe 26-year-old Amoah signed a three-year deal with Eredivisie's NAC Breda on 3 July 2007, after a medical.", "The former Vitesse forward returned to the Netherlands after a lack of first-team opportunities at Dortmund.", "\"We have been working on this deal for months\", NAC technical director Earnie Stewart said.", "\"First it looked like it was impossible for the player to sign, but this week negotiations went quicker.", "\"Amoah was instrumental in the attack of NAC Breda since his arrival in July 2007.", "He scored more than eight goals in every season at the club.", "He scored 11 goals in his first season, 12 in his second season and then nine in his third season.", "He was the top scorer of NAC Breda and was loved by the supporters for his spectacular goals which helped the club a lot.", "At the end of his five-year stay with the club played 105 league matches and scored 43 goals.", "Mersin İdmanyurdu\nAmoah signed a two-year contract with Mersin İdmanyurdu SK, the newly promoted Turkish club.", "He only played five matches for the team and left Turkey after one year.", "SC Heerenveen\nIn June 2012, Amoah signed with Eredivisie side SC Heerenveen.", "However, after one season in which he played no single match for the club, he was released in June 2013.\n\nInternational career\n\nGhana first selected Amoah ahead of the 2002 CAF Africa Cup of Nations and it was in the tournament in Mali where he made his debut.", "But after the Black Stars were eliminated in the quarter- finals, Amoah only ever received one more call-up before the appointment of coach Ratomir Dujkovic in December 2004.", "The Serb brought Amoah back for his first game in charge, and Amoah has been in the squad ever since.", "An international since 2002 he made his debut on 21 January 2002, Segou in a Ghana, Morocco encounter at the Africa Cup of Nations: 2002, Amoah was an instrumental figure in Ghana's first qualification for the World Cup, scoring three goals in three consecutive and important qualifying matches.", "Matthew Amoah finished as Ghana's leading scorer in the 2010 FIFA World Cup qualifiers, his five strikes proving pivotal in the Black Stars' march to a second successive tournament.", "His tally added to the three goals he scored in the 2006 qualifiers that also made a major contribution to Ghana's march to their first-ever FIFA World Cup finals appearance.", "He also played in their World cup debut even though he did not score in any of the matches he played, his ability, runs and passes helped the team to the group of 16.", "In 2010, he helped his nation qualify for another world cup.", "He played in two matches, which he was brought in as a substitute.", "He is a member of the Ghanaian Golden Era of footballers including Fulham right back John Paintsil and Chelsea versatile midfielder Michael Essien and former captain Stephen Appiah who formerly played for Italian Club Cesena, Fenerbahçe SK and Juventus.", "Amoah has scored 13 times in 40 appearances for Ghana.", "Career statistics\n\nClub\n\nInternational\n\nHonours\n\nInternational\nGhana\nAfrica Cup of Nations Silver Medal: 2010\nFIFA World Cup Round of 16: 2006\nFIFA World Cup quarter-final: 2010\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Matthew Amoah at Voetbal International – \n\n1980 births\nLiving people\nPeople from Tema\nGhanaian footballers\nAssociation football forwards\nSBV Vitesse players\nFortuna Sittard players\nBorussia Dortmund players\nNAC Breda players\nSC Heerenveen players\nHeracles Almelo players\nMersin İdman Yurdu footballers\nEredivisie players\nBundesliga players\nSüper Lig players\nGhana international footballers\n2002 African Cup of Nations players\n2006 FIFA World Cup players\n2006 Africa Cup of Nations players\n2010 Africa Cup of Nations players\n2010 FIFA World Cup players\nGhanaian expatriate footballers\nGhanaian expatriate sportspeople in the Netherlands\nExpatriate footballers in the Netherlands\nGhanaian expatriate sportspeople in Germany\nExpatriate footballers in Germany\nGhanaian expatriate sportspeople in Turkey\nExpatriate footballers in Turkey" ]

[ "Mathew Amoah was born in October 1980 and is a former professional footballer.", "He played for the national team at international level, scoring 12 goals in 45 matches.", "Amoah spent eight seasons at the club after moving to the Netherlands at the age of 16.", "Although Amoah's achievements in Europe have not gone unnoticed, his early departure from his homeland has led to an almost anonymous profile there.", "At the age of 15, Amoah was spotted by scouts from the Dutch club while playing in an international youth tournament for his club, Great Ambassadors.", "Amoah didn't play a lot after he moved to Vitesse.", "In order to get regular playing action, Amoah needed a loan spell at Fortuna Sittard to find his feet in Dutch football before returning to Arnhem.", "He was named the club's best player after the 2002–03 season, in which he scored 15 goals for the club and also competed in European club competition.", "Amoah was a good forward at Vitesse.", "He was called up to the national team of his country after his performances at Vitesse.", "He scored 62 goals for the club.", "During the winter transfer window in 2005, Amoah rejoined coach van Marwijk, who had managed him during the 1999–2000 season.", "Amoah only made seventeen first-team appearances in one-and-a-half seasons after signing a two-year contract.", "Hans-Joachim Watzke, the finance director, told the Westflische Rundschau that Amoah was the one the manager wanted.", "Amoah signed a three-year deal with NAC Breda on July 3, 2007, after a medical.", "After a lack of first-team opportunities, the former Vitesse forward returned to the Netherlands.", "NAC technical director Earnie Stewart said that they had been working on the deal for months.", "It looked like it was impossible for the player to sign, but negotiations went quicker this week.", "Amoah was involved in the attack of NAC Breda.", "He scored a lot of goals at the club.", "He scored 11 goals in his first season, 12 in his second and 9 in his third.", "He was loved by the fans for his spectacular goals, which helped the club a lot.", "He played 105 league matches for the club and scored 43 goals.", "Mersin dmanyurdu Amoah signed a two-year contract with the newly promoted Turkish club.", "He left Turkey after one year after playing five matches for the team.", "Amoah signed with Heerenveen in June of 2012", "Amoah was released by the club after one season in which he did not play a single match.", "Amoah only received one more call-up after the Black Stars were eliminated in the quarter- finals.", "Amoah was brought back by the Serb for his first game in charge.", "Amoah made his debut at the Africa Cup of Nations in 2002 and was an important part of the team that qualified for the World Cup.", "Matthew Amoah scored five goals in the Black Stars' march to a second successive World Cup.", "His tally added to the three goals he scored in the 2006 qualifiers that made a major contribution to the march to their first-ever World Cup finals appearance.", "Even though he did not score in any of the matches he played, his ability, runs and passes helped the team to the group of 16.", "He helped his nation qualify for a world cup.", "He played in two matches and was brought in as a substitute.", "He is a member of the Golden Era of football in the country, which included former captain Stephen Appiah who played for Italian Club Cesena, and Michael Essien, who played for Fenerbahe.", "Amoah has scored 13 times in 40 appearances.", "Matthew Amoah at Voetbal International has a silver medal from the 2010 Africa Cup of Nations." ]

[ "Mathew Amoah", "Amoah", "Amoah", "Amoah", "Amoah", "Amoah", "Amoah", "Amoah", "Amoah", "Matthew Amoah", "Amoah", "Matthew Amoahrs" ]

[ "Mathew Amoah", "Amoah", "Amoah", "Amoah", "Amoah", "Amoah", "Amoah", "Amoah", "Amoah", "Amoah", "Amoah", "Matthew Amoah", "Amoah", "Matthew Amoah" ]

[ "Sally Hogshead (born ) is a New York Times bestselling author, National Speakers Association Hall of Fame speaker, chief executive officer of How to Fascinate (Fascinate, Inc) and a former advertising executive.", "Career\nHogshead attended Duke University, from which she graduated in 1991.", "Her first job was with advertising agency Fallon Worldwide, which employed her as a junior copywriter.", "Subsequently, Hogshead worked as a copywriter for Wieden+Kennedy and The Martin Agency.", "When the Martin Agency closed its Los Angeles office in 1998, Hogshead and Jean Robaire, with whom she had worked at Martin, opened their own agency, Robaire and Hogshead.", "Agency clients included Rémy Martin and Target Corporation.", "In 2001 Hogshead was hired to open a new office of Crispin Porter + Bogusky in Venice, California, where she served as both managing and creative directors.", "Hogshead was inducted into the National Speakers Association's Speaker Hall of Fame in 2012.", "Books\n\nGotham Books published Hogshead's Radical Careering: 100 Truths to Jumpstart Your Job, Your Career, and Your Life in 2005.", "The book's conclusions are putatively supported by research done with 1,000 Generation X professionals.", "In 2010, HarperCollins published Hogshead's book, Fascinate: Your 7 Triggers to Persuasion and Captivation.", "The book came out of research that she started in 2006, in which she had over 100,000 people take personality tests.", "The tests focused on \"a variety of fields and levels of professional achievements.\"", "Fascinate: Your 7 Triggers to Persuasion and Captivation was reviewed by Publishers Weekly and described as having \"an uneven start\" but in the end it \"packs a big punch.\"", "Another reviewer wondered \"how smaller firms and individuals can apply this stuff to their work and live.", "[...] It would seem like artifice and inauthenticity, perhaps, to a small businessperson who's already in perpetual survival mode.\"", "In 2014, HarperCollins published Hogshead's book, How the World Sees You: Discover Your Highest Value Through the Science of Fascination.", "It was on the New York Times Bestseller List.", "In 2016, HarperCollins published Fascinate, Revised and Updated which took the existing Fascination Advantage Assessment, and applied it for use in small businesses.", "It was on the New York Times Bestseller List, and a #1 Wall Street Journal Best Seller.", "The Fascination Advantage\n\nHogshead commissioned the Kelton Global to research why some brands are more captivating than others.", "They identified seven ways a person's interest can be stimulated.", "In 2010, Hogshead developed an assessment to measure how an individual ranked on these seven \"triggers.\"", "Positioned against other assessments that measured one's worldview, this test aims to show how one is perceived by others.", "The test has been featured on Fast Company.", "The assessment was called the \"F Score,\" which is a personality test used to determine one's personality archetype out of 49 \"archetypes.\"", "The test is now called \"The Fascination Advantage Assessment.\"", "She also tested the audiences at the Million Dollar Round Table and National Association of Insurance and Financial Advisors conferences.", "Development History \n\nHogshead commissioned the study in 2007 to Kelton Global.", "The study found that there are seven ways in which a person's brain can be captivated.", "Initially the research was applied to show how different brands captured audiences attention.", "Hogshead applied this research in the 2009 book Fascinate.", "The book applied the research from the study and introduced the concept \"triggers,\" which are different ways brands get attention.", "In 2010, the research was applied to people instead of brands.", "The test showed how a person measured against the triggers.", "The initial assessment was called the \"F Score.\"", "The results presented the user with ways to use their top communications styles in their everyday lives.", "In 2014, Hogshead released her next book How the World Sees You.", "This book was built around the F-Score test, now abridged and targeted towards professionals.", "The assessment was re-titled \"The Fascination Advantage.\"", "The System \n\nThe idea of the assessment is based on Hogshead's concept of \"fascination\" which she describes as a state of intense intellectual focus.", "The assessment serves as a guide to show individuals how to communicate better using their best-suited triggers, or Advantages.", "The test treats the individual as though he or she were a brand.", "The assessment consists of 28 questions that rank the user on the seven advantages of the system.", "At the end of the assessment, the user is presented with their best and worst methods of communication.", "The questions are worded to find what social cues someone gives off.", "The results are based on the Kelton research of how others view these traits in brands.", "After the assessment, the individual is given a report explaining their communication-style and given a personality archetype.", "The archetypes are a short-hand for a user's results.", "Personal life\n\nHogshead is married and has two children and six step children.", "She lives in Orlando, Florida.", "Bibliography\n How the World Sees You: Discover Your Highest Value Through the Science of Fascination.", "New York: HarperBusiness (2014).", "Fascinate: Your 7 Triggers to Persuasion and Captivation.", "New York: HarperBusiness (2010).", "Radical Careering : 100 Truths to Jumpstart Your Job, Your Career, and Your Life.", "New York: Gotham (2005).", "Fascinate, Revised and Updated: How to Make Your Brand Impossible to Resist.", "New York: HarperBusiness (2016).", "Further reading\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n Fascinate, Inc website\nFive Remarkable Female Entrepreneurs featuring Sally Hogshead from The Huffington Post\n Sally Hogshead Inc.com Columnist Page\n\nWomen motivational speakers\n21st-century American non-fiction writers\nAmerican business writers\nWomen business writers\nAmerican women chief executives\nDuke University alumni\nCopywriters\nWomen in advertising\nWriters from Orlando, Florida\n21st-century American women writers\nLiving people\nAmerican women non-fiction writers\nYear of birth missing (living people)" ]

[ "Sally Hogshead is a New York Times bestselling author, a National Speakers Association Hall of Fame speaker, and a former advertising executive.", "She graduated from Duke University in 1991.", "Her first job was at an advertising agency.", "As a writer, Hogshead worked for The Martin Agency.", "When the Martin Agency closed its Los Angeles office in 1998, Hogshead and Jean Robaire opened their own agency.", "Target Corporation and Rémy Martin were agency clients.", "In 2001 she was hired to open a new office of Crispin Porter + Bogusky in Venice, California, where she served as both managing and creative directors.", "The National Speakers Association has a Speaker Hall of Fame.", "Hogshead's Radical Careering: 100 Truths to Jumpstart Your Job, Your Career, and Your Life was published in 2005.", "Research done with 1,000 Generation X professionals supports the conclusions of the book.", "Hogshead's book, \"FASCinate: Your 7 Triggers to Persuasion and Captivation\", was published in 2010.", "She started research in 2006 in which she had over 100,000 people take personality tests.", "A variety of fields and levels of professional achievements were the focus of the tests.", "Publishers Weekly reviewed your 7 Triggers to Persuasion and Captivation and it was described as having an \"uneven start\" but in the end it packs a big punch.", "Smaller firms and individuals can apply this stuff to their work.", "It would seem like inauthenticity to a small business person who is already in survival mode.", "How the World Sees You: Discover Your Highest Value Through the Science of Fascination was published byHarperCollins.", "It was in the New York Times.", "The Fascination Advantage Assessment was applied for use in small businesses by the authors of Fascinate, Revised and Updated.", "It was a New York Times best seller and a Wall Street Journal best seller.", "Kelton Global was commissioned to research why some brands are more captivating than others.", "There are seven ways a person's interest can be stimulated.", "An assessment was developed in 2010 to measure how an individual ranked.", "The test aims to show how one is perceived by others.", "Fast Company featured the test.", "A personality test called the \"F Score\" is used to determine a person's personality type.", "\"The Fascination Advantage Assessment\" is the new name for the test.", "She tested the audience at the National Association of Insurance and Financial Advisors conferences.", "The study was commissioned by Development History Hogshead.", "There are seven ways in which a person's brain can be stimulated.", "The research showed how different brands captured the attention of the audience.", "The research was applied in the book.", "The concept of \"triggers\" was introduced in the book by applying the research from the study.", "The research was applied to people.", "The test showed how a person measured.", "The \"F Score\" was the initial assessment.", "The user was presented with ways to use their top communications styles.", "How the World Sees You was written by Hogshead.", "The F-Score test was the basis for this book.", "The assessment was changed.", "The idea of the assessment is based on the idea of \"fascination\" which she describes as a state of intense intellectual focus.", "A guide to show individuals how to communicate better is provided by the assessment.", "The individual is treated like a brand by the test.", "The seven advantages of the system are ranked by the 28 questions in the assessment.", "The user is presented with their best and worst methods of communication at the end of the assessment.", "The questions are written to find out what social cues someone gives off.", "The Kelton research shows how others view these qualities in brands.", "The individual is given a report explaining their communication style after the assessment.", "For a user's results, the Archetypes are a short-hand.", "Hogshead is married with two children and six step children.", "She lives in Florida.", "How the World Sees You: Discover Your Highest Value through the Science of Fascination is a bibliography.", "New York:HarperBusiness.", "Triggers to persuasion and Captivation can be found in Fascinate.", "New York:HarperBusiness.", "100 Truths to Jumpstart Your Job, Your Career, and Your Life is a book about radical careering.", "The city of New York.", "How to make your brand impossible to resist has been revised and updated.", "New York:HarperBusiness.", "Sally Hogshead from The Huffington Post is featured on the website Five Remarkable Female Entrepreneurs." ]

[ "Sally Hogshead", "Hogshead", "Hogshead", "Hogshead", "Hogshead", "Hogshead", "Hogshead", "Hogshead", "Hogshead", "Hogshead", "Hogshead", "Sally Hogshead" ]

[ "Sally Hogshead", "Hogshead", "Hogshead", "Hogshead", "Hogshead", "Sally Hogshead" ]

[ "Évariste Vital Luminais (; 13 October 1821 – 10 or 15 May 1896) was a French painter.", "He is best known for works depicting early French history and is sometimes called \"the painter of the Gauls\".", "Life and career\n\nLuminais was born in Nantes into a parliamentary and legal family.", "His great-grandfather Michel Luminais was an official in the Vendée; his grandfather Michel-Pierre Luminais represented the Vendée in parliament from 1799 to 1803; and his father, René Marie Luminais, represented Loire-Inférieure from 1831 to 1834 and Indre-et-Loire from 1848 to 1849.", "Aware of his natural artistic talent, his family sent him to Paris when he was 18 to study with the painter and sculptor Auguste Debay.", "He also studied with Léon Cogniet, a historical and portrait painter whose pupils included Léon Bonnat, and Constant Troyon, who painted landscapes and animals.", "He married twice.", "By his first wife, Anne Foiret, he had a daughter, Esther.", "After Anne's death in 1874, he remarried in 1876 to one of his pupils, Hélène de Sahuguet d'Amarzit d'Espagnac; she had been married to Claude Durand de Neuville but had been widowed in the War of 1870.", "He made his official début at the 1843 Paris Salon, where two of his paintings were hung.", "He won medals at the Salons of 1852, 1855, 1857, 1861 and 1889.", "In 1869, he was awarded the Légion d'honneur.", "He won the gold medal at the 1889 Exposition, and was a founder member of the Société des Artistes Français.", "For more than forty years, he divided his time between his Paris studio at 17 boulevard Lannes and his summer house and studio in the village of Douadic, in the Brenne region.", "The area had been recommended to him by two friends, Jules de Vorys and Louis Fombelle.", "Among his students were Albert Maignan and Emily Sartain; he was one of the few Academy painters who would teach women.", "Luminais died in Paris at the age of 75 and was buried in the little cemetery in Douadic.", "His native city of Nantes has a street named for him.", "Works\n\nLuminais worked in the genre and historical modes.", "He was among the academic painters who satisfied a social demand for aggrandising, even propagandistic historical works in the early years of the Third Republic, after the defeat in the Franco-Prussian War.", "As such, he shared in their condemnation by the advocates of modern art.", "However, in some paintings, such as The Widow (1865) he foreshadows social realism.", "He also used a historical dressing to make hunting and peasant scenes more palatable to the Academy.", "Gauls and other ancient peoples\nLuminais played an important part in disseminating the iconography of the Gauls; their popular image, with long hair and winged helmets, was developed by historians at this time as part of an examination of French history.", "Sometimes called 'the painter of the Gauls', he also depicted other scenes of early medieval history, often clashes between different peoples, such as campaign-hardened Romans in breastplates reinforced with metal battling daring Celts who are bare-chested, with only helmet and shield for protection.", "More unusually among historical artists of the time, he also depicted the Franks, whose contribution to French history was then generally underrated in favour of the Gauls.", "His painting of the Alemannic rout at the hands of the Franks in the Battle of Tolbiac impressed Théophile Gautier at the 1848 Salon.", "His Frankish Cavalry in Combat was inspired by reading Chateaubriand.", "His paintings on Merovingian topics emphasise the barbaric cruelty of the rulers.", "Pepin the Short's overthrow of Childeric III with the agreement of Pope Zachary and the deposed king's imprisonment in the Monastery of St. Bertin at Saint-Omer is the subject of his painting The Last of the Merovingians, for which he reportedly used one Jean Marie Dagobert as his model.", "At the 1883 Salon, the critic Charles Bigot hoped this would indeed be Luminais \"last\" Merovingian painting.", "As was common among historical painters at the time, his paintings contain anachronisms and out of place details.", "For example, in the 1906 painting of a Gaul returning from the hunt, the clothing is anachronistic and the helmet more a characterisation of the mounted man as a Gaul than a hunting accessory.", "The long red hair is part of the 19th-century image of the Gaul.", "His In Sight of Rome shows the same liberty: the shield on the left and the helmets are not realistic.", "The Celtic incursion into Italy made an early and lasting impression on artists.", "In depicting the Merovingian Franks, 19th-century painters unaware of archaeological evidence costumed queens in Oriental Germanic fashion, as in Luminais' Merovingian Princess.", "Luminais' approach focussed more on distancing the image from the present than on evoking a specific era.", "Having met Théodore Hersart de La Villemarqué, who had published a collection of popular Breton songs, Barzaz Breiz, around 1884 he based on one of the songs his Flight of King Gradlon, depicting the king fleeing on horseback from his city of Ys as it is swallowed by the sea; St. Winwaloe urges him to jettison his only child, Dahut.", "The art museums in Quimper, Rennes and Nantes hold several sketches for the work.", "Exhibited at the Salon of 1884, the painting was hailed as a \"superb dramatic group, full of life\".", "The Sons of Clovis II\nIn 1880 he painted what, according to Bonnie Effros, was his most famous Merovingian painting, The Sons of Clovis II, also called Les Énervés de Jumièges (the enervated men of Jumièges), based on a legend concerning the 7th-century Merovingian king Clovis II: after rebelling against their father, the two princes are said to have been punished according to their own mother's suggestion by the removal of their vital force (\"enervation\") through the destruction of the tendons of their muscles; they were then set adrift on a raft in the River Seine, at the mercy of God, but according to the legend they were rescued by the monks of the Abbey of Jumièges and later reconciled with their parents.", "The version exhibited at the 1880 Salon created a sensation and is judged to be his best work.", "The painting evokes varying and strong reactions; Simone de Beauvoir wrote in 1960 of \"calm horror\".", "The work went through a number of stages of refinement.", "The first study, Première pensée pour les Énervés de Jumièges, shows the cutting of the tendons and depicts four figures; a second study depicts the raft floating down the river, but has three figures, prefiguring the men's salvation by the monks.", "The two finished paintings show only the two figures alone on the raft.", "The version shown at the Salon was sold to Australia under the title The Sons of Clovis II and after being exhibited in various locations including Wallis & Sons' gallery of French paintings in London (1881), the Munich International Exposition (1883), the National Gallery of South Australia and the National Gallery of Victoria (1896), is now in the Art Gallery of New South Wales in Sydney.", "The second version, with greater emphasis on the grandeur of nature, was kept by Luminais; after his death it was acquired by the State and in 1912 was deposited in the Musée des Beaux-Arts in Rouen.", "Brenne paintings\n\nAt his summer studio in Douadic, he painted works reflecting his love of nature and of hunting, such as:\n The Hallali, memories of hunting in Brenne in 1863\n The Two Guardians\n La Folle du Tertre (the madwoman of the mound), based on a local legend\n Hunting Through the Ages, six-panel work for the dining room of his friend Louis Fombelle\n Illustrations for Jules de Vorys' book on Dagobert I, Dagobert en Brenne\n\nMonumental painting\n\nLuminais was one of five artists who collaborated between 1886 and 1889 on a monumental fresco, more than in area, for the interior of the dome of the Paris Commercial Bourse, representing the history of intercontinental trade.", "It includes a scene representing America which features Indians, slaves, labourers, cowboys, and a steam train representing the modern world.", "References\n\nFurther information\n\n Françoise Daum, Dominique Dussol et al.", "Evariste Vital Luminais, Peintre des Gaules, 1821–1896.", "Exhibition catalogue.", "Carcassonne: Musée des beaux-arts; Charleville-Mézières: Musée de l'Ardenne, 2002. . \n Gilles Brenta and Claude François (script and direction).", "Le Défilé des toiles.", "VHS documentary.", "52 mins.", "Brussels: Les Trois petits cochons, 1997. . \n Claude Duty.", "Les Énervés de Jumièges.", "Short film, in Claude Duty réalisateur: six films courts.", "VHS compilation.", "72 mins.", "France: Production A.A.A.", "/ Stellaire Production, 1986–1995. . \n\n1822 births\n1896 deaths\nPeople from Nantes\n19th-century French painters\nFrench male painters\nAsterix" ]

[ "Vital Luminais was a French painter who died in 1896.", "He is known for his depictions of early French history and is sometimes called the painter of the Gauls.", "A parliamentary and legal family has been formed by the life and career Luminais.", "His father was a lawmaker in Loire-Inférieure and his grandfather was an official in the Vendée.", "His family was aware of his artistic talent and sent him to Paris to study with Auguste Debay.", "He studied with two other painters, one of whom was Constant Troyon, who painted landscapes and animals.", "He had two marriages.", "Esther was the daughter of his first wife, Anne Foiret.", "The widow of Claude Durand de Neuville, Hélne de Sahuguet d'Amarzit d'Espagnac, was one of his students.", "Two of his paintings were hung at the Paris Salon.", "He won medals in five different Salons.", "He was awarded the Légion d'honneur in 1869.", "He was a founding member of the Société des Artistes Franais and won a gold medal at the 1889 exposition.", "He divided his time between his Paris studio at 17 boulevard Lannes and his summer house and studio in the village of Douadic.", "The area was recommended to him by two friends.", "He was one of the few Academy painters who taught women.", "The person who died in Paris at the age of 75 was buried in a small cemetery.", "His hometown of Nantes has a street named after him.", "The genre and historical modes were used by works luminais.", "After the defeat in the Franco-Prussian War, a social demand for aggrandising, even propagandistic historical works, was fulfilled by the academic painters.", "He shared their condemnation with the advocates of modern art.", "The Widow is one of the paintings that shows social realism.", "He made hunting and peasant scenes more acceptable to the Academy.", "The popular image of the Gauls, with long hair and winged helmets, was developed by historians as part of an examination of French history.", "Sometimes called the painter of the Gauls, he also depicted other scenes of early medieval history, such as Romans in breastplates reinforced with metal battling daring Celts who are bare-chested, with only helmet and shield for protection.", "The Franks, whose contribution to French history was often overlooked in favor of the Gauls, were depicted by him.", "The painting of the Alemannic destroy at the hands of the Franks in the Battle of Tolbiac impressed Théophile Gautier at the 1848 Salon.", "The Frankish Cavalry in Combat was inspired by Chateaubriand.", "The rulers are shown to be cruel in his paintings on Merovingian topics.", "The Last of the Merovingians, a painting by Jean, is about the overthrow of Childeric III and his imprisonment in the Monastery of Saint-Omer.", "Charles Bigot was hoping that this would be the last painting by Merovingian.", "He had anachronisms and out of place details in his paintings.", "In the 1906 painting of a Gaul returning from the hunt, the clothing is anachronistic and the helmet is more a characterisation of the mounted man as a Gaul than a hunting accessory.", "The 19th-century image of the Gaul has long red hair.", "The shield on the left is not realistic and the helmets are not realistic.", "Artists were influenced by the Celtic incursion into Italy.", "In depictions of the Merovingian Franks, 19th-century painters were unaware of archaeological evidence, as in Luminais' Merovingian Princess.", "The approach of Luminais was to separate the image from the present than to evoke a specific era.", "He based one of his songs, Flight of King Gradlon, depicting the king fleeing on horseback from his city of Ys, on a song by Théodore Hersart de La Villemarqué.", "Several sketches for the work are in the art museums.", "The painting was called a \"superb dramatic group, full of life\" by the Salon of 1884.", "According to Bonnie Effros, the most famous Merovingian painting is The Sons of Clovis II.", "The version exhibited at the Salon created a sensation and is considered his best work.", "Simone de Beauvoir wrote about \"calm horror\" in 1960.", "The work went through a number of stages.", "The Premire pensée pour les nervés de Jumiges shows the cutting of the tendons and depicts four figures, while the second study shows the raft floating down the river, but with three figures.", "Only the two figures on the raft are shown in the finished paintings.", "After being exhibited in various locations, including the National Gallery of South Australia and the National Gallery of Victoria, the version shown at the Salon was sold to Australia.", "In 1912, the second version was deposited in the Musée des Beaux-Arts in Rouen, after it was acquired by the State.", "He painted works reflecting his love of nature and of hunting, such as The Hallali, which was based on his memories of hunting in Brenne.", "There is a scene depicting Indians, slaves, labourers, cowboys, and a steam train in the modern world.", "Franoise Daum, Dominique Dussol, and others.", "Peintre des Gaules was named after Evariste Vital Luminais.", "There is an exhibition catalogue.", "The Charleville-Mézires: Musée de l'Ardenne was directed by Claude Franois.", "The toiles.", "A documentary on VHS.", "52 minutes.", "Claude Duty was the author of Les Trois petits cochons.", "The nervés of Jumiges.", "There are six films courts in Claude Duty's short film.", "A collection of VHS tapes.", "72 minutes.", "France has a production A.A.A.", "There were people from the 19th century who were French male painters." ]

[ "Évariste Vital Luminais", "Michel Luminais", "Pierre Luminais", "René Marie Luminais", "Vital", "Luminais" ]

[ "Vital Luminais", "Vital" ]

[ "Charles P. O'Brien (born August 20, 1939, New Orleans, Louisiana) is a research scientist, medical educator and a leading expert in the science and treatment of addiction.", "He is board certified in neurology, psychiatry and addiction psychiatry.", "He is currently the Kenneth E. Appel Professor of Psychiatry, and vice chair of psychiatry, in the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania.", "Career\nO'Brien earned MD and PhD degrees from Tulane University in 1964 and 1966, respectively, and received residency training in internal medicine, neurology and psychiatry at Harvard University, Tulane, the University of London, and the University of Pennsylvania.", "While serving as chief of psychiatry at the Veterans Administration (VA) Medical Center in Philadelphia, In 1971 O'Brien founded and became director of a clinical research program consisting of a group of VA and University of Pennsylvania scientists.", "From 1971 until 2013, he served as director of this research center, called the Center for Studies of Addiction at the University of Pennsylvania.", "He and the center's other researchers made many discoveries about the treatment of addictive disorders, and published their research findings in more than 500 research papers, all authored or co-authored by O'Brien, and published in peer-reviewed scientific journals.", "O'Brien and his colleagues at the Center for Studies of Addiction received personal praise, for their innovative research and results in helping patients recover from drug addiction, from U.S. President George H.W.", "Bush during a September 1991 tour of the center.", "In addition to conducting scientific research, O'Brien also has advised U.S. government authorities on policies affecting the availability of drugs, including alcohol and tobacco, as well as on government's proper role in preventing and treating addictive disorders.", "He has also provided policy advice about drugs and addiction to many other countries, especially France.", "In the US, O'Brien has chaired or served as a member of many Institute of Medicine committees dealing with science and drug abuse policy matters.", "From 2007 to 2013, he served as chairperson of the Substance Use Disorders Committee of the American Psychiatric Association.", "The purpose of this committee was to revise the primary classification system, known as DSM-5, that psychiatrists use in diagnosing mental illnesses, including addiction disorders.", "There was no validated measure of addiction in the 1970s, so O'Brien began work, together with A. Thomas McLellan, PhD, to develop the \"Addiction Severity Index\", a tool that was later translated into over 30 languages and which by 2012 was being used throughout the world to determine the extent of patients' problems and tailor appropriate treatment approaches.", "Naltrexone, an opioid receptor antagonist, was already in use by the early 1980s as a medication for treating addiction to heroin and other opioids, but not alcohol addiction.", "Based on animal studies, O'Brien in the 1980s theorized that alcohol produced pleasure by releasing endorphins – the brain's naturally occurring opioids.", "Accordingly, blocking endorphin receptors might help alcoholics resist drinking.", "In 1983, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) granted permission to test this theory on patients.", "With funding provided by the U.S. Veterans Administration Substance Abuse Center in Philadelphia, O'Brien and one of his students, fellow University of Pennsylvania psychiatrist Joseph Volpicelli, and others conducted a study in which all addiction patients received counseling, but half of them also received naltrexone, while the other half received a placebo.", "During three months of treatment, those receiving naltrexone had fewer relapses to heavy drinking and reported less craving and less pleasure when they did drink.", "Working from these observations, O'Brien and his colleagues discovered a new treatment for alcoholism using naltrexone.", "In 1995, the FDA approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence, ushering in a new era of alcoholism treatment which, prior to this time, had been limited mainly to psychotherapy and psychosocial interventions such as Alcoholics Anonymous.", "In later studies, O'Brien and his colleagues noticed that naltrexone seemed to work effectively on only a subset of alcohol-addicted patients.", "The researchers began investigating why some alcoholics respond well to naltrexone while others do not.", "Their work led to the discovery of genes that determine the extent of pleasure one feels when drinking alcohol.", "Individuals with a particular genetic variant have a sensitive endogenous opioid system that is activated by alcohol, thereby producing stimulation and euphoria.", "naltrexone blocks this form of alcohol reward, so the medication is particularly effective for these individuals.", "Aimed at establishing a genomic sub-category of alcoholism, this work seemed to support the movement toward \"personalized medicine\" in the treatment of alcoholism.", "O'Brien and his colleagues never applied for a patent on the discovery of naltrexone's effectiveness for treating alcohol addiction, so this treatment continues to be used at no cost worldwide.", "He has served as president of both the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology and the Association for Research in Nervous and Mental Disease.", "\"The Detox Amy Winehouse Should Have Done\".", "Time.", "(interview with O'Brien)\n Interview on Kojo Nnamdi Show, National Public Radio, December 7, 2010\n\nAmerican medical researchers\nChevaliers of the Légion d'honneur\nPeople from New Orleans\n \nTulane University School of Medicine alumni\n1939 births\nAmerican psychiatrists\nMembers of the National Academy of Medicine\nTulane University alumni\nUniversity of Pennsylvania faculty\nLiving people" ]

[ "A leading expert in the science and treatment of addiction, Charles P. O'Brien was born in New Orleans, Louisiana.", "He is a board certified Psychiatrist.", "He is a professor in the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania.", "In 1964 and 1966 Career O'Brien earned MD and PhD degrees from Tulane University, as well as receiving residency training in internal medicine, neurology, and Psychiatry at Harvard University, the University of London, and the University of Pennsylvania.", "In 1971 O'Brien founded and became director of a clinical research program consisting of a group of VA and University of Pennsylvania scientists.", "He was the director of the Center for Studies of Addiction at the University of Pennsylvania.", "He and the center's other researchers made many discoveries about the treatment of addictive disorders, and published their research findings in more than 500 research papers, all authored or co-authored by O'Brien, and published in peer-reviewed scientific journals.", "O'Brien and his colleagues at the Center for Studies of Addiction received personal praise for their innovative research and results in helping patients recover from drug addiction.", "Bush toured the center in September 1991.", "O'Brien advises the U.S. government on policies affecting the availability of drugs, including alcohol and tobacco, as well as on government's proper role in preventing and treating addictive disorders.", "He has given policy advice about drugs and addiction to many countries.", "In the US, O'Brien has chaired or served as a member of many Institute of Medicine committees dealing with science and drug abuse policy matters.", "He was the chairperson of the Substance Use Disorders Committee of the American Psychiatric Association.", "The primary classification system that psychiatrists use to diagnose mental illnesses, including addiction disorders, was revised by this committee.", "The \"Addiction Severity Index\", a tool that was later translated into over 30 languages, was developed by O'Brien and A. Thomas McLellan, PhD, and was used throughout the world.", "By the early 1980s, naltrexone was being used to treat addiction to heroin and other opioids, but not alcohol addiction.", "O'Brien believed that alcohol produced pleasure by releasing the brain's naturally occurring opioids.", "Alcoholics might be helped by blocking endorphin receptors.", "The FDA granted permission to test the theory on patients in 1983.", "With funding provided by the U.S. Veterans Administration Substance Abuse Center in Philadelphia, O'Brien and one of his students, fellow University of Pennsylvania psychiatrist Joseph Volpicelli, and others conducted a study in which all addiction patients received counseling, but half of them also received naltrex", "During three months of treatment, those receiving naltrexone reported less craving and less pleasure when they drank.", "O'Brien and his colleagues discovered a new treatment for alcoholism using naltrexone.", "A new era of alcoholism treatment was ushered in in 1995 when the FDA approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence.", "O'Brien and his colleagues noticed that naltrexone seemed to work for a small group of alcohol-addicted patients.", "Some alcoholics respond well to naltrexone while others don't.", "The discovery of genes that determine the extent of pleasure one feels when drinking alcohol was the result of their work.", "Individuals with a particular genetic variant have a sensitive endogenous opioid system that is activated by alcohol.", "The medication naltrexone blocks this form of alcohol reward, so it is particularly effective for these individuals.", "The work seemed to support the movement toward \"personalized medicine\" in the treatment of alcoholism.", "O'Brien and his colleagues never applied for a patent on the discovery of naltrexone's effectiveness for treating alcohol addiction, so this treatment continues to be used at no cost worldwide.", "He was the president of both the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology and the Association for Research in Nervous and Mental Disease.", "\"Amy should have had a cleanse.\"", "Time.", "Interview with O'Brien on Kojo Nnamdi Show, National Public Radio, December 7, 2010" ]

[ "Charles P" ]

[ "Charles P" ]

[ "Nicolas Bouvier (6 March 1929 in Lancy – 17 February 1998) was a 20th-century Swiss traveller, writer, picture editor and photographer.", "He studied in Geneva in the 1950s and lived there later between his travels.", "Life\n\nBouvier was born at Grand-Lancy near Geneva, the youngest of three children.", "He grew up in \"a Huguenot milieu, rigorous and enlightened at the same time, intellectually very open, but where the entire emotional aspect of existence was strictly monitored.\"", "He passed his childhood in a house where, in his words, \"the paper-cutter counted for more than the bread-knife\", a double reference to his librarian father (\"one of the most amiable beings I should ever have met\") and his mother, \"the most mediocre cook west of Suez\".", "He grew up indifferent to gastronomy and a hardy traveller as well as an avid reader.", "Between the ages of six and seven, he devoured Jules Verne, Curwood, Stevenson, Jack London and Fenimore Cooper.", "\"At eight years, I traced with my thumbnail the course of the Yukon in the butter of my toast.", "Already waiting for the world: to grow up and clear off.\"", "From 1946, various escapades (Bourgogne, Tuscany, Provence, Flanders, the Sahara, Lapland, Anatolia) got him started on the path of the voyager.", "Nevertheless, he enrolled at the University of Geneva in the faculty of Letters and Law, indulged an interest in Sanskrit and medieval history, and thought about pursuing a doctorate (which he did not in the end take up) doing a comparative study of Manon Lescaut and Moll Flanders.", "His travels all over the world incited him to recount his experiences and adventures, the most famous works being L'Usage du monde and Le Poisson-scorpion.", "His work is marked by a commitment to report what he sees and feels, shorn of any pretence of omniscience, leading often to an intimacy bordering on the mystical.", "His journey from Geneva to Japan was in many ways prescient of the great eastward wave of hippies that occurred in the sixties and seventies - slow, meandering progress in a small, iconic car, carefully guarded idiosyncrasy, a rite of passage.", "Yet, it differs in that the travelogues this journey inspired contain deep reflections on man's intimate nature, written in a style very much aware and appreciative of the traditions and possibilities of the language he uses.", "(He wrote mainly in French, though he does mention writing a series of travel articles in English for a local journal during his stay in Ceylon.)", "\"To reach the heart of this man, one must return to the slim volume that contains all his poems,\" wrote Bertial Galand, Bouvier's editor.", "The work in question is Le dehors et le dedans, a collection of texts written for the most part on the road and published for the first time in 1982.", "This is the only book of poetry by Bouvier, who nevertheless said in an interview, \"Poetry is more necessary to me than prose because it is extremely direct, brutal - full-contact!\"", "At the end of the 1950s, the World Health Organization asked him to find images on the eye and its diseases.", "Thus Bouvier discovered, \"through the chances of life\", his profession of \"image searcher,\" which perhaps appealed to him because \"images, like music, speak a universal language,\" as suggested by Pierre Starobinski in his preface to Le Corps, miroir du Monde - voyage dans le musée imaginaire de Nicolas Bouvier.", "Another posthumous work, Entre errance et éternité, offers a poetic look at the mountains of the world.", "The iconographer commented on some of his finds in a series of articles for Le Temps stratégique, collected together as Histoires d'une image.", "That Nicolas Bouvier lived in movement does not mean that he did not enjoy himself in Switzerland.", "Quite the contrary: he was involved in various activities, creating the progressive Gruppe Olten with Frisch and Dürrenmatt, after having left the Swiss Writers Society, which he found too conservative.", "In L'Echappée Belle, éloge de quelques pérégrins he celebrates a Switzerland \"rarely spoken of: a Switzerland in movement, a nomadic Switzerland.\"", "The Swiss, sedentary?", "\"You must be joking!", "In fact, the Swiss are the most nomadic people in Europe.", "Every sixth Swiss has chosen to live his life abroad.\"", "Reasonable?", "\"It remains to be seen!", "Under the ordered surface, the varnish of the Helvetic 'as it should be,' I sense the passage of great strata of the irrational, a deaf fermentation, so present in the first thrillers of Dürrenmatt, in Fritz Zorn's Mars, a latent violence that, to me, renders this country bizarre and engaging.\"", "The traveller-writer, a close friend of Ella Maillart, thus sees in the history of his country \"a constant of nomadism, of exile, of quest, of anxiety, a manner of not staying in place that have profoundly marked our mentality and, therefore, our literature.", "There has been, for two thousand years, a Switzerland, vagabond, pilgrim, often forced on to the road by poverty, and of which we speak all too rarely.\"", "Bouvier received the Prix de la Critique (1982), the Prix des Belles Lettres (1986), and in 1995 the Grand Prix Ramuz for the entirety of his work.", "On 17 February 1998, suffering from cancer, Nicolas Bouvier died, in the words of his wife, \"in complete serenity.\"", "A few months earlier, he had written these words: \"Henceforth it is in another elsewhere / that reveals not its name / in other whispers and other plains / that you must / lighter than thistle / disappear in silence / returning thus to the winds of the road\" (Le dehors et le dedans, \"Morte saison'\").", "Major voyages\n\nKhyber Pass (1953–1954)\nWithout even waiting for the results of his exams (he would learn in Bombay that he had obtained his Licence in Letters and Law), he left Switzerland in June 1953 with his friend Thierry Vernet in a Fiat Topolino.", "First destination: Yugoslavia.", "The voyage lasted till December 1954.", "The voyage led the two men to Turkey, to Iran and to Pakistan, Thierry Vernet leaving his friend at the Khyber Pass.", "Bouvier continued alone.", "Bouvier recounted the journey in L'Usage du monde, published in English translation as \"The Way of the World\".", "The pilgrim finds the words to express himself, and his feet follow them faithfully: \"A journey does not need reasons.", "Before long, it proves to be reason enough in itself.", "One thinks that one is going to make a journey, yet soon it is the journey that makes or unmakes you.\"", "The book was described as a voyage of self-discovery '\"on the order of Robert M. Pirsig’s Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance\".", "Sri Lanka/Ceylon (1955)\nWith intermittent company, Bouvier crossed Afghanistan, Pakistan and India before reaching Ceylon.", "Here he lost his footing: the solitude and the heat floored him.", "It took him seven months to leave the island and almost thirty years to free himself of the weight of this adventure with the writing of Le Poisson-scorpion (published 1981, translated into English as The Scorpion-Fish).", "It ends on a quote from Louis-Ferdinand Céline: \"The worst defeat of all is to forget and especially the thing that has defeated you.\"", "Japan (1955–1956)\nAfter Ceylon, he left for another island: Japan.", "He found a country in the throes of change and he continued to visit Japan over the subsequent decades.", "These experiences led to Japon, which would become Chroniques Japonaises after a third sojourn in 1970 and a complete re-edition.", "It was published in English in 1992 as The Japanese Chronicles.", "In this book, he blended his personal experiences of Japan with Japanese history and rewrote a Japanese history from a Western perspectives.", "\"Japan,\" he says, \"is a lesson in economy.", "It is not considered good form to take up too much space.\"", "Ireland (1985)\nBuilding on a report for a journal in the Aran Islands, Bouvier wrote Journal d'Aran et d'autres lieux, a tale of travel that slips at times into the supernatural, the voyager suffering from typhoid.", "His appreciation of the air of the Irish islands is described as that which \"dilates, tonifies, intoxicates, lightens, frees up animal spirits in the head who give themselves over to unknown but amusing games.", "It brings together the virtues of champagne, cocaine, caffeine, amorous rapture and the tourism office makes a big mistake in forgetting it in its prospectuses.\"" ]

[ "Nicolas Bouvier was a 20th-century Swiss traveller, writer, picture editor and photographer.", "He lived in Geneva after studying there in the 1950s.", "The youngest of three children was born at Grand-Lancy.", "He grew up in a Huguenot environment where the entire emotional aspect of existence was strictly monitored.", "He passed his childhood in a house where, in his words, \"the paper-cutter counted for more than the bread-knife\", a double reference to his librarian father and his mother.", "He was an avid reader as well as indifferent to gastronomy.", "Jules Verne, Curwood, Stevenson, Jack London and Fenimore Cooper were all devoured by him between the ages of six and seven.", "I traced the course of the Yukon with my thumbnail for eight years.", "To grow up and clear off.", "He started on the path of the voyager from various escapades.", "He was in the faculty of Letters and Law at the University of Geneva and had an interest in Sanskrit and medieval history, but he didn't pursue a PhD because he wanted to do a comparative study of Manon Lescaut and Moll Flanders.", "L'Usage du monde and Le Poisson-scorpion are the most famous works of his travels.", "His work is marked by a commitment to report what he sees and feels, shorn of any pretense of omniscience, leading often to an intimacy bordering on the mystical.", "His journey from Switzerland to Japan was in many ways prescient of the great eastward wave of hippie that occurred in the sixties and seventies - slow, meandering in a small car, carefully guarded idiosyncrasy, a rite of passage.", "It is different in that the travelogues this journey inspired contain deep reflections on man's intimate nature, written in a style very much aware and appreciative of the traditions and possibilities of the language he uses.", "He wrote mostly in French, though he did write a few travel articles in English for a local journal.", "To reach the heart of this man, one must return to the slim volume that contains all his poems.", "Le dehors et le dedans, a collection of texts written for the most part on the road, was published for the first time in 1982.", "\"Poetry is more necessary to me than prose because it is extremely direct, brutal - full-contact!\" said the author of this book of poetry.", "The World Health Organization asked him to look at the eye at the end of the 1950s.", "Pierre Starobinski suggested that \"images, like music, speak a universal language\" in his introduction to Le Corps.", "There is a poetic look at the mountains of the world in Entre errance et éternité.", "The articles were collected together as Histoires d'une image.", "Nicolas did not enjoy himself in Switzerland because he lived in movement, but that doesn't mean he didn't enjoy himself.", "After leaving the Swiss Writers Society, he created the progressive Gruppe Olten with Frisch and Drrenmatt.", "He celebrates a Switzerland \"rarely spoken of: a Switzerland in movement, a nomadic Switzerland.\"", "The Swiss are sedentary?", "You must be joking!", "The Swiss are the most nomadic people in Europe.", "Every sixth Swiss has chosen to live abroad.", "Is it reasonable?", "It remains to be seen.", "In the first thrillers of Drrenmatt, there is a sign of the irrational in the varnish of the Helvetic.", "The traveller-writer sees in the history of his country a constant of nomadism, of exile, of quest, of anxiety, a manner of not staying in place that have profoundly marked our mentality and, therefore, our literature.", "For two thousand years, a Switzerland, vagabond, pilgrim, often forced on to the road by poverty, has existed.", "In 1982 he received the Prix de la Critique and in 1986 and 1995 he received the Grand Prix Ramuz.", "In the words of his wife, Nicolas died of cancer in February 1998.", "He wrote these words a few months ago, \"Henceforth it is in another elsewhere, that reveals not its name, in other whispers and other plains, that you must be lighter than thistle, disappear in silence, and return to the winds of the road.\"", "He did not wait for the results of his exams to learn that he had obtained his licence in Letters and Law, he left Switzerland in June 1953 with his friend.", "Yugoslavia is the first destination.", "The voyage ended in December 1954.", "The two men went to Turkey, Iran and to Pakistan after the voyage.", "The man continued alone.", "The English translation of L'Usage du monde is \"The Way of the World\".", "A journey does not need reasons, as the pilgrim finds the words to express himself and his feet follow them faithfully.", "It proves to be reason enough.", "One thinks that one is going to make a journey, yet soon it is the journey that makes or doesn't make you.", "The book was described as a voyage of self-discovery.", "After crossing Afghanistan, Pakistan and India, Bouvier reached Ceylon.", "The solitude and the heat floored him as he lost his footing.", "It took him seven months to leave the island and almost thirty years to free himself of the burden of this adventure with the writing of Le Poisson-scorpion.", "It ends with a quote from Louis-Ferdinand Céline, \"The worst defeat of all is to forget and especially the thing that has defeated you.\"", "He left for another island: Japan.", "He continued to visit Japan after finding a country in the throes of change.", "After a third sojourn in 1970 and a complete re-edition, Japon became Chroniques Japonaises.", "The Japanese Chronicles was published in English in 1992.", "He rearranged a Japanese history from a Western perspective in this book.", "He says that Japan is a lesson in economy.", "It isn't good form to take up too much space.", "Journal d'Aran et d'autres lieux is a tale of travel that slips at times into the supernatural, the voyager suffering from typhoid.", "His appreciation of the air of the Irish islands frees up animal spirits in the head who give themselves over to unknown but amusing games.", "It brings together the virtues of champagne, cocaine, caffeine, amorous rapture and the tourism office makes a big mistake in forgetting it." ]

[ "Nicolas Bouvier", "Nicolas Bo", "Nicolas Bouvier", "Bouvier", "Nicolas Bouvier", "Bouvier", "Bouvier", "Bouvier" ]

[ "Nicolas Bouvier", "Nicolas", "Nicolas", "Bouvier" ]

[ "Eugene Beauharnais Sydnor Jr. (September 25, 1917 – September 9, 2003) was a Richmond department store owner, Chamber of Commerce executive, and politician.", "A member of the Byrd Organization, Sydnor served briefly in both houses of the Virginia General Assembly: from 1953 to 1955 in the House of Delegates and from 1955 until 1959 in the Virginia Senate.", "Both occurred during the period of Massive Resistance to the United States Supreme Court's decision in Brown v. Board of Education.", "Early and family life\n\nA Richmond native, and son of businessman Eugene B. Sydnor and his wife, the former Sallie Belle Weller, Eugene was educated at St. Christopher's School in Richmond, and had a sister who became Mrs. Charles M. Carr of Williamsburg.", "Sydnor graduated from Princeton University in 1939 and was a member of Phi Beta Kappa.", "He then received a Master of Business Administration from the Harvard Business School.", "Eugene Sydnor married Lucy Harvey (d. 2006) of Winnetka, Illinois, whom he met during his World War II naval service, and they had one daughter (Alice) who predeceased them, and three sons (William H., Eugene Jr. and Charles).", "They divorced.", "Sydnor later married Elaine Jantzen Willis, and she and her two daughters and three sons also survived him.", "Military career\n\nDuring World War II, Sydnor served in the United States Navy aboard three destroyers, last holding the position of First Lieutenant.", "Career\n\nSydnor was the president and significant stockholder of Southern Department Stores (now defunct but then with 20 retail locations in Virginia and North Carolina, including in Williamsburg, Gloucester, Petersburg, Rappahannock and Kilmarnock).", "In 1951, the National Labor Relations Board ruled against the family's Richmond Dry Goods Co., which was the target of unionization efforts.", "In 1956, he spun that company off to Philip Whitlock Klaus, who had founded it with Sydnor's father.", "Sydnor became president of the Richmond Better Business Bureau and of the Virginia Retail Merchants Association, vice president of the board of the National Retail Merchants Association and of the U.S. Chamber of Commerce's Southeastern Division.", "He was also a director of State-Planters Bank of Commerce and Trusts in Richmond and of the Richmond Dry Goods Co.\n\nAs Education Director for the U.S. Chamber of Commerce, Sydnor gained nationwide recognition in connection with a 1971 memorandum from his neighbor, then Richmond attorney Lewis F. Powell Jr. concerning perceived attacks on the U.S. business system.", "His charitable activities included service as a trustee of the Richmond Area Community Chest and Virginia Museum of Fine Arts (to which he also donated several works), as well as vice president of the American Red Cross's Richmond chapter.", "Political career\n\nSydnor served in the Virginia House of Delegates from 1953 until 1955, as one of the city's seven delegates.", "In that election, W. Moscoe Huntley, Fred G. Pollard, W. Griffith Purcell and J. Randolph Tucker Jr. were re-elected, but Sydnor, George E. Allen Jr and Edward E. Lane replaced William H. Adams, Albert Orlando Boschen and Charles H. Phillips.", "When Senator Frank S. Richeson died on December 31, 1954, Sydnor replaced him and won the senatorial seat in his own right in that election.", "He thus represented Richmond in the Virginia Senate as one of three Senators representing the city (along with Edward E. Willey and Edward E. Haddock, with fellow St. Christopher's alumnus FitzGerald Bemiss replacing him in the House of Delegates).", "In 1957, a commission which Sydnor chaired studied industrial policy in Virginia.", "Late the following year, Sydnor was among the 29 businessmen approaching Governor J. Lindsay Almond, Lieutenant Governor Gi Stevens, Attorney General Albertis Harrison and other officials, warning them of the toll the Byrd Organization's policy of Massive Resistance was having upon the Commonwealth's business community.", "Sydnor did not seek re-election in 1959 (the first year in which the senatorial districts were numbered), and Bemiss also succeeded him in the Virginia Senate representing Richmond along with Haddock and Willey.", "As a state senator, Sydnor sponsored the bill creating the State Council on Higher Education in 1959.", "He became the first chairman of the State Technical Education Board, as well as the first chairman of the State Board for Community Colleges (in 1966).", "Sydnor also served on the Virginia Commission on Constitutional Government, and the Governor's Industrial Development Advisory Board.", "He also opposed creation of two expressways which divided Richmond, and in one of his last public expressions in 1980, advocated eliminating tolls on those roads.", "Death and legacy\n\nEugene Sydnor died in Richmond in 2003, survived by his widow and stepdaughters, as well as his ex-wife and their children.", "In the 1970s, Eugene and Lucy Sydnor had acquired an estate at \"Dancing Point\" in Charles City County overlooking the confluence of the James and Chickahominy Rivers.", "Lucy continued to live on the estate until her death in 2006.", "The area contains significant historical artifacts of both indigenous peoples and colonial settlers, so access is restricted.", "The postmodern house constructed and grounds designed by architects Robert Welton Steward of Richmond and California-based Thomas Dolliver Church were placed on the Virginia Landmarks register in 2015 and National Register of Historic Places in April 2016.", "It is occasionally open for tours.", "Development as a spiritual retreat or conference center is contemplated.", "The family's department store chain is defunct, not surviving competition from mass market retailers.", "In March, 1999, the family store in Williamsburg, run by his son Charles, requested bankruptcy court protection, in part due to ice storm damage.", "The scholarship at the University of Richmond's Evening Division was established in 1915 to honor his father, who founded the Richmond Dry Goods Co. and as president of the Richmond Chamber of Commerce had helped found Shenandoah National Park in the 1920s.", "References\n\nVirginia Democrats\nVirginia state senators\nPoliticians from Richmond, Virginia\nPeople from Charles City County, Virginia\nHarvard Business School alumni\n1917 births\n2003 deaths\nBusinesspeople from Richmond, Virginia\nPrinceton University alumni\n20th-century American politicians\n20th-century American businesspeople" ]

[ "Eugene Beauharnais Sydnor Jr. was a department store owner, Chamber of Commerce executive, and politician.", "From 1955 to 1959 he was a member of the Virginia Senate and from 1953 to 1955 he was a member of the House of Delegates.", "During Massive Resistance to the United States Supreme Court's decision in Brown v. Board of Education, there were two occurrences.", "Eugene was the son of a businessman and DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch", "He was a member of the honor society at the time of his graduation.", "He received a masters degree from the Harvard Business School.", "Eugene and Lucy Harvey had one daughter, Alice, and three sons, William H., Eugene Jr. and Charles.", "They parted ways.", "She and her two daughters and three sons also survived him.", "During World War II, Sydnor held the position of First Lieutenant and was a member of the United States Navy.", "Southern Department Stores had 20 retail locations in Virginia and North Carolina and was a significant stockholder of Career Sydnor.", "In 1951, the National Labor Relations Board ruled against the family'sRichmond Dry Goods Co., which was the target of unionization efforts.", "Philip Whitlock Klaus founded the company with his father.", "He was vice president of the board of the National Retail Merchants Association and the U.S. Chamber of Commerce's Southeastern Division.", "He was the Education Director for the U.S. Chamber of Commerce.", "He donated several works to the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts and was a vice president of the American Red Cross.", "One of the city's seven delegates was Sydnor, who served in the Virginia House of Delegates from 1953 to 1955.", "William H. Adams was replaced by George E. Allen Jr and Edward E. Lane.", "When Senator Frank S. Richeson died on December 31, 1954, Sydnor replaced him and won the senatorial seat in his own right.", "He was one of three Senators representing the city in the Virginia Senate, along with Edward E. Willey and Edward E. Haddock.", "In 1957, a commission chaired by Sydnor studied industrial policy in Virginia.", "Governor J. Lindsay Almond, Lieutenant Governor Gi Stevens, Attorney General Albertis Harrison and other officials were warned of the toll the policy of Massive Resistance was having upon the Commonwealth's business community by 29 businessmen.", "In 1959 the first year in which senatorial districts were numbered, Bemiss succeeded him in the Virginia Senate as he did not seek re-election.", "The State Council on Higher Education was created in 1959 by Sydnor.", "He was the first chairman of the State Technical Education Board and the first chairman of the State Board for Community Colleges.", "The Virginia Commission on Constitutional Government and the Governor's Industrial Development Advisory Board were both chaired by Sydnor.", "In one of his last public expressions in 1980, he advocated eliminating tolls on the two expressways he opposed.", "Eugene's widow and stepdaughters as well as his ex-wife and their children are survivors of his death.", "The estate at Dancing Point was acquired by Eugene and Lucy Sydnor in the 70s.", "Lucy lived on the estate until she died.", "Access is restricted because of the historical artifacts in the area.", "The postmodern house, designed by Robert Welton Steward and Thomas Dolliver Church, was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in April 2016 after being placed on the Virginia Landmarks register in 2015.", "Sometimes it is open for tours.", "Development of a spiritual retreat or conference center is contemplated.", "The family's department store chain did not survive the 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "In March 1999, the family store in Williamsburg, run by his son Charles, requested bankruptcy court protection due to ice storm damage.", "The scholarship at the University of Richmond's Evening Division was established in 1915 to honor his father, who founded theRichmond Dry Goods Co.", "People from Charles City County, Virginia have Harvard Business School alumni." ]

[ "Eugene Beauharnais Sydnor Jr", "Sydnor", "Eugene B", ". Sydnor", "Sallie Belle Weller", "Eugene", "Sydnor", "Eugene Sydnor", "Eugene Jr", "Sydnor", "Sydnor", "Sydnor", "Sydnor", "Sydnor", "Sydnor", "Sydnor", "Sydnor", "Boschen", "Sydnor", "Bemiss", "Sydnor", "Sydnor", "Sydnor", "Bemiss", "Sydnor", "Sydnor", "Eugene Sydnor", "Eugene", "Lucy Sydnor" ]

[ "Eugene Beauharnais Sydnor Jr", "Brown", "Eugene", "Eugene", "Eugene Jr", "Sydnor", "Sydnor", "Sydnor", "Sydnor", "Bemiss", "Sydnor", "Sydnor", "Eugene", "Eugene", "Lucy Sydnor" ]

[ "James Cashman (born 9 June 1965) is an Irish retired hurler who played as a centre-back for the Cork senior team.", "Born in Blackrock, Cork, Cashman first played competitive hurling during his schooling at Coláiste Chríost Rí.", "He arrived on the inter-county scene at the age of sixteen when he first linked up with the Cork minor team before later joining the under-21 side.", "He made his senior debut during the 1985 Oireachtas Cup.", "Cashman subsequently became a regular member of the starting fifteen and won two All-Ireland medals, three Munster medals and one National Hurling League medal.", "He was an All-Ireland runner-up on one occasion.", "As a member of the Munster inter-provincial team on a number of occasions, Cashman won one Railway Cup medal.", "At club level he is a two-time championship medallist with Blackrock.", "Cashman's father, Mick Cashman, his uncle, Jimmy Brohan, and his brother, Tom Cashman, all played for Cork.", "Throughout his career Cashman made 29 championship appearances.", "His retirement came following the conclusion of the 1996 championship.", "In retirement from playing Cashman became involved in team management and coaching.", "At club level he has been involved in coaching at underage levels with Blackrock.", "Cashman is regarded as one of Cork's best players of his era.", "During his playing days he won two All-Star awards.", "Cashman was also chosen as one of the 25 best Cork players of the past 25 years in a 2013 poll.", "Playing career\n\nClub\n\nAfter enjoying little championship success in the minor and under-21 grades with Blackrock, Cashman subsequently joined the senior team.", "In 1985 Blackrock faced Midleton in the championship decider.", "Cashman, in the company of his brother Tom, Michael Browne, Kilkennyman Frank Cummins, Éamonn O'Donoghue and Finbarr Delaney, gave a masterful display.", "A 1-14 to 1-8 victory gave Cashman, who also earned the man of the match award, a first championship medal.", "After failing to retain the title Blackrock went into a period of decline.", "After losing the 1998 decider to Imokilly, Cashman lined out in a fourth championship decider the following year.", "A 3-17 to 0-8 trouncing of University College Cork, with Cashman giving a man of the match display again, gave him a second championship medal.", "Inter-county\n\nCashman first played for Cork as a goalkeeper on the minor team on 16 May 1981 in a 2-6 to 0-6 Munster semi-final defeat by Clare.", "He was moved to centre-back the following year before being dropped to the substitutes' bench in his final year as a minor in 1983.", "In 1985 Cashman joined the Cork under-21 team, however, his two-year tenure in this grade ended without success.", "Cashman made his senior debut for Cork on 10 November 1985 in a 2-11 to 1-10 Oireachtas final defeat of Galway.", "He was a regular throughout the subsequent league campaign and was included in Cork's championship team in 1986.", "Cork made it five-in-a-row in Munster that year as they defeated Clare by 2–18 to 3–12 to take the provincial title.", "It was Cashman's first Munster medal.", "This victory paved the way for an All-Ireland final meeting with Galway on 7 September 1986.", "The men from the west were the red-hot favourites against a Cork team in decline, however, on the day a different story unfolded.", "Four Cork goals, one from John Fenton, two from Tomás Mulcahy and one from Kevin Hennessy, stymied the Galway attack and helped the Rebels to a 4–13 to 2–15 victory.", "It was Cashman's first All-Ireland medal.", "In 1990 Cork bounced back after a period in decline.", "He won his second Munster medal that year following a 4-16 to 2-14 defeat of Tipperary.", "The subsequent All-Ireland final on 2 September 1990 pitted Cork against Galway for the second time in four years.", "Galway were once again the red-hot favourites and justified this tag by going seven points ahead in the opening thirty-five minutes thanks to a masterful display by Cashman's opposite number Joe Cooney.", "Cork fought back with an equally expert display by captain Tomás Mulcahy.", "The game was effectively decided on an incident which occurred midway through the second half when Cork goalkeeper Ger Cunningham blocked a point-blank shot from Martin Naughton with his nose.", "The umpires gave no 65-metre free, even though he clearly deflected it out wide.", "Cork went on to win a high-scoring and open game of hurling by 5–15 to 2–21.", "As well as winning a second All-Ireland medal Cashman was later presented with a first All-Star.", "Cork surrendered their All-Ireland crown to Tipperary in 1991, however, in spite of an early championship exit Cashman finished the year with a second All-Star.", "In 1992 Cashman claimed a third Munster medal following a 1-22 to 3-11 of Limerick.", "On 6 September 1992 Cork faced Kilkenny in the All-Ireland decider.", "At half-time Cork were two points ahead, however, two second-half goals by John Power and Michael \"Titch\" Phelan supplemented a first-half D. J. Carey penalty which gave Kilkenny a 3-10 to 1-12 victory.", "Cashman won a National Hurling League medal in 1993 following a 3-11 to 1-12 defeat of Wexford.", "After unsuccessful championship campaigns over the following three years, Cashman retired from inter-county hurling following Cork's exit from the 1996 championship.", "Inter-provincial\n\nCashman was first picked for the Munster inter-provincial team in 1987, however, Munster's campaign ended at the semi-final stage.", "He made it onto the starting fifteen in 1991, however, Munster fell to an all-Galway Connacht team by 1-13 to 0-12 in the decider.", "In 1992 Cashman was at centre-back as Munster faced Ulster in the decider.", "A 3-12 to 1-8 victory gave Cashman a Railway Cup medal.", "Honours\n\nPlayer\n\nBlackrock\nCork Senior Hurling Championship (2): 1985, 1999\n\nCork\nAll-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship (2): 1986, 1990\nMunster Senior Hurling Championship (3): 1986, 1990, 1992\nNational Hurling League (1): 1992-93\nOireachtas Tournament (1): 1985\n\nMunster\nRailway Cup (1): 1992\n\nIndividual\n\nHonours\nAll-Star (2): 1990, 1991\n\nReferences\n\n1965 births\nLiving people\nBlackrock hurlers\nCork inter-county hurlers\nMunster inter-provincial hurlers\nAll-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship winners\nPeople educated at Coláiste Chríost Rí" ]

[ "James Cashman is an Irish retired hurler who played as a centre-back for theCork senior team.", "Cashman first played competitive hurley when he was a student at Coliste Chrost R.", "He joined the under-21 side after joining the minor team at the age of sixteen.", "During the 1985 Oireachtas Cup, he made his senior debut.", "Cashman won two All-Ireland medals, three Munster medals and one National Hurling League medal after becoming a regular member of the starting fifteen.", "He was an All-Ireland runner-up.", "Cashman won a Railway Cup medal as a member of the inter-provincial team.", "He is a two-time champion with Blackrock.", "Cashman's father, uncle, and brother all played for the same team.", "Cashman made 29 championship appearances.", "He retired after the 1996 championship.", "Cashman became involved in team management after retiring from playing.", "He has been involved in coaching at the club level.", "Cashman is one of the best players of his era.", "He won two All-Star awards during his playing days.", "Cashman was one of the 25 best players of the past 25 years.", "Cashman joined the senior team after enjoying little championship success in the minor and under-21 grades.", "Blackrock defeated Midleton in the 1985 championship decider.", "Cashman was joined by his brother Tom, Michael Browne, Kilkennyman Frank Cummins, amonn O'Donoghue and Finbarr Delaney.", "A 1-14 to 1-8 victory gave Cashman a first championship medal.", "Blackrock went into decline after failing to retain the title.", "Cashman lined out in a fourth championship decider after losing the 1998 decider.", "A 3-17 to 0-8 trouncing of University College Cork gave Cashman a second championship medal.", "Cashman was a goalkeeper on the minor team for Cork when they lost to Clare in the 1981 Munster semi-final.", "He was dropped to the bench in his final year as a minor after being moved to centre-back.", "Cashman's two-year tenure in this grade ended without success.", "Cashman made his senior debut for Cork in a 2-11 to 1-10 Oireachtas final defeat of Galway.", "He was a member of the championship team in 1986.", "The provincial title was Cork's fifth in a row as they defeated Clare by 2–18 to 3–12.", "It was Cashman's first medal.", "It paved the way for an All-Ireland final meeting with Galway.", "On the day a different story unfolded, the men from the west were red-hot favorites against a team that was in decline.", "Four goals, one from John Fenton, two from Toms Mulcahy and one from Kevin Hennessy, stymied the Galway attack and helped the Rebels to a 4–13 to 2–15 victory.", "It was Cashman's first medal.", "After a period of decline, Cork bounced back in 1990.", "He won his second medal that year after defeating Tipperary.", "For the second time in four years, the All-Ireland final pits Cork against Galway.", "The red-hot favourites went seven points ahead in the opening thirty-five minutes thanks to a masterful display by Cashman's opposite number Joe Cooney.", "Toms Mulcahy was the leader of the fight back.", "The game was effectively decided midway through the second half when Ger Cunningham blocked a point-blank shot from Martin Naughton with his nose.", "The umpires did not give him a 65-metre free.", "A high- scoring and open game of Hurling was won by Cork.", "Cashman was presented with a first All-Star after winning a second All-Ireland medal.", "In spite of an early championship exit, Cashman finished the year with a second All-Star.", "Cashman won a third medal in 1992 after a 1-22 to 3-11 of Limerick.", "The All-Ireland decider was played on 6 September 1992.", "Two second-half goals by John Power and Michael \"Titch\" Phelan gave Kilkenny a 3-10 to 1-12 victory over Cork.", "Cashman won a National Hurling League medal in 1993 after defeating Wexford.", "Following Cork's exit from the 1996 championship, Cashman retired from inter-county Hurling.", "Cashman was picked for the inter-provincial team in 1987, however, the campaign ended in the semi-finals.", "He made it onto the starting fifteen in 1991, however, they fell to an all-Galway Connacht team by 1-13 to 0-12 in the decider.", "In the 1992 decider, Cashman was at centre-back.", "Cashman won a Railway Cup medal.", "Player honours include Blackrock Cork Senior Hurling Championship, the All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship, the Munster Senior Hurling Championship, and the National Hurling League." ]

[ "James Cashman", "Cashman", "Mick Cashman", "Jimmy Brohan", "Tom Cashman", "Cashman", "Cashman", "Cashman", "Cashman", "Cashman", "Cashman", "Cashman", "Cashman", "Cashman", "Cashman" ]

[ "James Cashman", "Cashman", "Cashman", "Cashman", "Cashman", "Cashman", "Cashman", "Cashman", "Cashman", "Cashman" ]

[ "Katharina \"Käthe\" Windscheid (28 August 1859 – 11 March 1943) was a German women's rights activist and a pioneer of women's education.", "In 1895 she became the first woman in Germany to receive a doctorate for an academic dissertation.", "Life\n\nEarly life and education \nKatharina Charlotte Friederike Auguste Windscheid was born in Munich, where her father, the distinguished jurist Bernhard Windscheid, taught at the university between 1858 and 1871.", "Her parents had married on 4 November 1858.", "Her mother was the artist Auguste Eleanore Charlotte \"Lotte\" Pochhammer (1830–1918).", "There were three younger siblings, including (1862–1910) who would also become something of a pioneer in his chosen field: he was a neurologist.", "Katharina Windscheid attended the Höhere Mädchenschule in Munich.", "Girls' secondary schools were still unusual in Germany; but when the family moved to Heidelberg (in 1871) and then to Leipzig (in 1874) (due to her father's work commitments) she pursued her education at equivalent schools in those cities.", "By 1882 she had stayed in London and Geneva (and/or, according to some sources, in France) in order to deepen her knowledge of English and French.", "By 1880 her father was 63, and although he was still a professor at Leipzig the family – including Katharina – lived in Berlin between 1880 and 1883.", "(Rail links from Berlin to Saxony had been significantly upgraded during the 1870s.)", "Käthe attended teaching seminars attached to Berlin's \"Victoria-Lyzeum\" (secondary school), and in 1882, she qualified as a language teacher for English and French.", "When the family returned to Leipzig in 1883 she worked for several months as a language teacher at the Höhere Mädchenschule which she had attended as a child.", "Thanks to the efforts of educationalists from Britain such as Georgina Archer and the known enthusiasm for modern ideas of the Kaiser's English-born daughter-in-law, Victoria, England was known (correctly) in liberal circles as a relatively progressive country in respect of women's education.", "In 1885 Käthe Windscheid returned to London to study English literature at the University of London, which during the 1870s had become the first in England to accept women for degree courses.", "In 1887 she emerged from the teacher's training college (Lehrerinnenseminar) in Dresden – at that time the only such institution for women in the whole of Saxony – with a full German teaching qualification.", "In parallel with her studies she had already, since Easter 1886, been working as a teacher at the prestigious Teichmann'schen Teaching and Education Academy at its daughter school in Leipzig.", "She had also started to attend philology lectures as a Gasthörerin (literally, \"(female) guest listener\") at Leipzig University.", "Education for women \nAround this time Windscheid became a member of the German Women's Association (Allgemeiner Deutscher Frauenverein, or ADF).", "Described in one source as \"the oldest German women's rights organisation\", the ADF had been founded in Leipzig by Louise Otto-Peters and Auguste Schmidt in 1865.", "Its major objectives included access for women to higher education and to gainful employment.", "Other leading ADF members included educators such as Henriette Goldschmidt, Josefine Friederici and Johanna Brandstetter.", "In 1888 Käthe Windscheid was a co-founder of the Leipziger Lehrerinnen-Verein (\"Leipzig female teachers' association\").", "She remained an active member of its governing committee until 1902, and stayed on as an honorary member after that.", "In 1892 she was elected to the national executive of the ADF.", "That same year she was a founding member of the Frauengewerbe-Verein (loosely, \"women's vocational union\") which was established at the instigation of the Leipziger Lehrerinnen-Verein.", "In 1902 she teamed up with her mother to create the Leipziger Verein der Kinderfreunde (Kinderschutz) e. V., which concerned itself with identifying and seeking to counteract cases of child mistreatment, moral hazard, child malnutrition and excessive use of child labour.", "In working with these welfare-oriented and campaigning organisations Windscheid did not restrict herself to \"executive duties\".", "She gave lectures and presentations covering a range of related topics such as care of the poor and of orphans, reading material, the women's movement and - a particular concern of Windscheid's: girls' education, as reported in the Neue Bahn, the ADF's house publication, available in the Louise-Otto-Peters-Archiv in Leipzig.", "While campaigning for (among other issues) better provision of education for women, Käthe Windscheid also continued to invest time and talent in her own education.", "Probably it was her father's intervention with his friend, Frederick I, Grand Duke of Baden, that enabled Windscheid to study for a doctorate at Heidelberg University.", "She was awarded the certificate in 1895 for her dissertation submitted the previous year, entitled Die englische Hirtendichtung von 1579–1625 (loosely, \"English Pastoral Poetry 1579–1625\").", "Until the early 20th century women in Germany were generally ineligible for university-level studies.", "Women with appropriate language skills and enough money and determination were obliged to go abroad for their higher education, as Käthe Windscheid had done.", "Saxony was more progressive than some parts of Germany, however, in that as far back as 1870, women were able to attend university lectures as \"guest listeners\", with the permission of the professors.", "Windscheid had used that facility at Leipzig University between 1890 and 1894, but there had been no possibility of obtaining any sort of academic degree afterwards.", "Abitur \nThus in the 19th century there were no arrangements for girls wishing to study for the Abitur – the school final exams that were the gateway to a university education.", "Since its creation in 1865 the ADF had submitted a series of petitions demanding better school provision for girls, equal standards for female and male trainee teachers and admission of women to universities.", "Meanwhile, using a private foundation dedicated to provision of university-level studies and a girls' secondary school, the ADF was able, towards the end of the 19th century, to provide bursaries for a small number of women to attend universities abroad.", "A further milestone was reached at Easter 1894 when the first secondary school courses designed to prepare girls for the Abitur were introduced.", "This initiative had originated in Berlin, where Helene Lange had started providing equivalent courses (Realkurse) for secondary school girls in 1889: these prepared girls for the Swiss Abitur, as the opening up of German universities to women still seemed unthinkable, and at most Swiss universities the first language was a version of German.", "A further step forward was the establishment in 1893 of the first private girls' Gymnasium (pre-university secondary school) in Karlsruhe, although the school still operated under male leadership.", "Course fees for female students undertaking the ADF pre-university courses – set, in 1897, at 240 marks annually – were funded partly from the small income of the private foundation and partly from private donations.", "It was only in 1901 that the state added a contribution.", "In Leipzig the ADF courses were organised and headed up by Dr Käthe Windscheid.", "She started out in the first year with ten students, whom she taught in her mother's apartment in the city.", "Due to demand, the courses had to be moved to larger premises in 1895.", "As numbers increased further, they moved again in 1900 and 1905.", "Windscheid enthused her pupils with her scholarship and with a friendly and at times less formal approach.", "There were \"literary tea-parties\" and other shared celebrations as well as school theatre visits.", "Windscheid gave many of the lessons herself.", "Increasingly, qualified teachers from secondary schools were also recruited to cover a remarkably broad curriculum that included German, French, English, History, Latin, Greek, Religion, Mathematics, Botany and Zoology, Chemistry, Physics and Geography.", "\"Movement games\" (Bewegungsspiele) and gymnastics were also part of the programme.", "All the teachers employed had been awarded doctorates as part of their university education.", "Between 1903 and 1910 a second female teacher was employed: Dr Frida Hansmann's educational career, like Käthe Windscheid's own, reflected the limited opportunities for women at that time.", "Hansmann had passed her Abitur not in Germany but in Zürich, before moving on to the Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (university), also in Zürich, for her first degree.", "She had then attended lectures at Göttingen University as a \"guest listener\", but the university authorities there had rejected her doctoral dissertation.", "For that final qualification she had been obliged to return to Switzerland where, in 1902, she had received her doctorate in Chemistry from Bern University.", "In 1898 the first five female students in Saxony passed their Abitur before an independent royal commission in Dresden-Neustadt.", "It was only in 1902 that the first cohort of students from Käthe Windscheid's institution in Leipzig were allowed to take the exams at the Petrigymnasium (boys' school), and it was only in the summer term of 1906 that Leipzig University opened its degree courses to women.", "27 women enrolled that year.", "One of those, Hannelore Rothenburg, subsequently achieved distinction as a biographer.", "They all went on to receive doctorates.", "Later years \nThe Saxony Girls' School Law was enacted in 1910, which introduced public Abitur (pre-university) courses for girls.", "The state authorities proposed that they should take over the by now well established ADF secondary school courses, but with the added provision that these should now operate under male leadership.", "Creation of the school courses by women for women had necessarily been a valued ADF tenet, and the idea that male leadership should now be superimposed on the existing structure was rejected.", "The courses were integrated into the programme at the Leipzig Girls' Secondary School under the leadership of a female head teacher.", "The ADF courses were therefore ended in 1914.", "Dr. Käthe Windscheid moved as a teacher to the new Number 1 Girls' Secondary School (\"I. Höhere Mädchenschule\") into which the former Girls' Secondary School had been incorporated.", "By 1914 Dr. Käthe Windscheid had taken 197 girls through the ADF courses to the Abitur.", "The school director (head), Prof. Groth, joined together with the municipal schools office and pupils at the school to apply to the Saxony Culture Ministry for Dr. Käthe Windscheid to be granted the title of \"professor\", in recognition of her services to girls' secondary education.", "The application was rejected.", "Instead, however, in 1914 she was awarded the Order of Maria Anna 3rd class.", "She continued working at the school as an educator, in the first instance as a senior teacher and subsequently as a student counsellor, till 1924 when, having reached the age of 65, she retired.", "Dr. Käthe Windscheid died in Leipzig on 11 March 1943.", "References \n\n1859 births\n1943 deaths\nPeople from Leipzig\nPeople from Munich\nGerman women's rights activists\nGerman educational theorists\nGerman schoolteachers" ]

[ "A pioneer of women's education, Kthe Windscheid was a German women's rights activist.", "She was the first woman in Germany to receive a doctorate.", "Katharina Charlotte Friederike Auguste Windscheid was born in Munich, where her father taught at the university between 1858 and 1871.", "Her parents were married in 1858.", "Auguste Eleanore Charlotte \"Lotte\" Pochhammer was her mother.", "He was one of the pioneers in his field, as he was a neurologist.", "The Hhere Mdchenschule was attended by Katharina Windscheid.", "In Germany, girls' secondary schools were still unusual, but she pursued her education at equivalent schools in the cities she moved to after her father's work commitments.", "In order to deepen her knowledge of English and French, she stayed in London and Geneva in the 19th century.", "The family lived in Berlin between 1880 and 1884, despite the fact that her father was still a professor.", "The rail links from Berlin to Saxony were upgraded during the 1870s.", "Kthe qualified as a language teacher for English and French after attending teaching seminars in Berlin.", "She worked as a language teacher at the Hhere Mdchenschule when she was a child.", "The Kaiser's English-born daughter-in-law, Victoria, England, was known in liberal circles as a relatively progressive country in respect of women's education thanks to the efforts of educationalists from Britain.", "The University of London was the first in England to accept women for degree courses in the 1870s.", "She graduated from the teacher's training college in Dresden in 1886 with a full German teaching qualification.", "She had been working as a teacher at the daughter school of the Teichmann'schen Teaching and Education Academy since 1886.", "She started to attend philology lectures as a Gasthrerin.", "Windscheid became a member of the German Women's Association around this time.", "The oldest German women's rights organisation was founded in 1865 by Louise Otto-Peters and Auguste Schmidt.", "Its main objectives were access for women to higher education and gainful employment.", "Henriette Goldschmidt, Josefine Friederici and Johanna Brandstetter are educators.", "Kthe Windscheid was one of the founding members of the female teachers' association.", "She was an active member of the governing committee until the year 1901.", "She was elected to the national executive in 1892.", "She was a founding member of the Frauengewerbe-Verein which was established at the instigation of the Leipziger Lehrerinnen-Verein.", "She and her mother created a group to counteract cases of child mistreatment, moral hazard, child malnutrition and excessive use of child labour.", "Windscheid did not restrict herself to \"executive duties\" in her work with these organizations.", "Care of the poor and of orphans, reading material, the women's movement, and a particular concern of Windscheid's: girls' education were some of the topics she gave presentations on.", "While campaigning for better provision of education for women, Kthe Windscheid also continued to invest time and talent in her own education.", "Windscheid was able to study for a doctorate at the university because of her father's intervention.", "She was awarded a certificate for her thesis in 1895.", "Women in Germany were not eligible for university-level studies until the 20th century.", "Kthe Windscheid went abroad for her higher education because she had enough money and language skills.", "As far back as 1870, women were allowed to attend university lectures as guests with the permission of the professors.", "There was no chance of obtaining an academic degree after Windscheid had used that facility.", "The school final exams were the gateway to a university education for girls in the 19th century.", "In order to get better school provision for girls, equal standards for female and male teachers and admission of women to universities, the ADF submitted a series of petitions.", "At the end of the 19th century, using a private foundation dedicated to provision of university-level studies and a girls' secondary school, the ADF was able to provide bursaries for a small number of women to attend universities abroad.", "The first secondary school courses designed to prepare girls for the Abitur were introduced at Easter 1894.", "The Realkurse initiative began in Berlin in 1889, as the opening up of German universities to women still seemed unthinkable, and at most Swiss universities the first language was not German.", "The establishment of the first private girls' Gymnasium in 1893 was a further step in the right direction.", "The course fees for female students in the pre-university courses were funded partly from the small income of the private foundation and partly from private donations.", "The state added a contribution in 1901.", "The courses were organised by Dr. Kthe Windscheid.", "She taught ten students in her mother's apartment in the first year.", "The courses had to be moved due to demand.", "They moved again in 1900 and 1905.", "She was friendly and at times less formal with her approach.", "There were \"literary tea-parties\" as well as school theatre visits.", "Many of the lessons were given by Windscheid.", "In order to cover a broad curriculum that included German, French, English, History, Latin, Greek, Religion and Mathematics, qualified teachers from secondary schools were recruited.", "Gymnasts and movement games were included in the programme.", "The teachers were awarded doctorates as part of their education.", "Between 1903 and 1910 a second female teacher was employed, like Kthe Windscheid's own career, which reflected the limited opportunities for women at that time.", "Hansmann moved on to the university in Zrich for her first degree after passing her Abitur.", "She was rejected from her PhD at Gttingen University after attending lectures as a \"guest listener\".", "She had received her doctorate in chemistry from Bern University in 1901 and was obliged to return to Switzerland for the final qualification.", "In 1898, the first five female students in Saxony passed their Abitur.", "The first cohort of students from Kthe Windscheid's institution in Leipzig were allowed to take the exams at the Petrigymnasium in 1906, but it was only in the summer term that the degree courses were opened to women.", "There were 27 women that year.", "One of them achieved distinction as a biographer.", "They all received doctorates.", "The law that introduced public courses for girls was enacted in 1910.", "With the added provision that these should now operate under male leadership, the state authorities proposed that they should take over the by now well established secondary school courses.", "The idea that male leadership should now be superimposed on the existing structure was rejected because the creation of the school courses by women for women had always been a valued tenet.", "The courses were integrated into the programme under the leadership of a female head teacher.", "The courses ended in 1914.", "The former Girls' Secondary School was incorporated into the new Number 1 Girls' Secondary School.", "By 1914 Dr. Kthe Windscheid had taken over 200 girls through the courses.", "Prof. Groth joined with the municipal schools office and the pupils at the school to apply for the title of \"professor\" for Dr. Kthe Wind in recognition of her services to girls' secondary", "The application was turned down.", "She was awarded the Order of Maria Anna 3rd class in 1914.", "When she reached the age of 65, she retired from her job as a student counsellor and senior teacher at the school.", "On March 11, 1943, Dr. Kthe Windscheid died.", "German women's rights activists and educational theorists are mentioned." ]

[ "Käthe", "\" Windscheid", "Charlotte Friederike Auguste Windscheid", "Bernhard Windscheid", "Katharina Windscheid", "Käthe", "Windscheid", "Käthe", "Windscheid", "Käthe", "Windscheid", "Windscheid", "Käthe", "Windscheid", "Käthe", "Windscheid", "Käthe", "Windscheid", "Käthe", "Windscheid", "Käthe", "Windscheid", "Käthe", "Windscheid" ]

[ "Kthe Windscheid", "Katharina Charlotte Friederike Auguste Windscheid", "Katharina Windscheid", "Windscheid", "Windscheid" ]

[ "César Camargo Mariano (born 19 September 1943) is a Brazilian pianist, arranger, composer and music producer.", "Biography\nMariano was born in São Paulo.", "In June 1957 the American trombone player Melba Liston invited thirteen-year-old Mariano to participate in her concert at a jazz club in Rio de Janeiro, and he appeared in a program on Rio's Globo Radio called \"The Boy Prodigy Who Plays Jazz\".", "Thar same year, Mariano met Johnny Alf, who went to live with Mariano's family due to their great friendship.", "Together at the family home in São Paulo, Mariano became familiar with arranging, composing, and the arts of cinema and theatre, thanks to Johnny Alf's encouragement.", "Through his own instincts, tenacity and raw talent, Mariano formed amateur instrumental and vocal groups, when TV Record in São Paulo invited him for a special called \"Passport to Stardom\" (Passaporte para o Estrelato).", "In the early 1960s, a teenaged Mariano became famous for his ability to swing and for his legendary left hand.", "His ensembles of that era, notably Sambalanço Trio and Som Três, are regarded today as high points in Brazilian jazz; so for his 1981 album Samambaia, one of his thirty-plus instrumental albums.", "Mariano's collaborations with some of Brazil's most important singers like Wilson Simonal and Elis Regina, brought him global acclaim, such as the historic 1973 album Elis e Tom, recorded with Antônio Carlos Jobim, that featured Mariano as producer, pianist, and musical director.", "Since then, Mariano had worked with an international array of musical giants, from Yo-Yo Ma, to Blossom Dearie.", "He also composed a wealth of soundtrack music for film and TV.", "In April 1994, Mariano moved to the United States, where he lives with his wife until now.", "Mariano received the 2006 Latin Recording Academy Lifetime Achievement Grammy Award.", "From his first marriage with singer Marisa Vertullo Brandão, a.k.a.", "Gata Mansa, he had a son Marcelo Mariano, today an accomplished bass player.", "He was married to Brazilian superstar Elis Regina for 8 years and they had two children (Pedro Mariano and Maria Rita); today they are both established singers.", "From his third marriage of 30 years to Flavia Rodrigues Alves he has a daughter, Luisa Mariano (1986), a singer, vocal producer, music business professional and graduate from Berklee College of Music, who worked at Sony Music, Buddah Brown Entertainment, and currently works freelance as Tour Manager and Vocal Producer.", "Discography\nQuarteto Sabá (1964) RGE\nSambalanço Trio (1964) RGE\nSambalanço Trio II (1965) RGE\nLennie Dale e o Sambalanço Trio (1965) Elenco\nRaulzinho e o Sambalanço Trio (1965) RCA\nReencontro com Sambalanço Trio (1965) RGE\nOcteto de César Camargo Mariano (1966) RGE\nSom Três (1966) RGE\nSom Três Show (1968)\nSom Três Vol.", "II (1969) RGE\nSom Três Vol.", "III - Um é Pouco, Dois é Bom (1970)\nSom Três Vol.", "IV - Tobogã (1971) Odeon Brazil\nSão Paulo - Brasil (1978) RCA Brazil\nCésar Camargo Mariano & Cia." ]

[ "He is a Brazilian pianist, composer and music producer.", "He was born in So Paulo.", "In June 1957 the American trombone player Melba Liston invited thirteen-year-old Mariano to participate in her concert at a jazz club in Rio de Janeiro, and he appeared in a program on Rio's Globo Radio called \"The Boy Prodigy Who plays Jazz\".", "Johnny Alf lived with Mariano's family due to their great friendship.", "At the family home in So Paulo, Mariano became familiar with arranging, compose, and the arts of cinema and theatre, thanks to Johnny Alf's encouragement.", "When TV Record in So Paulo invited him for a special called \"Passport to Stardom\", he formed amateur instrumental and vocal groups.", "In the early 1960s, a teenaged Mariano became famous for his ability to swing and for his left hand.", "Samambaia, one of his thirty-plus instrumental albums, is considered one of the high points of Brazilian jazz today.", "The historic 1973 album Elis e Tom, recorded with Antnio Carlos Jobim, featured Mariano as producer, pianist, and musical director, as well as collaborating with some of Brazil's most important singers.", "Since then, he's worked with some of the biggest names in music, from Yo-Yo Ma to Blossom Dearie.", "He composed music for film and TV.", "In 1994 he moved to the United States with his wife.", "The Latin Recording Academy gave a lifetime achievement award to him.", "From his first marriage with a singer.", "A son of Gata Mansa is an accomplished bass player.", "He was married to a Brazilian singer for 8 years and they had two children.", "He has three marriages and has a daughter who is a singer, vocal producer, music business professional and graduate from the Berklee College of Music.", "RGE Sambalano Trio I and II were recorded in 1964 and 1965, respectively.", "RGE Som Trs Vol. II was published in 1969.", "Som trs Vol. III is called Um em Pouco.", "The movie \"Tobog\" is about Brazil Odeon So Paulo - Brasil." ]

[ "César Camargo Mariano", "Mariano", "Mariano", "Mariano", "Mariano", "Mariano", "Mariano", "Mariano", "Mariano", "Mariano", "Mariano", "Mariano", "Mariano", "Mariano", "Pedro Mariano", "Mariano" ]

[ "Mariano", "Mariano", "Mariano", "Mariano", "Mariano" ]

[ "Robert L. Deitz (born February 7, 1946) is an American lawyer and former intelligence officer who served as Senior Counsel to the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency and General Counsel of the National Security Agency during the directorships of Michael Hayden.", "He is a professor of public policy at George Mason University's Schar School of Policy and Government.", "Early life \nDeitz was born in 1946 in Philadelphia and raised in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.", "He attended Middlebury College for his undergraduate degree in English, graduating cum laude, Phi Beta Kappa.", "Upon graduation he was drafted into the United States Army where he earned the Army Commendation Medal.", "After fulfilling his commitment as a soldier, Deitz left the service to earn his Master of Public Administration from Princeton University's Woodrow Wilson School, where he studied international politics and economics, before pursuing a Juris Doctor at Harvard Law School.", "At Harvard, Deitz was the Supreme Court Note and Note Editor of the Harvard Law Review and graduated magna cum laude.", "During law school he clerked for Supreme Court Associate Justice William O. Douglas and after Douglas' retirement, for Justices Potter Stewart and Byron White.", "Upon graduation, Deitz joined the Carter administration, serving as Special Assistant to Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare Joseph Califano and later then-Deputy Secretary of State Warren Christopher.", "After his first stint in public service, Deitz entered private practice.", "As a lawyer, he was admitted to the U.S. Supreme Court Bar, every Circuit of the United States Court of Appeals including the D.C.", "Circuit, U.S. Tax Court, the United States District Court for the District of Columbia, and United States District Court for the District of Maryland.", "Intelligence career \nIn September 1998, Deitz left a partner position in private practice at the Washington, D.C. office of international law firm Perkins Coie to return to public service to head the Office of the General Counsel, or D2 at the National Security Agency, responsible for representing the agency in all legal matters.", "During his stint at NSA, Deitz variously held concurrent dual-hat positions as acting General Counsel at the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency and acting Deputy General Counsel, Intelligence, at the Department of Defense.While at NSA the agency's legal burdens were heavily focused on the warrantless surveillance programs later exposed by Edward Snowden in 2013.", "On Snowden's allegations that while at NSA officers \"at any time can target anyone, any selector, anywhere,” or \"wiretap anyone from you or your accountant to a federal judge to even the president if I had a personal email”, Deitz called the claim a “complete and utter” falsehood.", "In the Los Angeles Times, Deitz said \"First of all it’s illegal, there is enormous oversight.", "They have keystroke auditing.", "There are, from time to time, cases in which some analyst is [angry] at his ex-wife and looks at the wrong thing and he is caught and fired”\n\nAfter the USA Freedom Act was signed into law by President Obama in 2014 as a compromise between civil libertarian demands and security hawk efforts to preserve certain spying tools, Deitz expressed skepticism that the legislation would offer much anything in the way of reform in either direction, saying \"it’s being talked about like it’s the Declaration of Independence or something, these adjustments are marginal.”\n\nDeitz left the NSA with Director Michael Hayden in September 2006 to follow his boss to the Central Intelligence Agency, where Hayden became Director, and Deitz served as Senior Counselor to the Director.", "At CIA, Deitz was Director Hayden's personal legal advisor, a role distinct from his previous position at NSA where he oversaw all legal affairs of the agency.", "Deitz has been a critic of journalistic standards for publication of classified information.", "At a meeting of the American Bar Association meeting in Washington, D.C. he delivered harsh criticism of industry practices saying “we need serious reviews by the editors of the newspapers about what they publish... giving more credit to people in these positions of authority, people such as the heads of NSA, CIA, DIA, and so forth — that these aren’t a bunch of corrupt pols who are trying to keep secrets simply to cover their careers, that these are well-intended people who are deeply concerned about keeping the American people safe.”\n\nAcademia \nBoth Deitz and Hayden left public service at the end of the Bush Administration, retiring from the CIA in February 2009.", "Soon after their departure, both joined the faculty of George Mason University's Schar School of Policy and Government.", "For Deitz this was just a more permanent role as he had already been teaching at George Mason since 2006 as Distinguished CIA Officer-In-Residence while at the agency.", "Deitz also currently serves on the Faculty Advisory Board of the Michael V. Hayden Center for Intelligence, Policy, and National Security, a think tank at George Mason University's Schar School founded by his former boss Michael Hayden.", "Controversy \nDeitz's teaching at George Mason was the subject of criticism from Ken Silverstein of The Intercept, who argued that Deitz was unfit to teach courses on ethical challenges in public policy on accord of his legal work in defense of NSA warrantless surveillance programs and what Silverstein claimed was a politically motivated investigation Deitz conducted into former CIA Inspector General John Helgerson's review of the agency's extraordinary rendition, black sites, and enhanced interrogation practices at the behest of Director Michael Hayden.", "Political affiliations \nIn the 2016 presidential elections Deitz supported the campaign of Republican candidate Carly Fiorina, and contrasted her foreign policy positions with those of then-candidate Donald Trump in a debate with Trump Campaign surrogate Peter Navarro on CNBC.", "Personal life \nDeitz is married to Martina Hofmann and resides in the Old Town neighborhood of Alexandria, Virginia.", "He is Lutheran.", "Published works \n \"Congratulations – You Just Got Hired: Don’t Screw It Up\", 2013.", "References\n\nGeorge Mason University faculty\nMiddlebury College alumni\nPrinceton School of Public and International Affairs alumni\nHarvard Law School alumni\nLiving people\nAmerican lawyers\nAmerican spies\nPeople of the Central Intelligence Agency\nNational Security Agency people\nNational Geospatial-Intelligence Agency people\nUnited States Department of Defense officials\n1946 births\nPeople associated with Perkins Coie" ]

[ "Robert L. Deitz was an American lawyer and former intelligence officer who served as Senior Counsel to the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency and General Counsel of the National Security Agency.", "He is a professor at George Mason University.", "Deitz was born in Philadelphia and raised in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.", "He graduated cum laude from the college with a degree in English.", "He was drafted into the United States Army and earned a medal.", "After fulfilling his commitment as a soldier, Deitz left the service to earn his Master of Public Administration and Juris Doctor from Harvard Law School, where he studied international politics and economics.", "The Supreme Court Note and Note Editor of the Harvard Law Review was graduated magna cum laude by Deitz.", "He clerked for Associate Justice William O. Douglas after he retired from the Supreme Court.", "After graduation, Deitz joined the Carter administration as a Special Assistant to the Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare.", "Deitz entered private practice after leaving public service.", "He was admitted to the U.S. Supreme Court Bar as a lawyer.", "The United States Tax Court, the United States District Court for the District of Columbia, and the United States District Court for the District of Maryland are all part of the Circuit.", "In September 1998, Deitz left his private practice position at Perkins Coie to head the Office of the General Counsel at the National Security Agency.", "At the Department of Defense, Deitz was the acting deputy general counsel, intelligence, and at the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, he was the acting general counsel, intelligence.", "According to Deitz, the claim that \"at any time can target anyone, any selector, anywhere, or \"wiretap anyone from you or your accountant to a federal judge to even the president if I had a personal email\" is a complete and utter lie.", "In the Los Angeles Times, Deitz said that it was illegal.", "They have a system for auditing.", "The USA Freedom Act was signed into law by President Obama as a compromise between civil libertarian demands and security.", "At the CIA, Deitz was the director's personal legal advisor, a role different from his previous position at the agency where he oversaw all legal affairs.", "Deitz was a critic of journalistic standards for publication of classified information.", "The American Bar Association meeting in Washington, D.C. he delivered harsh criticism of industry practices saying \"we need serious reviews by the editors of the newspapers about what they publish... giving more credit to people in these positions of authority.\"", "They joined the faculty of the George Mason University's Schar School of Policy and Government.", "Deitz had been teaching at George Mason since 2006 when he became the CIA Officer-In-Residence.", "The Faculty Advisory Board of the Michael V. Hayden Center for Intelligence, Policy, and National Security is chaired by Deitz.", "Controversy Deitz's teaching at George Mason was the subject of criticism from Ken Silverstein of The Intercept, who argued that Deitz was unsuitable to teach courses on ethical challenges in public policy on accord of his legal work in defense of warrantless spy programs.", "In the 2016 presidential elections, Deitz supported the campaign of a Republican candidate, and contrasted her foreign policy positions with those of Donald Trump in a debate on CNBC.", "Deitz is married to a woman in the Old Town neighborhood of Alexandria, Virginia.", "He is a Lutheran.", "\"Congratulations - You Just Got Hired: Don't Screw It Up\" was published in 2013).", "People associated with Perkins Coie include people associated with the Central Intelligence Agency, the National Security Agency, the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, and the United States Department of Defense." ]

[ "Robert L", ". Deitz", "Deitz", "Deitz", "Deitz", "Deitz", "Deitz", "Deitz", "Deitz", "Deitz", "Deitz", "Deitz", "Deitz", "Deitz", "Deitz", "Deitz", "Deitz", "Deitz", "Deitz", "Deitz", "Deitz", "Deitz", "Deitz" ]

[ "Robert L", ". Deitz", "Deitz", "Deitz", "Deitz", "Deitz", "Deitz", "Deitz", "Deitz", "Deitz", "Deitz", "Deitz", "Deitz", "Deitz", "Deitz", "Deitz", "Deitz", "Deitz", "Deitz" ]

[ "Lester M. Salamon (11 January 1943 – 20 August 2021) was a professor at The Johns Hopkins University.", "He was also the Director of the Center for Civil Society Studies at The Johns Hopkins Institute for Health and Social Policy Studies.", "Salamon has written or edited over 20 books in addition to hundreds of articles, monographs and chapters that have appeared in Foreign Affairs, the New York Times, Voluntas, and numerous other publications.", "He was a pioneer in the empirical study of the nonprofit sector in the United States, and is considered by many experts in his field to be a leading specialist on alternative tools of government action and on the nonprofit sector in the U.S. and around the world.", "Education\n\nSalamon graduated with a bachelor's degree in Economics and Policy Studies from Princeton University in 1964 and earned a Ph.D. in Government from Harvard University in 1971.", "Career\nSalamon was the Director for the Center for Civil Society Studies, Institute for Policy Studies at The Johns Hopkins University, and also a Professor at Johns Hopkins School of Arts and Sciences (1997 to present).", "The Institute for Policy Studies was a research and training center involving 14 full-time professionals focusing on issues related to nonprofit organizations, philanthropy, and civil society in the United States and throughout the world.", "From 1987 - 1997, Salamon was the Director of the Institute for Policy Studies, which he founded, and a professor at the School of Arts and Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University.", "He also conceived and established the Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project, the Johns Hopkins Master of Arts in Policy Studies Program, and related research and training programs.", "Salamon was the Director of the Center for Governance and Management Research at the Urban Institute in Washington, D.C.from 1980 to 1986 where he conceived, secured funding for, and managed the Urban Institute's Nonprofit Sector Project, a major inquiry into the scope and structure of the private, nonprofit sector.", "He was the Deputy Associate Director of the U.S. Office of Management and Budget in Washington, D.C. from 1977 - 1979.", "Salamon taught at Duke University (1977–1980), Vanderbilt University (1970–1973), and at Tougaloo College in Tougaloo, Mississippi (1966–1967).", "Professional Activities\nSalamon holds the position of Chairman of the Board of the Community Foundation of the Chesapeake, and is on the Board of the Maryland Association of NPOs (Nonprofit Organizations).", "He is a member of the Social Science Research Council's Committee on Philanthropy and the Nonprofit Sector.", "He is also on the Editorial Boards of Voluntas, Administration and Society, Society, Public Administration Review, and Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly.", "Honors, Prizes and Fellowships\nIn 1996 Salamon won the 1996 ARNOVA (Association for Research on Nonprofit Organizations and Voluntary Action) Award for Distinguished Book in the Nonprofit and Voluntary Action Research Writing Partners in Public Service: Government and the Nonprofit Sector in the Modern Welfare State.", "Another book of his, The Global Civil Society: Dimensions of the Nonprofit Sector, which was produced in association with a team of colleagues from around the world, won the Virginia Hodgkinson Award for best publication in the nonprofit field in 2001.", "He won the Distinguished Lifetime Achievement Award from ARNOVA in November 2003.", "In 1982, Salamon published his book, The Federal Budget and the Nonprofit Sector, which was among the first to state the scale of the American nonprofit sector and talk about the extent of government support for it.", "Dr. Salamon later completed an empirical assessment of international nonprofits, and went on to publish his observations in several books.", "He is well known for writing America's Nonprofit Sector: A Primer, a book used commonly as a college textbook.", "Recent Publications\nBooks\n\nRethinking Corporate Social Engagement: Lessons from Latin America (Sterling, VA: Kumarian Press, 2010).", "Global Civil Society: Dimensions of the Nonprofit Sector (with S. Wojciech Sokolowski and Associates), Volume II, (Bloomfield, CT: Kumarian Press, 2004).", "- (Chinese edition published by Peking University Press, 2007)\n\nGlobal Civil Society: An Overview (with S. Wojciech Sokolowski & Regina List), (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Center for Civil Society Studies, 2003).", "Hungarian edition published as: A Civil Társadalom: Világnézetben (with S. Wojciech Sokolowski & Regina List), (Budapest, Hungary: Civitalis Egyesület, 2003).", "The Resilient Sector: The State of Nonprofit America.", "(Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2003).", "The State of Nonprofit America, (ed.)", "(Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2002).", "The Tools of Government: A Guide to the New Governance.", "(New York: Oxford University Press, 2002).", "Global Civil Society: Dimensions of the Nonprofit Sector [Inaugural Edition] (with Helmut K. Anheier, Regina List, et al.)", "(Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Center for Civil Society Studies, 1999).", "(Winner of the Virginia Hodgkinson Prize, Independent Sector, 2001)\nSpanish edition published as: Sociedad Civil Global: Dimensiones del Sector sin Fines de Lucro, With Helmut K. Anheier, Regina List, Stefan Toepler, S. Wojciech Sokolowski, and Associates (Madrid: Fundación BBVA, 2001).", "Chinese edition issued 2002\n\nRecent Monographs and Articles: a Selection:\n\n'MonographsImpact of the 2007-09 Economic Recession on Nonprofit Organizations with Stephanie Geller.", "Listening Post Project Communiqué #14: Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Center for Civil Society Studies, 29 June 2009.Report on the Nonprofit Advocacy Roundtable, with Stephanie Geller.", "Listening Post Project Communiqué #13.", "Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Center for Civil Society Studies, 22 April 2009.", "\"Shovel-Ready\" but Stalled: Nonprofit Infrastructure Projects Ready for Economic Recovery Support with Stephanie Geller.", "Listening Post Project Communiqué # 12.", "Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Center for Civil Society Studies, 17 February 2009.Nonprofit Policy Priorities for the New Administration'' with Stephanie Geller.", "Listening Post Project Communiqué #11: Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Center for Civil Society Studies, 22 October 2008.", "Articles\n\n“Survival Mode” by Greg Hanscom, Johns Hopkins Magazine, pp.", "36–39, Fall 2009.", "“Volunteers and the Economic Downturn, Volunteering in America, August 2009.", "\"How to Rally an Army of Nonprofit Volunteers,\" Chronicle of Philanthropy, 15 January 2009.", "\"How to Finance Obama's Social-Innovation Fund,\" Chronicle of Philanthropy, 2 July 2009.", "“Third-Party Government: The New Normal in Government and Nonprofit Operations”, with Helmut Anheier and Stefan Toepler, Encyclopedia of Civil Society, February 2009.", "The Chronicle of Philanthropy Nonprofits to the Rescue, February 2009\n\nReferences\n\n Panel on the Non-profit sector\n\n1943 births\n2021 deaths\nPrinceton University alumni\nHarvard University alumni\nJohns Hopkins University faculty" ]

[ "Lester M. Salamon was a professor at the university.", "He was the Director of the Center for Civil Society Studies at the Institute for Health and Social Policy Studies.", "Hundreds of articles, monographs and chapters that have appeared in Foreign Affairs, the New York Times, Voluntas, and numerous other publications have been written or edited by Salamon.", "He was a pioneer in the empirical study of the nonprofit sector in the United States, and is considered by many experts in his field to be a leading specialist on alternative tools of government action and on the nonprofit sector in the U.S.", "In 1964, Salamon received a bachelor's degree in Economics and Policy Studies from Princeton University, and in 1971 he received a PhD in Government from Harvard University.", "The Center for Civil Society Studies, the Institute for Policy Studies, and the Professor at the School of Arts and Sciences were all headed by Career Salamon.", "The Institute for Policy Studies was a research and training center that focused on issues related to nonprofits, philanthropy, and civil society in the United States and throughout the world.", "He was the Director of the Institute for Policy Studies from 1987 to 1997 and a professor at the School of Arts and Sciences.", "He created the Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project, the Master of Arts in Policy Studies Program, and related research and training programs.", "He was the Director of the Center for Governance and Management Research at the Urban Institute in Washington, D.C. from 1980 to 1986 where he conceived, secured funding for, and managed the Urban Institute's Nonprofit Sector Project, a major inquiry into the scope and structure of the private.", "From 1977 to 1979 he was the deputy associate director of the U.S. Office of Management and Budget.", "At Tougaloo College in Tougaloo, Mississippi, Salamon taught from 1966 to 1967.", "Salamon is on the Board of the Maryland Association of NPOs and holds the position of Chairman of the Board of the Community Foundation of the Chesapeake.", "The Committee on Philanthropy and the Nonprofit Sector is a part of the Social Science Research Council.", "He is a member of the Editorial Boards of Voluntas, Administration and Society, Society, Public Administration Review, and Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly.", "In 1996 Salamon received a prize for his book Partners in Public Service: Government and the Nonprofit Sector in the Modern Welfare State.", "The Global Civil Society: Dimensions of the Nonprofit Sector, which was produced in association with a team of colleagues from around the world, won the Virginia Hodgkinson Award for best publication in the nonprofit field in 2001.", "He won a lifetime achievement award.", "One of the first books to state the scale of the American nonprofit sector was published in 1982.", "He published his observations in several books after completing an assessment of international nonprofits.", "He wrote America's Nonprofit Sector: A Primer, a book used as a college textbook.", "Rethinking Corporate Social Engagement: Lessons from Latin America is a recent publication.", "The second volume of Global Civil Society was published by Kumarian Press.", "The Chinese edition of Global Civil Society: An Overview was published by Peking University Press.", "A Civil Trsadalom: Vilgnézetben was published in Hungary.", "The resilience sector is the state of nonprofits.", "The book is from Washington, D.C.", "The State of Nonprofit America.", "The book is from Washington, D.C.", "The Tools of Government is a guide to new governance.", "New York: Oxford University Press.", "The Inaugural Edition of Global Civil Society is about the Nonprofit Sector.", "The Center for Civil Society Studies is located in Baltimore, MD.", "The winner of the Virginia Hodgkinson Prize, Independent Sector, published a Spanish edition.", "The Chinese edition of Recent Monographs and Articles: a Selection was issued in 2002.", "A report on the Nonprofit Advocacy Roundtable was published by the Listening Post Project.", "Listening post project communication 13", "The Center for Civil Society Studies is located in Baltimore.", "\"Shovel-Ready\" but Stalled: Nonprofit Infrastructure Projects Ready for Economic Recovery Support", "The project communication # 12 was listened to.", "The Center for Civil Society Studies is located in Baltimore.", "The Listening Post Project was published in Baltimore.", "Greg Hanscom wrote articles about survival mode.", "Fall 2009.", "August 2009, \"Volunteers and the Economic Downturn.\"", "Chronicle of Philanthropy has a story on how to rally an army of nonprofits.", "The Chronicle of Philanthropy wrote about how to finance Obama's Social-Innovation Fund.", "\"Third-Party Government: The New Normal in Government and Nonprofit Operations\" is in the Encyclopedia of Civil Society.", "The Chronicle of Philanthropy Nonprofits to the Rescue has a panel on the non-profit sector." ]

[ "Lester M", ". Salamon", "Salamon", "Salamon", "Career Salamon", "Salamon", "Salamon", "Salamon", "Salamon", "Salamon", "Salamon", "Salamon" ]

[ "Lester M", ". Salamon", "Salamon", "Salamon", "Career Salamon", "Salamon", "Salamon", "Salamon" ]

[ "Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino (; March 28 or April 6, 1483April 6, 1520), known mononymously as Raphael, was an Italian painter and architect of the High Renaissance.", "His work is admired for its clarity of form, ease of composition, and visual achievement of the Neoplatonic ideal of human grandeur.", "Together with Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci, he forms the traditional trinity of great masters of that period.", "Raphael was enormously productive, running an unusually large workshop and, despite his early death at 37, leaving a large body of work.", "His career falls naturally into three phases and three styles, first described by Giorgio Vasari: his early years in Umbria, then a period of about four years (1504–1508) absorbing the artistic traditions of Florence, followed by his last hectic and triumphant twelve years in Rome, working for two popes and their close associates.", "Many of his works are found in the Vatican Palace, where the frescoed Raphael Rooms were the central, and the largest, work of his career.", "The best known work is The School of Athens in the Vatican Stanza della Segnatura.", "After his early years in Rome, much of his work was executed by his workshop from his drawings, with considerable loss of quality.", "He was extremely influential in his lifetime, though outside Rome his work was mostly known from his collaborative printmaking.", "After his death, the influence of his great rival Michelangelo was more widespread until the 18th and 19th centuries, when Raphael's more serene and harmonious qualities were again regarded as the highest models.", "Thanks to the influence of art historian Johann Joachim Winckelmann his work became a formative influence on Neoclassical painting, but his techniques would later be explicitly and emphatically rejected by groups such as the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood.", "His father was court painter to the ruler of the small but highly cultured city of Urbino.", "He died when Raphael was eleven, and Raphael seems to have played a role in managing the family workshop from this point.", "He trained in the workshop of Perugino, and was described as a fully trained \"master\" by 1500.", "He worked in or for several cities in north Italy until in 1508 he moved to Rome at the invitation of the pope, to work on the Vatican Palace.", "He was given a series of important commissions there and elsewhere in the city, and began to work as an architect.", "He was still at the height of his powers at his death in 1520.", "Background\n\nRaphael was born in the small but artistically significant central Italian city of Urbino in the Marche region, where his father Giovanni Santi was court painter to the Duke.", "The reputation of the court had been established by Federico da Montefeltro, a highly successful condottiere who had been created Duke of Urbino by Pope Sixtus IV – Urbino formed part of the Papal States – and who died the year before Raphael was born.", "The emphasis of Federico's court was more literary than artistic, but Giovanni Santi was a poet of sorts as well as a painter, and had written a rhymed chronicle of the life of Federico, and both wrote the texts and produced the decor for masque-like court entertainments.", "His poem to Federico shows him as keen to demonstrate awareness of the most advanced North Italian painters, and Early Netherlandish artists as well.", "In the very small court of Urbino he was probably more integrated into the central circle of the ruling family than most court painters.", "Federico was succeeded by his son Guidobaldo da Montefeltro, who married Elisabetta Gonzaga, daughter of the ruler of Mantua, the most brilliant of the smaller Italian courts for both music and the visual arts.", "Under them, the court continued as a centre for literary culture.", "Growing up in the circle of this small court gave Raphael the excellent manners and social skills stressed by Vasari.", "Court life in Urbino at just after this period was to become set as the model of the virtues of the Italian humanist court through Baldassare Castiglione's depiction of it in his classic work The Book of the Courtier, published in 1528.", "Castiglione moved to Urbino in 1504, when Raphael was no longer based there but frequently visited, and they became good friends.", "Raphael became close to other regular visitors to the court: Pietro Bibbiena and Pietro Bembo, both later cardinals, were already becoming well known as writers, and would later be in Rome during Raphael's period there.", "Raphael mixed easily in the highest circles throughout his life, one of the factors that tended to give a misleading impression of effortlessness to his career.", "He did not receive a full humanistic education however; it is unclear how easily he read Latin.", "Early life and work\n\nRaphael's mother Màgia died in 1491 when he was eight, followed on August 1, 1494, by his father, who had already remarried.", "Raphael was thus orphaned at eleven; his formal guardian became his only paternal uncle Bartolomeo, a priest, who subsequently engaged in litigation with his stepmother.", "He probably continued to live with his stepmother when not staying as an apprentice with a master.", "He had already shown talent, according to Vasari, who says that Raphael had been \"a great help to his father\".", "A self-portrait drawing from his teenage years shows his precocity.", "His father's workshop continued and, probably together with his stepmother, Raphael evidently played a part in managing it from a very early age.", "In Urbino, he came into contact with the works of Paolo Uccello, previously the court painter (d. 1475), and Luca Signorelli, who until 1498 was based in nearby Città di Castello.", "According to Vasari, his father placed him in the workshop of the Umbrian master Pietro Perugino as an apprentice \"despite the tears of his mother\".", "The evidence of an apprenticeship comes only from Vasari and another source, and has been disputed; eight was very early for an apprenticeship to begin.", "An alternative theory is that he received at least some training from Timoteo Viti, who acted as court painter in Urbino from 1495.", "Most modern historians agree that Raphael at least worked as an assistant to Perugino from around 1500; the influence of Perugino on Raphael's early work is very clear: \"probably no other pupil of genius has ever absorbed so much of his master's teaching as Raphael did\", according to Wölfflin.", "Vasari wrote that it was impossible to distinguish between their hands at this period, but many modern art historians claim to do better and detect his hand in specific areas of works by Perugino or his workshop.", "Apart from stylistic closeness, their techniques are very similar as well, for example having paint applied thickly, using an oil varnish medium, in shadows and darker garments, but very thinly on flesh areas.", "An excess of resin in the varnish often causes cracking of areas of paint in the works of both masters.", "The Perugino workshop was active in both Perugia and Florence, perhaps maintaining two permanent branches.", "Raphael is described as a \"master\", that is to say fully trained, in December 1500.", "His first documented work was the Baronci altarpiece for the church of Saint Nicholas of Tolentino in Città di Castello, a town halfway between Perugia and Urbino.", "Evangelista da Pian di Meleto, who had worked for his father, was also named in the commission.", "It was commissioned in 1500 and finished in 1501; now only some cut sections and a preparatory drawing remain.", "In the following years he painted works for other churches there, including the Mond Crucifixion (about 1503) and the Brera Wedding of the Virgin (1504), and for Perugia, such as the Oddi Altarpiece.", "He very probably also visited Florence in this period.", "These are large works, some in fresco, where Raphael confidently marshals his compositions in the somewhat static style of Perugino.", "He also painted many small and exquisite cabinet paintings in these years, probably mostly for the connoisseurs in the Urbino court, like the Three Graces and St. Michael, and he began to paint Madonnas and portraits.", "In 1502 he went to Siena at the invitation of another pupil of Perugino, Pinturicchio, \"being a friend of Raphael and knowing him to be a draughtsman of the highest quality\" to help with the cartoons, and very likely the designs, for a fresco series in the Piccolomini Library in Siena Cathedral.", "He was evidently already much in demand even at this early stage in his career.", "Influence of Florence\n\nRaphael led a \"nomadic\" life, working in various centres in Northern Italy, but spent a good deal of time in Florence, perhaps from about 1504.", "Although there is traditional reference to a \"Florentine period\" of about 1504–1508, he was possibly never a continuous resident there.", "He may have needed to visit the city to secure materials in any case.", "There is a letter of recommendation of Raphael, dated October 1504, from the mother of the next Duke of Urbino to the Gonfaloniere of Florence: \"The bearer of this will be found to be Raphael, painter of Urbino, who, being greatly gifted in his profession has determined to spend some time in Florence to study.", "And because his father was most worthy and I was very attached to him, and the son is a sensible and well-mannered young man, on both accounts, I bear him great love...\"\n\nAs earlier with Perugino and others, Raphael was able to assimilate the influence of Florentine art, whilst keeping his own developing style.", "Frescos in Perugia of about 1505 show a new monumental quality in the figures which may represent the influence of Fra Bartolomeo, who Vasari says was a friend of Raphael.", "But the most striking influence in the work of these years is Leonardo da Vinci, who returned to the city from 1500 to 1506.", "Raphael's figures begin to take more dynamic and complex positions, and though as yet his painted subjects are still mostly tranquil, he made drawn studies of fighting nude men, one of the obsessions of the period in Florence.", "Another drawing is a portrait of a young woman that uses the three-quarter length pyramidal composition of the just-completed Mona Lisa, but still looks completely Raphaelesque.", "Another of Leonardo's compositional inventions, the pyramidal Holy Family, was repeated in a series of works that remain among his most famous easel paintings.", "There is a drawing by Raphael in the Royal Collection of Leonardo's lost Leda and the Swan, from which he adapted the contrapposto pose of his own Saint Catherine of Alexandria.", "He also perfects his own version of Leonardo's sfumato modelling, to give subtlety to his painting of flesh, and develops the interplay of glances between his groups, which are much less enigmatic than those of Leonardo.", "But he keeps the soft clear light of Perugino in his paintings.", "Leonardo was more than thirty years older than Raphael, but Michelangelo, who was in Rome for this period, was just eight years his senior.", "Michelangelo already disliked Leonardo, and in Rome came to dislike Raphael even more, attributing conspiracies against him to the younger man.", "Raphael would have been aware of his works in Florence, but in his most original work of these years, he strikes out in a different direction.", "His Deposition of Christ draws on classical sarcophagi to spread the figures across the front of the picture space in a complex and not wholly successful arrangement.", "Wöllflin detects in the kneeling figure on the right the influence of the Madonna in Michelangelo's Doni Tondo, but the rest of the composition is far removed from his style, or that of Leonardo.", "Though highly regarded at the time, and much later forcibly removed from Perugia by the Borghese, it stands rather alone in Raphael's work.", "His classicism would later take a less literal direction.", "Roman period\n\nVatican \"Stanze\"\nIn 1508, Raphael moved to Rome, where he resided for the rest of his life.", "He was invited by the new pope, Julius II, perhaps at the suggestion of his architect Donato Bramante, then engaged on St. Peter's Basilica, who came from just outside Urbino and was distantly related to Raphael.", "Unlike Michelangelo, who had been kept lingering in Rome for several months after his first summons, Raphael was immediately commissioned by Julius to fresco what was intended to become the Pope's private library at the Vatican Palace.", "This was a much larger and more important commission than any he had received before; he had only painted one altarpiece in Florence itself.", "Several other artists and their teams of assistants were already at work on different rooms, many painting over recently completed paintings commissioned by Julius's loathed predecessor, Alexander VI, whose contributions, and arms, Julius was determined to efface from the palace.", "Michelangelo, meanwhile, had been commissioned to paint the Sistine Chapel ceiling.", "This first of the famous \"Stanze\" or \"Raphael Rooms\" to be painted, now known as the Stanza della Segnatura after its use in Vasari's time, was to make a stunning impact on Roman art, and remains generally regarded as his greatest masterpiece, containing The School of Athens, The Parnassus and the Disputa.", "Raphael was then given further rooms to paint, displacing other artists including Perugino and Signorelli.", "He completed a sequence of three rooms, each with paintings on each wall and often the ceilings too, increasingly leaving the work of painting from his detailed drawings to the large and skilled workshop team he had acquired, who added a fourth room, probably only including some elements designed by Raphael, after his early death in 1520.", "The death of Julius in 1513 did not interrupt the work at all, as he was succeeded by Raphael's last pope, the Medici Pope Leo X, with whom Raphael formed an even closer relationship, and who continued to commission him.", "Raphael's friend Cardinal Bibbiena was also one of Leo's old tutors, and a close friend and advisor.", "Raphael was clearly influenced by Michelangelo's Sistine Chapel ceiling in the course of painting the room.", "Vasari said Bramante let him in secretly.", "The first section was completed in 1511 and the reaction of other artists to the daunting force of Michelangelo was the dominating question in Italian art for the following few decades.", "Raphael, who had already shown his gift for absorbing influences into his own personal style, rose to the challenge perhaps better than any other artist.", "One of the first and clearest instances was the portrait in The School of Athens of Michelangelo himself, as Heraclitus, which seems to draw clearly from the Sybils and ignudi of the Sistine ceiling.", "Other figures in that and later paintings in the room show the same influences, but as still cohesive with a development of Raphael's own style.", "Michelangelo accused Raphael of plagiarism and years after Raphael's death, complained in a letter that \"everything he knew about art he got from me\", although other quotations show more generous reactions.", "These very large and complex compositions have been regarded ever since as among the supreme works of the grand manner of the High Renaissance, and the \"classic art\" of the post-antique West.", "They give a highly idealised depiction of the forms represented, and the compositions, though very carefully conceived in drawings, achieve \"sprezzatura\", a term invented by his friend Castiglione, who defined it as \"a certain nonchalance which conceals all artistry and makes whatever one says or does seem uncontrived and effortless ...\".", "According to Michael Levey, \"Raphael gives his [figures] a superhuman clarity and grace in a universe of Euclidian certainties\".", "The painting is nearly all of the highest quality in the first two rooms, but the later compositions in the Stanze, especially those involving dramatic action, are not entirely as successful either in conception or their execution by the workshop.", "Architecture\n\nAfter Bramante's death in 1514, Raphael was named architect of the new St Peter's.", "Most of his work there was altered or demolished after his death and the acceptance of Michelangelo's design, but a few drawings have survived.", "It appears his designs would have made the church a good deal gloomier than the final design, with massive piers all the way down the nave, \"like an alley\" according to a critical posthumous analysis by Antonio da Sangallo the Younger.", "It would perhaps have resembled the temple in the background of The Expulsion of Heliodorus from the Temple.", "He designed several other buildings, and for a short time was the most important architect in Rome, working for a small circle around the Papacy.", "Julius had made changes to the street plan of Rome, creating several new thoroughfares, and he wanted them filled with splendid palaces.", "An important building, the Palazzo Branconio dell'Aquila for Leo's Papal Chamberlain Giovanni Battista Branconio, was completely destroyed to make way for Bernini's piazza for St. Peter's, but drawings of the façade and courtyard remain.", "The façade was an unusually richly decorated one for the period, including both painted panels on the top story (of three), and much sculpture on the middle one.", "The main designs for the Villa Farnesina were not by Raphael, but he did design, and decorate with mosaics, the Chigi Chapel for the same patron, Agostino Chigi, the Papal Treasurer.", "Another building, for Pope Leo's doctor, the Palazzo Jacopo da Brescia, was moved in the 1930s but survives; this was designed to complement a palace on the same street by Bramante, where Raphael himself lived for a time.", "The Villa Madama, a lavish hillside retreat for Cardinal Giulio de' Medici, later Pope Clement VII, was never finished, and his full plans have to be reconstructed speculatively.", "He produced a design from which the final construction plans were completed by Antonio da Sangallo the Younger.", "Even incomplete, it was the most sophisticated villa design yet seen in Italy, and greatly influenced the later development of the genre; it appears to be the only modern building in Rome of which Palladio made a measured drawing.", "Only some floor-plans remain for a large palace planned for himself on the new via Giulia in the rione of Regola, for which he was accumulating the land in his last years.", "It was on an irregular island block near the river Tiber.", "It seems all façades were to have a giant order of pilasters rising at least two storeys to the full height of the piano nobile, \"a grandiloquent feature unprecedented in private palace design\".", "Raphael asked Marco Fabio Calvo to translate Vitruvius's Four Books of Architecture into Italian; this he received around the end of August 1514.", "It is preserved at the Library in Munich with handwritten margin notes by Raphael.", "Antiquity\nIn about 1510, Raphael was asked by Bramante to judge contemporary copies of Laocoön and His Sons.", "In 1515, he was given powers as Prefect over all antiquities unearthed within, or a mile outside the city.", "Anyone excavating antiquities was required to inform Raphael within three days, and stonemasons were not allowed to destroy inscriptions without permission.", "Raphael wrote a letter to Pope Leo suggesting ways of halting the destruction of ancient monuments, and proposed a visual survey of the city to record all antiquities in an organised fashion.", "The pope intended to continue to re-use ancient masonry in the building of St Peter's, also wanting to ensure that all ancient inscriptions were recorded, and sculpture preserved, before allowing the stones to be reused.", "According to Marino Sanuto the Younger's diary, in 1519 Raphael offered to transport an obelisk from the Mausoleum of August to St. Peter's Square for 90,000 ducats.", "According to Marcantonio Michiel, Raphael's \"youthful death saddened men of letters because he was not able to furnish the description and the painting of ancient Rome that he was making, which was very beautiful\".", "Raphael intended to make an archaeological map of ancient Rome but this was never executed.", "Four archaeological drawings by the artist are preserved.", "Other painting projects\n\nThe Vatican projects took most of his time, although he painted several portraits, including those of his two main patrons, the popes Julius II and his successor Leo X, the former considered one of his finest.", "Other portraits were of his own friends, like Castiglione, or the immediate Papal circle.", "Other rulers pressed for work, and King Francis I of France was sent two paintings as diplomatic gifts from the Pope.", "For Agostino Chigi, the hugely rich banker and papal treasurer, he painted the Triumph of Galatea and designed further decorative frescoes for his Villa Farnesina, a chapel in the church of Santa Maria della Pace and mosaics in the funerary chapel in Santa Maria del Popolo.", "He also designed some of the decoration for the Villa Madama, the work in both villas being executed by his workshop.", "One of his most important papal commissions was the Raphael Cartoons (now in the Victoria and Albert Museum), a series of 10 cartoons, of which seven survive, for tapestries with scenes of the lives of Saint Paul and Saint Peter, for the Sistine Chapel.", "The cartoons were sent to Brussels to be woven in the workshop of Pier van Aelst.", "It is possible that Raphael saw the finished series before his death—they were probably completed in 1520.", "He also designed and painted the Loggie at the Vatican, a long thin gallery then open to a courtyard on one side, decorated with Roman-style grottesche.", "He produced a number of significant altarpieces, including The Ecstasy of St. Cecilia and the Sistine Madonna.", "His last work, on which he was working up to his death, was a large Transfiguration, which together with Il Spasimo shows the direction his art was taking in his final years—more proto-Baroque than Mannerist.", "Painting materials\nRaphael painted several of his works on wood support (Madonna of the Pinks) but he also used canvas (Sistine Madonna) and he was known to employ drying oils such as linseed or walnut oils.", "His palette was rich and he used almost all of the then available pigments such as ultramarine, lead-tin-yellow, carmine, vermilion, madder lake, verdigris and ochres.", "In several of his paintings (Ansidei Madonna) he even employed the rare brazilwood lake, metallic powdered gold and even less known metallic powdered bismuth.", "Workshop\nVasari says that Raphael eventually had a workshop of fifty pupils and assistants, many of whom later became significant artists in their own right.", "This was arguably the largest workshop team assembled under any single old master painter, and much higher than the norm.", "They included established masters from other parts of Italy, probably working with their own teams as sub-contractors, as well as pupils and journeymen.", "We have very little evidence of the internal working arrangements of the workshop, apart from the works of art themselves, which are often very difficult to assign to a particular hand.", "The most important figures were Giulio Romano, a young pupil from Rome (only about twenty-one at Raphael's death), and Gianfrancesco Penni, already a Florentine master.", "They were left many of Raphael's drawings and other possessions, and to some extent continued the workshop after Raphael's death.", "Penni did not achieve a personal reputation equal to Giulio's, as after Raphael's death he became Giulio's less-than-equal collaborator in turn for much of his subsequent career.", "Perino del Vaga, already a master, and Polidoro da Caravaggio, who was supposedly promoted from a labourer carrying building materials on the site, also became notable painters in their own right.", "Polidoro's partner, Maturino da Firenze, has, like Penni, been overshadowed in subsequent reputation by his partner.", "Giovanni da Udine had a more independent status, and was responsible for the decorative stucco work and grotesques surrounding the main frescoes.", "Most of the artists were later scattered, and some killed, by the violent Sack of Rome in 1527.", "This did however contribute to the diffusion of versions of Raphael's style around Italy and beyond.", "Vasari emphasises that Raphael ran a very harmonious and efficient workshop, and had extraordinary skill in smoothing over troubles and arguments with both patrons and his assistants—a contrast with the stormy pattern of Michelangelo's relationships with both.", "However though both Penni and Giulio were sufficiently skilled that distinguishing between their hands and that of Raphael himself is still sometimes difficult, there is no doubt that many of Raphael's later wall-paintings, and probably some of his easel paintings, are more notable for their design than their execution.", "Many of his portraits, if in good condition, show his brilliance in the detailed handling of paint right up to the end of his life.", "Other pupils or assistants include Raffaellino del Colle, Andrea Sabbatini, Bartolommeo Ramenghi, Pellegrino Aretusi, Vincenzo Tamagni, Battista Dossi, Tommaso Vincidor, Timoteo Viti (the Urbino painter), and the sculptor and architect Lorenzetto (Giulio's brother-in-law).", "The printmakers and architects in Raphael's circle are discussed below.", "It has been claimed the Flemish Bernard van Orley worked for Raphael for a time, and Luca Penni, brother of Gianfrancesco and later a member of the First School of Fontainebleau, may have been a member of the team.", "Portraits\n\nDrawings\n\nRaphael was one of the finest draftsmen in the history of Western art, and used drawings extensively to plan his compositions.", "According to a near-contemporary, when beginning to plan a composition, he would lay out a large number of stock drawings of his on the floor, and begin to draw \"rapidly\", borrowing figures from here and there.", "Over forty sketches survive for the Disputa in the Stanze, and there may well have been many more originally; over four hundred sheets survive altogether.", "He used different drawings to refine his poses and compositions, apparently to a greater extent than most other painters, to judge by the number of variants that survive: \"...", "This is how Raphael himself, who was so rich in inventiveness, used to work, always coming up with four or six ways to show a narrative, each one different from the rest, and all of them full of grace and well done.\"", "wrote another writer after his death.", "For John Shearman, Raphael's art marks \"a shift of resources away from production to research and development\".", "When a final composition was achieved, scaled-up full-size cartoons were often made, which were then pricked with a pin and \"pounced\" with a bag of soot to leave dotted lines on the surface as a guide.", "He also made unusually extensive use, on both paper and plaster, of a \"blind stylus\", scratching lines which leave only an indentation, but no mark.", "These can be seen on the wall in The School of Athens, and in the originals of many drawings.", "The \"Raphael Cartoons\", as tapestry designs, were fully coloured in a glue distemper medium, as they were sent to Brussels to be followed by the weavers.", "In later works painted by the workshop, the drawings are often painfully more attractive than the paintings.", "Most Raphael drawings are rather precise—even initial sketches with naked outline figures are carefully drawn, and later working drawings often have a high degree of finish, with shading and sometimes highlights in white.", "They lack the freedom and energy of some of Leonardo's and Michelangelo's sketches, but are nearly always aesthetically very satisfying.", "He was one of the last artists to use metalpoint (literally a sharp pointed piece of silver or another metal) extensively, although he also made superb use of the freer medium of red or black chalk.", "In his final years he was one of the first artists to use female models for preparatory drawings—male pupils (\"garzoni\") were normally used for studies of both sexes.", "Printmaking\nRaphael made no prints himself, but entered into a collaboration with Marcantonio Raimondi to produce engravings to Raphael's designs, which created many of the most famous Italian prints of the century, and was important in the rise of the reproductive print.", "His interest was unusual in such a major artist; from his contemporaries it was only shared by Titian, who had worked much less successfully with Raimondi.", "A total of about fifty prints were made; some were copies of Raphael's paintings, but other designs were apparently created by Raphael purely to be turned into prints.", "Raphael made preparatory drawings, many of which survive, for Raimondi to translate into engraving.", "The most famous original prints to result from the collaboration were Lucretia, the Judgement of Paris and The Massacre of the Innocents (of which two virtually identical versions were engraved).", "Among prints of the paintings The Parnassus (with considerable differences) and Galatea were also especially well known.", "Outside Italy, reproductive prints by Raimondi and others were the main way that Raphael's art was experienced until the twentieth century.", "Baviero Carocci, called \"Il Baviera\" by Vasari, an assistant who Raphael evidently trusted with his money, ended up in control of most of the copper plates after Raphael's death, and had a successful career in the new occupation of a publisher of prints.", "Private life and death\n\nFrom 1517 until his death, Raphael lived in the Palazzo Caprini, lying at the corner between piazza Scossacavalli and via Alessandrina in the Borgo, in rather grand style in a palace designed by Bramante.", "He never married, but in 1514 became engaged to Maria Bibbiena, Cardinal Medici Bibbiena's niece; he seems to have been talked into this by his friend the cardinal, and his lack of enthusiasm seems to be shown by the marriage not having taken place before she died in 1520.", "He is said to have had many affairs, but a permanent fixture in his life in Rome was \"La Fornarina\", Margherita Luti, the daughter of a baker (fornaro) named Francesco Luti from Siena who lived at Via del Governo Vecchio.", "He was made a \"Groom of the Chamber\" of the Pope, which gave him status at court and an additional income, and also a knight of the Papal Order of the Golden Spur.", "Vasari claims that he had toyed with the ambition of becoming a cardinal, perhaps after some encouragement from Leo, which also may account for his delaying his marriage.", "Raphael died on Good Friday (April 6, 1520), which was possibly his 37th birthday.", "Vasari says that Raphael had also been born on a Good Friday, which in 1483 fell on March 28, and that the artist died from exhaustion brought on by unceasing romantic interests while he was working on the Loggia.", "Several other possibilities for his death have been raised by later historians and scientists, such as a combination of an infectious disease and bloodletting.", "In his acute illness, which lasted fifteen days, Raphael was composed enough to confess his sins, receive the last rites, and put his affairs in order.", "He dictated his will, in which he left sufficient funds for his mistress's care, entrusted to his loyal servant Baviera, and left most of his studio contents to Giulio Romano and Penni.", "At his request, Raphael was buried in the Pantheon.", "Raphael's funeral was extremely grand, attended by large crowds.", "According to a journal by Paris de Grassis, four cardinals dressed in purple carried his body, the hand of which was kissed by the Pope.", "The inscription in Raphael's marble sarcophagus, an elegiac distich written by Pietro Bembo, reads: \"Here lies that famous Raphael by whom Nature feared to be conquered while he lived, and when he was dying, feared herself to die.\"", "Critical reception\n\nRaphael was highly admired by his contemporaries, although his influence on artistic style in his own century was less than that of Michelangelo.", "Mannerism, beginning at the time of his death, and later the Baroque, took art \"in a direction totally opposed\" to Raphael's qualities; \"with Raphael's death, classic art—the High Renaissance—subsided\", as Walter Friedländer put it.", "He was soon seen as the ideal model by those disliking the excesses of Mannerism:the opinion ...was generally held in the middle of the sixteenth century that Raphael was the ideal balanced painter, universal in his talent, satisfying all the absolute standards, and obeying all the rules which were supposed to govern the arts, whereas Michelangelo was the eccentric genius, more brilliant than any other artists in his particular field, the drawing of the male nude, but unbalanced and lacking in certain qualities, such as grace and restraint, essential to the great artist.", "Those, like Dolce and Aretino, who held this view were usually the survivors of Renaissance Humanism, unable to follow Michelangelo as he moved on into Mannerism.", "Vasari himself, despite his hero remaining Michelangelo, came to see his influence as harmful in some ways, and added passages to the second edition of the Lives expressing similar views.", "Raphael's compositions were always admired and studied, and became the cornerstone of the training of the Academies of art.", "His period of greatest influence was from the late 17th to late 19th centuries, when his perfect decorum and balance were greatly admired.", "He was seen as the best model for the history painting, regarded as the highest in the hierarchy of genres.", "Sir Joshua Reynolds in his Discourses praised his \"simple, grave, and majestic dignity\" and said he \"stands in general foremost of the first [i.e., best] painters\", especially for his frescoes (in which he included the \"Raphael Cartoons\"), whereas \"Michael Angelo claims the next attention.", "He did not possess so many excellences as Raffaelle, but those he had were of the highest kind...\" Echoing the sixteenth-century views above, Reynolds goes on to say of Raphael:\n\nThe excellency of this extraordinary man lay in the propriety, beauty, and majesty of his characters, his judicious contrivance of his composition, correctness of drawing, purity of taste, and the skilful accommodation of other men's conceptions to his own purpose.", "Nobody excelled him in that judgment, with which he united to his own observations on nature the energy of Michael Angelo, and the beauty and simplicity of the antique.", "To the question, therefore, which ought to hold the first rank, Raffaelle or Michael Angelo, it must be answered, that if it is to be given to him who possessed a greater combination of the higher qualities of the art than any other man, there is no doubt but Raffaelle is the first.", "But if, according to Longinus, the sublime, being the highest excellence that human composition can attain to, abundantly compensates the absence of every other beauty, and atones for all other deficiencies, then Michael Angelo demands the preference.", "Reynolds was less enthusiastic about Raphael's panel paintings, but the slight sentimentality of these made them enormously popular in the 19th century: \"We have been familiar with them from childhood onwards, through a far greater mass of reproductions than any other artist in the world has ever had...\" wrote Wölfflin, who was born in 1862, of Raphael's Madonnas.", "In Germany, Raphael had an immense influence on religious art of the Nazarene movement and Düsseldorf school of painting in the 19th century.", "In contrast, in England the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood explicitly reacted against his influence (and that of his admirers such as Joshua Reynolds), seeking to return to styles that pre-dated what they saw as his baneful influence.", "According to a critic whose ideas greatly influenced them, John Ruskin:\nThe doom of the arts of Europe went forth from that chamber [the Stanza della Segnatura], and it was brought about in great part by the very excellencies of the man who had thus marked the commencement of decline.", "The perfection of execution and the beauty of feature which were attained in his works, and in those of his great contemporaries, rendered finish of execution and beauty of form the chief objects of all artists; and thenceforward execution was looked for rather than thought, and beauty rather than veracity.", "And as I told you, these are the two secondary causes of the decline of art; the first being the loss of moral purpose.", "Pray note them clearly.", "In mediæval art, thought is the first thing, execution the second; in modern art execution is the first thing, and thought the second.", "And again, in mediæval art, truth is first, beauty second; in modern art, beauty is first, truth second.", "The mediæval principles led up to Raphael, and the modern principles lead down from him.", "By 1900, Raphael's popularity was surpassed by Michelangelo and Leonardo, perhaps as a reaction against the etiolated Raphaelism of 19th-century academic artists such as Bouguereau.", "Although art historian Bernard Berenson in 1952 termed Raphael the \"most famous and most loved\" master of the High Renaissance, art historians Leopold and Helen Ettlinger say that the Raphael's lesser popularity in the 20th century is made obvious by \"the contents of art library shelves ...", "In contrast to volume upon volume that reproduce yet again detailed photographs of the Sistine Ceiling or Leonardo's drawings, the literature on Raphael, particularly in English, is limited to only a few books\".", "They conclude, nonetheless, that \"of all the great Renaissance masters, Raphael's influence is the most continuous.\"", "Further reading\n The standard source of biographical information is now: V. Golzio, Raffaello nei documenti nelle testimonianze dei contemporanei e nella letturatura del suo secolo, Vatican City and Westmead, 1971\n The Cambridge Companion to Raphael, Marcia B.", "Hall, Cambridge University Press, 2005, ,\n New catalogue raisonné in several volumes, still being published, Jürg Meyer zur Capellen, Stefan B. Polter, Arcos, 2001–2008\n Raphael.", "James H. Beck, Harry N. Abrams, 1976, , \n Raphael, Pier Luigi De Vecchi, Abbeville Press, 2003.", "Raphael, Bette Talvacchia, Phaidon Press, 2007.", "Raphael, John Pope-Hennessy, New York University Press, 1970, \n Raphael: From Urbino to Rome; Hugo Chapman, Tom Henry, Carol Plazzotta, Arnold Nesselrath, Nicholas Penny, National Gallery Publications Limited, 2004, (exhibition catalogue)\n The Raphael Trail: The Secret History of One of the World's Most Precious Works of Art; Joanna Pitman, 2006.", "Raphael – A Critical Catalogue of his Pictures, Wall-Paintings and Tapestries, catalogue raisonné by Luitpold Dussler published in the United States by Phaidon Publishers, Inc., 1971, (out of print, but there is an online version here )\n Wolk-Simon, Linda.", "(2006).", "Raphael at the Metropolitan: The Colonna Altarpiece.", "New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. .", "External links\n\n \n Raphael Research Resource from the National Gallery, London\n V&A London online feature on the Raphael Cartoons\n Ten drawings and three paintings from the Royal Collection\n Web Gallery of Art\n Most of the Raphael/Raimondi prints from the San Francisco Museums\n Raphael Project/Raffael Projekt\n Website of Teylers Museum on the provenance of the Raphael drawings in the museum's collection.", "Birthplace Museum of Raphael, Urbino, on the Artist's Studio Museum Network website\n Mobilier national (France) collection of tapestries\n Raphael Santi at ColourLex.", "Raphael at the National Gallery of Art\nGuide to the Raphael Spurious Letters undated at the University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center\n\n \nItalian Renaissance architects\nRaphael\nRaphael\nRaphael\nItalian portrait painters\nArchitects of Roman Catholic churches\nCatholic painters\nHistory painters\nRaphael\nBurials at the Pantheon, Rome\n16th-century Italian architects\n16th-century Italian painters\nItalian male painters" ]

[ "Raphael was an Italian painter and architect of the High Renaissance.", "His work is appreciated for its clarity of form, ease of composition, and visual achievement of the Neoplatonic ideal of human grandeur.", "He is one of the great masters of that period along with Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci.", "Despite his death at 37, Raphael left a large body of work.", "His career consists of three phases, first described by Giorgio Vasari: his early years in Umbria, followed by a period of four years in Florence, and his last twelve years in Rome, working for two popes.", "The largest work of his career was the frescoed Raphael Rooms in the Vatican Palace.", "The best known work is The School of Athens.", "The quality of his work was lost after he moved to Rome.", "Outside of Rome, his work was mostly known from his collaborative printmaking.", "Until the 18th and 19th centuries, Raphael's more serene and harmonious qualities were seen as the highest models, as the influence of his great rival Michelangelo was more widespread after his death.", "His work became a formative influence on Neoclassical painting, but his techniques would later be explicitly and emphatically rejected by groups such as the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood.", "The ruler of the small but highly cultured city of Urbino was the court painter for his father.", "Raphael seems to have played a role in managing the family workshop after he died.", "He was described as a fully trained \"master\" by 1500 after training in the workshop of Perugino.", "He moved to Rome in 1508 after the pope invited him to work on the Vatican Palace.", "He began to work as an architect after being given a number of important commissions in the city.", "At his death in 1520, he was still at the top of his powers.", "Giovanni Santi was a court painter to the Duke and his son Raphael was born in the small but artistically significant central Italian city of Urbino.", "The Duke of Urbino, a condottiere who was created by Pope Sixtus IV and died a year before Raphael was born, established the reputation of the court.", "The focus of the court was more literary than artistic, but Giovanni Santi was a poet of sorts as well as a painter, and both wrote the texts and produced the decor for masque-like court entertainments.", "His poem shows that he is interested in showing awareness of the most advanced North Italian painters and Early Netherlandish artists.", "He was integrated into the central circle of the ruling family in the small court of Urbino.", "The most brilliant of the smaller Italian courts for both music and the visual arts was taken over by his son.", "The court was a center for literary culture under them.", "Growing up in a small court gave Raphael good manners and social skills.", "The book The Book of the Courtier was published in 1528 and depicts court life in Urbino as a model of the virtues of the Italian court.", "When Raphael was no longer based in Urbino, Castiglione moved there and became good friends with him.", "Pietro Bembo and Pietro Bibbiena, both later cardinals, were already well known as writers, and would later be in Rome during Raphael's period there.", "One of the factors that tended to give a misleading impression of effortlessness to his career was that Raphael mixed easily in the highest circles throughout his life.", "It is not clear how easily he read Latin.", "Raphael's mother Mgia died when he was eight and his father remarried after that.", "Raphael's guardian became his uncle Bartolomeo, a priest, who later engaged in litigation with his stepmother.", "He probably lived with his stepmother while he was an apprenticeship with a master.", "According to Vasari, Raphael had been a great help to his father.", "A self-portrait drawing from his teenage years shows his precocity.", "Raphael probably played a part in managing his father's workshop from a very early age.", "He came into contact with the works of Paolo Uccello and Luca Signorelli in Urbino.", "Vasari's father placed him in the workshop of the Umbrian master Pietro Perugino as an apprenticeship despite the tears of his mother.", "Eight was very early for an apprenticeship to begin, and the evidence of an apprenticeship comes from Vasari and another source.", "There is a theory that he received some training from a court painter.", "The influence of Perugino on Raphael's early work is very clear, as most modern historians agree that Raphael worked as an assistant to him from around 1500.", "Vasari wrote that it was impossible to distinguish between their hands at this time, but many modern art historians claim to do better.", "Their techniques are very similar, for example having paint applied thickly, using an oil varnish medium, in shadows and darker garments, but very thinly on flesh areas.", "Areas of paint in the works of both masters can be cracked by an excess of resin in the varnish.", "The workshop was active in both Perugia and Florence.", "Raphael was described as a \"master\" in December 1500.", "The Baronci altarpiece for the church of Saint Nicholas of Tolentino in Citt di Castello was his first documented work.", "The son of Evangelista da Pian di Meleto was named in the commission.", "It was finished in 1501, but only a few cut sections and a drawing remain.", "He painted works for other churches there, including the Mond Crucifixion and the Brera Wedding of the Virgin.", "He probably visited Florence in this period.", "These are large works, some in fresco, where Raphael confidently marshals his compositions in the somewhat static style of Perugino.", "The Three Graces and St. Michael were painted by him and he began to paint Madonnas and portraits.", "He went to Siena in 1502 to work with Pinturicchio, a friend of Raphael, on a fresco series.", "At this early stage of his career, he was already in demand.", "Influence of Florence Raphael led a \"nomadic\" life, working in various centers in Northern Italy, but spending a lot of time in Florence.", "Although there is a traditional reference to a \"Florentine period\" of about 1504–1508, he was possibly never a constant resident there.", "He might have needed to visit the city to get materials.", "The mother of the next Duke of Urbino wrote a letter of recommendation for Raphael, a painter who was greatly gifted in his profession.", "Because his father was most deserving and I was very attached to him, Raphael was able to absorb the influence of Florentine art.", "Vasari says Fra Bartolomeo was a friend of Raphael and that the figures in the Perugia frescos show a new monumental quality.", "Leonardo da Vinci, who returned to the city from 1500 to 1506, is the most significant influence on the work of these years.", "Raphael's figures begin to take more dynamic and complex positions, and though his painted subjects are mostly tranquil, he made drawn studies of fighting nude men, one of the obsessions of the period in Florence.", "There is a portrait of a young woman that uses the three-quarter length pyramidal composition of the just-completedMona Lisa, but still looks completely Raphaelesque.", "The pyramidal Holy Family was repeated in a series of works that remain among his most famous easel paintings.", "There is a drawing by Raphael in the Royal Collection of Leonardo's lost Leda and the Swan, from which he adapted the pose of his own Saint Catherine of Alexandria.", "He develops the interplay of glances between his groups, which are less enigmatic than those of Leonardo, and perfects his own version of Leonardo's sfumato modelling.", "He keeps the light clear in his paintings.", "Michelangelo was eight years older than Leonardo, who was thirty years older than Raphael.", "In Rome they disliked Raphael more because of the conspiracies against him than they disliked Leonardo.", "Raphael would have known of his works in Florence, but in his most original work of these years, he strikes out in a different direction.", "Classical sarcophagi are used to spread the figures across the front of the picture space.", "The influence of the Madonna in Michelangelo's Doni Tondo is found in the kneeling figure on the right, but the rest of the composition is far removed from his style.", "It was removed from Perugia by the Borghese and is not included in Raphael's work.", "His classicism would change later.", "Raphael lived in Rome for the rest of his life.", "He was invited by the new pope, Julius II, at the suggestion of his architect, and then engaged on St. Peter's Basilica, which was distantly related to Raphael.", "Raphael was immediately commissioned by Julius to fresco what was intended to be the Pope's private library at the Vatican Palace, unlike Michelangelo, who was kept in Rome for several months after his first summons.", "He had only painted one altarpiece in Florence when he received this larger and more important commission.", "Several other artists and their teams of assistants were already at work on different rooms, many painting over recently completed paintings commissioned by Alexander VI, Julius's loathed predecessor.", "The Sistine Chapel ceiling was painted by Michelangelo.", "This first of the famous \"Stanze\" or \"Raphael Rooms\" to be painted, now known as the Stanza della Segnatura after its use in Vasari's time, was to make a stunning impact on Roman art, and remains generally regarded as his greatest masterpiece", "Other artists, including Signorelli, were displaced when Raphael was given more rooms to paint.", "He completed a sequence of three rooms, each with paintings on each wall and often the ceilings too, leaving the work of painting from his detailed drawings to the large and skilled workshop team he had acquired, who added a fourth room, probably only including some elements designed by Raphael.", "The work continued even after the death of Julius, as Raphael formed an even closer relationship with the Medici Pope Leo X, who continued to commission him.", "Cardinal Bibbiena was a close friend and advisor to Raphael.", "Raphael was influenced by Michelangelo's Sistine Chapel ceiling as he painted the room.", "Vasari said that Bramante let him in.", "The first section was completed in 1511 and the reaction of other artists to Michelangelo was the main question in Italian art for the next few decades.", "Raphael, who had already shown his gift for absorbing influences into his own personal style, rose to the challenge better than any other artist.", "The portrait of Heraclitus in The School of Athens of Michelangelo is one of the clearest depictions of the Sistine ceiling.", "Other figures in that and later paintings in the room show the same influences, but as still cohesive with a development of Raphael's own style.", "Michelangelo accused Raphael of plagiarism and years after Raphael's death, complained in a letter that \"everything he knew about art he got from me\".", "These large and complex compositions are considered to be among the best works of the grand manner of the High Renaissance and the \"classic art\" of the post-antique West.", "They give a highly idealised depiction of the forms represented, and the compositions, though very carefully conceived in drawings, achieve \"sprezzatura\", a term invented by his friend Castiglione, who defined it as \"a certain nonchalance which conceals all artistry and makes", "Raphael gives his figures a \"superhuman clarity and grace\" according to Michael Levey.", "The painting is nearly all of the highest quality in the first two rooms, but the later compositions in the Stanze, especially those involving dramatic action, are not entirely as successful either in conception or their execution by the workshop.", "Raphael was the architect of the new St Peter's.", "The majority of his work there was altered or destroyed after his death, but a few drawings have survived.", "According to a critical posthumous analysis by Antonio da Sangallo the Younger, his designs would have made the church a lot gloomier than the final design, with massive piers all the way down the nave.", "The temple would have looked similar to The Expulsion of Heliodorus from the Temple.", "For a short time, he was the most important architect in Rome, working for a small circle around the Papacy.", "Julius wanted the new thoroughfares in Rome to be filled with palaces.", "The Palazzo Branconio dell'Aquila was destroyed to make way for Bernini's piazza for St. Peter's, but drawings of the faade and courtyard remain.", "There were painted panels on the top story and sculpture on the middle story of the faade.", "The main designs for the Villa Farnesina were not by Raphael, but he did design and decorate with mosaics the Chigi Chapel for the same patron, Agostino Chigi, the Papal Treasurer.", "The Palazzo Jacopo da Brescia was moved in the 1930s to make way for a palace by the same street where Raphael lived for a time.", "The Villa Madama, a hillside retreat for Cardinal Giulio de' Medici, was never finished and his full plans have to be reconstructed speculatively.", "The final construction plans were completed by Antonio da Sangallo the Younger.", "It was the most sophisticated villa design yet seen in Italy, and influenced the later development of the genre; it appears to be the only modern building in Rome of which Palladio made a measured drawing.", "He was accumulating the land in his last years and only some floor-plans remain for a large palace planned for himself on the new via Giulia in the rione of Regola.", "There was an island near the river Tiber.", "A grandiloquent feature unprecedented in private palace design was to have a giant order of pilasters rising at least two storeys to the full height of the piano nobile.", "Marco Calvo received Raphael's request to translate the Four Books of Architecture into Italian at the end of August 1514.", "There are handwritten margin notes by Raphael in the Library in Munich.", "Raphael was asked to judge contemporary copies of Laocon and His Sons.", "In 1515, he was given the power to control all antiquities found outside the city.", "Stonemasons were not allowed to destroy inscriptions without permission, and anyone excavating antiquities was required to inform Raphael within three days.", "Raphael wrote a letter to Pope Leo suggesting ways of stopping the destruction of ancient monuments, and proposed a visual survey of the city to record all antiquities in an organised fashion.", "The pope wanted to ensure that all ancient inscriptions were recorded and sculpture preserved before allowing the stones to be re-used in the building of St Peter's.", "According to Marino Sanuto the Younger's diary, in 1519 Raphael offered to transport an obelisk from the Mausoleum of August to St. Peter's Square for 180,000 ducats.", "Raphael's death was mourned by men of letters because he was not able to give a description of the painting he was making.", "Raphael wanted to make an archaeological map of ancient Rome.", "The drawings were created by the artist.", "The Vatican projects took most of his time, although he painted several portraits of his two main patrons, the popes Julius II and his successor.", "He had portraits of his friends, like Castiglione or the Papal circle.", "King Francis I of France was given two paintings by the Pope as diplomatic gifts.", "The Triumph of Galatea was painted by Agostino Chigi for his Villa Farnesina, a chapel in the church of Santa Maria della Pace and mosaics in the funerary chapel in Santa Maria del Popolo.", "Some of the decoration for the Villa Madama was designed by him.", "One of the most important papal commissions was the Raphael cartoons, a series of 10 cartoons, of which seven survive, for tapestries with scenes of the lives of Saint Paul and Saint Peter, for the Sistine Chapel.", "The cartoons were sent to the workshop of Pier van Aelst.", "Raphael may have seen the finished series before he died.", "The Loggie at the Vatican is a long thin gallery with a courtyard on one side.", "He created The Ecstasy of St. Cecilia and the Sistine Madonna.", "His last work was a large Transfiguration, which shows the direction his art was taking in his final years.", "Raphael used a variety of painting materials, including wood support, canvas, and drying oils.", "Ultramarine, lead-tin-yellow, carmine, vermilion, madder lake and verdigris were some of the paints he used.", "The rare brazilwood lake and metallic powdered gold were used in several of his paintings.", "According to Vasari, Raphael had a workshop of fifty pupils and assistants, many of whom later became significant artists in their own right.", "This was the largest workshop team assembled by an old master painter.", "They included established masters from other parts of Italy, as well as pupils and journeymen.", "We don't have any evidence of the internal working arrangements of the workshop, apart from the works of art themselves, which are difficult to assign to a particular hand.", "At Raphael's death, Giulio Romano, a young student from Rome, was the most important figure.", "They continued the workshop after Raphael's death, and left many of his drawings and other possessions.", "After Raphael's death, Penni became Giulio's less-than-equal associate, and he did not achieve the same personal reputation.", "Perino del Vaga, already a master, and Polidoro da Caravaggio, who was supposedly promoted from a labourer carrying building materials on the site, became notable painters in their own right.", "Penni has been overshadowed by his partner.", "The decorative stucco work and grotesques surrounding the main frescoes were done by Giovanni da Udine.", "Some of the artists were killed by the Sack of Rome.", "This contributed to the spread of Raphael's style around Italy and beyond.", "According to Vasari, Raphael ran a very efficient workshop and had great skill in smoothing over troubles and arguments with both patrons and his assistants.", "Many of Raphael's later wall-paintings, and probably some of his easel paintings, are more notable for their design than their execution, even though both Penni and Giulio were sufficiently skilled that distinguishing between their hands is still sometimes difficult.", "Many of his portraits, if in good condition, show his brilliance in the detailed handling of paint right up to the end of his life.", "Bartolommeo Ramenghi is one of the pupils or assistants.", "The architects in Raphael's circle are discussed.", "Luca Penni, a member of the First School of Fontainebleau, may have been a member of the team that Bernard van Orley worked for.", "Raphael was one of the finest draftsmen in the history of Western art, and used drawings extensively to plan his compositions.", "According to a near-contemporary, when beginning to plan a composition, he would lay out a large number of stock drawings of his on the floor, and begin to draw \"rapidly\", borrowing figures from here and there.", "Over forty sketches survive for the Disputa in the Stanze, and there may well have been many more originally.", "He used different drawings to refine his poses and compositions to a greater extent than most other painters.", "Raphael, who was so rich in inventiveness, used to come up with four or six different ways to show a narrative, each one different from the rest, and all of them full of grace and well done.", "After his death, another writer wrote for him.", "The shift of resources away from production to research and development is marked by Raphael's art.", "When a final composition was achieved, scaled-up full-size cartoons were often made, which were then \"pounced\" with a bag of soot to leave dotted lines on the surface as a guide.", "He used a \"blind stylus\" on both paper and plaster, scratching lines which did not leave a mark.", "The originals of many drawings can be seen on the wall of The School of Athens.", "The \"Raphael Cartoons\", as tapestry designs, were fully coloured in a glue distemper medium as they were sent to Brussels to be followed by the weavers.", "The drawings are often more attractive than the paintings.", "Even initial sketches with naked outline figures are carefully drawn, and later working drawings often have a high degree of finish, with shading and sometimes highlights in white.", "They don't have the freedom or energy of some of Leonardo's and Michelangelo's sketches, but they are aesthetically very satisfying.", "He was one of the last artists to use metalpoint, which is a sharp pointed piece of silver or another metal, and he also used the freer medium of red or black chalk.", "He was one of the first artists to use female models in his drawings.", "Raphael entered into a collaboration with Raimondi to produce engravings to his designs, which created many of the most famous Italian prints of the century, and was important in the rise of the reproductive print.", "Titian shared his interest in the same way that he shared with Raimondi.", "Some of the prints were copies of Raphael's paintings, but other designs were created by Raphael to be turned into prints.", "Raimondi needed Raphael's drawings to translate into engraving.", "Lucretia, the Judgement of Paris and The Massacre of the Innocents were the most famous original prints to result from the collaboration.", "The Parnassus and Galatea were both well known among prints of the paintings.", "reproductive prints by Raimondi and others were the main way that Raphael's art was experienced until the twentieth century.", "After Raphael's death, Baviero Carocci, called \"Il Baviera\" by Vasari, an assistant who Raphael evidently trusted with his money, ended up in control of most of the copper plates.", "Raphael lived in the Palazzo Caprini, located between piazza Scossacavalli and Alessandrina in the Borgo, from 1517 until his death.", "He never married, but in 1514 he got engaged to Maria Bibbiena, the niece of the Cardinal, and his lack of enthusiasm seems to be shown by the marriage not having taken place before she died.", "Margherita Luti, the daughter of a baker from Siena, was a permanent fixture in his life in Rome.", "He was made a knight of the Papal Order of the Golden Spur and a \"Groom of the Chamber\" of the Pope.", "Vasari claims that he toyed with the idea of becoming a cardinal, and that he may have delayed his marriage because of it.", "Raphael was 37 years old when he died on Good Friday.", "According to Vasari, Raphael was born on a Good Friday in 1483 and died from exhaustion brought on by his constant romantic interests while he was working on the Loggia.", "Several other possibilities for his death have been raised by historians and scientists.", "Raphael was composed enough to confess his sins, receive the last rites, and put his affairs in order after fifteen days of illness.", "He left sufficient funds for his mistress's care, as well as most of his studio contents, to his loyal servant Baviera in his will.", "Raphael was buried in the Pantheon.", "Large crowds attended Raphael's funeral.", "Four cardinals dressed in purple carried his body, the hand of which was kissed by the Pope, according to a journal by Paris de Grassis.", "Pietro Bembo wrote an inscription in Raphael's marble sarcophagus that said, \"Here lies that famous Raphael by whom Nature feared to be conquered while he lived, and when he was dying, feared herself to die.\"", "Raphael's influence on artistic style in his own century was less than that of Michelangelo, but he was highly admired by his peers.", "At the time of Raphael's death, Mannerism took art in a direction totally opposed to Raphael's qualities.", "The opinion was held in the middle of the 16th century that Raphael was the ideal balanced painter, universal in his talent, satisfying all the absolute standards, and obeying all the rules which were supposed.", "As Michelangelo moved on into Mannerism, the survivors of Renaissance Humanism were unable to follow him.", "Vasari, despite his hero remaining Michelangelo, came to see his influence as harmful in some ways, and added passages to the second edition of the Lives expressing similar views.", "The cornerstone of the training of the Academies of art was Raphael's compositions.", "His period of greatest influence was from the late 17th to late 19th centuries.", "He was considered the best model for the history painting because he was the highest in the hierarchy of genres.", "Sir Joshua Reynolds praised his \"simple, grave, and majestic dignity\" and said he \"stand in general foremost of the first best painters\", especially for his frescoes.", "Reynolds goes on to say that Raphael's excellencies were of the highest kind and that he did not possess so many excellences as Raffaelle.", "He united to his own observations on nature the energy of Michael Angelo, and the beauty and simplicity of the antique, because nobody excelled him in that judgment.", "If it is to be given to him who possessed a greater combination of the higher qualities of the art than any other man, there is no doubt, but Raffa.", "According to Longinus, being the highest excellence that human composition can attain to, abundantly compensates the absence of every other beauty, and atones for all other deficiencies, then Michael Angelo demands the preference.", "\"We have been familiar with them from childhood onwards through a far greater mass of reproductions than any other artist in the world has ever had,\" wrote W, but Reynolds was less enthusiastic about Raphael's panel paintings.", "The Dsseldorf school of painting was influenced by Raphael in the 19th century.", "In England, the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood reacted against his influence and sought to return to styles that pre-dated what they saw as his baneful influence.", "The doom of the arts of Europe was brought about by the very excellencies of the man who had thus marked the beginning of decline, according to a critic whose ideas greatly influenced them.", "The beauty of his works and the finish of his works were looked for rather than thought, and they were the chief objects of all artists.", "The first cause of the decline of art is the loss of moral purpose.", "Please note them clearly.", "Execution is the first thing and thought the second in modern art.", "In modern art, beauty is first, truth second.", "The modern principles lead down from Raphael, while the medival principles lead up to him.", "Michelangelo and Leonardo replaced Raphael as the most popular artist by 1900.", "The Raphael's lesser popularity in the 20th century is made obvious by the contents of art library shelves, according to art historians Leopold and Helen Ettlinger.", "The literature on Raphael, particularly in English, is limited to a few books, in contrast to volume upon volume that reproduces yet again detailed photographs of the Sistine Ceiling or Leonardo's drawings.", "Of all the great Renaissance masters, Raphael's influence is the most continuous.", "The Cambridge Companion to Raphael is the standard source of biographical information.", "The new catalogue raisonné in several volumes is still being published.", "James H. Beck, Harry N. Abrams, Raphael, and Pier Luigi De Vecchi were published.", "Phaidon Press, 2007, Raphael, Talvacchia.", "Raphael, John Pope-Hennessy, New York University Press, 1970, Raphael: From Urbino to Rome.", "There is an online version of Raphael's Critical Catalogue of his Pictures, Wall-Paintings and Tapestries.", "They did it in (2006).", "The Colonna Altarpiece is by Raphael at the Metropolitan.", "The Metropolitan Museum of Art is in New York.", "There are external links to the National Gallery, London V&A London and the San Francisco Museums Raphael Project.", "Mobilier national (France) collection of tapestries Raphael Santi is on the Artist's Studio Museum Network website.", "The University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center has a guide to the Raphael Spurious Letters." ]

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[ "Alan Kelly (born 13 July 1975) is an Irish politician and author who has been the leader of the Labour Party since April 2020.", "He has been a Teachta Dála (TD) for the Tipperary constituency since the 2016 general election and a TD for the Tipperary North constituency from 2011 to 2016.", "He previously served as Minister for the Environment, Community and Local Government and Deputy leader of the Labour Party from 2014 to 2016 and Minister of State for Public and Commuter Transport from 2011 to 2014.", "He was a Member of the European Parliament for the South constituency from 2009 to 2011 and a Senator for the Agricultural Panel from 2007 to 2009.", "Early life \nKelly is from Portroe just outside Nenagh, County Tipperary.", "He is the son of Tom and Nan Kelly.", "His parents' house burned down in 1974, the year before he was born.", "Kelly was raised on a small dairy farm.", "His father left farming following the introduction of milk quotas by the European Council in the 1980s and found employment working on the roads for the local county council.", "Educated at Nenagh CBS, he subsequently attended University College Cork (UCC), where he completed a BA in English and History in 1995.", "Two years later he completed a M.Phil in Political History.", "Kelly continued his education at Boston College, where he achieved a Certificate in Leadership in 1999.", "He returned to Ireland shortly after this and completed a MBS in eCommerce in 2002.", "Kelly subsequently worked as an eBusiness Manager with Bord Fáilte and Fáilte Ireland.", "Political career\n\nYouth politics \nKelly is thought to have been politicised from an early age.", "In his final year of secondary school, he canvassed for the Labour Party during the 1992 general election.", "He remained active in left-wing politics in university, firstly by establishing the Jim Kemmy Branch of the Labour Party in UCC.", "He then became involved in a number of by-elections, local election campaigns in Cork and in the wider Munster area.", "He has stated that he was “politically socialised in Cork.”\n\nKelly became Chair of Labour Youth in 2000, having previously served as co-chair.", "In 2001 he was a member of the General Council.", "In 2001 and 2002 he was director of the Tom Johnson Summer School and was also a member of the General Election Planning Committee in the period 2001–2002.", "Seanad Éireann: 2007–2009 \nIn 2007, Kelly launched his own political career when he secured election to Seanad Éireann by the Agricultural Panel.", "He was the only Labour Party candidate in that grouping.", "After the election of Eamon Gilmore as leader of the Labour Party in 2007, Kelly was appointed as Labour Party Spokesperson on Tourism and was Seanad Spokesperson on Finance and Local Government.", "European Parliament: 2009–2011 \nKelly was elected as a Member of the European Parliament for the South constituency, at the 2009 European Parliament election, taking the last seat in a tight battle between him, Sinn Féin's Toireasa Ferris and the Independent Kathy Sinnott.", "Kelly was a member of the European Parliament's Committee on Internal Market and Consumer Protection.", "He also served on the Delegation for Relations with the United States.", "Dáil Éireann: 2011–present\n\n31st Dail & Junior Ministry \nThough he promised he would see out his five-year term in the European Parliament, Kelly allowed his name to go forward as a Labour Party candidate at the 2011 general election.", "He ran in the Tipperary North constituency and was successful, receiving 9,559 first preference votes (19.8%) and securing the third and final seat at the expense of Fianna Fáil's sitting TD, Máire Hoctor.", "Phil Prendergast replaced him as MEP for the South constituency.", "When the new coalition government was formed, Kelly joined the junior ministerial ranks as Minister of State for Public and Commuter Transport.", "Kelly began receiving death threats during this period.", "Labour Party deputy leadership and cabinet minister (2014–2016) \nHe was elected as deputy leader of the Labour Party on 4 July 2014.", "On 11 July 2014, he was appointed Minister of the Environment, Community and Local Government.", "New Labour leader Joan Burton originally considered appointing deputy Alex White to the role, however, she decided that the former barrister was better suited to the “legally orientated portfolio” of the Communications ministry.", "However she gave the Environment, Community and Local Government ministry to Kelly, who was described as “combative.” When Kelly was given his ministerial role, he initially believed that property tax would be the big issue, but within a week realised that it would be the matter of implementation of water charges and the Irish Water as required by the EU Water Framework Directive.", "Kelly claimed that his predecessor, Phil Hogan, had “designed the ditches” and that he now had to “drive the tractor through.” Kelly also complained of the position that he had been left with upon becoming accustomed to the role.", "The cabinet had previously been told by the ERSI that the cost-benefit analysis on water metering was “robust” and based on “realistic and achievable assumptions regarding the benefits.” However, by the time Kelly inherited the ministry, “it had fallen apart,” according to Michael Brennan in his 2019 book In Deep Water: How People, Politics and Protests sank Irish Water.", "Kelly was appointed Labour's director of elections and chair of their national campaign committee ahead of the general election.", "His involvement in Irish Water was extremely controversial during his tenure as minister.", "He received death threats on a regular basis during his tenure as minister.", "As Minister, Kelly announced a two-year rent freeze to combat the housing crisis.", "He said that \"blockages\" had made solving the housing crisis difficult.", "A law brought in by Kelly was criticised by the Irish Planning Institute (IPI), who said that it would increase ministerial planning powers over local authorities and could significantly change how planning operates in Ireland.", "Councillors opposed to the law said that it was a \"power grab\", and claimed it could significantly limits the planning powers of local government.", "In November 2014, the Independent reported that Kelly had received death threats.", "Also in November 2014 he claimed that he had received four death threats from \"anonymous warriors\" in a single week.", "Kelly's constituency office received a bomb threat in November 2014.", "In December 2014 it was reported that a staff member who answered a call was told \"a bullet will be put in his head before the end of the day.", "And we'll come down and put a bullet in your head too, you rich f**k. We won't be paying water charges.\"", "A threatening letter sent to his office in 2015 containing a 'suspicious powder' was declared a hoax by the Gardai and the Defence Forces.", "EU Commissioner Phil Hogan moved to distance himself from the controversies with Irish Water by stressing that Kelly was now in charge of water.", "Barry Cowen claimed in relation to a policy change that \"the issue with the policy is that everytime Alan Kelly picks up a phone to a journalist, his policy for Irish Water changes and it’s become absolutely farcical.\"", "In 2015, the Business Post claimed that Kelly “ignored expert advice by giving €1.5 million in grants to towns in his new constituency,” stating that was responsible for the active travel towns scheme, which provides funding for walking and cycling routes to get people to switch from their cars.", "He gave €1 million to Clonmel and more than €500,000 to Thurles under the scheme, even though projects from other towns “got significantly higher marks” in assessments.", "In December 2015 Kelly became emotional as he strongly denied claims that he had leaked information about the Labour Party to the media.", "A number of Labour TDs identified him as the source of a leak of an internal analysis which suggested that Labour would lose up to 20 seats at the upcoming general election.", "Kelly attracted further controversy following a January 2016 interview in the Sunday Independent headlined 'Alan Kelly: \"Power is a drug .", ". . it suits me\"'.", "He later clarified the context in a June 2020 interview with The Mirror, saying; “I did say those words, but everybody forgets about the dot, dot, dot in the middle.", "I’ve nothing against the journalist now, but if you read it, power is a drug, it suits me, there’s a dot, dot, dot in the middle.", "The conversation was about how some people are always in opposition and will never want to go into government.", "Some people, you know, being in government suits them.", "They’re able to handle it or deal with it, or whatever.", "That was the conversation and I suppose power, being in power, being in government are interchangeable words, so that was the context of it.", "But when you’re explaining you’re losing\".", "Kelly attracted controversy for his former association with John Delaney of the FAI and denied claims that Delaney was stopping people and asking them to vote for him during the 2016 general election campaign.", "Delaney had asked people to support Kelly on MidWest Radio.", "Kelly insisted that having Delaney support him was not a form of cronyism.", "Following the election, Kelly remained Minister for the Environment, Community and Local Government in an acting capacity during prolonged talks on government formation.", "Writing on Kelly in How Ireland Voted 2016: The Election Nobody Won, the authors claimed that Phil Hogan left “the controversy surrounding water charges remained for his successor, Labour's Alan Kelly, to deal with.”\n\nOpposition and leadership challenges (2016–2020) \n\nIn May 2016, Kelly announced his intention to seek leadership of the Labour Party.", "However, he failed to attract a nomination from his parliamentary colleagues, resulting in the unopposed appointment of Brendan Howlin as the new leader.", "Kelly was not present at the conference at which Howlin was announced as leader.", "One TD who was present described Kelly's no-show as \"childish\" and \"disrespectful\".", "Kelly was adamant that Howlin \"blocked\" his leadership ambitions by warning colleagues that he would not stand if there was a contest.", "Later, Kelly tweeted an image of seven pints of Guinness lined up, ranging from full to half empty, with the cryptic message: \"The seven stages of leadership\".", "He was reportedly “considering his future in politics after being left humiliated by his parliamentary party,” according to the Irish Independent.", "Sarah McInerney of The Times wrote an opinion piece supporting Kelly titled ‘The man we love to hate should be leading Labour.’\n\nGrassroots efforts to put pressure on members of the parliamentary party were unsuccessful.", "The parliamentary party also decided not to nominate any candidates for the position of deputy leader, leaving Kelly's previous position vacant.", "When asked by Hot Press if he felt 'shafted', he replied saying; \"Yes.", "I was pretty annoyed about what happened.", "It was a difficult period but I’ve moved on.", "There are no issues.", "I don’t bear grudges.", "But you don’t forget.", "You put it inward and you use it for motivation – and you move on.\"", "In the same interview he said that it was 'wrong' that the grassroots membership couldn't have a say.", "In Spring 2017, Kelly was approached to join Fine Gael by the Tipperary organisation, which he declined.", "A source believed to be close to Kelly confirmed this to be true but said that \"Alan has time and time again said that Labour values are in his DNA and that's certainly true.", "He's always talking about workers and the value of work.", "He is certainly not one of those who just pander to the welfare or liberal agendas that Labour has become so associated with.", "His ambition is to drag the Labour Party back towards what he believes in rather than ever leave it\".", "In September 2017, Kelly called for the HPV vaccine to be given to all schoolboys in Ireland.", "The vaccine's roll-out among girls had recently been subject to controversy over its alleged side effects.", "In November 2017, Kelly was criticised by his Labour colleagues after he warned leader Brendan Howlin that he has less than six months to turn the party's fortunes around.", "However, the chair of the Association of Labour Councillors, Dermot Lacey, said: \"If there had been an election [in 2016], I would have voted for Alan.", "If there is an election, I will vote for him.", "At the moment there isn't a contest.\"", "In August 2018, Kelly challenged Howlin for the party leadership.", "His challenge failed due to lack of support from his parliamentary colleagues.", "The Irish Independent described his efforts to become leader as 'persistent'.", "In 2020, Kelly was re-elected to represent the Tipperary constituency during the February general election, obtaining 13,222 first preference votes (9.6%) and thus securing the fourth of five available seats.", "As of 2020, Kelly was Labour's spokesperson on health.", "Labour Party leader (2020–present) \n\nAfter Brendan Howlin's intention to stand down as party leader following the 2020 general election, Kelly was nominated by two of the party's six TDs; Seán Sherlock and Duncan Smith.", "Kelly was also publicly supported by former Labour TDs Jan O'Sullivan and Willie Penrose.", "Launching his election bid, Kelly said that a complete rebuild of the Labour Party was needed.", "On 3 April 2020, he was announced as the new leader of the Labour Party, having won 55% of the vote.", "Kelly became noted for his outspoken style following his election as leader.", "In May 2020, he appeared to rule out going into a coalition government.", "He was named the Irish Times ‘TD of the Year’ for 2020 by Miriam Lord.", "Image \n\nAccording to The Journal in 2016, Kelly, described himself as being an ‘early achiever’, ‘ruthless’ and ‘extremely ambitious.’ The publication also claimed at that time that he was a “mere boy in the context of Ireland’s political age-profile.”\n\nIn 2016, following his unsuccessful attempt to become Labour leader, the Irish Examiner said that “brashly macho Alan Kelly was not acceptable to the femocrats who form the Labour rump, despite his record and ambition.”\n\nAlan Kelly has been nicknamed \"AK47\" for his quick temper and aggressive style.", "In 2015, Village magazine wrote that “Kelly is probably best known as a blow-hard recognised even within his own party as AK47 for his slingshot machismo” and that “sometimes, Alan can appear almost menacing, though in the context of Labour Party burnout, that passes for a positive.”\n\nHe was described in a 2020 article in Laois Today as someone who \"not only likes his soubriquet but relishes in his characterisation of someone who shoots from the hip, takes no prisoners and gets things done\".", "RTÉ and the Progressive Brief have described him as 'tenacious'.", "Newstalk ranked 'The Alan Kelly Rap' as the No.1 Irish election song ahead of the 2020 general election.", "Kelly is believed to be opposed to the 'liberal' and 'welfare' agendas that are said to be associated with the modern Labour Party.", "The Irish Times described his election as Labour Party leader as a defeat for the party's 'liberal' wing.", "The Laois Today and the Business Post made the implication in 2020 that he was not part of the 'liberal' wing of the party.", "In a 2020 interview with the Irish Independent, an anonymous party politician described him as \"authentic to the traditional old Labour\".", "In a Hot Press interview in 2017, he described himself as a practicing Catholic and said that he is very liberal on 'most issues'.", "He stated that he was opposed to the legalisation of prostitution, but was in favour of the legalisation of marijuana.", "Personal life \nKelly is married to Regina O'Connor, a primary school teacher who was raised in Waterville, County Kerry.", "The couple have two children; a daughter and a son.", "His brother is former US Special Envoy for Northern Ireland and former CEO of Teneo, Declan Kelly.", "He is the author of A Political History of County Tipperary 1916–1997 and has won numerous rugby and hurling medals according to his Labour Party summary.", "Kelly co-owns a racing greyhound named 'Akay Forty Seven'.", "During a Dáil debate in December 2020, Kelly said that “with regard to greyhound people, many of whom are working-class people, greyhounds are effectively their horses.” He did not support a Social Democrats motion seeking to end State funding of the industry.", "As of 2021, Kelly owned a holiday home in Co. Kerry, that he let out using Airbnb.", "In an interview with Pat Kenny on Newstalk, he stated that “I have an issue with Airbnb in urban areas, rather than rural areas.” According to the Irish Independent, it was used for short-term letting.", "He added, where the house is based, is in “a small population area.” However, he felt that Airbnbs “in urban areas… that needs regulation.”\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n \n Alan Kelly's page on the Labour Party website\n \n\n1975 births\nLiving people\nAlumni of University College Cork\nAlumni of University College Dublin\nLabour Party (Ireland) MEPs\nLabour Party (Ireland) TDs\nMembers of the 23rd Seanad\nMembers of the 31st Dáil\nMembers of the 32nd Dáil\nMembers of the 33rd Dáil\nMEPs for the Republic of Ireland 2009–2014\nMinisters for the Environment (Ireland)\nMinisters of State of the 31st Dáil\nPoliticians from County Tipperary\nLabour Party (Ireland) senators\nLeaders of the Labour Party (Ireland)" ]

[ "Alan Kelly is an Irish politician and author who has been the leader of the Labour Party since April 2020.", "He has been a Teachta Dla for the Tipperary constituency since the 2016 general election.", "He was a Minister for the Environment, Community and Local Government and a Minister of State for Public and Commuter Transport.", "He was a Member of the European Parliament for the South constituency from 2009 to 2011.", "Kelly is from Portroe in County Tipperary.", "He is the son of two people.", "The year before he was born, his parents' house burned down.", "Kelly was raised on a dairy farm.", "After the introduction of milk quota by the European Council in the 1980s, his father left farming to work for the local county council.", "He graduated from University College Cork in 1995 with a degree in English and History.", "He finished his M.Phil in Political History two years later.", "Kelly graduated from Boston College in 1999 with a certificate in leadership.", "He returned to Ireland to finish his degree in 2002.", "Kelly was an eBusiness Manager with Bord Filte and Filte Ireland.", "Kelly is thought to have been politicized at an early age.", "He canvassed for the Labour Party in the 1992 general election.", "He established the Jim Kemmy Branch of the Labour Party in the university.", "He became involved in a number of by-elections and local election campaigns.", "Kelly became Chair of Labour Youth in 2000, having previously served as co-chair.", "He was a member of the General Council in 2001.", "In 2001 and 2002 he was the director of the Tom Johnson Summer School and a member of the General Election Planning Committee.", "Kelly began his political career when he was elected to Seanad ireann by the Agricultural Panel.", "He was a candidate for the Labour Party.", "Kelly was appointed as Labour Party spokesman on Tourism and Seanad spokesman on Finance and Local Government after the election of Eamon Gilmore as leader of the Labour Party.", "Kelly was elected as a Member of the European Parliament for the South constituency at the European Parliament election in 2009, taking the last seat in a tight battle between him, Sinn Féin's Toireasa Ferris and the Independent Kathy Sinnott.", "Kelly was a member of the European Parliament.", "He was a member of the Delegation for Relations with the United States.", "Kelly allowed his name to go forward as a Labour Party candidate at the general election, even though he promised he would see out his five-year term in the European Parliament.", "He received 9,559 first preference votes in the Tipperary North constituency and secured the third and final seat at the expense of Mire Hoctor.", "He was replaced by Phil Prendergast.", "Kelly became Minister of State for Public and Commuter Transport when the new coalition government was formed.", "Kelly was receiving death threats.", "He was elected as a cabinet minister in the Labour Party.", "He was appointed the Minister of the Environment, Community and Local Government.", "Alex White was considered for the role of deputy but Joan Burton decided that he was better suited to the Communications ministry.", "However she gave the Environment, Community and Local Government ministry to Kelly, who was described as \"combative.\" When Kelly was given his ministerial role, he initially believed that property tax would be the big issue, but within a week realised that it would be the matter of implementation of water charges", "Kelly said that Phil Hogan had designed the ditches and that he had to drive the tractor through.", "By the time Kelly took over the ministry, the cost-benefit analysis on water metering had fallen apart, according to Michael Brennan.", "Kelly was appointed Labour's director of elections and chair of their national campaign committee.", "During his time as a minister, his involvement in Irish Water was very controversial.", "He received death threats while he was a minister.", "Kelly announced a rent freeze to fight the housing crisis.", "He said that it was difficult to solve the housing crisis.", "The Irish Planning Institute said that the law brought in by Kelly could change how planning is done in Ireland.", "The law was said to be a power grab and could limit the powers of local government.", "The Independent reported that Kelly had received death threats.", "He claimed that he had received four death threats in a single week.", "A bomb threat was received in Kelly's office.", "A staff member who answered a call was told a bullet would be put in his head before the end of the day.", "We won't be paying water charges, and we'll put a bullet in your head as well.", "The letter that was sent to his office was declared a hoax by the Defence Forces.", "EU Commissioner Phil Hogan distanced himself from the Irish Water controversy by saying that Kelly was in charge of water.", "The issue with the policy is that whenever Alan Kelly picks up a phone to a journalist, his policy for Irish Water changes and it's become farcical.", "In 2015, the Business Post claimed that Kelly ignored expert advice by giving 1.5 million in grants to towns in his new constituency, which was responsible for the active travel towns scheme, which provides funding for walking and cycling routes to get people to switch from their cars.", "Even though projects from other towns got higher marks in assessments, he gave 1 million to Clonmel and 500,000 to Thurles.", "Kelly became emotional when he denied leaking information about the Labour Party to the media.", "He was identified as the source of a leak of an internal analysis which suggested that Labour would lose up to 20 seats at the upcoming general election.", "The January 2016 interview in the Sunday Independent titled \"Alan Kelly: \"Power is a drug\" attracted further controversy.", "It suits me.", "In a June 2020 interview with The Mirror, he said; \"I did say those words, but everybody forgets about the dot, dot, dot in the middle.\"", "If you read it, power is a drug, it suits me, there is a dot in the middle.", "Some people will never want to go into government because they are always in opposition.", "Being in government suits some people.", "They are able to deal with it.", "I suppose power, being in power, being in government are interchangeable words, so that was the context of the conversation.", "You are losing when you explain.", "Kelly was accused of trying to get people to vote for him in the 2016 general election, but he denied that.", "Kelly is on MidWest Radio.", "Kelly insisted that having Delaney support him was not cronyism.", "Kelly remained Minister for the Environment, Community and Local Government in an acting capacity after the election.", "In How Ireland Voted 2016: The Election Nobody Won, the authors claimed that Phil Hogan left \"the controversy surrounding water charges remained for his successor, Labour's Alan Kelly, to deal with.\"", "Brendan Howlin was appointed the new leader after he failed to get a nomination from his parliamentary colleagues.", "Howlin was announced as leader at the conference where Kelly was not present.", "Kelly's no-show was described as \"childish\" and \"disrespectful\".", "Howlin warned his colleagues that he wouldn't stand if there was a contest, according to Kelly.", "Kelly posted a picture of seven bottles of Guinness lined up, ranging from full to half empty, with the message \"The seven stages of leadership\".", "According to the Irish Independent, he was considering his future in politics after being humiliated by his parliamentary party.", "Grassroots efforts to put pressure on members of the parliamentary party were unsuccessful.", "Kelly's previous position was vacant after the parliamentary party decided not to nominate any candidates for the position of deputy leader.", "He said that he felt'shafted' when asked by Hot Press.", "I was not happy with what happened.", "I have moved on from the difficult period.", "There are no issues.", "I don't have any feelings for anyone.", "You don't forget.", "You use it for motivation when you put it inward.", "He said that it was wrong that the grassroots membership couldn't have a say.", "Kelly was approached by the Tipperary organisation to join them, but he declined.", "A source believed to be close to Kelly confirmed that this was true, but said that Alan has always said that Labour values are in his genes.", "He talks about the value of work.", "He doesn't pander to the welfare or liberal agendas that Labour has become associated with.", "He wants to drag the Labour Party back towards what he believes in.", "Kelly called for the vaccine to be given to all schoolboys in Ireland.", "The vaccine's roll-out among girls had recently been subject to controversy.", "Kelly warned Brendan Howlin that he had less than six months to turn the fortunes of the party around.", "\"If there had been an election in 2016 I would have voted for Alan,\" said the chair of the Association of Labour Councillors.", "I will vote for him if there is an election.", "There is no contest at the moment.", "Howlin was challenged for the party leadership by Kelly.", "His challenge was unsuccessful due to lack of support from his parliamentary colleagues.", "His efforts to become leader were described as persistent by the Irish Independent.", "Kelly was re-elected to represent the Tipperary constituency during the February general election in 2020 and secured the fourth of five available seats with 13,222 first preference votes.", "Kelly was the Labour's spokesman on health.", "After Brendan Howlin's intention to stand down as party leader following the 2020 general election, Kelly was nominated by two of the party's six TDs.", "Jan O'Sullivan and Willie Penrose publicly supported Kelly.", "Kelly said that a rebuild of the Labour Party was needed.", "He was announced as the new leader of the Labour Party on April 3, 2020.", "Following his election as leader, Kelly became known for his outspoken style.", "He didn't rule out going into a coalition government in May 2020.", "The Irish Times named him the 'TD of the Year' for 2020.", "The Journal claimed in 2016 that Kelly was amere boy in the context of Ireland's political age-profile.", "In 2015, Village magazine wrote that \"Kelly is probably best known as a blow-hard recognised even within his own party as AK47 for his slingshot machismo\" and that \"Alan can appear almost menacing, though in the context of Labour Party burnout, that passes for a positive.\"", "The Progressive Brief described him as 'tenacious'.", "Newstalk ranked 'The Alan Kelly Rap' as the No.1 Irish election song.", "Kelly is said to be against the liberal and welfare agendas associated with the Labour Party.", "The Irish Times said his election as Labour Party leader was a defeat for the liberal wing.", "The Laois Today and the Business Post implied in 2020 that he was not part of the liberal wing of the party.", "An anonymous party politician described him as \"authentic to the traditional old Labour\" in a 2020 interview with the Irish Independent.", "He said in a Hot Press interview that he is very liberal and that he is a practicing Catholic.", "He stated that he was in favor of legalising marijuana, even though he was opposed to legalising prostitution.", "Kelly is married to a teacher from County Kerry.", "The couple has two children.", "His brother is a former US Special Envoy for Northern Ireland.", "According to his Labour Party summary, he is the author of A Political History of County Tipperary 1916–1997 and has won numerous rugby and hurling medals.", "Kelly is a co-owner of a greyhound.", "Kelly said during a Dil debate in December 2020 that greyhounds are effectively their horses and he did not support a Social Democrats motion to end State funding of the industry.", "Kelly used to own a holiday home in Co. Kerry.", "In an interview with Pat Kenny on Newstalk, he stated that he had an issue withAirbnb in urban areas, rather than rural areas.", "He said that the house is in a small area and that it needs regulation." ]

[ "Alan Kelly", "Kelly", "Nan Kelly", "Kelly", "Kelly", "Kelly", "Kelly", "Kelly", "Kelly", "Kelly", "Kelly", "Kelly", "Kelly", "Kelly", "Kelly", "Kelly", "Kelly", "Kelly", "Kelly", "Kelly", "Kelly", "Kelly", "Kelly", "Kelly", "Kelly", "Kelly", "Alan Kelly", "Kelly", "Kelly", "Kelly", "Alan Kelly", "Kelly", "Kelly", "Kelly", "Kelly", "Kelly", "Alan Kelly", "Kelly", "Kelly", "Kelly", "Kelly", "Kelly", "Kelly", "Kelly", "Kelly", "Kelly", "Alan", "Kelly", "Kelly", "Alan", "Kelly", "Kelly", "Kelly", "Kelly", "Kelly", "Kelly", "Kelly", "Kelly", "Alan Kelly", "Alan Kelly", "Kelly", "Alan", "Kelly", "Kelly", "Declan Kelly", "Kelly", "Kelly", "Kelly", "Alan Kelly" ]

[ "Alan Kelly", "Kelly", "Kelly", "Kelly", "Kelly", "Kelly", "Kelly", "Kelly", "Kelly", "Kelly", "Kelly", "Kelly", "Kelly", "Kelly", "Kelly", "Kelly", "Kelly", "Kelly", "Kelly", "Kelly", "Kelly", "Kelly", "Kelly", "Kelly", "Alan Kelly", "Kelly", "Kelly", "Alan Kelly", "Kelly", "Kelly", "Kelly", "Kelly", "Alan Kelly", "Kelly", "Kelly", "Kelly", "Kelly", "Kelly", "Kelly", "Kelly", "Alan", "Kelly", "Kelly", "Alan", "Kelly", "Kelly", "Kelly", "Kelly", "Kelly", "Kelly", "Kelly", "Kelly", "Kelly", "Alan", "Kelly", "Kelly", "Kelly", "Kelly", "Kelly" ]

[ "Edward of Westminster (13 October 1453 – 4 May 1471), also known as Edward of Lancaster, was the only son of King Henry VI of England and Margaret of Anjou.", "He was killed aged seventeen at the Battle of Tewkesbury.", "Early life\nEdward was born at the Palace of Westminster, London, the only son of King Henry VI of England and his wife, Margaret of Anjou.", "At the time, there was strife between Henry's supporters and those of Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York, who had a claim to the throne and challenged the authority of Henry's officers of state.", "Henry was suffering from mental illness, and there were widespread rumours that the prince was the result of an affair between his mother and one of her loyal supporters.", "Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset and James Butler, 5th Earl of Ormond, were both suspected of fathering Prince Edward; however, there is no firm evidence to support the rumours, and King Henry himself never doubted the boy's legitimacy and publicly acknowledged paternity.", "Edward was invested as Prince of Wales at Windsor Castle in 1454.", "War over the English throne\nIn 1460, King Henry was captured by the supporters of the Duke of York at the Battle of Northampton and taken to London.", "The Duke of York was dissuaded from claiming the throne immediately, but he induced Parliament to pass the Act of Accord, by which Henry was allowed to reign but Edward was disinherited, as York or his heirs would become king on Henry's death.", "Queen Margaret and Edward had meanwhile fled through Cheshire.", "By Margaret's later account, she induced outlaws and pillagers to aid her by pledging them to recognise the seven-year-old Edward as rightful heir to the crown.", "They subsequently reached safety in Wales and journeyed to Scotland, where Margaret raised support, while the Duke of York's enemies gathered in the north of England.", "After York was killed at the Battle of Wakefield, the large army which Margaret had gathered advanced south.", "They defeated the army of Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick, one of York's most prominent supporters, at the Second Battle of St Albans.", "Warwick had brought the captive King Henry in the train of his army, and he was found abandoned on the battlefield.", "Two of Warwick's knights, William Bonville, 1st Baron Bonville, and Sir Thomas Kyriell, who had agreed to remain with Henry and see that he came to no harm, were captured.", "The day after the battle, Margaret asked Edward what death the two knights should suffer.", "Edward readily replied that their heads should be cut off.", "Exile in France\n\nMargaret hesitated to advance on London with her unruly army, and subsequently retreated.", "They were routed at the Battle of Towton a few weeks later.", "Margaret and Edward fled once again, to Scotland.", "For the next three years, Margaret inspired several revolts in the northernmost counties of England, but was eventually forced to sail to France, where she and Edward maintained a court in exile.", "(Henry had once again been captured and was a prisoner in the Tower of London.)", "In 1467 the ambassador of the Duchy of Milan to the court of France wrote that Edward \"already talks of nothing but cutting off heads or making war, as if he had everything in his hands or was the god of battle or the peaceful occupant of that throne.\"", "After several years in exile, Margaret took the best opportunity that presented itself and allied herself with the renegade Earl of Warwick.", "King Louis XI of France wanted to start a war with Burgundy, allies of the Yorkist King Edward IV.", "He believed if he allied himself to restoring Lancastrian rule they would help him conquer Burgundy.", "As a compliment to his new allies Louis made young Edward godfather to his son Charles.", "Prince Edward was married to Anne Neville, Warwick's younger daughter, in December 1470, though there is some doubt as to whether the marriage was ever consummated.", "Battles of Barnet and Tewkesbury\nWarwick returned to England and deposed Edward IV, with the help of Edward IV's younger brother, the Duke of Clarence.", "Edward IV fled into exile to Burgundy with his youngest brother the Duke of Gloucester, while Warwick restored Henry VI to the throne.", "Prince Edward and Margaret lingered behind in France until April 1471.", "However, Edward IV had already raised an army, returned to England, and reconciled with Clarence.", "On the same day Margaret and Edward landed in England (14 April), Edward IV defeated and killed Warwick at the Battle of Barnet.", "With little real hope of success, the inexperienced prince and his mother led the remnant of their forces to meet Edward IV in the Battle of Tewkesbury.", "They were defeated and Edward of Westminster was killed.", "According to some accounts, shortly after the rout of the Lancastrians at Tewkesbury, a small contingent of men under the Duke of Clarence found the grieving prince near a grove, and immediately beheaded him on a makeshift block, despite his pleas.", "Paul Murray Kendall, a biographer of Richard III, accepts this version of events.", "Another account of Edward's death is given by three Tudor sources: The Grand Chronicle of London, Polydore Vergil, and Edward Hall.", "It was later dramatised by William Shakespeare in Henry VI, Part 3, Act V, scene v. Their story is that Edward was captured and brought before the victorious Edward IV and his brothers and followers.", "The king received the prince graciously, and asked him why he had taken up arms against him.", "The prince replied defiantly, \"I came to recover my father's heritage.\"", "The king then struck the prince across his face with his gauntlet hand, and his brothers killed the prince with their swords.", "However, none of these accounts appear in any of the contemporaneous sources, which all report that Edward died in battle.", "Edward's body is buried at Tewkesbury Abbey.", "His widow, Anne Neville, married the Duke of Gloucester, who eventually succeeded as King Richard III in 1483.", "Epitaph\nThe Latin memorial brass to Edward in Tewkesbury Abbey is set in the floor between the choir stalls, under the tower.", "It reads as follows:\n\nThis can be translated into English as follows:\n\n\"Here lies Edward, Prince of Wales,\ncruelly slain whilst but a youth.", "Anno Domini 1471, May fourth.", "Alas, the savagery of men.", "Thou art the sole light of thy Mother,\nand the last hope of thy race.\"", "Ancestry and family tree\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n R. A. Griffiths, The Reign of King Henry VI (1981), especially the Epilogue.", "Alison Weir, Lancaster and York: The Wars of the Roses, London (1995)\n\nExternal links\n Richard III Society\n The Death of Edward of Lancaster at Tewkesbury\n\n|-\n\n|-\n\n1453 births\n1471 deaths\n15th-century English nobility\nPrinces of Wales\nDukes of Cornwall\nEnglish military personnel killed in action\nHeirs apparent who never acceded\nHeirs to the English throne\nEdward of Westminster\nPeople from Westminster\nPeople of the Wars of the Roses\nEnglish Roman Catholics\nBurials at Tewkesbury Abbey\nSons of kings" ]

[ "Edward of Lancaster was the only son of King Henry VI of England and Margaret of Anjou.", "He died at the Battle of Tewkesbury.", "Edward was the only child of King Henry VI of England and Margaret of Anjou.", "Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York, had a claim to the throne and challenged the authority of Henry's officers of state.", "There were many rumors that the prince was the result of an affair between his mother and one of her supporters.", "King Henry never doubted the boy's legitimacy and publicly acknowledged his paternity despite the fact that Edmund and James were suspected of fathering him.", "The Prince of Wales was invested at Windsor Castle.", "King Henry was captured by the Duke of York's supporters at the Battle of Northampton in 1460 and taken to London.", "The Duke of York persuaded Parliament to pass the Act of Accord so that Henry could rule but Edward would not inherit the throne until after Henry's death.", "Queen Margaret and Edward had fled.", "Margaret said that she persuaded outlaws and pillagers to help her by promising them that Edward was the rightful heir to the crown.", "The Duke of York's enemies gathered in the north of England as they journeyed to Scotland, where Margaret raised support.", "Margaret had gathered a large army after York was killed.", "One of York's most prominent supporters was defeated at the Second Battle of St Albans.", "King Henry was found abandoned on the battlefield after being brought in the train of his army.", "William Bonville, 1st Baron Bonville, and Sir Thomas Kyriell, who had agreed to remain with Henry and see that he came to no harm, were captured.", "Margaret asked Edward what the death of the two knights should be.", "Edward said that their heads should be cut off.", "Margaret retreated after she hesitated to advance on London with her army.", "The Battle of Towton happened a few weeks later.", "Margaret and Edward went to Scotland again.", "After three years of revolts in the northernmost counties of England, Margaret and Edward were forced to flee to France, where they lived in exile.", "Henry was a prisoner in the Tower of London.", "The ambassador of the Duchy of Milan to the court of France wrote in 1467 that Edward was the god of battle and the peaceful occupant of the throne.", "Margaret allied herself with the Earl of Warwick after several years in exile.", "Burgundy is allies of the Yorkist King Edward IV.", "They would help him conquer Burgundy if he allied himself with Lancastrian rule.", "Edward was made a friend by Louis because of his new allies.", "There is some doubt as to whether the marriage of Prince Edward and Anne Neville ever took place.", "Edward IV's younger brother, the Duke of Clarence, aided and abetted the deposed Edward IV.", "Henry VI was restored to the throne after Edward IV fled into exile.", "In France, Prince Edward and Margaret stayed behind.", "Edward IV returned to England and reconciled with Clarence.", "On the same day Margaret and Edward arrived in England, Edward IV defeated and killed Warwick.", "With little hope of success, the inexperienced prince and his mother led the remnant of their forces to meet Edward IV in the Battle of Tewkesbury.", "Edward was killed when they were defeated.", "According to some accounts, after the Lancastrians were defeated at Tewkesbury, a small group of men under the Duke of Clarence beheaded the prince, despite his pleas.", "The biographer of Richard III accepts this version of events.", "Three Tudor sources give an account of Edward's death: The Grand Chronicle of London, Polydore Vergil, and Edward Hall.", "William Shakespeare dramatised it in Henry VI, Part 3, Act V, scene v.", "The king asked the prince why he had taken up arms against him.", "The prince said he came to recover his father's heritage.", "The prince was killed by his brothers with their swords after the king struck him across his face with his gauntlet hand.", "None of these accounts appear in any of the sources that reported that Edward died in battle.", "Edward is buried at Tewkesbury Abbey.", "The Duke of Gloucester succeeded as King Richard III in 1493.", "There is a memorial to Edward under the tower in Tewkesbury Abbey.", "This can be translated into English as follows: \"Here lies Edward, Prince of Wales, cruelly slain whilst but a youth.\"", "May fourth is Anno Domini.", "The savagery of men.", "The last hope of the race is the light of the Mother.", "The Epilogue of The Reign of King Henry VI is a reference.", "The Death of Edward of Lancaster at Tewkesbury is linked to the Richard III Society." ]

[ "Edward", "Edward", "Edward", "Edward", "Edward", "Edward", "Edward", "Edward", "Edward", "Edward", "Edward", "Edward", "Edward", "Edward IV", "Edward", "Edward", "Edward IV", "Edward IV", "Edward IV", "Edward", "Edward IV", "Edward", "Edward IV", "Edward IV", "Edward", "Edward", "Edward Hall", "Edward", "Edward IV", "Edward", "Edward", "Edward", "Edward", "Edward" ]

[ "Edward", "Edward", "Prince", "Edward", "Edward", "Edward", "Edward", "Edward", "Edward", "Edward", "Edward", "Edward", "Edward", "Edward", "Edward IV", "Edward IV", "Edward IV", "Edward", "Edward IV", "Edward", "Edward IV", "Edward IV", "Edward", "Edward", "Edward Hall", "Edward", "Edward", "Edward", "Edward", "Edward" ]

[ "George Henry Hubert Lascelles, 7th Earl of Harewood, (7 February 1923 – 11 July 2011), styled The Honourable George Lascelles before 1929 and Viscount Lascelles between 1929 and 1947, was a British classical music administrator and author.", "He served as director of the Royal Opera House (1951–53; 1969–72), chairman of the board of the English National Opera (ENO) (1986–95); managing director of the ENO (1972–85), managing director of the English National Opera North (1978–81), governor of the BBC (1985–87), and president of the British Board of Film Classification (1985–96).", "Harewood was the elder son of the 6th Earl of Harewood and Princess Mary, Princess Royal, the only daughter of King George V and Queen Mary.", "At his birth, he was 6th in the line of succession; at his death, he was 46th.", "Lord Harewood was the eldest grandchild of King George V and Queen Mary, nephew of both King Edward VIII and King George VI and first cousin of Queen Elizabeth II.", "He succeeded to his father's earldom on 24 May 1947.", "Early life \nGeorge Lascelles was born at his parents' London home of Chesterfield House on 7 February 1923, the first child of Henry Lascelles, Viscount Lascelles, and Princess Mary, Viscountess Lascelles, and first grandchild of King George V and Queen Mary, who stood as sponsors at his christening.", "The christening took place on 25 March 1923 at St Mary's Church in the village of Goldsborough, near Knaresborough adjoining the family home Goldsborough Hall.", "After his grandfather's death in 1929, he was styled as Viscount Lascelles as his father succeeded to the earldom.", "He served as a Page of Honour at the coronation of his uncle King George VI in May 1937.", "He was raised at Harewood House in Yorkshire.", "He was educated at Ludgrove School, Eton College and King's College, Cambridge.", "His time at university was interrupted by the Second World War.", "Military service\nLascelles joined the British Army where he was commissioned as a second lieutenant into the Grenadier Guards (his father's regiment) in 1942, attaining the rank of captain.", "He fought with the 3rd Battalion of the regiment, part of the 1st Guards Brigade of the 78th Infantry Division (the brigade was later transferred to the 6th Armoured Division), serving in North Africa and Italy, but was wounded and captured at Monte Corno on 18 June 1944, the anniversary of both his father's injury in the First World War and the Battle of Waterloo, in which his great-great-grandfather was injured.", "He was held as a prisoner of war in Oflag IV-C (Colditz) till May 1945.", "As the nephew of King George VI, Lascelles was one of the Prominente at Colditz, considered a potential bargaining chip by the Nazis.", "In March 1945, Hitler signed his death warrant; the SS general in command of prisoner-of-war camps, Gottlob Berger, realizing the war was lost, refused to carry out the sentence and released the Viscount to the Swiss.", "In 1945–46, he served as aide-de-camp to his great uncle, Lord Athlone, who was then Governor General of Canada.", "Lord Harewood served as a Counsellor of State in 1947, 1953–54, and 1956.", "House of Lords\nLascelles succeeded his father in 1947.", "On 7 February 1956, he took his seat in the House of Lords.", "He lost his seat in the Lords following the House of Lords Act of 1999, which excluded hereditary peers from membership.", "Career\n\nOpera \nA music enthusiast, Lord Harewood devoted most of his career to opera with his Yorkshire heritage fostering his interest; in March 1949, as a young single man, he had been among the audience at the Leeds Town Hall for a performance of operatic works by the Yorkshire Symphony Orchestra.", "By 1950, he had become patron of the orchestra's concerts.", "He served as editor of Opera magazine from 1950 to 1953.", "In February 1950, it was reported that he had launched the magazine at a large party at the London house of Richard Buckle with many music-loving guests in attendance.", "He was director of the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden from 1951 to 1953 and again from 1969 to 1972.", "He served as chairman of the board of the English National Opera (ENO) from 1986 to 1995; Managing Director of the ENO from 1972 to 1985 and was Artistic Director of both the Edinburgh and Adelaide Festivals.", "From 1958 to 1974, he was General/Artistic Director of the Leeds Triennial Musical Festival.", "He was Managing Director of the ENO offshoot English National Opera North from 1978 to 1981.", "Lord Harewood served as a governor of the BBC from 1985 to 1987 and as the president of the British Board of Film Classification from 1985 to 1996.", "He was the author or editor of three books, Kobbé's Complete Opera Book (ed.", "1954, now The New Kobbé's Opera Book, edited with Antony Peattie, latest ed.", "1997; and The New Pocket Kobbé's Opera Book, edited with his step-son Michael Shmith, 2000), The Tongs and the Bones (an autobiography, 1981), and Kobbé's Illustrated Opera Book (ed.", "1989).", "He was chairman of Historic Masters, an unusual vinyl record label dedicated to high quality issues of rare historic 78 rpm recordings of opera singers.", "He was a noted friend and colleague of the late opera diva Maria Callas and is featured in the 1968 EMI documentary The Callas Conversations Vol.", "I, during which he interviewed Callas at length concerning her career and ideas about opera.", "Football \nHis other interests included football: he served as president of Leeds United Football Club from 1961 until his death and was president of the Football Association from 1963 to 1972.", "He died on 11 July 2011, aged 88.", "Public life \nLascelles was the only person to serve as Counsellor of State without being a Prince of the United Kingdom, serving from 1945 to 1951, then 1952 to 1956.", "He served as chancellor of the University of York from 1962 to 1967.", "He was ranked number 1355 in the Sunday Times Rich List 2008 with an estimated wealth of £55 million—his magnificent art treasures, held in trust and valued at more than £50 million, and a estate outside Leeds.", "The estate and house, Harewood House, are held by a charity with £9 million of assets, and were not counted as part of his wealth.", "Honours \n\nQueen Elizabeth II created him a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE) in the Queen's Birthday Honours List on 13 June 1986.", "On 1 July 2010 he was appointed an Honorary Member of the Order of Australia (AM), \"for service to the arts in Australia and to supporting Australia's artists in the United Kingdom\".", "In 1959, Harewood received the Grand Decoration in Silver with Sash for Services to the Republic of Austria.", "Marriages and issue \n\nOn 29 September 1949 at St. Mark's Church, London, Lord Harewood married Marion Stein, a concert pianist and the daughter of the Viennese music publisher Erwin Stein.", "Because of Harewood's position in the line of succession, the marriage was subject to approval from the sovereign, under the Royal Marriages Act 1772.", "Queen Mary, mother of George VI, objected to the marriage but permission was eventually granted.", "Benjamin Britten, a friend of the Stein family, composed an anthem, \"Amo Ergo Sum\", for the wedding ceremony.", "Lord and Lady Harewood had three sons:\n\n David, 8th Earl of Harewood, born 21 October 1950.", "He married Margaret Messenger on 12 February 1979; they were divorced in 1989.", "They have four children and seven grandchildren.", "He married Diane Howse on 11 March 1990.", "The Honourable James Lascelles, born 5 October 1953.", "He married Fredericka Duhrrson on 4 April 1973; they were divorced in 1985.", "They have two children and one granddaughter.", "He married secondly Lori Lee on 4 May 1985; they were divorced in 1996.", "They have two children and one grandson.", "He married thirdly Joy Elias-Rilwan on 30 January 1999.", "The Honourable Jeremy Lascelles, born 14 February 1955.", "He married Julie Bayliss on 4 July 1981; they were divorced.", "They have three children and four grandchildren.", "He married Catherine Bell on 7 January 1999.", "They have a daughter.", "The earl's marriage to Marion Stein ended in divorce in 1967, after the earl's mistress, Patricia \"Bambi\" Tuckwell - an Australian violinist and sister of the musician Barry Tuckwell - gave birth to his son.", "This was considered an enormous scandal at the time, and caused the couple to be ostracised for some years, even after their relationship was made legal.", "Stein went on to marry politician Jeremy Thorpe.", "Lord Harewood married Tuckwell (24 November 1926 – 4 May 2018) on 31 July 1967.", "The wedding took place at Waveny Park in New Canaan, Connecticut.", "They were obliged to be married abroad as, in England, registry office marriages were barred at the time for persons covered by the Royal Marriages Act, and divorcees could not marry in the Church of England.", "They had one son, The Hon.", "Mark Hubert Lascelles, born 4 July 1964.", "He married, first, Andrea Kershaw (born 16 June 1964) on 8 August 1992 and divorced in 2005.", "They have three daughters.", "He married Judith Ann Kilburn on 16 July 2011.", "Death \n\nLord Harewood died peacefully at home, 11 July 2011, aged 88 years.", "A private, but well-attended stately home funeral was held on July 15th.", "Books \n\nThe Tongs and the Bones: The Memoirs of Lord Harewood, published by George Weidenfeld & Nicolson (1981), is George Lascelles' autobiography\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n\n George Lascelles, 7th Earl of Harewood interview by Bruce Duffie\n Obituary, The Daily Telegraph, 12 July 2011.", "Appearance on Desert Island Discs 26 December 1981\n Archival Material at \n\n1923 births\n2011 deaths\nGrenadier Guards officers\nEnglish Anglicans\nEnglish football chairmen and investors\nKnights Commander of the Order of the British Empire\nHonorary Members of the Order of Australia\nRecipients of the Grand Decoration with Sash for Services to the Republic of Austria\nPages of Honour\nPresidents of the Football Association\nBritish Army personnel of World War II\nBritish World War II prisoners of war\nPrisoners of war held at Colditz Castle\nOpera managers\nOpera North\nOpera critics\nAlumni of King's College, Cambridge\nPeople educated at Eton College\nPeople educated at Ludgrove School\nChancellors of the University of York\nHonorary Members of the Royal Philharmonic Society\nGeorge\nSportspeople from Yorkshire\n7\n20th-century English businesspeople" ]

[ "George Henry Lascelles, 7th Earl of Harewood, styled The Honourable George Lascelles before 1929 and Viscount Lascelles between 1947 and 1929, was a British classical music administrator and author.", "He was the director of the Royal Opera House, chairman of the board of the English National Opera, and managing director of the English National Opera North.", "Harewood was the elder son of the 6th Earl of Harewood and Princess Mary, Princess Royal, the only daughter of King George V and Queen Mary.", "At his birth, he was 6th in the line of succession, but at his death he was 46th.", "The first cousin of Queen Elizabeth II, Lord Harewood was the oldest grandchild of King George V and Queen Mary.", "On May 24, 1947, he succeeded to his father's earldom.", "George Lascelles was the first child of Henry Lascelles, Viscount Lascelles, and Princess Mary, and the first grandchild of King George V and Queen Mary.", "The event took place at St Mary's Church in the village of Goldsborough next to the family home Goldsborough Hall.", "His father succeeded to the earldom after his grandfather's death in 1929.", "He was a Page of Honour at his uncle King George VI's coronation in 1937.", "He was raised at Harewood House.", "He attended a number of schools, including King's College, Cambridge.", "The Second World War interrupted his time at university.", "In 1942, Lascelles was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the British Army and became a captain.", "He was wounded and captured at Monte Corno on June 18, 1944, while he was with the 3rd Battalion of the regiment, part of the 1st Guards brigade of the 78th Infantry Division.", "He was a prisoner of war in Oflag IV-C until May 1945.", "Lascelles was considered a potential bargaining chip by the Nazis because he was the nephew of King George VI.", "Hitler signed his death warrant in March 1945, the general in charge of prisoner-of-war camps refused to carry out the sentence, and the Viscount was released to the Swiss.", "He was an aide-de-camp to his great uncle, the Governor General of Canada.", "In 1947, 1952, and 1956, Lord Harewood was a Counsellor of State.", "The House of Lascelles succeeded his father.", "He took his seat in the House of Lords in February of 1956.", "The House of Lords Act of 1999 excluded hereditary peers from membership.", "Lord Harewood devoted most of his career to opera with his Yorkshire heritage fostering his interest; in March 1949, as a young single man, he had been among the audience at a performance of operatic works by the Yorkshire Symphony Orchestra.", "He became a patron of the orchestra by 1950.", "He was editor of Opera magazine from 1950 to1953.", "In February 1950, it was reported that he had launched the magazine at a large party at the London house of Richard Buckle with many music-loving guests in attendance.", "From 1969 to 1972 he was the director of the Royal Opera House.", "He served as chairman of the board of the English National Opera from 1986 to 1995 and as Managing Director of the ENO from 1972 to 1985.", "He was the artistic director of the Triennial Musical Festival from 1974 to 1978.", "He was the Managing Director of the English National Opera North from 1978 to 1981.", "The president of the British Board of Film Classification from 1985 to 1996 was Lord Harewood.", "He was the author or editor of three books.", "The New Kobbé's Opera Book was edited by Antony Peattie.", "The New Pocket Kobbé's Opera Book, edited with his step-son Michael Shmith, was published in 1997.", "1989", "He was chairman of Historic Masters, an unusual vinyl record label dedicated to high quality issues of rare historic 78rpm recordings of opera singers.", "He was a friend and colleague of the late opera diva Maria Callas.", "He interviewed Callas about her career and ideas about opera.", "He was president of the Football Association from 1963 to 1972 and the president of the Leeds United Football Club from 1961 to 1961.", "He died on July 11, 2011.", "From 1945 to 1951, Lascelles was the only person to serve as Counsellor of State without being a Prince of the United Kingdom.", "He was chancellor of the University of York from 1962 to 1967.", "He was ranked number 1355 in the Sunday Times Rich List 2008 with an estimated wealth of more than £50 million, and his magnificent art treasures, held in trust and valued at more than £50 million.", "Harewood House was not counted as part of his wealth because it was held by a charity with $9 million of assets.", "He was made a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire on 13 June 1986 by Queen Elizabeth II.", "He was made an \"Honorary Member of the Order of Australia (AM) for service to the arts in Australia and to supporting Australia's artists in the United Kingdom\".", "Harewood was decorated for services to the Republic of Austria.", "Lord Harewood married the daughter of a music publisher on September 29, 1949 at St. Mark's Church, London.", "Harewood's position in the line of succession made the marriage subject to approval from the monarch.", "Permission was granted after Queen Mary objected to the marriage.", "The Stein family had a friend compose an anthem for their wedding ceremony.", "The 8th Earl of Harewood, David, was born in October 1950.", "Margaret Messenger was married to him on 12 February 1979 and they were divorced in 1989.", "There are four children and seven grandchildren for them.", "He married Diane Howse in 1990.", "James Lascelles was born on October 5, 1953.", "He was married to Fredericka Duhrrson on April 4, 1973.", "They have three children and a granddaughter.", "They were divorced in 1996.", "They have three children and a grandson.", "He married thirdly on January 30, 1999.", "Jeremy Lascelles was born on February 14, 1955.", "They were divorced after he married Julie Bayliss.", "There are three children and four grandchildren for them.", "He married Catherine Bell in 1999.", "They have a child.", "The earl's marriage to Marion Stein ended in divorce in 1967, after the earl's mistress gave birth to his son.", "The scandal caused the couple to be ostracised for a long time, even after their relationship was made legal.", "Stein married Jeremy Thorpe.", "Lord Harewood married Tuckwell on July 31, 1967.", "The wedding was held at Waveny Park.", "In England, registry office marriages were not allowed for people covered by the Royal Marriages Act and divorcees couldn't marry in the Church of England.", "They had a son named The Hon.", "Mark Lascelles was born in 1964.", "He was married to the first time, on 8 August 1992 and divorced in 2005.", "They have three daughters.", "He married Judith Ann Kilburn.", "Death Lord Harewood died peacefully at home.", "The funeral was held in a stately home.", "George Lascelles was the 7th Earl of Harewood in an interview with Bruce Duffie.", "There was an appearance on Desert Island Discs on December 26, 1981 where there was archival material at 1923 births and deaths." ]

[ "George Henry Hubert Lascelles", "George Lascelles", "Harewood", "George V", "George V", "George", "George Lascelles", "George V", "George", "George", "Lord Harewood", "Harewood", "Lord Harewood", "Harewood", "Lord Harewood", "Harewood", "George", "Harewood", "Lord Harewood", "Harewood", "Lord Harewood", "George Lascelles", "George Lascelles" ]

[ "George Henry Lascelles", "George Lascelles", "Harewood", "George V", "George V", "George Lascelles", "George V", "George VI", "George", "Harewood", "Harewood", "Lord Harewood", "Harewood", "Harewood", "Harewood", "Harewood", "George Lascelles" ]

[ "Madame Minna Craucher (23 August 1891 – 8 March 1932) was the false name of Maria Vilhelmiina Lindell, a Finnish socialite and spy.", "Her home was a noted salon for various writers and artists.", "She also did espionage, originally for the Cheka, the Soviet secret police, and was arrested three times for fraud.", "She also had connections to the right-wing Lapua Movement.", "She became the subject of several books and stories.", "In 1932 she was murdered with a shot to the head.", "Biography\n\nEarly years\nMaria Vilhelmiina Lindell, originally from Aalto, was born in poor conditions in Pirkkala as the illegitimate child of a 16-year-old Nokia-born maid, Olga Aalto.", "Maria got a new surname from her stepfather Vilho Oskari Lindell.", "Maria's mother died on 29 August 1906, when Maria was only 15 years old.", "After living with relatives for some time, the early independent Maria moved to Tampere, after which she severed relations with her family.", "Maria did not have a permanent address and she stole a lot, as a result of which she ended up dealing with the authorities several times, even having to go to jail for unpaid fines.", "In 1913, Maria Lindell moved to Helsinki for the first time.", "Her first child had died in 1908 within two weeks of its birth.", "She left her second child in Tampere for care.", "Accused of several thefts, Maria Lindell was imprisoned for the second time on 24 October 1914, and gave birth to a boy while serving her sentence.", "After being released from prison, Maria Lindell was taken to the women's shelter, Villa Elseboh, in Huopalahti, maintained by the Finnish Prison Association.", "According to Kari Selén, who wrote her biography, Lindell took advantage of the shelter, although at the same time she worked as a babysitter there.", "Lindell served her third and final prison sentence convicted of thefts from 1920 to 1923.", "This prison period marked a frontier, after which Maria Lindell became \"Madame Minna Craucher\" with various phases.", "\"Madame Craucher\"\n\nThanks to the \"Madame Craucher\" identity created with the help of her lively imagination and attraction, she probably appeared in the high society of Helsinki in the early spring of 1925.", "According to her story, she was a German noblewoman, a millionaire and a generous art lover.", "Finnish descent explained proficiency in the Finnish language.", "The sets included a Willys Knight convertible from Stockmann for a down payment and a driver with a \"Russian prince\" in the background.", "In 1925, Craucher met 12 years younger Olavi Paavolainen, whose mistress she would be for several years.", "Together with journalist Ensio Svanberg, Minna Craucher co-founded the \"Entertainment and Travel Directory\", a magazine that later became known as Seura (meaning \"The Society\") and was published in 1926–1929.", "The authors of the magazine included at least Kersti Bergroth, Pentti Haanpää, Martti Merenmaa, Elina Vaara, Väinö Nuorteva, and Mika Waltari.", "The editors-in-chief were Yrjö Rauanheimo, Lauri Viljanen and Waltari.", "Minna Craucher was the acquirer and marketer of the magazine's advertising space.", "As the magazine itself was not very attractive, Craucher even resorted to blackmail in obtaining advertising contracts.", "Madame Craucher's salon was a popular gathering place for Tulenkantajat (\"The Flame Bearers\") and other young writers of the time because of her generous service and her fascinating persona.", "Of the authors who visited Craucher's salon, at least Joel Lehtonen, Martti Merenmaa and Mika Waltari have described the salon and its owner.", "The salon was located at Freesenkatu 4 A 3.", "The salon, or apartment Madame Craucher, was bought by master builder K. E. Lund on 7 November 1924.", "The 47-square-meter apartment at that time was a modern type of apartment, a double apartment.", "The most striking part of it was the Turkish room.", "The colorful interior was softened by suitable lighting.", "The materials were stunning: oriental rugs all the way to the walls, brass tobacco tables and a large number of cushions to sit on.", "From Freesenkatu, Craucher later moved to Mechelininkatu 23 A 20.", "In the Lapua Movement\nWhen the Seura magazine ceased to be published in 1929, the focus of Craucher's activities shifted to officers and right-wing politicians.", "According to Selén, young officers – like young writers – were exposed to Madame's entertainment.", "Craucher herself, for her part, felt drawn to uniforms, according to the author of the biography.", "Craucher got involved in the right-wing Lapua Movement by first talking about herself as an advertiser for its Aktivisti magazine.", "Here she took advantage of fabricated recommendations from Marshal Mannerheim, among others.", "Among other things, Craucher arranged and partially donated armbands for the participants of the Peasant March.", "Later, when Craucher had established close relations with the leaders of the movement, such as Vihtori Kosola, and gained influence, she began to be nicknamed \"Captain of Lapua\" or \"Captain of Lapua Movement\".", "Esko Riekki, the head of the Finnish Security Police, defined Craucher's role in the Lapua Movement in September 1930 as follows:\n\nDeath\n\nCraucher became unpopular with the Lapua Movement and began to be suspected of being a communist agent.", "This was influenced by her covert background, which was revealed by the Finnish Security Police to the leadership of the Lapua Movement.", "Unpopularity was particularly fueled by the deep contradiction between the movement's general secretary, Martti Wallenius, and Craucher.", "Craucher can be said to have partially fulfilled the suspicions against her.", "However, the target was not the Communists but the Social Democrats.", "She told about the activities of the Lapua movement through Kalle Lehmus, the Suomen Sosialidemokraatti magazine.", "She also implied that she was in possession of a secret organization chart of the movement.", "Possibly, Craucher's statement to Olavi Runolinna, economist and supporter of the Lapua Movement, about the threat of \"changing sides\" caused the unstable and drunk Runolinna to shoot Craucher to death in her apartment on 8 March 1932; initially, in a murder investigation conducted by the police, Martti Wallenius was considered the main suspect.", "Craucher's murder has been interpreted as part of the follow-up to the Mäntsälä rebellion.", "After her death, Esko Riekki wrote:\n\nIn popular culture\n\nFictional literature references related to Minna Craucher\n Joel Lehtonen: Rakastunut rampa (1922); a character named Mimmi Byskata is based on Craucher.", "Martti Merenmaa: Nousuvesi (1926); a character named Mrs. Pomaré is based on Craucher.", "Mika Waltari: Suuri illusioni (1928); a character named Mrs. Spindel is based on Craucher.", "Kjell Westö: Hägring 38 (2013)\n\nSee also\n Ruben Oskar Auervaara\n\nFurther reading\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n Adelsdamen och horan.", "Finlandssvenska krimpodden 20 December 2019.", "Rundradion.", "(in Swedish)\n Craucher, Minna at Uppslagsverket Finland (in Swedish)\n\n1891 births\n1932 deaths\nPeople from Pirkkala\nPeople from Häme Province (Grand Duchy of Finland)\nPolitical history of Finland\nFinnish salon-holders\nFinnish murder victims\nFinnish spies\nDeaths by firearm in Finland\nPeople murdered in Finland\nFraudsters" ]

[ "Maria Vilhelmiina Lindell had a false name and was a spy.", "She owned a salon for writers and artists.", "She worked for the Cheka, the Soviet secret police, and was arrested three times for fraud.", "She had connections to the Lapua movement.", "She was the subject of several books.", "She was shot in the head.", "Maria Vilhelmiina Lindell was the illegitimate child of a 16-year-old Nokia-born maid and was born in poor conditions.", "Maria got a new name from her mother.", "Maria was only 15 years old when her mother died.", "Maria severed relations with her family after she moved to Tampere.", "Maria was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "Maria Lindell moved to Helsinki in 1913.", "Within two weeks of its birth, her first child died.", "She left her child in Tampere.", "Maria Lindell gave birth to a boy while she was in prison for the second time, Accused of several thefts, she was imprisoned for the second time on 24 October 1914, and gave birth to a boy while serving her sentence.", "Maria was taken to the women's shelter in Huopalahti after being released from prison.", "At the same time she worked as a babysitter at the shelter, Lindell took advantage of it.", "From 1920 to 1923, she served three prison sentences for theft.", "Maria Lindell became \"Madame Minna Craucher\" after this prison period.", "She appeared in the high society of Helsinki in the early spring of 1925 thanks to her lively imagination and attraction.", "She was a German noblewoman, a millionaire and a generous art lover according to her story.", "The Finns explained their ability in the language.", "The sets included a convertible from Stockmann for a down payment and a driver with a \"Russian prince\" in the background.", "The younger Olavi Paavolainen had a mistress for several years.", "Minna and Ensio Svanberg co-founded the \"Entertainment and Travel Directory\", a magazine that later became known as Seura.", "The authors of the magazine were Kersti Bergroth, Pentti Haanp, Martti Merenmaa, Elina Vaara, Vin Nuorteva, and Mika Waltari.", "The three editors-in-chief were Yrj Rauanheimo, Lauri Viljanen and Waltari.", "Minna was the magazine's marketer.", "As the magazine was not very attractive, he used blackmail to get advertising contracts.", "The Flame Bearers and other young writers used to gather at Madame Craucher's salon because of her generous service and fascinating persona.", "The salon and its owner have been described by at least three authors who visited it.", "The salon is located at Freesenkatu 4 A 3.", "K. E. Lund bought the salon on November 7, 1924.", "The double apartment at that time was a modern type of apartment.", "The Turkish room was the most striking part.", "The lighting softened the interior.", "The materials were stunning: oriental rugs all the way to the walls, brass tobacco tables and a large number of cushions to sit on.", "The man moved from Freesenkatu to Mechelininkatu 23 A 20.", "When the Seura magazine ceased to be published in 1929, the focus of the Lapua movement shifted to officers and right-wing politicians.", "Young officers were exposed to Madame's entertainment.", "The author of the biography said that she felt drawn to uniforms.", "She was an advertiser for Aktivisti magazine when she got involved in the Lapua movement.", "She was able to take advantage of fabricated recommendations from other people.", "The Peasant March participants had armbands arranged by Craucher.", "She became known as the \"Captain of Lapua\" when she gained influence over the leaders of the movement.", "In September 1930, the head of the Security Police of the Finns, Esko Riekki, defined Death Craucher's role in the Lapua Movement.", "The Lapua movement was influenced by her secret background, which was revealed by the security police.", "Unpopularity was caused by the deep contradiction between the movement's general secretary, Martti Wallenius, and the president.", "She can be said to have fulfilled some of the suspicions against her.", "The target was the Social Democrats.", "She told about the activities of the Lapua movement.", "She said she had a secret organization chart of the movement.", "On March 8, 1932, Olavi Runolinna, an economist and supporter of the Lapua movement, shot and killed Craucher in her apartment after she made a statement about changing sides.", "The following-up to the Mntsl rebellion has been interpreted as the reason for Craucher's murder.", "In popular culture, a character named Mimmi Byskata is based on Minna Craucher.", "The character Mrs. Pomaré is based on Martti Merenmaa.", "Mrs. Spindel is based on Mika Waltari's Suuri illusioni.", "References External links are provided by Ruben Oskar Auervaara and Kjell West: Hgring 38.", "The krimpodden was held in Finnssvenska on 20 December 2019.", "Rundradion.", "There are people from Hme Province and people from Minna at Uppslagsverket." ]

[ "Minna Craucher", "Minna", "Craucher", "Minna", "Craucher", "Minna" ]

[ "Minna", "Minna", "Minna" ]

[ "Henry Scott Tuke (12 June 1858 – 13 March 1929), was an English visual artist; primarily a painter, but also a photographer.", "His most notable work was in the Impressionist style, and he is best known for his paintings of nude boys and young men.", "Trained at the Slade School of Art under Alphonse Legros and Sir Edward Poynter, Tuke developed a close relationship with the Newlyn School of painters, his work being exhibited at the Royal Academy of Arts, of which he became a Full Member.", "In addition to his achievements as a figurative painter, he was an established maritime artist and produced many portraits of sailing ships.", "He was highly prolific, with over 1,300 works listed and more being discovered.", "Early life\n\nTuke was born at Lawrence Street, York, into the prominent Quaker Tuke family.", "His brother William Samuel Tuke was born two years earlier in 1856.", "His father, Daniel Hack Tuke, a well-known medical doctor specialising in psychiatry, was a campaigner for humane treatment of the insane.", "His great-great-grandfather William Tuke had founded the Retreat at York, one of the first modern insane asylums, in 1796.", "His great-grandfather Henry Tuke, grandfather Samuel Tuke and uncle James Hack Tuke were also well-known social activists.", "The Tuke family's ancestry can be traced back to Sir Brian Tuke, who served as an adviser to King Henry VIII of England (replacing Sir Thomas More).", "In 1859 the family moved to Falmouth in Cornwall where it was hoped the warmer climate would benefit Tuke's father, Daniel, who had developed symptoms of tuberculosis.", "Daniel survived there and lived on until he was 68.", "He established a small doctor's practice in his house in Wood Lane.", "His sister, Maria Tuke Sainsbury (1861–1947)—who wrote a biography of her brother after his death—was born there.", "William went on to study medicine but Henry, or Harry as he was called by the family, showed no interest in the profession.", "Tuke was encouraged to draw and paint from an early age.", "Tuke and his siblings were taught by a governess at home.", "Maria described their childhood in Falmouth as \"a very happy and healthy one\" and the long summer days spent on the beach and swimming in the sea had a lasting effect on Tuke; other enduring memories were the firm friendships the young Tuke formed.", "In 1874 Tuke moved to London, where he enrolled in the Slade School of Art.", "It was in Falmouth that the young Tuke had been introduced to the pleasures of nude sea bathing, a habit he continued into old age.", "After graduating he travelled to Italy in 1880, and from 1881 to 1883 he lived in Paris, where he studied with the French history painter Jean-Paul Laurens and met the American painter John Singer Sargent (who was also a painter of male nudes, although this was little known in his lifetime).", "During the 1880s Tuke also met Oscar Wilde and other prominent poets and writers such as John Addington Symonds, most of whom were homosexual (then usually called Uranian) and who celebrated the adolescent male.", "He wrote a \"sonnet to youth\" which was published anonymously in The Artist, and also contributed an essay to The Studio.", "Newlyn School\n\nIn 1883, Tuke returned to Britain and moved to Newlyn, Cornwall joining a small colony of artists including Walter Langley, Albert Chevallier Tayler and Thomas Cooper Gotch.", "These painters, and others, became known as the Newlyn School.", "He worked from Rose Cottage at Tregadgwith Farm, Cornwall at the head of the Lamorna valley.", "In Newlyn, in 1884, Tuke completed his first painting of boys in boats.", "Called Summertime, it depicts two local boys, John Wesley Kitching and John Cotton, in a punt called Little Argo.", "Tuke's style was more impressionistic than that of the other Newlyn painters and he only stayed a short time.", "However, he remained close friends with many of the artists until his death.", "Falmouth\n\nTuke painted oil studies of young male nudes during a tour of Italy in his early twenties in 1881, but the theme did not become central to his work until after 1885, when he had moved back to Falmouth, then still a secluded part of Cornwall and a part of the country with a very mild climate that was more agreeable for nude bathing.", "There Tuke focused on maritime scenes and portraits, which showed boys and young men bathing, fishing and sunbathing on sunny beaches.", "He settled at Swanpool and bought a fishing boat for £40, 'Julie of Nantes', and converted it into a floating studio and living quarters.", "He rented two rooms in Pennance Cottage, situated between Pennance Point and Swanpool Beach.", "The cottage remained Tuke's permanent base until his death, although he often lived aboard boats.", "Here he could indulge his passion for painting boys.", "His early models were brought down from London but he soon befriended some of the local fishermen and swimmers in Falmouth who became his close friends and models.", "These included Edward John \"Johnny\" Jackett (1878–1935), Charlie Mitchell (1885–1957), who looked after Tuke's boats, Willie Sainsbury, Tuke's eldest nephew, Leo Marshall, Georgie and Richard Fouracre (sons of his housekeeper), George Williams – younger son of close neighbours, Maurice Clift – nephew of a family friend, Ainsley Marks, Jack Rolling (in some sources misspelt \"Rowling\") Freddy Hall, Bert White and Harry Cleave.", "Due to Tuke's habit of interchanging heads and bodies of his models in his paintings, it is often not possible to identify each figure exactly.", "All of Tuke's regular models were eventually called up during the First World War, and some did not return, including Maurice Clift (a model for August Blue) who was killed in France.", "Tuke established an art gallery in Falmouth with William Ayerst Ingram as a commercial outlet mainly for their own paintings.", "He would often commute to London as Falmouth was well served with a railway service and he was not therefore isolated from the London art scene.", "He produced numerous portraits of society figures, local officials and members of the Tuke family circle.", "He also painted many more saleable landscapes and was well regarded as a painter of ships in sail.", "Henry Scott Tuke was elected Associate of the Royal Academy in 1900 and Royal Academician in 1914.", "Style\n\nTuke favoured rough, visible brush strokes, at a time when a smooth, polished finish was favoured by fashionable painters and critics.", "He had a strong sense of colour and excelled in the depiction of natural light, particularly the soft, fragile sunlight of the English summer.", "Although Tuke often finished paintings in the studio, photographic evidence shows that he worked mainly in the open air, which accounts for their freshness of colour and the realistic effects of sunlight reflected by the sea and on the naked flesh of his models.", "In his early paintings, Tuke placed his male nudes in mythological contexts, but the critics found these works to be rather formal, lifeless and flaccid.", "From the 1890s, Tuke abandoned mythological themes and began to paint local boys fishing, sailing, swimming and diving, and also began to paint in a more naturalistic style.", "His handling of paint became freer, and he began using bold, fresh colour.", "One of his best-known paintings from this period is August Blue (1893–94; Tate, London), a study of four mostly nude youths bathing from a boat.", "The Looe artist, Lindsay Symington (1872–1942), modelled for the blonde boy holding onto the boat in the water; though not a regular model, Symington was a good friend of Tuke, the latter often visiting the Symington family home, Pixies' Holt, at Dartmeet.", "Tuke painted some female nudes but these were not as successful as his male nude paintings.", "Tuke's paintings of nude youths are never explicitly sexual.", "The models' genitals are almost never shown, they are almost never in physical contact with each other, and there is never any suggestion of overt sexuality.", "Most of the paintings have the nude models standing or crouching on the beach facing out to sea, so only the back view is displayed.", "Tuke is also regarded as an important maritime artist.", "Over the years, he painted many pictures of the majestic sailing ships, mainly in watercolour, that were common until the 1930s.", "Tuke was often fascinated with the beauty of a fully rigged ship, and since his childhood could draw them from memory.", "His decision to return to Falmouth in 1885 was, in part, influenced by the constant presence of the ships there.", "Tuke enjoyed a considerable reputation, and he earned enough money from his paintings to enable him to travel abroad and he painted in France, Italy and the West Indies.", "In 1900 a banquet was held in his honour at the Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society.", "He was elected to the Royal Academy of Arts in 1914.", "Major examples of his male nudes were purchased by major art galleries including The Bathers at Leeds Art Gallery in 1890 and August Blue at the Tate, London in 1894.", "But he was also well known as a portraitist, and maintained a London studio to work on his commissions.", "Among his best known portraits is that of soldier and writer T. E. Lawrence (\"Lawrence of Arabia\").", "Death\n\nIn later life Tuke was in poor health for many years, and died in Falmouth in 1929 and was buried in a Falmouth cemetery close to his home.", "He kept a detailed diary all his life but only two volumes survived after his death and have since been published.", "He also kept a detailed artist's Register which survives and has been published by the Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society in Falmouth.", "Legacy\n\nAfter his death, Tuke's reputation faded, and he was largely forgotten until the 1970s, when he was rediscovered by the first generation of openly gay artists and art collectors.", "He has since become something of a cult figure in gay cultural circles, with lavish editions of his paintings published and his works fetching high prices at auctions.", "Elton John is a keen collector of Tuke's works and in 2008 loaned eleven of his own pieces, including works in oil, pastel and watercolour, for an exhibition in Falmouth.", "Commemoration\nThe student halls of residence at University College Falmouth are named after Tuke, a tribute to him as both an artist, and a famous resident of the town.", "At the time they were built and named, the school was known as the Falmouth College of Arts.", "Also in Falmouth is a collection of 279 of Tuke's works belonging to the Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society, the largest such collection in public ownership.", "The bulk were donated by a single collector in the 1960s, but the Society maintains a policy of adding to the collection.", "Exhibitions and publications\nIn 2008, to mark the 150th anniversary of Tuke's birth, there were three exhibitions of his work:\n 2008-05-03 to 2008-07-12: Catching the light: the sunshine paintings of Henry Scott Tuke.", "2008-09-06 to 2008-09-27: Tall ships.", "10 May – 12 July 2008: Catching the Light: A Retrospective of Henry Scott Tuke, Royal Cornwall Museum, Truro\n7 June – 12 July 2008: A Hidden Treasure Revealed: A selection of the works on paper by Henry Scott Tuke from the Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society, the Royal Cornwall Museum, Truro\n21 July – 28 August 2008: Catching the Light: The Art of Henry Scott Tuke at the Fine Art Society, New Bond Street, London\n7 June - 12 September 2021 Watts Gallery https://www.wattsgallery.org.uk/whats-on/henry-scott-tuke/\n\nCollections \nH.S.", "Tuke's works are held in a number of galleries and museums including Tate, Hunterian Art Gallery, Grundy Art Gallery, Walker Art Gallery, Leamington Spa Art Gallery & Museum, Bodleian Libraries, Royal Academy of Arts, Guildhall Art Gallery.", "The papers of H.S.", "Tuke and Thomas Cooper Gotch are also held in the Tate Archive collections (TGA 9019).", "The papers in the Tate Archive provide context in which Tuke worked, not just the locations of his paintings and the relationships with his models, but his artistic allegiances such as his deep friendship with the painter Thomas Cooper Gotch.", "Other works\n\nReferences\n\nSources\n\n Cooper, Emmanuel (2003) The Life and Work of Henry Scott Tuke (with 35 colour and 25 monochrome plates), Heretic Books \n Falmouth Art Gallery Collection volume 6 (2005) Falmouth Tukes Falmouth Art Gallery \n Wainwright, David & Dinn, Catherine (1989) Henry Scott Tuke 1858–1929: under canvas, Sarema Press \n Wallace, Catherine (2008) Catching the Light: the art and life of Henry Scott Tuke 1858–1929, Edinburgh: Atelier Books \n Wallace, Catherine (2008) Henry Scott Tuke Paintings from Cornwall, Halsgrove (This features paintings in the collection of the Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society.)", "External links\n\n Tuke works in Falmouth Art Gallery\n\n1858 births\n1929 deaths\n19th-century English painters\n20th-century English painters\nAlumni of the Slade School of Fine Art\nBritish marine artists\nEnglish Quakers\nEnglish expatriates in France\nEnglish male painters\nGay artists\nLGBT artists from the United Kingdom\nNewlyn School of Artists\nPeople associated with Falmouth University\nPeople from Falmouth, Cornwall\nRoyal Academicians\nHenry Scott" ]

[ "Henry Scott Tuke was an English visual artist who 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110", "He is best known for his paintings of nude boys and young men.", "Tuke developed a close relationship with the Newlyn School of painters, his work being exhibited at the Royal Academy of Arts, of which he became a Full Member.", "He was an established maritime artist and produced many portraits of sailing ships.", "He was prolific, with over 1,300 works listed.", "Tuke was born at Lawrence Street in York.", "William Samuel Tuke was born two years before his brother.", "Daniel Hack Tuke, a well-known medical doctor specializing in Psychiatry, was a campaigner for humane treatment of the insane.", "The Retreat at York is one of the first modern insane asylums.", "His family was well-known for their social activism.", "Sir Thomas More replaced Sir Brian Tuke as an adviser to King Henry VIII of England.", "The family moved to Cornwall in the 19th century to be near Daniel, who had developed symptoms of Tuberculosis.", "Daniel lived on until he was68.", "A small doctor's practice was established in his house.", "His sister wrote a biography of him after he died.", "William went on to study medicine, but Henry, or Harry as he was called by the family, showed no interest in the profession.", "Tuke was encouraged to draw and paint when he was young.", "Tuke and his siblings were taught at home.", "The long summer days spent on the beach and swimming in the sea, which Maria described as a very happy and healthy one, had a lasting effect on Tuke.", "After moving to London in 1874, Tuke attended the Slade School of Art.", "The young Tuke had been introduced to the pleasures of nude sea bathing, a habit he continued into old age.", "He studied with the French painter Jean-Paul Laurens, who was also a painter of male nudes, and met the American painter John Singer Sargent, who was also a painter of male nudes, although this was little known in his lifetime.", "Most of the poets and writers that Tuke met were homosexual and celebrated the adolescent male.", "He contributed an essay to The Studio and wrote a \"sonnet to youth\" which was published in The Artist.", "Tuke moved to Newlyn, Cornwall in 1884, joining a small colony of artists including Walter Langley and Thomas Cooper Gotch.", "The painters became known as the Newlyn School.", "He worked at Rose Cottage at the head of the Lamorna valley.", "Tuke completed his first painting of boys in boats in Newlyn in 1884.", "Two local boys, John Cotton and John Kitching, are depicted in a punt.", "Tuke's style was more impressionistic than the other Newlyn painters and he only stayed a short time.", "He remained friends with many of the artists after his death.", "The oil studies of young male nudes that Tuke painted during a tour of Italy in his early twenties were not central to his work until after 1885, when he moved back to Cornwall.", "There were depictions of boys and young men bathing, fishing, and sunbathing on the beaches.", "He converted a fishing boat into a floating studio and living quarters at Swanpool.", "Between Pennance Point and Swanpool Beach, he rented two rooms in Pennance Cottage.", "The cottage was Tuke's permanent base until his death.", "He could paint boys here.", "His early models were brought down from London but he befriended some of the local fishermen and swimmers who became his close friends.", "Edward John \"Johnny\" Jackett was Tuke's nephew and Charlie Mitchell was his nephew's nephew.", "Tuke's habit of changing his models' heads and bodies in his paintings makes it difficult to identify them.", "During the First World War, all of Tuke's regular models were called up, including Maurice Clift, who was killed in France.", "Tuke established an art gallery in Falmouth that was a commercial outlet for their own paintings.", "He commuted to London often as he was not isolated from the art scene in London.", "Several portraits of society figures, local officials and members of the Tuke family circle were produced by him.", "He was well known as a painter of ships in sail and painted many more saleable landscapes.", "In 1900 and 1914, Henry Scott Tuke was an Associate of the Royal Academy.", "At a time when a smooth, polished finish was preferred by fashionable painters and critics, Style Tuke preferred rough, visible brush strokes.", "He excelled in the depiction of natural light, particularly the soft, fragile sunlight of the English summer.", "Although Tuke often finished paintings in the studio, photographic evidence shows that he worked mainly in the open air, which accounts for their freshness of colour and the realistic effects of sunlight reflected by the sea and on the naked flesh of his models.", "Tuke placed his male nudes in mythological contexts, but the critics found them lifeless and flaccid.", "Tuke abandoned mythological themes and began to paint local boys fishing, sailing, swimming and diving in a more naturalistic style.", "He began using bold, fresh colour after his handling of paint became freer.", "August Blue is one of his best-known paintings from this period.", "Symington was a good friend of Tuke and often visited the Symington family home at Dart.", "Tuke painted female nudes but they weren't as successful as his male nude paintings.", "Tuke's paintings of nude youths are not sexual.", "The models' genitals are almost never shown, they are almost never in physical contact with each other, and there is never any suggestion of overt sexuality.", "Most of the paintings have nude models standing or crouching on the beach facing out to sea, so only the back view is displayed.", "Tuke is considered to be an important maritime artist.", "He painted many pictures of the sailing ships that were common until the 1930s.", "Since his childhood, Tuke was fascinated with the beauty of a fully rigged ship.", "The constant presence of ships influenced his decision to return to Falmouth in 1885.", "Tuke earned enough money from his paintings to allow him to travel abroad, and he painted in France, Italy and the West Indies.", "A banquet was held in his honor in 1900.", "He was elected to the Royal Academy of Arts in 1914.", "Some of his male nudes were purchased by major art galleries, including The Bathers at Leeds Art Gallery in 1890 and August Blue at the Tate, London in 1894.", "He was also a portraitist and had a studio in London.", "His best known portrait is that of T. E. Lawrence.", "Tuke died in 1929 and was buried in a cemetery close to his home, despite being in poor health for many years.", "After his death, two volumes of his diary were published.", "He kept a detailed artist's Register which was published by the Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society.", "After his death, Tuke's reputation faded, and he was largely forgotten until the 1970s, when he was rediscovered by the first generation of openly gay artists.", "He has become a cult figure in gay cultural circles, with his works fetching high prices at auctions.", "In 2008 Elton John lent eleven of his own pieces to an exhibition of Tuke's works.", "Tuke was a famous resident of the town and the student halls of residence at University College are named after him.", "The school was called the Falmouth College of Arts at the time it was built.", "The Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society has the largest collection of Tuke's works in public ownership.", "The Society maintains a policy of adding to the collection despite the fact that the bulk was donated by a single collector in the 1960s.", "The year 2008 was the 150th anniversary of the birth of Henry Scott Tuke and there were three exhibitions of his work.", "There were tall ships.", "Catching the Light: A Retrospective of Henry Scott Tuke is at the Royal Cornwall Museum from 10 May to 12 July 2008.", "Tate, Hunterian Art Gallery, Grundy Art Gallery, Walker Art Gallery, Leamington Spa Art Gallery & Museum, Bodleian Libraries, Royal Academy of Arts, and Guildhall Art Gallery all hold Tuke's works.", "The papers of a man.", "Tuke and Thomas Cooper Gotch are in the Tate Archive.", "The papers in the Tate Archive provide context in which Tuke worked, not just the locations of his paintings and the relationships with his models, but his artistic allegiances such as his friendship with the painter Thomas Cooper Gotch.", "The Life and Work of Henry Scott Tuke has 35 colour and 25 monochrome plates.", "Tuke works can be found in the Art Gallery 1858 births 1929 deaths of 19th-century English painters and 20th-century English painters." ]

[ "Henry Scott Tuke", "William Samuel Tuke", "Tuke", "William Tuke", "Henry Tuke", "Samuel Tuke", "Tuke", "Tuke", "Brian Tuke", "Henry VIII", "Maria Tuke", "Henry", "Tuke", "Tuke", "Henry Scott", "Tuke", "Tuke", "Tuke", "Tuke", "Tuke", "Tuke", "Tuke", "Henry Scott", "Tuke", "Henry Scott", "Tuke", "Henry Scott", "Tuke", "Henry Scott", "Tuke", ". Tuke", ". Tuke", "Henry Scott", "Henry", "Henry Scott" ]

[ "Henry Scott Tuke", "Tuke", "Brian Tuke", "Henry VIII", "Henry", "Tuke", "Tuke", "Tuke", "Tuke", "Tuke", "Henry Scott", "Tuke", "Tuke", "Tuke", "Tuke", "Tuke", "Henry Scott", "Tuke", "Henry Scott", "Tuke", "Tuke", "Henry Scott" ]

[ "Kendra Norman (born December 17, 1966) is an African-American writer of Christian fiction and non-fiction Christian literature.", "Her novels are known and widely applauded for their positive male lead characters and their combined romantic and suspenseful story lines.", "Biography\nKendra Norman is a native of West Palm Beach, Florida, but spent most of her formative years in southern Georgia.", "She graduated from Brooks County High School in Quitman, Georgia.", "Kendra and her husband, Michael Holmes, share a blended family of two daughters and one son.", "Her first husband, Jimmy (whose last name was also Holmes - no relation to Michael) died.", "She and Jimmy married at St. Paul African Methodist Episcopal Church in Valdosta, GA when Kendra was 21 and Jimmy was 20.", "Shortly after their daughter Crystal was born, Jimmy was diagnosed with AIDS, possibly as the result of a blood transfusion.", "He died on October 5, 1995, a few days before their 7th wedding anniversary, and in her grief, Kendra began to write.", "She crafted her first piece of poetry as an elementary school student, but Kendra did not grow to recognize her gift as a creative writer until 1999 when she began keeping a journal during the lingering heartache of the death of her husband.", "Shortly thereafter, she wrote her first fictional manuscript, For Love & Grace, published in 2002.", "She worked days, and in the evenings, she pursued higher education at Valdosta Technical College (Valdosta, Georgia), where she majored in Information Office Technology and graduated in 1997.", "There, she was inducted into the National Vocational Technical Honor Society.", "She was given a computer as a college graduation gift.", "Her life took many twists and turns during the years following Jimmy's death.", "Most of her true life experience is captured in two of her nonfiction published works, I Shall Not Die and The Path From Pain to Purpose, both of which are highly acclaimed books.", "Kendra eventually found true love again, and she and her current husband, Michael married in 2014.", "In 2017, Kendra and Michael jointly wrote a 31-day relationship devotional entitled Cross-Fire.", "It was her twenty-second published work and her husband's first.", "The book has received rave reviews from readers.", "Kendra went on to receive a Doctor of Divinity degree from St. Thomas Christian University in (Jacksonville, Florida) in 2019.", "Kendra has appeared in a number of televised programs, including featured appearances on Atlanta LIVE (WATC TV 57's flagship program) and on BET's Lift Every Voice, where she was interviewed by the show's creator and former host, Gerard Henry.", "She is a member of the Iota Phi Lambda sorority, and both she and her husband are ordained ministers.", "Together, they serve as Co-pastors of Deliverance Revival Church in central Georgia.", "Previously writing under the name of Kendra Norman-Bellamy, she began officially writing under the name of Kendra Norman in 2013.", "Career\nIn addition to her own writing, Kendra is the founder and Creative Director of Royalty Publications LLC (formerly KNB Publications), an independent self-publishing house that produces the works of up-and-coming writers of Christian-based fiction, nonfiction, and poetry.", "She is also the visionary of The I.S.L.A.N.D.", "Movement, a motivational ministry whose name is an acronym for \"I Shall Live And Not Die.\"", "Lastly, she is the creator and host of Royal Pen Network, a bi-weekly Internet radio show that showcases artists who use their gifts and talents to create motivational, inspirational, and/or educational materials.", "She self-published her debut novel, For Love & Grace in 2002.", "The book was re-released in 2004 through BET Books.", "Kendra gained national bestseller status when her third release, Crossing Jhordan's River (Moody Publishers/May 2005), peaked at #1 on Essence magazine's best sellers list for paperback fiction.", "The majority of her works have been produced through three large book publishers: Moody Publishers (Lift Every Voice imprint), Kimani Press (New Spirit imprint), and Urban Books (Urban Christian imprint).", "In 2020, Kendra became the first African American to hold the position of Managing Editor for Houston Home Journal newspaper in its 150-year history.", "In 2022, she stepped away from her corporate job and created her own faith-based newspaper, which is distributed nationally.", "The mission of The Royal Trumpet is to deliver inspiration, motivation, education and the good news of Jesus Christ to people across the world." ]

[ "Norman is a writer of Christian fiction and non-fiction.", "Her novels are praised for their positive male lead characters and their romantic and suspenseful story lines.", "A native of West Palm Beach, Florida, she spent most of her formative years in southern Georgia.", "She graduated from a high school in Georgia.", "There is a blended family of two daughters and one son.", "Jimmy was her first husband and he died.", "They were married at St. Paul African Methodist Episcopal Church in Valdosta, GA.", "Jimmy was diagnosed with AIDS after their daughter Crystal was born.", "He died a few days before their 7th wedding anniversary, and in her grief, she began to write.", "When she was an elementary school student, she wrote her first piece of poetry, but she didn't realize she was a writer until 1999 when she began keeping a journal after the death of her husband.", "Her first novel, For Love & Grace, was published in 2002.", "She majored in Information Office Technology at Valdosta Technical College and graduated in 1997.", "She was a member of the National Vocational Technical Honor Society.", "She received a computer as a graduation gift.", "After Jimmy's death, her life took many twists and turns.", "Two of her books, I Shall Not Die and The Path From Pain to Purpose, are highly acclaimed and capture most of her true life experience.", "After finding true love again, she married her current husband, Michael.", "They wrote a 31 day relationship devotional called Cross-Fire.", "It was her husband's first published work.", "Readers rave about the book.", "She received a Doctor of Divinity degree from St. Thomas Christian University.", "She has appeared on a number of shows, including on Atlanta LIVE and Lift Every Voice, where she was interviewed by the show's creator and former host.", "She and her husband are both ordination ministers.", "They are co-pastors of Deliverance Revival Church.", "She began writing under the name of Kendra Norman in 2013.", "She is the founder and Creative Director of Royalty Publications, an independent self-publishing house that produces the works of up-and-coming writers of Christian-based fiction, nonfiction, and poetry.", "She is the leader of The I.S.L.A.N.D.", "\"I Shall Live and Not Die\" is the acronym for Movement.", "She is the creator and host of Royal Pen Network, a bi-weekly Internet radio show that showcases artists who use their gifts and talents to create motivational, inspirational, and/or educational materials.", "Her first novel, For Love & Grace, was self-published in 2002.", "The book was re-released in 2004.", "When her third book, Crossing Jhordan's River, peaked at #1 on the best sellers list for paperback fiction, she gained national bestseller status.", "Her works have been produced by three large book publishers: Moody Publishers, Kimani Press, and Urban Books.", "In 2020, she became the first African American to hold the position of Managing Editor for the Houston Home Journal newspaper.", "She left her corporate job and started her own faith-based newspaper.", "The good news of Jesus Christ will be delivered to people across the world by The Royal Trumpet." ]

[ "Kendra Norman", "Kendra Norman", "Kendra", "Kendra", "Kendra", "Kendra", "Kendra", "Kendra", "Kendra", "Kendra", "Kendra Norman", "Kendra Norman", "Kendra", "Kendra", "Kendra" ]

[ "Kendra Norman" ]

[ "Alcide Amedeo Francesco De Gasperi (; 3 April 1881 – 19 August 1954) was an Italian statesman who founded the Christian Democracy party and served as the 30th prime minister of Italy in eight successive coalition governments from 1945 to 1953.", "De Gasperi was the last prime minister of the Kingdom of Italy, serving under both Victor Emmanuel III and Umberto II.", "He was also the first prime minister of the Italian Republic, and also briefly served as provisional head of state after the Italian people voted to end the monarchy and establish a republic.", "His eight-year term in office remains a landmark of political longevity for a leader in modern Italian politics.", "De Gasperi is the fifth longest-serving prime minister since the Italian Unification.", "A devout Catholic, he was one of the founding fathers of the European Union along with fellow Italian Altiero Spinelli.", "Early years\nDe Gasperi was born in 1881 in Pieve Tesino in Tyrol, which at that time belonged to Austria-Hungary, now part of the region of Trentino-Alto Adige in Italy.", "His father was a local police officer of limited financial means.", "From 1896 De Gasperi was active in the Social Christian movement.", "In 1900 he joined the Faculty of Literature and Philosophy in Vienna, where he played an important role in the inception of the Christian student movement.", "He was very much inspired by the Rerum novarum encyclical issued by Pope Leo XIII in 1891.", "In 1904 he took an active part in student demonstrations in favour of an Italian language university.", "Imprisoned with other protesters during the inauguration of the Italian faculty of law in Innsbruck, he was released after twenty days.", "In 1905, De Gasperi obtained a degree in philology.", "In 1905, he began to work as editor of the newspaper La Voce Cattolica (The Catholic Voice) which was replaced in September 1906 by Il Trentino and he soon became its editor.", "In his newspaper, he often took positions in favor of a cultural autonomy for Trentino and in defense of Italian culture in Trentino, in contrast to the Germanisation plans of the German nationalists in Tyrol.", "At the time, in disagreement with other politicians like Cesare Battisti, he did not seek reunification with Italy.", "In 1911, he became a member of Parliament for the Popular Political Union of Trentino (UPPT) in the Austrian Reichsrat, a post he held for six years.", "At the beginning of World War I he was politically neutral, sympathizing with the ultimately unsuccessful efforts of Pope Benedict XV and Karl I of Austria to obtain an honorable peace and stop the war.", "Ultimately, he sided with Italy.", "Opposition to Fascism\nIn 1919, he was among of the founders of the Italian People's Party (PPI), with Luigi Sturzo.", "He served as a deputy in the Italian Parliament from 1921 to 1924, a period marked by the rise of Fascism.", "He initially supported the participation of the PPI in Benito Mussolini's first government in October 1922.", "As Mussolini's hold on the Italian government grew stronger, he soon diverged with the Fascists over constitutional changes to the powers of the executive and to the election system (the Acerbo Law), and to Fascist violence against the constitutional parties, culminating in the murder of Giacomo Matteotti.", "The PPI split, and De Gasperi became secretary of the remaining anti-Fascist group in May 1924.", "In November 1926, in a climate of overt violence and intimidation by the Fascists, the PPI was dissolved.", "De Gasperi was arrested in March 1927 and sentenced to four years in prison.", "The Vatican negotiated his release.", "A year and a half in prison nearly broke De Gasperi's health.", "After his release in July 1928, he was unemployed and in serious financial hardship, until in 1929 his ecclesiastical contacts secured him a job as a cataloger in the Vatican Library, where he spent the next fourteen years until the collapse of Fascism in July 1943.", "During the 1930s, De Gasperi wrote a regular international column for the review L'Illustrazione Vaticana in which he depicted the chief political battle as one between communism and Christianity.", "In 1934, he rejoiced in the defeat of the Austrian Social Democrats, whom he condemned for \"de-Christianizing\" the country, and in 1937 he declared that the German Church was correct in preferring Nazism to Bolshevism.", "Founding Christian Democracy\nDuring World War II, he organized the establishment of the first (and at the time, illegal) Christian Democracy (DC) party, drawing upon the ideology of the PPI.", "In January 1943, he published \"Ideas for Reconstruction\" (), which amounted to a program for the party.", "He became the first general secretary of the new party in 1944.", "De Gasperi was the undisputed head of the Christian Democrats, the party that dominated Parliament for decades.", "Although his control of the DC appeared almost complete, he had to carefully balance different factions and interests, especially with regards to relations with the Vatican, social reform, and foreign policy.", "When Southern Italy was liberated by the Allies, he became one of the main representatives of DC in the National Liberation Committee.", "During the government led by Ivanoe Bonomi, De Gasperi was appointed minister without portfolio and, in Ferruccio Parri's cabinet, he became minister of foreign affairs.", "Prime Minister of Italy\n\nFrom 1945 to 1953, he was the prime minister of eight successive DC-led governments.", "His eight-year rule remains a landmark of political longevity for one leader in modern Italian politics.", "During his successive governments, Italy became a republic (1946), signed a peace treaty with the Allies (1947), joined the NATO in 1949 and became an ally of the United States, which helped to revive the Italian economy through the Marshall Plan.", "During that time, Italy became a member of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), which later evolved into the European Union (EU).", "In December 1945, he became prime minister for the first time, succeeding Ferruccio Parri and leading a coalition government that included both Italian Communist Party (PCI) and Italian Socialist Party (PSI), along with other minor parties like Italian Republican Party (PRI), Italian Liberal Party (PLI) and Action Party (PdA).", "Communist leader Palmiro Togliatti acted as deputy prime minister.", "He tried to soften the terms of the pending Allied peace treaty with Italy and secured financial and economic aid through the European Recovery Program (Marshall Plan) – which was opposed by the Communists.", "In June 1946, Italy held the constitutional referendum to decide whether Italy would remain a monarchy or become a republic; the republicans won with 54% of the vote.", "De Gasperi was appointed provisional head of state from 18 to 28 June, when the Constituent Assembly elected the Liberal Enrico De Nicola as provisional head of state.", "As chief of the Italian delegation at the World War II peace conference in Paris, De Gasperi harshly criticized the sanctions imposed on Italy, but obtained concessions from the Allies that guaranteed Italian sovereignty.", "Under the Treaty of Peace with Italy, 1947, the eastern border area was lost to Yugoslavia and the free territory of Trieste was divided between the two states.", "One of his most striking achievements in foreign policy was the Gruber-De Gasperi Agreement with Austria in September 1946, that established his home region, South Tyrol, as an autonomous region.", "American support\nDe Gasperi enjoyed considerable support in the US, where he was considered able to oppose the rising tide of communism – in particular the PCI, which was the biggest communist party in a Western European democracy.", "In January 1947 he visited the US.", "The chief goals of the trip were to soften the terms of the pending peace treaty with Italy and to obtain immediate economic assistance.", "His ten-day tour, engineered by media mogul Henry Luce – the owner of Time magazine – and his wife, Clare Boothe Luce – the future ambassador to Rome – was viewed as a media \"triumph\", prompting positive comments by a wide section of the American press.", "During his meetings in the United States, De Gasperi managed to secure a financially modest but politically significant US$100 million Eximbank loan to Italy.", "According to De Gasperi, public opinion would view the loan as a vote of confidence in the Italian Government and strengthen his position versus the PCI in the context of the emerging Cold War.", "The positive results strengthened De Gasperi's reputation in Italy.", "He also came back with useful information on the incipient change in American foreign policy that would lead to the Cold War and in Italy the break with the PCI and left-wing PSI and their removal from the government in the May 1947 crisis.", "In May 1947, United States President Harry Truman ordered De Gasperi to create a new government without the support of communists and socialists; he refused and a new cabinet was formed with the (centrist) Italian Democratic Socialist Party (PSDI) of Giuseppe Saragat, the PLI of Luigi Einaudi and the PRI of Randolfo Pacciardi; the three leaders of the minor parties were appointed deputy prime ministers.", "General election in 1948\n\nThe general elections in April 1948 were heavily influenced by the Cold War era confrontation between the Soviet Union and the United States.", "After the Soviet-inspired February 1948 Communist coup in Czechoslovakia, the US became alarmed about Soviet intentions and feared that, if the left-wing coalition were to win the elections, the Soviet-funded PCI would draw Italy into the Soviet Union's sphere of influence.", "In the United States, a campaign was launched to prevent a victory of the Communist-dominated Popular Democratic Front (FDP).", "Italian Americans were encouraged to write letters to their relatives in Italy.", "The popular Italian-American singer Frank Sinatra made a Voice of America radio broadcast.", "The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) funneled \"black bag\" contributions to anti-communist candidates with the approval of the National Security Council and President Harry S. Truman.", "Joseph P. Kennedy and Clare Booth Luce helped to raise US$2 million for the Christian Democracy party.", "Time magazine backed the campaign and featured De Gasperi on its 19 April 1948 issue's cover and in its lead story.", "He would appear on a Time cover again on 25 May 1953, during the campaign for that year's election, with an extensive biography.", "The election campaign remains unmatched in verbal aggression and fanaticism in Italy's history on both sides.", "The election was between two competing visions of the future of Italian society.", "On the one hand, a Roman Catholic, conservative and capitalist Italy, represented by the governing Christian Democrats of De Gasperi; on the other, a secular, revolutionary and socialist society, represented by the Popular Democratic Front.", "The Christian Democrat campaign claimed that in Communist countries \"children send parents to jail\", \"children are owned by the state\", \"people eat their own children\", and assured voters that disaster would strike Italy if the Left were to take power.", "Another slogan was, \"In the secrecy of the polling booth, God sees you – Stalin doesn't.\"", "The PCI were de facto leading the Popular Democratic Front, and had effectively marginalized the PSI, which eventually suffered because of this in these elections, in terms of parliamentary seats and political power.", "The Socialists also had been hurt by the secession of a social-democratic faction led by Giuseppe Saragat, which contested the election with the concurrent list of Socialist Unity.", "The PCI had difficulties in restraining its more militant members, who, in the period immediately after the war, had engaged in violent acts of reprisals.", "The areas affected by the violence (the so-called \"Red Triangle\" of Emilia, or parts of Liguria around Genoa and Savona, for instance) had previously seen episodes of brutality committed by the Fascists during Benito Mussolini's regime and the Italian Resistance during the Allies' gradual advance through Italy.", "The Christian Democrats won a resounding victory with 48.5% of the vote (their best result ever) and strong majorities in both the Chamber of Deputies and Senate.", "The Communists received only half of the votes they had in 1946.", "With absolute majorities in both chambers, De Gasperi could have formed an exclusively Christian Democratic government.", "Instead, he formed a \"centrist\" coalition with the Liberals, Republicans and Social Democrats.", "De Gasperi formed three ministries, the second in 1950 after the defection of the Liberals, who hoped for more rightist policies, and the third in 1951 after the defection of the Social Democrats, who hoped for more left-wing policies.", "He ruled for five more years, helming four additional coalitions.", "\"De Gasperi's policy is patience\", according to the foreign news correspondent for The New York Times, Anne O'Hare McCormick.", "\"He seems to be feeling his way among the explosive problems he has to deal with, but perhaps this wary mine-detecting method is the stabilising force that holds the country in balance.\"", "Social security reforms\n\nIn domestic policy, a number of social security reforms were carried out by various ministers of De Gasperi's cabinets in the areas of rents and social housing, unemployment insurance and pensions.", "On 9 January 1946, the government reorganised the health insurance system for sharecroppers, tenant farmers and agricultural workers, with a flat-rate daily indemnity of Lit.28 for women and Lit.60 for men (i.e.", "3% and 7% of the average gross industrial wage for 1947) for a maximum of 180 days a year and free medical and hospital assistance provided through INAM.", "On 19 April 1946 the government reorganised the health insurance system for industrial employees, with a daily sickness indemnity equal to 50% of earnings, for a maximum of 180 days a year, a flat-rate maternity indemnity equal to a lump sum of Lit.1000 for 120 days (1% of average gross for industrial wage in 1947), a funeral allowance and free medical, hospital, and pharmaceutical assistance through INAM.", "On 31 October 1947 the Italian Parliament approved a bill that reorganised the health insurance system for service employees (e.g.", "banking and commerce), with a daily sickness indemnity equal to 50% of earnings for a maximum of 180 days a year, a flat-rate maternity payment, funeral allowance, and free hospital, medical, and pharmaceutical assistance through INAM.", "On 28 February 1949, De Gasperi launched a seven-year plan for social housing to increase the stock of economic housing by means of construction or purchase of economic accommodation.", "The law also established a special housing fund (INA-Casa) within the National Institute for Insurance (Istituto Nazionale delle Assicurazioni, or INA).", "Moreover, on 29 July 1947 the government established a Fund For Social Solidarity within INPS in order to pay graduated supplementary allowances to all pensions, compensating for inflation.", "A law of 29 April 1949 introduced new provisions for unemployment insurance and labor policy.", "A Central Commission for Work Training and Assistance for the Unemployed was set up with the task of monitoring the state of the labor market and the conditions of the unemployed, while regulations concerning the replacement of the unemployed into the labor market (collocamento) were introduced.", "Provincial offices for Labour and Full Employment were also established, with local sections, which organized waiting lists, training courses, and the allocation of available jobs, amongst other services.", "Unemployment indemnity was increased to Lit.", "200 per day (approximately 17% of the average gross industrial wage for 1949) and its duration was extended from 120 to 180 days.", "Unemployment insurance was extended to agricultural workers, and a special unemployment benefit (sussidio straordinario di disoccupazione) was introduced, paid under exceptional circumstances; flat-rate benefit with ad hoc determined level for 90 to 180 days.", "Vocational training and professional qualification programmes for the unemployed were also introduced, along with a Fund for Professional Training of Workers.", "On 29 April 1949, a law was approved that introduced new provisions for unemployment insurance and labor policy.", "A Central Commission for Work Training and Assistance for the Unemployed was established with the task of monitoring the state of the labor market and the conditions of the unemployed.", "On 23 March 1948, the National Institute for Assistance of the Orphans of Italian Workers and the National Institute for Italian Pensioners were established, providing benefits and services for needy pensioners.", "On 26 August 1950, the government introduced various regulations covering maternity insurance for all female employees.", "In 1952, the party overwhelmingly endorsed his authority over the government and over the party.", "However, it was also the start of his decline.", "He came under increasing criticism from the emerging left wing in the party.", "Their main accusations were that he was too cautious in social and economic reform, that he stifled debate and that he subordinated the party to the interests of government.", "1953 general election and decline\n\nThe 1953 general election was characterised by changes in the electoral law.", "Even if the general structure remained uncorrupted, the government introduced a superbonus of two-thirds of seats in the House for the coalition which would obtain at-large the absolute majority of votes.", "The change was strongly opposed by the opposition parties as well as DC's smaller coalition partners, who had no realistic chance of success under this system.", "The new law was called the Scam Law by its detractors, including some dissidents of minor government parties who founded special opposition groups to deny the artificial landslide to Christian Democracy.", "The Holy See actively supported Christian Democracy, declaring that it would be a mortal sin for a Catholic to vote for the PCI and excommunicating all its supporters.", "In practice, however, many Communists remained religious: Emilia was known to be an area where people were both religious and communists.", "Giovannino Guareschi wrote his novels about Don Camillo describing a village, Brescello, whose inhabitants are at the same time loyal to priest Camillo and Communist mayor Peppone, who are fierce rivals.", "The campaign of the opposition to the \"Scam Law\" achieved its goal.", "The government coalition (DC, PSDI, PLI, PRI, South Tyrolean People's Party and Sardinian Action Party) won 49.9% of national vote, just a few thousand votes from the threshold for a supermajority, resulting in an ordinary proportional distribution of the seats.", "Minor dissident parties determined the final result, especially the short-lived National Democratic Alliance.", "The leading party Christian Democracy did not repeat the extraordinary result of five years earlier, which had been obtained under special conditions linked to the Cold War, and lost a lot of votes to the right, including resurgent fascist politicians particularly in Southern Italy.", "Technically, the government won the election, winning a clear working majority of seats in both houses.", "But frustration with the failure to win a supermajority caused significant tensions in the leading coalition.", "De Gasperi was forced to resign by the Parliament on 2 August: he consequently retired and died twelve months later.", "The legislature continued with weak governments, with minor parties refusing institutional responsibilities.", "Giuseppe Pella rose to power, but fell after only five months, following heated disputes about the status of the Free Territory of Trieste which Pella was claiming.", "Amintore Fanfani's succeeding first ministry failed to receive a vote of confidence in Parliament, whilst Mario Scelba and Antonio Segni followed with more traditional centrist coalitions supported by Social Democrats and Liberals: under the administration of Scelba, the problem of Trieste was settled by ceding Koper/Capodistria to Yugoslavia.", "The parliamentary term was seen out by the minority government chaired by Adone Zoli, finishing a legislature which hugely weakened the office of the Prime Minister, held by six different leaders.", "In 1954, De Gasperi also had to give up the leadership of the party, when Amintore Fanfani was appointed new Secretary of the Christian Democracy in June.", "Death and legacy\n\nOn 19 August 1954, De Gasperi died in Sella di Valsugana, in his beloved Trentino.", "It is said that he had to be given a State funeral as he had died with almost no means of his own.", "He is buried in the Basilica di San Lorenzo fuori le Mura, a basilica in Rome.", "The process for his beatification was opened in 1993.", "\"De Gasperi was against exacerbating conflict\", according to his former secretary and former Prime Minister Giulio Andreotti.", "\"He taught us to search for compromise, to mediate.\"", "He is considered to be one of the founding fathers of the European Union.", "From the very beginning of European integration, De Gasperi, Robert Schuman and Konrad Adenauer met regularly.", "He helped to organize the Council of Europe and supported the Schuman Declaration, which in 1951 led to the foundation of the European Coal and Steel Community – a forerunner in the process of European integration.", "In 1954 he was elected president of the forerunner of the European Parliament, the Community's Common Assembly.", "Although eventually transformed into the current project of the European Union, De Gasperi helped to develop the idea of a common European defence policy.", "In 1952, he received the Karlspreis (International Charlemagne Prize of the City of Aachen), an award by the German city of Aachen to people who contributed to the European idea and European peace.", "The 1954–1955 academic year at the College of Europe was named in his honour.", "Personal life\n\nOn 14 June 1922, De Gasperi married Francesca Romani (30 August 1894 – 20 August 1998) and had four daughters, Maria Romana, Lucia, Cecilia and Paola.", "In Florestano Vancini's film The Assassination of Matteotti (1973), De Gasperi is played by Ezio Marano.", "Electoral history\n\nSee also\n Alcide de Gasperi Building\n\nNotes\n\nFurther reading\n Bigaran, Mariapia.", "\"Alcide De Gasperi: the apprenticeship of a political leader\", Modern Italy Nov 2009, Vol.", "14 Issue 4, pp 415–30\n Carrillo, Elisa.", "Alcide De Gasperi: The Long Apprenticeship.", "University of Notre Dame Press, 1965.", "Cau, Maurizio.", "\"Alcide De Gasperi: a political thinker or a thinking politician?\"", "Modern Italy Nov 2009, Vol.", "14 Issue 4, pp 431–45\n Duggan, Christopher.", "Force of Destiny: A History of Italy Since 1796 (2008) ch 27–28\n Ginsborg, Paul.", "A history of contemporary Italy: society and politics, 1943–1988 (Palgrave Macmillan, 2003).", "Lorenzini, Sara.", "\"The roots of a 'statesman': De Gasperi's foreign policy\", Modern Italy Nov 2009, Vol.", "14 Issue 4, pp 473–84\n Pombeni, Paolo, and Giuliana Nobili Schiera.", "\"Alcide de Gasperi: 1881–1954-a political life in a troubled century\", Modern Italy Nov2009, Vol.", "14 Issue 4, pp 379–401.", "White, Steven.", "\"In search of Alcide De Gasperi: innovations in Italian scholarship since 2003\".", "Journal of Modern Italian Studies 15#3 (2010): 462–470.", "Historiography\n Wilsford, David, ed.", "Political leaders of contemporary Western Europe: a biographical dictionary (Greenwood, 1995) pp 77–83.", "In Italian\n Pietro Scoppola, La proposta politica di De Gasperi, Bologna, Il Mulino, 1977.", "Giulio Andreotti, Intervista su De Gasperi; a cura di Antonio Gambino, Roma-Bari, Laterza, 1977.", "Giulio Andreotti, De Gasperi visto da vicino, Milano, Rizzoli, 1986.", "Nico Perrone, De Gasperi e l'America, Palermo, Sellerio, 1995.", "Alcide De Gasperi: un percorso europeo, a cura di Eckart Conze, Gustavo Corni, Paolo Pombeni, Bologna, Il mulino, 2004.", "Piero Craveri, De Gasperi, Bologna, Il Mulino, 2006.", "Nico Perrone, La svolta occidentale.", "De Gasperi e il nuovo ruolo internazionale dell'Italia, Roma, Castelvecchi, 2017." ]

[ "The Christian Democracy party was founded by Alcide Amedeo Francesco De Gasperi, who served as the 30th prime minister of Italy in eight successive coalition governments from 1945 to 1953.", "The last prime minister of the Kingdom of Italy was De Gasperi.", "He was the first prime minister of the Italian Republic and briefly the head of state after the Italian people voted to end the monarchy.", "His eight-year term in office is a landmark for a leader in modern Italian politics.", "Since the Italian Unification, De Gasperi is the fifth longest-serving prime minister.", "He was one of the founding fathers of the European Union.", "The region of Trentino-Alto Adige in Italy became part of Austria-Hungary in the early years of De Gasperi's life.", "His father was a police officer.", "The Social Christian movement was started by De Gasperi.", "He joined the Faculty of Literature and Philosophy in Vienna in 1900, where he played an important role in the beginning of the Christian student movement.", "He was inspired by the Rerum novarum encyclical.", "Student demonstrations in favor of an Italian language university took place in 1904.", "He was released after twenty days after being imprisoned with other protesters during the inauguration of the Italian faculty of law.", "In 1905, De Gasperi obtained a degree.", "He became editor of the newspaper La Voce Cattolica in September 1906 after it was replaced by Il Trentino.", "He took positions in favor of a cultural autonomy for Trentino and in defense of Italian culture in Trentino in contrast to the plans of the German nationalists.", "He did not seek reunification with Italy because of disagreements with other politicians.", "He was a member of Parliament for the Popular Political Union of Trentino in the Austrian Reichsrat for six years.", "He sympathized with the efforts of Pope Benedict XV and Karl I of Austria to get an honorable peace and stop the war.", "He decided to side with Italy.", "He was one of the founding members of the Italian People's Party.", "He was a deputy in the Italian Parliament during the rise of fascists.", "He initially supported the participation in the first government of Mussolini.", "As Mussolini's hold on the Italian government grew stronger, he began to differ with the Fascists over changes to the powers of the executive and the election system, as well as Fascist violence against the constitutional parties.", "In May 1924, De Gasperi became secretary of the anti-Fascist group.", "The PPI was dissolved in November of 1926 in a climate of violence and intimidation by the Fascists.", "In 1927, De Gasperi was sentenced to four years in prison.", "His release was negotiated by the Vatican.", "De Gasperi's health was almost ruined by a year and a half in prison.", "After his release in July 1928, he was unemployed and in serious financial hardship, until in 1929 his ecclesiastical contacts secured him a job as a cataloger in the Vatican Library, where he spent the next fourteen years.", "In the 1930s, De Gasperi wrote a regular international column for the review L'Illustrazione Vaticana in which he depicted the political battle between communism and Christianity.", "In 1934 he cheered the defeat of the Austrian Social Democrats, who he condemned for \"de-Christianizing\" the country, and in 1937 he declared that the German Church was correct in preferring Nazism.", "He organized the establishment of the first illegal Christian Democracy party during World War II.", "\"Ideas for Reconstruction\" was a program for the party.", "He was the first general secretary of the new party.", "The Christian Democrats dominated Parliament for a long time.", "His control of the DC was almost complete, but he had to balance different interests with regards to relations with the Vatican, social reform, and foreign policy.", "He was one of the main representatives of DC in the National Liberation Committee when Southern Italy was liberated by the Allies.", "In Ferruccio Parri's cabinet, De Gasperi became minister of foreign affairs.", "He was the prime minister of eight successive DC-led governments in Italy.", "One leader in modern Italian politics has been in office for eight years.", "Italy became a republic in1946, signed a peace treaty with the Allies in 1947, and joined the NATO in 1949, which helped to revive the Italian economy through the Marshall Plan.", "Italy became a member of the European Coal and Steel Community, which later evolved into the European Union.", "He became prime minister for the first time in December 1945, succeeding Ferruccio Parri and leading a coalition government that included both Italian Communist Party (PCI) and Italian Socialist Party (PSI), along with other minor parties like Italian Republican Party (PRI), Italian Liberal Party (PLI)", "Palmiro Togliatti was the deputy prime minister.", "The European Recovery Program was opposed by the Communists and he tried to modify the terms of the Allied peace treaty with Italy.", "The republicans won the referendum to decide if Italy would become a republic or remain a monarchy.", "The Liberal Enrico DeNicola was elected as the interim head of state from 18 to 28 June.", "At the World War II peace conference in Paris, De Gasperi harshly criticized the sanctions imposed on Italy, but got concessions from the Allies that guaranteed Italian sovereignty.", "The eastern border area was lost to Yugoslavia under the Treaty of Peace with Italy in 1947.", "The Gruber-De Gasperi Agreement with Austria in September 1946, which established his home region, South Tyrol, as an independent region, was one of his most striking achievements in foreign policy.", "In the US, De Gasperi was considered to be able to oppose the rising tide of communism, as evidenced by the fact that he was the leader of the biggest communist party in a Western European democracy.", "He visited the US in January 1947.", "The goal of the trip was to get economic assistance from Italy and to modify the terms of the peace treaty.", "His ten-day tour, engineered by media mogul Henry Luce and his wife, was viewed as a media \"triumph\" by a wide section of the American press.", "The US$100 million Eximbank loan to Italy was secured by De Gasperi during his meetings in the US.", "According to De Gasperi, public opinion would view the loan as a vote of confidence in the Italian Government and strengthen his position in the context of the emerging Cold War.", "De Gasperi's reputation in Italy was strengthened by the positive results.", "He came back with useful information on the incipient change in American foreign policy that would lead to the Cold War and in Italy the break with thePCI and left-wing PSI.", "In May 1947, the United States President Harry Truman ordered De Gasperi to create a new government without the support of communists and socialists, but he refused and a new cabinet was formed with the help of the Italian Democratic Socialist Party.", "The general elections in April 1948 were heavily influenced by the Cold War era confrontation between the Soviet Union and the United States.", "After the February 1948 Communist coup in Czechoslovakia, the US became alarmed about Soviet intentions and feared that if the left-wing coalition were to win the elections, the Soviet-funded PCI would draw Italy into the Soviet Union's sphere of influence.", "A campaign was launched in the United States to prevent the Popular Democratic Front from winning.", "Italians were encouraged to write letters to their relatives in Italy.", "Frank Sinatra made a radio broadcast.", "The \"black bag\" contributions were approved by the National Security Council and President Harry Truman.", "They raised US$2 million for the Christian Democracy party.", "De Gasperi was featured on the cover of the 19 April 1948 issue of Time magazine.", "He would appear on a Time cover again on May 25, 1953, during the campaign for the election, with an extensive biography.", "Both sides of Italy's history have been marked by verbal aggression and fanaticism during the election campaign.", "There were two visions of the future of Italian society.", "On the one hand, a Roman Catholic, conservative and capitalist Italy, represented by the governing Christian Democrats of De Gasperi; on the other, a secular, revolutionary and socialist society, represented by the Popular Democratic Front.", "In Communist countries, children are sent to jail, children are owned by the state, and people eat their own children, according to the Christian Democrat campaign.", "In the polling booth, God sees you, but Stalin doesn't.", "In these elections, the Popular Democratic Front was marginalized by the PCI in terms of parliamentary seats and political power.", "The Socialists were hurt by the split of the social-democratic group led by Giuseppe Saragat.", "There were difficulties in restraining the more militant members, who had engaged in violent acts of reprisals after the war.", "The areas affected by the violence (the so-called \"Red Triangle\" of Emilia, or parts of Liguria around Genoa and Savona, for instance) had previously seen episodes of brutality committed by the Fascists during Benito Mussolini's regime and the Italian Resistance during the Allies", "The Christian Democrats won a resounding victory with 48.5% of the vote and strong majorities in both chambers.", "In 1946, the Communists received half of the votes.", "De Gasperi could have formed a Christian Democratic government.", "The \"centrist\" coalition was made up of the Liberals, Republicans and Social Democrats.", "The second and third ministries were formed after the defection of the Liberals, who hoped for more rightist policies, and after the defection of the Social Democrats, who hoped for more left-wing policies.", "He ruled for five more years.", "Anne O'Hare McCormick is a foreign news correspondent for The New York Times.", "\"He seems to be feeling his way among the explosive problems he has to deal with, but perhaps this wary mine-detecting method is the stabilising force that holds the country in balance.\"", "In domestic policy, a number of social security reforms were carried out by various ministers of De Gasperi's cabinets in the areas of rents and social housing, unemployment insurance and pensions.", "On 9 January 1946, the government reorganised the health insurance system for sharecroppers, tenant farmers and agricultural workers, with a flat-rate daily indemnity of Lit.28 for women and Lit.60 for men.", "For a maximum of 180 days a year, free medical and hospital assistance is provided through INAM.", "On 19 April 1946 the government reorganised the health insurance system for industrial employees, with a daily sickness indemnity equal to 50% of earnings, for a maximum of 180 days a year, and a flat-rate maternity indemnity equal to a lump sum.", "The health insurance system for service employees was reorganised by the Italian Parliament in 1947.", "A daily sickness indemnity equal to 50% of earnings for a maximum of 180 days a year, a flat-rate maternity payment, funeral allowance, and free hospital, medical, and pharmaceutical assistance through INAM are included.", "De Gasperi launched a seven-year plan for social housing to increase the stock of economic housing by means of construction or purchase.", "The law established a special housing fund within the National Institute for Insurance.", "The government established a Fund for Social Solidarity within INPS in order to compensate for inflation.", "There were new provisions for unemployment insurance in the law of 29 April 1949.", "The Central Commission for Work Training and Assistance for the Unemployed was set up to monitor the state of the labor market and the conditions of the unemployed, while regulations concerning the replacement of the unemployed into the labor market were introduced.", "Local sections organized waiting lists, training courses, and the allocation of available jobs, amongst other services, when the provincial offices for Labour and Full Employment were established.", "The unemployment indemnity was increased.", "The duration was extended from 120 to 180 days and it was 20% of the average gross industrial wage for 1949.", "Unemployment insurance was extended to agricultural workers, and a special unemployment benefit was introduced, paid under exceptional circumstances; flat-rate benefit with ad hoc determined level for 90 to 180 days.", "The Fund for Professional Training of Workers was introduced along with Vocational training and professional qualification programmes for the unemployed.", "New provisions for unemployment insurance and labor policy were approved in 1949.", "The task of the Central Commission for Work Training and Assistance for the Unemployed was to monitor the state of the labor market and the conditions of the unemployed.", "The National Institute for Assistance of the Orphans of Italian Workers and the National Institute for Italian Pensioners were established in 1948.", "Maternity insurance for female employees was introduced by the government on August 26, 1950.", "The party endorsed his authority over the government and the party.", "It was the beginning of his decline.", "He was criticized by the emerging left wing of the party.", "His main accusations were that he was too cautious in social and economic reform, that he stifled debate, and that he subordinated the party to the interests of the government.", "The 1953 general election was marked by changes in the electoral law.", "If the general structure remained uncorrupted, the government introduced a superbonus of two-thirds of seats in the House for the coalition which would get the majority of votes.", "The change was strongly opposed by the opposition parties as well as DC's smaller coalition partners, who had no realistic chance of success under this system.", "The new law was called the scam law by its detractors, including some dissidents of minor government parties who founded special opposition groups to deny the artificial landslide to Christian Democracy.", "The Holy See declared that it would be a mortal sin for a Catholic to vote for the PCI.", "The area of Emilia was known to be a place where people were both religious and communist.", "The village of Brescello is described in a novel by Giovannino Guareschi as being at the same time loyal to both the Communist mayor and the priest.", "The goal of the campaign was achieved.", "The government coalition won 49.9% of the national vote, just a few thousand votes from the threshold for a supermajority, resulting in an ordinary proportional distribution of seats.", "The National Democratic Alliance was determined by minor dissident parties.", "The Christian Democracy party did not repeat the extraordinary result of five years earlier, which was obtained under special conditions linked to the Cold War, and lost a lot of votes to the right.", "The government won the election with a clear majority of seats in both houses.", "The leading coalition was not happy with the failure to win a supermajority.", "After being forced to resign by the Parliament, De Gasperi died twelve months later.", "The legislature continued with weak governments.", "Giuseppe Pella rose to power, but fell after a dispute about the status of the Free Territory of Trieste.", "The first ministry of Fanfani failed to get a vote of confidence in the Parliament, and Mario Scelba and Antonio Segni followed with more traditional centrist coalitions supported by the Social Democrats and Liberals.", "Adone Zoli chaired the minority government which finished the legislature and weakened the office of the Prime Minister.", "When Fanfani was appointed Secretary of the Christian Democracy in June, he had to give up the leadership of the party.", "De Gasperi died in Sella di Valsugana in Trentino on August 19, 1954.", "It is said that he had to be given a state funeral as he had no means of his own.", "He is buried in a basilica in Rome.", "The process for his beatification began in 1993.", "According to his former secretary and former Prime Minister, De Gasperi was against conflict.", "We were taught to search for compromise.", "He is thought to be one of the founding fathers of the European Union.", "From the beginning of European integration, De Gasperi, Robert Schuman and Konrad Adenauer met frequently.", "He helped to organize the Council of Europe and supported the Schuman Declaration, which led to the foundation of the European Coal and Steel Community.", "He was elected president of the Community's Common Assembly in 1954.", "The idea of a common European defence policy was developed by De Gasperi.", "The Karlspreis, an award by the German city of Aachen to people who contributed to the European idea and peace, was given to him in 1952.", "The College of Europe named their academic year after him.", "De Gasperi had four daughters, Maria Romana, Lucia, Cecilia and Paola.", "Ezio Marano plays De Gasperi in a film by Florestano Vancini.", "Further reading Bigaran, Mariapia can be found in the electoral history.", "\"Alcide De Gasperi: the apprenticeship of a political leader\" was published in Modern Italy.", "pp 415–30 is from the fourth issue of 14 Issue 4.", "The long apprenticeship was written by Alcide De Gasperi.", "The University of Notre Dame Press was published in 1965,", "There is a man named Maurizio.", "\"Alcide De Gasperi is a political thinker or a thinking politician?\"", "Modern Italy was published in Nov 2009.", "pp 431–45 was written by Christopher.", "The History of Italy Since 1796 ch 27–28 was written by Paul.", "There is a history of contemporary Italy.", "Sara Lorenzini.", "\"The roots of a'statesman': De Gasperi's foreign policy\", Modern Italy Nov 2009, Vol.", "pp 473–84 were written by Pombeni, Paolo, and Giuliana Nobili Schiera.", "\"Alcide de Gasperi: a political life in a troubled century\" was published in Modern Italy.", "The fourth issue of 14 Issue 4 was published.", "Steven White.", "Since 2003 there have been innovations in Italian scholarship.", "The Journal of Modern Italian Studies was published in 2010.", "David Wilsford wrote historiography.", "The biographical dictionary of political leaders of contemporary Western Europe.", "La proposta politica di De Gasperi was written by Pietro Scoppola.", "Intervista su De Gasperi is a cura di Antonio Gambino.", "De Gasperi visto da vicino was written by Giulio Andreotti.", "De Gasperi e l'America is located in Palermo.", "Alcide De Gasperi: un percorso europeo was published in 2004.", "Piero Craveri is from Bologna.", "La svolta occidentale is written by Nico Perrone.", "De Gasperi e il nuovo ruolo internazionale dell'Italia." ]

[ "Alcide Amedeo Francesco De Gasperi", "De Gasperi", "De Gasperi", "De Gasperi", "De Gasperi", "De Gasper", "De Gasperi", "De Gasperi", "De Gasperi", "De Gasper", "De Gasperi", "De Gasperi", "De Gasperi", "Enrico De", "De Gasper", "De Gasper", "De Gasper", "De Gasperi", "De Gasperi", "De Gasperi", "De Gasperi", "De Gasperi", "De Gasper", "De Gasperi", "De Gasperi", "De Gasper", "De Gasperi", "De Gasper", "De Gasperi", "De Gasper", "De Gasperi", "De Gasperi", "De Gasperi", "De Gasperi", "De Gasper", "Alcide", "De Gasperi", "Alcide", "De Gasper", "De Gasperi", "Alcide", "de Gasperi", "Alcide", "De Gasperi", "De Gasper", "De Gasper", "De Gasper", "Alcide", "De Gasperi", "De Gasper", "De Gasperi" ]

[ "Alcide Amedeo Francesco De Gasperi", "De Gasperi", "De Gasperi", "De Gasperi", "De Gasper", "De Gasper", "De Gasperi", "De Gasperi", "De Gasperi", "De Gasperi", "De Gasper", "Enrico DeNicola", "De Gasper", "De Gasperi", "De Gasperi", "De Gasperi", "De Gasperi", "De Gasperi", "De Gasperi", "De Gasper", "De Gasperi", "De Gasper", "De Gasper", "De Gasperi", "De Gasper", "De Gasperi", "De Gasper", "De Gasper", "De Gasperi", "Alcide", "De Gasper", "Alcide", "De Gasperi", "Alcide", "De Gasper", "De Gasperi", "Alcide", "De Gasper", "De Gasper", "Alcide", "De Gasperi", "De" ]

[ "Daniel Cottier (1838–1891) was a British artist and designer born in Anderston, Glasgow, Scotland.", "His work was said to be influenced by the writing of John Ruskin, the paintings of the Dante Gabriel Rossetti and the work of William Morris.", "He painted allegorical figures in the Pre-Raphaelite style of Rossetti and Sir Edward Burne-Jones.", "Cottier is considered to be an important influence on Louis Comfort Tiffany and also is credited with introducing the Aesthetic movement to America and Australia.", "Cottier was interested in glass, furniture, ceramic manufacture, and interior design.", "His art furnishing business opened branches in Edinburgh, Glasgow and London between 1864 and 1869, and then in 1873 he opened more branches in New York, Sydney and Melbourne.", "In the United States he is seen as a 'harbinger of aestheticism….and a profound influence on American decoration'.", "And the same can be said of Scotland where he also exported the Aesthetic Movement to Scotland via his many professional and business contacts which he had made during his training and early career in Glasgow, Edinburgh and Aberdeen.", "So, by the time he moved to London in 1869, Cottier was already part of an influential and avart-garde group of designers—many of them also expatriate Scots—who were to establish the Aesthetic Movement in England.", "Family life\nDaniel Cottier was born in 1838, the son of Margaret McLean (1807–1885) and Daniel Cottier (1761–1843), a master mariner.", "In the Census of 1841, he is recorded with his family in Carrick Street, off the Broomielaw in Glasgow.", "By 1851, he was working as an apprentice coach painter, living in North Woodside Road.", "In 1861, he was boarding in Francis Street, St Pancras, London, working as a glass designer.", "In 1866, he married Marion Millar Field, of Edinburgh, and in 1867, their daughter, Isabella was born.", "They had four children, Archibald (1868) who died of whooping cough aged 20 months, William (1869), Alexander and Margaret.", "Training\nHis training began as an apprentice to glazing and decorating firm in Glasgow in the 1850s, first with the firm of David Keir (1802–65), then with John Cairney & Co (1828–65).", "Cairney's circle included the architect and designer Alexander \"Greek\" Thomson (1817–75), who was of international stature and one of the most original interpreters of the Greek Revival style.", "When Thomson was designing a building, he included coloured decoration, furniture and carpets in his drawings.", "His ornamentation and colour schemes also drew from Egyptian, Assyrian, and Persian cultures.", "Cottier in all probability came into contact, whilst an apprentice at Cairney's, with this unified eclecticism of Aesthetic Movement interiors of the 1870s.", "Cottier subsequently worked for the stainer James Ballantine in Edinburgh, and attended evening classes at the Trustees' Academy, at which 'Ornamental Design' was taught.", "Around 1859 he went to London, where he may have worked for the stained glass makers, Ward & Hughes, while attending evening classes at the Working Men's College at 31 Red Lion Square in the East End.", "Here he heard lectures given by the critic John Ruskin (1819–1900) and received drawing lessons from the artist Ford Madox Brown (1821–93).", "Cottier could not have been closer to the Pre-Raphaelites or to the stirrings of the Aesthetic Movement: in 1861 William Morris (1834–96) opened his decorating and furnishing partnership across from the College, at 8 Red Lion Square.", "This may have exposed Cottier to the colour theories being developed by Morris, whose subtle and resonant tertiary hues were beginning to replace the archaeologically inspired mid-century primaries favoured by designers such as Thomson.", "In 1862 Cottier returned to Scotland to accept an appointment as manager of Field & Allan, a firm of slaters, glaziers and decorators based in Edinburgh and Leith (1797–1910).", "Here he oversaw the glazing and decoration of Peddie and Kinnear's Pilrig Parish Church, Leith (c. 1862–63).", "The surviving geometric glass cycle, bold and vigorous, was based on medieval grisaille work.", "It shows that by now Cottier had developed a keen sense of colour harmony, heavily reliant on the juxtaposition of contrasting primary or tertiary colours.", "After managing Field & Allan for two years, Cottier felt sufficiently confident to open his own business in Edinburgh aged 26.", "He shared the top floor of 24 George Street with the architects Campbell Douglas and J. J. Stevenson.", "Cottier persuaded Andrew Wells (1845–1915), his talented young assistant at Field & Allan, to join the new venture, together with Stephen Adam (1848–1910) from Ballantine & Co, and Charles Gow (1830–1891).", "However, Cottier's connection with Field & Allan did not end completely: he married Marion, the late William Field's daughter, in Edinburgh on 15 June 1866.", "Cottier and Company\nAt the 1867 Paris International Exhibition, Cottier's armorial window received a prize, and was praised as 'magnificent …superb harmony of colours …the finest ornamental window in the Exhibition'.", "Encouraged by his growing success, in 1869 he moved the centre of his activities to London where, at 2 Langham Place, in partnership with Brydon, Wallace and John Bennett, he established 'Cottier and Company', which advertised as 'art furniture makers, mural decorators, and glass and tile painters'.", "Cottier may have been drawn to London by the artistic community of expatriate Scots who had settled there, referred to as 'the London brethren'.", "However, Cottier & Co's order books continued to be dominated by commissions in Scotland, and the studio expanded.", "Around 1871 Norman McLeod Macdougall (1852–1939) followed Cottier to London, where he became the chief glass painter and latterly designer.", "Cottier also began to visit Europe as he developed an interest in art dealing, which brought him into contact with Vincent van Gogh and Dutch artist, Matthew Maris (1839–1917), who arrived in London to work for Cottier around 1872.", "Maris, who accompanied him on visits to Norway and elsewhere, has been credited as the designer of 'some of Cottier's most successful windows of the 1870s'.", "Certainly, the figures on a window such as the Musician Angels at St Machar's Cathedral, Aberdeen (1873), assume the strong contraposto poses which often appear in Maris's drawings.", "Maris also painted panels for Cottier, but as he found the watery consistency of glass paints made them difficult to use, he later explained that 'the only things that exist by my hand (from Cottier's studio) I painted with oil colours against the light'.", "Van Gogh visited Cottier's London showroom in 1876 and there he recalled seeing, 'Sketches for two church windows.", "In the middle of one was a portrait of a middle-aged lady—oh, such a noble face—with the words \"Thy will be done\".", "Elsewhere van Gogh noted, 'When there is style in a drawing he (Cottier) likes it well enough\".", "As well as capitalising on a taste for all things Aesthetic in Britain, Cottier helped to establish the Aesthetic Movement abroad.", "In 1873 he opened a New York branch at 144 Fifth Avenue.", "In New York, Boston and elsewhere, Cottier & Co supplied ecclesiastical and domestic stained glass imported from the London workshop, which came to employ over a hundred men.", "He also supplied a variety of other goods, from gasoliers to Oriental Carpetings, as well as decorating interiors and dealing in pictures and antiques, and Cottier's taste in Aesthetic furnishings and modern paintings spread across the States as far as Portland, Oregon.", "He encouraged native artists such as Albert Pinkham Ryder (1847–1917).", "Cottier remained an active designer on several American project between 1873–9.", "In the 1880s Cottier collaborated with the stained glass artists Louis Comfort Tiffany (1848–1933) and John La Farge (1835–1910).", "An important window made in about 1877 for the main hall of the Newport, Rhode Island, house of William Sherman (1843–1912), formerly attributed to La Farge, is now considered to be the work of Cottier.", "Cottier's transatlantic experiences may have crossed over into his Scottish commissions, such as the Baptism of Christ in Paisley Abbey, Renfreshire (c. 1880) which features an unusually bold exercise in depicting water-reeds blowing in the wind which seems to anticipate the landscape glass that Tiffany later developed in America.", "Cottier played a part in the strong late-nineteenth century ties between progressive Scottish and American glass, a trend which later resulted in American-developed techniques, particularly the exploration of streaky and opalescent glass, influencing the glass produced by the Glasgow School in the 1890s.", "In 1873 Cottier began to export the Aesthetic Movement to Australia with the opening of a branch in Sydney in partnership with John Lamb Lyon (1835–1916), a fellow Scot with whom he had trained in Glasgow and London.", "Cottier made at least three trips to Australia between 1873 and 1890, but Lyon largely ran the business there.", "Cottier's contribution to the Australian branch was to supply Lyon with his talented assistants, Gow and Wells, who acted as its chief designers from the mid-1870s to the mid-1890s.", "Under the direction of Lyon and Wells, the firm of Cottier, Lyon & Co decorated a number of important private residences, churches, and public buildings, all in the latest London style, with windows initially imported from the London workshop.", "Death\nAs a result of his business interests abroad, Cottier became increasingly known as an art dealer.", "He began to amass a large private collection of paintings, apparently to supply a legacy for his family, as his recurrent rheumatic fever made him ineligible for life insurance.", "Cottier died of a heart attack on April 15, 1891, aged 53 while visiting Jacksonville, Florida for health reasons.", "He is interred at Woodlawn Cemetery in The Bronx, New York City.", "His firm survived in New York as picture dealers until 1915.", "Legacy\nBy the time of his death, Cottier had undoubtedly contributed as much to the propagation of the Aesthetic Movement in Britain as he had abroad.", "Stephen Adam left Cottier & Co in 1870 to establish his own firm in Glasgow together with David Small (1846–1927).", "For the next two decades Adam & Small capitalised on the demand which Cottier had created for Aesthetic glass by producing a stream of confident windows dominated by Adam's figure drawings, which were based on Hart and Moore's Neo-Classical style.", "In 1873 Adam collaborated with Wells, shortly before he left for Australia, on the decoration and glazing of Belhaven Parish Church, Glasgow.", "Adam's glass at Belhaven borrowed heavily from the repertoire which he had learned from Cottier, including Japanese-style foliage, quarries and sunflowers, with figurative panels based on Millais' Parables, which may have been adapted from cartoons of identical windows produced in Cottier's studio.", "Cottier emerges as an important figure in pioneering the Aesthetic Movement in Britain, in areas beyond the glass-painting with which he is most often associated.", "He was a talented colourist and ornamentalist.", "He oversaw the production of a range of glass, furniture, ceramics and interior schemes which, incorporating the designs of Godwin, Talbert, Moyr, Smith, Moore and others, testify to his position in avant-garde London design circles on the 1870s.", "Prudhoe Hall (built 1868–70) and the Catholic Church of our Lady and St Cuthbert in Prudhoe (built 1890–91, but incorporating the Cottier windows from an earlier smaller chapel built 1868–70) have some of Cottier's earliest stained glass.", "Why did Matthew Liddell commission Daniel Cottier to design the stained glass windows in both the main hall and the original chapel?", "His architect, Archibald Dunn, presumably would have been impressed by the fact that Cottier had recently won a prize for the superb harmony of colours in his armorial window at the 1867 Paris International Exhibition.", "Indeed, Cottier has referred to his Paris prize in the graphite border of the large window in the main hall of Prudhoe Hall.", "The stained glass in the small original chapel, which was opened on 19 October 1870, was eventually incorporated in the enlarged church of 1891 and then subsequently moved again a mile into the town of Prudhoe in 1904-5, when the Liddell family moved away from the area and could no longer support the Catholic mission, which Matthew Liddell had begun in 1870.", "The black-and-white photographs of the first chapel at Prudhoe Hall in Father Zielinski's book, \"The Church That Moved\", clearly show exactly the same windows containing the Cottier glass that have been retained in the larger church that replaced it.", "This means that the Cottier windows have been moved twice from their original site, and this would explain the necessity for so much extra remedial lead-work within some of the panes of glass, presumably repairing damage caused by two removals and two re-installations.", "The small windows at Prudhoe Hall depicting idyllic naturalistic scenes of a rising sun over a river are especially beautiful and seem to have a strong similarity to the work of Louis Comfort Tiffany.", "Made around 1870, they pre-date by ten years or more the collaboration between Cottier and Tiffany in the 1880s in America.", "The swaying reeds in particular would seem to suggest that Cottier may well have been a significant influence on Tiffany before Tiffany returned the compliment as it were, and Cottier brought some of his ideas back into his own artistic creations in Scotland.", "There are several Cottier stained glass windows and a decorative interior scheme situated in Glasgow's West End which are cared for by Four Acres Charitable Trust (FACT).", "FACT was founded in 1983 and acquired Cottiers Theatre, then Dowanhill Church, in 1984.", "The former Dowanhill Church, built in 1865 by William Leiper (1839-1916) and is an internationally important Category ‘A’ listed building due to its decorative scheme designed by Cottier.", "The Theatre also contains several stained glass windows by Cottier including Miriam and David (1867) and a rose window.", "FACT works to return important redundant Victorian buildings to a meaningful use and restore them in accordance with the highest conservation standards.", "Four fine examples of his work may be found in Holy Trinity Church, Nice, France.", "Notes\n\nhis Argentine nephew, born 1971 march 2, in Santa Fe, Argentina, it's a good metallurgical craftsman, and automation engineer, with the same name as its predecessor, Daniel Cottier\n\n1837 births\nBritish cabinetmakers\n1891 deaths\nPeople from Anderston\nScottish expatriates in the United States" ]

[ "Daniel Cottier was born in Glasgow, Scotland.", "The work of William Morris and the paintings of Dante Gabriel Rossetti are said to have influenced his work.", "He painted figures in the style of Rossetti and Sir Edward Burne-Jones.", "Louis Comfort Tiffany is thought to be an important influence on Cottier, as well as the introduction of the aesthetic movement to America and Australia.", "He was interested in glass, furniture, ceramic manufacture, and interior design.", "Between 1864 and 1869, his business opened branches in Edinburgh, Glasgow and London.", "He is seen as a \"harbinger of aestheticism\" in the United States.", "During his training and early career in Glasgow, Edinburgh and Aberdeen, he made many professional and business contacts which he used to export the aesthetic movement to Scotland.", "By the time he moved to London in 1869, he was already part of an influential and avart-garde group of designers who were to establish the Aesthetic Movement in England.", "Daniel Cottier was a master mariner and the son of Margaret McLean.", "He is recorded in the Census with his family in Glasgow.", "He was an apprenticeship coach painter and lived in North Woodside Road.", "He was a glass designer at the time.", "In 1867, they had a daughter, Isabella, who was born in Edinburgh.", "They had four children, William, Alexander, and Margaret, who died of whooping cough.", "His apprenticeship began with the firm of David Keir in Glasgow in the 1850s, and then with John Cairney & Co in the 18th century.", "Alexander \"Greek\" Thomson was one of the most original interpreters of the Greek Revival style.", "Thomson included furniture and carpets in his drawings.", "His colour schemes and ornamentation were drawn from other cultures.", "While an apprenticeship at Cairney's, Cottier came into contact with this eclecticism of aesthetic movement interiors of the 1870s.", "After working for the stainer James Ballantine in Edinburgh, Cottier attended evening classes at the Trustees' Academy, where 'Ornamental Design' was taught.", "While attending evening classes at the Working Men's College in the East End, he may have worked for the stained glass makers, Ward & Hughes.", "He received drawing lessons from the artist Ford Madox Brown and heard lectures from the critic John Ruskin.", "William Morris opened his decorating and furnishings partnership across from the College at 8 Red Lion Square.", "The colour theories being developed by Morris, whose subtle and resonant tertiary hues were beginning to replace the archaeologically inspired mid-century primaries favored by designers such as Thomson, may have been exposed by this.", "Field & Allan is a firm of slaters, glaziers and decorators based in Edinburgh and Leith.", "He oversaw the decoration of the Pilrig Parish Church.", "The geometric glass cycle was based on medieval work.", "It shows that by now, Cottier had developed a keen sense of colour harmony, reliant on the juxtaposition of contrasting primary or tertiary colors.", "After managing Field & Allan for two years, Cottier felt confident enough to open his own business.", "Campbell Douglas and J. J. Stevenson worked on the top floor of 24 George Street.", "Andrew Wells, his young assistant at Field & Allan, and Stephen Adam were persuaded by Cottier to join the new venture.", "He married the daughter of the late William Field in Edinburgh on June 15, 1866.", "At the 1867 Paris International Exhibition, Cottier's armorial window received a prize and was praised as the finest ornamental window in the exhibition.", "Encouraged by his growing success, in 1869 he moved the center of his activities to London, where he established 'Cottier and Company', which advertised as 'art furniture makers, mural decorators, and glass'.", "The artistic community of expatriate Scots who had settled in London were referred to as the London brethren.", "The studio expanded and the order books continued to be dominated by Scotland.", "Norman Macdougall moved to London around 1871 and became the chief glass painter.", "Matthew Maris arrived in London to work for Cottier around 1872, after he developed an interest in art dealing.", "Maris has been credited with designing some of the most successful windows of the 1870s.", "The figures on the window of the Musician Angels at St Machar's Cathedral, Aberdeen assume the poses that appear in Maris's drawings.", "Maris painted panels for Cottier, but as he found the watery consistency of glass paints made them difficult to use, he later explained that he painted with oil colors against the light.", "Van Gogh recalled seeing sketches for two church windows while he was in London in 1876.", "There was a portrait of a middle-aged lady in the middle of one.", "Van Gogh said, \"When there is style in a drawing he likes it well enough\".", "As well as capitalising on a taste for all things aesthetic in Britain, Cottier helped to establish the aesthetic movement abroad.", "He opened a New York branch in 1873.", "In New York, Boston and elsewhere, Cottier & Co supplied ecclesiastical and domestic stained glass imported from the London workshop, which came to employ over a hundred men.", "He also supplied a variety of other goods, from gasoliers to Oriental Carpetings, as well as decorating interiors and dealing in pictures and antiques, and Cottier's taste in aesthetic furnishings and modern paintings spread across the States as far as Portland, Oregon.", "Albert Pinkham Ryder was encouraged by him.", "During the 19th century, Cottier was an active designer on several American projects.", "The stained glass artists John La Farge and Louis Comfort Tiffany collaborated with Cottier.", "An important window made in about 1877 for the main hall of the Newport, Rhode Island, house of William Sherman is now considered to be the work of Cottier.", "The Baptism of Christ in Paisley Abbey, Renfreshire, which features a bold exercise in depicting water-reeds blowing in the wind, seems to anticipate the landscape glass that Tiffany, may have crossed over into his Scottish commission.", "American-developed techniques, particularly the exploration of streaky and opalescent glass, influenced the glass produced by the Glasgow School in the 1890s.", "John Lamb Lyon, a fellow Scot who had trained in Glasgow and London, was a partner in the opening of the branch in Australia.", "Lyon ran most of the business in Australia between 1873 and 1890.", "Lyon's assistants, Gow and Wells, acted as the branch's chief designers from the mid-1870s to the mid-1890s.", "Under the direction of Lyon and Wells, the firm of Cottier, Lyon & Co decorated a number of important private residences, churches, and public buildings, all in the latest London style, with windows imported from the London workshop.", "As a result of his business interests abroad, he became known as an art dealer.", "He began to accumulate a large private collection of paintings because he was ineligible for life insurance because of his rheumatic fever.", "On April 15, 1891, Cottier died of a heart attack while visiting Jacksonville, Florida for health reasons.", "He is buried in the Bronx.", "He was a picture dealer in New York until 1915.", "By the time of his death, he had contributed as much to the propagation of the aesthetic movement in Britain as he had abroad.", "Stephen Adam and David Small founded their own firm in Glasgow in 1870.", "Adam and Small created a stream of confident windows based on Adam's figure drawings, which were based on Hart and Moore's Neo-Classical style.", "Adam and Wells collaborated on the decoration of Belhaven Parish Church, Glasgow, before Adam left for Australia.", "Adam's glass at Belhaven borrowed a lot from what he had learned from Cottier, including Japanese-style foliage, quarries and sunflowers, as well as panels based on Millais' Parables, which may have been adapted from cartoons of identical windows produced in Cottier's studio", "In areas other than the glass-painting with which he is most often associated, Cottier is an important figure.", "He was an ornamentalist.", "He oversaw the production of a range of glass, furniture, ceramics and interior schemes which incorporated the designs of Talbert, Moyr, Smith, Moore and others.", "Some of the earliest stained glass in the world can be found in Prudhoe Hall and the Catholic Church of our Lady and St Cuthbert.", "The stained glass windows in the main hall and the original chapel were designed by Daniel Cottier.", "At the 1867 Paris International Exhibition, Cottier won a prize for the harmony of colors in his armorial window.", "There is a large window in the main hall of Prudhoe Hall that contains the Paris prize.", "The stained glass in the small original chapel, which was opened on 19 October 1870, was eventually incorporated in the enlarged church of 1891 and then moved again a mile into the town of Prudhoe in 1904-5, when the Liddell family moved away from the area.", "The photographs of the first chapel at Prudhoe Hall show the same windows that were used in the larger church that replaced it.", "The need for extra lead-work within some of the panes of glass is explained by the fact that the windows have been moved twice from their original site.", "The small windows at Prudhoe Hall depicting idyllic naturalistic scenes of a rising sun over a river seem to have a strong similarity to the work of Louis Comfort Tiffany.", "They were made around 1870 and were part of the collaboration between Tiffany and Cottier.", "The swaying reeds suggest that Cottier may have had a significant influence on Tiffany before Tiffany returned the compliment as it were, and that he brought some of his ideas back into his own artistic creations in Scotland.", "There are several stained glass windows in Glasgow's West End which are cared for by the FACT.", "In 1984 FACT acquired Dowanhill Church and the Cottiers Theatre.", "The former Dowanhill Church was built in 1865 and is an internationally important Category A listed building.", "There are stained glass windows by Cottier in the Theatre.", "FACT works to return redundant Victorian buildings to a meaningful use and restore them to their former glory.", "There are four examples of his work in Holy Trinity Church.", "His Argentine nephew, born 1971 march 2 in Santa Fe, Argentina, is a good metallurgical craftsman, and automation engineer, with the same name as its predecessor." ]

[ "Daniel Cottier", "Daniel Cottier", "Daniel Cottier", "Cottier", "Daniel Cottier", "Daniel Cotti" ]

[ "Daniel Cottier", "Daniel Cottier", "Daniel Cottier" ]

[ "Lucas Valeriu Ntuba Radebe OIS (born 12 April 1969) is a South African former professional footballer who played as a centre back.", "He began playing in South Africa with Kaizer Chiefs, before transferring to Leeds United, where he played 256 matches for the Yorkshire side.", "During his spells at these clubs, he picked up the nicknames \"Rhoo\" and \"The Chief\".", "He became captain of Leeds United and also of the South African national team, most notably at World Cup 2002.", "Nelson Mandela said of Radebe: \"This is my hero.\"", "He also captained Kaizer Chiefs during his time at Chiefs.", "Early career\nRadebe was born to Emily and Johannes Radebe in the Diepkloof section of Soweto, near Johannesburg, as one of 11 children.", "He attended the local Bopasenatla Secondary School until he was 15 years old.", "His parents sent him to one of the former homelands in Grade 10, Bophuthatswana, as a way to keep him safe from the violent neighbourhood of Diepkloof Zone Four in Soweto.", "There he attended Ngotwane High School near Zeerust.", "Club career\n\nKaizer Chiefs\nAfter playing for amateur side ICL Birds in the now-defunct Bophuthatswana Soccer League, and was spotted by Patrick Ntsoelengoe who recruited him to one of South Africa's top clubs, the Kaizer Chiefs, in 1989.", "Radebe originally started his career with the Kaizer Chiefs as a goalkeeper, and then switched positions to central midfield and then finally to central defence.", "Leeds United\nIn 1994, Radebe and another South African player, Philemon \"Chippa\" Masinga, moved to Leeds United for a transfer fee of £250,000.", "Radebe was only included in the deal to keep Masinga happy; as it turned out, he became the more valuable investment.", "Initially the move was not a success; Radebe did not agree with then Leeds manager Howard Wilkinson, and suffered injuries which prevented him for earning a regular first team place.", "Radebe returned to the goalkeeper position in March 1996, replacing John Lukic in the position after he suffered an injury in the second half of a defeat to Middlesbrough.", "Radebe would again play in the goalkeeper position the following month when goalkeeper Mark Beeney was sent off for handling the ball outside his area in the 17th minute against Manchester United.", "Radebe was brought on as a substitute in place of Mark Ford, and despite Leeds losing 1–0, Radebe earnt 'cult-hero' status at the club due to his performance.", "However, when Wilkinson was replaced by George Graham, his career flourished and Radebe was made captain of the team for the 1998–99 season.", "Whilst he was captain, Leeds enjoyed a period of relative success; in the 1998–99 season, they finished fourth in the FA Premier League, qualifying for the UEFA Cup.", "During the 1999–2000 season, Leeds finished third in the Premier League and qualified for the following season's Champions League, where they eventually reached the semi-finals.", "During this time, Radebe turned down the chance to move to Manchester United, A.C. Milan and Roma.", "Alex Ferguson commented at the time, \"Everyone should be interested in Lucas.\"", "In 2000, he was awarded the FIFA Fair Play Award.", "However, in 2000 Radebe sustained serious knee and ankle injuries, which kept him out of the game for almost two years, and subsequently found it difficult to regain his form and his place in the team.", "International career\nFollowing the end of apartheid, Radebe made his debut for South African national team in their first international match on 7 July 1992 against Cameroon.", "Having recently recovered from a long-term knee injury, he was a member of the South African team that won the 1996 African Cup of Nations.", "Radebe was also the captain of the South African national football team during both the 1998 FIFA World Cup and the 2002 FIFA World Cup.", "South Africa failed to reach the knockout stages on both occasions; however Radebe did get on the score sheet in 2002.", "He earned 70 caps for South Africa and scored two goals during his international career, with his last match being against England on 22 May 2003.", "After retiring, Radebe was influential in South Africa's successful bid to host the 2010 World Cup.", "He could also be seen working as a pundit for South African television, and during ITV's coverage of the tournament.", "Style of play\nThebe Mabanga, a Mail & Guardian journalist, wrote that South African fans remember Radebe in his Kaizer Chiefs days as \"a lanky, flamboyant central midfielder who switched to central defence with ease, snuffing out any opposition threat with exquisite, acrobatic scissor kicks and diving headers, and man-marking the most lethal strikers into silence\".", "Post-playing career\n\nAt the end of the 2005 season, Radebe retired from professional football.", "Leeds held a testimonial for Radebe at Elland Road on 2 May 2005 attended by a crowd of over 37,886.", "Radebe also held a retirement match in Durban, South Africa between a South African Invitation XI and Lucas Radebe All Stars at Kings Park Soccer Stadium.", "The proceeds from both of these matches were combined with other money raised and donated to charity.", "On 28 August 2006, Radebe announced that he was going back to Leeds after failing to secure a job with the World Cup hosts to be involved in the set-up of Bafana Bafana.", "He said he was \"tired of waiting for unreliable people\" who had allegedly promised him a role in the national team set up as the South African Football Association prepared to host the next World Cup in 2010.", "In 2008, a local Leeds brewery asked for suggestions for a new beer; the most popular suggestion was Radebeer, showing the Leeds fans' admiration of Radebe.", "On 8 October 2009, The English Football Association announced Radebe as an ambassador to help boost the 2018 World Cup bid.", "A biography, Lucas: From the Streets of Soweto to Soccer Superstar by Richard Coomber was published in 2010.", "In May 2010 he won the PFA Merit Award for his contribution to football.", "During the FIFA 2010 World Cup, Radebe was a pundit for ITV's match coverage and also a columnist for The Daily Telegraph.", "Radebe revealed in September 2010 that he would like to manage Leeds United in the future and also manage the South African national side.", "He said both jobs were the only coaching jobs that he would consider.", "In July 2012, it was announced that Radebe had accepted a position as team manager with the South African national side.", "In October 2013, Radebe announced that he was set for another emotional return to the Elland Road ground at Leeds, to be presented to the crowd on Sunday, 30 October 2013.", "On 23 January, it was confirmed that Boxer Josh Warrington would fight IBF world champion Lee Selby (26-1) in his first world title fight on 19 May at Elland Road with Radebe joining Warrington for the ringwalk.", "On 19 May, Warrington secured a split-decision victory over Selby to claim the title.", "With Radebe as part of Warrington's ringwalk and band Kaiser Chiefs also played songs at the event.", "Personal life\nIn 1991, he was shot whilst driving with his brother Lazarus to buy drinks for his mother but was not critically wounded.", "When Leeds United confirmed their interest in 1994, Radebe's decision influenced in part by an incident that had taken place three years previously.", "Radebe was shopping for his mother, accompanied by his brothers, one of his sisters and her baby.", "While walking, they heard a gunshot, but didn't pay it much attention because, says Radebe: \"In Soweto you heard shots all the time\".", "He felt a pain in his back and he was bleeding, and his left leg went limp.", "Radebe was rushed to hospital but nothing vital had been damaged.", "The bullet had entered his back and exited halfway down his thigh.", "The culprit is still unknown, it is suspected that someone was hired to shoot him rather than allow him to switch clubs.", "He was voted 54th in the Top 100 Great South Africans in 2004.", "His wife Feziwe died of cancer in October 2008.", "In December 2008, Radebe was treated for a heart complaint after collapsing while at the gym.", "Radebe married his second wife at the end of 2015.", "Legacy\nKaiser Chiefs, a British indie/britpop band, whose members are all Leeds United supporters, chose this name because Radebe is a former player of Kaizer Chiefs.", "Radebe has been an ambassador of FIFA for SOS Children's Villages; he also received the FIFA Fair Play Award in December 2000 for his contribution in ridding soccer of racism as well as for his work with children in South Africa.", "In April 2003, for recognition of his efforts both on an off the field, Radebe was given the Contribution to the Community Award in the Premier League 10 Seasons Awards.", "On an official visit to Leeds, Nelson Mandela said of Radebe: \"This is my hero.\"", "Career statistics\n\nSources: Soccerbase\nlucasradebe.com\n\n More detailed statistics for Kaizer Chiefs games for this period are not available.", "\"Continental\" includes UEFA Cup and Champions League appearances.", "International\n\nScores and results list South Africa's goal tally first.", "Honours\nSouth Africa\nAfrican Cup of Nations: 1996\n\nKaizer Chiefs\nChampions (3) - record: 1989, 1991, 1992\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\n Graeme Friedman Madiba's Boys: The Stories of Lucas Radebe and Mark Fish Comerford & Miller, United Kingdom .", "Foreword by Nelson Mandela\n\nExternal links\n\n \n A short documentary following Lucas back to his home town in Umlazi Township\n\n1969 births\nLiving people\n1996 African Cup of Nations players\n1998 African Cup of Nations players\n2000 African Cup of Nations players\n1997 FIFA Confederations Cup players\n1998 FIFA World Cup players\n2002 FIFA World Cup players\nKaizer Chiefs F.C.", "players\nLeeds United F.C.", "players\nSportspeople from Soweto\nPremier League players\nExpatriate footballers in England\nSouth African soccer players\nSouth Africa international soccer players\nSouth African expatriate soccer players\nShooting survivors\nAssociation football defenders\nRecipients of the Order of Ikhamanga\nOutfield association footballers who played in goal" ]

[ "Lucas Valeriu Ntuba Radebe OIS is a South African former professional footballer who played as a centre back.", "He began his playing career in South Africa with Kaizer Chiefs before moving on to play for the Yorkshire side.", "He picked up the nickname \"Rhoo\" and \"The Chief\" during his time at these clubs.", "He captained the South African national team at the 2002 World Cup.", "\"This is my hero, this is my hero, this is my hero, this is my hero, this is my hero, this is my hero, this is my hero, this is my hero, this is my hero, this is my hero, this is my hero, this is", "He captained the Kaizer Chiefs.", "One of 11 children was born to Emily and Johannes Radebe in the Diepkloof section of Soweto.", "He was a student at the local school.", "His parents sent him to Bophuthatswana, one of the former homelands in Grade 10, in order to keep him safe from Diepkloof Zone Four.", "He attended a high school there.", "Patrick Ntsoelengoe recruited him to one of South Africa's top clubs, the Kaizer Chiefs, after he played for an amateur side in the Bophuthatswana Soccer League.", "After starting his career with the Kaizer Chiefs as a goalkeeper, he moved to central midfield and finally to central defence.", "A transfer fee of £250,000 was paid for two South African players in 1994.", "He became the more valuable investment because he was included in the deal to keep Masinga happy.", "Injuries prevented him from earning a regular first team place, and the move was not a success initially.", "After John Lukic suffered an injury in the second half of a defeat to Middlesbrough, the position of goalkeeper was taken over by the return of Radebe in March 1996.", "When Mark Beeney was sent off for handling the ball outside his area in the 17th minute against Manchester United, the following month, he would again play in the goalkeeper position.", "The cult-hero status at the club was earned by Radebe, who was brought on as a substitute in place of Mark Ford.", "When George Graham replaced Wilkinson, his career flourished and he was made captain of the team for the 1998–99 season.", "In the 1998–99 season, they finished fourth in the FA Premier League and qualified for the UEFA Cup.", "During the 1999–2000 season, Leeds finished third in the premier league and qualified for the playoffs, where they reached the semi-finals.", "The chance to move to Manchester United, A.C. Milan and Roma was turned down by Radebe.", "Alex Ferguson said that everyone should be interested in Lucas.", "He won the fair play award.", "After sustaining serious knee and ankle injuries, which kept him out of the game for almost two years, it was difficult for him to regain his place in the team.", "The first international match for the South African national team was played on July 7, 1992.", "He was a member of the South African team that won the 1996 African Cup of Nations after recovering from a long-term knee injury.", "During the 1998 and 2002 World Cup, he was the captain of the South African national football team.", "South Africa did not reach the knockout stages on both occasions, but did get on the score sheet in 2002.", "He earned 70 caps for South Africa and scored two goals, with his last match being against England.", "South Africa was successful in its bid to host the 2010 World Cup.", "He worked as a pundit for South African television during the tournament.", "A Mail & Guardian journalist wrote about the style of play that South African fans remember from the days of the Kaizer Chiefs, and it was a style of play that included acrobatic scissor kicks and diving heads.", "At the end of the 2005 season, he retired from football.", "On 2 May 2005, a crowd of over 37,886 attended a testimonial for Radebe at Elland Road.", "A retirement match was held in South Africa between a South African Invitation XI and Lucas Radebe All Stars.", "The money raised from these matches was donated to charity.", "After failing to get a job with the World Cup hosts to be involved in the set-up of Bafana Bafana, he decided to return to Yorkshire.", "He said he was tired of waiting for unreliable people who promised him a role in the national team set up as the South African Football Association prepared to host the next World Cup in 2010.", "The most popular suggestion was radebeer, showing the fans' admiration of radebe, when a local brewery asked for suggestions for a new beer in 2008.", "On October 8, 2009, the English Football Association announced that they had a new ambassador.", "Lucas: From the Streets of Soweto to Soccer Superstar was published in 2010.", "He won the Merit Award for his contribution to football.", "During the 2010 World Cup, he was a pundit for ITV and a columnist for The Daily Telegraph.", "In September 2010 he said that he would like to manage both the South African national side and the English club.", "He said that both jobs were the only coaching jobs he would consider.", "In July 2012 it was announced that he had accepted a position as team manager with the South African national side.", "In October of last year, he announced that he was going to return to Elland Road to be presented to the crowd on Sunday, 30 October.", "On 23 January, it was confirmed that Boxer Josh Warrington would fight IBF world champion Lee Selby in his first world title fight on 19 May at Elland Road.", "The title was claimed by Warrington on 19 May.", "Kaiser Chiefs played songs at the event as part of the ringwalk.", "In 1991, he was shot while driving with his brother to buy drinks for his mother.", "The incident that had taken place three years previously influenced the decision that was made when Leeds United confirmed their interest in 1994.", "A group of people, including his brothers and sisters, were shopping for his mother.", "They heard a gunshot while walking, but didn't pay much attention to it.", "He was bleeding and his left leg was limp after he felt a pain in his back.", "There was nothing vital that had been damaged.", "The bullet exited halfway down his thigh after entering his back.", "It is thought that someone was hired to shoot him rather than allow him to switch clubs.", "In 2004, he was voted 54th in the Top 100 Great South Africans.", "His wife died of cancer.", "In December 2008, he was treated for a heart complaint after collapsing at the gym.", "He married his second wife at the end of 2015.", "A British band named Legacy Kaiser Chiefs was named after a former Kaizer Chiefs player.", "In December 2000 he received the fair play award for his contribution in ridding soccer of racism as well as his work with children in South Africa.", "The Contribution to the Community Award was given to him in April 2003 for his efforts on and off the field.", "Nelson Mandela said that he was his hero.", "More detailed statistics for Kaizer Chiefs games are not available.", "The \"Continental\" includes appearances in the European competition.", "South Africa's goal tally is listed first.", "The Kaizer Chiefs won the 1996 South Africa Cup of Nations.", "A short documentary follows Lucas back to his hometown of Umlazi Township, where he played for the African Cup of Nations in 1998 and the World Cup in 2002.", "The players are fromLeeds United F.C.", "Football players who played in goal are recipients of the Order of Ikhamanga Outfield." ]

[ "Lucas Valeriu Ntuba Radebe O", "Johannes Radebe", "Radebe", "Radebe", "Radebe", "Radebe", "Radebe", "Radebe", "Radebe", "Radebe", "Radebe", "Lucas", "Radebe", "Radebe", "Radebe", "Radebe", "Radebe", "Radebe", "Radebe", "Radebe", "Radebe", "Radebe", "Lucas", "Radebe", "Radebe", "Radebe", "Radebe", "Radebe", "Radebe", "Radebe", "Radebe", "Radebe", "Radebe", "Radebe", "Radebe", "Radebe", "Radebe", "Radebe", "Lucas Radebe", "Lucas" ]

[ "Lucas Valeriu Ntuba Radebe O", "Johannes Radebe", "Radebe", "Radebe", "Lucas", "Lucas", "Lucas" ]

[ "Jeanne Dupleix (1706–1756) (née Albert) was the spouse of Joseph François Dupleix, governor general of the French establishment in India in 1742-1754, and known for her influence during his tenure.", "She acted as his political advisor and is known to have influenced his policy against non-Christians.", "She was known to the Indians as Joanna Begum (Jân Begum).", "Family\n\nShe was born in 1706 at Pondicherry to Jacques-Théodore Albert and Élisabeth-Rose de Castro, and baptized on 2 June 1706.", "Her father was from Paris.", "He was the surgeon of Company at Pondicherry.", "Her mother, Rosa de Castro, was a creole of partly Italian, partly Portuguese and Indian parentage from Madras.", "Rosa de Castro's father was Portuguese whereas her mother was a local woman.", "She had five sisters and two brothers.", "She married a Mr. Vincens, one of the superior councillors of the Company, on 5 June 1719.", "He died at Chandannagar 26 September 1739 at the age of 60.", "On 17 April 1741, she married Dupleix who was President of Superior Council of Pondicherry and General Commandent of French Possessions in India.", "Children\n\nShe had 11 children (5 boys and 6 girls) with Mr. Vincens.", "1.", "Jaques-François born in 1720.", "2.", "Pierre-Benoit born in 1721.", "3.", "Marie Rose born in 1722, married Coyle de Barneval in 1738.", "4.", "Jean-Baptiste-Pierre born in 1724.", "5.", "Jeanne born in 1726, died in the same year.", "6.", "Anne-Christine-Françoise born in 1727, married Duval d'Esprémesnil in 1743.", "7.", "Jeanne Ursule born in 1728, married Corneille de Schonamille in 1743.", "8.", "Éléonore born in 1730, died in 1731.", "9.", "François-Joseph born in 1731, died in the same year.", "10.", "Pierre-François-Xavier born in 1734.", "11.", "Marie-François-Xavier born in 1736, familiarly known as chonchon.", "She was proposed to marry the Mogul Emperor in 1751, but married Marquis de Bussy in 1754.", "After marriage with Dupleix, she gave birth to her 12th child, a boy.", "The infant was named Joseph as his father, but he died the same day.", "Political influence\n\nShe was the political adviser of her husband Dupleix during his entire administration of French India.", "Her antagonism to the native princes of India was seen in action during her husband's negotiations with them.", "Religious Persecution\n\nFrom the Private Diary of Ananda Ranga Pillai, it can be confirmed that she indulged in religious persecution against local Hindus.", "Few extracts from his diary confirm this.", "Thursday 17th, March 1746,\n\"On Wednesday night at.11,two unknown persons entered the Iswaran temple carrying in a vessel liquid filth, which they poured on the heads of the gods around the altar,and into the temple, through the drain of the shrine of Iswaran; and having broken the pot of dirt on the image of the god Nandi, they went away through a part of the building which had been demolished....\"\n\nSaturday 31st,December 1746,\n\"It was reported tonight at 7 that an earthen jar filled with filth was thrown from within the grounds of the church of St.Paul into the temple of Vedapuriswaran.", "It very nearly fell on the head of Shankar Aiyan, who was at the shrine of the God Pillaiyar on his way round the temple in the performance of his religious duties.", "When the jar struck the ground and broke to pieces the stench emitted was unbearable ... the temple was now doomed to destruction....\"\n\nSunday 8th, September 1750,\n\"Yesterday 200 soldiers, 60 or 70 troopers and sepoys were stationed at St Paul’s Church in view of the matter on hand.", "This morning, M Gerbault (the engineer), the priests with diggers, masons, coolies and other 200 in all, with spades, pickaxes and whatever needed to demolish walls began to pull down the southern wall of the Vedpuri Ishwaran Temple and the outhouses.", "At once the temple manager, Braahmans and mendicants came and told me ... Just then ... news was brought that Father COEURDOUX, the superior of St. Paul’S church had kicked the inner shrine with his foot and had ordered the Coffrees to remove the doors and the Christians to break the Vaahanams ...(Pillai now went to Governor Dupliex in an attempt to save the temple as did the other caste leaders who sought to save the temple’s movable articles but it was all to no avail)\"\n\n\"...then Father COEURDOUX of Karikal came with a great hammer, kicked the Lingam, broke it with his hammer, and ordered the Coffrees and the Europeans to break the images of Vishnu and other gods.", "Madame Dupliex went and told the priest that he might break the idols as he pleased.", "He answered that she had accomplished what had been impossible for fifty years, that she must be one of those Mahatma (great soul) who established this Christian religion in old days and he would publish her fame through the world ... Then the native convert Varlam also kicked the great Lingam nine or ten times with his sandals in the presence of Madame and the priest and spat on it out of gladness and hoping that the priest and Madame will also regard him as Mahatma.", "Then he followed Madame.", "I can neither write nor describe what abominations were done in the temple...\"\n\n...Before M.Dupleix was made Governor, and when he was only a councillor, all the Europeans and few Tamils used to say that if he becomes governor, he would destroy the Eswaran Temple.", "The saying has come to pass.", "Ever since his appointment he is seeking to do so, but he had no opportunity.", "He tried to get Muttayya Pillai to do it in May May or June 1743.", "But the later would not consent, though the Governor threatened to cut his ears off and beat him publicly and even to hang him...\n\nAnanda Ranga Pillai quotes about her in his Private Diary,\n\nDeath\n\nShe died at Paris on 4 December 1756 at the age of 50.", "Her funeral was performed on next day at the Parish Marie Magdaleine de la Ville l'Évêque.", "References\n\nBibliography\n \n\n1706 births\n1756 deaths\nPeople from Puducherry\nWomen from Puducherry\nFrench people of Italian descent\nFrench people of Portuguese descent\nFrench people of Indian descent\n18th-century Indian women\n18th-century Indian people\nHistory of Puducherry" ]

[ "The wife of Joseph Franois Dupleix, the governor general of the French establishment in India in 1742–1754, was known for her influence.", "She was his political advisor and influenced his policy against non-Christians.", "She was known to the Indians as Jn Begum.", "She was christened on June 2, 1706 after being born in 1706.", "Her dad was from Paris.", "He was the surgeon of the company.", "Her mother,Rosa de Castro, was a descendant of both Italians and Indians.", "Her mother was a local woman while her father was Portuguese.", "She had many family members, including five sisters and two brothers.", "On June 5, 1719, she married Mr. Vincens, one of the superior councillors of the Company.", "He died at the age of 60.", "She married Dupleix, the President of the Superior Council of Pondicherry, on 17 April 1741.", "There were 11 children with Mr. Vincens.", "1.", "Jaques-Franois was born in 1720.", "2.", "Pierre-Benoit was born in 1721.", "3.", "Marie Rose was married in 1738.", "4.", "Jean-Baptiste-Pierre was born in 1724.", "5.", "In 1726, Jeanne died.", "6.", "Anne- Christine-Franoise was born in 1727.", "7.", "Corneille de Schonamille married Jeanne Ursule in 1743.", "There are 8.", "léonore was born in 1730.", "There are 9.", "Franois-Joseph died in 1731.", "10.", "Pierre-Franois-Xavier was born in 1734.", "11.", "Marie-Franois-Xavier was born in 1736.", "She was married to Marquis de Bussy in 1754.", "She gave birth to her 12th child after marrying Dupleix.", "The baby was named Joseph, but he died the same day.", "She was Dupleix's political adviser during his entire administration of French India.", "During her husband's negotiations with the native princes of India, she was against them.", "The Private Diary of Ananda Ranga Pillai shows that she was involved in religious persecution against local Hindus.", "There are few extracts from his diary that confirm this.", "On Wednesday night at.11, two unknown persons entered the Iswaran temple carrying in a vessel filthy liquid, which they poured on the heads of the gods around the altar, and into the temple through the drain of the shrine of Is.", "It almost fell on the head of Shankar Aiyan, who was performing his religious duties at the shrine of the God Pillaiyar.", "The temple was doomed to destruction when the jar struck the ground and broke to pieces.", "M Gerbault, the engineer, the priests with spades, pickaxes, masons, coolies, and 200 other people began to pull down the southern wall of the Vedpuri Ishwaran Temple this morning.", "The temple manager and mendicants told me that the superior of St. Paul's church kicked the inner shrine with his foot and ordered the Coffrees to remove it.", "Madame Dupliex told the priest that he could break the idols.", "The native convert Varlam kicked the great Lingam nine or ten times after he was told that she had accomplished what had been impossible for fifty years.", "He followed Madame.", "Before M.Dupleix was made Governor, all the Europeans and few Tamils used to say that if he became governor, he would destroy the Eswaran Temple.", "The saying has come to pass.", "He had no chance to do it since he was appointed.", "He tried to get Pillai to do it in May or June.", "The Governor threatened to cut his ears off and beat him publicly if he didn't consent.", "Her funeral took place at the Parish Marie Magdaleine de la Ville l'vque.", "There were births and deaths of people from Puducherry." ]

[ "Jeanne Dupleix", "Joseph François Dupleix", "Dupleix", "Jeanne", "Jeanne Ursule", "Dupleix", "Dupleix", "M Dupleix" ]

[ "Joseph Franois Dupleix", "Dupleix", "Jeanne", "Jeanne Ursule", "Dupleix", "Dupleix" ]

[ "John Laurence Miller (born April 29, 1947) is an American former professional golfer.", "He was one of the top players in the world during the mid-1970s.", "He was the first to shoot 63 in a major championship to win the 1973 U.S. Open, and he ranked second in the world on Mark McCormack's world golf rankings in both 1974 and 1975 behind Jack Nicklaus.", "Miller won 25 PGA Tour events, including two majors.", "He was inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame in 1998.", "He was the lead golf analyst for NBC Sports, a position he held from January 1990 to February 2019.", "He is also an active golf course architect.", "Early years and education\nBorn and raised in San Francisco, California, Miller was invited to join the Olympic Club in 1963 as a Junior Golf Section member, and became the top player on its junior team.", "He won the San Francisco city junior title in 1963 at age 16, and the following year won the 1964 U.S.", "Junior Amateur.", "After graduation from Abraham Lincoln High School in 1965, he enrolled at Brigham Young University in Provo, Utah.", "In the spring of his freshman year of college, Miller qualified for the 1966 U.S. Open at the Olympic Club.", "His intimate knowledge of his home course helped him to finish in a tie for eighth place, the low amateur by three strokes, and earned him an invitation to the 1967 Masters.", "He won the California State Amateur Championship in 1968.", "Miller was an All-American at BYU and graduated in 1969 with a degree in physical education.", "PGA Tour\nMiller joined the PGA Tour in 1969 at age 22, and won his first tour event in 1971.", "He made a double eagle on the fifth hole at Muirfield during the second round of the 1972 Open Championship.", "During his professional career, Miller won two major titles: the 1973 U.S. Open and the 1976 Open Championship.", "1973 U.S. Open\nComing into the U.S. Open at the challenging par-71 Oakmont, Miller was a 26-year-old with just two tour victories in four years, but had done well in several majors.", "He tied for second at the 1971 Masters, and had top-10 finishes at the U.S. Open in 1971 and 1972.", "Miller had yet to win in 1973, but by mid-June, he had recorded eight top-10 finishes, which included a tie for 6th at the Masters.", "Miller played the first two rounds at Oakmont (near Pittsburgh) with Arnold Palmer and his \"Army\" gallery, at its largest in Palmer's native western Pennsylvania.", "Miller was two under par (140) after the second round but shot a five-over 76 on Saturday to settle at three-over (216) for the championship.", "Miller played the front nine without his yardage book on Saturday until his wife Linda retrieved it.", "Miller began the fourth and final round in 12th place, six shots behind the four co-leaders, including Palmer.", "Teeing off at 1:36 pm, about an hour ahead of the final group, Miller shot a scorching eight-under 63, considered one of the most remarkable rounds in major championship history.", "He passed the leading players of the day, including future hall-of-famers Jack Nicklaus, Gary Player, Lee Trevino, and Palmer, who was in the final pairing with John Schlee.", "Miller's 63 was the lowest round to win a major championship until it was tied by Henrik Stenson at the Open Championship in 2016.", "Miller birdied the first four holes and hit all 18 greens in regulation.", "He got five more birdies with only one bogey (a 3-putt on the 244 yard par-3 #8), and needed only 29 putts during the round.", "Ten of his approach shots finished within 10 feet of the cup.", "In 2007, Miller said: \"It was the greatest ball-striking round I've ever seen and I've been around a little bit.\"", "Miller wound up at 5-under (279) for the championship, beating the runner-up Schlee by a single stroke, who shot a 1-under 70.", "Only six players, Miller included, shot under par in the final round.", "Miller earned $35,000 for the victory.", "After Oakmont\nMiller followed that triumph at Oakmont by finishing in a tie for second at the next major, The Open Championship at Royal Troon a month later, three strokes behind winner Tom Weiskopf.", "This was the first of five consecutive top-10 finishes for Miller at The Open.", "In 1974, Miller was the leading money winner on the PGA Tour with eight victories, which considerably outpaced the rest of the field.", "He amassed a then-record $353,201 (not exceeded until 1978), and unseated Nicklaus as the Tour's leading money winner for a season.", "Miller began 1975 with three more victories, winning two of them in remarkable fashion.", "He won the Phoenix Open by 14 strokes, which included a second-round 61 for a 24-under par cumulative score of 260, the lowest on the tour in 20 years.", "He also won the Tucson Open by nine strokes, with a final round 61.", "Miller later said of his peak period in the mid-1970s: \"When I won at Tucson by nine shots in 1975, I would say the average iron shot I hit that week was no more than two feet off line.", "It was unbelievable.", "When I was at my peak, I would go into streaks where I felt that I could knock down the pin from anywhere with my irons.", "I played some golf that I think is unequaled.\"", "Miller finished second to Jack Nicklaus at the 1975 Masters, and third at The Open Championship later in the year at Carnoustie, just a single stroke from playoffs in both.", "He won his second and final major in 1976, a six stroke victory over Nicklaus and a 19-year-old Seve Ballesteros at The Open Championship at Royal Birkdale.", "The course had played hard and fast after scorching hot conditions in England that summer, during the 1976 United Kingdom heat wave, which saw record hot temperatures and several minor fires breaking out in the tournament.", "Miller's final round of 66 at Royal Birkdale tied the course record.", "Following his 1976 Open Championship win, Miller, never known as an outstanding putter, lost the form that made him a frequent winner in his early career and failed to win for the next three years, due to a putting affliction widely known as the \"yips\".", "Miller later said that he considered quitting professional golf during his slump in form between 1977 and 1979, but a passage in the Scriptures, \"It's not what you accomplish in life, but what you overcome\", helped inspire him to continue playing golf.", "Miller also said that Jack Nicklaus, whom he viewed as a father figure, was \"amazingly supportive\" of him during his bleak period in the late 1970s.", "In 1980, Miller notched his first win in almost four years, the Jackie Gleason-Inverrary Classic.", "In 1981, Miller enjoyed one final spectacular season.", "His victory at the Million Dollar Challenge in Sun City, South Africa following an epic 9-hole sudden-death playoff with Seve Ballesteros made him that year's leading worldwide money-winner after two earlier wins in the United States.", "Miller's return to impressive form in 1981 resulted in him competing in his second Ryder Cup.", "To date, the 1981 Ryder Cup at Walton Heath Golf Club in England remains the heaviest defeat that a European team has suffered at the hands of the United States and it is considered by many to be the finest American team ever assembled.", "Miller finished his career with 25 PGA Tour wins and 105 top-10 finishes.", "Miller finished runner-up three times at The Masters in 1971, 1975 and 1981.", "The only major championship Miller failed to have a top-3 finish in is the PGA Championship.", "He played on two Ryder Cup teams, 1975 and 1981.", "He was inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame in 1998.", "In 2012, Fred Couples described Miller as \"probably the best ball-striker ever\".", "Subsequent career\nAlthough Miller became eligible for the Senior PGA Tour in 1997, he decided to forgo regular play on the senior tour in part due to the strain the sport puts on the knees of a player.", "Instead, he has focused on his role as lead golf analyst for NBC Sports' limited golf schedule and other business ventures.", "This was despite his victory in the 1994 AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am, at age 46, after he had semi-retired in 1990 to take up broadcasting.", "As a commentator, Miller became known for his straightforward and sometimes blunt remarks, which sometimes earned him the enmity of players.", "One example came on June 16, 2008, when he referred to Rocco Mediate during the broadcast of the U.S. Open's 18-hole playoff as \"looking like the guy who cleans Tiger Woods' pool.\"", "Miller said that \"guys with the name of Rocco don't get on the trophy, do they?\"", "Mediate, who has battled many physical problems throughout his career, nevertheless played superbly, and took the heavily favored Woods to an 18-hole playoff (and one extra sudden-death hole) before losing.", "Mediate later laughed off the remarks and Miller later apologized for his comments, saying: \"I chose my words poorly and in the future will be more careful.\"", "He added that his intention was to \"convey my affection and admiration for Rocco's everyman qualities and had absolutely nothing to do with his heritage.\"", "In 2012, Miller revealed that Tiger Woods once asked him to be his coach.", "Woods asked if Miller would give him lessons after Jack Nicklaus had told Woods that Miller was \"the best short iron player ever\".", "Miller said that he declined the offer from Woods because of his commitment to NBC Sports and a desire to spend time with his children and grandchildren.", "Miller has written a column for Golf Digest magazine for several years, offering insight into various aspects of golf, often featuring the professional game.", "He also wrote the book I Call The Shots, a look at the PGA Tour's personalities during his peak years, the Tour's current stars, as well as broadcasting insights.", "Known for his very weak grip, with both \"Vs\" formed by the forefinger and thumb of each hand pointing to his chin, he sought to eliminate the left side of the golf course as an area for missed shots.", "An offshoot to his broadcasting career has been a string of movie and TV appearances as himself in the role of \"beloved golf great\".", "In one movie, The Associate, with Whoopi Goldberg, an aging billionaire is willing to transfer management of all his assets in exchange for the opportunity to play a round of golf with Johnny Miller.", "Miller is a partner in a limited partnership which purchased Silverado Country Club in Napa, California on July 1, 2010.", "He also owns a golf design company and a golf academy and designed the Thanksgiving Point Golf Course in Lehi, Utah, host of the Champion's Challenge.", "Although Miller has helped design 34 golf courses, Silverado was the first course he redesigned himself.", "In July 2013 it was announced that Silverado would again play host for a PGA tournament starting in October 2014, when it hosted the Frys.com Open.", "The renovation added over 300 yards, removed trees and repositioned bunkers.", "Miller served as the unofficial face of the resort during the event, as he was a part of the telecast, which frequently referenced his role in the club.", "When he had to fulfill official club duties during the week, Miller's friend and NBC colleague Roger Maltbie filled in for him.", "Miller retired from broadcasting following the third round of the 2019 Phoenix Open.", "Personal life\nMiller is a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.", "He and his wife Linda have six children and live in Napa, California and Utah.", "During the 2018 Ryder Cup broadcast, he announced that his 25th grandchild was born.", "His son Andy won a Buy.com Tour event and played on the PGA Tour.", "Professional wins (36)\n\nPGA Tour wins (25)\n\n*Note: The 1974 Bing Crosby National Pro-Am was shortened to 54 holes due to weather.", "PGA Tour playoff record (1–5)\n\nJapan Golf Tour wins (1)\n\nOther wins (10)\n\n*Note: The 1983 Chrysler Team Championship was shortened to 54 holes due to rain.", "Other playoff record (2–1)\n\nMajor championships\n\nWins (2)\n\nResults timeline\n\nLA = Low amateur\nCUT = missed the halfway cut (3rd round cut in 1980 Open Championship)\nDQ = disqualified\nWD = withdrew\n\"T\" indicates a tie for a place.", "Summary\n\nMost consecutive cuts made – 14 (1972 U.S. Open – 1975 Open Championship)\nLongest streak of top-10s – 3 (1973 Masters – 1973 Open Championship)\n\nU.S. national team appearances\nProfessional\nRyder Cup: 1975 (winners), 1981 (winners)\nWorld Cup: 1973 (winners, individual winner), 1975 (winners, individual winner), 1980\nWendy's 3-Tour Challenge (representing Senior PGA Tour): 1997\n\nSee also\nSpring 1969 PGA Tour Qualifying School graduates\nList of golfers with most PGA Tour wins\nLongest PGA Tour win streaks\nMost PGA Tour wins in a year\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nWorld Golf Hall of Fame – profile\nGolf Magazine – The Critic – June 2007 – p. 112–123\nUSA Today – NBC's Miller keeps firing away – June 13, 2002\n\nAmerican male golfers\nBYU Cougars men's golfers\nPGA Tour golfers\nRyder Cup competitors for the United States\nWinners of men's major golf championships\nWorld Golf Hall of Fame inductees\nGolf course architects\nGolf writers and broadcasters\nGolfers from San Francisco\nAmerican Latter Day Saints\nPeople from Napa, California\n1947 births\nLiving people" ]

[ "John Miller was born on April 29, 1947.", "During the mid-1970s, he was one of the top players in the world.", "He was the first to shoot 63 in a major championship, and he was second in the world in 1974 and 1975.", "Miller was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "He was a member of the World Golf Hall of Fame.", "He was the lead golf analyst for NBC Sports from January 1990 to February 2019.", "He is an active golf course architect.", "Miller was invited to join the Olympic Club in 1963 as a Junior Golf Section member and became the top player on its junior team.", "In 1963, at the age of 16, he won the San Francisco city junior title, and in 1964, he won the U.S. title.", "The person is a junior amateur.", "He attended Mormon Young University in Utah after graduating from Abraham Lincoln High School.", "Miller qualified for the 1966 U.S. Open in the spring of his freshman year of college.", "He was invited to the 1967 Masters after finishing in a tie for eighth place, the low amateur by three strokes, and having intimate knowledge of his home course.", "He won the California State Amateur Championship.", "Miller was an All-American at the school and graduated in 1969 with a degree in physical education.", "Miller won his first tour event in 1971 on the PGA Tour.", "He made a double eagle on the fifth hole during the second round of the 1972 Open Championship.", "In 1973, Miller won the U.S. Open and in 1976, he won the Open Championship.", "Miller came into the U.S. Open with just two tour victories in four years, but had done well in several majors.", "He had top 10 finishes at the U.S. Open in 1971 and 1972 and tied for second at the 1971 Masters.", "Miller had yet to win in 1973, but he had eight top 10 finishes, including a tie for 6th at the Masters.", "Miller played the first two rounds at Oakmont with Arnold Palmer and his \"Army\" gallery.", "Miller was two under par (140) after the second round but shot a five-over 76 on Saturday to finish at three-over (216) for the championship.", "Miller didn't have his yardage book when he played the front nine on Saturday.", "Miller was six shots behind the four co-leaders, including Palmer, after the fourth and final round.", "Miller shot an eight-under 63, considered one of the most remarkable rounds in major championship history, as he teed off about an hour ahead of the final group.", "Jack Nicklaus, Gary Player, Lee Trevino, and Palmer were the leading players of the day, but he passed them.", "Miller's 63 was the lowest round to win a major championship until it was tied by Stenson at the Open Championship.", "Miller was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "He only needed 29 putts to complete the round, as he got five more birdies and only one bogey.", "His approach shots were all within 10 feet of the cup.", "Miller said it was the greatest ball-striking round he had ever seen.", "Miller finished at 5-under (279) for the championship, beating the runner-up by a single stroke, who shot a 1-under 70.", "Miller was one of six players who shot under par in the final round.", "Miller earned a lot of money for the victory.", "Miller finished in a tie for second at the next major, The Open Championship at Royal Troon, three strokes behind winner Tom Weiskopf.", "This was Miller's first top 10 finish at The Open.", "Miller was the leading money winner on the PGA Tour in 1974 with eight victories and 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780", "He became the Tour's leading money winner for a season when he amassed a then-record $353,000.", "Miller won two of the three victories in remarkable fashion.", "He won the Phoenix Open by 14 strokes, which included a second-round 61, the lowest score on the tour in 20 years.", "The Tucson Open 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611", "When Miller won at Tucson by nine shots in 1975, he said the average iron shot he hit was no more than two feet off line.", "It was amazing.", "When I was at my peak, I would go into streaks where I could hit the pin with my irons.", "I think that some of the golf I played is unfair.", "Miller finished third at The Open Championship, just a single stroke from a playoff, and second at the 1975 Masters, just a single stroke from a playoff.", "At The Open Championship at Royal Birkdale in 1976, he won his second and final major by six strokes over a 19-year-old Seve Ballesteros.", "During the 1976 United Kingdom heat wave, which saw record hot temperatures and several minor fires, the course played hard and fast.", "Miller's final round tied the course record.", "After his 1976 Open Championship win, Miller lost the form that made him a frequent winner in his early career and failed to win for the next three years due to a putting condition known as the \"yips\".", "Miller said that a passage in the Bible, \"It's not what you accomplish in life, but what you overcome\", inspired him to keep playing golf.", "Miller said that Jack Nicklaus, whom he viewed as a father figure, was \"amazingly supportive\" of him during his bleak period in the late 1970s.", "Miller won his first win in almost four years in 1980.", "Miller had one of his best seasons in 1981.", "His victory at the Million Dollar Challenge in Sun City, South Africa following an epic 9-hole sudden-death playoff with Seve Ballesteros made him that year's leading worldwide money-winner after two earlier wins in the United States.", "Miller competed in his second Ryder Cup after returning to impressive form.", "The heaviest defeat that a European team has suffered at the hands of the United States is considered by many to be the finest American team ever assembled.", "Miller was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "Miller was runner-up three times at The Masters.", "Miller did not have a top 3 finish in the PGA Championship.", "He played on two teams.", "He was a member of the World Golf Hall of Fame.", "Fred Couples said in 2012 that Miller was probably the best ball-striker ever.", "Miller decided to forgo regular play on the senior tour in part due to the strain the sport puts on the knees of a player.", "He has focused on his role as lead golf analyst for NBC Sports.", "He had semi-retired in 1990 to take up broadcasting, but he still won the 1994 AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am.", "Miller was known for his straightforward and sometimes blunt remarks, which earned him the enmity of players.", "He referred to Mediate as the guy who cleans Tiger Woods' pool during the broadcast of the U.S. Open's 18-hole playoff on June 16, 2008.", "Miller asked if guys with the name of Rocco didn't get on the trophy.", "Mediate, who has battled many physical problems throughout his career, played superbly, and took the heavily favored Woods to an 18-hole playoff (and one extra sudden-death hole) before losing.", "Miller later apologized for his comments, saying: \"I chose my words poorly and in the future will be more careful.\"", "He said that he wanted to convey his affection and admiration for Rocco's everyman qualities and had nothing to do with his heritage.", "Tiger Woods asked Miller to be his coach.", "Jack Nicklaus had told Woods that Miller was the best short iron player of all time.", "Miller said that he turned down the offer from Woods because he wanted to spend more time with his family.", "Miller has written a column for Golf Digest magazine for several years, offering insight into various aspects of golf, often featuring the professional game.", "I Call The Shots is a look at the Tour's current stars, as well as broadcasting insights, and was written by him.", "He wanted to eliminate the left side of the golf course as an area for missed shots because of his weak grip.", "He has appeared in a number of movies and TV shows as himself in the role of \"beloved golf great\".", "In the movie The Associate, an elderly billionaire is willing to transfer management of his assets in exchange for the chance to play a round of golf with Johnny Miller.", "Miller is a partner in a limited partnership which purchased a country club in California.", "He designed the Thanksgiving Point Golf Course in Lehi, Utah, which hosted the Champion's Challenge.", "Miller was the first to redesign his own golf course.", "When it hosted the Frys.com Open in October of 2014, it was announced that it would once again host a PGA tournament.", "The renovation added over 300 yards.", "Miller was the face of the resort during the event as he was a part of the broadcast.", "Roger Maltbie filled in for Miller when he had to fulfill official club duties.", "Miller retired from broadcasting after the third round of the Phoenix Open.", "Miller is a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.", "He and his wife Linda have six children.", "He announced that his 25th grandchild was born during the broadcast.", "Andy played on the PGA Tour after winning a Buy.com Tour event.", "The Bing Crosby National Pro-Am was shortened to 54 holes due to weather.", "The 1983 Chrysler Team Championship was shortened to 54 holes due to rain.", "LA missed the halfway cut in the 1980 Open Championship and was disqualified, meaning a tie for a place.", "The most consecutive cuts were 14 in 1972 and 1975, and 3 in 1973." ]

[ "John Laurence Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Johnny Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller" ]

[ "John Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Johnny Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller", "Miller" ]

[ "Thomas F. Lawlor (17 June 1938 – 9 October 2020) was an Irish opera singer.", "In the 1960s, he became known for his performances in mostly baritone roles of the Gilbert and Sullivan operas with the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company.", "In the 1970s and 1980s, he performed over 60 operatic roles, usually as a bass-baritone, with various British opera companies.", "He was also a director in the opera department of the Royal Academy of Music and at Trinity College of Music.", "In later years, he moved to the US, where he continued to perform, direct and teach.", "Early life and D'Oyly Carte\nLawlor was born and raised in Dublin, the son of Thomas Lawlor and his wife Elizabeth née Hendrick.", "His siblings were Marie Lee, Vera Gow, Patricia Stewart and Brendan Lawlor.", "He studied at University College Dublin, earning a B.A.", "in Philosophy and English.", "For a time he taught English, Geography and Gaelic.", "At the same time, he performed as an amateur in musicals and studied singing part-time at the Dublin College of Music where, in 1960, he won the Sam Heilbut Major Scholarship, which helped him to attend the Guildhall School of Music for three years.", "He began to perform professionally in musicals and concerts.", "In 1963, Lawlor was engaged as a chorister by the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company, performing in the Gilbert and Sullivan operas.", "He soon was called upon to understudy and occasionally performed the small roles of Guron in Princess Ida and the Second Yeoman in The Yeomen of the Guard.", "During the company's tour of the US in 1964–65, Lawlor sang at the Carnegie Hall in New York, as a guest artist in a gala concert of Irish music.", "In 1965, he was given three principal parts of his own with D'Oyly Carte: the Counsel in Trial by Jury, Strephon in Iolanthe, and Pish-Tush in The Mikado.", "He also played the role of Second Yeoman in some seasons and, when Princess Ida was revived in 1967, added Guron.", "From 1966, he understudied the roles of Giuseppe in The Gondoliers (taking that role as his own the following season) and Captain Corcoran in H.M.S.", "Pinafore.", "He also played the Sergeant of Police in The Pirates of Penzance in some seasons.", "From 1968, he added three more principal roles on a regular basis (giving up his smaller roles): Captain Corcoran, Florian in Princess Ida, and the Lieutenant of the Tower in Yeomen.", "A new role in 1970 was Sergeant Bouncer in Cox and Box.", "Lawlor married D'Oyly Carte mezzo-soprano Pauline Wales in 1971, and the two had a daughter, Frances Galvan.", "Opera career and later years\nLawlor left D'Oyly Carte in 1971 to pursue a more varied career in opera, singing over 60 operatic roles.", "He immediately drew good notices: The Times reviewed his Don Alfonso in Così fan tutte in September of that year, commenting, \"his eagle-eyed squire of an Alfonso, wise in the knowledge that he will be proved right in the end ... is an interpretation much preferable to the buffo clowning seen in this role at Glyndebourne.\"", "The next year, the same paper called his Osmin in Die Entführung aus dem Serail \"imposing ... a figure of menace as well as of fun, with the voice to go with both sides of the character\".", "Among his roles in the British Isles were:\nGlyndebourne Festival Opera (1971–1978): Lackey in Ariadne auf Naxos, Guard/Police Chief in Der Besuch der alten Dame, Antonio in The Marriage of Figaro, Major-Domo in Capriccio, Lawyer in Intermezzo, Harašta in The Cunning Little Vixen, Zaretsky in Eugene Onegin, Keeper of the Madhouse in The Rake's Progress and Benoît in La bohème.", "Glyndebourne Touring Opera (1971–1976): Zaretsky in Eugene Onegin, Don Alfonso in Così fan tutte, Schaunard in La bohème, Osmin in Die Entführung aus dem Serail, Bartolo in The Marriage of Figaro, the Hermit in Der Freischütz.", "Wexford Festival Opera (1971, 1989, 1990): Rambaldo in La rondine, Don Carlos in Betrothal in a Monastery, Noye in Noye's Fludde and Lynch in The Rising of the Moon.", "Phoenix Opera (UK) (1970s): Plunkett in Martha.", "The Times noted his \"rich bass-baritone\" in this role.", "Sadler's Wells Opera/English National Opera (1970s–1980s): roles in Patience, H.M.S.", "Pinafore, La traviata, The Marriage of Figaro, Julietta, Fidelio Rigoletto and Cinderella, in which The Times praised his musicianship and called his Don Magnifico \"a well-judged impersonation\".", "His Baron Zeta in The Merry Widow was judged amusing, \"but with a lean, unfulsome joviality that gives fresh interest to the part\".", "Kent Opera (c. 1973 – c. 1983): Sir Joseph Porter in H.M.S Pinafore, Pasha Selim in Die Entführung aus dem Serail, Tempo (Time) in Il ritorno d'Ulisse in patria, Sparafucile in Rigoletto, Rocco in Fidelio, Leporello in Don Giovanni, Guglielmo in Così, Sir Despard in Ruddigore and the title character Telemann's The Patience of Socrates (British premiere).", "Concerning the last, Stanley Sadie, writing for The Times, commented: \"Among the large cast there was some specially accomplished singing from Thomas Lawlor\".", "Royal Opera (1974): Alcindoro in La bohème.", "Opera North (1979–1988): Jupiter in Orpheus in the Underworld, Baron Zeta in The Merry Widow, the Sacristan in Tosca, Tovey in The Mines of Sulphur, Marti in A Village Romeo and Juliet, Kuno in Der Freischütz, Kecal in The Bartered Bride, Geronte in Manon, the Magistrate in Werther, Somarone in Béatrice et Bénédict, Giles Lacy in Wilfred Josephs's Rebecca (world premiere), the Parson in The Cunning Little Vixen, the Artists' Manager in Jonny spielt auf (British premiere), the Grand Inquisitor in The Gondoliers, General Polkan in The Golden Cockerel, Pooh-Bah in The Mikado, and roles in Les mamelles de Tirésias and La Cenerentola.", "New Sadler's Wells Opera (1980s): Pooh-Bah in The Mikado, Dick Deadeye in H.M.S.", "Pinafore and Sir Roderic Murgatroyd in Ruddigore.", "He also sang with such companies as Dublin Grand Opera Society and Netherlands Opera, at the music festivals of Hintlesham, Camden, Singapore, Valencia (Spain), Colorado and Michigan, and in concerts and recitals in major concert halls, especially in Britain, Ireland and the US.", "Lawlor occasionally returned to Gilbert and Sullivan; he appeared as a guest artist with D'Oyly Carte in August 1971 and again in 1974–75 as Florian, as well as in the other Savoy opera roles noted above for ENO, Kent and Opera North.", "In the early 1990s, he appeared with the London Savoyards in the roles of Dick Deadeye in Pinafore, the title role in Mikado, and the Pirate King in Pirates.", "Lawlor was a director in the opera department of the Royal Academy of Music and at Trinity College of Music, both in London, and later for opera at the Bay View Music Festival in Michigan.", "He was a member of the music faculty of Brown University and Rhode Island College, where he taught voice and directed in the Opera Workshop.", "Lawlor and Wales's marriage ended in divorce, and he remarried and divorced again, later moving to the US and becoming a citizen.", "He then founded and served as artistic director for Beavertail Productions, a company that specialised in educational operatic programming for adults and children.", "For Beavertail, he created and directed an entertainment called Gilbert & Sullivan: A Life, which he presented in New England in the 1990s.", "In 1992, Lawlor married Jill née Rogers, a mezzo-soprano and co-founder of Beavertail.", "He was an avid hiker and \"a keen amateur geologist\", recording BBC television programmes about his favorite walks, and the geology and history of West Yorkshire.", "He also enjoyed cooking, especially Indian cuisine, and was active in his church.", "Lawlor continued to perform, direct and teach until at least 2011.", "In later years, he and his wife lived in Rhode Island.", "Lawlor died in 2020 at the age of 82 at his home in Rhode Island.", "He is buried at at St. Ann's Cemetery, Cranston, Rhode Island.", "Recordings\nLawlor's roles recorded with D'Oyly Carte include Second Yeoman in The Yeomen of the Guard (1964) and Captain Corcoran in H.M.S.", "Pinafore (1971), as well as excerpts from the roles of Giuseppe and Strephon on a 1970 highlights LP entitled Songs and Snatches.", "He also was Pish-Tush in the 1966 film version of The Mikado.", "He recorded Bouncer with Gilbert and Sullivan for All (1972) and appeared in the same role in the 1982 Brent Walker video of Cox and Box.", "In 1987, he recorded the roles of Dick Deadeye in Pinafore and Roderic in Ruddigore with the New Sadler's Wells Opera.", "His other recordings include parts in The Rake's Progress by Stravinskly, Marie-Magdeleine by Massenet, La riconoscenza by Rossini, Cendrillon by Pauline Viardot and Le Carrosse du Saint-Sacrement, a comic opera by Lord Berners.", "He also appeared in television movies of The Marriage of Figaro as Antonio (1973) and The Rake's Progress as The Keeper of the Madhouse (1975).", "Notes\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nPhoto of Lawlor as Strephon (with John Reed) in Iolanthe.", "Photo of Lawlor as Counsel in Trial by Jury\nPhoto of Lawlor in The Gondoliers\nProfile of Thomas Lawlor\n\n1938 births\nMusicians from Dublin (city)\nLiving people\nAlumni of University College Dublin\n20th-century Irish male opera singers\nOperatic baritones\nOperatic bass-baritones\n21st-century Irish male opera singers" ]

[ "Thomas F. Lawlor was an Irish opera singer.", "He was known for his performances in Gilbert and Sullivan operas with the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company.", "He was a bass-baritone with various British opera companies in the 1970s and 1980s.", "He was the director of the opera department at the Royal Academy of Music.", "He continued to perform and teach in the US after moving there.", "D'Oyly Carte Lawlor was born and raised in Dublin, the son of Thomas Lawlor and his wife.", "His siblings were all related to Brendan Lawlor.", "He earned a B.A. at University College Dublin.", "In English and philosophy.", "He taught English, geography and Gaelic.", "At the same time, he performed as an amateur in musicals and studied singing part-time at the Dublin College of Music where, in 1960, he won the Sam Heilbut Major Scholarship, which helped him to attend the Guildhall School of Music for three years.", "He began to perform in musicals.", "Lawlor was a chorister for the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company and performed in Gilbert and Sullivan operas.", "He played the small roles of Guron in Princess Ida and the Second Yeoman in The Yeomen of the Guard.", "Lawlor was a guest artist in a concert of Irish music at the Carnegie Hall in New York during the company's tour of the US in 1964.", "D'Oyly Carte: the Counsel in Trial by Jury, Strephon in Iolanthe, and Pish-Tush in The Mikado were all parts of his own.", "When Princess Ida was revived in 1967, he played the role of Second Yeoman.", "He played the roles of Giuseppe and Captain Corcoran in H.M.S. from 1966 to 1966.", "Pinafore.", "He played the Sergeant of Police in The Pirates of Penzance.", "He gave up his smaller roles in order to become the Lieutenant of the Tower in Yeomen.", "Sergeant Bouncer was a new role in 1970.", "Lawlor had a daughter with D'Oyly Carte opera singer Pauline Wales.", "Lawlor left D'Oyly Carte in 1971 to pursue a more varied career in opera.", "The Times commented on his Don Alfonso in Cos fan tutte, \"his eagle-eyed squire of an Alfonso, wise in the knowledge that he will be proved right in the end.\"", "The Osmin in Die Entfhrung aus dem Serail was called \"a figure of menace as well as of fun, with the voice to go with both sides of the character\".", "His roles in the British Isles include Guard/ Police Chief in The Marriage of Figaro, Major-Domo in Capriccio, and Lawyer in Inter.", "Zaretsky in Eugene Onegin, Don Alfonso in Cos fan tutte, Schaunard in La bohme, Osmin in Die Entfhrung aus dem Serail, Bartolo in The Marriage of Figaro are some of the operas performed at the Glyndebourne", "Rambaldo in La rondine, Don Carlos in Betrothal in a Monastery, Noye in Noye's Fludde and Lynch in The Rising of the Moon are part of the opera.", "The Phoenix Opera was in the UK in the 1970s.", "His bass-baritone was noted by the Times.", "The roles in H.M.S. were in the English National Opera.", "The Times praised his talent and called his Don Magnifico a well-judged imitation.", "The Merry Widow was judged to be amusing, but with a lean, unfulsome joviality that gave fresh interest to the part.", "Sir Joseph Porter in H.M.S Pinafore is one of the operas performed by the Kent Opera.", "Among the large cast there was some specially accomplished singing from Thomas Lawlor.", "Alcindoro is in La bohme.", "Jupiter in Orpheus in the Underworld, Baron Zeta in The Merry Widow, the Sacristan in Tosca, Tovey in The Mines of Sulphur, and Kuno in Der Freischtz are all from Opera North.", "Pooh-Bah was in The Mikado, Dick Deadeye was in H.M.S.", "Ruddigore has Pinafore and Sir Roderic Murgatroyd.", "He sang in major concert halls in Britain, Ireland and the US, as well as at the music festivals of Hintlesham, Camden, Singapore, Valencia (Spain), Colorado and Michigan.", "Lawlor appeared as a guest artist with D'Oyly Carte in August 1971 and again in 1974–75, as well as in other Savoy opera roles for ENO, Kent and Opera North.", "He played Dick Deadeye in Pinafore, the title role in Mikado, and the pirate king in Pirates in the early 1990s.", "Lawlor directed opera at the Bay View Music Festival in Michigan, as well as at the Royal Academy of Music and Trinity College of Music in London.", "He taught voice and directed the Opera Workshop at Rhode Island College and Brown University.", "Lawlor and Wales's marriage ended in divorce and he moved to the US and became a citizen.", "He founded and served as artistic director for a company that specialized in educational opera programming for adults and children.", "Gilbert & Sullivan: A Life was 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846", "Lawlor and Rogers were married in 1992.", "He was an avid hiker and a keen amateur geologist who recorded programmes about his favorite walks and the geology of West Yorkshire.", "He enjoyed cooking and was active in his church.", "Lawlor taught until at least 2011.", "He and his wife lived in Rhode Island.", "Lawlor died at his home in Rhode Island in 2020.", "He is buried in Rhode Island.", "D'Oyly Carte recorded Lawlor's roles in The Yeomen of the Guard and H.M.S.", "The album Songs and Snatches includes excerpts from the roles of Giuseppe and Strephon.", "He played Pish-T in the 1966 film version of The Mikado.", "He recorded Bouncer with Gilbert and Sullivan in 1972 and appeared in the video of Cox and Box in 1982.", "He recorded the roles of Dick Deadeye in Pinafore and Roderic in Ruddigore.", "His other recordings include parts in The Rake's Progress, Marie-Magdeleine, La riconoscenza, and Le Carrosse du Saint-Sacrement.", "He played Antonio in The Marriage of Figaro and The Rake's Progress in The Keeper of the Madhouse.", "External links show Lawlor as Strephon in Iolanthe.", "The profile of Thomas Lawlor includes a photo of him as Counsel in the trial." ]

[ "Thomas F", ". Lawlor", "Lawlor", "Thomas Lawlor", "Brendan Lawlor", "Lawlor", "Lawlor", "Lawlor", "Lawlor", "Thomas Lawlor", "Lawlor", "Lawlor", "Lawlor", "Lawlor", "Lawlor", "Lawlor", "Lawlor", "Lawlor", "Lawlor", "Lawlor", "Thomas Lawlor" ]

[ "Thomas F", ". Lawlor", "Oyly Carte Lawlor", "Thomas Lawlor", "Brendan Lawlor", "Lawlor", "Lawlor", "Lawlor", "Lawlor", "Thomas Lawlor", "Lawlor", "Lawlor", "Lawlor", "Lawlor", "Lawlor", "Lawlor", "Lawlor", "Thomas Lawlor" ]

[ "Peter Berg (born March 11, 1964) is an American director, producer, writer, and actor.", "His directorial film works include the black comedy Very Bad Things (1998), the action comedy The Rundown (2003), the sports drama Friday Night Lights (2004), the action thriller The Kingdom (2007), the superhero comedy-drama Hancock (2008), the military science fiction war film Battleship (2012), the war film Lone Survivor (2013), the disaster drama Deepwater Horizon (2016), the Boston Marathon bombing drama Patriots Day (2016), the action thriller Mile 22 (2018), and the action comedy Spenser Confidential (2020) the latter five all starring Mark Wahlberg.", "In addition to cameo appearances in the last six of these titles, he has had prominent acting roles in films including Never on Tuesday (1989), The Last Seduction (1994), The Great White Hype (1996), Cop Land (1997), Corky Romano (2001), Collateral (2004), Smokin' Aces (2006), and Lions for Lambs (2007).", "In television, Berg developed Friday Night Lights (2006–2011), adapted from his film, earning two Primetime Emmy Award nominations.", "As an actor, he is best known for his role as Dr. Billy Kronk on the CBS medical drama Chicago Hope (1995–1999).", "Early life\nBerg was born in 1964 in New York City, the son of Laurence \"Larry\" Berg, a US Marine, and Sally (née Winkler) Berg.", "Berg's father was Jewish, as was his maternal grandfather.", "His mother was Christian.", "Through his mother, Berg is a second cousin of writer H. G. Bissinger, whose book Friday Night Lights provided the basis for Berg's film and TV series of the same name.", "His mother co-founded a youth group named Catalog for Giving and worked at a psychiatric hospital when Berg was growing up.", "He has a younger sister, Mary.", "Peter was a student in the Chappaqua School System.", "After graduating from The Taft School in 1980, Berg attended Macalester College in Saint Paul, Minnesota, where he majored in theater arts and theater history.", "He graduated in 1984, and in 1985 moved to Los Angeles to pursue his film career.", "Career\nBerg put his acting aspirations on hold when he first arrived in Los Angeles, choosing instead to learn about the film business as a production assistant.", "He acted in 21 Jump Street and Quiet Victory: The Charlie Wedemeyer Story (both in 1988).", "He acted in Never on Tuesday, Miracle Mile, Race For Glory, Shocker, Heart of Dixie, Tale of Two Sisters and Going Overboard in 1989.", "He acted in Genuine Risk and Forradalom után in 1990.", "He appeared in Late for Dinner and Crooked Hearts in 1991.", "In the early 1990s, he appeared in A Midnight Clear, A Case for Murder, Fire in the Sky, Aspen Extreme, Across the Moon, Uneviled and F.T.W.", "In 1992, Berg gained recognition for playing a World War II soldier in the film A Midnight Clear.", "In 1998, Berg made his feature directorial debut with Very Bad Things, a black comedy starring Jon Favreau, Christian Slater, Jeremy Piven, Daniel Stern, and Leland Orser.", "The film, which was shown at the Toronto and San Sebastian Film Festivals, received mixed critical reception.", "In 2000, he created Wonderland, an edgy dramatic television series set in an asylum.", "While the ABC show received rave reviews and garnered a cult following, it failed to deliver ratings and was quickly canceled.", "In 2003, Berg directed the action comedy The Rundown.", "Starring Dwayne Johnson and Seann William Scott, the film received mixed reviews from critics and disappointed at the box office, only grossing 80 million of its reported 85 million budget.", "In 2004, Berg began work on his third directorial effort, Friday Night Lights, a football film based on the New York Times bestseller written by Buzz Bissinger.", "In 2006, Berg developed and became executive producer of NBC’s Peabody and Emmy Award-winning drama Friday Night Lights, which takes inspiration from the book and Berg's film of the same name, but features an original storyline and new characters.", "He appeared in the war film Lions for Lambs (2007) as Lt.", "Colonel Falco.", "Berg followed up in 2007 with The Kingdom, a Michael Mann-produced action-political thriller set in Saudi Arabia, starring Academy Award winners Jamie Foxx and Chris Cooper, also with Jennifer Garner whom Berg met when he appeared in a two-part episode of Alias where he played Garner's ex-boyfriend.", "Berg’s film Hancock, starring Will Smith, Charlize Theron and Jason Bateman, was one of the highest grossing films of 2008.", "Berg directed the Hulu.com commercial featuring Alec Baldwin, which both The New York Times and Time magazine named best spot of Super Bowl XLIII.", "In 2009, Berg directed a two-hour pilot movie for a Fox television series Virtuality.", "Even though the show was not picked up for a full season, the pilot was released on DVD exclusively through Best Buy.", "Berg also directed the ESPN documentary \"Kings Ransom\" in 2009.", "Berg also wrote the film The Losers (2010).", "Berg also directed the science-fiction/action film Battleship (2012) and the war film Lone Survivor (2013), an adaptation of Marcus Lutrell's book of the same name.", "Variety writer Justin Chang said Berg delivered \"his most serious-minded work to date with Lone Survivor.\"", "The following year, Berg acted as producer on the 2014 film Hercules, which he was originally slated to direct before being replaced by Brett Ratner.", "In 2013, Berg created the opening animation sequence for ESPN's Monday Night Football.", "The 80-second graphic featured Darth Vader, Pac-Man, President Ronald Reagan and some highlights of MNF games from 1970–2012.", "In 2014, he directed the first two episodes of HBO's The Leftovers.", "In 2016, Berg directed the film Deepwater Horizon, based on the Deepwater Horizon explosion.", "Berg replaced director J. C. Chandor, who had exited the film due to creative differences.", "That same year, he directed CBS Films' Patriots Day, about the Boston Marathon bombing, and the following year directed the action thriller Mile 22.", "All three films starred Mark Wahlberg.", "In 2017, Berg directed an ambitious commercial for Hyundai, which was recorded after the kickoff of Super Bowl LI and aired right after the game.", "His Film 44 company was recently signed to a first look deal with Netflix, which saw the release of his most recent film Spenser Confidential, the director's fifth collaboration with Wahlberg.", "Personal life\nIn 1993, Berg was married to Elizabeth Rogers; they divorced in 1998.", "He has one child with her.", "Caitlyn Jenner controversy \nOn July 15, 2015, Berg criticized ESPN's decision to honor Caitlyn Jenner with the Arthur Ashe Courage Award with an Instagram post in which he shared a Facebook photo of Army veteran Gregory D. Gadson (a double amputee who played a role in Berg’s Battleship film) alongside one of Jenner.", "It said: “One Man traded 2 legs for the freedom of the other to trade 2 balls for 2 boobs.", "Guess which Man made the cover of Vanity Fair, was praised for his courage by President Obama and is to be honored with the ‘Arthur Ashe Courage Award’ by ESPN?” Along with the shared post, Berg commented, \"Yup.\"", "After Berg received significant criticism for the post, he later clarified his remarks, saying he had the utmost respect for Jenner and transgender individuals; however, he released another photo with statistics on veteran suicide, stating, “I also believe that we don’t give enough attention to our courageous returning war veterans, many of whom have sacrificed their bodies and mental health for our country and our principals [sic] – principals that include the freedom to live the life you want to live without persecution or abuse.”\n\nFilmography\n\nFilm\n\nProducer only\n\nActing roles\n\nTelevision\n\nActing roles\n\nMusic videos\n\nAwards and nominations\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nPeter Berg's KCRW Guest DJ Set\nThe New York Times: Wonderland\n\nTaft School alumni\n1964 births\nMale actors from New York City\nAmerican male film actors\nFilm directors from New York City\nAmerican male television actors\nAmerican television directors\nAmerican television writers\nAmerican male television writers\nJewish American male actors\nJewish American writers\nLiving people\nMacalester College alumni\n20th-century American male actors\n21st-century American male actors\nShowrunners\nScreenwriters from New York (state)\nAmerican people of Jewish descent\nAction film directors\nAmerican music video directors\n21st-century American Jews" ]

[ "Peter Berg is an American director, producer, writer, and actor.", "His films include the black comedy Very Bad Things, the action comedy The Rundown, the sports drama Friday Night Lights, and the war film Battleship.", "He has had roles in films including Never on Tuesday, The Last Seduction, The Great White, Hype, Cop Land, and Collateral.", "Friday Night Lights, adapted from his film, earned two Primetime Emmy Award nominations.", "He is best known for his role as Dr. Billy Kronk on the CBS medical drama Chicago Hope.", "The son of a US Marine and a New York City woman, Berg was born in 1964.", "Berg's father and maternal grandfather were both Jewish.", "His mother was a Christian.", "Berg's film and TV series of the same name was based on Friday Night Lights, a book written by Berg's second cousin.", "Berg's mother co-founded a youth group and worked at a hospital when he was a child.", "Mary is his younger sister.", "Peter attended the Chappaqua School System.", "Berg majored in theater arts and theater history at Macalester College after graduating from The Taft School.", "He moved to Los Angeles in 1985 to start his film career.", "When he first arrived in Los Angeles, Berg put his acting ambitions on hold to learn about the film business as a production assistant.", "In 1988 he acted in 21 Jump Street and Quiet Victory: The Charlie Wedemeyer Story.", "He acted in Never on Tuesday, Miracle Mile, Race For Glory, Shocker, Heart of Dixie, Tale of Two Sisters and Going Overboard.", "He acted in two films in 1990.", "He appeared in two shows in 1991.", "He appeared in A Midnight Clear, A Case for Murder, Fire in the Sky, Aspen Extreme, Across the Moon, Uneviled and F.T.W. in the early 1990s.", "Berg played a World War II soldier in the movie A Midnight Clear.", "Berg made his directorial debut in 1998 with Very Bad Things, a black comedy starring Jon Favreau, Christian Slater, Jeremy Piven, Daniel Stern, and Leland Orser.", "The film was shown at the Toronto and San Sebastian Film Festivals.", "He created a series called \"Wonderland\" in 2000.", "The ABC show received rave reviews but failed to deliver ratings and was quickly canceled.", "The Rundown was directed by Berg.", "The film was a flop at the box office, only grossing 80 million of its 85 million budget.", "In 2004, Berg began work on his third directorial effort, Friday Night Lights, a football film based on a New York Times book.", "Berg developed and became executive producer of NBC's Friday Night Lights, which takes inspiration from the book and Berg's film of the same name, but features an original storyline and new characters.", "He played a lieutenant in the war film Lions for Lambs.", "Colonel Falco is a Colonel.", "The Kingdom, a Michael Mann-produced action-political thriller set in Saudi Arabia and starring Academy Award winners Jamie Foxx and Chris Cooper, was released in 2007.", "The film was one of the top grossing films of the year.", "The New York Times and Time magazine named the Alec Baldwin commercial the best spot of the Super Bowl.", "The pilot movie for Virtuality was directed by Berg.", "Even though the show was not picked up for a full season, the pilot was released on DVD exclusively through Best Buy.", "The documentary \"Kings Ransom\" was directed by Berg.", "The film was written by Berg.", "The science-fiction/action film Battleship and the war film Lone Survivor were both directed by Berg.", "Berg delivered his most serious-minded work to date, according to Chang.", "Berg was a producer on the film Hercules, which he was supposed to direct, but was replaced by another person.", "The opening animation sequence for Monday Night Football was created by Berg.", "Darth Vader, Pac-Man, President Ronald Reagan, and some highlights of games from 1970– 2012 were featured in a graphic.", "The first two episodes of The Leftovers were directed by him.", "Berg directed the film based on the explosion.", "J. C. Chandor had left the film due to creative differences.", "He directed two films that year, one about the Boston Marathon bombing and the other an action film called Mile 22.", "Mark Wahlberg starred in all three films.", "After the start of Super Bowl LI, Berg directed a commercial for Hyundai that aired right after the game.", "The release of his most recent film Spenser Confidential, the director's fifth collaboration with Wahlberg, saw his company signed to a first look deal with the streaming service.", "Berg was married to Elizabeth Rogers in 1993 and divorced in 1998.", "He has a child with her.", "On July 15, 2015, Berg criticized ESPN's decision to honor Caitlyn Jenner with the Arthur Ashe Courage Award and shared a photo of a double amputee who played a role in Berg's life.", "One man traded 2 legs for the freedom of the other to trade 2 balls for 2 boobs.", "Berg commented, \"Yep, that's right, which man made the cover of Vanity Fair, was praised for his courage by President Obama, and is to be honored with the Arthur Ashe Courage Award.\"", "Berg released a photo with statistics on veteran suicide after receiving criticism for his post, but later clarified his remarks, saying he had the utmost respect for the individuals." ]

[ "Peter Berg", "Berg", "Berg", "Berg", "Berg", "Berg", "Berg", "Berg", "Berg", "Peter", "Berg", "Berg", "Berg", "Berg", "Berg", "Berg", "Berg", "Berg", "Berg", "Berg", "Berg", "Berg", "Berg", "Berg", "Berg", "Berg", "Berg", "Berg", "Berg", "Berg", "Berg", "Berg", "Berg", "Berg", "Berg", "Berg", "Berg", "Peter Berg" ]

[ "Peter Berg", "Berg", "Berg", "Berg", "Berg", "Berg", "Peter", "Berg", "Berg", "Berg", "Berg", "Berg", "Berg", "Berg", "Berg", "Berg", "Berg", "Berg", "Berg", "Berg", "Berg", "Berg", "Berg", "Berg", "Berg", "Berg", "Berg", "Berg", "Berg" ]

[ "Arthur B. Rickerby (March 15, 1921 – 1972) was an American photographer whose most famous works are his sports photography, especially his color photography essays, and his photographs of the Kennedy administration.", "His work is most noted for its realism and pioneering use of the 35 mm camera and the early zoom lens.", "Rickerby was born on March 15, 1921, in New York City, and died in 1972 at the age of 51 in Danbury, Connecticut.", "He attended Duke University and worked as a photojournalist.", "He was married three times, most recently to Wanda A. Rickerby, and had three children: Arthur Jr., Bradford, and David.", "Life\n\nYouth\n\nArthur B. Rickerby was born in 1921 in Manhattan, New York.", "His father died when Rickerby was only a toddler.", "He grew up in the Bronx and attended DeWitt Clinton High School, where he took up photography in the hopes of pleasing his botany teacher, who was the faculty leader of the club.", "The photography club was where he developed his affinity for the art.", "After high school, Rickerby attended Duke University, majoring in political science and government.", "To help pay his way through school, he took photographs of Duke's victorious sports teams and sold them to local papers.", "Rickerby's photographs were picked up by ACME publishing (later UPI) for their national coverage of Duke University sports, which started his career.", "Navy\n\nAfter graduating from Duke, Rickerby joined the US Navy, serving as Lieutenant, Senior Grade, in Captain Edward Steichen's Navy photography unit in World War II.", "He covered many major events in the Pacific, including \"airstrikes on Tokyo and ... the invasions of Iwo Jima and Okinawa\".", "He also photographed the Japanese surrender aboard the USS Missouri.", "As characterized by his later work, he often shot intimate experiences such as at-sea burials and the lives of Japanese prisoners of war in Guam.", "Rickerby was promoted to Captain before he left the Navy.", "Career\n\nWhen he returned to civilian life, Rickerby was invited by ACME/UPI to join its staff.", "Here he covered China's, Japan's, and Germany's post-war redevelopment, among other projects, which included sports events.", "It was at this time that he began his use of the 35 mm camera and an early version of the zoom lens, taking arguably his most famous photograph in 1956, that of Don Larsen, of the Yankees, in his record-breaking no-hitter World Series game.", "Later, Rickerby had a chance to host a \"Photography Tour of the Orient\" in 1958 for Pan American while on vacation from UPI.", "In 1959, Rickerby decided to leave UPI to explore different opportunities as a freelance photographer.", "His photographs appeared in such notable publications as Sports Illustrated, Sport, and Look, among others.", "In the 1960s, his photographs appeared in the series \"The Face of America\" in the Saturday Evening Post.", "LIFE magazine hired Rickerby in 1961 to cover the Kennedy administration.", "Rickerby photographed John F. Kennedy and Robert F. Kennedy in the Oval Office and covered Jacqueline Kennedy's public life, which included her historic trip to India and Pakistan.", "On the day John F. Kennedy was assassinated, Rickerby rode in the President's motorcade.", "His most famous photograph from the day of the assassination is of the vice president's limousine outside Parkland Hospital; inside the open limousine, Lady Bird Johnson’s abandoned bouquet of roses lay scattered.", "Rickerby was later assigned to photograph John F. Kennedy's funeral.", "Although LIFE brought him on to cover the Kennedy administration, he continued to cover sporting events, including the Olympics.", "Rickerby was particularly renowned for his Yankees photographs and his color essays on football.", "He was also assigned diverse projects such as Queen Elizabeth II's tour of Canada, Nikita Khrushchev's tour across the United States, the Boston Strangler scare, and the trials of Jimmy Hoffa.", "Five of his photographs made LIFE magazine's cover, including a two-page pullout cover showcasing his color essay \"Pro football mayhem: Green Bay Packers and Cleveland Browns\"; this color essay became one of his most famous works.", "In 1972, LIFE magazine ceased weekly publication and Rickerby was taken off staff and made a contract photographer.", "Between 1973 and 1977, LIFE published sporadically, averaging two issues a year.", "In 1978, it began monthly publication.", "In the 1970s, Rickerby continued to shoot contract assignments for LIFE while freelancing for other publications.", "His last assignments for LIFE magazine were color coverage of Willie Mays's transition from the San Francisco Giants to the New York Mets on May 26, 1972, and photographs of Doug Rader with the Houston Astros on June 16, 1972.", "Arthur B. Rickerby died in August 1972.", "Non-photographic contributions\n\nIn the 1960s, Arthur B. Rickerby moved to Bethel, Connecticut, and became an active member of and advocate for his community.", "Rickerby was well known in his town not only for his photography, but also his work on the ABC for Proper Zoning Committee, to which he was elected in November 1971.", "He was also co-founder and chairman of the Fairfield-Litchfield Environmental Council (FLEC).", "Both these committees were dedicated to protecting the town's environment, health and esthetic.", "At various times he was also a member of the Bethel Hills Civic Association and the American Field Service.", "Dedicated to his town, Rickerby led a successful fight against constructing a 71-mile power line through the Bethel area, which led to the foundation of the Connecticut State Power Facilities Evaluation Council.", "The extent of his contributions to his community can be seen in the Arthur Rickerby Memorial Award, which was given at the Housatonic Valley Regional High School in Falls Village by the Environmental Commission on behalf of the Ecology League, Inc.\n\nDeath\n\nArthur B. Rickerby died from pancreatitis in 1972.", "Despite his extensive photojournalism and good reputation at the time of his death, his work was lost in the vacuum of LIFE magazine's collapse.", "According to Rickerby's widow, Wanda A. Rickerby, most of the LIFE photographers attended his funeral and the largest flower arrangement was from Teamsters' Union Local No.", "5 of Baton Rouge, whose business agent was a key witness against Jimmy Hoffa in the trials that Rickerby covered.", "Contributions and influence\n\nQuick to embrace new technologies, Arthur B. Rickerby managed to take his most famous photograph by pioneering the use of the 35 mm camera and early zoom lens.", "These innovations helped Rickerby pursue his esthetic of up-close and personal photography.", "His dedication to a more flexible camera and the pursuit of a more natural photojournalism garnered him a nomination for a Pulitzer Prize.", "Awards\n\nHeadliner awards:\n1952 – Best news feature picture\n1958 – Best sports photographer\nNational Press Photographers Association Contest at the University of Missouri\n1957 First prize in the News Portfolio Division\nWhite House Press Photographers Prize \n1967 picture of Senator Everett Dirksen\n21st annual Pictures of the Year Competition NPFA\n1964 – Certificate of Merit for Superior Achievement\nPictures of the Year competition at the University of Missouri School of Journalism\n1966 Magazine Sports, first place\n\nRickerby also received a Certification of Recognition from the National Urban League for \"photographic excellence for his participation in America’s Many Faces – a search for photographs designed to show the Multi-racial character of America\".", "In 1957, he earned a Pulitzer Prize nomination for 35 mm pioneering and use of the early zoom lens, in particular the photo of Don Larsen pitching the only perfect game in World Series history with the scoreboard in the background.", "Works\n\nNotable photographs\n\nOverall, Rickerby is most famous for his sports photography, especially his color essays, and his portraits of the Kennedy administration.", "The most famous photograph he published was that of Yankees pitcher Don Larsen pitching the first-ever perfect World series game.", "His most famous color essay was \"the Violence of the Pros\" for LIFE magazine.", "Photographic exhibits\n\nMid 1960s - One of ten photographers featured in the Baltimore Museum of Art show \"Man in Sport\"\nOne summer - \"Rickerby Retrospective\" in the National Museum of American History\n1990 - An exhibit at Pitt's University Art Gallery, Frick Fine Arts Building\n1992 - \"The UPI and LIFE Years, 1941-1971: The Photography of Arthur B. Rickerby\" exhibit at the International Center of Photography\nOne of his photographs of John F. Kennedy and Robert F. Kennedy is part of the Smithsonian National Portrait Gallery's \"Adopt a Portrait\" program.", "His photograph of Don Larsen's perfect game hangs in one of the United States Embassies.", "One of his photographs of Carl Yastrzemski hangs in the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum\n\nNotes\n\nInformation on awards was largely gleaned from the photographer's own papers, including copies of the awards themselves.", "References\n\n\"Arthur Rickerby - His Moment: The Beauty of the Country Side\".", "Bethel Home News.", "August 9, 1972.", "\"Arthur Rickerby, Photographer for LIFE and UPI, dies at 51\".", "New York Times.", "p. 36.", "Bethel Home News 8 (51): 1, 9.", "October 4, 1972.", "\"Committee in Hartford Hears Plans\".", "Bethel Home News 1 (37).", "May 25, 1966.", "Ceresi, Frank; McMains, Carol (2006).", "Arthur Rickerby's New York City.", "Charleston: Arcadia Publishing. .\nChristopher, Donna (January 3, 2004).", "News-Times Bethel.", "p. B1.", "Kunhardt, Philip B.", "(ed.)", "(1986).", "LIFE - The first 50 years: 1936-1986.", "Boston: Little, Brown, and Company. .\n\"To Rickerby, Arthur B.\"", "Internal LIFE magazine memo.", "June 7, 1968.", "O'Shea, John (August 3, 1972).", "\"Arthur Rickerby Memorialized: 'He always gave more than he got'\".", "News-Times Bethel.", "Personal papers of Arthur B. Rickerby.", "1950–1972.", "Personal papers of Wanda A. Rickerby.", "1972–2000.", "External links\n \"Arthur Rickerby\".", "Art in Embassies, U.S. Department of State.", "20th-century American photographers\n1921 births\n1972 deaths\nDeWitt Clinton High School alumni\nDuke University alumni\nUnited States Navy personnel of World War II\nUnited States Navy officers\nDeaths from pancreatitis" ]

[ "Arthur B. Rickerby was an American photographer whose most famous works are his sports photography, especially his color photography essays, and his photographs of the Kennedy administration.", "His work is best known for its use of the 35mm camera and the early zoom lens.", "Rickerby was born in New York City in 1921 and died in 1972 in Connecticut.", "He worked as a photographer.", "He had three children with Wanda A. Rickerby and was married three times.", "Arthur B. Rickerby was born in New York.", "Rickerby's father died when he was a toddler.", "When he was in high school, he took up photography in the hopes of pleasing his teacher, who was the faculty leader of the club.", "He was a member of the photography club.", "Rickerby majored in political science and government at Duke University.", "He took pictures of Duke's victorious sports teams and sold them to local papers to help pay for school.", "Rickerby's photographs were picked up by ACME publishing for their national coverage of Duke University sports.", "After graduating from Duke, Rickerby joined the US Navy, serving as Lieutenant, Senior Grade, in Captain Edward Steichen's Navy photography unit in World War II.", "The invasions of Iwo Jima and Okinawa were covered by him.", "The Japanese surrender was photographed by him.", "He often shot intimate experiences such as at-sea burials and the lives of Japanese prisoners of war in Guam.", "Before he left the Navy, Rickerby was promoted to Captain.", "Rickerby joined the staff of ACME/UPI after returning to civilian life.", "He covered China's, Japan's, and Germany's post-war redevelopments, as well as sports events.", "At this time, he began using the 35mm camera and an early version of the zoom lens, as well as taking his most famous photograph, that of Don Larsen, of the Yankees, in his record-breaking no-hitter World Series game.", "Rickerby hosted a \"Photography Tour of the Orient\" for Pan American while on vacation from UPI.", "Rickerby left UPI in 1959 to pursue a career as a photographer.", "His photographs appeared in a number of publications.", "The Saturday Evening Post featured his photographs in the series \"The Face of America\" in the 1960s.", "Rickerby was hired by LIFE magazine to cover the Kennedy administration.", "John F. Kennedy and Robert F. Kennedy were photographed by Rickerby in the Oval Office.", "Rickerby rode in the President's motorcade on the day Kennedy was killed.", "Lady Bird Johnson's abandoned bouquet of roses lay scattered in the open limousine of the vice president's limo, which is his most famous photograph from the day of the assassination.", "Rickerby was assigned to photograph Kennedy's funeral.", "He continued to cover sporting events even after LIFE brought him on to cover the Kennedy administration.", "Rickerby was well known for his photographs of the Yankees.", "He was assigned diverse projects such as Queen Elizabeth II's tour of Canada, Nikita Khrushchev's tour across the United States, and the trials of Jimmy Hoffa.", "Five of his photographs made LIFE magazine's cover, including a two-page pullout cover showcasing his color essay \"Pro football mayhem: Green Bay Packers and Cleveland Browns\", which became one of his most famous works.", "LIFE magazine ceased publication in 1972 and Rickerby became a contract photographer.", "Life published an average of two issues a year between 1973 and 1977.", "It began monthly publication in 1978.", "Rickerby continued to shoot contract assignments for LIFE in the 70s.", "Willie Mays's transition from the San Francisco Giants to the New York Mets was one of his last assignments for LIFE magazine.", "In 1972 Arthur B. Rickerby died.", "Arthur B. Rickerby became an advocate for his community after moving to Connecticut in the 1960s.", "Rickerby was well known in his town for his photography, but also for his work on the ABC for Proper Zoning Committee, which he was elected to in 1971.", "He was a co- founder and chairman of the FLEC.", "The town's environment, health and aesthetic were protected by the committees.", "He was a member of the American Field Service.", "The foundation of the Connecticut State Power Facilities Evaluation Council was formed because of Rickerby's fight against the power line.", "The Arthur Rickerby Memorial Award was given at the Housatonic Valley Regional High School in Falls Village by the Environmental Commission on behalf of the Ecology League, Inc.", "His work was lost in the vacuum of LIFE magazine's collapse, despite his extensive photojournalism and good reputation at the time of his death.", "According to Rickerby's widow, most of the LIFE photographers attended his funeral.", "The business agent was a key witness against Jimmy Hoffa in the trials that Rickerby covered.", "The 35mm camera and early zoom lens were used by Arthur B. Rickerby to take his most famous photograph.", "Rickerby pursued up- close and personal photography because of these innovations.", "He was nominated for a Pulitzer Prize for his dedication to a more flexible camera.", "The National Press Photographers Association Contest at the University of Missouri awarded the first prize in the News Portfolio Division.", "He was nominated for a Pulitzer Prize in 1957 for his 35mm photo of the only perfect game in World Series history with the score in the background.", "Rickerby is most famous for his sports photography and his portraits of the Kennedy administration.", "The first-ever perfect World series game was the most famous photograph he published.", "He wrote \"the Violence of the Pros\" for LIFE magazine.", "There were ten photographers featured in the Baltimore Museum of Art show \"Man in Sport\" in the 1960s.", "One of the United States Embassies has a photograph of Don Larsen's perfect game.", "Information on awards, including copies of the awards themselves, was gleaned from the photographer's own papers.", "\"Arthur Rickerby - His Moment: The Beauty of the Country Side\" is a reference.", "News from the home.", "August 9, 1972.", "Photographer for LIFE and UPI, Arthur Rickerby, died at 51.", "The New York Times.", "p.", "News 8 (51): 1, 9.", "October 4, 1972.", "Plans are being heard by a committee in Hartford.", "News 1 from Bethel.", "May 25, 1966.", "McMains, Carol; Ceresi, Frank.", "Arthur Rickerby lived in New York City.", "Christopher, Donna, was in Charleston on January 3, 2004.", "News-Times", "P. B1.", "Philip B. Kunhardt.", "There is an ed.", "The year 1986.", "The first 50 years of life.", "\"To Rickerby, Arthur B.\"", "A magazine memo.", "June 7, 1968.", "John O'Shea was born on August 3, 1972", "\"Arthur Rickerby Memorialized: 'He always gave more than he got'\".", "News-Times", "Arthur B. Rickerby had personal papers.", "1950–1972.", "Wanda A. Rickerby had personal papers.", "1972–2000.", "There are external links to \"Arthur Rickerby\".", "The Department of State has art in Embassies.", "The births and deaths of American photographers in the 20th century." ]

[ "Arthur B", ". Rickerby", "Rickerby", ". Rickerby", "Arthur Jr", "Bradford", "Arthur B", ". Rickerby", "Rickerby", "Rickerby", "Rickerby", "Rickerby", "Lady Bird", "Rickerby", "Rickerby", "Rickerby", "Rickerby", "Arthur B", ". Rickerby", "Arthur B", ". Rickerby", "Rickerby", "Arthur Rickerby", "Arthur B", ". Rickerby", "Rickerby", ". Rickerby", "Arthur B", ". Rickerby", "Rickerby", "Arthur B", ". Rickerby", "Arthur Rickerby", "Arthur Rickerby", "Arthur Rickerby", "Rickerby", "Arthur B", "Arthur Rickerby", "Arthur B", ". Rickerby", ". Rickerby", "Arthur Rickerby" ]

[ "Arthur B", ". Rickerby", "Rickerby", ". Rickerby", "Arthur B", ". Rickerby", "Rickerby", "Rickerby", "Rickerby", "Rickerby", "Rickerby", "Rickerby", "Rickerby", "Rickerby", "Rickerby", "Lady Bird", "Rickerby", "Rickerby", "Rickerby", "Rickerby", "Arthur B", ". Rickerby", "Arthur B", ". Rickerby", "Rickerby", "Rickerby", "Arthur Rickerby", "Rickerby", "Arthur B", ". Rickerby", "Rickerby", "Rickerby", "Arthur Rickerby", "Arthur Rickerby", "Arthur Rickerby", "Rickerby", "Arthur B", "Arthur Rickerby", "Arthur B", ". Rickerby", ". Rickerby", "Arthur Ricker" ]

[ "Lodowicke Muggleton (1609–1698) was an English religious thinker who gave his name to Muggletonianism, a Protestant sect which was always small, but survived until the death of its last follower in 1979.", "He spent his working life as a journeyman tailor in the City of London and was imprisoned twice for his beliefs.", "He held opinions hostile to all forms of philosophical reason, and had received only a basic education.", "He encouraged quietism and free-thought amongst his followers whose beliefs were predestinarian in a manner that was distinct from Calvinism.", "Near the close of his long life, Muggleton wrote his spiritual autobiography which was published posthumously.", "Childhood and apprenticeship\nLodowicke Muggleton was born in a house called Walnut Tree Yard on Bishopsgate Street (now Bishopsgate) in the City of London.", "His father, John, was a farrier and a post office contractor.", "Lodowicke was the youngest of three children when his mother, Mary, died in 1612.", "On his father's remarriage, Lodowicke was put out to nurse in the country, the common practice in such family restructuring at the time.", "In 1624 he returned to Walnut Tree Yard as an apprentice to a tailor, John Quick.", "Quick seems to have been well-connected, making ceremonial gowns for Liverymen and Common Councilmen.", "Muggleton describes him as \"a quiet peaceable man, not cruel to servants, which liked me very well\".", "In 1625 Muggleton contracted the plague but, he says, \"it was not extreme tedious to me.", "I recovered quickly, and hath not had half a day's sickness since.\"", "As his apprenticeship drew to a close he began to disdain tailoring as poorly paid.", "He was offered a stake in a pawnbroker's business by a Mrs Richardson if he would marry her daughter which he seemed keen to do.", "But he became worried that usury would damn his soul so he remained unmarried, working as a tailor for William Reeve who was John Reeve's elder brother and, at that time, a staunch Puritan.", "Yet his soul was still troubled \"for fear God had made me a reprobate before I was born, because He did not answer my prayers.\"", "His first marriage, in 1635, was to Sarah and they had two surviving daughters, Sarah and Elizabeth.", "After his wife's death he married again, but both his second wife and the children that she bore soon died.", "Muggleton fell away from the Puritan faith, \"for all the zeal we formerly had was quite worn out,\" and this cost his business dearly in terms of lost customers from that congregation.", "It may be possible to recognise some subsequent Muggletonian beliefs as being solutions to the perplexities he felt while he was still a Puritan.", "Then again, the episodes he chooses to tell of in his autobiography may be selected with such a didactic purpose in mind.", "The ideas that conscience is God's watchman within every person, that the conflict between two natures is at work within everyone, and that there is a need to banish the fear of being prey to external spirits all seem to stem from personal exigencies of this period in his life.", "1650: Ranters and prophecy\n\"It came to pass in the year 1650, I heard of several prophets and prophetess that were about the streets and declared the Day of the Lord, and many other wonderful things.\"", "Notable were John Robins and Thomas Tany (Muggleton calls him John Tannye).", "Muggleton says of Robins that he regarded himself as God come to judge the quick and the dead and, as such, had resurrected and redeemed Cain and Judas Iscariot as well as resurrecting Jeremiah and many of the Old Testament prophets.", "\"I have had nine or ten of them at my house at a time,\" Muggleton reported.", "The prophets claimed power to damn any that opposed them.", "Robins displayed considerable talents as a magus; presenting the appearance of angels, burning shining lights, half-moons and stars in chambers, thick darkness with his head in a flame of fire and his person riding on the wings of the wind.", "Understandably, such experiences left a lasting impression on Muggleton.", "\"I do not speak this from hearsay of others,\" Muggleton wrote in his autobiography, \"but from a perfect knowledge which I have seen and heard.\"", "Yet he asserted that he was never an active follower of either man: \"Yet was I quiet and still and heard what was said and done and spake against nothing.\"", "Muggleton makes it clear that he believed Robins was guilty of self-deification and of indulging in dangerous powers when he had no grounds to consider them of divine origin.", "Thus Robins was a false prophet with lying signs.", "Yet, writing in old age, Muggleton still appreciated Robins'd efficacy.", "Robins's curses were true for all eternity because his opponents, when they jeered at him, had no idea whether he was sent from God or not and \"would have said as much to the true Christ as they did to him\".", "Muggleton concluded that more sober persons, in whom faith predominated, \"would have been preserved from speaking evil of things they knew not\".", "1651: Revelation\nBy April 1651 Muggleton had begun to feel that he lacked the power to reason his way out of his perplexities about resurrection and hellfire.", "He concluded that he must leave it all to God: \"even as the potter doth what he will with the dead clay.\"", "He began to experience revelations concerning the meaning of scripture.", "The following January his cousin John Reeve underwent similar experiences.", "Both men thought such things for their private peace of mind alone and they resolved to make nothing public.", "\"But contrary to the resolutions of them both, a little while after, were made the greatest medlers of religion in all the world.\"", "On 3 February 1651 (1652 in the new style or Gregorian calendar) John Reeve was addressed by the voice of God giving him the Third Commission.", "Lodowicke Muggleton was to be his mouth, as Aaron was to Moses.", "They were the two witnesses mentioned in Revelation 11:3.", "Thus began the sect to be known as Muggletonians.", "John Reeve was 42, Lodowicke Muggleton 41.", "Sarah Muggleton (14 years old at the time) was the first person to be blessed under the new commission.", "The next task of Reeve, Muggleton and Thomas Turner (the latter presumably taken along for verification) was to pronounce sentence of eternal damnation on Thomas Tany for disobedience to the Third Commission.", "The following day Reeve, Muggleton and Dorcas Booth went to curse John Robins in prison.", "His offence, in Reeve's view, was deceiving the people.", "What \"thou has measured to others must be measured again to thee.\"", "1652–1658: Muggleton's role in the Third Commission\nIt may seem incredible to modern readers that two ordinary tailors could walk around London considering themselves to be transcendental characters out of the Book of Revelation.", "Christopher Hill supplies the answer when he quotes a Royalist prophet, Arise Evans, as saying (1629) that before he came to London he \"looked upon the Scripture as a history of things that passed in other countries, pertaining to other persons; but now I looked upon it as a mystery to be opened at this time, belonging also to us.\"", "Thomas Macaulay in his History of England (1849), describes Lodowicke Muggleton as \"a mad tailor who wandered from pothouse to pothouse, tippling ale and denouncing eternal torments against all who refused to believe.\"", "Subsequent historians have treated this as slanderous (as it may be for the subsequent history of the faith) but it is not so different from Muggleton's own description of his early, lively adventures as a prophet.", "\"For God's sake, Lodowick, let us be gone, else we shall be killed: so he paid for the drink and we departed out of the house and went to another a little distance off.\"", "Throughout the period until the death of John Reeve in 1658, Muggleton seems to have acted only as Reeve's ever-present sidekick.", "There is no record of him writing any works of his own nor of him acting independently of Reeve.", "The pair were tried for blasphemy and jailed for six months in 1653/4.", "1658–1669: A prophet alone\nIt is said that, on the death of John Reeve, there was a power-struggle between Lodowicke Muggleton and Laurence Clarkson (or Claxton) for leadership.", "However, it is unclear if Muggleton saw there as being a \"movement\" of which to be leader.", "William Lamont remarks that it is strange that he took three years to bestir himself in his own cause.", "The issue may be more a misunderstanding on Clarkson's part.", "In temperament and talent, he seemed much more the natural successor to Reeve than Muggleton was – or cared to be.", "But he wasn't a commissioned prophet.", "Muggleton seems only slowly to have grasped that if he wanted to be taken seriously as an individual prophet, he had to write, to publish and to show himself outside his immediate neighbourhood.", "\"The first thing I did after Claxton was put down, I caused A Divine Looking-Glass to be printed anew in 1661.\"", "Secondly, he wrote his first book, The Interpretation of the Eleventh Chapter of the Revelation of St. John in 1662.", "Thirdly, he began his reluctant travels to distant parts of England to meet believers who knew him only through correspondence.", "He did no preaching although he records acrimonious discussions with followers of Jacob Böhme.", "His first journey was to see Ellen Sudbury in Nottingham and Dorothy Carter in Chesterfield.", "This was followed by visits to believers in Cambridgeshire and Kent.", "Although these visits were made troublesome by local opponents (mainly Quakers) and resulted in Muggleton spending nine days in Derby gaol, the visit to Kent had a happy outcome because Muggleton married his third wife, Mary Martin, the daughter of a wealthy tanner.", "The marriage seems to have been an exceptionally happy one and she brought with her sufficient wealth to allow her husband to retire from tailoring, if not from prophecy.", "Muggleton made a further journey to these areas, and to Leicestershire, in 1669.", "It was during these years that Muggleton began his polemic against the Quakers with a book The Neck of the Quakers broken (1663) and correspondence with individual Quakers, much of it published by one party or the other.", "Muggleton and the Quakers\nMuggleton's opposition to the Quakers, and to all things Quaker, was uncharacteristically bitter for three reasons.", "Firstly, he believed them guilty of \"spiritual witchcraft\" which he saw as a manipulation of that fear from which faith should be free.", "Secondly, he regarded them as unreconstructed Ranters and the Ranter legacy was a delicate personal issue.", "Thirdly, they were the seventh, and last, anti-church of the latter days and thus their mere existence was seen as holding up everyone else's journey to paradise.", "By and large, the charges Muggleton brings against the Quakers are the same as those the Quakers lay against Muggleton.", "As a result, the exchange of letters and pamphlets rarely rises above contradiction, quibbling and name-calling; the latter Muggleton employs with great verve.", "Richard Farnesworth (1662) brusquely tells Muggleton that his commission has been faked and that he is trying to act as judge in the stead of Christ.", "What, he asks, has happened to the pardoning power of Christ?", "In turn, Muggleton asks what Quakers would have said to St. Peter after he had been given the keys to the kingdom, the power to bind and to loose, the power to remit or to retain sin, all whilst still a man?", "He jeers at Quaker \"out-sputterings\" so that, \"Christ hath never a body of his own but is forced to make use of every Quaker's body for his spirit to dwell in.\"", "One of Muggleton's more telling criticisms of the Quakers is that they try too hard to entice God to move in their direction, thus falling into the trap of seeing their own lights and fancies as coming to them from without.", "Muggleton does not allow that the Quakers themselves may have been well aware of the dangers.", "As a result, Muggleton dismisses Quakers as warmed-over Ranters, \"for you have got your Christ all within you.\"", "Edward Bourne asks Muggleton if the two seeds theology does not make God the harbinger of evil in the world?", "He does not receive a straight answer although Muggleton says that faith in a time of innocence is one thing, but that faith through knowledge of good and evil is a higher state of consciousness altogether.", "Thus, evil is a sort of necessary evil.", "Samuel Hooten enquires if Muggleton should not pay heed to the instruction Christ gave to his disciples, \"Bless and curse not\"?", "But Muggleton dismisses this instruction as a temporary expedient for the disciples' use only.", "In Acts, St. Peter receives a quite different instruction and Peter, like Lodowicke, has a commission.", "In a similar vein, Muggleton is reminded there is nothing in scripture foretelling the coming of one Lodowicke Muggleton, to which the reply is, \"For, if there had been such a name written in scripture, many men would have named their sons Lodowicke Muggleton.\"", "Richard Farnesworth also taxes Muggleton about the failure of John Reeve and himself to live out their part from the book of Revelation.", "Muggleton says that prophets come to impose their commission which lives on after them no matter what happens to the prophet himself.", "Thus, Moses commission was to bring the law and that did not end with the death of Moses but with the death of John the Baptist.", "1669–1674: Rebellion of the Nine Assertions\nIn 1669, Muggleton's An answer to Isaac Pennington, Quaker was intercepted at the printers by the Searcher of the Press.", "\"It came to pass, in the year 1670, before midsummer, there came fourteen men to search my house for unlicensed books.\"", "Muggleton, discovering these men to be honest and courteous, sent a bribe after them when they had gone.", "Being honest men, he knew they would only accept the bribe if they felt they could help him.", "When the bribe was returned, Muggleton knew for certain he was in serious trouble.", "Shortly afterwards, he was tipped off that a warrant for his arrest would be issued and he was able to disappear for nine months to live in hiding amongst the watermen of Wapping.", "During his absence, a rebellion against his authority broke out amongst the believers led by a scrivener called William Medgate.", "The rebels alleged that Muggleton had made \"nine assertions\" contrary to \"all sober reason\".", "Muggleton regarded these as boiling down to one issue; whether God took notice of happenings on earth.", "But two other grievances seemed to be involved.", "Firstly, whether the prophet was using his authority to surpass the words of Christ.", "Secondly, whether the prophet's love could uphold believers who sinned, this being alleged to be antinomian doctrine.", "John Saddington rallied the believers to stick with Muggleton and the revolt lost momentum.", "One of its leaders, Thomas Burton, a flax dealer, rejoined the flock.", "1674–1698: Persecution\n\nIn 1675, Muggleton, as executor of the estate of Deborah Brunt, became involved in property litigation against Alderman John James.", "He seems largely to have been successful until his opponent hit upon the idea of trying to get him excommunicated in the Court of Arches so that he could no longer have defence of law in civil matters.", "At the time, Muggleton was in hiding at the house of Ann Lowe, a believer, from an arrest warrant of the Stationers Company.", "Hiding was now no longer a solution as Muggleton could be excommunicated in his absence if he did not appear and plead.", "On doing so, Muggleton was remanded to Guildhall Court on a warrant of the Lord Chief Justice.", "It was Muggleton's ill-luck that the Lord Mayor that year was a stationer.", "Muggleton was bailed to appear to answer charges arising from his book The Neck of the Quakers broken, specifically that he did curse Dr Edward Bourne of Worcester, therein.", "Muggleton remarks that it was strange that a curse against a Quaker should be considered blasphemy by the established church.", "Muggleton's problem was that it was common practice for recently published dissenting books to bear false dates and places of publication to escape the law.", "Muggleton's bore a false place (Amsterdam, not London) but a true date, some 13 years earlier, and he should have escaped prosecution.", "No evidence, other than innuendo, was offered by the prosecution.", "On 17 January 1676 (1677 new style) Muggleton was tried at the Old Bailey, convicted of blasphemy, and sentenced to three days in the pillory and a fine of £500.", "At each of his three two-hourly appearances in the pillory (at Temple Gate, outside the Royal Exchange and at the market in West Smithfield) a selection of the books seized from Muggleton were burnt by the common hangman.", "Considerable public disturbance arose from fights between Muggleton's supporters and members of the public who felt deprived of their sport.", "Nevertheless, Muggleton (who was no longer a young man) was badly injured.", "Muggleton's attempts to get himself released from Newgate gaol were frustrated because his keepers were reluctant to let go a prisoner from whom they could derive a profit.", "Muggleton was advised to get Ann Lowe to sue him for debt so that a writ of habeas corpus would remove him from Newgate to the Fleet prison.", "Eventually, the Sheriff of London, Sir John Peak was persuaded to release Muggleton for a payment of £100 cash down.", "Lodowicke Muggleton died on 14 March 1697 (1698 new style) aged 88.", "His third wife, Mary, died on 1 July 1718.", "Both were buried in the New Churchyard, Bethlem.", "In 1832, some sixty Muggletonians subscribed to bring out a complete edition of The Miscellaneous Works of Reeve and Muggleton in 3 vols.", "Portraits\nMuggleton's likeness is known.", "A copy of one of his books seized by the Stationers' Company and now in the Lambeth Palace Library, London is inscribed, \"he had yellow hair and a ruddy complexion.\"", "His death-mask also exists, somewhat battered from attempts to take copies, in the care of the National Portrait Gallery, London.", "By far the most technically accomplished portrait is a miniature by Samuel Cooper now part of the Pierpont Morgan collection.", "Mr Morgan had bought it from a family of Derbyshire Muggletonians but it is not known how it came to be painted and, although possessing the yellow hair, does give the appearance of being a stock portrait of a Puritan type.", "Definitely painted from life is the work by William Wood of Braintree, who was a friend of Lodowicke Muggleton.", "This was done in 1692 but shows Muggleton at an earlier stage of life.", "It was subsequently purchased by Isaac Frost for the London congregation and now, extensively and beautifully restored, belongs to the University of Sussex.", "From this painting an engraving was made in 1829 by J. Kennerley at the expense of the Frost family for use as a frontispiece to publications and to be sold as a separate card.", "It was subsequently reproduced as a small photographic print.", "From the death-mask a contemporary engraving was made by G. V. Casseel.", "The plate was still in the possession of the Muggletonians when Alexander Gordon visited in 1869 but was too worn to be used.", "A version of this engraving is reproduced on the dust jacket of The World of the Muggletonians.", "From the engraving, a small oil painting was made by a Muggletonian, Richard Pickersgill (possibly related to Frederick Richard Pickersgill) in 1813.", "Several copies existed but it seems all have been lost.", "Fortunately, one was photographed by Hallett Hyatt in 1913 and appears in George Williamson's book opposite page 18.", "Even at that time, it was clearly in a decayed state.", "On a visit to the British Museum, the Frost brothers were delighted to find a painting of Muggleton on display.", "It had been presented in 1758 and appears to have been dated 1674.", "Alexander Gordon was familiar with it and calls it the best of the Muggletonian paintings.", "It was a small oval-styled oil painting featuring head and bust and with the sitter looking to his right.", "It is now in the National Portrait Gallery, London to which it was transferred in 1879.", "As well as the likenesses themselves, these is also a contemporary interpretation of Muggleton's appearance.", "Charles Leslie said, \"it has been observed of great enthusiasts that their hair is generally slank, without any curl, which proceeds from a moisture of brain that inclines to folly.\"", "Lodowicke Muggleton on the Book of Revelation\n\nLodowicke Muggleton wrote two commentaries on the Book of Revelation.", "William Lamont sees the first work as part of a power struggle with Laurence Clarkson, but admits, \"If Muggleton's motivation in writing his comments on Chapter XI of Revelation was to complete the doing-down of Clarkson, it is therefore, a signal failure.\"", "So there is room for doubt if this is the whole explanation.", "Muggleton himself says his intention is to prophesy anew: \"whereby is unfolded, and plainly declared, the whole counsel of God concerning Himself, the Devil and all Mankind from the foundation of the world to all eternity.", "Never before revealed.\"", "Muggleton stresses he writes \"without the help of other men's labours, but only as the revelation did arise in me from the seed of faith\".", "Hence Muggleton's first book is not a commentary upon Revelation but something new which uses Revelation as a starting point.", "Is Muggleton entirely prophecy?", "It is hard to see what value \"theology\" would have in a Muggletonian setting since such a project would surely be contaminated by unclean human reason.", "Muggleton starts his consideration of Chapter 11 at Chapter 10, verse 8 where an angel hands John of Patmos a little book which he must eat with the command, \"Thou must prophesy again.\"", "This is a direct repetition of Ezekiel's commissioning as a prophet.", "As Ezekiel, so John.", "As John, so Muggleton.", "Muggleton seeks not only to explain the text of Revelation on its own terms but also to appropriate the text as a foundation for the Muggletonian faith.", "\"Post-modernism is reader-orientated and gives readers the power of interpreting a text that, in modern terms, belongs to the author.\"", "In that sense, Muggleton is an empowered post-modern.", "He thought so, too.", "\"Herein is the glory of God the more seen, in that he has chosen the weak things to bring down the strong; the foolish things to confound the wise; and the things that seem as if they were not, to bring to nought things that are.\"", "This is the Muggletonian faith working from the margins.", "But his important point is about the glory of God being seen more clearly in what might otherwise be mistaken as being the works of humankind.", "Austin Farrer says that when interpreting Revelation \"we need constantly to ask ourselves, 'Would St. John admit that this is what he meant?'\"", "and Muggleton seems to understand John perfectly at this juncture.", "It is perhaps advisable to remember that there is a very real sense in which Muggleton's everyday experiences were much closer to those of John the Divine than ours are.", "In 1653, the weekly newspaper Mercurius Politicus sent their ace-reporter Marchamont Nedham down Bow Lane to investigate \"the world of the Muggletonians\".", "Christopher Hill tells us what he found.", "\"Nedham took 'a citizen of worth out of Bread Street' with him, and at a chandler's shop in Great Trinity Lane, 'against one Mr Millis a brown-baker, near Bow Lane end' found 'a couple of tailors together with two women and an old country plain man of Essex ... at the top of an old house in a cockloft.'", "He bought a 12d pamphlet from them.\"", "Muggleton also cursed the citizen of worth, presumably free of charge.", "At first sight, it might seem surprising that Muggleton is impressed by John the Divine's visions.", "After all, the proof that John Reeve's calling had been authentic was supposed to have been because it was by voice of God, \"as a man speaks to his friend\" and not by visions which might be self-deceiving.", "In Jewish practice of John's time, visions came through meditation upon a message and a favourite vehicle was the first chapter of the Book of Ezekiel which is a centre-piece of Revelation.", "John Sweet explains how the idea is handled in Revelation.", "When John is spoken to, it is to explain the meaning of what he has seen; just as Mary Magdalene had seen Jesus in the garden but did not recognise him until she heard his voice.", "When John the Divine witnesses the Lamb he sees weakness and defeat but the voice explains it all as power and victory.", "John is handling his own sources here.", "In the Book of Daniel 12:4 \"But you, Daniel, shut up the words, and seal the book, until the time of the end.\"", "References and notes\n\nAttribution\n\nExternal links\nhttp://muggletonian.org.uk\n\nA Transcendent Spiritual Treatise by John Reeve & Lodowick Muggleton\n\n1609 births\n1698 deaths\n17th-century Christian mystics\nPeople from the City of London\nEnglish Christian religious leaders\nPeople convicted of blasphemy\nProtestant mystics\nMuggletonianism" ]

[ "Muggletonianism, a Protestant sect which was always small, but survived until the death of its last follower in 1979 was founded by an English religious thinker named lodowicke Muggleton.", "He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "He had only a basic education and held opinions that were hostile to all forms of philosophy.", "Quietism and free-thought were encouraged by his followers who were predestinarian in their beliefs.", "Muggleton's spiritual autobiography was published posthumously.", "The house where Lodowicke Muggleton was born was on Bishopsgate Street in the City of London.", "John was a post office contractor and a farrier.", "Mary died in 1612 when he was the youngest of three children.", "During his father's remarriage, Lodowicke was put out to nurse in the country, a common practice of family restructuring.", "He was an apprenticeship to a tailor named John Quick.", "Quick made ceremonial gowns for Liverymen and Common Councilmen.", "He is described as a quiet peaceable man, not cruel to servants, by Muggleton.", "Muggleton contracted the plague in 1625 but it wasn't hard for him.", "I didn't have half a day's sickness since I recovered.", "He disliked tailoring as poorly paid as his apprenticeship drew to a close.", "He was offered a stake in the pawnbroker's business by Mrs Richardson if he would marry her daughter.", "He was worried that usury would ruin his soul so he stayed unmarried and worked as a tailor for William Reeve who was John Reeve's older brother.", "His soul was still troubled by the fact that God did not answer his prayers before he was born.", "He married Sarah in 1635 and they had two daughters, Sarah and Elizabeth.", "His second wife and the children that she bore died soon after he married again.", "Muggleton lost customers from that congregation because he fell away from the Puritan faith.", "While he was still a Puritan, he may have been able to identify some Muggletonian beliefs as solutions to his perplexities.", "The episodes he chooses to tell of in his autobiography may be selected with such a purpose in mind.", "The idea that conscience is God's watchman within every person, that the conflict between two natures is at work within everyone, and that there is a need to banish the fear of being prey to external spirits all seem to stem from personal exigencies of this period in his life", "\"It came to pass in the year 1650, I heard of several prophets and prophetess that were about the streets and declared the Day of the Lord, and many other wonderful things.\"", "Muggleton calls Thomas Tany John Tannye.", "Muggleton said that he regarded himself as God come to judge the quick and the dead and that he had resurrected and redeemed many of the Old Testament prophets.", "Muggleton said that he had at least nine or ten of them at his house at a time.", "The prophets claimed to have power.", "In addition to presenting the appearance of angels, burning shining lights, half-moons and stars in chambers, thick darkness with his head in a flame of fire and his person riding on the wings of the wind, Robins displayed considerable talents as a magus.", "The experiences left a lasting impression on Muggleton.", "\"From a perfect knowledge which I have seen and heard, I do not speak this from others,\" Muggleton wrote in his autobiography.", "He claimed that he was never an active follower of either man.", "Muggleton believed that Robins was guilty of self-deification and of engaging in dangerous powers when he had no grounds to consider them of divine origin.", "Robins was a false prophet.", "Writing in old age, Muggleton still appreciated Robins' effectiveness.", "When his opponents jeered at him, they would have said as much to the true Christ as they did to him, because he had no idea whether he was sent from God or not.", "According to Muggleton, more sober persons would have been spared from speaking evil of things they knew not to say.", "Muggleton felt that he didn't have the power to reason his way out of his perplexities about resurrection and hellfire.", "He said that he had to leave it all to God.", "He began to understand the meaning of scripture.", "John Reeve had similar experiences in January.", "Both men decided to make nothing public because of their private peace of mind.", "Both were made the greatest medlers of religion a little while after.", "The Third Commission was given to John Reeve by the voice of God on February 3, 1651 in the new style or Gregorian calendar.", "He was going to be his mouth.", "They were two witnesses.", "The Muggletonians began as a sect.", "John Reeve was 42 years old.", "The first person to be blessed under the new commission was Sarah Muggleton.", "The next task was to sentence Thomas Tany to eternal damnation for disobedience to the Third Commission.", "Three people went to curse John Robins in prison.", "He was deceiving the people.", "The \"thou has measured to others\" must be measured again.", "Muggleton's role in the Third Commission may seem strange to modern readers, but he was a tailor in London.", "Christopher Hill quotes a Royalist prophet, Arise Evans, who said that before he came to London, he looked upon the Scripture as a history of things that passed in other countries.", "In his History of England, Thomas Macaulay describes Muggleton as a \"mad tailor who wanders from pothouse to pothouse, tippling ale and denouncing eternal torments against all who refused to believe.\"", "It is not different from Muggleton's description of his early, lively adventures as a prophet, as historians have treated this as slanderous.", "\"For God's sake, lodowick, let us be gone, else we shall be killed, so he paid for the drink and we left out of the house and went to another place.\"", "Throughout the period until the death of John Reeve in 1658, Muggleton acted as his ever-present sidekick.", "There is no record of him writing or acting on his own.", "The pair were sentenced to six months in jail for blaspheming.", "It is said that there was a power struggle on the death of John Reeve.", "It's not clear if Muggleton saw there as a movement of which to be leader.", "It is odd that he took three years to get his point across.", "The issue may be a misunderstanding.", "He was more suited to be the successor to Reeve than Muggleton was.", "He wasn't a prophet.", "If Muggleton wanted to be taken seriously as an individual prophet, he had to write, publish and show himself outside his immediate neighbourhood.", "After Claxton was put down, I caused A Divine Looking-Glass to be printed again.", "The Interpretation of the Eleventh Chapter of the Revelation of St. John was his first book.", "He traveled to distant parts of England to meet believers who only knew him through correspondence.", "He didn't preach but he had a lot of arguments with followers of Jacob Bhme.", "His first journey was to see two people.", "This was followed by visits to believers in other parts of the country.", "Muggleton married his third wife, Mary Martin, the daughter of a wealthy tanner, after spending nine days in Derby gaol because of these visits.", "She brought with her enough wealth to allow her husband to retire from tailoring, if not from prophecy.", "In 1669, Muggleton made a further journey to these areas.", "Muggleton began his crusade against the Quakers with a book, The Neck of the Quakers broken, and correspondence with individual Quakers, much of which was published by one party or the other.", "Muggleton's opposition to the Quakers was bitter for three reasons.", "He believed them to be guilty of \"spiritual witchcraft\" which he saw as a manipulation of fear from which faith should be free.", "The Ranter legacy was a delicate personal issue and he regarded them as unreconstructed Ranters.", "Their existence was seen as holding up everyone else's journey to paradise because they were the last anti-church.", "The charges Muggleton brings against the Quakers are similar.", "The exchange of letters and pamphlets rarely rises above contradiction, quibbling and name-calling; the latter Muggleton employs with great verve.", "Muggleton was told by Richard Farnesworth that his commission has been faked and that he is trying to act as judge in the stead of Christ.", "He wondered what had happened to the pardoning power of Christ.", "What power would St. Peter have had if he had been given the keys to the kingdom?", "\"Christ is forced to make use of every Quaker's body for his spirit to dwell in\", he said.", "One of Muggleton's criticisms of the Quakers is that they try too hard to entice God to move in their direction, thus falling into the trap of seeing their own lights and fancies as coming to them from without.", "Muggleton doesn't allow that the Quakers were aware of the dangers.", "\"For you have got your Christ all within you, Muggleton Quakers,\" they said.", "Muggleton was asked if the two seeds theology did not make God the epitome of evil in the world.", "Muggleton says that faith through knowledge of good and evil is a higher state of consciousness than faith in a time of innocence.", "Thus, evil is a necessary evil.", "Samuel Hooten wants to know if Muggleton should follow Christ's instructions.", "Muggleton believes that this instruction is only for the use of the disciples.", "St. Peter is given a different instruction in Acts and has a commission.", "\"For if there had been such a name written in scripture, many men would have named their sons lodowick,\" the reply is.", "Richard Farnesworth taxes Muggleton about the failure of John Reeve and himself to live out their part from the book of Revelation.", "Regardless of what happens to the prophet, Muggleton says that the prophet's commission lives on after them.", "With the death of John the Baptist, the commission was able to bring the law.", "The Rebellion of the Nine Assertions was published in 1669.", "In the year 1670, fourteen men came to my house to look for unlicensed books.", "When these men left, Muggleton sent a bribe after them.", "He knew they would only accept the bribe if they could help him.", "Muggleton knew he was in trouble when the bribe was returned.", "He hid in the watermen of Wapping for nine months after he was tipped off that a warrant for his arrest would be issued.", "The believers led by William Medgate rebelled against his authority during his absence.", "The rebels accused Muggleton of making \"nine assertions contrary to all sober reason\".", "Muggleton believed that these were boiling down to one issue; whether God noticed what was happening on earth.", "There were two other grievances involved.", "Is the prophet using his authority to surpass the words of Christ?", "This being alleged to be antinomian doctrine is related to whether the prophet's love could uphold believers who sinned.", "The revolt lost steam after John Saddington rallied the believers to stick with Muggleton.", "One of its leaders, Thomas Burton, rejoined the flock.", "In 1675, Muggleton became involved in property litigation against John James.", "His opponent thought of trying to get him excommunicated in the Court of Arches so that he wouldn't have a defence of law in civil matters.", "Muggleton was in hiding at the house of Ann Lowe, who was a believer.", "If Muggleton did not show up and plead, he could be excommunicated.", "The Lord Chief Justice issued a warrant for Muggleton's arrest.", "The Lord Mayor that year was a stationer.", "Muggleton was released on bail to appear to answer charges relating to his book The Neck of the Quakers broken.", "It was odd that a curse against aQuaker should be considered sacrosanct by the church.", "It was common practice for recently published books to have false dates and places of publication in order to escape the law.", "He should have escaped prosecution because his false place wasAmsterdam, not London.", "There was no evidence offered by the prosecution.", "Muggleton was sentenced to three days in the pillory and a fine of £500 after being found guilty of blaspheming.", "A selection of the books seized from Muggleton were burnt by the common hangman at each of his three appearances in the pillory.", "There were fights between Muggleton's supporters and members of the public who felt deprived of their sport.", "Muggleton was badly injured.", "Muggleton's attempts to get himself released from Newgate gaol were frustrated because his keepers were reluctant to let go of a prisoner who they could make money from.", "Muggleton was told to get Ann Lowe to file a lawsuit against him so that he could be removed from Newgate to the Fleet prison.", "The Sheriff of London persuaded him to release Muggleton for a payment of £100.", "On March 14, 1697, Lodowicke Muggleton died at the age of 88.", "Mary died on July 1, 1718.", "The New Churchyard is where they were buried.", "Sixty Muggletonians subscribed to the complete edition of The Miscellaneous Works of Reeve and Muggleton in 3 vols.", "Muggleton's likeness is known.", "A copy of one of his books that was seized by the Stationers' Company is engraved with the words \"he had yellow hair and a ruddy complexion.\"", "His death-mask is in the care of the National Portrait Gallery in London.", "The most technically accomplished portrait is a miniature by Samuel Cooper.", "Mr Morgan bought it from a family of Muggletonians but it is not known how it came to be painted or if it is a stock portrait of a Puritan.", "William Wood was a friend of Lodowicke Muggleton and his work is definitely painted from life.", "Muggleton is shown at an earlier stage of life.", "It has been extensively and beautifully restored and is now a part of the University of Sussex.", "The engraving was made at the expense of the Frost family for use as a frontispiece to publications and to be sold as a separate card.", "A small photographic print was subsequently reproduced.", "A contemporary engraving was made from the death-mask.", "The plate was still in the possession of the Muggletonians when Alexander Gordon visited in 1869.", "The dust jacket of The World of the Muggletonians contains a version of this engraving.", "Richard Pickersgill is thought to be related to Frederick Richard Pickersgill.", "It seems that all the copies have been lost.", "One of the photographs was taken by Hallett Hyatt in 1913 and appears in George Williamson's book.", "It was in a bad state at that time.", "The British Museum has a painting of Muggleton on display.", "It was presented in 1758 and appears to have been dated 1674.", "Alexander Gordon said it was the best of the Muggletonian paintings.", "It was a small oil painting with the sitter looking to his right.", "In 1879 it was transferred to the National Portrait Gallery in London.", "These are also interpretations of Muggleton's appearance, as well as the likenesses themselves.", "Charles said, \"it has been observed of great enthusiasts that their hair is generally slank, without any curl, which proceeds from a moisture of brain that inclines to folly.\"", "Two commentaries were written on the Book of Revelation.", "\"If Muggleton's motivation in writing his comments on Chapter XI of Revelation was to complete the doing-down of Clarkson, it is therefore a signal failure.\"", "If this is the whole explanation, there is room for doubt.", "\"Whereby is unfolded, and plainly declared, the whole counsel of God concerning Himself, the Devil and all mankind from the foundation of the world to all eternity,\" says Muggleton.", "It was never before revealed.", "He writes \"without the help of other men's labours, but only as the revelation did arise in me from the seed of faith\"", "Muggleton's first book uses Revelation as a starting point and is not a commentary on Revelation.", "Is Muggleton prophecy?", "It is hard to see what value \"theology\" would have in a Muggletonian setting since such a project would surely be contaminated by human reason.", "Muggleton begins his consideration of Chapter 11 at chapter 10 verse 8 where an angel hands John of Patmos a little book which he must eat with the command, \"Thou must prophesy again.\"", "This is the same thing that happened when Ezekiel was commissioned as a prophet.", "As John, too.", "As Muggleton, so John.", "To appropriate the text as a foundation for the Muggletonian faith, Muggleton seeks to explain the text on its own terms.", "The power of interpreting a text that belongs to the author is given by post-modernism.", "Muggleton is an empowering post-modern.", "He thought so as well.", "\"Herein is the glory of God, in that he has chosen the weak things to bring down the strong; the foolish things to confound the wise; and the things that seem as if they were not, to bring to nought things that are.\"", "The Muggletonian faith works from the margins.", "His point is that the glory of God being seen more clearly in what might otherwise be mistaken as the works of humankind is more important.", "Austin Farrer says that when interpreting Revelation, we need to ask ourselves, \"Would St. John admit that this is what he meant?\"", "Muggleton seems to understand John at this point.", "It is important to remember that Muggleton's everyday experiences were very similar to those of John the Divine.", "In 1653 the weekly newspaper Mercurius Politicus sent their ace-reporter Marchamont Nedham to investigate the world of the Muggletonians.", "Christopher Hill told us what he found.", "He took a citizen of worth out of Bread Street with him, and at a chandler's shop in Great Trinity Lane he found a couple of tailors together with two women and a brown-baker.", "He bought a pamphlet from them.", "The citizen of worth was cursed by Muggleton.", "It might seem odd that Muggleton was impressed by John the Divine's visions.", "\"As a man speaks to his friend, not by visions which might be self-deceiving, the proof that John Reeve's calling had been authentic was supposed to have been.\"", "In Jewish practice of John's time, visions came through meditation upon a message and a favourite vehicle was the first chapter of the Book of Ezekiel which is a centre-piece of Revelation.", "The idea is handled in Revelation.", "The meaning of what John has seen is explained when he is spoken to, like Mary did when she saw Jesus in the garden.", "John the Divine sees weakness and defeat in the Lamb but the voice explains it as power and victory.", "John has his own sources.", "\"But you, Daniel, shut up the words, and seal the book, until the time of the end.\"", "There are External links at http://muggletonian.org.uk." ]

[ "Lodowicke Muggleton", "Muggleton", "Lodowicke Muggleton", "Muggleton", "Muggleton", "Sarah Muggleton", "Muggleton", "Muggleton", "Lodowicke", "Muggleton", "Muggleton", "Lodowicke", "Muggleton", "Muggleton", "Muggleton", "Muggleton", "Muggleton", "Muggleton", "Muggleton", "Lodowicke", "Muggleton", "Muggleton", "Muggleton", "Lodowicke", "Muggleton", "Lodowicke", "Muggleton", "Muggleton" ]

[ "Muggleton", "Sarah Muggleton", "Muggleton", "Muggleton", "Muggleton", "Muggleton", "Muggleton", "Muggleton", "Muggleton", "Muggleton", "Muggleton", "Muggleton", "Muggleton", "Muggleton", "Lodowicke", "Muggleton", "Muggleton" ]

[ "Pieros Sotiriou (; born on 13 January 1993) is a Cypriot professional footballer who plays as a striker for Ludogorets in Bulgaria and the Cyprus national team.", "Sotiriou joined FC Copenhagen in 2017 from APOEL of the Cypriot First Division.", "In February 2020, he moved to Kazakh side FC Astana.", "Career\n\nOlympiakos Nicosia\nSotiriou was born in Nicosia, Cyprus.", "He is a product of Olympiakos Nicosia academies.", "He made his official debut with Olympiakos in the 2009–10 season, when the club was competing in the Cypriot Second Division, appearing in four matches and scoring one goal.", "On 19 March 2011, he made his Cypriot First Division debut, playing the last 11 minutes in a match against Doxa Katokopias and he added a further five appearances in the 2010–11 season.", "The next season (2011–12), he made 16 league appearances (2 at starting line-up, 14 as a substitute) and scored his first Cypriot First Division goal on 18 September 2011, in the third matchday against APOEL where Olympiakos lost by 1–4.", "In June 2012, it was rumoured that Sheffield Wednesday was interested in him and also on 5 August 2012, he was trialled at S.L.", "Benfica, but finally stayed at Olympiakos.", "On 16 November 2012, he renewed his contract with Olympiakos, signing a three-year contract extension.", "His most productive season with Olympiakos came in 2012–13, when he appeared in 29 league matches (28 at starting line-up, 1 as a substitute) and scored 8 goals.", "At the end of the 2012–13 season, he has been awarded the \"Young player of the season\" award by Cyprus Football Association.", "APOEL\nOn 24 December 2012, it was announced that Sotiriou's transfer from Olympiakos to APOEL FC was already agreed by the two clubs (for a transfer fee of €90,000), but he stayed to Olympiakos until the end of the 2012–13 season and his four-year contract with APOEL activated in June 2013.", "He made his debut on 29 August 2013, in the 2013–14 UEFA Europa League play-off match against Zulte Waregem at GSP Stadium, coming on as a 68th-minute substitute in APOEL's 1–2 defeat.", "During the 2013–14 season, he appeared in three 2013–14 UEFA Europa League group stage matches for APOEL and won all the titles in Cyprus, the Cypriot League, the Cypriot Cup and the Cypriot Super Cup.", "He scored his first official goal for APOEL on 20 September 2014, netting the second goal in APOEL's 3–1 away victory against Ayia Napa in the Cypriot First Division.", "On 10 December 2014, he made his first group stage appearance, coming on as a 65th-minute substitute in APOEL's 4–0 defeat against Ajax at Amsterdam Arena.", "On 15 December 2014, he scored twice in APOEL's enthralling 4–4 home draw against AEK Larnaca in the First Division.", "In the 2014–15 season, he managed to add two more titles to his collection, as APOEL won again both the Cypriot championship and the 2014–15 Cypriot Cup.", "On 28 April 2016, Sotiriou scored the opening goal against title rivals AEK Larnaca and sealed the victory which secured APOEL's fourth consecutive Cypriot First Division title.", "He scored his first goal in European competitions on 19 July 2016, netting the second goal in APOEL's 3–0 home win against The New Saints in the second qualifying round UEFA Champions League.", "On 24 August 2016, Sotiriou opened the scoring in APOEL's 1–1 home draw against FC Copenhagen in the Champions League play-off round, but his goal was not enough as his team were defeated 1–2 on aggregate and dropped down to the Europa League group stage.", "On 19 September 2016, Sotiriou signed a three-year contract extension with APOEL, running until 31 May 2020.", "On 29 September, he scored the only goal in APOEL's 1–0 away victory against Greek club Olympiacos in the Europa League group stage.", "On 3 November 2016, he scored again in the group stage in APOEL's 1–0 home victory against Swiss side BSC Young Boys.", "He scored his first ever hat-trick on 8 January 2017, in APOEL's 5–0 home win against Aris Limassol in the 2016–17 First Division.", "On 23 February 2017, he scored with a flying volley against Athletic Bilbao, as APOEL won 2–0 at home and overturned the 3–2 deficit from the first leg to advanced to the last 16 of the Europa League for the first time in their history.", "Following his successful 2016–17 season with APOEL, Sotiriou awarded the \"Player of the season\" award by Cyprus Football Association.", "FC Copenhagen\nOn 25 April 2017, it was announced that FC Copenhagen had secured his signature on a five-year contract running from 1 July 2017, for an undisclosed transfer fee from APOEL, reported to be around €2.5 million.", "Astana\nOn 20 February 2020, FC Astana announced the signing of Sotiriou on a three-year contract.", "The transfer fee paid to Copenhagen was reported as DKK37 million (about €5 million, £4 million).", "Ludogorets Razgrad\nIn February 2021, Sotiriou moved to Bulgarian club Ludogorets Razgrad on a three-and-a-half-year deal.", "International career\nOn 10 October 2012, Sotiriou was called for the first time into the Cyprus national football team for the 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification matches against Slovenia and Norway, but he remained on the bench in both matches.", "He made his debut for the national team on 14 November 2012, in a friendly match against Finland at GSP Stadium, coming on as a 63rd-minute substitute in Cyprus' 0–3 defeat.", "He scored his first international goal on 13 November 2016, netting the second goal in Cyprus' 3–1 home victory against Gibraltar in the 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifiers.", "Career statistics\n\nClub\n\nInternational\n\nScores and results list Cyprus' goal tally first.", "Honours\n\nClub\nAPOEL\nCypriot First Division: 2013–14, 2014–15, 2015–16, 2016–17\nCypriot Cup: 2013–14, 2014–15\nCypriot Super Cup: 2013\n\nCopenhagen\nDanish Superliga: 2018–19\n\nAstana\nKazakhstan Super Cup: 2020\n\nLudogorets Razgrad\nBulgarian First League: 2020–21\nBulgarian Supercup: 2021\n\nIndividual\nCyprus Football Association Young Player of the Season: 2012–13\nCyprus Football Association Player of the Season: 2016–17\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nAPOEL official profile\n\n1993 births\nLiving people\nGreek Cypriot people\nCypriot footballers\nSportspeople from Nicosia\nCyprus international footballers\nAssociation football forwards\nCypriot First Division players\nOlympiakos Nicosia players\nAPOEL FC players" ]

[ "Pieros Sotiriou was born on January 13, 1993 and is a professional footballer who plays in Bulgaria and Cyprus.", "Sotiriou was a member of the First Division of the Cyprus.", "He moved to FC Astana in February 2020.", "He was born in Cyprus.", "He is a member of the academy.", "He appeared in four matches and scored one goal in the 2009–10 season, when the club was competing in the Cypriot Second Division.", "He made his first appearance in the First Division of Cyprus on 19 March 2011, playing the last 11 minutes in a match against Doxa Katokopias.", "In the third matchday against APOEL, he scored his first Cyprus First Division goal and made 16 league appearances in the next season.", "He was on trial at S.L. in August of 2012 and it was rumored that Wednesday was interested in him.", "It was finally at Olympiakos that Benfica stayed.", "He renewed his contract with Olympiakos on November 16, 2012 for three more years.", "His most productive season was in 2012–13, when he appeared in 29 league matches and scored 8 goals.", "The Cyprus Football Association gave him the \"Young player of the season\" award at the end of the 2012–13 season.", "On December 24, 2012 it was announced that Sotiriou's transfer from Olympiakos to APOEL FC was already agreed by the two clubs, but he stayed at the club until the end of the 2012–13 season and his four-year contract.", "He made his debut in the play-off match against Zulte Waregem, coming on as a substitute in the 68th minute.", "He won the titles in Cyprus, the Cyprus League, the Cyprus Cup and the Cyprus Super Cup while playing for APOEL.", "He scored his first and second goals for APOEL in their victory against Ayia Napa in the Cyprus First Division.", "He made his group stage debut as a 65th-minute substitute in APOEL's 4–0 defeat against Amsterdam Arena.", "He scored twice in APOEL's 4–4 home draw against AEK Larnaca in the First Division.", "He added two more titles to his collection in the last season of the year.", "APOEL's fourth consecutive Cyprus First Division title was secured on April 28, 2016 when Sotiriou scored the opening goal and sealed the victory.", "He scored his first and second goals in the same game in the second qualification round of the European competition.", "In the first leg of the play-off round, Sotiriou's goal was not enough as his team were defeated 1–2 and dropped down to the group stage.", "The three-year contract extension was signed on September 19th.", "He scored the only goal in APOEL's 1–0 away victory against Greek club Olympiacos in the Europa League group stage.", "On November 3, 2016 he scored again in the group stage, this time for APOEL, in their 1–0 home victory against Swiss side BSC Young Boys.", "He scored his first ever hat-trick on January 8, 2017, in a 5–0 home win against Aris Limassol in the 2016–17 First Division.", "He scored with a flying volley against Athletic Bilbao as APOEL won 2–0 at home and overturned the 3–2 deficit from the first leg to advanced to the last 16 of the Europa League for the first time in their history.", "The \"Player of the season\" award was given to Sotiriou by the Cyprus Football Association.", "On 25 April, it was announced that FC Copenhagen had secured his signature on a five-year contract running from 1 July 2017, for an undisclosed transfer fee from APOEL, reported to be around 2.5 million.", "The signing of Sotiriou on a three-year contract was announced on February 20, 2020.", "The transfer fee was reported to be about 5 million.", "A three-and-a-half-year deal was signed in February of 2021.", "On October 10, 2012 he was called for the first time into the Cyprus national football team, but he remained on the bench in both matches.", "He came on as a 63rd-minute substitute in Cyprus' 0–3 defeat to Finland in a friendly match on November 14, 2012.", "He scored his first international goal on 13 November 2016 in Cyprus' 3–1 home victory against Gibraltar.", "Cyprus' goal tally is listed first in career statistics.", "The club has a First Division, a Cup, and a Super Cup." ]

[ "Pieros Sotiriou", "Sotirioutiriou", "Sotiriou", "Sotiriou", "Sotiriou", "Sotiriou", "Sotiriou", "Sotiriou" ]

[ "Pieros Sotiriou", "Sotiriou", "Sotiriou", "Sotiriou", "Sotiriou", "Sotiriou" ]

[ "Artem Olegovich Vakhitov (; born April 4, 1991) is a Russian Muay Thai kickboxer who competes in the cruiserweight and heavyweight divisions.", "Vakhitov is a two-time and current Glory Light Heavyweight Champion.", "Having begun practicing Muay Thai at eleven years old, Vakhitov first came to prominence due to a successful amateur career by winning three world championships as well as taking gold in 2013 at the World Combat Games and silver in 2010.", "He turned professional in 2009, and signed with Glory in 2013.", "As of September 2021, he is ranked the #1 light-heavyweight and #8 pound for pound kickboxer in the world by Combat Press.", "Early life\nArtem Vakhitov was born in Prokopyevsk on April 4, 1991, and began basic martial arts training under his father's tutelage at the age of five years before going on to study karate at the age of six, which he practiced for five years.", "He was forced to give up karate aged eleven when he and his family moved to another part of the city, but he soon found the Kuzbass Muay Thai gym where he is trained by Vitaly Miller and is a training partner of Artem Levin.", "Vakhitov holds the classification of Master of Sports in muay Thai, and is also a classically trained musician.", "Career\n\nAmateur\nVakhitov first came to prominence when he won the IFMA Russian Championships in 2008 aged seventeen.", "Following this, he would go on to win the Russian Championships four more times (2009, 2010, 2011 and 2013), the European Championships four times (2009, 2010, 2011 and 2012) and the World Championships three times (2010, 2011 and 2012).", "He also won a silver medal in the -81 kg/178 lb division at the 2010 World Combat Games, held in Beijing, China between August 28 and September 4, 2010.", "After taking unanimous decision wins over Kim Olsen and Nurbolat Sengirov in the quarter-finals and semis, respectively, he then lost to Simon Marcus by split decision in the final.", "Competing in the -91 kg/200 lb division at the 2013 World Combat Games in Saint Petersburg, Russia between October 18 and 26, 2013, Vakhitov outpointed Dzianis Hancharonak in the quarters, TKO'd Thomas Alizier and knocked out Emidio Barone with a knee in the final to take the gold medal.", "Professional\n\nEarly years\nIn his first outing as a professional, Vakhitov competed in the Souboj Titánů tournament in Plzeň, Czech Republic on November 21, 2009, and made it to the final where he faced Jiri Zak.", "The bout was ruled a draw after the regulation three rounds and so it went to an extension round to decide the winner, after which Žák took the judges' decision.", "The following year, he entered the Tatneft Cup 2010 at -80 kg/176 lb.", "After beating Saiseelek Nor-Seepun in the opening round on January 31, 2010, and Yordan Yankov in the quarter-finals on April 30, 2010, both by unanimous decision, Vakhitov then exited the competition when he was defeated by his longtime teammate Artem Levin in the semi-finals on July 29, 2010, retiring in his corner at the end of the third round.", "He then re-entered the tournament, however, when Levin was unable to fight Alexander Stetsurenko in the final due to injury and Vakhitov was selected as his replacement.", "In a close match on October 20, 2010, Vakhitov took Stetsurenko into an extension round before losing by UD.", "Having signed with the short-lived Muaythai Premier League, Vakhitov made his promotional debut on September 2, 2011, at Muaythai Premier League: Stars and Stripes in Long Beach, California, United States where he rematched Simon Marcus.", "It was a closely contested affair but Marcus edged ahead by successfully scoring from the clinch with elbows and knees on various occasions to win a unanimous decision.", "He faced another familiar foe in his sophomore MPL appearance, taking on Jiri Zak at Muaythai Premier League: Blood and Steel in The Hague, Netherlands on November 6, 2011.", "He avenged his earlier loss to the Czech by winning via unanimous decision.", "On December 2, 2011, Vakhitov won his first title as a professional, defeating Vando Cabral via TKO due to a cut caused by an elbow in round three at Battle of Champions 6 in Moscow, Russia to become the WMC European Super Light Heavyweight (-82.55 kg/182 lb) Champion.", "He was set to replace Artem Levin in a fight with Joe Schilling for the WBC Muaythai Interim World Light Heavyweight Championship at Battle for the Belts in Bangkok, Thailand on June 9, 2012.", "He withdrew from the bout, however, after conceding that he would be unable to meet the -79.3 kg/175 lb weight limit and his place was taken by Karapet Karapetyan.", "Continuing to move up in weight, Vakhitov beat Alexander Oleynik on points in a -91 kg/200 lb bout at the Alpha Cup in Moscow on May 18, 2013.", "It was the third meeting between the pair, with Vakhitov defeating Oleynik twice previously in the amateur ranks.", "Glory \nVakhitov signed with Glory shortly after, as a competitor in the kickboxing organization's -95 kg/209 lb light heavyweight division.", "He gave an impressive performance in his first fight under the Glory banner, scoring an early knockdown over Luis Tavares before finishing him with a liver shot just over a minute into the first round at Glory 9: New York in New York City, New York, US on June 22, 2013.", "He defeated fellow amateur standout Nenad Pagonis by unanimous decision at Glory 12: New York in New York City on November 23, 2013.", "Vakhitov defeated Igor Jurković via UD at Glory 16: Denver in Broomfield, Colorado, US on May 3, 2014.", "He rematched Dzianis Hancharonak at Monte Carlo Fighting Masters 2014 in Monte Carlo, Monaco on June 14, 2014, winning by unanimous decision and taking the vacant WMC World Heavyweight (-95.0 kg/209 lb) Championship.", "He was expected to fight against Andrei Stoica at Glory 20: Dubai on April 3, 2014.", "The Romanian withdrew for undisclosed reasons, however, and was replaced by Saulo Cavalari.", "Vakhitov lost the fight by split decision.", "Vakhitov returned at Glory 25: Milan against Danyo Ilunga and won the fight by unanimous decision and won the opportunity to re-match Saulo Cavalari for the Glory Light Heavyweight championship.", "Glory Light heavyweight title reign\nVakhitov successfully re-matched and defeated Saulo Cavalari by unanimous decision at Glory 28: Paris and won the Glory Light Heavyweight championship.", "It was announced that Vakhitov would fight light heavyweight title contender Zack Mwekassa at Glory 35: Nice in France.", "Vakhitov successfully defended his championship and stopped Mwekassa by knocking him down three times; declaring Vakhitov the winner by TKO.", "As his second title defense, Vakhitov was scheduled to rematch Saulo Cavalari at Glory 38: Chicago and dominated the fight, winning by TKO in the second round.", "Vakhitov fought and successfully defended his Light Heavyweight championship against Brazilian contender, Ariel Machado at Glory 47: Lyon.", "Vakhitov knocked Machado down in the second round with a head kick, but after beating the 10 count, Vakhitov continued to beat Machado and won the fight by unanimous decision.", "It was announced that Vakhitov would re-match former opponent Danyo Ilunga at Glory 56: Denver which will mark Vakhitov's fourth title fight in Glory.", "Vakhitov won the fight by unanimous decision.", "During the bout he injured his right hand, which kept him out of the ring for nearly a year.", "He was scheduled to defend his title, for the fifth time, against Donegi Abena at Glory 66.", "He won the fight by split decision, although it was considered controversial by some fans.", "During the fight, Vakhitov once again injured his hand.", "As the repeated hand injuries kept him limited to just four appearances over the course of 29 months, he underwent surgery to repair the hand in July 2019.", "He is expected to defend against the interim Glory Light Heavyweight champion Alex Pereira, after he recovers from the surgery.", "Second Glory Light heavyweight title reign\nVakhitov was scheduled to make his sixth title defense against the current GLORY Middleweight and interim Light Heavyweight champion Alex Pereira at Glory 77.", "He lost the fight by split decision.", "Due to the close nature of the match, Vakthitov called for a rematch.", "Glory granted his wish and scheduled the rematch with Pereira for Glory 78: Arnhem on September 4, 2021.", "Vakhitov successfully regained the title with a majority decision victory.", "Vakhitov was booked to make his first title defense against the #1 light heavyweight contender Luis Tavares at Glory 80 on March 19, 2022.", "style=background:white colspan=9 |\n|- style=\"background:#cfc\"\n| 2021-09-04|| Win ||align=left| Alex Pereira || Glory 78: Rotterdam || Rotterdam, Netherlands || Decision (Majority) ||5 ||3:00 ||22-6 \n|-\n!", "style=background:white colspan=9 |\n|- style=\"background:#fbb;\"\n| 2021-01-30 || Loss ||align=left| Alex Pereira || Glory 77: Rotterdam || Rotterdam, Netherlands || Decision (Split)|| 5 || 3:00 || 21-6\n|-\n!", "style=background:white colspan=9 |\n|- style=\"background:#cfc;\"\n| 2019-06-22 || Win ||align=left| Donegi Abena || Glory 66: Paris || Paris, France || Decision (Split) || 5 || 3:00 || 21-5\n|-\n!", "style=background:white colspan=9 |\n|- style=\"background:#cfc;\"\n| 2018-08-10 || Win ||align=left| Danyo Ilunga || Glory 56: Denver || Broomfield, Colorado, USA || Decision (unanimous)|| 5 || 3:00 || 20-5\n|-\n!", "style=background:white colspan=9 |\n|-\n|- style=\"background:#cfc;\"\n| 2017-10-28 || Win ||align=left| Ariel Machado || Glory 47: Lyon || Lyon, France || Decision (unanimous) || 5 || 3:00 || 19-5\n|-\n!", "style=background:white colspan=9 |\n|-\n|- style=\"background:#cfc;\"\n| 2017-02-24 || Win ||align=left| Saulo Cavalari || Glory 38: Chicago || Hoffman Estates, Illinois, USA || TKO || 2 || 2:43 || 18-5\n|-\n!", "style=background:white colspan=9 |\n|-\n|- style=\"background:#cfc;\"\n| 2016-11-05 || Win ||align=left| Zack Mwekassa || Glory 35: Nice || Nice, France || TKO (three knockdowns) || 2 || 2:23 || 17-5 \n|-\n!", "style=background:white colspan=9 |\n|-\n|- style=\"background:#cfc;\"\n| 2016-03-12 || Win ||align=left| Saulo Cavalari || Glory 28: Paris || Paris, France || Decision (unanimous) || 5 || 3:00 || 16-5\n|-\n!", "style=background:white colspan=9 |\n|- style=\"background:#cfc;\"\n| 2015-12-19 || Win ||align=left| Lorenzo Javier Jorge || Muay Thai Moscow || Moscow, Russia || KO (straight left) || 2 || || 15-5\n|- style=\"background:#cfc;\"\n| 2015-11-06 || Win ||align=left| Danyo Ilunga || Glory 25: Milan || Monza, Italy || Decision (unanimous)|| 3 || 3:00 || 14-5\n|- style=\"background:#fbb;\"\n| 2015-04-03 || Loss ||align=left| Saulo Cavalari || Glory 20: Dubai || Dubai, UAE || Decision (split) || 3 || 3:00 || 13-5\n|-\n!", "style=background:white colspan=9 |\n|- style=\"background:#cfc;\"\n| 2014-11-21 || Win ||align=left| İbrahim Giydirir || Battle of Champions 7 || Moscow, Russia || Decision (unanimous) || 5 || 3:00 || 13-4\n|-\n!", "style=background:white colspan=9 |\n|- style=\"background:#cfc;\"\n| 2014-06-14 || Win ||align=left| Dzianis Hancharonak || Monte Carlo Fighting Masters 2014 || Monte Carlo, Monaco || Decision (unanimous) || 5 || 3:00 || 12-4\n|-\n!", "style=background:white colspan=9 |\n|- style=\"background:#cfc;\"\n| 2011-11-06 || Win ||align=left| Jiri Zak || Muaythai Premier League: Blood and Steel || The Hague, Netherlands || Decision (unanimous) || 3 || 3:00 || \n|- style=\"background:#fbb;\"\n| 2011-09-02 || Loss ||align=left| Simon Marcus || Muaythai Premier League: Stars and Stripes || Long Beach, California, USA || Decision (unanimous) || 3 || 3:00 || \n|- style=\"background:#fbb;\"\n| 2010-10-20 || Loss ||align=left| Alexander Stetsurenko || Tatneft Cup 2010 Part 7, Final || Kazan, Russia || Extension round decision (unanimous) || 6 || 3:00 || \n|-\n!", "style=background:white colspan=9 |\n|- style=\"background:#cfc;\"\n| 2013-10-21 || Win ||align=left| Thomas Alizier || 2013 World Combat Games -91 kg/200 lb Muay Thai, Semi Finals || Saint Petersburg, Russia || TKO (corner stoppage) || 1 || \n|- style=\"background:#cfc;\"\n| 2013-10-19 || Win ||align=left| Dzianis Hancharonak || 2013 World Combat Games -91 kg/200 lb Muay Thai, Quarter Finals || Saint Petersburg, Russia || Decision || 3 || 3:00\n|- style=\"background:#cfc;\"\n| 2013-08-00 || Win ||align=left| Vladimir Mineev || 2013 IFMA Russian Championships -, Final || Kemerovo, Russia || TKO (broken nose) || || \n|-\n!", "style=background:white colspan=9 |\n|- style=\"background:#cfc;\"\n| 2012-00-00 || Win ||align=left| Sy Sadibou || 2012 IFMA World Championships -86 kg/189 lb, Final || Saint Petersburg, Russia || Decision || 4 || 2:00\n|-\n!", "style=background:white colspan=9 |\n|- style=\"background:#cfc;\"\n| 2012-00-00 || Win ||align=left| Fallah Madji || 2012 IFMA World Championships -86 kg/189 lb, Quarter Finals || Saint Petersburg, Russia || TKO (retirement) || 1 || 2:00\n|- style=\"background:#cfc;\"\n| 2011-04-00 || Win ||align=left| Alexander Oleinik || 2011 IFMA European Championships -86 kg/189 lb, Semi Finals || Antalya, Turkey || Decision || 4 || 2:00\n|- style=\"background:#cfc;\"\n| 2011-04-00 || Win ||align=left| Priest West || 2011 IFMA European Championships -86 kg/189 lb, Quarter Finals || Antalya, Turkey || Decision || 4 || 2:00\n|- style=\"background:#cfc;\"\n| 2011-00-00 || Win ||align=left| Ivan Lentka || 2011 IFMA Russian Championships -86 kg/189 lb || Russia || Decision || 4 || 2:00\n|-\n!", "style=background:white colspan=9 |\n|- style=\"background:#fbb;\"\n| 2010-00-00 || Loss ||align=left| Simon Marcus || 2010 World Combat Games -81 kg/178 lb Muay Thai, Final || Beijing, China || Decision (split) || 4 || 2:00\n|-\n!", "style=background:white colspan=9 |\n|- style=\"background:#cfc;\"\n| 2010-00-00 || Win ||align=left| Nurbolat Sengirov || 2010 World Combat Games -81 kg/178 lb Muay Thai, Semi Finals || Beijing, China || Decision (unanimous) || 4 || 2:00\n|- style=\"background:#cfc;\"\n| 2010-00-00 || Win ||align=left| Kim Olsen || 2010 World Combat Games -81 kg/178 lb Muay Thai, Quarter Finals || Beijing, China || Decision (unanimous) || 4 || 2:00\n|- style=\"background:#cfc;\"\n| 2010-05-00 || Win ||align=left| Pavel Kharchenko || 2010 IFMA European Championships -81 kg/178 lb, Final || Italy || TKO (cut) || 1 || 0:58\n|-\n!", "style=background:white colspan=9 |\n|-\n| colspan=9 | Legend''':\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Official Glory profile \n\n1991 births\nLiving people\nRussian male kickboxers\nLight heavyweight kickboxers\nCruiserweight kickboxers\nHeavyweight kickboxers\nRussian Muay Thai practitioners\nPeople from Prokopyevsk\nGlory kickboxers" ]

[ "Artem Vakhitov is a Russian Muay Thai kickboxer who competes in the cruiserweight and heavyweight divisions.", "Vakhitov is a two-time champion.", "Vakhitov began practicing Muay Thai at the age of eleven and went on to win three world titles and a gold medal at the World Combat Games.", "He became a professional in 2009.", "He is ranked the #1 light-weight and #8 pound kickboxer in the world by Combat Press.", "At the age of five years old, Artem Vakhitov began basic martial arts training under his father's guidance, and at the age of six years old, he practiced karate for five years.", "When he and his family moved to another part of the city, he was forced to give up karate at the age of eleven, but he soon found a Muay Thai gym where he is trained by Vitaly Miller and is a training partner of Artem Levin.", "Vakhitov is a classically trained musician and holds the title of Master of Sports in muay Thai.", "Vakhitov came to prominence when he won the Russian Championships at the age of seventeen.", "He won the Russian Championships six times, the European Championships four times, and the World Championships three times.", "He won a silver medal at the 2010 World Combat Games, held in Beijing, China between August 28 and September 4, 2010.", "He lost to Simon Marcus by split decision in the final after taking unanimous decision wins over Kim Olsen and Nurbolat Sengirov.", "Vakhitov knocked out Emidio Barone in the first round and defeated Thomas Alizier in the second round at the World Combat Games in Saint Petersburg, Russia.", "Vakhitov made it to the final of the Souboj Titn tournament in the Czech Republic where he faced Jiri Zak.", "k took the judges' decision after the bout was ruled a draw after three rounds.", "He entered the 2010 Tatneft Cup at -80 lbs.", "Vakhitov exited the competition when he was defeated by his teammate Artem Levin in the semi-finals of the competition.", "Vakhitov was selected to replace Levin in the final after he was injured in the tournament.", "Vakhitov took Stetsurenko into an extension round before losing in a close match.", "Vakhitov made his promotional debut on September 2, 2011, at Muaythai Premier League: Stars and Stripes in Long Beach, California, United States, where he defeated Simon Marcus.", "Marcus was able to score from the clinch with his knees and elbows to win a unanimous decision.", "He faced another opponent in his second MPL appearance, this time against Jiri Zak.", "He avenged his loss to the Czech with a unanimous decision.", "On December 2, 2011, Vakhitov won his first title as a professional, defeating Vando Cabral via TKO due to a cut caused by an elbow in round three at Battle of Champs 6 in Moscow, Russia to become the WMC European Super Light Heavyweight.", "He was going to take Artem's place in the fight with Joe on June 9, 2012 at Battle for the Belts in Thailand.", "His place was taken by Karapet Karapetyan after he conceded that he wouldn't be able to meet the weight limit.", "Vakhitov beat Alexander Oleynik on points at the Alpha Cup in Moscow in May, moving up in weight.", "Vakhitov had defeated Oleynik twice before in the amateur ranks.", "Glory Vakhitov was a competitor in the kickboxing organization's light weight division.", "He gave an impressive performance in his first fight under the Glory banner, scoring an early knockdown over Luis Tavares before finishing him with a liver shot just over a minute into the first round at Glory 9: New York in New York City, New York, US on June 22, 2013).", "He defeated Nenad Pagonis by unanimous decision at Glory 12: New York in New York City.", "On May 3, 2014, Vakhitov defeated Jurkovi at Glory 16: Denver in Colorado.", "At the Monte Carlo Fighting Masters in Monte Carlo, Monaco on June 14, he won by unanimous decision and took the vacant WMC World Heavyweight Championship.", "He was supposed to fight on April 3, 2014.", "Saulo Cavalari replaced the Romania who withdrew for undisclosed reasons.", "Vakhitov lost the fight.", "At Glory 25: Milan, Vakhitov won the fight by unanimous decision and was given the chance to fight Saulo Cavalari for the Glory Light-Heavyweight title.", "At Glory 28: Paris, Vakhitov defeated Saulo Cavalari by unanimous decision to win the Glory Light Heavyweight title.", "Vakhitov would fight a contender at Glory 35: Nice.", "Vakhitov was declared the winner after stopping Mwekassa by knocking him down three times.", "Vakhitov was scheduled to defend his title against Saulo Cavalari at Glory 38: Chicago, but he won by TKO in the second round.", "At Glory 47: Lyon, Vakhitov successfully defended his Light Heavyweight title.", "Vakhitov knocked Machado down with a head kick in the second round, but after beating the count, he won the fight by unanimous decision.", "Glory 56: Denver will mark Vakhitov's fourth title fight in Glory.", "Vakhitov won the fight.", "He was out of the ring for nearly a year because of an injury to his right hand.", "He was going to defend his title against Donegi Abena.", "The fight was considered controversial by some fans.", "Vakhitov injured his hand again during the fight.", "He was limited to just four appearances over the course of 29 months due to injuries to his hand.", "He is expected to defend against Alex Pereira after he recovers from his surgery.", "Vakhitov was scheduled to make his sixth title defense against Alex Pereira at Glory 77.", "He lost the fight.", "Vakthitov called for a second match due to the close nature of the match.", "Glory 78: Arnhem was scheduled for September 4, 2021.", "Vakhitov won the title with a majority decision.", "Vakhitov was going to make his first title defense against Luis Tavares at Glory 80.", "Win, Alex Pereira, Glory 78, and Decision (Majority) are examples.", "Glory 77: Rotterdam, Netherlands, Decision (Split) is a film by Alex Pereira.", "Win, Donegi Abena, Glory 66: Paris, France, and Decision (Split) are examples.", "Glory 56: Denver, Colorado, USA, is a decision that wasunanimous.", "Glory 47: Lyon, France, is a decision that wasunanimous.", "Win and Saulo Cavalari are from Glory 38: Chicago.", "Glory 35: Nice, France, is a boxing match between the Glory 35: Nice, France, and the Glory 35: Nice, France, which is a boxing match between the Glory 35: Nice, France, and the Glory 35: Nice, France, which is a boxing match.", "Saulo Cavalari was a part of Glory 28: Paris, France.", "\"background:#cfc;\"", "The Battle of Champs 7 was held in Moscow, Russia.", "The Monte Carlo Fighting Masters were held in Monte Carlo, Monaco and 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884", "Jiri Zak is a member of the Muaythai Premier League: Blood and Steel.", "The World Combat Games -91 kilogram/200 pound Muay Thai, Semi Finals are in Saint Petersburg, Russia.", "The 2012 IFMA World Championships were held in Saint Petersburg, Russia.", "Fallah Madji competed in the 2012 IFMA World Championships in Saint Petersburg, Russia.", "Simon Marcus spoke about the 2010 World Combat Games, which were held in Beijing, China.", "The 2010 World Combat Games were held in Beijing, China.", "Official Glory profile 1991 births Living people Russian male kickboxers Lightweight kickboxers cruiserweight kickboxers Russian Muay Thai practitioners" ]

[ "Artem Olegovich Vakhitov", "Vakhitov", "Vakhitov", "Artem Vakhitov", "Artem Levin", "Vakhitov", "Vakhitov", "Vakhitov", "Vakhitov", "Vakhitov", "Artem", "Vakhitov", "Vakhitov", "Vakhitov", "Vakhitov", "Artem", "Vakhitov", "Vakhitov", "Vakhitov", "Vakhitov", "Vakhitov", "Vakhitov", "Vakhitov", "Vakhitov", "Vakhitov", "Vakhitov", "Vakhitov", "Vakhitov", "Vakhitov", "Vakhitov", "Vakhitov", "Vakhitov", "Vakhitov", "Vakhitov", "Vakhitov", "Vakhitov", "Vakhitov" ]

[ "Artem Vakhitov", "Vakhitov", "Vakhitov", "Artem Vakhitov", "Artem Levin", "Vakhitov", "Vakhitov", "Vakhitov", "Vakhitov", "Vakhitov", "Artem", "Vakhitov", "Vakhitov", "Vakhitov", "Vakhitov", "Artem", "Vakhitov", "Vakhitov", "Glory Vakhitov", "Vakhitov", "Vakhitov", "Vakhitov", "Vakhitov", "Vakhitov", "Vakhitov", "Vakhitov", "Vakhitov", "Vakhitov", "Vakhitov", "Vakhitov", "Vakhitov", "Vakhitov", "Vakhitov", "Vakhitov" ]

[ "Roy Lindsay Park (30 July 1892 – 23 January 1947) was an Australian sportsman and doctor.", "The son of a Methodist minister, he played cricket for Australia and also Australian rules football in the Victorian Football League (VFL).", "He was educated at Wesley College, Melbourne.", "Park also served in the Australian Imperial Force in World War I.", "Football career\nPark started his senior VFL career at University, making his debut in 1912.", "He had an immediate impact as the club's leading goal kicker with 22.", "Park's 53 goals in the 1913 VFL season was bettered only by Fitzroy's Jimmy Freake with 56.", "Little interest was manifested in the meeting of Richmond and University at Richmond [Cricket Ground on 13 August 1913], the local men displaying more knowledge and better tactics than the students, and winning handsomely.The real concern in the game centred in the doings of Roy Park, the students' goal sneak, a great favourite on all grounds.Notwithstanding that his side has not won a game, Park's success has been phenomenal, his judgment standing out among his comrades' like an oasis in a desert.After the match the opposition supporters, who were carried away by the boy's marvellous accuracy [in kicking five goals], rushed the ground and carried him in shoulder high – a unique tribute in these degenerate days.", "– The Australasian, 6 September 1913.", "Park had medical studying commitments at Melbourne University in 1914, leaving him free for few games, but still managed to kick 36 goals for the season that was University's last in the VFL competition.", "In 1915 Park played with VFL club Melbourne, where he kicked 35 goals in 13 games, but was suspended for four matches for striking Gerry Balme of St Kilda, despite three witnesses coming forward to say that Park had not hit the player at all.", "Park refused to play football again after his suspension, ending his VFL career with 146 goals in 57 matches.", "However, following the end of the war, Park returned to football, playing with Footscray Football Club—he was conducting his medical practice in Footscray at the time—who were then a member of the Victorian Football Association (VFA).", "In the 1920 VFA second semi-final, Park won the match for Footscray against North Melbourne Football Club with a dramatic kick that dribbled through for a goal with less than ten seconds left on the clock.", "World War I\nA registered medical practitioner, Park enrolled in the Australian Army Medical Corps of the Australian Imperial Force on 12 July 1917.", "Upon enrolling, Park was given the rank of captain and left Australia on 4 August 1917 aboard the HMAT Themistocles.", "He served with the 5th Field Ambulance Unit and was mentioned in dispatches in the London Gazette on 11 July 1919 and in the Commonwealth of Australia Gazette on 30 October 1919.", "Park returned safely to Australia on 2 June 1919 after the conclusion of World War I.", "In May 1919, an unidentified former Melbourne footballer, wrote to the football correspondent of The Argus as follows:\n\"In 1914 the Melbourne football team, after its junction with the University, was a fine team, and succeeded in reaching the semi-finals.Out of this combination the following players enlisted and served at the front:—C.", "Lilley (seriously wounded), J. Hassett, H. Tomkins (severely wounded), J. Evans (seriously wounded), W. Hendrie, R. L. Park, J. Doubleday (died), A.", "Best, C. Burge (killed), C.", "(viz., A.)", "Williamson (killed), J.", "Brake, R. Lowell, E. Parsons (seriously wounded), A. M. Pearce (killed), F. Lugton (killed), A. George, C. Armstrong, P. Rodriguez (killed), J. Cannole (viz., Connole), A. Fraser (seriously wounded), T. Collins.These are all players of note, and in themselves would have formed a very fine side, but there is only one of them playing at the present time, viz., C. Lilley, who, as a matter of fact, takes the field under some disability owing to severe wounds which he received on service.\"", "— The Argus, 16 May 1919.", "Cricket career\n\nPark was a cricket prodigy at Wesley College.", "His schoolmate Robert Menzies, future Prime Minister of Australia, recalled reading Shakespeare behind the school practice nets, \"so that he could partake of the bard whilst watching Park bat.\"", "Park played for South Melbourne Cricket Club in the Victorian Cricket Association (VCA), and starred as a right-handed opening batsman, including a 315-run opening partnership with future Australian Test captain Bill Woodfull, for many years a club record.", "He became the youngest man to lead the batting averages for Melbourne Cricket Club.", "He was chosen as part of Warwick Armstrong's 1914/15 Australian team for a stillborn tour of South Africa:\n\nAt Melbourne, Park had been one of the youngsters sent to the \"special net\" for Armstrong's attention.", "Armstrong had been impressed, Park awestruck, later crediting Armstrong with \"most of my cricket brains\".", "They were an odd sight in partnership, like a planet and its satellite, but their simpatico was deep.", "During the match against South Australia, for example, Park joined his captain with an hour left of the second day and shared a thunderous stand.", "Over lunch on the third day, with Park 226 and himself 101, Armstrong recalled his own eight-year-old record score for Victoria: \"Parky, you haven't far to go to beat my 250.", "I promise to do my best to stop there while you make them.\"", "Park did not make it, but always remembered the gesture.", "Park also notched up some fine performances for Victoria, and soon earned a Test call-up in the 1920–1921 season.", "He was unsuccessful in his debut against England at the Melbourne Cricket Ground (MCG), making a first-ball duck in his only innings, and bowling a single over of off-spinners which went for nine runs.", "He was said to have been called late during the night for medical duties, and not to have got any sleep before his debut.", "He never played Test cricket again.", "Legend has it that his wife, who was watching in the stands, dropped a stitch in her knitting as he prepared to face his first ball, bent down to retrieve it at the moment of delivery, and thus missed his entire Test career.", "At first-class level, he made 2514 runs at an average of just under 40, scoring nine centuries, with a highest score of 228.", "Following his retirement from cricket, Park held numerous administrative positions, including the South Melbourne delegate to the VCA and Victorian selector.", "In 1953 a memorial plaque honouring Park was unveiled in South Melbourne by the Mayor of South Melbourne.", "Park's son-in-law, Ian Johnson, who married his daughter, Lal, was a captain of the Australian cricket team and a member of The Invincibles.", "See also\nList of Australian rules football and cricket players\n\nFootnotes\n\nReferences\n Atkinson, G. (1982) Everything you ever wanted to know about Australian rules football but couldn't be bothered asking, The Five Mile Press: Melbourne. .\n [https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/22404215 Death: Park, The Argus, (Friday, 24 January 1947), p.4.]", "Death of Famous Sportsman: Dr Roy L. Park, The Argus, (Saturday, 25 January 1947), p.8.", "Dr. Roy Park's Death Causes Sorrow Throughout District, The (Emerald Hill) Record, (Saturday, 1 February 1947), pp.1,2.", "Haigh, G. (2003) The Big Ship: Warwick Armstrong and the Making of Modern Cricket'', Aurum Press. .\n World War I Service Record: Captain Roy Lindsay Park, ''National Archives of Australia.", "External links\n\nBrydon Coverdale, \"Australia's Winter Allrounders: XI Test Cricketers who played Australian Rules football at the highest level\", Cricinfo, 28 May 2007\n\n1892 births\n1947 deaths\nUniversity Football Club players\nMelbourne Football Club players\nFootscray Football Club (VFA) players\nAustralia Test cricketers\nVictoria cricketers\nPeople educated at Wesley College (Victoria)\nAustralian military personnel of World War I\nVFL Leading Goalkicker Medal winners\nAustralian rules footballers from Victoria (Australia)\nAustralian cricketers\nPeople from Charlton, Victoria\nCricketers from Victoria (Australia)" ]

[ "Roy Lindsay Park was an Australian doctor and sportsman.", "He was the son of a Methodist minister and played cricket for Australia and Rules football in the VFL.", "He was educated at a college.", "Park was in the Australian Imperial Force during World War I.", "Park made his debut in the VFL in 1912.", "He was the club's leading goal kicker with 22.", "Jimmy Freake scored 56 goals in the 1913 VFL season, bettering Park's 53.", "The local men displayed more knowledge and better tactics than the students and won handsomely, but the real concern in the game was the students' goal sneak.", "The Australasian was published on 6 September 1913.", "Park was able to kick 36 goals for the season that was University's last in the VFL because of his medical studies.", "Park kicked 35 goals in 13 games in the VFL, but was suspended for four matches for hitting a player, despite three witnesses coming forward to say that Park had not hit the player at all.", "After his suspension, Park refused to play football again, ending his VFL career with 146 goals.", "After the end of the war, Park returned to football, playing for the Footscray Football Club and becoming a member of the Victorian Football Association.", "Park kicked a goal with less than ten seconds left on the clock to give Footscray a win over North Melbourne in the 1920 VFA second semi-finals.", "Park joined the Australian Army Medical Corps of the Australian Imperial Force on July 12th, 1917.", "Park left Australia on August 4, 1917, after being given the rank of captain.", "He served with the 5th Field Ambulance Unit and was mentioned in dispatches in the London and Commonwealth of Australia Gazettes.", "After the end of World War I, Park returned to Australia.", "The football correspondent of The Argus received a letter in May 1919 from a former footballer who wrote about the team that reached the semi-finals in 1914.", "Lilley, Hassett, H. Tomkins, J. Evans, W. Hendrie, R. L. Park, and J. Doubleday were seriously wounded.", "Best, C. Burge.", "The figure isviz., A.", "J. Williamson was killed.", "R.Lowell and E.Parsons were seriously wounded.", "The Argus was published on 16 May 1919.", "Park was a cricket player at the college.", "The future Prime Minister of Australia remembered reading Shakespeare behind the school practice nets so that he could watch Park bat.", "Park played for South Melbourne Cricket Club in the Victorian Cricket Association (VCA), and starred as a right-handed opening batsman, including a 315-run opening partnership with future Australian Test captain Bill Woodfull, for many years.", "He was the youngest man to lead the batting averages.", "Park was one of the youngsters sent to the \"special net\" for the attention of Armstrong, who chose him as part of his 1914/15 Australian team for a stillborn tour of South Africa.", "Park had been impressed, and later credited Armstrong with most of his cricket brains.", "They were an odd sight, like a planet and its satellite, but their simpatico was deep.", "Park shared a thunderous stand with his captain during the second day of the match against South Australia.", "\"Parky, you haven't far to go to beat my 250,\" he said over lunch on the third day.", "I will do my best to stop there.", "Park remembered the gesture even though he did not make it.", "Park earned a Test call-up in the 1920–1921 season after performing well for Victoria.", "He made a duck and a single over of off-spinners which went for nine runs in his debut against England.", "He wasn't given any sleep before his debut because he was called late for medical duties.", "He didn't play Test cricket again.", "He missed his entire Test career because his wife dropped a stitch in her knitting as he prepared to face his first ball, bent down to retrieve it at the moment of delivery.", "He made 2514 runs at an average of 40 and scored nine centuries with a highest score of 229.", "Park held a number of administrative positions after he retired from cricket.", "The Mayor of South Melbourne unveiled a memorial plaque for Park in 1953.", "Ian Johnson was a captain of the Australian cricket team and a member of The Invincibles.", "There is a list of Australian rules football and cricket players.", "Dr Roy L. Park died on January 25, 1947.", "The (Emerald Hill) Record had an article about Dr. Roy Park's death.", "The Big ship is a book about the making of modern cricket.", "\"Australia's Winter Allrounders: XI Test Cricketers who played Australian Rules football at the highest level\" is an external link." ]

[ "Roy Lindsay Park", "Park", "Park", "Park", "Roy Park", "Park", "Park", "Park", "Park", "Park", "Park", "Park", "Park", "Park", "Park", ". Park", "Park", "Park", "Park", "Park", "Park", "Park", "Park", "Park", "Park", "Park", "Park", "Park", "Park", "Park", "Roy L", ". Park", "Roy Park", "Roy Lindsay", "Park" ]

[ "Roy Lindsay Park", "Park", "Park", "Park", "Park", "Park", "Park", "Park", "Park", "Park", "Park", "Park", "Park", ". Park", "Park", "Park", "Park", "Park", "Park", "Park", "Park", "Park", "Park", "Park", "Park", "Roy L", ". Park", "Roy Park" ]

[ "Ellis Andrew Stones (1 October 1895 – 9 April 1975) was an Australian landscape architect of private and public gardens—many displaying naturalistic rockwork—and a conservationist whose work and ideas influenced approaches to public landscaping in Australia.", "Based in Melbourne, Australia, he was an early proponent of the use of Australian native plants and one of the founding fathers of the Australian landscaping style.", "Early years and family life\n\nEllis Stones was born in Wodonga, Victoria.", "His father was Thomas James Stones a customs officer, born in Victoria.", "His mother was Hannah May, née Downs, also born in Victoria.", "He grew up in Essendon, Victoria.", "After attending Moonee Ponds West Primary School he worked with the Victorian Railways as an apprentice carriage builder.", "He married Olive Doyle in 1922.", "They had a son who died in his first year, and three daughters.", "War years (1914–1918 and 1939–1945)\n\nOn 25 April 1915 he was a rower in the first boat of the second wave of the landing in the Gallipoli Campaign.", "He took a bullet in his left knee, an injury which was to cause him lifelong pain.", "During World War II Stones worked in the Volunteer Defence Corps and the Civil Constructional Corps.", "Building\nAfter WWI he returned to work as a carpenter and, later, a builder, eventually living and working at Avenel in country Victoria.", "The Depression brought him and his family back to Melbourne, where he took on whatever work he could find (including repairing broken window glass), and eventually settled in Ivanhoe.", "Working on a house in Heidelberg in 1934-35, he volunteered to build a stone wall for its landscape designer Edna Walling.", "Impressed by his natural aptitude she employed him again on many other jobs as he gradually established his own practice as a constructor and designer of gardens.", "Landscape architecture\nStones collaborated for many years with Edna Walling, constructing many of the rock outcrops, walls and ponds in the gardens she designed.", "Among the gardens in which he did rock work for Walling were:\n the Donaldson, Anderson and Marshall gardens in Heidelberg\n the Beattie, Darling and Anderson gardens in Toorak \n the Lewis garden in Malvern\n 'Kildrummie', the Carnegie garden in Holbrook, NSW\n the 'Hillsborough' or 'Silver Birches' garden in Balwyn\n gardens in Benalla, Skipton and Olinda\n\nIn Australian Home Beautiful of December 1938 Walling wrote:\n \n\"It is a rare thing this gift for placing stones and strange that a man possessing it should bear the name Stones... Lovely as formal gardens can be, it is these informal schemes, in which boulders form so important a part, that appeal so tremendously... they give us the atmosphere of the country, and the refreshment of mind derived from such\".", "Stones' inspiration for garden landscaping came from the natural world.", "He writes in the introduction to his book Australian Landscape Design,\n\n\" ... more can be learnt by observing nature than through any other form of teaching.", "When you see pleasing contours with perhaps an attractive grouping of trees, ask yourself why they please you.", "It may be their texture or perhaps their shape, or a wandering track which may give special interest to the landscape.", "Look for the reason.", "It may be that the track winds around a tree which casts shadows on the path, or past an outcrop of boulders.\"", "In her foreword to The Ellis Stones Garden Book published in 1976 shortly after his death, Thistle Harris elaborates\n\n\"Ellis Stones abhorred geometrical patterns as much as does nature on a grand scale, and straight paths, trimmed borders and serried ranks of plants are never to be found in his gardens.", "Curving paths leading to forever; informal clumps of plants, bending intimately towards each other; lichen-covered rocks of geological antiquity—these things distinguish his designs.\"", "The second principle which guided Stones' work was the idea that gardens must be designed for the people who use them.", "This struck a chord with writer Anne Latreille as she researched his life and work for her book ‘The Natural Garden’ (1990).", "She noted how he would start by considering the owners' way of life including likely changing needs over time.", "He tried to include private, sheltered spaces to sit outdoors.", "And he was cognisant of providing beautiful outlooks from indoors as well as particular spots in the garden.", "In addition to creating many hundreds of gardens throughout Melbourne, through his writings (for instance as an occasional then regular contributor to Australian Home Beautiful and later with his books), Stones must have influenced hundreds of thousands of home gardeners.", "His 1950s plant nursery in Lower Heidelberg Road helped to make native plants more available to the general public, and allowed him to provide brief advice to a large number of customers who had admired his work in others' gardens or who read his articles but could not afford to engage him.", "Stones' specific advice on the design of home gardens has been distilled as follows:\n\n \"Think of a courtyard as a room without a ceiling.", "Use timber for its beauty as well as its utility.", "No garden is too small to have water in it.", "When placing rocks, bury more underground than you will see above ground.", "A garden should always have a sitting spot.\"", "His employees also recall him frequently commenting, \"when in doubt, plant spiraea!\"", "Stones inspired a whole generation of younger garden designers.", "He was a foundation lecturer in the landscape design course at RMIT.", "His employees Bob Grant and David Leech went on to develop successful landscape businesses.", "Leech practised in Far North Queensland but his work lives on in beautiful parks and gardens in the Eltham area.", "NSW landscaper designer Michael Bligh's career in design was prompted by coming across Stones' book while looking for something to read on his way home on the train.", "While not formally trained himself, Stones supported the establishment of the Australian Institute of Landscape Architects, becoming one of its first affiliate members, and receiving a fellowship in 1975.", "Among others, he trained landscape designer, Bev Hanson and pioneer of the bush garden concept, Gordon Ford.", "Ford's influence lives on into the 21st century through the work of his former employee, contemporary landscape architect, Sam Cox.", "Stones was also a major influence on John Fenton, one of Australia's foremost ecological farmers.", "Commissions\n\nAs noted, over his long and busy working life, Stones was involved in creating several hundred gardens around Melbourne and beyond.", "Beginning with smaller specific elements such as rock outcrops and pools (especially for Edna Walling) his body of work includes the following:\n\nOther commissions included a garden in Balwyn for Alan Blazey, chairman of garden products firm Hortico in the mid-1950s, a garden in Strathmore and playgrounds and gardens at Invercargill in New Zealand.", "Association with Merchant Builders; the Elliston Estate\nMerchant Builders Pty Ltd was an initiative of Melbourne businessman David Yencken.", "After discussions with prominent Melbourne architect Robin Boyd and his young employee Graeme Gunn, Yencken (with timber merchant John Ridge) established the company with the vision of providing architect-designed houses at project home prices.", "Graeme Gunn was architect-in-charge, and Ellis Stones – then aged 71 – took on its landscape and garden design.Eventually Merchant Builders assembled a team of architects to design 50 basic house plans.", "The architects consulted included:\n Charles Duncan\n Daryl Jackson and Evan Walker\n McGlashan Everist\n Graeme Gunn\n\nEllis Stones was commissioned to undertake landscaping in many of the Merchant home developments.", "Elliston Estate was one of the best-known Merchant Builders home developments, named after Ellis Stones himself.", "Swamped by protests from local residents when the Rosanna Golf Club was to be subdivided for housing, Heidelberg City Council agreed to buy the golf course, retain half of it for a park and sell the rest to Merchant Builders for on-selling to the public.", "Ellis Stones advised on landscaping the park and developing the streetscapes and gardens so that 'gardens streets and park' would 'flow into and through each other'.", "Elliston includes the following streets:\nBachli, Cremin, Ferrier, Pickworth, Hartley, Nagle and Devlin Courts; Stanton, Crampton, Phillips and Von Nida Crescents; the west side of Finlayson Street; and Thompson Drive (all in Rosanna).", "Environmentalism\nEllis Stones was deeply concerned about the destruction of the Australian landscape.", "In the introduction to his book Australian Garden Design, published in 1971, he writes\n\"Before the commencement of any major project that encroaches on the landscape there should be formed a panel consisting of persons representing every profession concerned with the project, to discuss and advise on the best means of carrying out the project with the least damage to the landscape.", "A landscape architect should certainly be included in any such panel, as he is in other countries which are deeply concerned about the preservation of their natural flora and fauna.\"", "He goes on to say, \"The ideal way to design a garden is in consultation with the architect or builder, before operations have commenced, so that the building may be sited in a way that will give plenty of scope for the garden, preserve some of the existing trees if the area is a wooded one, or emphasise any other strong features that may be evident in the natural contours.\"", "Stones had a major influence on the landscaping of public places in Australia.", "In 1964 he assisted the Blackburn Tree Preservation Society to develop a proposal for staggered planting of clumps of Australian plants both within the median strip and either side of Springvale Road.", "The Nunawading Council, though initially resistant to the proposal, was eventually persuaded.", "Newsletters from the Society document that planting undertaken in 1965 in a trial stretch from Whitehorse Road to Canterbury Road was later extended south to Waverley Road.", "In 1974, Stones designed a section of the median strip in Canterbury Road from east of View Road, Vermont to the intersection of Boronia and Mitcham Roads.", "This landscape project used rock outcrops and low bluestone walls and is still visible when driving west along Canterbury Road before the intersection with Mitcham and Boronia Roads.", "The retention and supplementation of native vegetation championed by Stones and the Blackburn Tree Preservation Society has become the norm for median strips and roadside planting throughout Victoria.", "Stones was an outspoken critic of the Melbourne Metropolitan Board of Works (MMBW), lamenting the destruction and degradation of the Yarra River environs and creeks throughout suburban Melbourne.", "He was the first president of the Ivanhoe River Parklands Protection League established in 1955 to prevent the destruction of Chelsworth Park.", "He served as a committee member for the Save the Yarra League and also assisted the Yarra Valley Freeway Action Group.", "For the Tullamarine Freeway he wrote to Lord Mayor Ron Walker late in 1974 suggesting \"the whole length... as a beautiful bushland setting, with the statuesque river red gums a main feature... to welcome visitors to Australia.\"", "The very last job undertaken by Ellis Stones, in 1975, was landscaping Salt Creek in the Rosanna Parklands, a job approved by his former adversary the MMBW.", "As Anne Latreille describes it \n\"Peter Glass visited Ellis on site the day before he died and found him 'leaping around those rocks like an antelope'.", "He came home for dinner on the night of 9 April, tired and happy.", "'Oh I've had a good day' he said to (wife) Olive.", "'There's a boy on the job who really understands what I'm talking about.'", "He went for a short lie-down before the evening meal and did not wake.", "He died in harness, quickly and quietly, as he wished it.\"", "Not long after his death, the MMBW preserved a large amount of land along the Yarra Valley in a series of metropolitan parks, landscaped with native vegetation exactly as he would have wanted.", "Awards and recognition\nStones posthumously received the Royal Australian Institute of Architect's Robin Boyd environmental medal.", "A memorial plaque honouring his work can be found in a rock garden in Chelsworth Park near his former home in Ivanhoe.", "The rock garden he designed near the staff car park at The University of Melbourne bears another memorial plaque.", "The Ellis Stones rockery in Burnley Gardens was created to honour his contribution to landscape design in Australia.", "The Ellis Stones Memorial Award is offered biennially to a landscape student for an outstanding piece of research.", "Books\n Stones, Ellis, 1971, Australian Garden Design, South Melbourne, with photographs by Ted Rotherham\n Stones, Ellis, 1976, The Ellis Stones Garden Book, Nelson Australia, West Melbourne \n Stones, Ellis, unpublished manuscript \"Priority Landscaping Latreille, Anne, 1990, The Natural Garden – Ellis Stones: His Life and Work, Penguin Australia, Ringwood, Melbourne\n Latreille, Anne, 2013, Garden Voices Australian Designers – their stories, Bloomings Books, Melbourne, Australia\n Saniga, Andrew 2012, Making Landscape Architecture in Australia, UNSW Press, Sydney\n Vale, Anne, 2013, Exceptional Australian Garden Makers Lothian, Middle Park, Melbourne\n\nPeer reviewed academic literature\n Dr Andrew Saniga, University of Melbourne http://www.findanexpert.unimelb.edu.au/display/publication258502#time\n\nReferences\n\nAdditional newspaper articles\nAbout war experience\n\n McMullin, R. Gallipoli’s three musketeers went off to war ... only one returned.", "Life section, The Australian, 25 April 2015\n\nAbout gardening\n Alston, P.Making the most of your space Gardening, The Age, 3 December 1976, p 27\n Blog posting Iconic Australian Landscape Architects – Ellis Stones, in Grass Trees and Butterfly Chairs, 13 September 2012\nA fertile field for green fingers (article mentioning Como garden and promoting gardening apprenticeships) Monday Job Market, The Age, 28 March 1988, p24\n Kerr Forsyth, H =en Garden edging can make life neater and easier Executive Living, The Australian, 28 March 2015\n\nAbout garden heritage\n Latreille, A.", "Magic of a garden, Environs, The Age, 13 October 1976\n\nAbout environmentalism\n Colebatch, T. 'Pocket' park plan urged.", "City's wasteland can be transformed so cheaply - expert, The Age, 5 December 1974, p10\n Stones, E., Letter to the editor.", "Restaurant in Botanic gardens (Ellis objects) The Age, 16 December 1968, p4\n Latreille, A.", "Plan for Valley: Landscaping scheme proposed.", "Living in Melbourne, The Age, 12 February 1975\n Wilson, G. Planners should go native Weekender, 'The Age', 20 May 1977, p16\n Colebatch, T. Boom returning for Toorak of the North Environs, The Age, 4 February 1974, p22\n Stevens, J.", "Action speaks louder than words (concerning report of the Valley Freeway Action Group), ND Column 'The Age', 23 March 1976\n\nAbout playgrounds\nBuilding backlog could be ended." ]

[ "Ellis Andrew Stones was an Australian landscape architect of private and public gardens, as well as a conservationist whose work and ideas influenced approaches to public landscaping in Australia.", "One of the founding fathers of the Australian landscaping style was based in Australia.", "Ellis Stones was born in Victoria.", "His father was a customs officer.", "His mother was also born in Victoria.", "He was born in Essendon, Victoria.", "He was an apprenticeship carriage builder for the Victorian Railways.", "He was married to Olive Doyle in 1922.", "A son died in his first year.", "He was a rower in the first boat of the second wave of the landing in the Gallipoli Campaign.", "He had a bullet in his knee and was going to be in pain for the rest of his life.", "Stones worked in the Civil Constructional Corps during World War II.", "After World War I, he returned to work as a carpenter and later as a builder, eventually living and working at Avenel in country Victoria.", "After the Depression brought him and his family back to Melbourne, he took on whatever work he could find, including repairing broken window glass.", "He volunteered to build a stone wall for a landscape designer when he was working on a house.", "He was hired again on many other jobs after she was impressed by his natural talent.", "Many of the rock outcrops, walls and ponds in the gardens she designed were built by Stones for many years.", "Among the gardens in which he did rock work for Walling were the Donaldson, Anderson and Marshall gardens in Heidelberg, the Beattie, Darling and Anderson gardens in Toorak, the Lewis garden in Malvern, and the Carnegie garden in Holbrook.", "The inspiration for garden landscaping came from the natural world.", "He writes in the introduction to his book that more can be learned by observing nature than through any other form of teaching.", "When you see a pleasing grouping of trees, ask yourself why they please you.", "It could be their shape or texture, or it could be a wandering track which gives special interest to the landscape.", "Look for the reason.", "It is possible that the track winds around a tree which casts shadows on the path or past an outcrop of boulders.", "The Ellis Stones Garden Book was published in 1976, shortly after his death, and it was written by Thistle Harris.", "These are some of the things that distinguish his designs.", "The idea of gardens being designed for people who use them was the second principle that guided Stones' work.", "Anne Latreille researched his life and work for her book, \"The Natural Garden\".", "He would start by considering the owners' way of life and likely changing needs over time.", "Private, sheltered spaces were tried to include.", "He provided beautiful outlooks from indoors as well as specific spots in the garden.", "As an occasional contributor to Australian Home Beautiful and later with his books, Stones must have influenced hundreds of thousands of home gardeners.", "He was able to provide brief advice to a large number of customers who had admired his work in others' gardens or who read his articles but could not afford to engage him, because his 1950s plant nursery in Lower Heidelberg Road helped to make native plants more available to the general public.", "Think of a courtyard as a room without a ceiling, according to Stones' specific advice on the design of home gardens.", "It is a good idea to use timber for both its beauty and utility.", "There is no limit to how small a garden can be.", "Put more rocks underground than you will see above ground.", "The sitting spot in the garden should always be there.", "His employees recall him saying \"when in doubt, plant spiraea!\"", "The younger generation of garden designers were inspired by the stones.", "He was a lecturer in the landscape design course.", "Bob Grant and David Leech were his employees.", "Leech's work can be found in parks and gardens in the area.", "Michael Bligh's career in design was born when he came across Stones' book while looking for something to read on the train.", "Stones was one of the first affiliates of the Australian Institute of Landscape Architects and received a fellowship in 1975.", "He trained Gordon Ford, the pioneer of the bush garden concept.", "Sam Cox, Ford's former employee, is a contemporary landscape architect.", "One of Australia's foremost ecological farmers was influenced by Stones.", "Over his long and busy working life, Stones was involved in creating hundreds of gardens.", "His body of work began with smaller elements such as rock outcrops and pools and went on to include a garden in Balwyn for Alan Blazey, chairman of garden products firm Hortico in the mid-1950s.", "The Elliston Estate Merchant Builders had an association with Merchant Builders.", "The vision of providing architect-designed houses at project home prices was established by the company after discussions with prominent Melbourne architect Robin Boyd and his young employee.", "Merchant Builders assembled a team of architects to design 50 basic house plans.", "The architects that were consulted were Charles Duncan Daryl Jackson and Evan Walker McGlashan Everist.", "Elliston Estate was built by Merchant Builders and named after Ellis Stones.", "The city council agreed to buy the golf course, retain half of it for a park and sell the rest to Merchant Builders, despite protests from local residents.", "Ellis Stones advised on developing the gardens so that they would flow into and through each other.", "The streets of Elliston include: Bachli, Cremin, Ferrier, Pickworth, Hartley, Nagle and Devlin Courts, and the west side of Finlayson Street.", "Ellis Stones was concerned about the destruction of the Australian landscape.", "In the introduction to his book Australian Garden Design, he wrote that before any major project that intrudes on the landscape there should be formed a panel consisting of persons representing every profession concerned with the project, to discuss and advise on the best means of carrying out the project.", "A landscape architect should be included in the panel as he is in other countries that are very concerned about the preservation of their natural flora and fauna.", "The ideal way to design a garden is in consultation with the architect or builder, so that the building may be sited in a way that will give plenty of scope for the garden, preserve some of the existing trees.", "The landscaping of public places in Australia was influenced by stones.", "He helped develop a proposal for staggered planting of clumps of Australian plants on either side of Springvale Road.", "The Nunawading Council was initially resistant to the proposal.", "In 1965, a trial stretch from Whitehorse Road to Canterbury Road was extended to Waverley Road.", "A section of the median strip was designed in 1974 by Stones.", "The landscape project used rock outcrops and low bluestone walls and is still visible when driving west along Canterbury Road before the intersection withMitcham and Boronia Roads.", "The retention and supplementation of native vegetation championed by Stones and the Blackburn Tree Preservation Society has become the norm for median strips and roadside planting throughout Victoria.", "Stones was an outspoken critic of the MMBW, complaining about the destruction and degradation of the Yarra River environs.", "He was the first president of the protection league that was formed to prevent the destruction of the park.", "He was a committee member for the Save the Yarra League.", "He wrote to Lord Mayor Ron Walker in 1974 suggesting that the whole length of the Tullamarine freeway be used to welcome visitors to Australia.", "The last job done by Ellis Stones was landscaping Salt Creek, which was approved by the MMBW.", "Ellis was found \"leaping around those rocks like an antelope\" by Peter Glass the day before he died.", "On the night of 9 April, he came home tired but happy.", "He told Olive that he had had a good day.", "A boy on the job understands what I'm talking about.", "He did not wake up after lying down before the meal.", "He died quickly and quietly as he wanted.", "After his death, the MMBW preserved a large amount of land along the Yarra Valley in a series of metropolitan parks.", "Stones received an environmental medal from the Royal Australian Institute of Architect.", "There is a memorial plaque in a park near his former home.", "There is a memorial plaque near the rock garden he designed.", "The Ellis Stonesy rocker was created to honor him.", "The Ellis Stones Memorial Award is given biennially to a landscape student for an outstanding piece of research.", "Books Stones, Ellis, 1971, Australian Garden Design, South Melbourne, with photographs by Ted Rotherham Stones, Ellis, 1976, The Ellis Stones Garden Book, Nelson Australia, West Melbourne Stones, Ellis, unpublished manuscript \"Priority Landscaping Latreille, Anne, 1990, The Natural Garden - Ellis Stones: His", "Life section, The Australian, 25 April 2015 about gardening Alston, P. Making the most of your space.", "The Age, 13 October 1976, about environmentalism Colebatch, T. 'Pocket' park plan urged.", "The Age, 5 December 1974, p10 Stones, E., Letter to the editor states that city's wasteland can be transformed so cheaply.", "The Age, 16 December 1968, p4 Latreille, A., describes a restaurant in Botanic gardens.", "A landscaping scheme is proposed.", "Planners should go native Weekender, 'The Age', 20 May 1977, p16 Colebatch, T. Boom returning for Toorak of the North Environs, The Age, 4 February 1974, p22 Stevens, J.", "The Valley Freeway Action Group's report speaks louder than words." ]

[ "Ellis Andrew Stones", "Ellis Stones", "Thomas James Stones", "Stones", "Stones", "Stones", "Stones", "Ellis Stones", "Stones", "Stones", "Stones", "Stones", "Stones", "Stones", "Stones", "Stones", "Ellis Stones", "Ellis Stones", "Ellis Stones", "Ellis Stones", "Ellis Stones", "Stones", "Stones", "Stones", "Stones", "Ellis Stones", "Ellis", "Stones", "Stones", "Ellis", "Stones", "Ellistre", "Ellis Stones" ]

[ "Ellis Andrew Stones", "Ellis Stones", "Stones", "Stones", "Stones", "Stones", "Stones", "Stones", "Stones", "Stones", "Stones", "Ellis Stones", "Ellis Stones", "Ellis Stones", "Stones", "Stones", "Stones", "Ellis Stones", "Ellis", "Stones", "Ellis", "Stones", "Ellis", "Stones", "Ellis", "Ellis", "Ellis Stones", "Stones" ]

[ "Susan Graham (born July 23, 1960 in Roswell, New Mexico) is an American mezzo-soprano.", "Life and career\nRaised in Midland, Texas, Graham is a graduate of Texas Tech University and the Manhattan School of Music.", "Her teachers have included Cynthia Hoffmann and Marlena Malas.", "She studied the piano for 13 years.", "She was a winner in the Metropolitan Opera's National Council Auditions, and also a recipient of the Schwabacher Award from the Merola Program of San Francisco Opera.", "Graham made her international début at Covent Garden in 1994, playing Massenet's Chérubin.", "She has also premièred several roles in contemporary operas, including John Harbison's The Great Gatsby (Jordan Baker), Jake Heggie's Dead Man Walking (Sister Helen Prejean), and Tobias Picker's An American Tragedy (Sondra Finchley).", "Graham is a noted champion of the French song repertoire and of songs by contemporary American composers, including Ned Rorem and Lowell Liebermann.", "Graham made her Carnegie Hall recital debut in April 2003, and a recording of this recital was later released.", "Graham sang \"Bless This House\" at George W. Bush's second inauguration on January 20, 2005, and Schubert's \"Ave Maria\" at the nationally televised funeral mass for Senator Edward M. Kennedy of Massachusetts on August 29, 2009.", "She is a US delegate for UNESCO.", "2005 Opera News Award\n September 5, 2006 Midland, Texas first annual \"Susan Graham Day\"\n May 2008, Honorary Doctorate, Manhattan School of Music\n\nSome of the recordings have also received awards.", "See below.", "Recordings\n\n1992\n Pulcinella (Stravinsky) Seattle Symphony Orchestra, Gerard Schwarz (conductor) Delos Records 3100\n1995\n Scenes from Goethe's Faust (Schumann) Bryn Terfel, Karita Mattila, Jan-Hendrik Rootering, Barbara Bonney, Endrik Wottrich, Iris Vermillion, Brigitte Poschner-Klebel, Susan Graham, Hans Peter Blochwitz, Harry Peeters, Berliner Philharmoniker, Claudio Abbado (conductor).", "Sony Classical 66308\n1996\n Roméo et Juliette (Charles Gounod) Plácido Domingo, Ruth Ann Swenson, Miles, Kurt Ollmann, Susan Graham, Alain Vernhes, Paul Charles Clarke; Bayerischen Rundfunkorchester und chor, Münchner Rundfunkorchester, Leonard Slatkin (conductor).", "RCA 68440\n1997\n Béatrice et Bénédict (Berlioz).", "Catherine Robbin (Ursule), Gabriel Bacquier (Somarone), Gilles Cachemaille (Claudio), Jean-Luc Viala (Bénédict), Philippe Magnant (Léonato), Susan Graham (Béatrice), Sylvia McNair (Héro), Vincent le Texier (Don Pedro), Lyon Opera Orchestra and Chorus, John Nelson (conductor).", "MusiFrance 2292\n The Gold & Silver Gala Graham duets with Plácido Domingo in \"Là ci darem la mano\".", "EMI Classics 56337\n Les nuits d'été and Opera Arias (Berlioz) Les nuits d'été Op.", "7 and songs from La Damnation De Faust Op.", "24, Benvenuto Cellini, Les Troyens, Béatrice et Bénédict.", "Orchestra of the Royal Opera House, John Nelson (conductor) Sony 62730\n1998\n La Belle Époque – The Songs of Reynaldo Hahn (Hahn) Roger Vignoles (piano) Sony.", "Awards: Winner of Performance Today \"Critic's Choice\" Award; the 1999 Caecilia Prize; Preis der Deutschen Schallplattenkritik critic's award; Choc du Monde de la Musique; Opera International's Timbre de Platine.", "Sony 60168\n Debussy La Damoiselle élue.", "Sylvia McNair, Susan Graham, Boston Symphony Orchestra Seiji Ozawa.", "Philips 446682 (with Ravel: Shéhérazade and Britten Les illuminations).", "2000\n Strauss: Der Rosenkavalier Act 1 – closing scene; Act 3 – Trio and finale; Arabella Act 1 duet; Capriccio – closing scene.", "Renée Fleming (Marschallin), Barbara Bonney, Susan Graham (Octavian), Vienna PO, Christoph Eschenbach (conductor) Decca 466 314-2\n Songs of Ned Rorem (Rorem) Malcolm Martineau (piano) Rorem's settings of poems by Paul Goodman, Theodore Roethke, Witter Bynner, Tennyson, Walt Whitman and others.", "Erato 80222\n Alcina (Handel) Renée Fleming, Susan Graham, Natalie Dessay, Kathleen Kuhlmann, Timothy Robinson, Laurent Naouri, Juanita Lascarro, Michael Loughlin-Smith, Maurizio Rossano, Laurent Collobert, Eric Demarteau, Les Arts Florissants, William Christie (conductor).", "Erato 80233\n Berlioz: L'enfance du Christ; Three Irlande songs; Sara la baigneuse Susan Graham, François Le Roux, John Mark Ainsley, Montreal SO and Chorus, Dutoit.", "Decca\n2001\n Il tenero momento (Mozart and Gluck).", "Orchestra of the Age of Enlightenment, Harry Bicket (conductor) Erato Best Recital Disc in 2001 (The Gramophone), German Echo Klassik award, Prix Gabriel Fauré and the Grand Prix (Académie du disque)\n2002\n Dead Man Walking (Heggie) Susan Graham, Catherine Cook, Robert Orth, Frederica von Stade, Nicolle Foland, David Harper, San Francisco Opera Orchestra, Patrick Summers (conductor).", "Erato 86238-2\n C'est ça la vie, c'est ça l'amour (Songs by Moïse Simons, Messager, Maurice Yvain, Honegger, Hahn, and Mahler) City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra, Yves Abel (conductor).", "Erato 42106\n\n2003\n At Carnegie Hall (Songs by Brahms, Debussy, Berg, Poulenc, Messager, Moïse Simons, Hahn, Mahler, and Ben Moore.)", "Malcolm Martineau (piano) Erato 2564 60295-2\n2004\n Songs (Ives) 2005 Grammy Award for Best Classical Vocal Performance.", "Pierre-Laurent Aimard (piano), Emmanuel Pahud (flute), Tabea Zimmermann (viola).", "Warner Classics 2564 60297-2 (with Concord Sonata)\n Vanessa (Barber).", "Susan Graham (Erika), Christine Brewer (Vanessa), William Burden (Anatol), Michael Davis, Neal Davies (The Old Doctor), Catherine Wyn-Rogers (Old Baroness), Simon Birchall (Nicholas), Stephen Charlesworth (Footman), BBC Singers (Servants, Guests, Peasants), Anthony Legge (conductor), BBC Symphony Orchestra, Leonard Slatkin (conductor).", "Chandos CHSA 5032\n Les Troyens (Berlioz) – DVD.", "Susan Graham (Didon), Gregory Kunde (Énée), Laurent Naouri (Narbal), Lydia Korniordou (Andromaque), Mark Padmore (Iopas), Topi Lehtipuu (Hylas/Hélénus), Fernand Bernardi (Ghost of Hector), Danielle Bouthillon (Hécube), Nicolas Courjal (Trojan Guard), Benjamin Davies (Trojan soldier), Frances Jellard (Polyxène), Anna Caterina Antonacci (Cassandre), Ludovic Tézier (Chorèbe), Renata Pokupić (Anna), Quentin Gac (Astyanax), Stéphanie d'Oustrac (Ascagne), Nicolas Testé (Panthée), René Schirrer (Priam), Laurent Alvaro (Trojan Guard), Robert Davies (Greek Captain), Simon Davies (Priest of Pluto), Monteverdi Choir, Chœur du Théâtre du Châtelet, Orchestre Révolutionnaire et Romantique, John Eliot Gardiner (conductor).", "Opus Arte OA 0900 D\n Dido and Aeneas (Purcell) Susan Graham (Dido), Ian Bostridge (Aeneas), Camilla Tilling (Belinda), Felicity Palmer (Sorceress), David Daniels (Spirit), Cécile de Boever (Second Woman), Paul Agnew (A Sailor), Emmanuelle Haïm (conductor), European Voices, Le Concert d'Astrée.", "Virgin Veritas 45605.", "Grammy Award nomination.", "Maria Callas award from the Académie du Disque Lyrique\n\n2005\n Poèmes de l'amour – Chausson Poème de l'amour et de la mer; Ravel Shéhérazade; Debussy orch.", "Adams Songs from Le Livre De Baudelaire BBC Symphony Orchestra, Yan Pascal Tortelier Warner Classics 2564 619382 (CD) \n Sacred Songs Renée Fleming (soprano), London Voices, RPO/Delfs.", "Decca 475 6925.", "Graham sings a duet with Fleming in \"Abends will ich schlafen gehn\" from Engelbert Humperdinck's Hänsel und Gretel.", "2006\n La clemenza di Tito (Mozart).", "Christoph Prégardien (Tito), Susan Graham (Sesto), Catherine Naglestad (Vitellia), Ekaterina Siurina (Servillia), Hannah Esther Minutillo (Annio), Roland Bracht (Publio).", "Opus Arte OA 0942 DVD\n Werther (Massenet) – DVD Thomas Hampson (Werther), Susan Graham (Charlotte), Sandrine Piau, Stéphane Degout (Albert), Michel Plasson (conductor), Châtelet Opera, Orchestre National du Capitole de Toulouse.", "Virgin Classics\n\n2008\n Berlioz La mort de Cléopâtre Berliner Philharmoniker, Sir Simon Rattle EMI 2162240\n Un Frisson Français: A Century of French Song Songs by Georges Bizet, César Franck, Édouard Lalo, Charles Gounod, Camille Saint-Saëns, Emmanuel Chabrier, Émile Paladilhe, Ernest Chausson, Alfred Bachelet, Henri Duparc, Maurice Ravel, André Caplet, Albert Roussel, Olivier Messiaen, Claude Debussy, Gabriel Fauré, Reynaldo Hahn, Erik Satie, Arthur Honegger, Joseph Canteloube, Manuel Rosenthal, and Francis Poulenc.", "Malcolm Martineau (piano) Onyx Classics ONYX4030\n\n2010\n Susan Graham – French Songs Ideale Audience International: 3079128 (DVD)\n Mahler: Songs with Orchestra, Susan Graham, Thomas Hampson, San Francisco Symphony, Michael Tilson Thomas Avie: 82193600362\n Passing By - Songs by Jake Heggie Avie: AV2198 (singing \"A lucky child\" from At the Statue of Venus, and \"Motherwit\" and \"Mother in the mirror\" from Facing Forward/Looking Back)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n\n \n Susan Graham Operabase\n The New York Times Susan Graham news\n\n1960 births\nLiving people\nAmerican women pianists\nManhattan School of Music faculty\nOperatic mezzo-sopranos\nPeople from Roswell, New Mexico\nPeople from Midland, Texas\nGrammy Award winners\nTexas Tech University alumni\nCommandeurs of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres\nSingers from Texas\nSingers from New Mexico\n20th-century American women opera singers\n20th-century American pianists\n21st-century American women opera singers\nClassical musicians from Texas\n21st-century American pianists\nWomen music educators\nErato Records artists\nAmerican women academics" ]

[ "Susan Graham was born in Roswell, New Mexico.", "Graham is a graduate of Texas Tech University and the Manhattan School of Music.", "Cynthia Hoffmann and Marlena Malas are her teachers.", "She studied the piano for 13 years.", "She was a winner in both the Metropolitan Opera's National Council and the Merola Program of San Francisco Opera.", "Graham made her international debut at Covent Garden in 1994.", "She premired several roles in contemporary operas, including John Harbison's The Great Gatsby, Jake Heggie's Dead Man Walking, and An American Tragedy.", "Graham is a champion of both French and American songs.", "Graham made her Carnegie Hall recital debut in April 2003 and a recording of this recital was later released.", "Graham sang \"Bless This House\" at George W. Bush's second inauguration on January 20, 2005, and at the nationally televised funeral mass for Senator Edward M. Kennedy of Massachusetts on August 29, 2009.", "She is a US delegate.", "The 2005 Opera News Award, the first annual \"Susan Graham Day\", and the Manhattan School of Music have all received awards.", "You can see below.", "Scenes from Goethe's Faust, Karita Mattila, Jan-Hendrik Rootering, Barbara Bonney and Endrik W were recorded.", "Sony Classical 66308 is a collection of works by Charles Gounod.", "Beatrice et Bénédict was recorded in 1997.", "Catherine Robbin (Ursule), Gabriel Bacquier (Somarone), Philippe Magnant (Léonato), Jean-Luc Viala (Bénédict), Sylvia McNair (Héro)", "Graham and Domingo duet in \"L ci darem la mano\".", "The opera is called Les nuits d'été.", "There are 7 and songs from La Damnation De Faust.", "Benvenuto Cellini, Les Troyens, and Bénédict.", "John Nelson is the conductor of the Royal Opera House.", "The winner of Performance Today's \"Critic's Choice\" Award was the 1999 Caecilia Prize.", "Sony 60168 Debussy La Damoiselle.", "Sylvia McNair and Susan Graham are members of the Boston Symphony Orchestra.", "There are two illuminations with the name Shéhérazade and Britten Les.", "Act 1 is the closing scene, Act 3 is the trio and finale, and Act 1 is the duet.", "Songs of Ned Rorem was written by Malcolm Martineau.", "Renée Fleming, Susan Graham, Natalie Dessay, Kathleen Kuhlmann, Timothy Robinson, Laurent Naouri, Juanita Lascarro, Michael Loughlin-Smith, Maurizio Rossano, and Eric Demarteau are all associated with Erato 80222 Alcina.", "Chorus, Dutoit; L'enfance du Christ, Three Irlande songs, and Sara la baigneuse.", "There was a momento in Decca 2001 called \"Mozart and Gluck\".", "The Orchestra of the Age of Enlightenment, Harry Bicket, Erato Best Recital Disc in 2001 and Dead Man Walking.", "C'est a la Vie, c'est a l'amour is a song by Mose Simons.", "The Erato 42106 2003 was at Carnegie Hall.", "The 2005 gramophone award for best classical vocal performance was won by Malcolm Martineau.", "Tabea Zimmermann (viola) and Pierre-Laurent Aimard (piano) play music.", "Warner Classics 2564 60297-2", "Susan Graham, Christine Brewer, William Burden, Michael Davis, Neal Davies, Catherine Wyn-Rogers and Stephen Charlesworth are actors.", "The DVD is called Les Troyens.", "Susan Graham and Gregory Kunde are both from Didon.", "Dido and Aeneas (Purcell) Susan Graham (Dido), Ian Bostridge (Aeneas), Camilla Tilling (Belinda), David Daniels (Sorceress), Cécile de Boever (Second Woman)", "The Virgin Veritas is 45605.", "There is a nomination for the grammy award.", "Maria Callas received the Pomes de l'amour award.", "The songs from Le Livre De Baudelaire were written by Adams.", "Decca 475 6925.", "Graham sings a duet with Fleming in a song.", "2006 La clemenza di Tito.", "Catherine Naglestad, Susan Graham, Ekaterina Siurina and Hannah Esther Minutillo are all from Italy.", "The DVD Werther is by Thomas Hampson (Werther), Susan Graham (Charlotte), Sandrine Piau, Stéphane Degout (Albert).", "Un Frisson Franais: A Century of French Song Songs is a Virgin Classics release.", "Susan Graham, Thomas Hampson, San Francisco Symphony, Michael Tilson Thomas Avie." ]

[ "Susan Graham", "Graham", "Graham", "Graham", "Graham", "Graham", "Susan Graham", "Susan Graham", "Susan Graham", "Graham", "Susan Graham", "Susan Graham", "Susan Graham", "Susan Graham", "Susan Graham", "Susan Graham", "Susan Graham", "Graham", "Susan Graham", "Susan Graham", "Susan Graham", "Susan Graham", "Susan Graham", "Susan Graham" ]

[ "Susan Graham", "Graham", "Graham", "Graham", "Graham", "Graham", "Graham", "Susan Grahamh", "Susan Graham", "Susan Graham", "Susan Graham", "Susan Graham", "Graham", "Susan Graham", "Susan Graham", "Susan Graham" ]

[ "José Julio Pacheco Hernández (born February 7, 1986), better known by his ring name Pagano, is a Mexican luchador, or professional wrestler currently working for the Mexican AAA promotion.", "He originally worked primarily in and around his hometown of Juárez, Chihuahua but in recent years has worked throughout Mexico on the Independent circuit before joining AAA in 2016.", "His ring name is Spanish for \"Pagan\".", "As Pagano, he primarily works a Hardcore wrestling style, which often includes the use of weapons and one or both wrestlers in the match bleeding profusely.", "Because of his preference for these types of matches, he has been given the nickname El Rey Extremo or \"The Extreme King\".", "Pagano was an enmascarado, or masked wrestler, until 2011 where he was forced to unmask.", "His ring character is that of a psychotic clown, originally wearing a mask that resembled clown make-up and after the mask loss, he wears face paint that resembles that of a clown.", "In 2016 he rose to national and international attention with his feud with Psycho Clown, slated to be the main event of Triplemanía XXIV, AAA's biggest annual show.", "Professional wrestling career\nJosé Pacheco initially trained under Aspid and Babe Sharon at the local Arena Kalaka in Juárez.", "He made his debut in 2008, working as the enmascarado, or masked character, Pagano.", "Early on he wore a generic mask but later began wrestling in a mask that resembled a clown's makeup instead.", "Initially he worked in Arena Kalaka, often in Hardcore wrestling matches, forming a group known as \"Hardcore Pride\" with Sick Boy, SKAM-13 and Murder Angel.", "In 2010 Pagano had the opportunity to travel to the United States, working for the Atlanta, Georgia-based Atlanta World Wrestling Alliance (WWA4), training under Curtis Hughes while in Atlanta.", "During his sting with WWA4 he won the New Latino Wrestling Mexicano Championship.", "Upon his return to Mexico he also began working for Nuevo Generacion Xtrema (NGX) based in Monterrey, Nuevo León.", "In December 2011 Pagano toured Panama, where he lost a Lucha de Apuestas, or \"bet match\", to local wrestler Luzbel and was forced to unmask as a result.", "When he returned to Mexico he lost yet another Lucha de Apuestas match, this time a steel cage match, to Scorpio 2000 and once again unmasked.", "While Lucha Libre has strict rules about Lucha de Apuestas matches the Chihuahua wrestling commission did not sanction Pacheco since the first mask loss happened outside of Mexico and thus was not governed by the wrestling commissions.", "Following the mask loss he began painting his face to resemble a clown for his matches.", "By 2015 Pagano began working all over Mexico, being hired by various promotions on the Mexican independent circuit.", "During this time he developed a long-running storyline feud with veteran wrestler Nicho el Millonario.", "The two faced off on several different shows, often under hardcore stipulations such as \"Extreme Rules\" (No disqualification, weapons allowed), \"Death Match\" rules (only way to win is to knock your opponent out), \"Bull Terrier\" rules where the two wrestlers are chained together.", "Pagano would win the majority of their matches as they built to a Lucha de Apuestas, hair vs. hair match, between the two.", "That match, fought under Ladder match rules, took place on July 24, 2015, and saw Nicho defeat Pagano, forcing Pagano to get all his hair shaved off afterward.", "In October 2015 Pagano made his debut for Federacion Universal de Lucha Libre (FULL), working with lucha libre legends L.A. Park and Dr. Wagner Jr.", "He later worked for International Wrestling Revolution Group (IWRG) one of Mexico's longest-running promotions.", "Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide (2016–present)\nAt AAA's 2016 Rey de Reyes show Pagano, alongside Nicho El Milionario, Damián 666 and Halloween made a surprise appearance, attacking Pentagón Jr. moments after he had won the Rey de Reyes tournament.", "The group announced that they were the \"Real\" Perros del Mal, not the group that Pentagón Jr. was part of.", "After the show Pagano confirmed that he had indeed signed with AAA, marking the first time he had a full-time contract with a promotion.", "The group was initially known as La Nueva Familia Fronteriza, later shortened to simply La Familia Fronteriza (\"The Border Family\").", "Bestia 666, son of Damián 666, was later added to the group.", "While the rest of La Familiar Fonteriza continued to work the storyline feud with Los Perros del Mal, Pagano moved off on a tangent, starting a storyline with Psycho Clown, an AAA wrestler who, like Pagano, used a clown ring character.", "Pagano made his official AAA in-ring debut on April 18 as he, Damián 666 and Nicho defeated Los Psycho Circus (Psycho Clown, Murder Clown and Monster Clown) by count-out.", "Subsequently Pagano and Psycho Clown faced off in a Hardcore wrestling match.", "During the match Pagano lit a wooden table on fire and then threw Psycho Clown through it to win the match.", "Two weeks later the two clashed again, this time in a match that also included Pentagón Jr., a match that was once again won by Pagano.", "After defeating Psycho Clown once more on July 8 and stealing Psycho Clown's wrestling mask, Pagano challenged Psycho Clown to put his mask on the line while Pagano would put up his hair in a Luchas de Apuestas, or \"bet match\".", "At the time Psycho Clown did not respond to the challenge.", "On July 16, AAA officially announced the match as the main event of Triplemanía XXIV on August 28.", "Pagano went on to lose the match and his hair.", "On October 2 at Héroes Inmortales X, Psycho Clown's Los Psycho Circus partners Monster Clown and Murder Clown turned on him and joined up with Pagano.", "On May 26, 2017, Pagano won his first title in AAA, when he and El Mesías captured the AAA World Tag Team Championship.", "At Verano de Escándalo , Mesias and Pagano lost the titles back to Cuervo and Scoria.", "The match also included Drago, Aerostar, Bengala and Australian Suicide.", "After the team's loss, Mesias went furious, attacking Pagano so much he had to be taken out of the ring on a stretcher, turning Pagano tecnico (lucha libre's term for the faces).", "On a TV taping, Pagano teamed with former rival Psycho Clown and El Hijo del Fantasma.", "They faced and lost to Dr. Wagner Jr., Mesías and Kevin Kross after interference from Texano Jr. (who Fantasma was feuding with).", "It was later announced that at Triplemanía XXV, Pagano would face Mesias in a Street Fight which suited Pagano as Pagano has a large experience in hardcore matches.", "Mesias's most recent street fight was in 2008 at Verano de Escandalo in a steel cage where he lost to Vampiro.", "The match ended in a no contest after Rey Escorpión returned and attacked both Mesías and Pagano.", "On July 21 at the event AAA vs. Elite, Pagano teamed up with Joe Líder as representatives of team AAA being defeated by the team Elite (Teddy Hart and Jack Evans), during the match Hart applied a «Canadian Destroyer» on the edge of the ring to Pagano, but it fell out of ring causing a concussion.", "Impact Wrestling (2017–2018) \nAfter a match between Ethan Carter III and El Hijo del Fantasma, Pagano made his debut attacking Carter before Eddie Edwards made the save.", "Mixed martial arts career\nOn March 7, 2014, Pacheco made his Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) debut, fighting under the name \"Pagano\" on a Combate Real show in his native Juárez.", "He defeated Juan Carlos Riquelme by knock out in the first round.", "Championships and accomplishments\nAtlanta World Wrestling Alliance\nNLW Mexicano Championship (1 time)\nAmerican independent circuit\nTexas Hardcore Heavyweight Championship (1 time)\nTexas Hardcore Tag Team Championship (1 time) – Pantera Asesina\nLucha Libre AAA Worldwide\nAAA World Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with El Mesías\nCopa Antonio Peña (2018)\nLucha Libre World Cup (2017) – with Psycho Clown\nCopa Aficion (2017)\nCopa Triplemanía XXVII\nMexican independent circuit\nArena Gladiador Extreme Championship (1 time, current)\nMexican Xtreme Wrestling\nMXW Mixed Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Ludark Shaitan\nNueva Generacion Xtrema\nNGX Extreme Championship (1 time, current)\nPro Wrestling Illustrated\nRanked No.", "57 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2021\nWrestling Association of Reynosa City\nWAR City Extreme Championship (1 time, current)\n\nLuchas de Apuestas record\n\nMixed martial arts record\n\n|-\n| Win\n|align=center|1–0\n|Juan Carlos Riquelme\n|Knock Out (punches)\n|Combate Real\n|\n|align=center|1\n|align=center|4:10\n|Juárez, Chihuahua, Mexico\n|\n\nFootnotes\n\nReferences\n\n1986 births\nLiving people\nMasked wrestlers\nMexican male mixed martial artists\nMexican male professional wrestlers\nPeople from Ciudad Juárez\nProfessional wrestlers from Chihuahua (state)" ]

[ "A Mexican professional wrestler who goes by the ring name Pagano is currently working for the Mexican AAA promotion.", "In recent years, he has worked throughout Mexico on the Independent circuit, but originally worked in and around his hometown of Jurez, Chihuahua.", "His ring name is Spanish.", "He primarily works a Hardcore wrestling style, which often includes the use of weapons and one or both wrestlers in the match bleeding profusely.", "He was given the nickname El Rey Extremo or \"The Extreme King\" because of his preference for these types of matches.", "Pagano was a masked wrestler until he was forced to reveal himself in 2011.", "His ring character is that of a psychotic clown, originally wearing a mask that resembled clown make-up and after the mask loss, he wears face paint that resembles that of a clown.", "He rose to national and international attention with his feud with Psycho Clown, which was slated to be the main event of Triplemana.", "Aspid and Babe Sharon trained José Pacheco at the Arena Kalaka.", "He made his debut in 2008 as the masked character, Pagano.", "He wore a generic mask until he began wrestling in a mask that looked like a clown's makeup.", "He formed a group known as \"Hardcore Pride\" with Sick Boy, SKAM-13 and Murder Angel after working in Arena Kalaka.", "In 2010 Pagano traveled to the United States to work for the Atlanta, Georgia-based Atlanta World Wrestling Alliance.", "He won the New Latino Wrestling Mexicano Championship.", "After returning to Mexico, he began working for a company based in Nuevo Len.", "In December of 2011, Pagano went on a tour of Panama and lost a Lucha de Apuestas, or \"bet match\", to Luzbel.", "He lost another Lucha de Apuestas match, this time a steel cage match, when he returned to Mexico.", "Since the first mask loss happened outside of Mexico, the wrestling commission didn't sanction Pacheco since they weren't governed by the wrestling commission.", "He began painting his face to look like a clown after the mask loss.", "After being hired by various promotions on the Mexican independent circuit, Pagano began working all over Mexico.", "He had a long-running feud with Nicho el Millonario.", "\"Bull Terrier\" rules where the two wrestlers are chained together and \"Death Match\" rules where the only way to win is to knock your opponent out are just some of the hardcore rules the two faced off under.", "The majority of their matches were won by Pagano as they built to a Lucha de Apuestas, hair vs. hair match.", "Nicho defeated Pagano in a Ladder match on July 24, 2015, forcing him to shave off his hair.", "In October of 2015, Pagano made his debut for Federacion Universal de Lucha Libre.", "International Wrestling Revolution Group is one of Mexico's longest-running promotions.", "Damin 666 and Halloween made a surprise appearance at the 2016 Rey de Reyes show, attacking Pentagn Jr. moments after he had won the tournament.", "The group said they were the \"Real\" Perros del Mal, not the group that Pentagn Jr. was a part of.", "It was the first time in his career that he had a full-time contract with a promotion.", "The name of the group was changed to simply La Familia Fronteriza.", "Bestia 666 is the son of Damin 666.", "While the rest of La Familiar Fonteriza continued to work the storyline feud with Los Perros del Mal, Pagano started a storyline with Psycho Clown, a wrestler who used a clown ring character.", "Los Psycho Circus (Psycho Clown, Murder Clown and Monster Clown) was defeated by Nicho, Damin 666 and Pagano in the in-ring on April 18.", "There was a Hardcore wrestling match between Psycho Clown and Pagano.", "During the match, Pagano lit a wooden table on fire and threw Psycho Clown through it to win.", "Two weeks later the two clashed again, this time in a match that also included Pentagn Jr., a match that was once again won by Pagano.", "After defeating Psycho Clown once more on July 8 and stealing Psycho Clown's wrestling mask, Pagano challenged Psycho Clown to put his mask on the line while Pagano would put up his hair in a Luchas de Apuestas, or \"bet match\".", "The challenge was not responded to by Psycho Clown.", "The main event of Triplemana will be on August 28.", "He lost the match and his hair.", "On October 2, Psycho Clown's Los Psycho Circus partners Monster Clown and Murder Clown joined up with Pagano.", "On May 26, 2017, Pagano and El Mesas won the World Tag Team Championship.", "Mesias and Pagano lost their titles at Verano de Escndalo.", "The match included Aerostar, Bengala, and Australian Suicide.", "After the team's loss, Mesias went crazy, attacking Pagano so much that he had to be taken out of the ring on a stretcher.", "On a TV taping, Pagano and Psycho Clown collaborated.", "They were defeated by Dr. Wagner Jr., Mesas and Kevin Kross after Texano Jr. interfered.", "At Triplemana XXV, it was announced that Pagano would face Mesias in a Street Fight, as he has a large experience in hardcore matches.", "In 2008 Mesias lost to Vampiro in a steel cage in a street fight.", "The match ended in a no contest after Rey Escorpin attacked both Mesas and Pagano.", "Joe Lder and Pagano were in the ring with Teddy Hart and Jack Evans when they were defeated by the team Elite.", "After the Impact Wrestling match between Carter III and El Hijo del Campo, Pagano made his debut and attacked Carter.", "On March 7, 2014, Pacheco made his Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) debut, fighting under the name \"Pagano\" on a Combate Real show in his native Jurez.", "He knocked out Juan Carlos Riquelme in the first round.", "The Atlanta World Wrestling Alliance NLW Mexicano Championship is one of the Championships and accomplishments.", "The Wrestling Association of Reynosa City WAR City Extreme Championship has 57 of the top 500 singles wrestlers." ]

[ "Pagano", "Pagano", "Pagano", "Pagano", "Pagano", "Pagano", "Pagano", "Pagano", "Pagano", "Pagano", "Pagano", "Pagano", "Pagano", "Pagano", "Pagano", "Pagano", "Pagano", "Pagano", "Pagano", "Pagano", "Pagano", "Pagano", "Pagano", "Pagano", "Pagano", "Pagano", "Pagano", "Pagano", "Pagano", "Pagano", "Pagano", "Pagano", "Pagano", "Pagano" ]

[ "Pagano", "Pagano", "Pagano", "Pagano", "Pagano", "Pagano", "Pagano", "Pagano", "Pagano", "Pagano", "Pagano", "Pagano", "Pagano", "Pagano", "Pagano", "Pagano", "Pagano", "Pagano", "Pagano", "Pagano", "Pagano", "Pagano", "Pagano", "Pagano", "Pagano", "Pagano" ]

[ "Tidjane Thiam (; born 29 July 1962) is a French and Ivorian businessman, and the executive chairman of Freedom Acquisition Corp.", "He was the chief executive officer (CEO) of Swiss bank Credit Suisse from March 2015 to February 2020.", "He was the chief financial officer of British banking group Prudential from 2007 to 2009, and then its CEO until 2015.", "In 2019, Thiam became a member of the International Olympic Committee (IOC).", "Born into a prominent political family in the Ivory Coast, he holds dual Ivorian and French citizenship.", "He studied advanced mathematics and physics in France before joining the management consultants McKinsey & Company in 1986, where he worked until 1994.", "From 1994 to 1999 he worked in the Ivory Coast first as chief executive of the National Bureau for Technical Studies (BNETD).", "Following the 1999 Ivorian coup d'état, he resumed a private sector career and rejoined McKinsey in Paris from 2000 to 2002, then worked as a senior executive for Aviva before being recruited by Prudential.", "In 2020, Thiam was appointed by the shareholders of the Kering Foundation to become part of the board of directors, as well as to take the position as Chair of the Audit Committee.", "Early life and education\n\nThiam was born in the Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire) on 29 July 1962.", "He is a descendant of two prominent families from Senegal and Ivory Coast.", "On his mother’s side, he is a descendant of Queen Yamousso, after whom the capital of Côte d'Ivoire, Yamoussoukro, is named.", "Thiam's mother, Marietou, was the niece of Chief Félix Houphouët-Boigny, the founder and first President of Côte d'Ivoire (known for the quote \"People are surprised that I like gold.", "It's just that I was born in it\").", "His father, Amadou Thiam, a journalist, was born in Senegal and emigrated to Côte d'Ivoire in 1947.", "He supported Houphouet-Boigny in his fight for the independence of the country and served more than ten years in the Ivorian cabinet after independence.", "Tidjane’s uncle, Habib Thiam, was Prime Minister of Senegal for more than 10 years and also served as President of the National Assembly.", "In 1982 Thiam was the first Ivorian to pass the entrance examination to the École Polytechnique in Paris.", "In 1984, he graduated from the École Polytechnique and in 1986 from the École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris where he was top of his class.", "In 1986 he was offered a scholarship to study for an MBA at INSEAD and join the McKinsey Fellows Programme' in Paris.", "He received an MBA from INSEAD in 1988 (Dean's list).", "In 1989 he took a one-year sabbatical from McKinsey to participate in the World Bank's Young Professionals Program in Washington, D.C.", "He returned to McKinsey in 1990, working first in New York City and then in Paris.", "Government career\nIn December 1993, the first Ivorian President, Félix Houphouët-Boigny, died and was replaced by Henri Konan Bédié.", "In April 1994, at the request of the new President, Thiam left France and McKinsey to go back to Abidjan and become the CEO of the National Bureau for Technical Studies and Development (BNETD), an infrastructure development and economic advisory body with more than 4,000 staff, reporting directly to the President and the Prime Minister.", "In that role, which had cabinet rank, he was also handling key negotiations with the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank.", "Thiam was also a key member of the Privatization Committee, in charge of privatising extensive state-owned assets.", "In August 1998, in addition to his role at the BNETD, where he became chairman, Thiam formally joined the cabinet and was appointed Minister of Planning and Development.", "In his years in Côte d'Ivoire, Thiam promoted private sector involvement in infrastructure development.", "He implemented flagship projects including the Azito power plant (nominated by the Financial Times as one of the boldest successful investment decisions in the world, the renovation of Abidjan airport and the construction of the Riviera Marcory toll bridge, whose financing was closed a few days before the 1999 coup.", "One of the first actions of the new President, Alassane Ouattara, in 2011 was to start the construction of that bridge as originally overseen by Thiam, with the same promoters.", "Thiam actively promoted an extensive privatisation programme which saw, between 1994 and 1999, Côte d'Ivoire lead African countries by privatising its telephone, services, electric power generation, airports, railways and many companies in the agricultural sector.", "In 1998, the World Economic Forum in Davos named him as one of the annual 100 Global Leaders for Tomorrow, and in 1999 the Forum named him a member of the Dream Cabinet.", "In December 1999, whilst Thiam was abroad, the Ivorian military seized control of the government.", "Thiam returned to the country, where he was arrested and held for several weeks.", "General Guéï, the new head of state, offered him the position of chief of staff, but he declined and left the country in early 2000.", "Prudential \n\nOn returning to Europe, Thiam was offered a partnership by McKinsey in Paris, becoming one of the leaders of the company's financial institutions practice.", "In 2002 he joined Aviva, initially as group strategy and development director, then as managing director of Aviva International, chief executive of Aviva Europe and an executive director, sitting on the plc board.", "In January 2007, after Richard Harvey announced he would step down as chief executive of Aviva, Thiam was tipped as a possible future head of the group.", "Thiam left Aviva in September 2007 to become chief financial officer of Prudential plc.", "In March 2009, Thiam was named chief executive, effective from October, after Mark Tucker chose to step down.", "The appointment made him the first African to lead a FTSE 100 listed company.", "His departure from the role was announced on 10 March 2015.", "After he became chief executive, Prudential launched a bid for AIA, the Asian wing of the crisis-stricken AIG.", "A public battle ensued, with some investors complaining about the $35.5 billion price Prudential was offering to pay.", "The bid eventually failed, after the AIG board rejected a revised lower bid.", "AIA was later floated on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange, and the value of the company quickly rose above Prudential’s original bid price.", "Thiam came under strong personal criticism following the failure of the bid, partly as a result of the costs incurred by the company in pursuing the bid.", "However, he was re-elected as CEO at the May 2011 AGM with a 99.3 per cent vote.", "The company's performance since the bid appears not to have been damaged by its failure - in the first nine months of 2011, Prudential delivered a 14 per cent increase in new business profits over the same period in 2010, with total insurance sales increasing by 10 per cent, while in its full-year results for 2013, Prudential delivered an IFRS operating profit of £2.95 billion, up 17 per cent from the year before.", "In March 2013, the Financial Services Authority fined Prudential £30m and censured its CEO, Thiam, for failure to inform it of its plans to buy AIA and failure of dealing with the FSA in an open and cooperative manner.", "Credit Suisse\n\nThiam was appointed the chief executive officer (CEO) of Swiss investment bank and financial services company, Credit Suisse Group AG on 10 March 2015.", "An hour after his appointment was announced, the company stock increased by 7.5%.", "During his first two years, he led the bank through a restructuring process cutting costs and jobs.", "His compensation was US$9.9 million in 2016 and $10.2 million in 2017.", "His pay was originally scheduled to be $11.2 million in 2017, however it was reduced after shareholder backlash.", "From 2016 to 2019, Under Thiam, Credit Suisse expanded their wealth management business and generated net new assets of CHF121bn (€113.7bn), and their pre-tax profit from wealth management grew double-digit (+15%) for four years in a row, from €2.5bn in 2015 to €4.4bn in 2019.", "In March 2018, Thiam detailed a new profitability track for the company by stating: \"We've been cleaning up a lot of undesirable trades that we should not have done...", "There's no way to clean up the past, given the legacy we have, without generating losses.", "We have profitable operations of the company.\"", "Resignation\nIn September 2019, he became involved in a scandal with Iqbal Khan, a former employee of Credit Suisse who had transferred to UBS.", "Khan, Credit Suisse's former head of Wealth Management, accused Thiam of sending spies after him.", "The two, who were also neighbors, were alleged to have fallen out over personal issues earlier on.", "In October 2019, Credit Suisse cleared Thiam of ordering the botched surveillance.", "The Homburger inquiry presented its report to the Credit Suisse board and said that Pierre-Olivier Bouée (the Credit Suisse COO at that time), not Thiam, had independently made the call to follow Khan.", "Bouée resigned, although he has since said that he intends to sue the bank.", "Credit Suisse's head of global security also resigned.", "On February 7, 2020, Tidjane Thiam resigned amid a power struggle which followed the spying scandal.", "In a statement, Thiam said: \"I had no knowledge of the observation of two former colleagues.", "It undoubtedly disturbed Credit Suisse and caused anxiety and hurt.", "I regret that this happened and it should never have taken place,\" Thiam said in the statement.", "The Credit Suisse's Board accepted Thiam's resignation through a unanimous vote.", "The IOC stated that the scandal would not affect his position in the Olympic Movement and therefore it would not affect his membership in the IOC, which is to remain until Thiam reaches the mandatory retirement age of 70.\n\nInternational development\n\nIn October 1999 Thiam was appointed by James Wolfensohn as one of 20 members of the External Advisory Council of the World Bank Institute, which the Institute relies on for advice and guidance.", "Thiam is a member of the Africa Progress Panel (APP), a group of ten distinguished individuals who advocate at the highest levels for equitable and sustainable development in Africa.", "Every year, the Panel releases a report, the Africa Progress Report, that outlines an issue of immediate importance to the continent and suggests a set of associated policies.", "In 2012, the Africa Progress Report highlighted issues of Jobs, Justice, and Equity.", "In January 2011 Thiam was appointed chairman of the G20's High Level Panel on Infrastructure Investment.", "Established by the Seoul G20 summit in 2010, the panel was a grouping of figures from leading financial institutions and development agencies given the task of producing concrete proposals to encourage private sector investment in infrastructure projects in emerging economies.", "The panel submitted its report to the G20 Summit meeting in Cannes in November 2011.", "In 2013 Thiam was one of the authors of “A Partnership for the Future”, a report prepared at the request of the French Minister for the Economy and Finance by five French and Franco-African political and economic experts.", "The report set out proposals for building a new economic partnership based on a business relationship between France and the African continent, particularly the countries of Sub-Saharan Africa.", "Thiam is a member of the UK Prime Minister's Business Advisory Group and he is one of UK Trade & Investment's Business Ambassadors.", "In November 2020, Thiam was appointed by the cabinet of Rwanda to head the board of Rwanda Finance Limited.", "In early 2021, he was appointed by the G20 to the High Level Independent Panel (HLIP) on financing the global commons for pandemic preparedness and response, co-chaired by Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala, Tharman Shanmugaratnam and Lawrence Summers.", "Awards and honors\n\nThiam was chairman of the Association of British Insurers between July 3, 2012, and October 1, 2014.", "Thiam is a member of the International Business Council of the World Economic Forum.", "He was a non-executive director of the French chemicals company Arkema until November 2009.", "In 2007, Thiam was elected INSEAD Alumnus of the Year by the Insead Alumnus Association.", "In 2009, he was nominated as one of \"50 Alumni who changed the world\" as part of the celebration of the 50th anniversary of INSEAD and its 38,000 graduates.", "He was ranked number one in both 2010 and 2011 by the annual publication the Powerlist, which ranks the 100 most influential Africans in the UK.", "In July 2011, Thiam was awarded the rank of Chevalier of the Légion d'honneur by the French government in recognition of his significant contribution to civil life for more than 20 years.", "In 2013, he was awarded the Grand Prix de l’Économie, organised by Les Échos and Radio Classique, in partnership with law firm Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer.", "In July 2018, business and finance magazine Euromoney named Thiam \"Banker of the Year 2018\", citing his \"radical three-year plan\" that had \"reinvented\" Credit Suisse.", "Personal life\nTidjane was married to Annette Anthony Thiam, an African-American lawyer who used to work for Joe Biden, and they have two sons.", "Tidjane's eldest son Bilal Thiam died of cancer in May 2020 at the age of 24.", "Tidjane and Annette separated in 2015, and divorced in 2016.", "A dual citizen of the Ivory Coast and France, he speaks English, French, and German fluently.", "References\n\n1962 births\nINSEAD alumni\nÉcole Polytechnique alumni\nCommission for Africa members\nIvorian emigrants to the United Kingdom\nLiving people\nMcKinsey & Company people\nPrudential plc\nFrench chief executives\nInternational Olympic Committee members" ]

[ "The executive chairman of Freedom Acquisition Corp is a Frenchman named Tidjane Thiam.", "He was the CEO of Credit Suisse from March 2015 to February 2020.", "From 2007 to 2009, he was the chief financial officer of the British banking group.", "Thiam became a member of the IOC.", "He is a dual Ivorian and French citizen.", "He joined McKinsey & Company in 1986 and worked there until 1994.", "From 1994 to 1999 he was the chief executive of the National Bureau for Technical Studies.", "After the 1999 Ivorian coup d'état, he returned to the private sector, working for McKinsey in Paris from 2000 to 2002 and then as a senior executive for Aviva.", "In 2020, Thiam was appointed by the shareholders of the Kering Foundation to become part of the board of directors as well as the chair of the Audit Committee.", "On July 29, 1962, Thiam was born in Cte d'Ivoire.", "He is a descendant of two prominent families.", "The capital of Cte d'Ivoire, Yamoussoukro, is named after him on his mother's side.", "The first President of Cte d'Ivoire, Chief Félix Houphout-Boigny, was the niece of Thiam's mother.", "I was born in it.", "Amadou Thiam, his father, was a journalist and migrated to Cte d'Ivoire in 1947.", "He was in the Ivorian cabinet for more than ten years after independence and supported Houphouet-Boigny in his fight for the independence of the country.", "The Prime Minister of Senegal for more than 10 years was also the President of the National Assembly.", "Thiam was the first Ivorian to pass the entrance exam to the cole Polytechnique.", "He graduated from the cole Polytechnique in 1984 and the cole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris in 1986.", "In 1986 he was offered a scholarship to study at INSEAD and join the McKinsey fellows programme in Paris.", "He received an masters degree in 1988 from INSEAD.", "He took a sabbatical from McKinsey in 1989 to participate in the World Bank's Young Professionals Program.", "He returned to McKinsey in 1990 after working in New York City and Paris.", "The first Ivorian President, Félix Houphout-Boigny, died in December 1993 and was replaced by Henri Konan Bédié.", "At the request of the new President, Thiam left France and McKinsey to become the CEO of the National Bureau for Technical Studies and Development (BNETD), an infrastructure development and economic advisory body with more than 4,000 staff, reporting directly to the President.", "He was handling negotiations with the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank in that role.", "Thiam was one of the key members of the Privatization Committee.", "In August 1998, Thiam joined the cabinet and was appointed Minister of Planning and Development.", "Private sector involvement in infrastructure development was promoted by Thiam.", "He implemented flagship projects including the Azito power plant, which was nominated by the Financial Times as one of the boldest successful investment decisions in the world.", "One of the first actions of the new President, Alassane Ouattara, was to start the construction of the bridge that was originally overseen by Thiam.", "Between 1994 and 1999 Thiam promoted an extensive privatisation programme which saw Cte d'Ivoire lead African countries by privatising its telephone, services, electric power generation, airports, railways and many companies in the agricultural sector.", "He was named a member of the Dream Cabinet by the World Economic Forum in 1999.", "The Ivorian military took control of the government in December 1999.", "After returning to the country, Thiam was arrested and held for several weeks.", "The new head of state offered him the position of chief of staff, but he declined and left the country in 2000.", "Thiam was offered a partnership by McKinsey in Paris, becoming one of the leaders of the company's financial institutions practice.", "He joined the company in 2002 as group strategy and development director, then as managing director of the company, then as chief executive of the company, and finally as an executive director.", "In January 2007, after Richard Harvey announced he would step down as chief executive of the group, Thiam was tipped as a possible future head of the group.", "In September of 2007, Thiam became chief financial officer of Prudential.", "After Mark Tucker decided to step down, Thiam was named chief executive.", "He was the first African to lead a listed company.", "He left the role on 10 March 2015.", "The Asian wing of AIG was the subject of a bid by Prudential after he became chief executive.", "There was a public battle over the price of the deal.", "The revised lower bid was rejected by the AIG board.", "The value of the company rose above the original price when it was floated on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange.", "The costs incurred by the company in pursuing the bid resulted in strong personal criticism of Thiam.", "He was re-elected as CEO in May of 2011.", "In the first nine months of the year, the company delivered a 14 per cent increase in new business profits over the same period in 2010, with total insurance sales increasing by 10 per cent.", "The CEO of the company, Thiam, was censured by the Financial Services Authority for failing to inform it of its plans to buy the company.", "The CEO of the Swiss investment bank and financial services company was named on March 10, 2015.", "The company stock increased after his appointment was announced.", "He led the restructuring of the bank in his first two years.", "His compensation was US$10.2 million in two years.", "His pay was reduced after shareholder backlash.", "Under Thiam, Credit Suisse expanded their wealth management business and generated net new assets of over 120 billion Swiss Francs, and their pre-tax profit from wealth management grew for four years in a row.", "Thiam detailed a new profitability track for the company in March of last year.", "There is no way to clean up the past without generating losses.", "The company has profitable operations.", "He resigned in September after being involved in a scandal with Iqbal Khan, a former employee of Credit Suisse.", "Thiam was accused of sending spies after Khan, the former head of Wealth Management.", "The two were neighbors and fell out over personal issues.", "Credit Suisse cleared Thiam of ordering the bungled surveillance.", "The report presented to the Credit Suisse board said that Pierre-Olivier Bouée, the Credit Suisse COO at the time, had made the call to follow Khan.", "He plans to file a lawsuit against the bank after he resigned.", "The head of global security resigned from Credit Suisse.", "The spy scandal led to the resignation of Tidjane Thiam on February 7, 2020.", "Thiam didn't know about the observation of two former colleagues.", "Credit Suisse was disturbed and caused anxiety.", "Thiam said in the statement that he regretted that it happened and that it should never have happened.", "Thiam's resignation was accepted by the Credit Suisse's Board.", "The IOC stated that the scandal would not affect his position in the Olympic Movement and therefore it would not affect his membership in the IOC, which is to remain until Thiam reaches the mandatory retirement age of 70.", "Thiam is a member of the Africa Progress Panel, a group of ten distinguished individuals who advocate at the highest levels for equitable and sustainable development in Africa.", "Every year, the Panel releases a report, the Africa Progress Report, that outlines an issue of immediate importance to the continent and suggests a set of associated policies.", "Jobs, Justice, and Equity were highlighted in the Africa Progress Report.", "The G20's High Level Panel on Infrastructure Investment was chaired by Thiam.", "The panel was created by the G20 summit in 2010 to produce concrete proposals to encourage private sector investment in infrastructure projects in emerging economies.", "The report was submitted to the G20 Summit in November of 2011.", "A report prepared at the request of the French Minister for the Economy and Finance by five French and Franco-African political and economic experts was written by Thiam.", "A new economic partnership based on a business relationship between France and the African continent is one of the proposals set out in the report.", "One of the UK Trade & Investment's Business Ambassadors is Thiam, he is a member of the UK Prime Minister's Business Advisory Group.", "Thiam was appointed to head the board of the company in November 2020.", "He was appointed by the G20 to the High Level Independent Panel (HLIP) on financing the global commons for pandemic preparedness and response.", "Between July 3, 2012 and October 1, 2014, Thiam was chairman of the Association of British Insurers.", "Thiam is a member of the World Economic Forum.", "He was a non-executive director of Arkema.", "In 2007, Thiam was elected INSEAD Alumni of the Year by the Insead Alumni Association.", "As part of the 50th anniversary of INSEAD, he was nominated as one of the 50 alumni who changed the world.", "The Powerlist, which ranks the 100 most influential Africans in the UK, ranked him number one in 2010 and 2011.", "In July of 2011, Thiam was awarded the rank of Chevalier of the Légion d'honneur by the French government in recognition of his significant contribution to civil life for more than 20 years.", "The Grand Prix de l'conomie was organised by Les chos and Radio Classique.", "Euromoney named Thiam \"Banker of the Year\" in July of last year, citing his \"radical three-year plan\" that had reinvented Credit Suisse.", "Annette Anthony Thiam, an African-American lawyer who used to work for Joe Biden, was married to Tidjane and they have two sons.", "The eldest son of Tidjane died of cancer at the age of 24.", "In 2015, Annette and Tidjane separated.", "He is a dual citizen of theIvory Coast and France.", "The Commission for Africa members and Ivorian emigrants to the United Kingdom are references." ]

[ "Tidjane Thiam", "Thiam", "Thiam", "Thiam", "Thiam", "Tidjane", "Thiam", "Thiam", "Thiam", "Thiam" ]

[ "Tidjane Thiam", "Thiam", "Thiam", "Thiam", "Thiam", "Tidjane", "Thiam", "Thiam", "Thiam" ]

[ "Francisco Plancarte y Navarrete (October 21, 1856 – June 2, 1920) was born in Zamora, Michoacán, Mexico, the son of Jesus Plancarte Labastida and Maria de los Angeles Navarrete.", "He had two younger sisters, Maria Gertrudis and Maria Benita Virginia.", "According to his baptismal certificate, dated October 27, 1856, he was called José Francisco Hilarión.", "He grew up in a very religious family, and at the age of thirteen, support by his uncle, Antonio Plancarte y Labastida, he entered the Pontifical Latin American College in Rome.", "During the thirteen years that he lived in Europe doing his ecclesiastical studies, he visited museums, ruins and ancient monuments, and he observed archeological digs.", "Education and priesthood\nIn 1880 Plancarte became a young priest, outstanding in ancient and modern languages (Latin, Greek, Hebrew, English, French and Italian), a brilliant student of philosophy and theology, doctor of Canon Law, music connoisseur, historian, and archaeologist.", "On his return to Mexico, he immediately began directing the College of San Luis in Jacona, Michoacan, a school that Plancarte y Labastida had founded, and later he became a professor at the seminary in Maexico City.", "He made excavations in Michoacán, in the Federal District, in Morelos and elsewhere; He collected objects that were classified and formed a collection of 2,800 pieces, exhibited today in the National Museum of Anthropology as the Plancarte Collection.", "Along with Vicente Riva Palacio and Francisco del Paso y Troncoso, he took the collection to Madrid and exhibited it at the Columbian Exposition held in 1892.", "First bishop of Campeche\nOn September 17, 1895, he was appointed by Pope Leo XIII first Bishop of Campeche.", "He was consecrated in Rome by the Cardinal Vannutelli.", "According to historian Aarón Enrique Pérez Durán, in Plancarte's first pastoral letter as Bishop of Campeche, signed on Easter Sunday, April 5, 1896, in Rome, he confesses how he had his first approaches with Campeche, with its Mayan heritage, with the courage of those generations that fought against the conquerors or fought heroically against the pirates.", "He mentions how he learned about Pedro Sainz de Baranda y Borreiro, who defeated a Spanish convoy when it sieged Fort San Juan de Ulúa in Veracruz in 1825.", "Plancarte writes about the prosperous maritime trade, and about the men of science who were trained in the Campechan schools, which made him fall in love with Campeche even before the Pope appointed him bishop.", "Plancarte assumed his duties as head of the diocese on November 26, 1896.", "While in Campeche, Plancarte continued his archaeological studies.", "He formed a second collection of ancient Mexican objects, similar to those of the first, among them a large, beautiful jade glass; he visited and studied Yucatan ruins and descended to the depths of a cenote.", "While in Madrid he was named a knight of the Order of Isabella the Catholic.", "Second Bishop of Cuernavaca\nTwo years later in November 1898, Plancarte was recommended as the second Bishop of Cuernavaca, Morelos.", "Upon his transfer to Cuernavaca, he founded the College of Santa Inés and Santa Cecilia, the Official Gazette and the \"Ecclesiastical Magazine\".", "He was an active participant in the Latin American Plenary Council where he served as official rapporteur.", "In Morelos, Plancarte continued his archaeological studies.", "He writes about how he found archaeological pieces \"on the Hacienda of Zacatepec and in my own backyard [the cathedral garden, which is now Revolution Park]... in Cuernavaca, in Teposltlan (sic)... all over the state of Morelos.", "In 1909 he published Apuntes para la geografía del Estado de Morelos (Notes about the geography of the State of Morelos), and in 1911 he published Tamoanchán: el estado de Morelos y el principio de la civilización en México (Tamoanchán: the state of Morelos and the beginning of civilization in Mexico).", "The latter drew upon both Plancarte's studies and upon the chronicles of Fray Bernardino de Sahagún; in it, he concludes that Tamoanchan, the mythological cradle of civilization in Mexico, is located in the modern state of Morelos in south-central Mexico.", "With the 1911 publication of Tamoanchan, Plancarte developed a rich ethnography; he also established a museum with valuable archaeological samples, much of which was lost during the Mexican Revolution.", "In addition, he built an astronomical observatory in La Casa de la Torre, which is the Robert Brady Museum today.", "Fourth Archbishop of Linares-Monterrey\nOn November 30, 1911, Pope Pius X promoted Plancarte to the Archdiocese of Monterrey, and he moved there on May 5, 1912.", "Despite setbacks such as the destruction of the San Francisco church and the Convent of San Andrés in Monterrey and a typhoid epidemic, he developed great pastoral action, created new parishes and cared for the formation of seminarians, sending some to study in Rome.", "Because of the conflicts of the Carrancista revolution, he left Monterrey and lived in Chicago for four years.", "He took advantage of the exile to write his books on prehistory and protohistory of Mexico.", "When he returned to Monterrey in 1919 he became a founding member of the Mexican Academy of History.", "Due to diabetes, his health declined and he died in Monterrey on June 2, 1920.", "Works published\n Apuntes para la geografía del Estado de Morelos, (1909).", "Tamoanchán: el estado de Morelos y el principio de la civilización en México, (1911).", "Colección de documentos inéditos y raros para la historia eclesiástica mexicana.", "Antonio Plancarte y Labastida, abad de Santa María de Guadalupe: su vida, sacada principalmente de sus escritos, (1914).", "Prehistoria de México, (posthumous, 1923).", "Legacy\nAlthough archaeologists today reject most of Plancarte's ideas about the ulmecas (Olmecs) and Tamoanchan, Lucía Martínez Moctezuma and Carlos Capistrán, writing in inventio: La genesis de la cultura universitario de Morelos (March, 2009), note, \"The ideas of Plancarte and Navarrete left their mark on the imaginary of the first generations of Morelos.", "In different works written during the twentieth century you can see its use.\"", "They point out that Salvador Rojas (Elementos de geografía e historia del estado de Morelos, (1931)) [Elements of geography and history of the state of Morelos] references Plancarte, as do a Morelos state monograph from 1961, a 1985 state monograph published for sixth grade teachers, Somos Morelenses (We are Morelenses), and the official 1991 textbook for elementary school students, Morelos: nieve en la cima, fuego en el cañaveral (Morelos: Snow at the summit, Fire in the cane fields).", "Martinez and Capistran conclude that, \"Although almost one hundred years have elapsed since the publication of [Plancarte's] studies in his textbooks and in his Tamoánchan, and despite the postrevolutionary attempts to break with the legacy of the Porfirian cultural elite, his ideas remain valid at least in the Morelense cultural imaginary.\"", "A virtual library called “Mons.", "Francisco Plancarte y Navarrete” was opened on July 2, 2020 in the Museo Arquidiocesano del Arte Sacro (Archdiocese Museum of Sacred Art) (MAAS) at the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Monterrey.", "The library consists of 6,001 books over 100 years old, covering theology, literature, history, law, canon law, language teaching, engineering, and other areas.", "In addition to Latin and Spanish, there are books in other languages, such as Nahuatl.", "See also\n Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Monterrey\n Roman Catholic Diocese of Campeche\n Roman Catholic Diocese of Cuernavaca\n List of people from Morelos, Mexico\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu Plancarte y Navarrete\n\nPeople from Campeche\nPeople from Morelos\nClergy from Monterrey\n1856 births\n1920 deaths\n20th-century Roman Catholic archbishops in Mexico\n19th-century Roman Catholic bishops in Mexico\nContributors to the Catholic Encyclopedia" ]

[ "Francisco Plancarte y Navarrete was the son of Jesus Plancarte Labastida and Maria de los Angeles Navarrete.", "Maria Gertrudis and Maria Benita Virginia were his sisters.", "His baptismal certificate states that he was called José Francisco Hilarin.", "At the age of thirteen, he entered the Pontifical Latin American College in Rome, thanks to the support of his uncle, Antonio Plancarte y Labastida.", "During his thirteen years in Europe, he visited museums, ruins and ancient monuments, as well as observing archeological digs.", "Plancarte was a brilliant student of philosophy and theology, a doctor of Canon Law, and a historian.", "He became a professor at the seminary in Maexico City after he directed the College of San Luis in Jacona.", "He made excavations in Michoacn, in the Federal District, in Morelos and elsewhere and collected objects that were classified and displayed in the National Museum of Anthropology as the Plancarte Collection.", "He took the collection to Madrid with Vicente Riva Palacio and Francisco del Paso y Troncoso and showed it to the public.", "He was appointed the first bishop of Campeche in 1895.", "He was consecrated in Rome.", "Plancarte's first pastoral letter as Bishop of Campeche was signed in Rome on Easter Sunday, April 5, 1896.", "Pedro Sainz de Baranda y Borreiro defeated a Spanish convoy in the Battle of Fort San Juan de Ula in 1824.", "Plancarte fell in love with Campeche even before the Pope appointed him bishop, because he wrote about the prosperous maritime trade and the men of science who were trained in the Campechan schools.", "Plancarte became the head of the diocese on November 26, 1896.", "Plancarte continued his studies while in Campeche.", "A second collection of ancient Mexican objects was formed, similar to the first, with a large, beautiful jade glass, and he traveled to the depths of a cenote.", "He was a knight in the Order of Isabella the Catholic.", "Plancarte was recommended as the second Bishop of Cuernavaca, Morelos, in 1898.", "The College of Santa Inés and Santa Cecilia was founded after he moved to Cuernavaca.", "He was the official rapporteur in the Latin American Plenary Council.", "Plancarte continued his studies in Morelos.", "He wrote about how he found archaeological pieces all over the state of Morelos.", "In 1909 he published Apuntes para lageografa del Estado de Morelos, and in 1911 he published a book about the civilizacin of Morelos.", "He concluded that the mythical cradle of civilization in Mexico is located in the modern state of Morelos.", "Much of the archaeological samples that were lost during the Mexican Revolution were lost when Plancarte established a museum with a rich ethnography.", "He built an observatory in La Casa de la Torre, which is now the Robert Brady Museum.", "The fourth Archbishop of Linares-Monterrey, Plancarte, moved to the Archdiocese of Monterrey on May 5, 1912.", "Despite setbacks such as the destruction of the San Francisco church, he developed great pastoral action, created new parishes and cared for the formation of seminarians, sending some to study in Rome.", "He lived in Chicago for four years because of the conflicts of the Carrancista revolution.", "He used the exile to write books about Mexico.", "In 1919 he became a founding member of the Mexican Academy of History.", "His health declined due to diabetes and he died on June 2, 1920.", "Apuntes para lageografa del Estado de Morelos was published in 1909.", "The principio de la civilizacin en México was published in 1912.", "Coleccin de documentos para la historia eclesistica mexicana.", "Antonio Plancarte y Labastida, abad de Santa Mara de Guadalupe, was written in 1914.", "Prehistoria de México was published in 1923.", "Archaeologists today reject most of Plancarte's ideas about the ulmecas, but Luca Martnez Moctezuma and Carlos Capistrn wrote in inventio about the beginnings of the cultura.", "You can see its use in different works.", "The Morelos state monograph from 1961, as well as the Elements of geography and history of the state of Morelos, are references to Plancarte.", "Almost one hundred years have elapsed since the publication of Plancarte's studies in his textbooks and in his Tamonchan, despite the postrevolutionary attempts to break with the legacy of the Porfirian cultural elite.", "There is a virtual library.", "On July 2, 2020, the Museo Arquidiocesano del Arte Sacro (Archdiocese Museum of Sacred Art) opened its doors to the public.", "Over 100 years old, the library consists of 6,001 books, covering theology, literature, history, law, canon law, language teaching, engineering, and other areas.", "There are books in other languages, such as Nahuatl.", "The Roman Catholic Diocese of Campeche has a list of people from Morelos, Mexico." ]

[ "Francisco Plancarte y Navarrete", "Jesus Plancarte Labast", "Maria de los Angeles Navarrete", "José Francisco Hilarión", "Antonio Plancarte y Labastida", "Plancarte", "Francisco del", "Paso y", "y Borreiro", "Plancarte", "Plancarte", "Brady", "Antonio Plancarte" ]

[ "Francisco Plancarte y Navarrete", "Jesus Plancarte Labastida", "Maria de los Angeles Navarrete", "José Francisco Hilarin", "Antonio Plancarte y Labastida", "Plancarte", "Francisco del", "Paso y", "Plancarte", "y Borreiro", "Plancarte", "Plancarte", "Plancarte", "Plancarte", "Plancarte", "Plancarte", "Antonio Plancarte", "Plancarte" ]

[ "Dou Chong ( 368–394) was a Di military general and ruler of Former Qin during the Sixteen Kingdoms period.", "Dou Chong rose to prominence after the Battle of Feishui in 383, remaining loyal to Fu Jian after most of Qin's generals had betrayed the state and becoming a key general.", "Dou Chong continued his service with Qin under Fu Pi and Fu Deng, but by 393, despite receiving much favour from Fu Deng, he rebelled and declared himself the King of Qin.", "Dou Chong's Qin only lasted for a year before he was defeated and captured by Later Qin.", "Service under Fu Jian \nDou Chong was an ethnic Di from Wudu.", "It is not known when Dou Chong specifically joined Fu Jian, but he first appeared in the records in 368, during the rebellion of Fu Liu (苻柳), Fu Shuang (苻雙), Fu Sou (苻廋) and Fu Wu (苻武).", "Dou Chong was serving as the General of the Forbidden Guards of the Left at the time and participated in quelling the rebellion by leading cavalries.", "In 380, Fu Jian's cousin, Fu Luo, rebelled against him in Helong (和龍, in modern Jinzhou, Liaoning).", "Fu Jian sent Dou Chong and Lü Guang to campaign against them.", "Dou Chong fought Fu Luo at Zhongshan, where he greatly routed and captured him.", "Dou Chong sent Fu Luo back to the capital, while Lü Guang defeated Fu Luo's remaining followers.", "Before the Battle of Feishui in 383, Fu Jian appointed Yao Chang as Prancing Dragon General.", "Fu Jian jokingly said to him, \"Before, I established my rule as the General Longxiang.", "I do not easily confer this title on others.", "You should take good care of the title.\"", "However, Dou Chong objected to his playful comment, telling him, \"Kings should not joke, this is an ominous sign.\"", "Fu Jian made no reply.", "The Battle of Feishui ended in disaster for Fu Jian, and Former Qin began to fall apart.", "As the state disintergrated, Dou Chong remained by Fu Jian's side, serving under Fu Jian's son Fu Rui (苻叡) as his chief clerk.", "In 384, he helped Fu Rui in his campaign against Murong Hong but was later given personal command by Fu Jian to defeat Hong's brother, Murong Chong at Pingyang, who had also rebelled.", "Dou Chong defeated Murong Chong at Hedong, causing Murong Chong to abandon his infantry and flee to his brother.", "In the middle of 384, Dou Chong feigned surrender to the Jin dynasty.", "The Jin court appointed Dou Chong as a general but shortly after his appointment, he defected back to Qin and invaded Hanzhong.", "The Jin administrators, Huangfu Zhao (皇甫釗) and Zhou Xun (周勳) surrendered three counties of Baxi (巴西; around present-day Langzhong, Sichuan) to Dou, and Jin's Inspector of Liangzhou, Zhou Qiong (周瓊) had little troops to resist them.", "Qiong asked the Inspector of Yuzhou, Zhu Xu for help, so Zhu sent Huangfu Zhen (皇甫貞; not to be confused with Former Yan's Huangfu Zhen) to assist him.", "The two drove Dou Chong back to the east of Chang'an while both Huangfu Zhao and Zhou Xun were killed.", "The following month, Fu Jian led a campaign north against Yao Chang, who had broke away and formed his state of Later Qin.", "With Dou Chong serving as General of the Left, Fu Jian camped at Fort Zhaoshi (趙氏塢; in present-day Tongchuan, Shaanxi) and defeated Yao Chang numerous times.", "Dou and his contemporaries also built a weir to cut off Yao Chang's water supply.", "Yao Chang's men were dying of thirst, so in desperation, he sent his brother, Yao Yinmai (姚尹買), to destroy the weir.", "However, Dou Chong attacked and beheaded Yinmai, inflicting Later Qin with 13,000 casualties.", "Yao Chang's army was on the brink of collapse but was saved when a storm occurred to replenish their water.", "In early 385, the former emperor of Former Yan and also Murong Hong's brother, Murong Wei, apologized to Fu Jian for the actions of his brothers.", "In reality, this was a ruse to let his guard down and assassinate him.", "One of the conspirators involved was Tu Xian (突賢), who had a sister that happened to be Dou Chong's concubine.", "The two did not get along with each other, and with knowledge of the plot, Tu Xian's sister revealed to Dou Chong of Murong Wei's intentions.", "Dou Chong immediately notified Fu Jian about it, and when it was revealed that Murong Wei had already got the Xianbei citizens in Chang'an involved in the scheme, Fu Jian executed Murong Wei and massacred the Xianbei in the city.", "In 385, Murong Chong sent his general Gao Gai (高蓋) to attack Chang'an.", "Gao Gai attacked during the night to catch the defenders by surprise, but Dou Chong and others routed him, killing around 800 of Murong Chong's soldiers.", "There was lack of ration and widespread hunger in Chang'an at the time, so Dou Chong and the generals ordered for the bodies of dead enemies to be carved up and used as food.", "Service under Fu Pi and Fu Deng \nChang'an eventually fell to Murong Chong, while Fu Jian was captured and killed by Yao Chang in 385.", "News of his son, Fu Pi ascending the throne took a while to reach his family members and generals.", "Once it reached Dou Chong, he quickly occupied Zichuan (兹川; southeast of Chang'an), where he gathered thousands of followers under his command.", "Dou Chong then submitted to Fu Pi, and he and the other loyalists sent their messengers to Fu Pi asking him to lead a joint attack against Later Qin.", "Fu Pi appointed Dou Chong as Governor of Liangzhou, and in mid-386, Dou Chong, along with Deng Jing (鄧景), attacked front and rear against Later Qin's Prefect of Pingliang, Jin Xi (金熙).", "After Fu Pi was killed in 386, a distant relative of his, Fu Deng, succeeded him.", "Following the succession, Dou Chong was made Governor of Southern Qinzhou and Grand General of Chariot and Cavalry.", "Not long after, Dou Chong attacked Later Qin, capturing the cities of Qiancheng (汧城; present-day Long County, Shaanxi) and Yongcheng (雍城; present-day Fengxiang District, Shaanxi) and killing the generals, Yao Yuanping (姚元平) and Zhang Lue (張略).", "Dou pressed on east from Yongcheng to fight Yao Chang, but was defeated.", "In 389, after Fu Deng was forced back into Fort Hukong (胡空堡; in modern day Xianyang, Shaanxi) by Yao Chang, Fu Deng had Dou Chong promoted to Grand Marshal, Chief Controller of Longdong (隴東, roughly modern Baoji, Shaanxi), and Governor of Yongzhou.", "He then ordered Dou to advance from Fanchuan (繁川; in modern day Xi'an, Shaanxi) to Later Qin's Chang'an to serve as the vanguard in capturing the city.", "In 391, Fu Deng attacked Chang'an but was once again defeated by Yao Chang.", "Dou Chong reached his highest position in Qin in 392, as Fu Deng made him his Prime Minister of the Left.", "Dou Chong then shifted his base to Huayin.", "From there, he attacked Jin's Administrator of Pingyang (平陽; in modern Linfen, Shanxi), Zhang Yuanxi (張元熙), at Huangtian Castle (皇天塢).", "However, he was repelled at Hucheng (湖城; present-day Lingbao City, Henan) by Yang Quanqi.", "As King of Qin \nDespite the promotions that Fu Deng had given him, Dou Chong was still discontent and wanted to become Prince of Tianshui.", "Fu Deng refused to give him such a title, which irritated Dou.", "By the middle of 393, Dou Chong's patience had waned, resulting in him rebelling and declaring himself the King of Qin, thus challenging Fu Deng's claimant.", "Dou Chong also went as far as to changing the reign era title to the first year of Yuanguang (元光).", "Fu Deng responded to Dou Chong's declaration by attacking him at Fort Yeren (野人堡, in modern Pucheng County, Shaanxi), Dou Chong asked Later Qin for aid, and at the advice of Yin Wei, Yao Chang sent his son Yao Xing to help him.", "Yao Xing attacked Fu Deng's vulnerable defences at Fort Hukong, forcing Fu Deng to lift his siege against Dou Chong.", "Fu Deng was then ambushed and routed by Yao Xing, sparing Dou Chong from another attack from Former Qin.", "The following year in 394, the Later Qin generals Qiang Xi (強熙) and Qiang Duo (強多) revolted against their state and acclaimed Dou Chong as their leader.", "Yao Xing, now Later Qin's emperor, personally campaigned against Dou Chong and the rebels.", "Qiang Duo's nephew, Qiang Liangguo (強良國), killed Qiang Duo and submitted back to Yao Xing.", "Qiang Duo's death caused alarm among the rebels, leading to Qiang Xi and Dou Chong fleeing and parting ways.", "Dou Chong reached Qianchuan but a Di leader named Chou Gao (仇高) arrested him and sent him to Yao Xing.", "Dou Chong's cousin, Dou Tong (竇統) surrendered their troops to Yao Xing, ending Dou Chong's state of Qin.", "Historical records fail to provide information as to what happened to Dou Chong following his capture.", "References \n\n Fang, Xuanling (ed.)", "(648).", "Book of Jin (Jin Shu).", "Sima, Guang (1084).", "Zizhi Tongjian.", "Cui, Hong (501-522).", "Spring and Autumn Annals of the Sixteen Kingdoms (Shiliuguo Chunqiu)\n\nFormer Qin generals\nFormer Qin prime ministers\nSixteen Kingdoms rulers" ]

[ "During the Sixteen Kingdoms period, he was a Di military general and ruler of Former Qin.", "After most of Qin's generals betrayed the state and became a key general, Dou Chong rose to prominence and remained loyal to Fu Jian.", "Even though he received a lot of favour from Fu Deng, he rebelled and declared himself the King of Qin.", "He was defeated and captured by Later Qin after a year.", "The ethnic Di was from Wudu.", "It is not known when the rebellion of Fu Liu, Fu Shuang, Fu Sou, and Fu Wu began, but he first appeared in the records in 368.", "While serving as the General of the Forbidden Guards of the Left, he participated in quelling the rebellion by leading cavalries.", "Fu Jian's cousin, Fu Luo, rebelled against him in Helong.", "They were sent by Fu Jian to campaign against them.", "At Zhongshan, he defeated Fu Luo and captured him.", "Fu Luo's remaining followers were defeated by L Guang.", "Fu Jian appointed a dragon general before the battle.", "Fu Jian said that he had established his rule as the General Longxiang.", "I can't easily give this title to others.", "You should take care of the title.", "\"Kings should not joke, this is an ominous sign,\" he told him.", "Fu Jian did not reply.", "The Battle of Feishui ended in disaster for Fu Jian.", "Fu Jian's son Fu Rui was his chief clerk as the state disintergrated.", "He helped Fu Rui in his campaign against Murong Hong but was later given personal command to defeat Hong's brother, Murong Chong, who had also rebelled.", "Murong Chong abandoned his infantry and fled to his brother after being defeated by Dou Chong.", "The Jin dynasty was in the middle of the year.", "After he was appointed a general by the Jin court, he defected and invaded Hanzhong.", "The Jin administrators surrendered three counties of Baxi around present-day Langzhong, and Jin's Inspector of Liangzhou had little troops to resist them.", "In order to assist him, the Inspector of Yuzhou sent Huangfu Zhen (; not to be confused with FormerYan's Huangfu Zhen) to assist him.", "Two people were killed in the east of Chang'an, savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay", "Fu Jian led a campaign north against Yao Chang, who had broken away and formed his state of Later Qin.", "The General of the Left, Fu Jian, camped at Fort Zhaoshi and defeated many of his competitors.", "The weir was built to cut off the water supply.", "He sent his brother to destroy the weir because his men were dying of thirst.", "Yinmai was beheaded and Later Qin was killed with over 12,000 casualties.", "When a storm came to replenish their water, the army was on the verge of collapse.", "The former emperor of FormerYan and Murong Hong's brother apologized to Fu Jian for their actions.", "This was a ruse to let his guard down.", "One of the conspirators had a sister that was a concubine of Dou Chong.", "The two did not get along, and with knowledge of the plot, Tu Xian's sister revealed to the other.", "When it was discovered that the Xianbei citizens in Chang'an were involved in the scheme, Fu Jian massacred the Xianbei in the city.", "Murong Chong sent a general to attack Chang'an.", "Around 800 of Murong Chong's soldiers were killed when Gao Gai attacked during the night to catch the defenders by surprise.", "The bodies of dead enemies were ordered to be carved up and used as food by the generals because of the lack of ration in Chang'an.", "Fu Pi and Fu Deng Chang'an were both killed by the same person.", "Fu Pi's ascension to the throne took some time to reach his family and generals.", "He quickly occupied the area southeast of Chang'an, where he gathered thousands of followers.", "Fu Pi was asked to lead a joint attack against Later Qin by the loyalists.", "In mid-386, Fu Pi appointed Dou Chong as Governor of Liangzhou, and in the same year, he and Deng Jing attacked the Prefect of Pingliang.", "Fu Deng succeeded Fu Pi after he was killed.", "The Grand General of Chariot and Cavalry was made by the Governor after the succession.", "The generals were killed as a result of the attack by Dou Chong, who captured the cities of Yongcheng and the present-day Long County, Shaanxi.", "The man was defeated when he pressed on from the east.", "In 389, after Fu Deng was forced back into Fort Hukong, he promoted the Chief Controller of Longdong to Grand Marshall.", "He ordered Dou to move from Fanchuan to Later Qin's Chang'an to be the leader in capturing the city.", "Fu Deng tried to attack Chang'an but was defeated.", "As Fu Deng made him his Prime Minister of the Left, he reached his highest position.", "His base was moved to Huayin.", "He attacked Jin's administrator at the Huangtian Castle.", "However, he was defeated at Hucheng.", "Despite the promotions that Fu Deng had given him, he was still discontent and wanted to become Prince of Tianshui.", "Fu Deng refused to give him such a title.", "Fu Deng's claim was challenged by Dou Chong in the middle of 393 after his patience waned.", "The reign era title was changed to the first year of Yuanguang.", "Fu Deng responded to the declaration by attacking him at Fort Yeren, and later asked Later Qin for help, as well as sending his son to help him.", "Fu Deng's siege against Dou Chong was lifted after he was attacked at Fort Hukong.", "Fu Deng was spared from another attack by Former Qin.", "In 395, the Later Qin generals revolted against their state and elected Dou Chong as their leader.", "The emperor personally fought against the rebels.", "Qiang Duo was killed by his nephew, who submitted back to him.", "The death of Qiang Duo caused alarm among the rebels, and they fled and parted ways.", "The Di leader sent the man to the other side of the country after he was arrested.", "The state of Qin was ended by the surrender of their troops to the other side of the world.", "There is no information as to what happened to the man after he was captured.", "There are references to Fang, Xuanling.", "It was 648.", "The book of Jin is called Jin Shu.", "The name of the person is Sima, Guang.", "There is a person named Zizhi Tongjian.", "Cui, Hong.", "The Annals of the Sixteen Kingdoms are Spring and Autumn." ]

[ "Dou Chong", "Dou Chong", "Dou Chong", "Dou Chong", "Dou Chong", "Dou Chong", "Dou", "Chong", "Dou", "Chong", "Dou", "Chong", "Dou", "Chong", "Dou", "Chong", "Chong", "Dou", "Chong", "Chong", "Chong", "Dou", "Chong", "Dou", "Chong", "Dou", "Chong", "Dou", "Chong", "Dou", "Chong", "Dou", "Dou", "Chong", "Dou", "Chong", "Chong", "Dou", "Chong", "Chong", "Dou", "Chong", "Chong", "Dou", "Chong", "Dou", "Chong", "Dou", "Chong", "Dou", "Chong", "Dou", "Chong", "Dou", "Chong", "Dou", "Chong", "Dou", "Chong", "Dou", "Chong", "Dou", "Chong", "Dou", "Chong", "Dou", "Chong", "Dou", "Chong", "Dou", "Chong", "Dou", "Chong", "Dou", "Chong", "Dou", "Chong", "Dou", "Chong", "Dou", "Chong", "Dou", "Chong", "Dou", "Chong", "Dou", "Dou", "Chong", "Dou", "Chong" ]

[ "Dou Chong", "Chong", "Dou", "Chong", "Chong", "Dou", "Chong", "Dou", "Chong", "Dou", "Dou", "Chong", "Dou", "Chong", "Dou", "Chong" ]

[ "Raymond Anthony Horton (born April 12, 1960) is an American football coach and former player.", "He played college football at Washington and was drafted in the second round of the 1983 NFL Draft by the Cincinnati Bengals.", "Early years\nIn 1978, Horton graduated early from Mount Tahoma High School in Tacoma, Washington, where he was a prep All-American.", "In 1999, he was named to the second-team defense of the Washington High-School Football Team Of The Century by the Seattle Times newspaper.", "College career\nHorton accepted a football scholarship from the University of Washington, where he played as a cornerback and special teams from 1980 to 1982 after a redshirt year.", "As a sophomore, he started 9 games.", "As a junior, he was a first-team All-Pac 10 selection and honorable-mention All-American.", "In his last year, he started 9 games, missing 3 contests with an ankle injury (where he was replaced by Vince Newsome).", "He finished as a three-year starter with 10 career interceptions, 22 passes defensed, including 14 (school record) in 1981 and played in two Rose Bowls.", "He was also one of the top punt returners in the nation.", "Professional career\n\nCincinnati Bengals\nHorton was selected by the Cincinnati Bengals in the second round (53rd overall) of the 1983 NFL Draft.", "He also was selected by the Los Angeles Express in the third round (25th overall) of the 1983 USFL Draft.", "Horton decided to sign with the Bengals.", "He earned the job as a starting cornerback with Cincinnati by the second game of the season (5 starts), finishing with a franchise rookie record 5 interceptions, including one returned for a touchdown.", "The next year, Horton was named the regular starter at right cornerback after the retirement of Ken Riley, posting 66 tackles and 3 interceptions, including one returned for a touchdown.", "In 1986, he was passed on the depth chart by rookie Lewis Billups and was moved to the nickel back role, making 55 tackles and one interception as the Bengals barely missed the playoffs despite finishing 10-6.", "In 1987, Horton started 8 games, while replacing an injured Louis Breeden, tallying 53 tackles.", "In 1988, he was moved to safety and played mainly nickel back.", "He recorded 26 tackles, 3 interceptions and one sack as the Bengals won their second AFC Championship.", "In Super Bowl XXIII, after being up 13–6 over the San Francisco 49ers at the beginning of the fourth quarter, driving from the Bengals 10-yard line, quarterback Joe Montana threw a pass towards Billups that he dropped in the end zone.", "On the next play, the 49ers scored a touchdown, tying the game at 13.", "Towards the game's conclusion, Montana threw a 10-yard touchdown pass to John Taylor who was being covered by Horton, for a 20–16 lead with 34 seconds left and the eventual championship.", "He also was the team's punt returner during the game.", "Dallas Cowboys\nOn March 14, 1989, the Dallas Cowboys signed Horton as a Plan B free agent with the intention of playing him at safety.", "He was named the starting free safety, helping anchor the secondary and calling the defensive signals.", "He collected 116 tackles (second on the team), 8 passes defensed (second on the team), 2 forced fumbles (led the team), one interception and one sack.", "In 1990, he sprained his left knee in the fourth game against the New York Giants, that forced him to miss one contest and slowed him the rest of the season.", "He posted 69 tackles, 6 passes defensed, one interception and 4 fumble recoveries.", "In 1991, he finished third on the team in tackles (105), recorded 8 passes defensed, one interception and scored in back-to-back games: a fumble return in a 21-16 win against the New York Giants and a 65-yard interception return in a 20–17 win over the Green Bay Packers.", "He became the first player in franchise history to score a defensive touchdown in back-to-back games and the third player (Jim Ridlon, 1964 and Larry Cole, 1968) ever to have 2 defensive touchdowns in the same season.", "In 1992, he started the first 7 games before tearing his right ACL (he chose not to have surgery) and missing 4 games.", "He was replaced with James Washington who took over the starting job.", "He still was able to be part of the championship team in Super Bowl XXVII.", "Horton was released on June 1, 1993, with the Cowboys looking to give more opportunities to Washington and Darren Woodson.", "He finished his career with 19 interceptions, 11 fumble recoveries, 3 sacks and 5 defensive touchdowns.", "Coaching career\n\nHorton began his coaching career in 1994 as a defensive assistant with the Washington Redskins.", "He was hired by Norv Turner, who knew him from Dallas where Turner was an offensive coordinator.", "Horton was the defensive backs coach for the Bengals (1997–2001) and the Detroit Lions (2002–03).", "He was the assistant defensive backs coach for the Pittsburgh Steelers from 2004 to 2006, before being promoted to defensive backs coach in 2007.", "On February 9, 2011, Horton was named defensive coordinator for the Arizona Cardinals.", "In 2013, Arizona head coach Ken Whisenhunt was fired, though Horton was initially retained and considered for promotion to head coach.", "On January 17, 2013, Horton was passed over for the promotion in favor of his former fellow Pittsburgh assistant Bruce Arians, leading to his prompt departure from Arizona.", "On January 18, 2013, Horton was hired as the defensive coordinator of the Cleveland Browns.", "On January 18, 2014, Horton agreed to become the defensive coordinator of the Tennessee Titans.", "Browns coach Hue Jackson hired Ray Horton to be the Browns defensive coordinator going into the 2016 season.", "After a single season, Horton was fired by the Browns on January 7, 2017.", "He was hired as the Redskins' defensive backs coach on January 24, 2019.", "References\n\n1960 births\nLiving people\nAmerican football cornerbacks\nAmerican football safeties\nArizona Cardinals coaches\nCincinnati Bengals coaches\nCincinnati Bengals players\nCleveland Browns coaches\nDallas Cowboys players\nDetroit Lions coaches\nNational Football League defensive coordinators\nPittsburgh Steelers coaches\nTennessee Titans coaches\nWashington Huskies football players\nWashington Redskins coaches\nPlayers of American football from Tacoma, Washington" ]

[ "Horton is an American football coach and former player.", "He was drafted in the second round of the 1983 NFL Draft by the Cincinnati Bengal.", "Horton was a prep All-American when he graduated from Mount Tahoma High School in 1978.", "He was named to the second-team defense of the Washington High- School Football Team of the Century in 1999.", "Horton was a football player at the University of Washington from 1980 to 1982 after a redshirt year.", "He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "He was an honorable mention All-American as a junior.", "He missed 3 games with an ankle injury and 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611", "He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "He was one of the top punt returners.", "Horton was selected by the Cincinnati Bengals in the second round of the 1983 NFL draft.", "The Los Angeles Express selected him in the third round of the 1983 USFL Draft.", "Horton decided to join the team.", "He started the first five games of the season for Cincinnati and finished with a franchise rookies record 5 picks, including one that was returned for a touchdown.", "After the retirement of Ken Riley, Horton was named the regular starter at right corner and posted 66 tackles and 3 picks, including one that was returned for a touchdown.", "He was moved to the nickel back role by Lewis Billups in 1986 and made 55 tackles and one interception as the Bengal barely missed the playoffs.", "Horton was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "He played mostly nickel back in 1988 when he was moved to safety.", "He had 26 tackles, 3 intercepts and one sack in the playoffs.", "After being up 13–6 over the San Francisco 49ers at the beginning of the fourth quarter, quarterback Joe Montana threw a pass towards Billups that he dropped in the end zone.", "The 49ers scored a touchdown on the next play.", "Montana threw a 10-yard touchdown pass to John Taylor who was being covered by Horton for a 20–16 lead with 34 seconds left in the game.", "He was the team's punt returner.", "The Dallas Cowboys signed Horton as a Plan B free agent with the intention of playing him at safety.", "He was the starting free safety and called the defensive signals.", "He had 116 tackles, 8 passes defensed, 2 forced turnovers, one intercept and one sack.", "He injured his left knee in the fourth game against the New York Giants in 1990 and missed one contest and slowed him down the rest of the season.", "He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "In 1991, he finished third on the team in tackles, recorded 8 passes defensed, one interception, and scored on a 65-yard return in a 20–17 win over the Green, and in a 21-16 win against the New York Giants.", "He became the first player in franchise history to score a defensive touchdown in back-to-back games and the third player ever to have 2 defensive touchdown in the same season.", "He tore his right knee in 1992 and missed 4 games.", "James Washington took over the job.", "He was part of the team that won the Super Bowl.", "The Cowboys released Horton on June 1, 1993 in order to give more opportunities to Washington and Woodson.", "He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "Horton began his coaching career in 1994 as a defensive assistant.", "He was hired by Norv Turner, who knew him from Dallas.", "The defensive backs coach for the Detroit Lions was Horton.", "He was promoted to defensive backs coach in 2007, after working as the assistant defensive backs coach.", "On February 9, 2011, Horton was named defensive coach for the Arizona Cards.", "Horton was considered for promotion to head coach after Ken Whisenhunt was fired.", "On January 17, 2013, Horton was passed over for the promotion in favor of Bruce Arians, leading to his departure from Arizona.", "On January 18, Horton was hired by the Cleveland Browns.", "On January 18, Horton agreed to become the defensive coach of the TennesseeTitans.", "Ray Horton was hired by Jackson to be the head of the defense.", "Horton was fired by the Browns on January 7, 2017, after a single season.", "He was hired as a defensive backs coach.", "There are references to 1960 births of American football players and coaches." ]

[ "Raymond Anthony Horton", "Horton", "Horton", "Horton", "Horton", "Horton", "Horton", "Horton", "Horton", "Horton", "Horton", "Horton", "Horton", "Horton", "Horton", "Horton", "Horton", "Ray Horton", "Horton" ]

[ "Horton", "Horton", "Horton", "Horton", "Horton", "Horton", "Horton", "Horton", "Horton", "Horton", "Horton", "Horton", "Horton", "Horton", "Horton", "Ray Horton", "Horton" ]

[ "Gregory of Tours (30 November 538 – 17 November 594 AD) was a Gallo-Roman historian and Bishop of Tours, which made him a leading prelate of the area that had been previously referred to as Gaul by the Romans.", "He was born Georgius Florentius and later added the name Gregorius in honour of his maternal great-grandfather.", "He is the primary contemporary source for Merovingian history.", "His most notable work was his Decem Libri Historiarum (Ten Books of Histories), better known as the Historia Francorum (History of the Franks), a title that later chroniclers gave to it, but he is also known for his accounts of the miracles of saints, especially four books of the miracles of Martin of Tours.", "St. Martin's tomb was a major pilgrimage destination in the 6th century, and St. Gregory's writings had the practical effect of promoting this highly organized devotion.", "Biography\nGregory was born in Clermont, in the Auvergne region of central Gaul.", "He was born into the upper stratum of Gallo-Roman society as the son of Florentius, Senator of Clermont, by his wife Armentaria II, niece of Bishop Nicetius of Lyon and granddaughter of both Florentinus, Senator of Geneva, and Saint Gregory of Langres.", "Gregory had several noted bishops and saints as close relatives (his family effectively monopolised the Bishoprics of Tours, Lyon, and Langres at the time of his birth), and, according to Gregory, he was connected to thirteen of the eighteen bishops of Tours preceding him by ties of kinship.", "Gregory's paternal grandmother, Leocadia, descended from Vettius Epagathus, the illustrious martyr of Lyon.", "His father evidently died while Gregory was young and his widowed mother moved to Burgundy where she had property.", "Gregory went to live with his paternal uncle St. Gallus, Bishop of Clermont), under whom, and his successor St. Avitus, Gregory had his education.", "Gregory also received the clerical tonsure from Gallus.", "Having contracted a serious illness, he made a visit of devotion to the tomb of St. Martin at Tours.", "Upon his recovery, he began to pursue a clerical career and was ordained deacon by Avitus.", "Upon the death of St. Euphronius, he was chosen as bishop by the clergy and people, who had been charmed with his piety, learning, and humility.", "Their deputies overtook him at the court of King Sigebert of Austrasia, and being compelled to acquiesce, though much against his will, Gregory was consecrated by Giles, Bishop of Rheims, on 22 August 573, at the age of thirty-four.", "He spent most of his career at Tours, although he assisted at the council of Paris in 577.", "The rough world he lived in was on the cusp of the dying world of Antiquity and the new culture of early medieval Europe.", "Gregory lived also on the border between the Frankish culture of the Merovingians to the north and the Gallo-Roman culture of the south of Gaul.", "At Tours, Gregory could not have been better placed to hear everything and meet everyone of influence in Merovingian culture.", "Tours lay on the watery highway of the navigable Loire.", "Five Roman roads radiated from Tours, which lay on the main thoroughfare between the Frankish north and Aquitania, with Spain beyond.", "At Tours the Frankish influences of the north and the Gallo-Roman influences of the south had their chief contact (see map).", "As the center for the popular cult of St Martin, Tours was a pilgrimage site, hospital, and a political sanctuary to which important leaders fled during periods of violence and turmoil in Merovingian politics.", "Gregory struggled through personal relations with four Frankish kings, Sigebert I, Chilperic I, Guntram, and Childebert II, and he personally knew most of the leading Franks.", "Works\nGregory wrote in Late Latin which departed from classical usage frequently in syntax and spelling with relatively few changes in inflection.", "History of the Franks\n\nSummary\nGregory of Tours' history is a dense work, full of numerous narratives and characters.", "Gregory's history contains Christian tales of miracles, descriptions of omens and natural events, stories of Christian martyrs, dialogues of church debates, lives of holy men, lives of the nobility, lives of eccentric peasants, frequent Bible verses and references, and complex international relations between numerous tribes and nations including the Lombards, Visigoths, Ostrogoths and Huns, not to mention Gregory's personal biography and interpretation of events.", "Book 1\nBegins with the a pronouncement by the author, the Bishop of Tours, of Gregory's faith.", "That he is a Frankish Catholic clergyman who follows the Nicene Creed, and abhors heresy like those of the “wicked” Arian sect among other heresies.", "The Narrative history begins with a brief epitome of the Biblical Old Testament and New Testament, and the subsequent spread of the Christian Religion into Gaul.", "Next Gregory covers the history of Christianity in Gaul and some of the major events in Roman-Gallo relations.", "Book One ends with the death of Saint Martin of Tours in AD 397.", "Book 2 (AD 497-511)\nCovers the beginnings of the Merovingian dynasty.", "Book Two ends with the death of King Clovis I in 511, after his conquest of large tracts of land in modern-day France.", "Also narrated is Clovis's conversion to Christianity by his wife Clotilde.", "Book 3 (AD 511-548)\nFollows the four male inheritors of King Clovis who equally divide his realms at his death in AD 511.", "These four kings, Theodoric I, Lothar I, Childebert I, and Chlodomer, quarrel and fight for supremacy of the Frankish realm.", "Despite their disputes, the four brothers can occasionally work together against an outside threat, such as successful cooperation against the Burgundians in 523.", "Eventually Clothar becomes the most powerful King in the Frankish realm.", "Book Three ends with the death of king Theudebert I in 548.", "He is a grandson of Clovis and son to king Theodoric I, who died in 534 bequesting his kingdom to Theudebert.", "The kingdom after 548 falls to Theudebald until 555.", "Book 4 (AD 548-575) \nThe two remaining sons of Clovis die; King Childebert in 558 and King Clothar in 561.", "The last years of his life see the entire realm of the Franks ruled by Clothar.", "At the time of his demise in AD 561 (like Clovis before him), the Kingdom is divided equally between four sons of Clothar and again the kingly sons quarrel for control of the entire Kingdom.", "A truce between the brothers is maintained until after the death of King Charibert I (son of Clothar) in 567.", "Clothar's remaining sons, Kings Sigibert, Guntram, and Chilperic, fight for the supremacy of the kingdom, with King Sigibert showing the strongest military force.", "Book Four ends with the killing of King Sigbert in AD 575.", "Gregory of Tours blames Fredegund, the wife of King Chilperic, for this assassination.", "The death leaves King Chilperic as the dominant king.", "Fredegund has long held a grudge against King Sigibert and his wife Brunhilda.", "Book 5 (AD 575-581) \nThis book begins the part of the narrative where the author (Bishop Gregory of Tours) has much personal knowledge about the events in the Frankish Kingdom.", "This book and the ones hereafter, are considerably longer and more detailed than previous, whilst covering a smaller amount of time.", "This book also contains Gregory's impressions of ecclesiastical issues he saw in person and had some bearing on.", "This book describes a possible debate that Gregory had with a rival Arian church leader.", "Moreover, book 5 also introduces Childebert II, the son of recently slain King Sigibert, and of the still living Brunhilda.", "Childebert is taken along with Brunhilda under the protection of King Gunthram, brother\nand sometime rival of King Chilperic.", "Book 6 (AD 581-584) \nThe young Childebert betrays his alliance with his adoptive uncle King Gunthram, the king who had protected Childebert and his mother after his father Sigibert's death.", "Now Childebert forms an alliance with his uncle, King Chilperic, who had often been an enemy of King Sigibert.", "Later, King Chilperic is murdered under mysterious circumstances in AD 584.", "Book 7 (AD 584) \nFredegund assumes regency for her young son Clothar II.", "In the future Clothar will be king of all Franks until his death in 619, but that is beyond Gregory's narrative which end in roughly AD 593.", "Fredegund and her son are under the protection of King Gunthram.", "She remains in power until her death in AD 597.", "Also in this book is the rebellion of Gundovald and its failure.", "Gundovald claimed to be a lost illegitimate son of dead King Chlothar I.", "Many of the Frankish nobles and the Byzantine emperor Maurice gave some support to this rebellion; however, it is swiftly crushed by King Guntram.", "Book 8 (AD 585) \n“Many evil things were done at this time” as Gregory writes in Book VIII.", "It begins with the travels of King Guntram to Paris and Orleans and describes numerous confrontations between the king and some bishops.", "Meanwhile, king Guntram becomes ill and fears for his life.", "Gregory comments that the king's illness is a just punishment because he is planning to send a great number of bishops into exile.", "Fredegund gives two poisoned daggers to two clerics and sends them away with the order to assassinate King Childebert and Brunehild.", "However, the two clerics are arrested by Childebert, tortured and executed.", "Meanwhile, Fredegund is also behind the assassination of bishop Praetextus of Rouen while he is praying in his church.", "King Guntram orders his army to march against Arian Septimania and Spain without success and blames his army commanders for having allowed atrocities and random destruction.", "Book 9 (AD 586-587) \nThe Treaty of Andelot is signed in AD 587 between King Guntram, Brunhilda, and King Childebert II.", "The treaty is a close pact of alliance, wherein Childebert is formally adopted as Guntram's heir.", "Brunhilda also formally allies with Guntram and comes under his protection.", "Book 10 (AD 587-591) \nAround 589, Basina the daughter of King Chilperic I and Clotilda, daughter of King Charibert lead a brief revolt from a nunnery.", "The 18 Bishops of Tours are named and described.", "Book Ten ends with a summary of Gregory's previous written works.", "Analysis \nThe Historia Francorum is made up of ten books.", "Books I to IV initially recount the world's history from the Creation (as was traditional); but move quickly on to the Christianization of Gaul, the life and times of Saint Martin of Tours, the conversion of the Franks and the conquest of Gaul under Clovis, and the more detailed history of the Frankish kings down to the death of Sigebert I in 575.", "At this date Gregory had been bishop of Tours for two years.", "With his fifth book, Gregory embarks (with some relief) on contemporary history, opening “Here, I am glad to say, begins Book V”.", "This, the second part of his history, books V and VI, closes with Chilperic I's death in 584.", "During the years that Chilperic held Tours, relations between him and Gregory were tense.", "After hearing rumours that the Bishop of Tours had slandered his wife, Fredegund, Chilperic had Gregory arrested and tried for treason – a charge which threatened both Gregory's bishopric and his life.", "The most eloquent passage in the Historia is the closing chapter of book VI, in which Chilperic's character is summed up unsympathetically through the use of an invective: Herod and Nero are among the comparisons employed.", "The third part, comprising books VII to X, takes his increasingly personal account to the year 591, and concludes with a plea for further chroniclers to preserve his work in entirety (as indeed would be done).", "An epilogue was written in 594, the year of Gregory's death.", "Problems of interpretation\n\nReaders of the Historia Francorum must decide whether this is a royal history and whether Gregory was writing to please his patrons.", "It is likely that one royal Frankish house is more generously treated than others.", "Gregory was also a Catholic bishop, and his writing reveals views typical of someone in his position.", "His views on perceived dangers of Arianism, still strong among the Visigoths, led him to preface the Historia with a detailed expression of his orthodoxy on the nature of Christ.", "In addition, his ridiculing of pagans and Jews reflected how his works were used to spread the Christian faith.", "For example, in book 2, chapters 28–31, he describes the pagans as incestuous and weak and then describes the process by which newly converted King Clovis leads a much better life than that of a pagan and is healed of all the conundrums he experienced as a pagan.", "Gregory's education was the standard Latin one of Late Antiquity, focusing on Virgil's Aeneid and Martianus Capella's Liber de Nuptiis Mercurii et Philologiae, but also other key texts such as Orosius's Chronicles, which his Historia continues, and Sallust; he refers to all these works in his own.", "His education, as was typical for the time, did not extend to a broad acquaintance with the pagan classics, but rather progressed to mastery of the Vulgate Bible.", "It is said that he constantly complained about his use of grammar.", "He did not understand how to correctly write masculine and feminine phrases, reflecting either a lack of ability or changes in the Latin language.", "Though he had read Virgil, considered the greatest Latin stylist, he cautions that \"We ought not to relate their lying fables, lest we fall under sentence of eternal death.\"", "By contrast, he seems to have thoroughly studied the lengthy and complex Vulgate Bible, as well as numerous religious works and historical treatises, which he frequently quotes, particularly in the earlier books of the Historia.", "The main impression that historians once retained from the Historia focused on Gregory's anecdotes about violence; until recently, historians tended to conclude that Merovingian Gaul was a chaotic, brutal mess.", "Recent scholarship has refuted that view.", "Through more careful readings, scholars have concluded that Gregory's underlying purpose was to highlight the vanity of secular life and contrast it with the miracles of the Saints.", "Though Gregory conveys political and other messages through the Historia, and these are studied very closely, historians now generally agree that this contrast is the central and ever-present narrative device.", "Hagiographies\n\nHis Life of the Fathers comprises twenty hagiographies of the most prominent men of the preceding generation, taking in a wide range the spiritual community of early medieval Gaul, including lives of bishops, clerics, monks, abbots, holy men and hermits.", "St. Illidius is praised for his purity of heart, St. Brachio the abbot for his discipline and determination in study of the scriptures, St Patroclus for his unwavering faith in the face of weakness, and St. Nicetius, bishop of Lyon, for his justice.", "It is the life of St. Nicetius of Trier, though, which dominates this book; his great authority and sense of episcopal responsibility which is the focus of Gregory's account as his figure, predestined to be great, bestrides the lives of the others.", "It is told that he felt a weight on his head, but he was unable to see what it was when turning around, though upon smelling its sweet scent he realised that it was the weight of episcopal responsibility.", "(Life of the Fathers, XVII, 1) He surmounts the others in the glory of his miracles, and was chosen by God to have the entire succession of past and future Frankish kings revealed to him.", "A further aspect of this work to note is the appearance of Gregory himself in certain sections, notably in the life of St. Leobardus.", "This is for two reasons: Firstly, it creates a distinct link between the temporal and the spiritual worlds, firmly placing the accounts of the lives in a world which is understandable and recognisable, or, seen from the other angle, confirming the presence of miracles in the temporal world.", "In 587, Gregory began writing the Book of the Glories of the Martyrs (Liber in gloria martyrum), which deals “almost exclusively with the miracles wrought in Gaul by the martyrs of the Roman persecutions.” But it also tells the story of one Theodore who made a pilgrimage to India and reported the existence of a large monastery where the body of Thomas the Apostle was first interred and where miracles took place.", "Fighting heresy\n\nGregory's avowed aim in writing this book was to \"fire others with that enthusiasm by which the saints deservedly climbed to heaven\", though this was not his sole purpose, and he most surely did not expect his entire audience to show promise of such piety as to witness the power of God flowing through them in the way that it did for the fathers.", "More immediate concerns were at the forefront of his mind as he sought to create a further layer of religious commitment, not only to the Church at Rome, but to local churches and cathedrals throughout Gaul.", "Along with his other books, notably the Glory of the Confessors, the Glory of the Martyrs and the Life of St. Martin, meticulous attention is paid to the local as opposed to the universal Christian experience.", "Within these grandiloquent lives are tales and anecdotes which tie miracles, saints and their relics to a great diversity of local areas, furnishing his audience with greater knowledge of their local shrine, and providing them with evidence of the work of God in their immediate vicinity, thus greatly expanding their connection with and understanding of their faith.", "Attacks on heresy also appear throughout his hagiographies, and Arianism is taken to be the common face of heresy across Europe, exposed to great ridicule.", "Often, the scenes which expose the weaknesses of heresy (Glory of the Martyrs, 79, 80) focus on images of fire and burning, whilst the Catholics are proved right by the protection lavished on them by God.", "This was of great relevance to Gregory himself as he presided over the important see of Tours, where extensive use was made of the cult of St. Martin in establishing the authority of the bishopric with the congregation and in the context of the Frankish church.", "Gregory's hagiography was an essential component of this.", "However, this should not be seen as a selfish grab for power on behalf of the bishops who emerge so triumphantly from the Life of the Fathers, but rather as a bid for hegemony of doctrine and control over the practice of worship, which they believed to be in the best interests of their congregation and the wider church.", "Gregory's Creed\nAs an example of Gregory's zeal in his fight against heresy, the Historia Francorum includes a declaration of faith with which Gregory aimed to prove his orthodoxy with respect to the heresies of his time (\"so that my reader may have no doubt that I am Catholic for they are.\").", "The confession is in many phrases, each of which refutes a specific Christian heresy.", "Thus Gregory's creed presents, in the negative, a virtual litany of heresies:\n\nLegacy\n\nThe Historia Francorum is the most important source for early Frankish history, representing the period of transition from late Roman antiquity to early Medieval times in a nascent Europe.", "As such it is the only reliable source of information to describe the emerging military and political power of the Franks in one kingdom.", "With his lively style, story-telling ability, and skill in conveying human interest, Gregory has been compared to Herodotus; with his detailed interest in, and accounts of, ecclesiastical history and manoeuverings, to a bloodier Trollope.", "Robert Win came to the conclusion \"There can be no argument that Gregory “deliberately structured his narrative to protect himself from any political attacks” and that it was the political circumstances around him that governed what he could and could not write.’ Gregory's Latin was relatively poor in comparison with earlier centuries when writers were educated at secular Roman grammar and rhetorics schools and could write in learned Latin.", "He himself is aware of it and apologizes for his poor Latin in his Introduction \"Ista etenim atque et his similia iugiter intuens dici, pro commemoratione praeteritorum, ut notitiam adtingerint venientum, etsi incultu effatu, nequivi tamen obtegere vel certamena flagitiosorum vel vitam recte viventium; et praesertim his inlicitus stimulis, quod a nostris fari plerumque miratus sum, quia: 'Philosophantem rethorem intellegunt pauci, loquentem rusticum multi' ('Hearing continually these complaints and others like them I have undertaken to commemorate the past, in order that it may come to the knowledge of the future; and although my speech is rude, I have been unable to be silent as to the struggles between the wicked and the upright; and I have been especially encouraged because, to my surprise, it has often been said by men of our day, that few understand the learned words of the rhetorician but many the rude language of the common people.')", "'The 'Historia Francorum' is the only source of that period covering the beginning of the Franks in the decaying Roman Empire from around 397 (the death of Martin of Tours) to 590 (the early reign of king Chlothar II).", "Gregory's chronology of the Franks is continued with the Fourth Book of Fredegar and its continuations for the events up to 642.", "Likewise, the fourth Book of Fredegar and its continuations is the only source of any significance for much of the period it covers.", "Gregory's hagiographies are also a valuable source of anecdotes and stories which enrich modern understanding of life and belief in Merovingian Gaul.", "The motivation behind his works was to show readers the importance and strength of Christianity, and this bias should always be remembered.", "Alongside the most outstanding poet Venantius Fortunatus in his lifetime, Gregory of Tours is the unique historian from the 6th century Merovingian world; and his extensive literary output is itself a testimony to the preservation of learning and to the lingering continuity of Gallo-Roman civic culture through the early Middle Ages.", "See also\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\nThe following represent key modern texts on Gregory of Tours, including the most recent translations of his work.", "While Lewis Thorpe's translation of The History of the Franks is more accessible than Brehaut's, his introduction and commentary are not well regarded by contemporary historians (see Secondary Sources, below).", "Primary sources\n\nEditions\n\n Gregorii episcopi Turonensis.", "Libri Historiarum X (ed.", "Bruno Krusch and Wilhelm Levison), MGH SRM I 1, Hannover2 1951\n Miracula et opera minora (ed.", "Bruno Krusch), MGH SRM I 2, Hannover 1969, 211-294 (repr.", "from 1885)\n\nTranslations\n\n Fränkische Geschichte.", "3 vols.", "(transl.", "by Wilhelm von Giesebrecht, rev.", "by Manfred Gebauer), Essen 1988.", "From Roman to Merovingian Gaul.", "A Reader (ed.", "and transl.", "Alexander Callander Murray; Readings in medieval Civilisations and Cultures 5), Toronto 2000, 287-446\n Glory of the confessors (ed.", "and transl.", "Raymond Van Dam; Translated Texts for Historians 4), Liverpool 2004 (2nd edition), .", "Glory of the Martyrs (ed.", "and transl.", "Raymond Van Dam; Translated Texts for Historians 3), Liverpool 2004 (2nd edition), .", "Liber de passione et virtutibus sancti Iuliani martyris und Libri de virtutibus sancti Martini episcopi, in: Raymond Van Dam (ed.", "), Saints and their Miracles in Late Antique Gaul, Princeton 1993, 153–317.", "Life of the Fathers (ed.", "and transl.", "James Edward; Translated Texts for Historians 1), Liverpool 1991 (2nd edition), .", "The History of the Franks (transl.", "M. Dalton), Oxford 1927.", "The History of the Franks (transl.", "L. Thorpe), Penguin 1974.", "Historias (transl.", "P. Herrera), Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Extremadura, 2013, \n Histoire des Franks, in French\n\nBilingual editions\n\n Les livres des miracles et autres opuscules de Georges Florent Grégoire évêque de Tours (ed.", "and transl.", "Léonard Bordier), vol.", "1, Paris 1857.", "Zehn Bücher Geschichten.", "Band I-II.(ed.", "and transl.", "Wilhelm Giesebrecht and Rudolf Buchner), Darmstadt 1955–1956.", "Secondary sources\n Brown, Peter, The Cult of the Saints, London 1981.", "Goffart, Walter, The Narrators of Barbarian History (A.D. 550–800), Princeton 1988.", "Dailey, E.T., Queens, Consorts, Concubines: Gregory of Tours and Women of the Merovingian Elite, Leiden, Brill, 2015.", "Diem, Albrecht, “Gregory’s Chess Board: Monastic Conflict and Competition in Early Medieval Gaul”, in Compétition et sacré au haut Moyen Âge: entre médiation et exclusion, Philippe Depreux, François Bougard and Régine Le Jan (eds.", "), Brepols, Turnhout 2015, pp.", "165–191.", "Heinzelmann, Martin, Gregory of Tours: History and Society in the Sixth Century, trans.", "Christopher Carroll, Cambridge 2001.", "James, E.,The Franks, Oxford 1988.", "Kaiser, Reinhold, Das römische Erbe und das Merowingerreich, München 2004 (Enzyklopädie deutscher Geschichte 26).", "Loseby, S.T., “Marseille and the Pirenne thesis, I: Gregory of Tours, the Merovingian kings and 'un grand port'” in The Sixth Century.", "Production, Distribution and Demand, edited by Richard Hodges and William Bowden, pp.", "203–229, Brill Academic Publishers, Leiden 1998.", "Loseby, S.T., “Gregory's cities: urban functions in sixth-century Gaul”, in Franks and Alamanni in the Merovingian period: an Ethnographic Perspective, edited by Ian N. Wood, pp.", "239–270, Boydell & Brewer Ltd, Woodbridge 1998.", "McSheffrey, Shannon, The History of the Franks, Harmondsworth 1974.", "Mitchell.", "Kathleen; Wood.", "Ian (eds.", "), The World of Gregory of Tours, Leiden 2002.", "Murray, A.C.", "(ed.", "), A Companion to Gregory of Tours, Leiden 2016.", "Serra, Antonio, “L’ingenium artis di Gregorio di Tours.", "Preliminari d’indagine”, Invigilata Lucernis 32 (2010), pp.", "157–175.", "Van Dam, Raymond, Saints and their miracles in late antique Gaul, Princeton 1993.", "Wood, Ian N., The Merovingian kingdoms 450-751, London 1994.", "Wood, Ian N., Gregory of Tours, Bangor (GB) 1994.", "External links\n\n \n \n \n Staatsbibliothek Bamberg Msc.Patr.61, the primary witness of De cursu stellarum\n \n History lecture by Paul Freedman on Procopius and Gregor of Tours in Yale University (fall 2011): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pbN8OTHecuI\n\n538 births\n594 deaths\n6th-century apocalypticists\n6th-century Frankish bishops\n6th-century Frankish saints\n6th-century Frankish writers\n6th-century historians\n6th-century Latin writers\nBishops of Tours\nChristian anti-Gnosticism\nFrankish historians\nHagiographers\nPeople from Clermont-Ferrand\nHistoria Francorum\n6th-century Gallo-Roman people" ]

[ "Gregory of Tours was a leading prelate of the area that had been previously referred to as Gaul by the Romans.", "He was named after his maternal great-grandfather and was born Georgius Florentius.", "He is the primary source for Merovingian history.", "Historia Francorum (History of the Franks), a title that later chroniclers gave to it, was his most notable work, but he is also known for his accounts of miracles of saints.", "St. Gregory's writings helped promote the highly organized devotion of St. Martin's tomb in the 6th century.", "Gregory was born in central Gaul.", "He was born into the upper class of Gallo-Roman society as the son of Florentius, Senator of Clermont, and his wife Armentaria II, niece of Bishop Nicetius of Lyon and Saint Gregory of Langres.", "Gregory's family monopolised the Bishoprics of Tours, Lyon, and Langres at the time of his birth, and according to Gregory, he was connected to thirteen of the eighteen bishops of Tours preceding him.", "Gregory's paternal grandmother was descended from the martyr of Lyon.", "His father died when Gregory was young and his mother moved to Burgundy.", "Gregory had an education and lived with his uncle and successor.", "The clerical tonsure was received by Gregory.", "He visited the tomb of St. Martin at Tours after contracting a serious illness.", "He began to pursue a career in clerical work after his recovery.", "He was chosen as bishop after the death of St. Euphronius, because of his piety, learning, and humility.", "Gregory was consecrated by Giles, Bishop of Rheims, at the age of thirty-four, after being forced to acquiesce, though much against his will, at the court of King Sigebert of Austrasia.", "He worked at the council of Paris in 577, but spent most of his career at Tours.", "He lived in a rough world on the edge of the dying world of antiquity and the new culture of early medieval Europe.", "Gregory lived between the Frankish culture of the Merovingians to the north and the Gallo-Roman culture of the south of Gaul.", "Gregory was able to meet everyone of influence in the Merovingian culture at Tours.", "There are tours on the highway.", "The main thoroughfare between the Frankish north and Aquitania is home to five Roman roads.", "The Frankish influences of the north and Gallo-Roman influences of the south had their main contact at Tours.", "Important leaders fled during periods of violence and turmoil in Merovingian politics when Tours was the center for the cult of St Martin.", "Gregory had a difficult relationship with four Frankish kings, Sigebert I, Chilperic I, Guntram, and Childebert II, and he personally knew most of the leading Franks.", "Gregory wrote works in Late Latin which deviated from classical usage in a number of ways.", "Gregory of Tours' history is full of many narratives and characters.", "Gregory's history contains Christian tales of miracles, descriptions of omens and natural events, stories of Christian martyrs, dialogues of church debates, lives of holy men, lives of eccentric peasants, and complex international relations between numerous tribes and nations.", "The Bishop of Tours made a statement about Gregory's faith.", "He is a Frankish Catholic priest who follows the Nicene Creed and despises heresy like those of the \"wicked\" Arian sect.", "The narrative history begins with an epitome of the Old Testament and New Testament, followed by the spread of the Christian Religion into Gaul.", "Gregory covers the history of Christianity in Gaul and some of the major events in Roman-Gallo relations.", "The book ends with the death of Saint Martin of Tours.", "The beginning of the Merovingian dynasty is covered in Book 2.", "After his conquest of large tracts of land in modern-day France, King Clovis I died.", "Clotilde converted to Christianity with the help of her husband.", "The four male inheritors of King Clovis split his realm in AD 511.", "Theodoric I, Lothar I, Childebert I, and Chlodomer fought for supremacy of the Frankish realm.", "Despite their disagreements, the four brothers can sometimes work together against an outside threat.", "The most powerful King in the Frankish realm is Clothar.", "King Theudebert I died in 548.", "He is a descendant of Theodoric I, who died in 534 and bequeathed his kingdom to Theudebert.", "After 548, the kingdom falls to Theudebald.", "King Childebert and King Clothar died in Book 4.", "The last few years of his life show the realm of the Franks ruled by Clothar.", "The Kingdom was divided between four sons of Clothar at the time of his death, but again the kingly sons fought for control of the entire Kingdom.", "There is a truce between the brothers until the death of King Charibert I.", "King Sigibert is the strongest military force in the kingdom, and he is one of Clothar's sons.", "King Sigbert was killed in AD 575.", "Fredegund is blamed for the assassination by Gregory of Tours.", "King Chilperic is the dominant king.", "King Sigibert and his wife Brunhilda were disliked by Fredegund.", "The author of Book 5 has a lot of personal knowledge about the events in the Frankish Kingdom.", "This book is considerably longer and more detailed than the previous one, while covering a smaller amount of time.", "Gregory's impressions of ecclesiastical issues he saw in person are contained in this book.", "Gregory may have had a debate with a rival church leader.", "Childebert II, the son of King Sigibert, was introduced in book 5.", "Childebert is taken along with Brunhilda under the protection of King Gunthram.", "The young Childebert betrays his alliance with his adoptive uncle King Gunthram, the king who had protected Childebert and his mother after his father Sigibert's death.", "Childebert formed an alliance with King Chilperic, who had been an enemy of King Sigibert.", "King Chilperic was murdered in AD 584.", "Fredegund takes Regency for her son Clothar II.", "Clothar will be the king of the Franks until his death in 619, but that is beyond Gregory's narrative which ends in AD 593.", "King Gunthram protects Fredegund and her son.", "She died in AD 597.", "The rebellion of Gundovald is in the book.", "Gundovald claimed to be the illegitimate son of the King.", "Many of the Frankish nobles and the Byzantine emperor gave support to the rebellion, but it was quickly crushed by King Guntram.", "Gregory writes in Book VIII that there were many evil things done at this time.", "It begins with the travels of King Guntram to Paris and Orleans.", "King Guntram fears for his life as he becomes ill.", "Gregory believes that the king's illness is a punishment for sending a lot of bishops into exile.", "Fredegund gave two poisoned daggers to two clerics and ordered them to kill King Childebert and Brunehild.", "Childebert tortured and executed the two clerics.", "The assassination of bishop Praetextus of Rouen was carried out by Fredegund.", "King Guntram blames his army commanders for allowing atrocities and random destruction when he ordered his army to march against Spain.", "The Treaty of Andelot was signed in AD 587 between King Guntram, Brunhilda, and King Childebert II.", "Childebert is formally adopted as Guntram's heir as a result of the treaty.", "Brunhilda comes under Guntram's protection.", "Basina, the daughter of King Chilperic I and Clotilda, led a brief revolt from a nunnery.", "The 18 Bishops of Tours are described.", "There is a summary of Gregory's previous works at the end of Book Ten.", "There are ten books in The Historia Francorum.", "Books I to IV recount the world's history from the Creation, but then move on to the Christianization of Gaul, the life and times of Saint Martin of Tours, the conversion of the Franks, and the more detailed history.", "Gregory was the bishop of Tours for two years.", "Gregory begins his fifth book with \"Here, I am glad to say, begins Book V\".", "The second part of his history, books V and VI, ends with the death of Chilperic I.", "Relations between him and Gregory were tense during the years that he held Tours.", "Gregory was arrested and tried for treason, a charge which threatened both Gregory's bishopric and his life, after hearing rumors that the Bishop of Tours had been unfaithful to his wife.", "The most eloquent passage in the Historia is the closing chapter of book VI, in which Chilperic's character is summed up unsympathetically through the use of an invective: Herod and Nero are among the comparisons employed.", "The third part, VII books to X, takes his personal account of the year 591, and concludes with a plea for more chroniclers to preserve his work in its entirety.", "The year of Gregory's death was 594.", "Readers have to decide if Gregory was writing to please his patrons or if this is a royal history.", "One royal Frankish house is likely to be treated more generously than others.", "Gregory was a catholic bishop and his writing shows his views.", "His views on the nature of Christ led to a detailed expression of his orthodoxy in the Historia.", "His mockery of pagans and Jews reflected how his works were used to spread the Christian faith.", "In book 2, chapters 28–31, he describes the pagans as incestuous and weak and then describes the process by which newly converted King Clovis leads a better life than that of a pagan.", "Gregory's education focused on Aeneid and Liber de Nuptiis Mercurii et Philologiae, but also other important texts such as Orosius's Historia.", "His education did not extend to a broad understanding of the pagan classics, but rather to mastery of the Vulgate Bible.", "He complained about his use of language.", "He didn't know how to write masculine and feminine phrases in the Latin language.", "He cautions that \"we ought not to relate their lying fables, if we fall under sentence of eternal death.\"", "He seems to have thoroughly studied the lengthy and complex Vulgate Bible, as well as numerous religious works and historical treatises, which he frequently quotes, particularly in the earlier books of the Historia.", "Historians used to think that Merovingian Gaul was a chaotic, brutal mess because of Gregory's anecdotes about violence.", "Recent scholarship refutes that view.", "Scholars have concluded that Gregory's purpose was to highlight secular life and contrast it with the miracles of the Saints.", "Though Gregory conveys political and other messages through the Historia, historians agree that this contrast is the central and ever-present narrative device.", "There are twenty hagiographies of the most prominent men of the preceding generation, taking in a wide range of the spiritual community of early medieval Gaul.", "St. Illidius was praised for his purity of heart, St. Patroclus was praised for his faith in the face of weakness, and St. Nicetius was praised for his justice.", "The life of St. Nicetius of Trier is the focus of Gregory's account as his figure, predestined to be great, bestrides the lives of the others.", "It is said that he felt a weight on his head, but he wasn't able to see what it was because he couldn't smell it.", "He surmounts the others in the glory of his miracles, and was chosen by God to have the entire succession of past and future Frankish kings revealed to him.", "Gregory is seen in certain sections of the work, notably in the life of St. Leobardus.", "The accounts of the lives in a world which is understandable and recognisable, or seen from the other angle, is confirmation of the presence of miracles in the temporal world.", "Gregory began writing the Book of the Martyrs in 587 and tells the story of one Theodore who made a pilgrimage to Gaul.", "Gregory's aim in writing this book was to \"fire others with that enthusiasm by which the saints ascended to heaven\", though this was not his sole purpose, and he most surely did not expect his entire audience to show promise of such piety.", "More immediate concerns were at the forefront of his mind as he sought to create a further layer of religious commitment, not only to the Church at Rome, but to local churches and cathedrals throughout Gaul.", "His books include the Glory of the Confessors, the Glory of the Martyrs and the Life of St. Martin as well as the local.", "Within these grandiloquent lives are tales and anecdotes which tie miracles, saints and their relics to a great diversity of local areas, giving his audience with greater knowledge of their local shrine, and providing them with evidence of the work of God in their immediate vicinity, thus greatly expanding their connection with", "The common face of heresy across Europe is exposed to great ridicule, and attacks on heresy also appear throughout his hagiographies.", "The scenes which expose the weaknesses of heresy often focus on images of fire and burning, while the Catholics are proved right by the protection lavished on them by God.", "The use of the cult of St. Martin in establishing the authority of the bishopric with the congregation and in the context of the Frankish church was of great relevance to Gregory as he presided over the important see of Tours.", "Gregory's hagiography was an important part of this.", "However, this should not be seen as a selfish grab for power on behalf of the bishops who emerge triumphantly from the Life of the Fathers, but rather as a bid for control over the practice of worship, which they believed to be in the best interests of their congregation.", "Gregory tried to prove his orthodoxy with respect to the heresies of his time by including a declaration of faith in the Historia Francorum.", "The confession refutes a specific Christian heresy in many phrases.", "The Historia Francorum is the most important source for early Frankish history, representing the period of transition from late Roman to early Medieval times.", "It is the only reliable source of information about the political and military power of the Franks in one kingdom.", "Gregory has been compared to Herodotus because of his lively style, story-telling ability, and skill in conveying human interest.", "\"There can be no argument that Gregory deliberately structured his narrative to protect himself from any political attacks and that it was the political circumstances around him that governed what he could and could not write,\" said Robert Win.", "He apologized for his poor Latin in his introduction.", "The beginning of the Franks in the decaying Roman Empire can be found in the'Historia Francorum'.", "The Fourth Book of Fredegar is the fourth book in Gregory's chronology of the Franks.", "The fourth Book of Fredegar and its continuations is the only source of significance for most of the period.", "Gregory's anecdotes and stories enrich modern understanding of life and belief in Merovingian Gaul.", "The motivation behind his works was to show readers the importance and strength of Christianity, and this bias should always be remembered.", "Gregory of Tours is a historian from the 6th century Merovingian world, and his extensive literary output is a testimony to the preservation of learning and the continuity of Gallo-Roman civic culture.", "Key modern texts on Gregory of Tours include the most recent translations.", "The introduction and commentary of Lewis Thorpe's translation of The History of the Franks are not well regarded by contemporary historians.", "There are primary sources.", "The book is called Libri Historiarum X.", "Miracula et opera minora was written by Bruno Krusch and Wilhelm Levison.", "MGH SRM I 2, Hannover 1969 was written by Bruno Krusch.", "Frnkische Geschichte was written in 1885.", "3 volumes.", "It's transl.", "The book was written by Wilhelm von Giesebrecht.", "Essen 1988, by Manfred Gebauer.", "From Roman to Merovingian Gaul.", "A reader.", "And transl.", "The Glory of the confessors was written by Alexander Callander Murray.", "And transl.", "The second edition of Raymond Van Dam's Translated Texts for Historians 4 was published in 2004.", "The Glory of the Martyrs is a book.", "And transl.", "The second edition of Raymond Van Dam's Translated Texts for Historians 3 was published in 2004.", "Raymond Van Dam wrote a book about liber de passione et sancti Iuliani martyris.", "Saints and their Miracles in Late Antique Gaul was published in 1993.", "The life of the fathers.", "And transl.", "James Edward is the author of Translated Texts for Historians 1.", "The History of the Franks.", "M. Dalton was born in Oxford in 1927.", "The History of the Franks.", "L. Thorpe was a writer for Penguin.", "Historias are a collection of writings.", "Histoire des Franks is available in French Bilingual editions.", "And transl.", "There is a vol. of Léonard Bordier.", "Paris was founded in Paris in Paris in Paris in Paris in Paris in Paris in Paris in Paris in Paris in Paris in Paris in Paris in Paris in Paris in Paris in Paris in Paris in Paris in Paris in Paris in Paris in Paris in Paris in Paris in Paris in Paris in Paris in", "Zehn Bcher ist.", "Band I-II.", "And transl.", "Giesebrecht and Buchner were from Darmstadt.", "The Cult of the Saints was a secondary source.", "The Narrators of Barbarian History was published in 1988.", "The Gregory of Tours and Women of the Merovingian Elite was published in 2015.", "Gregory's Chess Board: Monastic Conflict and Competition in Early Medieval Gaul was written by Diem.", "Brepols, Turnhout 2015, pp.", "165–1.", "Tours: History and Society in the Sixth Century was written by Martin and Gregory.", "Christopher Carroll was born in Cambridge in 2001.", "James wrote The Franks in 1988.", "Kaiser, Reinhold, and Das rmische Erbe are from Mnchen 2004.", "The Sixth Century contains Loseby's \"Marseille and the Pirenne thesis, I: Gregory of Tours, the Merovingian kings and 'un grand port'\".", "Production, Distribution and Demand was edited by Richard and William.", "Brill Academic Publishers published in 1998.", "In Franks and Alamanni in the Merovingian period: an Ethnographic Perspective, Ian N. Wood edited Loseby's \"Gregory's cities: urban functions in sixth-century Gaul\".", "Boydell & Brewer was founded in 1998.", "Shannon McSheffrey wrote The History of the Franks.", "Mitchell.", "Kathleen and Wood.", "Ian is a writer.", "The World of Gregory of Tours was written in 2002.", "A.C. Murray.", "There is an ed.", "There is a companion to Gregory of Tours.", "\"L'ingenium artis di Gregorio di Tours\" was written by Antonio Serra.", "Invigilata Lucernis 32 is titled Preliminari d'indagine.", "157–175.", "Saints and their miracles in late antique Gaul.", "Ian N. Wood wrote The Merovingian kingdoms.", "Ian N. Wood and Gregory of Tours were in Bangor in 1994.", "The primary witness of the De Cursu stellarum History lecture is the Staatsbibliothek Bamberg Msc.Patr.61, which can be found on the internet." ]

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[ "Gregory", "Tours", "Gregory", "Gregory", "Gregory", "Gregory", "Gregory", "Gregory", "Gregory", "Gregory", "Gregory", "Gregory", "Gregory", "Gregory", "Gregory", "Gregory", "Gregory", "Gregory", "Gregory", "Gregory", "Gregory", "Gregory", "Gregory", "Gregory", "Gregory", "Gregory", "Gregory", "Gregory", "Gregory", "Gregory", "Gregory", "Gregory", "Gregory", "Gregory", "Gregory", "Gregory", "Gregory", "Gregory", "Gregory", "Gregory", "Gregory", "Gregory", "Gregory", "Gregory", "Gregory", "Gregory", "Gregory", "Gregory", "Gregory", "Gregory", "Gregory", "Gregory", "Gregory", "Gregory", "Gregory", "Gregory", "Gregory", "Gregory" ]

[ "Rabbi Dr. Bernard (Yissochar Dov) Illowy (born 1814 in Kolín, Bohemia – d. June 22, 1871 in Cincinnati, Ohio) was a rabbi and leader of Orthodox Judaism in the United States.", "Biography\nIllowy descended from a family of religious scholars; his great-grandfather, Jacob Illowy, was the rabbi of Kolin.", "Illowy studied in his native city, later at the school of Rabbi Moses Sofer in Pressburg, where he received rabbinic ordination.", "Subsequently, Illowy received a PhD from the University of Budapest.", "Illowy continued his studies at the rabbinical college in Padua, Italy, and then returned to Bohemia, where for a time he was engaged in teaching and tutoring secular subjects in Znaim, Moravia.", "He served as a professor in a Gymnasium in Znaim as well.", "About the year 1845 he married Katherine Schiff, the daughter of Wolf Schiff, a prominent merchant in Raudnitz, Bohemia.", "Known for his oratory ability, many of his English sermons and addresses were published.", "He was reportedly an accomplished linguist, and besides a thorough knowledge of Latin, Greek, and Hebrew, spoke fluent German, English, French, and Italian.", "Illowy was unable to secure a position in the rabbinate in Europe due to his opposition to the Habsburg Empire.", "He was suspected of sympathizing with the local revolutionary elements during the upheavals of 1848.", "He therefore, emigrated to the United States where he had an easier time being hired as a rabbi.", "He was rabbi in New York City, Syracuse, Philadelphia, Baltimore, St. Louis and New Orleans, and finally Cincinnati, where he retired.", "Throughout his tenure in the United States, he was an ardent opponent of the spread of the Reform movement, eloquently and to an extent, successfully challenging the movement's religious innovations and leadership in the press in the United States and Germany.", "Jewish Beliefs\n\nIllowy, like Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch in Germany wanted to strengthen traditional Torah law observance in the United States.", "Towards that goal, he was one of the promoters of the Cleveland Conference of 1855 that was to unify the rabbis in the United States towards the goal of strengthening religious observance.", "When it appeared to him that the conference was going to be used as a platform to spread and strengthen Reform Judaism, which he believed would be contrary to his reasons for such a gathering, he withdrew his support for, and did not attend the conference.", "Rabbi Illowy's mastery of halacha became renowned throughout the United States, and halachic questions were addressed to him by pious Jews in America, looking for religious guidance.", "Some of those decisions were published in the press in New York and Philadelphia, as well as Illowy's son's book, Milchamoth Elohim.", "Rabbi Illowy's political views regarding the Civil War were reflective of Confederate citizens of the day, agreeing in principle to the South's right of secession and the right to hold slaves.", "St. Louis\n\nIn 1854, Illowy became the first rabbi of United Hebrew Congregation in St. Louis, then an Orthodox congregation.", "That same year, he started St. Louis's first Hebrew School which was the first Jewish parochial school in the city.", "He resigned after one year of service due to \"philosophical differences\" with the congregation.", "New Orleans\n\nWhile speaking at a National Fast Day program in Baltimore, Maryland, on January 4, 1861, Illowy said, \"Who can blame our brethren of the South for seceding from a society whose government can not, or will not, protect the property rights and privileges of a great portion of the Union against the encroachments of a majority misguided by some influential, ambitious aspirants and selfish politicians who, under the color of religion and the disguise of philanthropy, have thrown the country into a general state of confusion, and millions into want and poverty?\"", "Illowy's remarks that day led the German Jewish community of New Orleans, which had been looking for a new rabbi after the death of its last leader, to hire him as their new rabbi.", "Illowy's most remarkable achievements were in New Orleans as the rabbi of the Shangarai Chasset synagogue.", "As noted by Jacob Rader Marcus and other historians, religious observance in New Orleans was weak, with high rates of intermarriage, lack of observance of kosher laws, and a lack of observance of Torah rules – amongst the rabbinate, not to mention their congregants.", "Upon Illowy's arrival to the New Orleans community, and during his term as rabbi, 1861–1865, the level of Jewish religious observance increased.", "Various sources detail the increased religious observance, particularly of Shabbat and kosher laws, during the years he served the congregation.", "One of Rabbi Illowy's decisions about kashruth was cited in 2008 as still affecting American Jewry today, as noted in the following excerpt: \"It’s the muscovy duck that’s highly controversial, due to its ban in America by the ascerbic Rabbi Bernard Illowy in the mid 1800s.", "As such, it is still not recognized as kosher in the States today, but in Israel, no such ban ever existed.\"", "Rabbi Illowy is remembered as a \"caustic personality, once remarking that despite the presence of more than 200 Jewish communities in America in his time, there were only four ordained rabbis in the whole country (including himself); and of those four, the other three were students of Bilaam ha-Rasha.\"", "A similar comment about the sad state of Orthodox Jewry in the United States was made by traveler Israel J. Benjamin in his writings, noting there were over 200 Orthodox congregations in the United States during his journey, but there were only three truly credible rabbis, one in New York, a second in Philadelphia and Illowy in New Orleans.", "Illowy's efforts slowly bore the fruits of his labor.", "His son, Dr. Henry Illoway wrote that shortly after his father took the position in New Orleans, “In one congregation in which he entered upon his duties on the first day of the New Year there were but four or five members who kept a kosher house, and upon the festival of Sukkot there was not a Sukkah in the whole membership.", "A year later there were over forty Sukkot in the congregation, and almost every house strictly kosher.” Similar claims are noted in The Occident and American Jewish Advocate, giving credit to the synagogue's president S. Friedlander for his support of Illowy.", "Isaac Markens, in his 1909 work Abraham Lincoln and the Jews noted that Illowy gave a memorial lecture at Shangarai Chasset for assassinated President Abraham Lincoln.", "During Union occupation of New Orleans, he had a friendship with Union Major General Nathaniel P. Banks, Commander-in-Chief of the Department of Louisiana, as well as with many other high officials, both of the military and the civil administration, and was able to do much good for many of his congregants.", "Despite his charismatic leadership and immense scholarship, after the end of the Civil War, a large influx of Jews from other parts of the Confederacy – where the Reform movement had taken hold – became the majority of the membership of Shangarai Chasset.", "The new membership voted out the trustees who were supportive of Rabbi Illowy's leadership, and instituted Reform practices in the synagogue.", "As a result, Illowy resigned his position, and moved to Cincinnati, assuming the pulpit of a newly established Orthodox congregation.", "In describing the Shangarai Chasset membership's vote to initiate changes to his synagogue, bitterly, Illowy wrote in the German paper Der Israelit, that: \"The enemies of goodness and religion destroyed all... my delicate garden devastated.\"", "While Orthodox history books and articles laud Illowy's efforts and conviction to his beliefs heroic and inspirational, some scholars suggest that an unintended consequence of Illowy's constant criticism of the community's lax religious observance created a more fertile environment for Reform to take root within his own synagogue.", "Cincinnati\n\nIllowy continued to express his opposition to Reform from his last pulpit in Cincinnati – ironically, the base of the Reform movement – albeit to little avail.", "His pleas, as eloquent as they may have been, were unable to affect the actions of the everyday lives of the growing Jewish communities throughout the United States.", "Congregations, requiring rabbinic guidance tended to be open to the liberal innovations of the Reform movement, and heard little opposition in the United States.", "Thus (whether actively in agreement with the movement's innovations, or passively out of indifference and a desire to maintain a connection to their faith) congregational pulpits were filled by graduates of the Reform movement's rabbinical program.", "Many congregations founded as Orthodox synagogues scattered through the United States joined the Union of American Hebrew Congregations throughout his life and after his death.", "Illowy died in an accident on his farm in Cincinnati.", "His yahrzeit, 3 Tammuz is noted in certain Orthodox circles, by adherents that say prayers to elevate the memories of righteous individuals.", "References\n\nSources\n Benjamin, Israel Joseph.", "Three Years in America, 1859–1862.", "(Arno Press 1975). .\n Jackson, Chuck.", "'Rabbi Bernard Illowy' in Generations (Jewish Genealogical Society of St. Louis, April 2004)\n Kahn, Catherine C. and Lachoff, Irwin.", "The Jewish Community of New Orleans.", "(Arcadia Publishing 2005) .", "Sarna, Jonathan D. American Judaism: A History.", "(Yale University Press 2005) .", "Singer, Samuel.", "Biographical sketch noted in Jewish Observer\nBernard Illowy at the Jewish Encyclopedia.", "Accessed 2007-08-04.", "Markens, Isaac.", "Lincoln and the Jews New York, 1909 \n\nAmerican Orthodox rabbis\nAustro-Hungarian emigrants to the United States\n1814 births\n1871 deaths\n19th-century American rabbis" ]

[ "Rabbi Dr. Bernard Illowy died on June 22, 1871 in Cincinnati, Ohio.", "Illowy's great-grandfather, Jacob Illowy, was the rabbi of Kolin.", "Illowy received rabbinic ordination at the school of Rabbi Sofer in Pressburg.", "Illowy received a PhD from the University of Budapest.", "Illowy continued his studies at the rabbinical college in Padua, Italy, and then returned to Bohemia, where he was engaged in teaching and tutoring secular subjects.", "He was a professor in the Gymnasium.", "He married the daughter of Wolf Schiff, a prominent merchant, in 1845.", "Many of his English sermons and addresses were published.", "He was said to be an accomplished linguist, with a thorough knowledge of Latin, Greek, and Hebrew, as well as German, English, French, and Italian.", "Illowy was unable to get a position in the rabbinate due to his opposition to the Habsburg Empire.", "He was thought to have sympathized with the local revolutionaries during the upheavals of 1848.", "He had an easier time being hired as a rabbi in the United States.", "He worked in New York City, Syracuse, Philadelphia, Baltimore, St. Louis and New Orleans before retiring in Cincinnati.", "He was an ardent opponent of the spread of the Reform movement and successfully challenged the movement's religious innovations and leadership in the press in the United States and Germany.", "The Jewish Beliefs Illowy wanted to strengthen traditional Torah law in the United States.", "He was a promoter of the Cleveland Conference of 1854 that was to unify the rabbis in the United States in order to strengthen religious observance.", "He withdrew his support for the conference when he realized that it was going to be used as a platform to spread and strengthen Reform Judaism.", "In the United States, Rabbi Illowy's mastery of Halacha became renowned, and halachic questions were addressed to him by Jews looking for religious guidance.", "Illowy's son's book was published in the press in New York and Philadelphia.", "The views of Rabbi Illowy regarding the Civil War were in line with those of the Confederate citizens of the day.", "Illowy was the first rabbi of the United Hebrew Congregation in St. Louis.", "The Hebrew School in St. Louis was the first Jewish parochial school in the city.", "He resigned due tophilosophical differences with the congregation.", "While speaking at a National Fast Day program in Baltimore, Maryland, on January 4, 1861, Illowy said, \"Who can blame our brethren of the South for seceding from a society whose government can not, or will not, protect the property rights and privileges of a great portion of", "The German Jewish community of New Orleans hired Illowy as their new rabbi because of his remarks that day.", "Illowy was the rabbi of the New Orleans synagogue.", "In New Orleans, there were high rates of intermarriage, lack of kosher laws, and a lack of Torah rules among the rabbinate.", "During Illowy's time as rabbi in New Orleans, the level of Jewish religious observance increased.", "He served the congregation for a number of years, during which time he observed Shabbat and kosher laws.", "The muscovy duck, which was banned in America by the ascerbic Rabbi Bernard, was cited in 2008 as still affecting American Jewry.", "It is not recognized as kosher in the US today, but in Israel, there has never been a ban.", "Rabbi Illowy once remarked that despite the presence of more than 200 Jewish communities in America in his time, there were only four ordinations of rabbis in the whole country.", "Israel J. Benjamin wrote about the sad state of Orthodox Jewry in the United States, but there were only three truly credible rabbis, one in New York and another in Philadelphia.", "Slowly, Illowy's efforts bore the fruits of his labor.", "In one congregation in which he entered upon his duties on the first day of the new year, there were only four or five members who kept a kosher house, according to his son, Dr. Henry Illoway.", "The Occident and American Jewish Advocate give credit to the synagogue's president S. Friedlander for his support of Illowy.", "In his 1909 work Abraham Lincoln and the Jews, Markens noted that Illowy gave a memorial lecture at the site of Lincoln's assassination.", "He had a friendship with Major General Nathaniel P. Banks, Commander-in-Chief of the Department of Louisiana, as well as with many other high officials, both of the military and the civil administration, and was able to do much good for many of them.", "After the end of the Civil War, a large influx of Jews from other parts of the Confederacy became the majority of the membership.", "The trustees who were supportive of Rabbi Illowy's leadership were voted out by the new membership.", "Illowy moved to Cincinnati, assuming the pulpit of a newly established Orthodox congregation, after he resigned his position.", "Illowy wrote in the German paper that the enemies of goodness and religion destroyed his garden.", "While Orthodox history books and articles laud Illowy's efforts and conviction to his beliefs heroic and inspirational, some scholars suggest that an unforeseen consequence of Illowy's constant criticism of the community's lax religious observance created a more fertile environment for Reform to take root within his own", "Cincinnati Illowy continued to express his opposition to Reform from his last pulpit in Cincinnati, which was the base of the Reform movement.", "The actions of the Jewish communities in the United States were not affected by his pleas.", "The Reform movement's liberal innovations were open to rabbinic guidance, and little opposition was heard in the United States.", "Graduates of the Reform movement's rabbinical program filled the pulpits of the churches they attended.", "Many Orthodox synagogues scattered through the United States joined the Union of American Hebrew Congregations after his death.", "Illowy died in a farm accident.", "Some Orthodox circles say prayers to elevate the memories of righteous individuals.", "The sources are Benjamin and Israel Joseph.", "Three years in America.", "The Arno Press was published in 1975.", "The Jewish Genealogical Society of St. Louis published 'Rabbi Bernard Illowy' in Generations.", "There is a Jewish community in New Orleans.", "Arcadia Publishing was published in 2005.", "American Judaism: A History was written by Jonathan D. Sarna.", "TheYale University Press was published in 2005.", "Samuel is a singer.", "There is a biographical sketch at the Jewish Encyclopedia.", "This page was last updated on 2007-08-04.", "Markens, I.", "Lincoln and the Jews New York, 1909 American Orthodox rabbis." ]

[ "Bernard (", ") Illowy", "Jacob Illowy", "Illowy", "Illowy", "Bernard Illow", "Rabbi Illowy", "Rabbi Illowy", "Illowy", "Illowy", "Rabbi Bernard", "Bernard Illowy" ]

[ "Bernard Illowy", "Jacob Illowy", "Illowy", "Illowy", "Illowy", "Rabbi Bernard", "Illowy", "Rabbi Illowy", "Illowy", "Illowy", "Rabbi Bernard" ]

[ "Emily FitzGerald, Duchess of Leinster (6 October 1731 – 27 March 1814), known before 1747 as Lady Emily Lennox, from 1747 to 1761 as The Countess of Kildare and from 1761 to 1766 as The Marchioness of Kildare, was the second of the famous Lennox sisters, daughters of Charles Lennox, 2nd Duke of Richmond (who was illegitimately descended from King Charles II of England and one of his mistresses).", "Early life\nLady Emily married James FitzGerald, 20th Earl of Kildare, on 7 February 1747.", "After their wedding in London, the couple returned to Fitzgerald's native Ireland, first residing at Leinster House then Carton House.", "Their marriage was reportedly a happy one, despite Lord Kildare's infidelities.", "The couple had nineteen children:\n\nGeorge FitzGerald, Earl of Offaly (15 January 1748 – Richmond House, 26 September 1765) he died at the age of seventeen.", "William FitzGerald, 2nd Duke of Leinster (12 March 1749 – 20 October 1804) he married Hon.", "Emilia St. George (daughter of St George Saint-George, 1st Baron St George) on 4 November 1775.", "They had nine children\nLady Caroline FitzGerald (21 June 1750 – 13 April 1754) died at the age of three.", "Lady Emily Mary FitzGerald (15 March 1751 – 8 April 1818) she married Charles Coote, 1st Earl of Bellomont on 20 August 1774.", "They had five children.", "Lady Henrietta FitzGerald (9 December 1753 – 10 September 1763) died the age of nine.", "Lady Caroline FitzGerald (April 1755)\nCharles FitzGerald, 1st Baron Lecale (30 June 1756 – 30 June 1810) he married twice and had two illegitimate children.", "Lady Charlotte Mary Gertrude FitzGerald (29 May 1758 – 13 September 1836) she married Joseph Strutt on 23 February 1789.", "They had four children.", "Lady Louisa Bridget FitzGerald (19 June 1760 – January 1765) died at the age of four.", "Lord Henry FitzGerald (30 July 1761 – 8 July 1829) he married Charlotte Boyle-Walsingham on 3 August 1791.", "They had twelve children.", "Lady Sophia Sarah Mary FitzGerald (26 September 1762 – 21 March 1845).", "Lord Edward FitzGerald (15 October 1763 – 4 June 1798) he married Stéphanie Caroline Anne Syms on 27 December 1792.", "They had three children.", "Lord Robert Stephen FitzGerald (1765 – 2 January 1833), a diplomat; married Sophia Charlotte Fielding and had issue.", "Lord Gerald FitzGerald (January 1766 – 1788).", "Drowned, went down with the ship in which he was serving.", "Lord Augustus FitzGerald (15 January 1767 – 2 January 1771) died at the age of three.", "Lady Fanny FitzGerald (28 January 1770 – 1775) died at the age of five.", "Lady Lucy Anne FitzGerald (5 February 1771 – 1851) she married Admiral Sir Thomas Foley on 31 July 1802.", "Lady Louisa FitzGerald (1772 – 1776) she died at the age of four.", "Lord George Simon FitzGerald (16 April 1773 – May 1783).", "Recognized as son of Lord Kildare, but in fact was the biological child of the Fitzgerald children's tutor, William Ogilvie.", "Lord Kildare was created successively Marquess of Kildare and Duke of Leinster in recognition of his contribution to the political life of his country.", "It was partly the Duke's influence that led to a rift between the Duchess and her eldest sister, Caroline Fox, 1st Baroness Holland.", "Later life\n\nAfter the death of Lord Kildare on 19 November 1773, Emily married her children's tutor, William Ogilvie, on 26 August 1774.", "Emily and Ogilvie had begun an affair some years earlier in Frescati House.", "Despite her remarriage she continued to be known as The Dowager Duchess of Leinster.", "Ogilvie was nine years her junior, and was the natural father of her youngest son from her first marriage.", "They lived for part of their marriage at Ardglass Castle in Ardglass, County Down, where Ogilvie worked to develop the village.", "A further three children were born to them after their marriage:\n\nCecilia Margaret Ogilvie (9 July 1775 – 1824) she married Charles Lock on 12 July 1795.", "They had three daughters.", "Charlotte Ogilvie (born and died 1777).", "Emily Charlotte \"Mimie\" Ogilvie (May 1778 – 22 January 1832) she married Charles George Beauclerk (son of Topham Beauclerk and his wife, Lady Diana Spencer; briefly an MP) on 29 April 1799.", "They had thirteen children.", "Emily was treated generously in her first husband's will.", "He left her a jointure of 4,000 annually (increased from the £3,000 promised in the settlement), and a life interest in Leinster House (Dublin) and Carton (which she exchanged for Frescati House and £40,000) together with all their contents.", "She had brought the usual ducal daughter's dowry of £10,000, so the jointure and other payments would financially cripple her son, the second Duke of Leinster.", "The first Duke also made over-generous provisions for his younger sons and all his daughters.", "Emily also received the usual annuity of £400 annually for each of the minor children who lived with her, even after her remarriage to Ogilvie.", "Thus, Emily and William Ogilvie were probably financially better off than her son, the second Duke, who existed on less than £7,000 annually, out of which he had to run two large houses, play a role in Irish politics, and also provide lavish dowries of £10,000 each for three sisters who married.", "He also had to pay huge annuities (£2,000 each) to his two younger brothers Lord Lecale and Lord Henry Fitzgerald, and to pay his youngest brothers £10,000 each at their majority.", "Since Emily lived to 1814 (outliving the second Duke by ten years), all these generous testamentary provisions, along with the huge building costs incurred by the first Duke, crippled the Leinsters for generations.", "Fourteen of her children predeceased her.", "One of her sons, Lord Edward FitzGerald, was a major figure in the republican movement, and was killed during the Irish Rebellion of 1798.", "She died on 27 March 1814 in Grosvenor Square, London.", "Popular culture\nIn 1999, Irish Screen, BBC America and WGBH produced Aristocrats, a six-part limited television series based on the lives of Emily Lennox and her sisters.", "Geraldine Somerville and Siân Phillips portray Emily as a young woman and as an older woman, respectively.", "The series aired in the US on PBS stations under the aegis of the anthology series Masterpiece Theater; in the UK it aired on the BBC.", "The series was based on Stella Tillyard's 1994 biography, Aristocrats: Caroline, Emily, Louisa and Sarah Lennox 1740-1832.", "References\n\nBibliography\n\nSources\n\nCitations\n\n1731 births\n1814 deaths\nDaughters of British dukes\nBritish duchesses by marriage\nEmily" ]

[ "From 1747 to 1761 as The Countess of Kildare and from 1761 to 1766 as The Marchioness of Kildare, Emily FitzGerald was the second of the famous Lennox sisters.", "James FitzGerald was the 20th Earl of Kildare.", "After their wedding in London, the couple moved to Ireland, first to Leinster House and then to Carton House.", "Despite Lord Kildare's infidelities, their marriage was said to be happy.", "The Earl of Offaly, George FitzGerald, died at the age of seventeen.", "William FitzGerald was the 2nd Duke of Leinster.", "The daughter of St George Saint-George, 1st Baron St George, was born on November 4, 1775.", "They had nine children and one died at the age of three.", "The wife of Charles Coote was Lady Emily Mary FitzGerald.", "They had five children.", "The age of Lady FitzGerald was nine.", "The 1st Baron Lecale married twice and had two illegitimate children.", "Lady Charlotte Mary FitzGerald married Joseph Strutt on February 23, 1789.", "There were four children.", "Lady Louisa FitzGerald was four years old when she died.", "Lord Henry FitzGerald wed Charlotte Boyle-Walsingham on 3 August 1791.", "There were twelve children.", "Lady Sophia Sarah Mary FitzGerald lived from September 1762 to March 1845.", "Stéphanie Anne Syms was married to Lord Edward FitzGerald on December 27, 1792.", "They had three children.", "Lord Robert Stephen FitzGerald was a diplomat and had an issue.", "Lord Gerald FitzGerald was born in January 1766", "Drowned was on the ship that he was on.", "The death of Lord Augustus FitzGerald occurred at the age of three.", "Lady FitzGerald died at the age of five.", "Lady Lucy Anne FitzGerald married Sir Thomas Foley on July 31, 1802.", "Lady Louisa FitzGerald was four years old when she died.", "The Lord George Simon FitzGerald was born in April 1773 and died in May 1783.", "William Ogilvie was the biological child of the Fitzgerald children's tutor.", "Lord Kildare was made a duke in recognition of his contribution to the political life of his country.", "The Duke's influence led to a rift between the Duchess and her sister, 1st Baroness Holland.", "After the death of Lord Kildare, Emily married her children's tutor, William Ogilvie.", "Emily and Ogilvie were having an affair in Frescati House.", "She continued to be known as The Dowager Duchess despite her remarriage.", "Ogilvie was the father of her youngest son from her first marriage.", "Ogilvie worked to develop the village at Ardglass Castle, where they lived for part of their marriage.", "Cecilia Margaret Ogilvie married Charles Lock on 12 July 1795 and gave birth to three children.", "They had three daughters.", "Charlotte Ogilvie died in 1777.", "On April 29, 1799, Emily Charlotte Ogilvie married Charles George Beauclerk, son of Topham Beauclerk and his wife, Lady Diana Spencer.", "There were thirteen children.", "Emily was treated well in her first husband's will.", "He left her a jointure of 4,000 annually and a life interest in Leinster House and Carton, which she exchanged for Frescati House and £40,000, together with all their contents.", "The jointure and other payments would financially cripple her son, the second Duke of Leinster, because she brought the usual ducal daughter's dowry of £10,000.", "The first Duke made generous provisions for his sons and daughters.", "After her remarriage to Ogilvie, Emily received an annuity of £400 annually for each of the minor children who lived with her.", "Emily and William Ogilvie had more money than their son, the second Duke, who had to run two large houses out of which he had to play a role in Irish politics.", "He had to pay huge annuities to his two younger brothers, Lord Lecale and Lord Henry Fitzgerald, as well as to pay his youngest brothers £10,000 each at their majority.", "The Leinsters were crippled by the generous testamentary provisions, along with the huge building costs incurred by the first Duke, since Emily lived to 1814.", "Fourteen of her children died before her.", "Lord Edward FitzGerald was killed during the Irish Rebellion of 1798 and was a major figure in the republican movement.", "She died in London in 1814.", "The lives of Emily and her sisters were the subject of a six-part limited television series in 1999.", "They portray Emily as a young woman and an older woman.", "The series was aired in the US on PBS stations and in the UK on the BBC.", "The series was based on a biography.", "There were births and deaths of British dukes and British duchesses." ]

[ "Emily FitzGerald", "Emily Lennox", "Emily", "Emily Mary", "Emily", "Emily", "Emily Charlotte", "Emily", "Emily", "Emily", "Emily", "Emily Lennox", "Emily", "Emily" ]

[ "Emily FitzGeral", "Emily Mary", "Emily", "Emily", "Emily Charlotte", "Emily", "Emily", "Emily", "Emily", "Emily", "Emily" ]

[ "Lucien Lagrange (born 1940 in France) is an architect and a former partner at Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, who founded his own firm, named Lucien Lagrange Architects in 1985.", "The studio is a representative of New Urbanism and New Classical Architecture.", "Lagrange is a French-born architect who came to Chicago, Illinois after studying at McGill University.", "He currently lives in a Louis Sullivan designed Lincoln Park community area house.", "As an architect, he is inspired by Louis Sullivan and Auguste Perret.", "He is currently involved in the construction or renovation of seven notable buildings in Chicago, Illinois: 10 East Delaware, Blackstone Hotel, the Waldorf Astoria Chicago, Lincoln Park 2550, Ritz-Carlton Chicago, 208 South LaSalle and X/O.", "Lagrange designed the renovation of the Chicago Landmark Carbide & Carbon Building into the Hard Rock Hotel and designed the Park Tower.", "He has also renovated the Union Station (Chicago) and designed the 29 South LaSalle, The Pinnacle, InterContinental Chicago.", "In 2008 Lagrange designed Manhattan's ultra luxury 535 West End Avenue, which is one of the most prestigious residential addresses in New York City, as well as the Touraine at 65th and Lexington.", "Education\nLagrange grew up in the Provence region of France as the son of a mason.", "He lived in France until he was eighteen years old when he moved to Montreal, Quebec in 1959 as a high school dropout.", "He chose Montreal because they speak French.", "When he arrived in Montreal he worked various odd jobs and eventually felt a desire to become an architect.", "He returned to school at age twenty-five.", "He had to take night classes to complete his high school education.", "Then, he enrolled at Sherbrooke University in engineering.", "After his first year, he got accepted to McGill University, which was his first choice for architecture study.", "He obtained his B.Arch.", "degree in 1972 from McGill.", "During his course of study, he was encouraged to find a job with a major architectural firm in 1968.", "He came to visit Chicago that year and saw the construction of the John Hancock Center well underway.", "He had been a draftsman, but now decided to shift from getting odd jobs to getting hired by a major firm.", "At school, Peter Collins, a professor of his, gave him a book with only the initials S.O.M.", "on the cover.", "At the same time he made some business contacts with Ludwig Mies van der Rohe who was working on Westmount Square at a time when Lagrange was doing some shop drawings.", "He eventually called Mies' office and requested a job, but was told that they only had enough work to take on a few students and were committed to some from the Illinois Institute of Technology.", "They said they could refer him to either C.F.", "Murphy or Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (S.O.M.).", "Because of the book his professor had given him he chose S.O.M for summer 1968 employment.", "His skill as a draftsman quickly got him assigned as a designer for Bruce Graham.", "He credits his summers with Bruce Graham learning how to combine his technical side with learning the design spectrum to successfully put buildings together.", "He became a top student at McGill and graduated in 1972.", "Post graduate experience\nAfter graduating Lagrange had to return to France to fight charges of draft dodging the French Army.", "He had avoided involvement in French military confrontations in Algeria for twelve years.", "He won his fight, which enables him to freely return to France.", "He then returned to Montreal to work for Norbert Schoenauer for a year on a multi-family residential housing project in northern Quebec.", "Then he worked with S.O.M.", "who were the urban planners for a Canadian Pacific/Bank of Montreal assignment.", "He then worked on various assignments in Chicago and Montreal until 1978 when he moved to Chicago permanently.", "He worked with S.O.M.", "on broad range of projects: 40-story skyscraper towers, a property in Los Angeles, California, a building with six hundred apartments in Europe, a transportation centre, hotels, and a very diversified hotel property that included a motel, hotel, apartment building, parking structure, office building, retail.", "Then in 1985 he left to start Lucien Lagrange Architects.", "Architecture career\n\n \nLagrange has a reputation as Chicago's architect for the wealthy.", "In fact, he is considered the go-to guy for classically inspired high-end residential buildings.", "As such he is known for understanding luxurious lifestyle and incorporating it into designs so that art collections, vast wardrobes, jewelry safes, chefs, florists, and refrigerated fur storage are accommodated.", "As an employer he has a reputation as an oligarchic ruler.", "When he was interviewed in 1997 about his first thirty years in architecture he marvelled at two major transformations.", "First he noted that the advent of the personal computer has changed the zipatone process.", "Then he noted that the real estate/architecture has also changed because \"Projects are financed in a very different way, .", ". . We don't custom design everything.", "We use components, which are pre-designed, curtain walls, ceiling tiles.", "All the systems exist and we just integrate them in the architecture, which also means we can do a set of working drawings a lot faster today.\"", "With the Lincoln Park 2550 project, Lagrange is currently endeavoring to design the property's so that every unit to have a view of a French garden inspired by an 18th-century chateau that once housed Madame de Pompadour.", "Lagrange designed the Catalyst, a contemporary-style $100 million high-rise condominium planned at the northeast corner of Washington and Des Plaines in Chicago's Near West Side community area.", "Real estate developer Gary Rosenberg said, \"Lucien Lagrange, the highly acclaimed award-winning architect for Catalyst, has created a striking geometric 22-story skyscraper, which immediately captures the eye when approaching the Chicago Loop from the [Kennedy] expressway.", "The building's design is unique with jutting blocks of glass space creating geometric squares and rectangles which seem to float on the building's façade, along with a strong vertical element which highlights the contemporary sleek style.\"", "Lagrange designed the Ritz-Carlton Residences on Chicago's Magnificent Mile, a 40-story condominium tower built at 664 North Michigan Avenue.", "In 1996, Lucien Lagrange & Associates designed the building to rise at Rush Street and Chicago Avenue on the site then occupied by the 16-story Park Hyatt.", "In 2008 Lagrange designed Manhattan's ultra Luxury 535 West End Avenue which is one of the most prestigious residential addresses in New York City.", "In 2010 Lagrange closed his office and filed chapter 11 bankruptcy while going through a divorce.", "\"Mr. Lagrange declines to comment about the firm's finances and says the Chapter 11 filing was merely a pragmatic business decision he made after deciding it was time to retire.\"", "Mr. Lagrange is currently designing under the Lucien Lagrange Studio brand.", "Notes\n\nExternal links\n\nLucien Lagrange Architects official site\nLucien Lagrange Architects emporis page\nErie on the Park\n840 North Lake Shore Drive (see also)\n\n1940 births\nFrench emigrants to the United States\nLiving people\nMcGill School of Architecture alumni\nArtists from Chicago\nNew Classical architects\n20th-century French architects\n20th-century American architects\n21st-century American architects" ]

[ "A former partner at Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, and founder of his own firm, Lucien Lagrange Architects, was born in 1940 in France.", "New Urbanism and New Classical Architecture are represented in the studio.", "After studying at a Canadian university, Lagrange came to Chicago, Illinois.", "He lives in a Louis Sullivan designed house.", "He is inspired by Louis Sullivan and Auguste Perret.", "He is involved in the construction or renovation of seven notable buildings in Chicago, Illinois: 10 East Delaware, Blackstone Hotel, the Waldorf Astoria Chicago, Lincoln Park 2550, Ritz-Carlton Chicago, and X/O.", "The Hard Rock Hotel and the Park Tower were designed by Lagrange.", "He designed the InterContinental Chicago and renovated the Union Station.", "The 535 West End Avenue is one of the most prestigious residential addresses in New York City and was designed in 2008.", "The son of a mason, Education Lagrange grew up in the Provence region of France.", "He was a high school dropout and MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE", "They speak French so he chose Montreal.", "He wanted to become an architect after he arrived in Montreal.", "At the age of twenty-five, he returned to school.", "He had to take night classes to graduate from high school.", "He studied engineering at the university.", "After his first year at the university, he was accepted to study architecture.", "He obtained a degree.", "In 1972 there was a degree from McGill.", "In 1968 he was encouraged to find a job with a major architectural firm.", "He was in Chicago that year and saw the construction of the John Hancock Center.", "He decided to shift from getting odd jobs to getting hired by a major firm after being a draftsman.", "Peter Collins gave a book with the initials S.O.M. to him at school.", "The cover has something on it.", "He made some business contacts with Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, who was working on Westmount Square, at the same time as he was doing some shop drawings.", "He called Mies' office and requested a job, but was told they only had enough work to take on a few students from the Illinois Institute of Technology.", "They said they could refer him to C.F.", "S.O.M. refers to Murphy or Skidmore.", "He chose S.O.M because of the book his professor gave him.", "He was assigned as a designer for Bruce Graham because of his skill as a draftsman.", "He credits Bruce Graham with learning how to combine his technical side with his design side to successfully put buildings together.", "He graduated from McGill in 1972 as a top student.", "After graduating, Lagrange had to return to France to fight charges of dodging the French Army.", "He was not involved in French military confrontations in Algeria for twelve years.", "He was able to return to France after winning his fight.", "He returned to Montreal to work on a multi- family housing project in northern Quebec.", "He worked with S.O.M.", "The planners were for the Canadian Pacific/Bank of Montreal assignment.", "He moved to Chicago permanently in 1978 after working in Chicago and Montreal.", "He worked for S.O.M.", "A wide range of projects include 40-story skyscraper towers, a property in Los Angeles, California, a building with six hundred apartments in Europe, a transportation centre, hotels, and a very diversified hotel property that included a motel, hotel, apartment building, parking structure, office building, retail.", "He left in 1985 to start a new firm.", "Chicago 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266", "He is the go-to guy for classically inspired high-end residential buildings.", "He is known for understanding luxurious lifestyle and incorporating it into designs so that art collections, vast wardrobes, jewelry safes, chefs, florists, and refrigerated fur storage are accommodated.", "He has a reputation as a ruler.", "He marvelled at two major changes when he was interviewed about his first thirty years in architecture.", "The zipatone process has changed because of the advent of the personal computer.", "The real estate/architecture has changed because projects are financed in a very different way.", "We do not custom design everything.", "We use components that are pre-designed.", "We can do a set of working drawings a lot faster because we integrate all the systems in the architecture.", "The Lincoln Park 2550 project will have a view of a French garden inspired by a chateau that once housed Madame de Pompadour.", "The Catalyst is a contemporary-style $100 million high-rise condominium planned at the northeast corner of Washington and Des Plaines in Chicago's Near West Side community area.", "Gary Rosenberg said, \"Lucien Lagrange, the highly acclaimed award-winning architect for Catalyst, has created a striking geometric 22-story skyscraper, which immediately captures the eye when approaching the Chicago loop from the Kennedy expressway.\"", "The building's design is unique with jutting blocks of glass space creating geometric squares and rectangles which seem to float on the building's faade, along with a strong vertical element which highlights the contemporary sleek style.", "The Ritz-Carlton Residences is a 40-story condominium tower in Chicago.", "The Park Hyatt occupied the site at Rush Street and Chicago Avenue when the building was designed in 1996.", "One of the most prestigious residential addresses in New York City is the ultra Luxury 535 West End Avenue.", "While going through a divorce, Lagrange closed his office and filed for Chapter 11.", "Mr. Lagrange says the Chapter 11 filing was a pragmatic business decision he made after deciding it was time to retire.", "The Lucien Lagrange Studio brand is being designed by Mr. Lagrange.", "There are External links to the official site of Lucien Lagrange Architects, as well as to the emporis page Erie on the Park." ]

[ "Lucien Lagrange", "Lagrange", "Lucien Lagrange" ]

[ "Lagrange", "Lucien Lagrange", "Lagrange" ]

[ "Diana Vreeland (September 29, 1903 – August 22, 1989) was a French-American fashion columnist and editor.", "She worked for the fashion magazine Harper's Bazaar and as editor-in-chief at Vogue, later becoming a special consultant to the Costume Institute of the Metropolitan Museum of Art.", "She was named on the International Best Dressed List Hall of Fame in 1964.", "She is also known for having coined the word \"\" in 1965.", "Early life\nBorn Diana Dalziel in Paris, France, she lived at 5 avenue du Bois-de-Boulogne (known as Avenue Foch post-World War I).", "Vreeland was the eldest daughter of an American socialite mother, Emily Key Hoffman (1876–1928), and a British stockbroker father, Frederick Young Dalziel (1868–1960).", "Hoffman was a descendant of George Washington's brother, as well as a cousin of Francis Scott Key.", "She was also a distant cousin of writer and socialite Pauline de Rothschild (née Potter; 1908–1976).", "Vreeland had one sister, Alexandra (1907–1999), who later married Sir Alexander Davenport Kinloch, 12th Baronet (1902–1982).", "Their daughter Emily Lucy Kinloch married Lt.-Col. Hon.", "Hugh Waldorf Astor (1920–1999), the second son of John Jacob Astor, 1st Baron Astor of Hever and Violet Astor, Baroness Astor of Hever.", "Vreeland's family emigrated to the United States at the outbreak of World War I, moving to 15 East 77th Street in New York, where they became prominent society figures.", "Vreeland was sent to dancing school as a pupil of Michel Fokine, the only Imperial Ballet master ever to leave Russia, and later of Louis Harvy Chalif.", "She performed in Anna Pavlova's Gavotte at Carnegie Hall.", "In January 1922, she was featured in the pages of her future magazine, Vogue, in a roundup of socialites and their cars.", "The story read, \"“Such motors as these accelerate the social whirl.", "Miss Diana Dalziel, one of the most attractive debutantes of the winter, is shown entering her Cadillac.\"", "On March 1, 1924, Diana Dalziel married Thomas Reed Vreeland (1899–1966), a banker and international financier, at St. Thomas Church in New York.", "The couple had two sons: Tim (Thomas Reed Vreeland, Jr.) born 1925, who became an architect, as well as a professor of architecture at the University of New Mexico and then UCLA, and Frecky (Frederick Dalziel Vreeland), born 1927, who would become U.S. ambassador to Morocco).", "A week before Diana's wedding, The New York Times reported that her mother had been named co‑respondent in the divorce proceedings of Sir Charles Ross and his second wife, Patricia.", "The ensuing scandal estranged Vreeland from her mother, who died in September 1928 in Nantucket, Massachusetts.", "After the Vreelands' honeymoon, they moved to Brewster, New York, where they raised their two sons and remained until 1929, when they relocated to 17 Hanover Terrace, Regent's Park, London, previously the home of Wilkie Collins and Edmund Gosse.", "In London, she danced with the Tiller Girls and met Cecil Beaton, who became a lifelong friend.", "Like Syrie Maugham and Elsie de Wolfe, society women who ran their own boutiques, Diana operated a lingerie business near Berkeley Square.", "Her clients included Wallis Simpson and Mona Williams.", "She often visited Paris, where she would buy her clothes, mostly from Chanel, whom she had met in 1926.", "She was one of fifteen American women presented to King George V and Queen Mary at Buckingham Palace on May 18, 1933.", "In 1935, her husband's job brought them back to New York, where they lived for the remainder of their lives.", "As Vreeland would later recall, \"Before I went to work for Harper's Bazaar, in 1936, I had been leading a wonderful life in Europe.", "That meant traveling, seeing beautiful places, having marvelous summers, studying and reading a great deal of the time.\"", "A biographical documentary of Vreeland, The Eye has to Travel, debuted in September 2012 at the Angelika Theater in New York City.", "Career\n\nHarper's Bazaar 1936–1962\nVreeland began her publishing career in 1936 as columnist for Harper's Bazaar.", "Its editor, Carmel Snow, had been so impressed with Vreeland's style and attire that she asked her to work at the magazine.", "From 1936 until her resignation, Diana Vreeland ran a column for Harper's Bazaar called \"Why Don't You...?,\"full of random, imaginative suggestions.", "For example, she wrote, \"Why don't you...Turn your child into an Infanta for a fancy-dress party?\"", "According to Vreeland, \"The one that seemed to draw the most attention was [...] \"[Why Don't You] [w]ash your blond child's hair in dead champagne, as they do in France?\"", "Vreeland says that S. J. Perelman's subsequent parody of it for The New Yorker magazine outraged her then-editor, Carmel Snow.", "Vreeland \"discovered\" the then-unknown Lauren Bacall during World War II.", "The Harper's Bazaar cover for March 1943 shows the newly minted model (not yet a Hollywood star) Lauren Bacall, posing near a Red Cross office.", "Vreeland directed the shoot, later describing the image as \"an extraordinary photograph, in which Bacall is leaning against the outside door of a Red Cross blood donor room.", "She wears a chic suit, gloves, a cloche hat with long waves of hair falling from it\".", "Ever focused on fashion, Vreeland commented in 1946 that \"[T]he bikini is the most important thing since the atom bomb\".", "Disdainful of the typical approach to dressing in the United States in the 1940s, she detested \"strappy high-heel shoes\" and the \"crêpe de chine dresses\" that women wore even in the heat of the summer in the countryside.", "Until her resignation from Harper's Bazaar, she worked closely with Louise Dahl-Wolfe, Richard Avedon, Nancy White, and Alexey Brodovitch.", "She became the magazine's Fashion Editor.", "Richard Avedon recalled when he first met her, at Harper's Bazaar, she \"looked up at me for the first time and said, 'Aberdeen, Aberdeen, doesn't it make you want to cry?'", "Well, it did.", "I went back to Carmel Snow and said, 'I can't work with that woman.", "She calls me Aberdeen.'", "Carmel Snow said, 'You're going to work with her.'", "And I did, to my enormous benefit, for almost 40 years.\"", "Avedon said at the time of her death that \"she was and remains the only genius fashion editor\".", "In 1955, the Vreelands moved to a new apartment, which Diana had Billy Baldwin decorate entirely in red.", "She said, \"I want this place to look like a garden, but a garden in hell\".", "Regular attendees at the parties the Vreelands threw were socialite C. Z.", "Guest, composer Cole Porter, and British photographer Cecil Beaton.", "Paramount's 1957 movie musical Funny Face featured a character—Maggie Prescott as portrayed by Kay Thompson—based on Vreeland.", "In 1960, John F. Kennedy became president and Vreeland advised First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy in matters of style.", "\"Vreeland advised Jackie throughout the campaign and helped connect her with fashion designer Oleg Cassini, who became chief designer to the first lady\".", "\"I can remember Jackie Kennedy, right after she moved into the White House...It wasn't even like a country club, if you see what I mean--plain.\"", "Vreeland occasionally gave Mrs. Kennedy advice about clothing during her husband's administration, and small advice about what to wear on Inauguration Day in 1961.", "In spite of being extremely successful, Diana Vreeland was paid a relatively small salary by the Hearst Corporation, which owned Harper's Bazaar.", "Vreeland said that she was paid $18,000 a year from 1936 with a $1,000 raise, finally, in 1959.", "She speculated that newspaper magnate William Randolph Hearst's castle in San Simeon, California, \"must have been where the Hearst money went\".", "Vogue 1963–1971 and the Metropolitan Museum of Art\nAccording to some sources, hurt that she was passed over for promotion at Harper's Bazaar in 1957, she joined Vogue in 1962.", "She was editor-in-chief from 1963 until 1971.", "Vreeland enjoyed the 1960s enormously because she felt that uniqueness was being celebrated.", "\"If you had a bump on your nose, it made no difference so long as you had a marvelous body and good carriage.\"", "Vreeland sent memos to her staff urging them to be creative.", "One said, \"Today let's think pig white!", "Wouldn't it be wonderful to have stockings that were pig white!", "The color of baby pigs, not quite white and not quite pink!\"", "During her tenure at the magazine, she discovered the sixties \"youthquake\" star Edie Sedgwick.", "In 1984, Vreeland explained how she saw fashion magazines.", "\"What these magazines gave was a point of view.", "Most people haven't got a point of view; they need to have it given to them—and what's more, they expect it from you.", "[...][I]t must have been 1966 or '67.", "I published this big fashion slogan: This is the year of do it yourself.", "[...][E]very store in the country telephoned to say, 'Look, you have to tell people.", "No one wants to do it themselves-they want direction and to follow a leader!'\"", "After she was fired from Vogue, she became consultant to the Costume Institute of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York in 1971.", "By 1984, according to Vreeland's account, she had organized twelve exhibitions.", "Artist Greer Lankton created a life-size portrait doll of Vreeland that is on display in the Costume Institute's library.", "Later years\nIn 1984, Vreeland wrote her autobiography, D.V.", "In 1989, she died of a heart attack at age 85 at Lenox Hill Hospital, on Manhattan's Upper East Side in New York City.", "Diana Vreeland Estate\nThe Diana Vreeland Estate is administered by her grandson, Alexander Vreeland, Frederick's son.", "The responsibility was given to him by her sons, Fredrick and Tim.", "The official Diana Vreeland website was launched in September 2011.", "Created and overseen by her estate, DianaVreeland.com is dedicated to her work and career, presenting her accomplishments and influence, and revealing how and why she achieved her notoriety and distinction.", "Film portrayals\nVreeland was portrayed in the film Infamous (2006) by Juliet Stevenson.", "She was also portrayed in the film Factory Girl (2006) by Illeana Douglas.", "Her life was documented in Diana Vreeland: The Eye Has to Travel (2012).", "Diana Vreeland Parfums is featured in the opening scene of Ocean's 8.", "References in film, television, theatre and literature\nIn the 1941 musical Lady in the Dark by Moss Hart, Kurt Weill and Ira Gershwin the character of Alison Du Bois was based on Vreeland.", "Maggie Prescott, a fashion magazine editor in Funny Face (1957) is loosely based on Diana Vreeland.", "In the 1966 film Who Are You, Polly Maggoo?, Miss Maxwell (Grayson Hall) portrays an extravagant American expatriate fashion magazine editor.", "The film's director, William Klein, worked briefly for Vreeland and has confirmed the outrageous character in Polly Maggoo was based on Vreeland.", "In 1980, she was lauded in an article about social climbing in The New Yorker.", "In 1982, she met over dinner with author Bruce Chatwin, who wrote a touching memoir of their dinner conversation in a half-page slice-of-life, entitled \"At Dinner with Diana Vreeland\".", "In the 1995 film To Wong Foo, Thanks for Everything!", "Julie Newmar, Vida Boheme (Patrick Swayze) gives a copy of Vreeland's autobiography to a thrift-store clerk and tells him to \"commit sections to memory\".", "Later, the clerk quotes a passage that reads \"That season we were loaded with pizazz.", "Earrings of fuchsia and peach.", "Mind you, peach.", "And hats.", "Hats, hats, hats, for career girls.", "How I adored Paris.\"", "In October 1996, Mary Louise Wilson portrayed Vreeland in a one-woman play called Full Gallop, which she had written together with Mark Hampton.", "The play takes place the day after Vreeland's return to New York City from her 4-month escape to Paris after being fired from Vogue.", "It was produced at the Westside Theatre in New York City, and directed by Nicholas Martin.", "In the 2011 book \"Damned\" by Chuck Palahniuk, the main character (Madison Spencer) receives a pair of high heels from the character Babette.", "\"In one hand, Babette holds a strappy pair of high heels.", "She says, \"I got these from Diana Vreeland.", "I hope they fit...\".", "See also\n Monk with a Camera, a film about Nicholas Vreeland, who is Diana Vreeland's grandson.", "References\n\nExternal links\n\n Diana Vreeland Estate\n Diana Vreeland Estate at Facebook\n \n \n Voguepedia Diana Vreeland\n The Lady in Red\n Diana Vreeland papers, 1899–2000 (bulk 1930–1989), held by the Manuscripts and Archives Division, New York Public Library\n Diana Vreeland: The Eye Has to Travel (2012 film website).", "American magazine editors\nAmerican fashion journalists\nAmerican women journalists\n1903 births\n1989 deaths\nFashion editors\nVogue (magazine) editors\nAmerican socialites\nChevaliers of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres\nChevaliers of the Légion d'honneur\nFrench emigrants to the United States\nPeople associated with the Metropolitan Museum of Art\nPeople from Brewster, New York\n20th-century American journalists\n20th-century American writers\n20th-century American Episcopalians\nAmerican people of English descent\nWomen magazine editors\nVreeland family\nPeople from the Upper East Side" ]

[ "Diana Vreeland was a French-American fashion columnist and editor.", "As editor-in-chief of Vogue, she became a special consultant to the Costume Institute of the Metropolitan Museum of Art.", "In 1964, she was named to the International Best Dressed List Hall of Fame.", "In 1965, she came up with the word \"\"", "She lived at 5 avenue du Bois-de-Bologne after World War I.", "Vreeland was the daughter of an American and a British father.", "A cousin of Francis Scott Key was a descendant of George Washington's brother.", "She was a distant cousin of a famous writer.", "One of Vreeland's sisters was later married to Sir Alexander Davenport Kinloch, 12th Baronet.", "Emily Lucy Kinloch was married to a lieutenant colonel.", "1st Baron Astor of Hever and his wife, Baroness Astor of Hever, were the sons of John Jacob Astor.", "At the outbreak of World War I, Vreeland's family moved to New York, where they became prominent society figures.", "Vreeland was a student of the only Imperial Ballet master to leave Russia, Louis Harvy Chalif.", "She performed at Carnegie Hall.", "In January 1922, she was featured in the pages of her future magazine, Vogue, in a list of famous people and their cars.", "The story said that such motors accelerate the social whirl.", "One of the most attractive debutantes of the winter is shown entering her car.", "On March 1, 1924, Diana Dalziel married Thomas Reed Vreeland at St. Thomas Church in New York.", "Tim was born in 1925 and became an architect as well as a professor of architecture at the University of New Mexico and UCLA.", "The New York Times reported that Diana's mother was named corespondent in the divorce proceedings of Sir Charles Ross and his second wife.", "Vreeland was estranged from her mother, who died in Massachusetts in 1928.", "After the Vreelands' honeymoon, they moved to New York, where they raised their two sons, and then to Regent's Park, London, where they lived until 1929.", "Cecil Beaton became a lifelong friend after she met him in London.", "Diana operated a lingerie business near Berkeley Square, like other society women who ran their own boutiques.", "Simpson and Williams were her clients.", "She would often visit Paris, where she would buy her clothes.", "She was presented to King George V and Queen Mary in 1933.", "They lived in New York for the rest of their lives after her husband's job brought them back.", "Vreeland would later say that before he went to work forHarper's Bazaar, he was leading a wonderful life in Europe.", "It meant traveling, seeing beautiful places, having wonderful summers, studying and reading a lot of the time.", "The Eye has to Travel was shown at the Angelika Theater in New York City.", "Vreeland began her publishing career as a columnist forHarper's Bazaar in 1936.", "Carmel Snow was so impressed with Vreeland's style that she asked her to work at the magazine.", "From 1936 until her resignation, Diana Vreeland ran a column called \"Why Don't You...\" full of random, imaginative suggestions.", "She wrote, \"Why don't you turn your child into an Infanta for a fancy-dress party?\"", "\"Why Don't You\" was the one that drew the most attention, according to Vreeland.", "According to Vreeland, Carmel Snow was incensed by S. J. Perelman's parody of it for The New Yorker magazine.", "Lauren Bacall was discovered by Vreeland during World War II.", "There is a new model on the March 1943 cover ofHarper's Bazaar.", "Vreeland described the image as \"an extraordinary photograph, in which Bacall is leaning against the outside door of a Red Cross blood donor room.\"", "She wears a chic suit, gloves, and a cloche hat.", "According to Vreeland, the bikini is the most important thing since the atom bomb.", "She didn't like the way women dressed in the United States in the 1940s, and she didn't like the way they wore high heels in the summer.", "She worked with many people until her resignation fromHarper's Bazaar.", "She was the magazine's Fashion Editor.", "When he first met her, she looked up at him and said, \"Aberdeen, Aberdeen, doesn't it make you want to cry?\"", "Well, it did.", "I told Carmel Snow that I couldn't work with her.", "She calls me Aberdeen.", "Carmel Snow said, \"You're going to work with her.\"", "I did it for almost 40 years.", "Avedon said at the time of her death that she was the only genius fashion editor.", "Billy Baldwin decorated the Vreelands' new apartment completely in red.", "She wanted the place to look like a garden, but a garden in hell.", "C. Z. was a regular attendee at the parties thrown by the Vreelands.", "Cole Porter is a composer and Cecil Beaton is a photographer.", "The movie musical Funny Face was based on Vreeland.", "In 1960, John F. Kennedy became president and Vreeland advised the First Lady.", "\"Vreeland helped connect the first lady with fashion designer Oleg Cassini, who became the first lady's chief designer\".", "\"After she moved into the White House, it wasn't even like a country club, if you see what I mean.\"", "During her husband's administration, Vreeland gave Mrs. Kennedy advice about what to wear on Inauguration Day.", "Diana Vreeland was paid a relatively small salary by the company that ownedHarper's Bazaar.", "Vreeland said she was paid $18,000 a year from 1936 to 1959 and finally got a $1,000 raise in 1959.", "She thought that the money went to the castle in San Simeon, California.", "According to some sources, she was passed over for promotion atHarper's Bazaar in 1957 and joined Vogue in 1962.", "She was the editor-in-chief from 1963 to 1971.", "Vreeland enjoyed the 1960s because she felt like she was being celebrated.", "If you had a bumps on your nose, it didn't matter as long as you had a good carriage.", "Vreeland told her staff to be creative.", "One said, \"Let's think pig white!\"", "Wouldn't it be great to have stockings that were white?", "The color of baby pigs is not white or pink.", "She discovered the sixties \"youthquake\" star, Edie Sedgwick.", "Vreeland talked about how she saw fashion magazines.", "The magazines gave a point of view.", "Most people don't have a point of view, so they need to have it given to them, and they expect it from you.", "It must have been 1966 or 1967.", "This is the year of do it yourself.", "A very store in the country called to say that they had to tell people.", "No one wants to do it on their own.", "She became a consultant to the Costume Institute of the Metropolitan Museum of Art after she was fired from Vogue.", "According to Vreeland's account, she organized twelve exhibitions by 1984.", "A life-size portrait doll of Vreeland is on display in the Costume Institute's library.", "D.V. was written by Vreeland in 1984.", "She died of a heart attack in 1989 at the age of 85.", "Alexander Vreeland is Frederick's son and administers the Diana Vreeland Estate.", "Her sons gave the responsibility to him.", "The official website of Diana Vreeland was launched in 2011.", "DianaVreeland.com is dedicated to her work and career, presenting her accomplishments and influence, and revealing how and why she achieved her distinction.", "Juliet Stevenson portrayed Vreeland in a film.", "Illeana Douglas portrayed her in Factory Girl.", "Her life was documented in a book.", "The opening scene of Ocean's 8 features Diana Vreeland Parfums.", "The character of Alison Du Bois was based on Vreeland in the 1941 musical Lady in the Dark.", "Diana Vreeland is based on a fashion magazine editor.", "In the 1966 film Who Are You, Polly Maggoo?, Miss Maxwell portrays an extravagant American expatriate fashion magazine editor.", "William Klein, the film's director, worked for Vreeland and has confirmed that the outrageous character in Polly Maggoo was based on Vreeland.", "She was praised in a New Yorker article in 1980.", "In 1982, she met author Bruce Chatwin, who wrote a touching memoir of their dinner conversation in a half-page slice-of-life, entitled \"At Dinner with Diana Vreeland\".", "In the film To Wong Foo, Thanks for Everything!", "A thrift-store clerk is given a copy of Vreeland's autobiography by Julie Newmar, who tells him to \"commit sections to memory\".", "The clerk said that the season was loaded with pizazz.", "The earrings are pink and peach.", "It's peach, mind you.", "And hats.", "Career girls need hats.", "How I loved Paris.", "Mary Louise Wilson played Vreeland in a one-woman play called Full Gallop in 1996.", "The day after Vreeland's return to New York City from her escape to Paris, the play takes place.", "Nicholas Martin directed the production at the New York City theatre.", "The main character in Chuck Palahniuk's \"Damned\" received a pair of high heels from Babette.", "Babette has a pair of high heels.", "She said she got them from Diana Vreeland.", "I hope they fit.", "Monk with a Camera is a film about Nicholas Vreeland, who is Diana Vreeland's grandson.", "The Lady in Red Diana Vreeland papers were held by the New York Public Library.", "The Metropolitan Museum of Art has people associated with it." ]

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[ "Diana Vreeland", "Vreeland", "Vreeland", "Vreeland", "Vreeland", "Diana Dalziel", "Vreeland", "Diana", "Diana", "Vreeland", "Vreeland", "Vreeland", "Diana Vreeland", "Vreeland", "Vreeland", "Vreeland", "Vreeland", "Vreeland", "Vreeland", "Vreeland", "Vreeland", "Diana Vreeland", "Vreeland", "Vreeland", "Vreeland", "Vreeland", "Vreeland", "Vreeland", "Vreeland", "Alexander Vreeland", "Diana V", "Diana Vland", "Diana Vreeland", "Vreeland", "Diana Vreeland", "Vreeland", "Diana Vree", "Vreeland", "Vreeland", "Vreeland", "Diana Vreeland", "Nicholas Vreeland", "Diana Vreeland", "Diana Vree" ]

[ "Deepa Kumar is an Indian American scholar and activist.", "She is a professor of Journalism and Media Studies at Rutgers University.", "Kumar has been referred to by the Media Education Foundation as one of the United States' \"foremost scholars on Islamophobia\" and by the New York Times as \"a world-renowned scholar of Islamophobia and race\".", "Education and career\nKumar has two master's degrees in Mass Communication, one at Bangalore University and another at Bowling Green State University.", "She earned her Ph.D. at the University of Pittsburgh.", "She is a professor of Journalism and Media Studies at Rutgers University where she teaches courses such as \"Gender, Race, and Empire.\"", "In 2020, she was one of five female tenured professors to file a lawsuit against Rutgers accusing the university of paying them less than their male counterparts.", "Writings\n\nMedia Representations of Labor\n\nOutside the Box: Corporate Media, Globalization, and the UPS Strike\nKumar's 2008 book Outside the Box looks at the need for a critical analysis of how labor struggles are presented and packaged by the corporate media by examining the United Parcel Service strike of 1997, led by the International Brotherhood of Teamsters.", "Writings on Islamophobia, Political Islam, and Empire\n\nIslamophobia and the Politics of Empire\nPublished in August 2012, Islamophobia and the Politics of Empire makes the case that the Bush administration's \"war on terror\" ushered in an era of anti-Muslim racism, or Islamophobia, after the September 11 attacks.", "She argues that that tragedy did not create the image of the \"Muslim enemy,\" and instead examines the 900-year historic relationship between anti-Muslim racism and the agenda of empire building.", "Beginning in the eleventh century and the context of the Crusades, Deepa Kumar offers a sweeping historical analysis of the changing views of Islam and Muslims in the West, examining the ways that ruling elites throughout history have used the specter of a \"Muslim enemy\" to justify their imperial projects.", "Danish cartoons\nFollowing the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy which attempted to depict the Islamic Prophet Muhammed in a caricatural light, Kumar wrote an article against the publication of the cartoons titled \"Danish Cartoons: Racism Has No Place on the Left,\" where she argues that the left's criticism of Muslim outrage is actually a form of anti-Muslim racism.", "The article attracted criticism, and in response Kumar wrote another article in the Monthly Review, titled \"Fighting Islamophobia: A Response to Critics\".", "Green Scare\nKumar coined the term \"Green Scare\" (where green refers to the color of Islam rather than environment activists) to talk about the process of fear mongering analogous to the Red Scare of the McCarthyite period.", "This was in response to the media portrayal of the \"homegrown threat\" of Muslim Americans after a 2009 small increase in the number of Muslim Americans expressing support for extremist Islamists or carrying out attacks; she noted that \"there has been a steady and dramatic decline since 2004, with only a slight increase in this overall trend in 2009.\"", "Political Islam\nKumar takes a historical approach to her analysis of the parties of political Islam.", "She states that Islamist parties have risen to prominence over the last three decades of the 20th century for various reasons: \"the active role played by the U.S. in posing Islam and political Islam as an alternative to secular nationalism and the left; persistent imperial intervention and domination; internal weakness that led to the decline of secular nationalist and various left parties, creating an ideological vacuum that Islamists were able to occupy; economic crises and its exacerbation under the neoliberal era, which present an economic opening for Islamists and their charitable networks.\"", "Kumar argues that Muslim majority societies do not automatically produce religious political parties but that they are the outgrowth of particular historical factors.", "She argues that progressives should view these parties, when they oppose imperialism, as potentially deserving support of the left.", "She gives the example of Hezbollah in Lebanon, which with the popular support from Lebanese people fought back against Israel's invasion in 2006.", "But she says that this support should be limited and context-based stating that \"we often find that Islamist groups are self-serving entities that are not principled anti-imperialists,\" and are not absolved of criticisms on reactionary, anti-feminist, or anti-gay political positions they may hold.", "Kumar has criticized the automatic designation of Islamist groups like Hamas as Foreign Terrorist Organizations (FTOs) noting that it is a political party that has the support of Palestinians because it has taken up \"the mantle of national resistance against Israeli occupation of Palestinian lands.\"", "While she critiques its \"reactionary\" politics and attitudes towards women as well as its policing of \"immorality,\" she points out that it came to power through generally recognized free and fair elections in 2006.", "She argues that it is for the people of Palestine to decide who should govern them, not Israel or the United States.", "In 2017, Kumar's lecture \"Constructing the Terrorist Threat: Islamophobia, the Media & the War on Terror\" was published by the Media Education Foundation as part of their series on media, culture, and the Middle East.", "Awards and recognition\n\nIn 2016 Kumar was recognized with the Dallas Smythe Award, presented by the Union for Democratic Communications \"to an outstanding and influential scholar working in the critical political economic tradition of Dallas Smythe.\"", "She has also received two awards from the American Association of University Professors, the Georgina M. Smith Award in 2016, and the Marilyn Sternberg Award in 2020.", "References\n\nExternal links\nDeepa Kumar talks about her book \"Outside the Box\" from July 10, 2008 in Sacramento, CA\nTrailer for \"Constructing the Terrorist Threat\" 2017 lecture by Kumar\n\nMembers of the International Socialist Organization\nRutgers University faculty\n1968 births\nLiving people\nScholars of Islamophobia\nBangalore University alumni\nIndian women historians\n20th-century Indian historians\n21st-century American historians\nAmerican people of Indian descent\n20th-century Indian women scientists\n20th-century Indian scientists\nAmerican women historians\n21st-century American women" ]

[ "Deepa Kumar is an activist.", "She is a professor at Rutgers University.", "Kumar has been referred to by the Media Education Foundation as one of the United States' \"foremost scholars on Islamophobia\" and by the New York Times as \"a world- renowned scholar of Islamophobia and race\".", "Kumar has two master's degrees in Mass Communication, one at Bangalore University and the other at Bowling Green State University.", "She received her PhD from the University of Pittsburgh.", "She teaches courses such as \"Gender, Race, and Empire\" at Rutgers University.", "In 2020, she was one of five female tenured professors to file a lawsuit against Rutgers accusing the university of paying them less than their male counterparts.", "Kumar's 2008 book Outside the Box looks at the need for a critical analysis of how labor struggles are presented and packaged by the corporate media by examining the United Parcel Service strike of 1997.", "Writings on Islamophobia, Political Islam, and Empire Islamophobia and the Politics of Empire was published in August 2012 and makes the case that the Bush administration's \"war on terror\" ushered in an era of anti-Muslim racism.", "She argues that the image of the \"Muslim enemy\" was not created by the tragedy, but by the 900-year relationship between anti-Muslim racism and the agenda of empire building.", "Deepa Kumar offers a historical analysis of the changing views of Islam and Muslims in the West, examining the ways that ruling elites have used the \"Muslim enemy\" to justify their imperial projects.", "Following the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy, Kumar wrote an article against the publication of the cartoons titled \"Danish cartoons: Racism has no place on the left.\"", "Kumar wrote another article in the Monthly Review, titled \"Fighting Islamophobia: A Response to Critics\", after the article attracted criticism.", "The term \"Green Scare\" was created by Green Scare Kumar to describe the process of fear mongering similar to the Red Scare of the McCarthyite period.", "After a small increase in the number of Muslim Americans expressing support for extremists or carrying out attacks in 2009, she noted that there has been a steady and dramatic decline since 2004.", "Kumar takes a historical approach to her analysis of political Islam.", "She states that the U.S. posed Islam and political Islam as an alternative to secular nationalism and the left, as well as persistent imperial intervention and domination.", "Kumar believes that Muslim majority societies do not automatically produce religious political parties.", "She believes that progressives should support these parties when they oppose imperialism.", "Hezbollah in Lebanon was able to fight back against Israel in 2006 because of popular support.", "She says that this support should be limited and context-based, stating that \"we often find that Islamist groups are self-serving entities that are not principled anti-imperialists, and are not excused from criticisms on reactionary, anti-feminist, or anti-gay political positions", "Kumar said that Hamas is a political party that has the support of Palestinians because it has taken up the mantle of national resistance against Israeli occupation of Palestinian lands.", "She criticizes its \"reactionary\" politics and attitudes towards women as well as its policing of \"immorality\" but points out that it came to power through free and fair elections in 2006", "She believes that the people of Palestine should decide who governs them.", "Kumar's lecture \"Constructing the Terrorist Threat: Islamophobia, the Media & the War on Terror\" was published by the Media Education Foundation as part of their series on media, culture, and the Middle East.", "Kumar received the Dallas Smythe Award, presented by the Union for Democratic Communications \"to an outstanding and influential scholar working in the critical political economic tradition of Dallas Smythe.\"", "She received two awards from the American Association of University Professors.", "Deepa Kumar talks about her book \" Outside the Box\" from July 10, 2008 in Sacramento, CA." ]

[ "Deepa Kumar", "Kumar", "Kumar", "Kumar", "Deepa", "Kumar", "Kumar", "Kumar", "Kumar", "Kumar", "Kumar", "Kumar", "Kumar", "Kumar", "Deepa", "Kumar", "Kumar" ]

[ "Deepa Kumar", "Kumar", "Kumar", "Kumar", "Deepa", "Kumar", "Kumar", "Kumar", "Kumar", "Kumar", "Kumar", "Kumar", "Kumar", "Kumar", "Deepa", "Kumar" ]

[ "Holland McTyeire \"Howlin' Mad\" Smith, KCB (April 20, 1882 – January 12, 1967) was a general in the United States Marine Corps during World War II.", "He is sometimes called the \"father\" of modern U.S. amphibious warfare.", "His nickname, \"Howlin' Mad\" Smith, had been given to him by his troops in the Dominican Republic in 1916.", "On the eve of World War II, General Smith directed extensive Army, Navy, and Marine amphibious training, which was a major factor in successful U.S. landings in both the Atlantic and Pacific.", "He subsequently helped prepare U.S. Army and Canadian troops for the Kiska and Attu landings, then led the V Amphibious Corps in the assaults on the Gilbert Islands, the Marshall Islands, the island of Saipan, and Tinian in the Marianas.", "During the Marianas operation, besides the V Amphibious Corps, he commanded all Expeditionary Troops, including those that recaptured Guam.", "He then served as the first commanding general of Fleet Marine Force, Pacific, and headed Task Force 56 (Expeditionary Troops) at Iwo Jima, which included all the assault troops in that battle.", "Early life\nHolland Smith was born on April 20, 1882, in Hatchechubbee, Alabama, to John V. Smith and his wife Cornelia Caroline McTyeire, both from Dutch ancestry.", "He received a Bachelor of Science degree from Auburn University (then known as Alabama Polytechnic Institute) in 1901.", "He had already decided on a military career and had become first sergeant of a cavalry company in the Alabama National Guard.", "However, he obtained his Bachelor of Laws degree from the University of Alabama in 1903 and practiced law in Montgomery, Alabama, for a year.", "He then sought a commission in the Army, but as none were then open he was appointed a Marine second lieutenant on March 20, 1905.", "(He was later awarded an honorary Doctor of Laws degree by Alabama Polytechnic Institute.)", "In April 1906, after completing the School of Application at Annapolis, Maryland, Smith sailed for the Philippines, where he served on expeditionary duty with the 1st Marine Brigade until September, 1908.", "He returned to the United States the following month and was stationed at the Marine Barracks, Annapolis, until December 1909, when he embarked for expeditionary duty in Panama.", "Returning from Panama in April 1910, he served at Annapolis, Puget Sound, Washington, San Diego, California, and the Recruiting Station, Seattle, Washington, before sailing in September 1912, to rejoin the 1st Marine Brigade in the Philippines.", "He remained with the 1st Brigade until April 1914, when he took command of the Marine Detachment aboard .", "He served in that capacity in Asiatic waters until July 1915.", "He returned to the United States the following month for duty at the Navy Yard, New Orleans, Louisiana.", "From there, he was ordered to the Dominican Republic in June 1916, as a member of the 4th Marine Regiment.", "During that unit's operations against native insurgents, he saw action in the march to Santiago and engagements at La Pena and Kilometer 29.", "Returning to the United States on May 30, 1917, he sailed for France and World War I just two weeks later as commander of the 8th Machine Gun Company, 5th Marines.", "World War I\n\nSmith's 8th Machine Gun company was assigned to the French Chasseurs Alpins to learn the tactics of the War from the experienced French troops.", "After this time the 8th was assigned to a camp to offload arriving American vessels, where Smith became second in command of the camp.", "Smith was detached from the 5th Marines and sent to the Army General Staff College at Langres, from which he graduated in February 1918.", "He was the first of only six Marines ever to complete this course.", "He was then named Adjutant of the 4th Marine Brigade, which was a part of the US Army's 2nd Infantry Division, serving in a relatively quiet sector southeast of Verdun.", "During the fighting in and around Belleau Wood, he played \"a vital though undramatic\" role as brigade liaison officer, overseeing internal communications within the brigade.", "Transferred to the I Corps, First Army, in July 1918, he served as assistant operations officer in charge of liaison during the Aisne-Marne, Oisne-Aisne Offensive, St. Mihiel and Meuse-Argonne offensives.", "On 25 November 1918 Smith was promoted to the temporary rank of major.", "After the Armistice he participated in the March to the Rhine through Belgium and Luxembourg as an assistant operations officer with the Third Army, and served with the General Staff, U.S. Army, during the occupation of Germany.", "For his service at Belleau Wood, Smith was awarded the Croix de Guerre with palm by the French government.", "He also received a Meritorious Service Citation from General John J. Pershing, Commander in Chief of the American Expeditionary Forces, for which he was later awarded (in 1932) the Purple Heart, one of the first awarded for merit.", "Post-World War I\nReturning to the United States in April 1919, Smith's assignments in the next four years included duty at Norfolk, Virginia, study at the Naval War College, Newport, Rhode Island, and service in Washington, D.C., with the War Plans Section of the Office of Naval Operations.", "There, he was the first Marine officer to serve on the Joint Army-Navy Planning Committee.", "Leaving Washington in May 1923, he served aboard the battleships and as Fleet Marine Officer, U.S.", "Scouting Fleet, until September of that year.", "In February 1924, after serving at Marine Corps Headquarters and in the West Indies in connection with joint Army-Navy maneuvers, Smith joined the Marine Brigade on expeditionary duty in Haiti, serving as that unit's chief of staff and officer in charge of operations and training.", "He returned from that country in August 1925, to serve as chief of staff of the 1st Marine Brigade at Quantico, Virginia, until September 1926, as a student in the Marine Corps School, Quantico, from then until June 1927, and as post quartermaster of the Marine Barracks, Philadelphia Navy Yard, from July 1927 to March 1931.", "In April 1931, Smith began another tour of sea duty, this time aboard the as aide to the commander and Force Marine Officer of the Battle Force, U.S. Fleet.", "He served in those capacities until June 1933, commanded the Marine barracks at the Washington Navy Yard from then until January 1935, and served the following two years at San Francisco, California, as chief of staff, Department of the Pacific.", "From there he was ordered to Marine Corps Headquarters in March 1937, to serve two years as director of the Division of Operations and Training, after which he was assistant commandant of the Marine Corps under Major General Thomas Holcomb from April to September 1939.", "World War II\n\nAfter the latter assignment, General Smith assumed command of the 1st Marine Brigade at Quantico, taking that unit to Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, for extended amphibious training in October 1940.", "In February 1941, when the brigade was redesignated the U.S. 1st Marine Division, he became that organization's first commander.", "He returned with the division to Quantico in April 1941, and in June of that year he was detached from it to take command of the organization that eventually became the Amphibious Force, Atlantic Fleet.", "Under this command, the 1st Marine Division and the 1st and 9th Army Divisions received their initial training in amphibious warfare.", "Moving to San Diego in August 1942, the general took command of the Amphibious Corps, Pacific Fleet, under which he completed the amphibious indoctrination of the 2d and 3d Marine Divisions before they went overseas, and the 7th Army Division and other units involved in the Aleutians operation.", "The Amphibious Corps, Pacific Fleet, was later redesignated the V Amphibious Corps, and in September 1943, as commander of that unit, General Smith arrived at Pearl Harbor to begin planning for the Gilbert Islands campaign.", "He continued to head the V Amphibious Corps until August 1944, when he was named commanding general, Fleet Marine Force, Pacific, at Pearl Harbor.", "Subsequently, he commanded the Fleet Marine Force.", "In addition to that post, he commanded Task Force 56 in the Battle of Iwo Jima before returning to the United States in July 1945, to head the Marine Training and Replacement Command at Camp Pendleton, California.", "Holland was known for the quote \"In our corps without responsibility and discipline we would not have won the Battle of Iwo Jima.\"", "U.S. Navy Admirals Raymond Spruance and Richmond Turner wanted General Smith to command the Okinawa invasion forces.", "They were overruled by CinCPac, Admiral Nimitz because General Smith had sacked a U.S. Army general, Ralph Smith, during the Saipan campaign, and justifiable animosity between senior U.S. Army staff existed towards General Smith due to his service chauvinism.", "U.S. Army general Simon Bolivar Buckner, Jr. was appointed to command the Okinawa invasion in his place.", "Coincidentally, General Roy Geiger USMC, was placed in command of Tenth Army in June, 1945 when General Buckner was killed in action.", "Retirement\nA lieutenant general when he was retired May 15, 1946, at the age of 64, he was promoted to general on the retired list for having been especially commended in combat.", "Smith took up residence in La Jolla, California, where he pursued his hobby, gardening.", "Following a long illness, General Smith died January 12, 1967, at the U.S.", "Naval Hospital in San Diego, California, aged 84.", "Funeral services were held on January 14, at the Marine Corps Recruit Depot Chapel.", "The general was interred with full military honors in Fort Rosecrans National Cemetery overlooking San Diego harbor and North Island.", "At the time of his death, General Smith was survived by a son, Rear Admiral John V. Smith.", "General Smith's wife, the former Ada B. Wilkinson, had died in 1962.", "Military awards\nGeneral Smith was awarded the following military decorations and awards:\n\nHonors and recognitions\n\nCamp H. M. Smith, located on Oahu, Hawaii, is a Marine Corps base named after General Smith.", "It is home to the Pacific Command, Marine Forces Pacific and other commands.", "There are two Marine Corps League Detachments in General Smith's name:\n Detachment #93 – Howlin Mad – Hobart, Indiana\n Detachment #592 – Howlin' Mad Smith – Birmingham, Alabama\n\nIn the film Flags of Our Fathers, General Smith is portrayed by actor Gordon Clapp.", "In 1964, General Smith received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement.", "See also\n\nList of 1st Marine Division commanders\nBattle of Tarawa\nBattle of Saipan\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\n\n Holland Smith's autobiography, online.", "Venzon, Anne Cipriano.", "From Whaleboats to Amphibious Warfare: Lt. Gen. \"Howling Mad\" Smith and the U.S. Marine Corps (Praeger, 2003).", "164 pp.", "External links\n\n Historical Marker Database - Holland McTyeire Smith\n\n1882 births\n1967 deaths\nAmerican military personnel of the Philippine–American War\nUnited States Marine Corps personnel of World War I\nAuburn University alumni\nBattle of Iwo Jima\nBurials at Fort Rosecrans National Cemetery\nHonorary Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath\nLawyers from Montgomery, Alabama\nMilitary personnel from Alabama\nNaval War College alumni\nPeople from La Jolla, San Diego\nPeople from Russell County, Alabama\nAmerican military personnel of the Banana Wars\nRecipients of the Croix de Guerre 1914–1918 (France)\nRecipients of the Navy Distinguished Service Medal\nUnited States Marine Corps World War II generals\nUnited States Marine Corps generals\nUniversity of Alabama School of Law alumni\n20th-century American lawyers\nMilitary personnel from California" ]

[ "Holland McTyeire \"Howlin' Mad\" Smith was a general in the United States Marine Corps during World War II.", "He is often referred to as the \"Father\" of modern U.S. amphibious warfare.", "The nickname \"Howlin' Mad\" Smith was given to him by his troops in the Dominican Republic in 1916.", "Major factors in successful U.S. landings in the Atlantic and Pacific were due to extensive Army, Navy, and Marine amphibious training directed by General Smith on the eve of World War II.", "He led the V Amphibious Corps in the assaults on the Gilbert Islands, the Marshall Islands, and the island of Saipan.", "He commanded all the troops that were part of the Guam operation.", "He headed Task Force 56 at Iwo Jima, which included all the assault troops, as the first commanding general of Fleet Marine Force, Pacific.", "Holland Smith was born on April 20, 1882, in Hatchechubbee, Alabama, to John V. Smith and his wife.", "He received a Bachelor of Science degree from Alabama Polytechnic Institute in 1901.", "He was the first sergeant of a cavalry company in the Alabama National Guard and had already decided on a military career.", "He obtained his Bachelor of Laws degree from the University of Alabama in 1903 and practiced law in Montgomery, Alabama, for a year.", "He was appointed a Marine second lieutenant on March 20, 1905, even though there was no commission in the Army.", "He received a Doctor of Laws degree from Alabama Polytechnic Institute.", "Smith served on expeditionary duty with the 1st Marine brigade until September, 1908, after completing the School of Application at Annapolis, Maryland.", "He was stationed at the Marine Barracks in the United States until December 1909, when he left for Panama.", "After returning from Panama in April 1910, he served at a number of places, including the Recruiting Station, Seattle, Washington, before sailing in September 1912 to rejoin the 1st Marine brigade in the Philippines.", "He took command of the Marines in April 1914.", "He was in that position until July 1915.", "He went back to the United States to work at the New Orleans Navy Yard.", "He was ordered to the Dominican Republic in 1916 as a member of the 4th Marines.", "He saw action in the march to Santiago and engagements at La Pena and Kilometer 29.", "He commanded the 8th Machine Gun Company, 5th Marines in World War I just two weeks after returning to the United States.", "Smith's 8th Machine Gun company was assigned to learn tactics from the experienced French troops in World War I.", "Smith became second in command of the camp after the 8th was assigned to it.", "Smith graduated from the Army General Staff College at Langres in 1918 after being detached from the 5th Marines.", "Only six Marines have ever completed this course.", "He was the Adjutant of the 4th Marine brigade, which was part of the US Army's 2nd infantry division, and served in a quiet area southeast of Verdun.", "He played a vital though undramatic role as brigade liaison officer, overseeing internal communications within the brigade.", "He was an assistant operations officer in charge of liaison during the Aisne-Marne, Oisne-Aisne offensives.", "Smith was promoted to major on November 25, 1918.", "During the occupation of Germany, he was an assistant operations officer with the General Staff, U.S. Army, and participated in the March to the Rhine through Belgium and Luxembourg.", "Smith was honored by the French government for his service at Belleau Wood.", "He received a Meritorious Service Citation from General John J. Pershing, Commander in Chief of the American Expeditionary Forces, which was one of the first awards for merit.", "Smith's assignments in the next four years included duty at Norfolk, Virginia, study at the Naval War College, Newport, Rhode Island, and service in Washington, D.C.", "He was the first Marine officer to serve on the committee.", "He was the Fleet Marine Officer in the U.S. when he left Washington in 1923.", "The Scouting Fleet lasted until September of that year.", "In February 1924, after serving at Marine Corps Headquarters and in the West Indies in connection with joint Army-Navy maneuvers, Smith joined the Marine brigade on expeditionary duty in Haiti, serving as that unit's chief of staff and officer in charge of operations and training.", "He returned from that country in August 1925 to serve as chief of staff of the 1st Marine brigade and as a student in the Marine Corps school.", "Smith began another tour of sea duty in April 1931 as aide to the commander and Force Marine Officer of the Battle Force, U.S. Fleet.", "He commanded the Marine barracks at the Washington Navy Yard from January 1935 to January 1934 and then served as the Department of the Pacific's chief of staff for two years.", "He was assistant commandant of the Marine Corps under Major General Thomas Holcomb from April to September 1939 after serving two years as director of the Division of Operations and Training.", "General Smith took the 1st Marine brigade to Cuba for extended amphibious training in October 1940.", "He was the first commander of the U.S. 1st Marine Division when it was redesignated in 1941.", "He took command of the organization that became the Amphibious Force, Atlantic Fleet in June of 1941 after being detached from the division.", "The 1st Marine Division and the 1st and 9th Army Divisions received their initial training in amphibious warfare under this command.", "In August 1942, the general took command of the Amphibious Corps, Pacific Fleet, under which he completed the amphibious indoctrination of the 2d and 3d Marine Divisions before they went overseas.", "In September 1943, General Smith arrived at Pearl Harbor to begin planning for the Gilbert Islands campaign, as commander of the V Amphibious Corps.", "He became the commanding general of the Fleet Marine Force, Pacific, at Pearl Harbor in August 1944.", "He commanded the Fleet Marine Force.", "He commanded Task Force 56 in the Battle of Iwo Jima before returning to the United States to head the Marine Training and Replacement Command.", "In our corps without responsibility and discipline, we wouldn't have won the Battle of Iwo Jima.", "The U.S. Navy wanted General Smith to lead the invasion forces.", "They were overruled because of General Smith's service chauvinism.", "The Okinawa invasion was taken over by a U.S. Army general.", "General Roy Geiger was placed in command of the Tenth Army in 1945 when General Buckner was killed in action.", "He was promoted to general on the retired list when he retired as a lieutenant general at the age of 64.", "Smith's hobby was gardening and he lived in La Jolla, California.", "General Smith died at the U.S. after a long illness.", "The Naval Hospital is in San Diego.", "There were funeral services held on January 14.", "The general was buried in Fort Rosecrans National Cemetery, overlooking San Diego harbor and North Island.", "John V. Smith was the son of General Smith.", "General Smith's wife died in 1962.", "Camp H. M. Smith is a Marine Corps base named after General Smith.", "The Pacific Command, Marine Forces Pacific and other commands are located there.", "In the film Flags of Our Fathers, General Smith is portrayed by actor Gordon Clapp.", "The Golden Plate Award was given to General Smith in 1964.", "Holland Smith's autobiography can be read online.", "Venzon, Anne.", "\"Howling Mad\" Smith and the U.S. Marine Corps were the subject of this book.", "169 pp.", "Holland McTyeire Smith was born in 1884 and died in 1967, American military personnel of the Philippine–American War, the United States Marine Corps, and the Battle of Iwo Jima were all buried at Fort Rosecrans National Cemetery." ]

[ "Holland McTyeire", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Holland Smith", ". Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Holland", "Smith", "Smith", "Ralph Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", ". Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Mad Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Holland Smith", "Smith", "Holland", "Smith" ]

[ "Holland McTyeire", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Holland Smith", ". Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", ". Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Smith", "Holland Smith", "Smith", "Holland McTyeire", "Smith" ]

[ "George Hume Steuart (1790–1867) was a United States general who fought during the War of 1812, and later joined the Confederate States of America during the Civil War.", "His military career began in 1814 when, as a captain, he raised a company of Maryland volunteers, leading them at both the Battle of Bladensberg and the Battle of North Point, where he was wounded.", "After the war he rose to become major general and commander-in-chief of the First Light Division, Maryland Militia.", "During John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry in 1859, Steuart personally led a detachment of militia, and, as the prospect of civil war drew closer, he was among those who lobbied unsuccessfully for Maryland to secede from the Union.", "In 1861, at the start of the Civil War, Steuart left his home state of Maryland and joined the Confederacy, though at 71 years of age he was by then considered too old for active service.", "This did not prevent him from personally riding with Lee's army and even being captured at the First Battle of Manassas.", "He is sometimes confused with his eldest son, Brigadier General George H. Steuart, who fought for the Confederacy at a number of major battles, eventually surrendering with General Robert E. Lee at Appomattox in 1865.", "Steuart died in 1867, his health and fortune ruined by his devotion to the Southern \"lost cause\".", "Early life\n\nSteuart was born in Anne Arundel County, Maryland, on November 1, 1790, the eldest son of Dr James Steuart of Annapolis (1755–1846), and Rebecca Sprigg, who were married on November 4, 1788.", "James Steuart was a physician who served in the Revolutionary War, and was the son of George Hume Steuart (1700–1784), a Loyalist politician and tobacco planter who was colonel of the Maryland horse militia under Governor Horatio Sharpe.", "The young Steuart grew up partly at Sparrow's Point, his family's plantation in the Chesapeake Bay, and partly at their residence in West Baltimore, a substantial estate known as Maryland Square.", "Later he studied at and graduated from Princeton University.", "Steuart also had a younger brother, Richard Sprigg Steuart, who grew up to become a physician and was an early pioneer of the treatment of mental illness.", "War of 1812 - Bladensburg and North Point\n\nWhen war broke out between the United States and Great Britain, Steuart (then Captain Steuart) raised a company of Maryland volunteers, known as the Washington Blues, part of the 5th Maryland Regiment commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Joseph Sterett.", "They saw action at the Battle of Bladensburg (August 24, 1814), where the Americans, including the 5th Regiment, were routed by the British.", "Although the 5th had \"evinced a disposition to make a gallant resistance\", it was flanked by the redcoats and forced to retreat in some disorder.", "After the battle, British forces entered Washington, D.C., and set fire to a number of buildings in the city.", "Steuart's regiment fought better at the Battle of North Point (September 12, 1814), where the militia were able to hold the line for an hour or so before making a fighting retreat during which Steuart was wounded.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=SFrQAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA495&dq=steuart+wounded&lr=&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&as_brr=1&ei=m8NQS--EKIr0ygTkkcCADA&cd=1#v=onepage&q=steuart%20wounded&f=false American Quarterly Review, Issues 35-36, by Robert Walsh, p.495 (1835)] Retrieved Jan 15 2010</ref> Some of the militia regiments, such as the 51st, and some members of 39th, broke and ran under fire, but the 5th and 27th held their ground and were able to retreat in reasonably good order having inflicted significant casualties on the advancing enemy.", "Corporal John McHenry of the 5th Regiment wrote an account of the battle:\n\"Our Regiment, the 5th, carried off the praise from the other regiments engaged, so did the company to which I have the honor to belong cover itself with glory.", "When compared to the [other] Regiments we were the last that left the ground...had our Regiment not retreated at the time it did we should have been cut off in two minutes.\"", "Although North Point was a tactical defeat for the Americans, it would prove a turning point in the War of 1812.", "The British took significant losses, including their commanding officer Major General Robert Ross, and, lacking the strength to take the city of Baltimore, they eventually withdrew.", "Post-war career\nSteuart was soon promoted to lieutenant-colonel of the 5th Regiment, and after the war he trained as a lawyer, being listed in the Baltimore City Directory of 1816 as Attorney-at-Law.", "He was a member of the Maryland House of Delegates for Baltimore in 1827 and 1828, serving two one-year terms, and in 1835 he stood unsuccessfully for election to Maryland's 4th congressional district, running as an independent candidate.", "In around 1827 or 1828 his portrait was painted by the Baltimore portrait painter Philip Tilyard.", "First Light Division formed\n\nIn 1833 a number of Baltimore regiments were formed into a brigade, and Steuart was promoted from colonel to brigadier general.", "From 1841 to 1861 he was Commander of the First Light Division, Maryland Volunteer Militia.Sparks, Jared, and others, p.168, The American Almanac and Repository of Useful Knowledge, Volume 10 Retrieved August 29, 2010 Until the Civil War he would be the Commander-in-Chief of the Maryland Volunteers.", "The First Light Division comprised two brigades: the 1st Light Brigade and the 2nd Brigade.", "The First Brigade consisted of the 1st Cavalry, 1st Artillery, and 5th Infantry regiments.", "The 2nd Brigade was composed of the 1st Rifle Regiment and the 53rd Infantry Regiment, and the Battalion of Baltimore City Guards.", "In 1843 Steuart reviewed his troops and those of a visiting regiment from Pennsylvania at Camp Frederick, accompanied by Governor David R. Porter of Pennsylvania and various senior officers.", "The event was attended by \"an immense concourse of spectators\", and was commemorated in a lithograph published in the same year.", "On July 19, 1844, the Boston City Greys visited Baltimore, and marched in parade with various companies of the 53rd Regiment.", "Steuart hosted a party for the visiting militia, which was held at his family estate in West Baltimore, known as Maryland Square.", "The event was celebrated by extensive coverage in the Baltimore American and, like the previous year's visit from Pennsylvania, was commemorated in a lithograph.", "Steuart also appears to have formed an acquaintance with the social reformer Dorothea Dix, who in July 1850 was his guest at Steuart's country residence Sparrow's Point on the Chesapeake Bay.", "Also a guest was the Swedish feminist and activist Fredrika Bremer, who wrote in a letter to her sister Agathe: \"Late in the evening I sat in the most beautiful moonlight with Miss Dix on the veranda of General Stuarts' [sic] house, looking towards the shining river and the wide Chesapeake Bay, listening to the story of her simple yet remarkable life\".", "Dix was a campaigner for better treatment of the mentally ill, a subject which was also the life's work of Steuart's brother, the physician Richard Sprigg Steuart.", "Also among Steuart's social circle was the writer Washington Irving, who was a regular guest at Maryland Square.", "Know-Nothing elections\n\nDuring the mid-1850s public order in Baltimore was threatened by the election of candidates of the Know Nothing party.", "In October 1856 the Know Nothing Mayor Samuel Hinks was pressed by Baltimorians to order Steuart's militia in readiness to maintain order during the mayoral elections, as violence was anticipated.", "Hinks duly gave Steuart the order, writing that he should \"hold yourself with your command, or such portion thereof as you may deem necessary, in readiness to march at a moment's warning, fully armed and equipped for active service\".", "In response, Steuart ordered his men to \"assemble in marching order\" on November 4 and await further orders.", "However, perhaps fearful of greater violence, the mayor soon rescinded his order.", "On October 31 he met with Steuart and requested that the general make his soldiers ready, but not assembled, and Steuart duly countermanded his original order.", "On polling day violence soon broke out, with shots exchanged by competing mobs.", "In the 2nd and 8th wards several citizens were killed, and many wounded.", "In the 6th ward artillery was used, and a pitched battle fought on Orleans St between Know Nothings and rival Democrats, raging for several hours.", "The result of the election, in which voter fraud was widespread, was a victory for the Know Nothings by around 9,000 votes.", "In 1857, fearing similar violence at the upcoming elections, Governor Thomas W. Ligon ordered Steuart to hold the First Light Division, Maryland Volunteers in readiness.", "Ligon carried a \"painful sense of duty unfulfilled\" owing to the violence of the previous year, and was determined to maintain order.", "However, Mayor Thomas Swann successfully argued for a compromise measure involving special police forces to prevent disorder, and Ligon once again balked at the use of military force.", "He did not formally rescind the order to Steuart's militia, but rather proclaimed that he did not \"contemplate the use, upon that day of the military force which I have ordered to be enrolled and organized.\"", "This time, although there was somewhat less violence than in 1856, the results of the vote were again compromised by the use of force and intimidation.", "Mayor Swann was duly re-elected, albeit in a heavily disputed ballot.", "Slavery and the coming of the Civil War\n\nSteuart's family were slaveholders and strong supporters of the South's \"peculiar institution\", although they supported the gradual abolition of slavery by voluntary means.", "In 1828 Steuart served on the board of managers of the Maryland State Colonization Society, of which Charles Carroll of Carrollton, one of the co-signers of the Declaration of Independence, was president.", "Steuart's father, James Steuart, was vice-president, and his brother Richard Sprigg Steuart was also on the board of managers.", "The MSCS was a branch of the American Colonization Society, an organization dedicated to returning black Americans to lead free lives in African states such as Liberia.", "The society proposed from the outset \"to be a remedy for slavery\", and declared in 1833:\n\"Resolved, That this society believe, and act upon the belief, that colonization tends to promote emancipation, by affording the emancipated slave a home where he can be happier than in this country, and so inducing masters to manumit who would not do so unconditionally...[so that] at a time not remote, slavery would cease in the state by the full consent of those interested.\"", "In around 1842 Steuart inherited from his uncle William Steuart (1754–1838) \"2,000 acres, in several tracts of land, the best of which was Mount Steuart; and 125 slaves\", becoming himself a substantial landowner and slaveholder.", "In 1846 his father James Steuart died, and he inherited Maryland Square, his family's mansion in the western suburbs of Baltimore.", "John Brown's raid on Harper's Ferry\n\nIn 1859 Steuart's militia participated in the suppression of John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry, an abortive attempt to ignite a slave rebellion.", "Steuart personally led six companies of Militia: the City Guard, Law Greys and Shields Guard from Baltimore, and the United Guards, Junior Defenders and Independent Riflemen from the city of Frederick.", "The departing Baltimore militia were cheered on by substantial crowds of citizens and well-wishers.", "After Harper's Ferry, militias in the South began to grow in importance as Southerners began to fear slave rebellion inspired by Northern Abolitionists.", "The following year, in a letter to the National Intelligencer on November 19, 1860, Steuart congratulated the editors on their support for the Fugitive Slave Acts, and set out his own support for the Supreme Court's 1857 decision to uphold slavery in the case of Dred Scott v. Sandford.", "He also criticized the recent election of then President-elect Abraham Lincoln on a platform opposed to slavery.", "Steuart argued for \"the invalidity of Lincoln's election, because of the negro votes cast and counted for him in the states of New York, Ohio, and Massachusetts\".", "In 1861, as war grew closer, Steuart established a family trust, administered by four of his sons, in order to look after his large family.", "The trust income consisted chiefly of ground rents from his estates.", "Civil War\n\nBy April 1861 it had become clear that war was inevitable.", "On April 16 Steuart's eldest son, George H. Steuart, then an officer in the United States Army, resigned his captain's commission to join the Confederacy.", "On April 19 Baltimore was disrupted by riots, during which Southern sympathizers attacked Union troops passing through the city by rail, causing what were arguably the first casualties of the Civil War.", "Steuart ordered his militia to assemble, armed and uniformed, to repel the Federal soldiers, as Steuart himself was strongly sympathetic to the Confederacy, along with most of his senior officers.", "It is possible that he may even have contemplated an invasion of Washington DC.", "Perhaps knowing this, and no doubt aware that public opinion in Baltimore was divided, Governor Thomas Holliday Hicks refused to order out the militia.", "Steuart's eldest son commanded one of the city militias during the disturbances of April 1861 and, in a letter to his father, the younger Steuart wrote:\n\"I found nothing but disgust in my observations along the route and in the place I came to – a large majority of the population are insane on the one idea of loyalty to the Union and the legislature is so diminished and unreliable that I rejoiced to hear that they intended to adjourn...it seems that we are doomed to be trodden on by these troops who have taken military possession of our State, and seem determined to commit all the outrages of an invading army.\"", "Steuart's brother, the physician Richard Sprigg Steuart, was also in Baltimore during the riots and he held a somewhat different view of the state of public opinion in the city:\n\"I happened to be in Baltimore on the night of the 19th April 1861, and witnessed the outburst of feeling on the part of the people.", "Generally, when the Massachusetts troops were passing thru the city of Baltimore, it was evident to me that 75 p.c.", "of the population was in favour of repelling these troops.", "Instinctively the people seemed to look upon them as intruders, or as invaders of the South, not as defenders of the City of Baltimore.", "How or by whom the first blow was given can not be now ascertained, but the feeling of resistance was contagious and powerful.", "The Mayor of the City, nevertheless, though it his duty to keep the peace and protect these troops in their passage thru Baltimore.\"", "Steuart and his son made strenuous efforts to persuade Marylanders to secede from the Union, and to use the militia to prevent the occupation of the State by Union soldiers.", "But by April 25 his efforts had become largely defensive.", "In a letter of the same date he wrote to Governor of Virginia John Letcher stating that he was:\n\"very anxious to hold a strong position at or near the Relay House so as to guard and keep open [railway communications] and at the same time cutting it off from Washington\"\nSteuart's efforts to persuade Maryland to secede from the Union were in vain.", "On April 29, the Maryland Legislature voted 53–13 against secession.", "and the state was swiftly occupied by Union soldiers to prevent any reconsideration.", "Flight to Virginia\n\nThe political situation remained uncertain until May 13, 1861 when Union troops occupied the state, restoring order and preventing any further move to secession, and by late summer Maryland was firmly in the hands of Union soldiers.", "Arrests of Confederate sympathizers soon followed, and General Steuart fled to Charlottesville, Virginia, after which much of his family's property was confiscated by the Federal Government.", "Maryland Square was seized by the Union Army and re-named Camp Andrew after Massachusetts Governor John Albion Andrew, a noted abolitionist.", "Union troops were quartered in Steuart's mansion and Jarvis Hospital was soon erected on the grounds of the estate, to care for Federal wounded.", "Steuart was not alone in fleeing to Virginia to join the Confederacy.", "Many members of the newly formed Maryland Line in the Confederate army would be drawn from Steuart's Maryland militia, though at age 71 Steuart was personally judged too old for active service.", "Despite this, he spent much of the war following the Confederate army and was present at or near a number of battles, including Gettysburg, and the First Battle of Manassas, where he was so close to the fighting that he was actually captured by Union forces.", "Fortunately, when it was discovered he was not a serving officer in the Confederate army he was soon released.", "The cost of war\nSteuart is often confused with his eldest son, Brigadier General George H. Steuart, who rose rapidly in the Confederate command, distinguishing himself at the First Battle of Manassas and fighting for the South at many battles including Cross Keys, Winchester and Gettysburg.", "Wounded, captured and exchanged, the younger Steuart would eventually surrender with General Lee at Appomattox.", "Local residents in Baltimore would come to know father and son as \"The Old General\" and \"The Young General\".", "Steuart's third son, Lieutenant William James Steuart (1832–1864), also fought for the Confederacy.", "During the Battle of the Wilderness he was severely wounded in the hip, and was sent to Guinea station, a hospital for officers in Richmond, Virginia.", "There, on 21 May 1864, he died.", "A friend of general Steuart at the University of Virginia wrote to his bereaved father:\n\"You will not charge me, I trust, with intruding on the sacredness of your grief, if I cannot help giving expression to my deep, heartfelt sympathy with your great sorrow.", "You have sacrificed so much for the righteous cause already, that I know you will present this last and most precious offering also with the fortitude of your character and the submission of a Christian.", "Still, I know how valuable this son of yours had been to your interests, how dear to your heart, and I cannot tell you, with what deep and sincere grief I heard of your terrible loss.\"", "Steuart's brother, the physician Richard Sprigg Steuart, chose not to leave Maryland, remaining in his home state throughout the war, though his open support for the Confederacy meant that he too became a fugitive from the federal authorities.", "Baltimore resident W W Glenn described him as living in constant fear of capture:\n\"I was spending the evening out when a footstep approached my chair from behind and a hand was laid upon me.", "I turned and saw Dr. R. S. Steuart.", "He has been concealed for more than six months.", "His neighbors are so bitter against him that he dare not go home, and he committed himself so decidedly on the 19th April and is known to be so decided a Southerner, that it more than likely he would be thrown into a Fort.", "He goes about from place to place, sometimes staying in one county, sometimes in another and then passing a few days in the city.", "He never shows in the day time & is cautious who sees him at any time.", "He has several negroes in his confidence at different places.\"", "General Steuart corresponded regularly with a friend, Sally J. Newman, in Hilton, Va. during course of the war.", "In these letters, which are held by the Maryland Historical Society, Steuart deplores Negro suffrage and the general condition of the country.", "After the war\nSteuart's dedication to the \"Lost Cause\" of the Confederacy would prove a disaster for him and his family.", "Although Maryland Square was restored to him after the war, neither he nor his children would live there again.", "Jarvis hospital was closed in 1865, at the war's end, and in the summer of 1866 the buildings were auctioned off, permitting successful bidders 10 days from the date of auction in which to remove their purchases from the grounds.", "After the war Steuart travelled to Europe, but returned to Maryland in 1867, where he died on October 21, 1867, age 77.", "He is buried at Greenmount Cemetery, Maryland, along with his wife, eldest son and other members of his family.", "Family life\n\nSteuart married Ann-Jane Edmondson in Baltimore on May 3, 1836.", "They had 10 children:\n\n George H. Steuart (1828–1903), Confederate brigadier general during the American Civil War.", "Isaac Edmondson Steuart (1830–1891).", "Suffered from mental illness and was \"in and out of mental institutions\" for much of his life.", "Lieutenant William James Steuart (1832–1864), C.S.A.", "Killed at the Battle of the Wilderness, 1864.", "Thomas Edmondson Steuart (1834–1866)\n Dr James Henry Steuart (1835–1892)\n Mary Elizabeth Steuart (1837–1840)\n Ann Rebecca Steuart (1839–1865)\n Charles David Steuart (1841–1921).", "Like his older brother Isaac, suffered from mental illness and was \"in and out of mental institutions\" for much of his life.", "Margaret Sophia Steuart (1843–1860)\n Henrietta Elizabeth Steuart (1846–1867)\n\nLegacy\nPerhaps not surprisingly, as Maryland had remained loyal to the Union, there is no monument to Steuart in his home state.", "Maryland Square was demolished in 1884, and little trace of his mansion, or Jarvis Hospital, remains today.", "However, in 1919 the Sisters of Bon Secours themselves opened a hospital, their first in the United States, at 2000 West Baltimore Street, very near the location of the former Jarvis Hospital.", "The Grace Medical Center continues to flourish today, and forms an important part of the modern neighbourhood, which still retains the name of Steuart Hill.Steuart, William Calvert, Article in Sunday Sun Magazine, \"The Steuart Hill Area's Colorful Past\", Baltimore, February 10, 1963\n\nSee also\n\nHistory of the Maryland Militia in the Civil War\nMaryland Line (CSA)\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\nAndrews, Matthew Page, History of Maryland, Doubleday Doran & Co, New York City (1929).", "Brackenridge, Henry Marie, p.249, History of the Late War between the United States and Great Britain, Philadelphia (1836).", "Retrieved Jan 15 2010\nField, Ron, et al., The Confederate Army 1861-65: Missouri, Kentucky & Maryland Osprey Publishing (2008), Retrieved March 4, 2010\n George, Christopher T Terror on the Chesapeake, The War of 1812 on the Bay, White Mane Books (2000).", "Goldsborough, W. W., The Maryland Line in the Confederate Army, Guggenheimer Weil & Co (1900), .", "Gurley, Ralph Randolph, Ed., p.251, The African Repository, Volume 3 (1827).", "Retrieved Jan 15 2010\n Hanson, George Adolphus, Old Kent: The Eastern Shore of Maryland: Notes Illustrative of the Most Ancient Records Of Kent County, Maryland Published by John P. Des Forges (1876), ASIN: B0013KKEXE.", "Retrieved on Jan 11 2011\n Harrison, Bruce, The Family Forest Descendants of Lady Joan Beaufort Retrieved August 28, 2010\n Hickey, Donald R., The War of 1812, a Forgotten Conflict, University of Illinois Press (October 1, 1990) Retrieved January 11, 2010\n Hickman, Nathaniel, p.100, The Citizen Soldiers at North Point and Fort McHenry, September 12 & 13 1814, published by James Young (1889).", "Retrieved Jan 14 2010\n Leventhorpe, Collett, p.110, The English Confederate - The Life Of A Civil War General, 1815-1889 McFarland & Company (2006) Retrieved Jan 11 2010\n Marine, William Matthew, The British Invasion of Maryland, 1812-1815 Nabu Press (2010) Retrieved Jan 14 2010\n Melton, Tracy Matthew, Hanging Henry Gambrill - The Violent Career of Baltimore's Plug Uglies, Maryland Historical Society, Baltimore (2005) \n Mitchell, C. W., Maryland Voices of the Civil War, Johns Hopkins University Press (2007)\n Nelker, Gladys P., The Clan Steuart, Genealogical Publishing (1970).", "Papenfuse, Edward C. et al., Archives of Maryland, Historical List, new series, Vol.", "1.", "Annapolis, MD: Maryland State Archives (1990).", "Richardson.", "Hester Dorey, Side-Lights on Maryland History: With Sketches of Early Maryland Families, Tidewater Publishing, 1967.", "ASIN: B00146BDXW, , .", "Shirk, Ida M., p.160, Descendants of Richard & Elizabeth (Ewen) Talbott of Popular Knowle Retrieved January 2012\n Sjoberg, Leif, American Swedish (1973) Retrieved February 2011\n Sparks, Jared, and others, p.168, The American Almanac and Repository of Useful Knowledge, Volume 10 Retrieved August 29, 2010\n Steuart, George H., Letter to the National Intelligencer dated November 19, 1860, unpublished, Archive of the Maryland Historical Society.", "Steuart, James, Papers, Maryland Historical Society, unpublished.", "Steuart, William Calvert, Article in Sunday Sun Magazine, \"The Steuart Hill Area's Colorful Past\", Baltimore, February 10, 1963.", "Sullivan, David M., The United States Marine Corps in the Civil War: The First Year, White Mane Publishing, (1997) Retrieved Jan 13 2010\n White, Roger B, Article in The Maryland Gazette'', \"Steuart, Only Anne Arundel Rebel General\", November 13, 1969.", "External links\n Grave of Major General George H. Steuart at www.greenmountcemetery.com Retrieved on Jan 11 2010\n Archives of Maryland Historical List House of Delegates, Baltimore City (1790–1864) Retrieved on Jan 11 2010\n Letters of Major General George H. Steuart from the Archive of the Maryland Historical Society Retrieved on Jan 11 2010\n Account of the role of the Maryland Militia at the Battle of North Point, at National Guard website Retrieved on Jan 11 2010\nThe Huntingdon Library Quarterly, Volume 12 (1949).", "Retrieved Jan 13 2010\n Register of the Military Order of Foreign Wars of the United States, National Commandery (1900) Retrieved Jan 14 2010\nExtra Globe dated Wednesday October 7 1835 Retrieved Jan 15 2010\n\nPeople of Maryland in the American Civil War\nBurials at Green Mount Cemetery\nAmerican militiamen in the War of 1812\nGeorge H\nPeople from Anne Arundel County, Maryland\n1790 births\n1867 deaths\nAmerican militia generals\nMaryland militia\nMaryland in the War of 1812\nGeorge H\nPrinceton University alumni\nAmerican colonization movement\nJohn Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry" ]

[ "George Steuart was a United States general who fought in the War of 1812 and later joined the Confederate States of America during the Civil War.", "His military career began in 1814 when he was a captain and led a group of Maryland volunteers to the Battle of North Point, where he was wounded.", "He became the commander-in-chief of the First Light Division, Maryland Militia after the war.", "As the prospect of civil war drew closer, Steuart was one of the people who tried to convince Maryland to leave the Union.", "At the start of the Civil War, Steuart left his home state of Maryland and joined the Confederacy, despite being too old for active service.", "He rode with Lee's army and was captured at the First Battle of Manassas.", "He is confused about his son George H. Steuart, who fought for the Confederacy at a number of major battles.", "Steuart's health and fortune were ruined by his devotion to the Southern cause.", "Steuart was the oldest son of Dr James Steuart and Rebecca Sprigg, who were married on November 4, 1788.", "George Steuart was a Loyalist politician and tobacco planter who was colonel of the Maryland horse militia and the son of James Steuart, a physician who served in the Revolutionary War.", "The young Steuart grew up at Sparrow's Point, his family's plantation in the Chesapeake Bay, and at their residence in West Baltimore.", "He graduated from the university.", "Steuart's younger brother, Richard Sprigg Steuart, was an early pioneer of the treatment of mental illness.", "When war broke out between the United States and Great Britain, Steuart (then Captain Steuart) raised a company of Maryland volunteers, known as the Washington Blues.", "The Americans were routed by the British at the Battle of Bladensburg on August 24, 1814.", "The 5th had a disposition to make a resistance, but it was surrounded by the redcoats and forced to retreat.", "British forces entered Washington, D.C. and set fire to a number of buildings.", "The militia were able to hold the line for an hour or so before Steuart was wounded at the Battle of North Point.", "The company to which I have the honor to belong covered itself with glory and carried off the praise from the other regiments engaged.", "We should have been cut off in two minutes because we were the last to leave the ground.", "North Point was a turning point in the War of 1812 because it was a tactical defeat for the Americans.", "The British did not have the strength to take the city of Baltimore and eventually withdrew.", "After training as a lawyer, Steuart was listed in the Baltimore City Directory of 1816 as Attorney-at-Law.", "He stood for election to Maryland's 4th congressional district as an independent candidate in 1835, after serving two one-year terms as a member of the Maryland House of Delegates.", "His portrait was painted by Philip Tilyard.", "Steuart was promoted from colonel to brigadier general as a result of the formation of the First Light Division.", "He was the Commander-in-Chief of the First Light Division until the Civil War.", "The 1st Light brigade and the 2nd brigade were part of the First Light Division.", "The First brigade had the 1st cavalry, 1st cannon, and 5th infantry.", "The battalion of Baltimore City Guards was part of the 2nd brigade.", "Steuart was accompanied by Governor David R. Porter of Pennsylvania and various senior officers when he reviewed his troops in 1843.", "The event was attended by an immense concourse of spectators, and was commemorated in a lithograph.", "The Boston City Greys traveled to Baltimore in July of 1844 and participated in a parade.", "Steuart hosted a party for the visiting militia at his family estate in West Baltimore.", "The previous year's visit from Pennsylvania was commemorated in a lithograph and the event was celebrated by extensive coverage in the Baltimore American.", "Steuart's country residence Sparrow's Point was visited by Dorothea Dix in July 1850, who was a social reformer.", "In a letter to her sister Agathe, a Swedish feminist and activist wrote that she sat on the veranda of General Stuarts' house looking towards the river.", "The life's work of Steuart's brother, the physician Richard Sprigg Steuart, was related to the subject of better treatment of the mentally ill.", "Washington Irving was a regular guest at Maryland Square and was among Steuart's social circle.", "Baltimore was threatened by the election of candidates of the Know Nothing party.", "Steuart's militia was ordered to be ready to maintain order by the Know Nothing Mayor in October 1856 as violence was anticipated.", "Steuart was told to \"hold yourself with your command, or such portion as you may deem necessary, in readiness to march at a moment's warning, fully armed and equipped for active service\".", "Steuart ordered his men to assemble in marching order on November 4.", "The mayor withdrew his order because he was afraid of more violence.", "Steuart countermanded his original order after he met with him on October 31 and requested that the general make his soldiers ready, but not assembled.", "There were shots exchanged between competing mobs on polling day.", "Several citizens were killed in the 2nd and 8th wards.", "In the 6th ward, there was a battle between Know Nothings and Democrats that lasted for several hours.", "The result of the election, in which voter fraud was widespread, was a victory for the Know Nothings.", "Governor Thomas W. Ligon ordered Steuart to hold the First Light Division because of the upcoming elections.", "Ligon was determined to maintain order after the violence of the previous year.", "Ligon once again objected to the use of military force, but Mayor Thomas Swann was able to convince them to use special police forces.", "He did not formally withdraw the order to Steuart's militia, but he did proclaim that he did not plan to use it.", "The results of the vote were again compromised by the use of force and intimidation, even though there was less violence than in 1856.", "In a heavily disputed ballot, the Mayor was re-elected.", "Slavery and the coming of the Civil War Steuart's family were slaveholders and strong supporters of the South's \"peculiar institution\".", "One of the co-signers of the Declaration of Independence was president of the Maryland State Colonization Society, where Steuart was a board member.", "James Steuart was vice-president and his brother Richard Sprigg was on the board of managers.", "The American Colonization Society was dedicated to returning black Americans to lead free lives in African states.", "\"Resolved, That this society believe, and act upon the belief, that colonization tends to promote emancipation, by giving the emancipated slave a home where he can be happier than in this world.\"", "Steuart's uncle William Steuart gave him 2,000 acres in several tracts of land, the best of which was Mount Steuart.", "Maryland Square, his family's mansion in the western suburbs of Baltimore, was given to him after his father died.", "The suppression of John Brown's raid onHarper's Ferry was an attempt to ignite a slave rebellion.", "The City Guard, Law Greys and Shields Guard from Baltimore, and the United Guards, Junior Defenders and Independent Riflemen were all led by Steuart.", "Crowds of citizens and well-wishers cheered on the departing Baltimore militia.", "Southerners began to fear slave rebellion as militias in the South grew in importance.", "On November 19, 1860, Steuart wrote a letter to the National Intelligencer thanking the editors for their support of the Fugitive Slave Acts and setting out his own support for the Supreme Court's decision to uphold slavery.", "He criticized the election of Lincoln on a platform against slavery.", "The invalidity of Lincoln's election was caused by the negro votes cast in the states of New York, Ohio, and Massachusetts.", "Steuart established a family trust in order to look after his large family in the event of war.", "Ground rents from his estates were the main source of trust income.", "By April 1861, it was clear that war was inevitable.", "George H. Steuart resigned from his captain's commission to join the Confederacy.", "The first casualties of the Civil War were caused by the riots in Baltimore on April 19th, when Southern sympathizers attacked Union troops passing through the city by rail.", "Steuart ordered his militia to assemble, armed and uniformed, to repel the Federal soldiers, as he was sympathetic to the Confederacy, along with most of his senior officers.", "It is possible that he contemplated an invasion of Washington DC.", "Even though public opinion in Baltimore was divided, the Governor refused to order out the militia.", "In a letter to his father, the younger Steuart said he found nothing but disgust in his observations along the route and in the place he came to.", "Steuart's brother, the physician Richard Sprigg Steuart, was also in Baltimore during the riots and he held a somewhat different view of the state of public opinion in the city.", "When the Massachusetts troops were in Baltimore, it was obvious to me that the curfew was 75 p.c.", "The population was in favor of repelling the troops.", "The people looked upon them as invaders of the South, not as defenders of the City of Baltimore.", "The feeling of resistance was powerful and contagious, but how or who gave the first blow can't be determined.", "The Mayor of the City has a duty to keep the peace and protect the troops in Baltimore.", "Steuart and his son tried to persuade Marylanders to leave the Union and to use the militia to prevent the Union from occupying the State.", "His efforts were mostly defensive by April 25.", "He wrote a letter to the Governor of Virginia stating that he was very anxious to hold a strong position at or near the Relay House so as to guard and keep open railroad communications and at the same time cutting it off from Washington.", "The Maryland Legislature voted against seceding.", "The state was quickly occupied by the Union soldiers.", "The political situation remained uncertain until May 13, 1861 when Union troops occupied the state, restoring order and preventing any further move to secession, and by late summer Maryland was firmly in the hands of Union soldiers.", "General Steuart fled to Virginia after his family's property was taken by the Federal Government.", "Camp Andrew was re-named after Massachusetts Governor John Andrew, a noted abolitionist, after Maryland Square was seized by the Union Army.", "The hospital was built on the grounds of Steuart's mansion to care for Federal wounded.", "Steuart was not the only one who fled to Virginia to join the Confederacy.", "Many members of the newly formed Maryland Line in the Confederate army were drawn from Steuart's Maryland militia, though Steuart was personally judged too old for active service.", "He was captured by the Union at the First Battle of Manassas, where he was so close to the fighting that he was actually captured, despite the fact that he spent much of the war following the Confederate army.", "He was released when it was discovered he wasn't a serving officer in the army.", "Steuart's oldest son, George H. Steuart, rose rapidly in the Confederate command, distinguishing himself at the First Battle of Manassas and fighting for the South at many battles.", "The younger Steuart was wounded, captured and exchanged with General Lee.", "The father and son were known in Baltimore as \"The Old General\" and \"The Young General\".", "Steuart's third son, Lieutenant William James Steuart, fought for the Confederacy.", "He was wounded in the hip during the Battle of the Wilderness and was sent to a hospital in Virginia.", "He died there on May 21, 1864.", "\"You will not charge me, I trust with the sacredness of your grief, if I cannot help giving expression to my deep, sincere sympathy with your great sorrow,\" wrote a friend of general Steuart at the University of Virginia.", "You have sacrificed so much for the righteous cause already, that I know you will present this last and most precious offering also with the fortitude of your character and the submission of a Christian.", "I know how valuable this son of yours had been to your interests, how dear to your heart, and I can't tell you what I heard of your terrible loss.", "Steuart's brother, the physician Richard Sprigg Steuart, remained in his home state of Maryland, despite his open support for the Confederacy, which resulted in him becoming a fugitive from the federal authorities.", "W W Glenn said that he was living in constant fear of being captured.", "I saw Dr. R. S. Steuart.", "He was concealed for more than six months.", "He decided on the 19th of April that he was going to be thrown into a Fort because his neighbors were so bitter against him.", "He travels from place to place, sometimes staying in one county and sometimes in another, and then passing a few days in the city.", "He doesn't show up in the day time and is cautious who sees him.", "He has a lot of confidence at different places.", "Sally J. Newman was a friend of General Steuart.", "The general condition of the country is deplored in the letters held by the Maryland Historical Society.", "Steuart's dedication to the \"Lost Cause\" of the Confederacy would prove to be a disaster for him and his family.", "Maryland Square was restored after the war, but he and his children wouldn't live there again.", "The buildings were auctioned off in the summer of 1866, allowing successful bidders 10 days from the date of the auction to remove their purchases from the grounds.", "Steuart returned to Maryland after the war and died on October 21, 1867, at the age of 77.", "He is buried with his family at Greenmount Cemetery in Maryland.", "Steuart married Ann-Jane in Baltimore on May 3, 1836.", "George H. Steuart was a Confederate brigadier general during the American Civil War.", "Steuart was the son of Isiah Edmondson Steuart.", "He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "Steuart was a lieutenant in the C.S.A.", "Killed at the Battle of the Wilderness.", "Dr James Henry Steuart, Mary Elizabeth Steuart, Ann Rebecca Steuart, and Charles David Steuart have all died.", "Like his brother, he was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "There is no monument to Steuart in his home state of Maryland.", "The mansion and Maryland Square were demolished in 1884.", "The first hospital in the United States by the Sisters of Bon Secours opened in 1919 at 2000 West Baltimore Street.", "The Grace Medical Center continues to flourish today, and forms an important part of the modern neighbourhood, which still retains the name of Steuart Hill.", "The History of the Late War between the United States and Great Britain was written by Henry Marie Brackenridge.", "Field, Ron, et al., The Confederate Army 1861-65: Missouri, Kentucky, and Maryland, was published in 2010.", "The Maryland Line in the Confederate Army was written by W. W. Goldsborough.", "The African Repository, Volume 3 was written by Gurley.", "Hanson is the author of Old Kent: The Eastern Shore of Maryland: Notes Illustrative of the Most Ancient Records of Kent County, Maryland.", "The Family Forest Descendants of Lady Joan Beaufort was published in 2011.", "Marine, William Matthew, The British Invasion of Maryland, 1812-1815 Nabu Press was published in 2010.", "The Archives of Maryland has a Historical List.", "1.", "Maryland State Archives.", "Richardson.", "Hester Dorey wrote Side-Lights on Maryland History: With Sketches of Early Maryland Families.", "ASIN: B00146BDXW.", "Descendants of Richard & Elizabeth (Ewen) Talbott of Popular Knowle was published in January 2012 by Ida M.", "James Steuart has papers from the Maryland Historical Society.", "\"The Steuart Hill Area's Colorful Past\" was published in Sunday Sun Magazine.", "The United States Marine Corps in the Civil War: The First Year was published in 1997.", "There are external links to the grave of Major General George H. Steuart.", "The Register of the Military Order of Foreign Wars of the United States was published in 1900." ]

[ "George Hume Steuart", "Steuart", "Steuart", "George H", ". Steuart", "Steuart", "Steuart", "James Steuart", "James Steuart", "George Hume", "Steuart", "Hoio", "Steuart", "Steuart", "Steuart", "Steuart", "Steuart", "John McHry", "Steuart", "Steuart", "Steuart", "Steuart", "Steuart", "Steuart", "Samuel Hinks", "Hinks", "Steuart", "Steuart", "Steuart", "Steuart", "Steuart", "Steuart", "Steuart", "Steuart", "James Steuart", "Steuart", "Steuart", "William Steuart", "James Steuart", "Steuart", "Steuart", "Steuart", "George H", ". Steuart", "Steuart", "Steuart", "Thomas Holliday", "Hicks", "Steuart", "Steuart", "Steuart", "Steuart", "Steuart", "Steuart", "Steuart", "Steuart", "Steuart", "Steuart", "Steuart", "George H", ". Steuart", "Steuart", "Steuart", "Steuart", "Steuart", "Steuart", "Steuart", ". Steuart", "Steuart", "Steuart", "Steuart", "George H", ". Steuart", "Steuart", "Steuart", "Steuart", "James Henry", "Steuart", "Steuart", "Steuart", "Steuart", "Steuart", "Henrietta Elizabeth", "Steuart", "Henry Marie", "George", "Hanson", "George Ad", "Harrison", "Hickey", "Hickman", "Hester", "Steuart", "George H", "Steuart", "Steuart", "George H", ". Steuart", "George H", ". Steuart" ]

[ "George Steuart", "Steuart", "Steuart", "George H", ". Steuart", "Steuart", "Steuart", "James Steuart", "George Steuart", "James Steuart", "Steuart", "Steuart", "Steuart", "Steuart", "Steuart", "Steuart", "Steuart", "Steuart", "Steuart", "Steuart", "Steuart", "Steuart", "Steuart", "Steuart", "Steuart", "Steuart", "Steuart", "Steuart", "Steuart", "Steuart", "James Steuart", "Steuart", "William Steuart", "Steuart", "Steuart", "George H", ". Steuart", "Steuart", "Steuart", "Steuart", "Steuart", "Steuart", "Steuart", "Steuart", "Steuart", "Steuart", "Steuart", "George H", ". Steuart", "Steuart", "Steuart", "Steuart", "Steuart", "Steuart", "Steuart", ". Steuart", "Steuart", "Steuart", "Steuart", "George H", ". Steuart", "Steuart", "Steuart", "James Henry", "Steuart", "Steuart", "Steuart", "Steuart", "Henry Marie", "Hanson", "Hester", "James Steuart", "George H", ". Steuart" ]