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[ "Henry Corbin (14 April 1903 – 7 October 1978) was a French philosopher, theologian, Iranologist and professor of Islamic Studies at the École pratique des hautes études in Paris, France.", "Corbin was born in Paris in April 1903.", "Although he was Protestant by birth, he was educated in the Catholic tradition and at the age of 19 received a certificate in Scholastic philosophy from the Catholic Institute of Paris.", "Three years later he took his \"licence de philosophie\" under the Thomist Étienne Gilson.", "In 1928 he encountered Louis Massignon, director of Islamic studies at the Sorbonne, and it was he who introduced Corbin to the writings of Suhrawardi, the 12th century Persian mystic and philosopher whose work was to profoundly affect the course of Corbin's life.", "Years later Corbin said \"through my meeting with Suhrawardi, my spiritual destiny for the passage through this world was sealed.", "Platonism, expressed in terms of the Zoroastrian angelology of ancient Persia, illuminated the path that I was seeking.\"", "Corbin is responsible for redirecting the study of Islamic philosophy as a whole.", "In his Histoire de la philosophie islamique (1964), he challenged the common view that philosophy among the Muslims came to an end after Ibn Rushd.", "Life and work\nThe philosophical life and career of Corbin can be divided into three phases.", "The first is the 1920s and 1930s, when he was involved in learning and teaching western philosophy.", "The second is the years between 1939 and 1946, in which he studied Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi and the School of Illumination in Istanbul.", "The last phase begins in 1946 and lasts until his death, in which he studied and reintroduced eastern and Islamic philosophy.", "In 1933 he married Stella Leenhardt.", "In 1938, he completed the first translation of one of Heidegger's works into French (Was ist Metaphysik?, as Qu’est-ce que la metaphysique?).", "In 1939 they traveled to Istanbul, and in 1945 to Tehran.", "They returned to Paris one year later in July 1946.", "In 1949, Corbin first attended the annual Eranos Conferences in Ascona, Switzerland.", "In 1954 he succeeded Louis Massignon in the Chair of Islam and the Religions of Arabia.", "From the 1950s on he spent autumn in Tehran, winter in Paris and spring in Ascona.", "The three major works upon which his reputation largely rests in the English speaking world were first published in French in the 1950s: Avicenna and the Visionary Recital, Creative Imagination in the Sufism of Ibn 'Arabi and Spiritual Body and Celestial Earth.", "His later major work on Central Asian and Iranian Sufism appears in English with an Introduction by Zia Inayat Khan as The Man of Light in Iranian Sufism.", "His magnum opus is the four volume En Islam Iranien: Aspects spirituels et philosophiques.", "It has been translated into Persian twice by Dr Enshollah Rahmati and Reza Kuhkan from French (the 4th volume being still untranslated )., He died on 7 October 1978.", "Main themes\nThere are several main themes which together form the core of the spirituality that Corbin defends.", "The Imagination is the primary means to engage with Creation.", "Prayer is the \"supreme act of the creative imagination\".", "He considered himself a Protestant Christian but he abandoned a Christocentric view of history.", "The grand sweep of his theology of the Holy Spirit embraces Judaism, Christianity and Islam.", "He defended the central role assigned in theology for the individual as the finite image of the Unique Divine.", "His mysticism is no world-denying asceticism but regards all of Creation as a theophany of the divine.", "This vision has much in common with what has become known as Creation Spirituality, and the figure of the Angel Holy Spirit is similar to what is sometimes called the Cosmic Christ.", "Legacy and influence\n\nCorbin's ideas continue to have an impact through the work of colleagues, students and many others influenced by his work.", "Though this list is far from complete, these include the following prolific Western scholars of Sufism and Islamic thought: Seyyed Hossein Nasr, William Chittick, Christian Jambet, Ali Amir-Moezzi, Hermann Landolt, Pierre Lory, James Cowan, James Morris, and Todd Lawson.", "In England his influence has been felt in the work of Kathleen Raine, Phillip Sherrard and other members of the Temenos Academy.", "Corbin was an important source for the archetypal psychology of James Hillman and others who have developed the psychology of Carl Jung.", "In addition, Corbin was good friends with Jacques Lacan, the French reinterpreter of Sigmund Freud, which gave Lacan a familiarity with Islamic thought.", "The American literary critic Harold Bloom claims Corbin as a significant influence on his own conception of Gnosticism, and the American poet Charles Olson was a student of Corbin's Avicenna and the Visionary Recital.", "Corbin's friends and colleagues in France have established L'Association des Amis de Henry et Stella Corbin for the dissemination of his work through meetings and colloquia, and the publication of his posthumous writings.", "Corbin's work has been criticized by a number of writers, including Steven M. Wasserstrom.", "Corbin's scholarly objectivity has been questioned on the basis of both a Shi'ite bias, and his theological agenda; he has been accused of being both ahistorically naive and dangerously politically reactionary; and he has been charged with being both an Iranian nationalist and an elitist in both his politics and his spirituality.", "Forceful rejoinders to the more damning of these critiques by Lory and Subtelny have been particularly lucid.", "Selected bibliography\n Avicenna and the Visionary Recital.", "Princeton University Press, 1960.", "Histoire de la philosophie Islamique.", "Gallimard, 1964.", "(Re-issued by Kegan Paul in 1993 as History of Islamic Philosophy ..)\n Creative Imagination in the Sufism of Ibn 'Arabi.", "Princeton University Press, 1969.", "(Re-issued in 1998 as Alone with the Alone.)", "En Islam Iranien: Aspects spirituels et philosophiques (4 vols.).", "Gallimard, 1971–73.", "Spiritual Body and Celestial Earth: From Mazdean Iran to Shi'ite Iran.", "Princeton University Press, 1977.", "Le Paradoxe du Monothéisme.", "l'Herne, 1981.", "Cyclical Time and Ismaili Gnosis.", "KPI, 1983.", "L'Homme et Son Ange: Initiation et Chevalerie Spirituelle.", "Fayard, 1983.", "Face de Dieu, Face de l'homme: Hermeneutique et soufisme.", "Flammarion, 1983.", "Temple and Contemplation.", "KPI, 1986.", "The Man of Light in Iranian Sufism.", "Omega Publications, 1994.", "Swedenborg and Esoteric Islam.", "Swedenborg Foundation, 1995.", "See also \n\nAhmad Fardid\nActive imagination\nBarzakh\nFalsafa\nHossein Nasr\nIranistics\nMartin Heidegger\nNader El-Bizri\nSufi studies\nTemenos Academy Review\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\n Adams, Charles J.", "\"The Hermeneutics of Henry Corbin,\" in Approaches to Islam in Religious Studies, Martin, Ed., University of Arizona Press, 1985.", "Addas, Claude.", "Quest for the Red Sulphur: The Life of Ibn 'Arabi.", "Trans.", "Peter Kingsley.", "Islamic Texts Society, 1993.", "Algar, Hamid.", "\"The Study of Islam: The Work of Henry Corbin.\"", "Religious Studies Review 6(2) 1980: 85–91.", "Avens, Roberts.", "\"The Subtle Realm: Corbin, Sufism and Swedenborg,\" in Immanuel Swedenborg: A Continuing Vision, Edited by Robin Larson.", "Swedenborg Foundation, 1988.", "Amir-Moezzi, M., Christian Jambet and Pierre Lory, (eds).", "Henry Corbin: Philosophies et Sagesses des Religions du Livre.", "Brepols, 2005.", "Bamford, Christopher.", "\"Esotericism Today: The Example of Henry Corbin,\" in Henry Corbin, The Voyage and the Messenger: Iran and Philosophy.", "North Atlantic Books, 1998.", "Bloom, Harold.", "Omens of Millennium: The Gnosis of Angels, Dreams and Resurrection.", "Riverhead Books, 1996.", "Brown, Norman O., \"The Prophetic Tradition,\" and \"The Apocalypse of Islam,\" in Apocalypse and/or Metamorphosis.", "University of California Press, 1991.", "Camilleri, Sylvain and Proulx, Daniel.", "« Martin Heidegger et Henry Corbin : lettres et documents (1930-1941) », in Bulletin heideggérien, vol.", "4, 2014, p. 4-63.", "Cheetham, Tom.", "The World Turned Inside Out: Henry Corbin and Islamic Mysticism.", "Spring Journal Books, 2003.", "_ Green Man, Earth Angel: The Prophetic Tradition and the Battle for the Soul of the World.", "SUNY Press, 2005.", "_ After Prophecy: Imagination, Incarnation and the Unity of the Prophetic Tradition.", "Lectures for the Temenos Academy.", "Spring Journal Books, 2007.", "_ All the World an Icon: Henry Corbin and the Angelic Function of Beings, North Atlantic Books, 2012.", "_ Imaginal Love: The Meanings of Imagination in Henry Corbin and James Hillman, Spring Publications, 2015.", "Chittick, William.", "The Sufi Path of Knowledge: Ibn 'Arabi's Metaphysics of the Imagination.", "SUNY Press, 1989.", "Chodkiewicz, Michel.", "An Ocean without Shore: Ibn 'Arabi, the Book and the Law.", "Trans.", "David Streight.", "Islamic Texts Society, 1993.", "__ Seal of the Saints: Prophethood and Sainthood in the Doctrine of Ibn 'Arabi.", "Trans.", "Liadain Sherrard.", "Islamic Texts Society, 1993.", "Corbin, H. (1969).", "Creative Imagination in the Sufism of Ibn `Arabi.", "(Trans.", "R. Manheim.", "Original French, 1958.)", "Princeton, NJ.", "Princeton University Press.", "Corbin, H. (1972).", "Mundus Imaginalis, the Imaginary and the Imaginal.", "Spring, 1972 pp.", "1–19.", "New York: Analytical Psychology Club of New York, Inc.\n Elmore, Gerald.", "Islamic Sainthood in the Fullness of Time: Ibn al-'Arabi's Book of the Fabulous Gryphon.", "Brill, 1998.", "Jambet, Christian, (Editor).", "Henry Corbin.", "Cahier de l'Herne, no.", "39.", "Consacré à Henry Corbin, 1981.", "_ La logique des Orientaux: Henry Corbin et la science des formes.", "Éditions du Seuil, 1983.", "Giuliano, Glauco.", "Il Pellegrinaggio in Oriente di Henry Corbin.", "Con una scelta di testi.", "Lavis (Trento-Italia), La Finestra editrice, 2003.", "Giuliano, Glauco.", "Nîtârtha.", "Saggi per un pensiero eurasiatico.", "Lavis (Trento-Italia), La Finestra editrice, 2004.", "Giuliano, Glauco.", "L'Immagine del Tempo in Henry Corbin.", "Verso un'idiochronia angelomorfica.", "Milano-Udine, Mimesis, 2009.", "Landolt, Hermann.", "\"Henry Corbin, 1903-1978: Between Philosophy and Orientalism,\" Journal of the American Oriental Society, 119(3): 484-490, 1999.", "Morris, James.", "The Reflective Heart: Discovering Spiritual Intelligence in Ibn 'Arabi's Meccan Illuminations.", "Fons Vitae, 2005.", "Nasr, Seyyed Hossein.", "“Henry Corbin: The Life and Works of the Occidental Exile in Quest of the Orient of Light,” ch.", "17, in S.H.", "Nasr, Traditional Islam in the Modern World.", "KPI, 1987.", "Shayegan, Daryush.", "Henry Corbin penseur de l'Islam spirituel, Paris, Albin Michel, 2010, 428 p. \n Suhrawardi, Yahyá ibn Habash.", "The philosophy of illumination: A new critical edition of the text of Hikmat al-Ishraq, with English translation, notes, commentary, and introduction by John Walbridge and Hossein Ziai.", "Brigham Young University Press, 1999.", "Varzi, Roxanne.", "“Iran’s French Revolution: Religion, Philosophy, and Crowds”, The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, vol.", "637, issue 1, pp.", "53 – 63, July 25, 2011\n\nExternal links \nOfficial website\n Association des Amis de Henry et Stella Corbin (French/English)\n\nTom Cheetham's Corbin blog\n The Legacy of Henry Corbin\n\nArticles\n Corbin, Henry (1903–1978).", "Encyclopedia of philosophy.", "From 'Heidegger to Suhrawardi': An Introduction to the thought of Henry Corbin\n Between Heidegger and the Hidden Imam: Reflections on Henry Corbin's approaches to mystical Islam \n Imaginal World, introducing true creativity\n\n1903 births\n1978 deaths\nWriters from Paris\nInstitut Catholique de Paris alumni\nUniversity of Paris alumni\nUniversity of Paris faculty\nFrench historians of philosophy\nFrench orientalists\nFrench former Christians\nFrench historians of religion\nFrench Iranologists\nFrench Islamic studies scholars\n20th-century French philosophers\nHeidegger scholars\n20th-century French translators\nArabic–French translators\nPersian-French translators\nScholars of Sufism\nIbn Arabi scholars" ]

[ "Henry Corbin was a French philosopher, theologian, Iranologist and professor of Islamic Studies at the cole Pratique des Hautes Ecoles in Paris, France.", "In 1903, he was born in Paris.", "He received a certificate in philosophy from the Catholic Institute of Paris at the age of 19 because he was educated in the Catholic tradition.", "He took his \"licence de philosophie\" three years later.", "In 1928 he met Louis Massignon, director of Islamic studies at the Sorbonne, who introduced him to the writings of a 12th century Persian mystic and philosopher.", "Through my meeting with Suhrawardi, my spiritual destiny was sealed.", "The path that I was seeking was illuminated by Platonism.", "He is responsible for redirecting the study of Islamic philosophy as a whole.", "In histoire de la philosophie islamique, he challenged the view that philosophy among the Muslims came to an end after Ibn Rushd.", "The career and life of Corbin can be divided into three phases.", "He was involved in learning and teaching western philosophy in the 1920s and 1930s.", "Between 1939 and 1946, he studied at the School of Illumination in Istanbul.", "He studied and reintroduced eastern and Islamic philosophy in the last phase of his life.", "He married a woman named Stella Leenhardt in 1933.", "He completed the first translation of one of Heidegger's works into French in 1938.", "They traveled to Istanbul in 1939 and Tehran in 1945.", "They came back to Paris one year later.", "The Eranos Conferences were held in Ascona, Switzerland, in 1949.", "He succeeded Louis Massignon as Chair of Islam and the Religions of Arabia.", "He spent the winter in Paris and the autumn in Tehran.", "In the 1950s, three of his major works were published in French: Avicenna and the Visionary Recital, Creative Imagination in the Sufism of Ibn 'Arabi and Spiritual Body and Celestial Earth.", "The Man of Light in Iranian Sufism is an English introduction to his later major work on Central Asian and Iranian Sufism.", "The four volumes of En Islam Iranien are his masterpiece.", "He died on October 7, 1978 and the 4th volume is still untranslated.", "The core of spirituality is formed by several main themes.", "The primary means to engage with Creation is the imagination.", "The \"supreme act of the creative imagination\" is prayer.", "He abandoned his view of history because he considered himself a Protestant Christian.", "His theology embraces Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.", "He defended the central role assigned in theology for the individual as the finite image of the Unique Divine.", "All of Creation is considered a theophany of the divine by his mysticism.", "This vision and the figure of the Angel Holy Spirit are similar to what is sometimes called the Cosmic Christ.", "Through the work of colleagues, students and many others influenced by his work, legacy and influence continue to have an impact.", "The following Western scholars of Sufism and Islamic thought are included in this list.", "His influence has been felt in the work of Kathleen Raine and Phillip Sherrard.", "James Hillman and others have developed the psychology of Carl Jung.", "Jacques Lacan, the French version of Sigmund Freud, had a familiarity with Islamic thought as a result of his friendship with Corbin.", "Avicenna and the Visionary Recital is said to have influenced the conception of Gnosticism by the American literary critic Harold Bloom.", "The dissemination of his work through meetings and colloquia has been established by his friends and colleagues in France.", "Steven M. Wasserstrom is one of a number of writers who have criticized Corbin's work.", "He has been accused of being both ahistorically naive and politically reactionary, as well as being an Iranian nationalist, because of his Shi'ite bias.", "The rejoinders to the more damning criticisms by Lory and Subtelny have been very clear.", "Avicenna and the Visionary Recital are included.", "The Princeton University Press was published in 1960.", "Histoire de Islamique.", "Gallimard, 1964.", "The History of Islamic Philosophy was re-issued in 1993 by Kegan Paul.", "The Princeton University Press was published in 1969.", "In 1998 it was re-issued as Alone with the Alone.", "There are four volumes of En Islam Iranien: Aspects spirituels et philosophiques.", "Gallimard, 1971–3.", "From Iran to Shi'ite Iran is the spiritual body.", "The Princeton University Press was published in 1977.", "The Monothérisme is called Le Paradoxe du Monothérisme.", "l'Herne, 1981.", "There are two things: Cyclical Time and Ismaili Gnosis.", "The year 1983, KPI.", "L'Homme et Son Ange: Initiation.", "Fayard was born in 1983.", "Face de Dieu, Face de l'homme: Hermeneutique et soufisme.", "Flammarion was released in 1983.", "There is a temple and consecration.", "The year 1986, KPI.", "There is a man in Iranian Sufism.", "Omega Publications was published in 1994.", "Esoteric Islam and Swedenborg.", "The Swedenborg Foundation was founded in 1995.", "Also see Ahmad Fardid Active imagination Barzakh Falsafa Hossein Nasr Iranistics Martin Heidegger and Nader El-Bizri Sufi studies.", "Approaches to Islam in Religious Studies, Martin, Ed., University of Arizona Press, 1985, \"The Hermeneutics of Henry Corbin.\"", "Claude Addas.", "The life of Ibn 'Arabi was the subject of a quest.", "Trans.", "Peter Kingsley.", "The Islamic Texts Society was founded in 1993.", "Hamid, Algar.", "The Study of Islam was written by Henry Corbin.", "The Religious Studies Review was published in 1980.", "Avens, Roberts.", "Robin Larson edited \"The Subtle Realm: Corbin, Sufism and Swedenborg.\"", "The Swedenborg Foundation was founded in 1988.", "The book was written by Christian Jambet and Pierre Lory.", "Henry Corbin wrote about religion and religion and religion and religion and religion and religion and religion and religion and religion and religion and religion and religion and religion and religion and religion and religion and religion and religion and religion and religion and religion and religion and religion and religion and religion and religion and religion and", "The year 2005, Brepols.", "Christopher Bamford.", "\"Esotericism Today: The Example of Henry Corbin\" was written in Henry Corbin's book, The Voyage and the Messenger: Iran and Philosophy.", "North Atlantic Books was published in 1998.", "\"Harold\" is the name of the man.", "The Gnosis of Angels, Dreams and Resurrection was written by Omens of Millennium.", "The books were published in 1996.", "\"The Prophetic Tradition\" and \"The Apocalypse of Islam\" were written by Norman O. Brown.", "The University of California Press was published in 1991.", "Sylvain and Proulx are named Daniel.", "Bulletin heideggérien has a story about Martin Heidegger and Henry Corbin.", "4, 2015, p.", "Tom Cheetham.", "The world turned inside out with the rise of Islamic mysticism.", "Spring Journal books were published in 2003", "Green Man, Earth Angel: The Prophetic Tradition and the Battle for the Soul of the World is a book.", "The SUNY Press was published in 2005.", "The unity of the prophetic tradition was discussed in After Prophecy.", "There are lectures for the academy.", "The Spring Journal books were published in 2007.", "Henry Corbin and the Angelic Function of Beings is a book by North Atlantic Books.", "The meaning of imagination is the subject of a book.", "William Chittick.", "The Sufi Path of Knowledge is based on the Metaphysics of the Imagination.", "The SUNY Press was published in 1989.", "\"Michel Chodkiewicz.\"", "The book and the law are included in An Ocean without Shore.", "Trans.", "David Streight.", "The Islamic Texts Society was founded in 1993.", "The Seal of the Saints is about Prophethood and Sainthood.", "Trans.", "Liadain Sherrard.", "The Islamic Texts Society was founded in 1993.", "H. Corbin was born in 1969.", "There is creative imagination in the Sufism.", "It's trans.", "R. Manheim.", "The original French was published in 1958.", "There is a city in New Jersey.", "The University Press of Princeton.", "H. Corbin was born in 1972", "The imagination and the imagination are called mundus imagination.", "Spring 1972, pp.", "1–19.", "The Analytical Psychology Club of New York is headed by Gerald.", "Islamic Sainthood in the Fullness of Time was written by Ibn al-'Arabi.", "Brill, 1998.", "Christian Jambet is the editor.", "The man is Henry Corbin.", "Cahier de l'Herne, no.", "39.", "Henry Corbin was born in 1981.", "Henry Corbin et la science des formes was the logique des Orientaux.", "ditions du Seuil was published in 1983.", "Giuliano and Glauco.", "There is an Oriente di Henry Corbin.", "Con una scelta di testi.", "La Finestra editrice was published in 2003", "Giuliano and Glauco.", "Ntrtha.", "Saggi per un pensiero eurasiatico.", "La Finestra editrice was published in 2004.", "Giuliano and Glauco.", "Henry Corbin had L'Immagine del Tempo.", "Verso un'idiochronia angelomorfica.", "Mimesis, 2009, Milano-Udine.", "Landolt.", "\"Henry Corbin, 1903-1978: Between Philosophy and Orientalism\" was published in the Journal of the American Oriental Society.", "James Morris.", "The Meccan Illuminations have a reflective heart.", "In 2005, Fons Vitae.", "Nasr is a person by the name of Seyyed Hossein.", "The life and works of the occidental exile in quest of the Orient of Light was written by Henry Corbin.", "In S.H.", "Traditional Islam in the modern world is called Nasr.", "KPI, 1987.", "Daryush, Shayegan.", "The peneur de l'Islam spirituel was written by Henry Corbin.", "The philosophy of illumination is a new critical edition of the text of Hikmat al-Ishraq.", "The Brigham Young University Press was published in 1999.", "Roxanne Varzi.", "Iran's French Revolution: Religion, Philosophy, and Crowds was published in The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science.", "Issue 1, pp.", "There are External links on the Association des Amis de Henry et Stella Corbin website.", "There is an encyclopedia of philosophy.", "Between Heidegger and the Hidden Imam: Reflections on Henry Corbin's approaches to mystical Islam is an introduction to true creativity." ]

[ "Henry Corbin", "Corbin", "Corbin", "Corbin", "Corbin", "Corbin", "Corbin", "Corbin", "Corbin", "Corbin", "Corbin", "Corbin", "Corbin", "Corbin", "Corbin", "Corbin", "Corbin", "Henry Corbin", "Henry Corbin", "Corbin", "Henry Corbin", "Henry Corbin", "Henry Corbin", "Henry Corbin", "Henry Corbin", "Henry Corbin", "Henry Corbin", "Corbin", "Corbin", "Henry Corbin", "Henry Corbin", "Henry Corbin", "Henry Corbin", "Henry Corbin", "Henry Corbin", "Henry Corbin", "Henry Corbin", "Corbin", "Henry", "Henry Corbin", "Henry Corbin" ]

[ "Henry Corbin", "Corbin", "Corbin", "Corbin", "Henry Corbin", "Henry Corbin", "Corbin", "Henry Corbin", "Henry Corbin", "Henry Corbin", "Henry Corbin", "Henry Corbin", ". Corbin", ". Corbin", "Henry Corbin", "Henry Corbin", "Henry Corbin", "Henry Corbin", "Henry Corbin", "Henry Corbin", "Henry Corbin", "Henry Corbin", "Henry Corbin" ]

[ "Landrum Rymer Bolling (November 13, 1913 – January 17, 2018) was an American journalist and diplomat and a noted pacifist who was a leading expert and activist for peaceful resolution of the Israel-Palestine conflict.", "He first worked as a war correspondent during and after World War II.", "He taught at Beloit College and Brown University before serving as president of Earlham College from 1958 to 1973.", "He was actively involved in the foreign policies of several presidential administrations, serving as an unofficial communication channel between the U.S. and the Palestinian Liberation Organization in Jimmy Carter's administration.", "He was honored with many awards for his work to promote peace, and in the fall of 2002, Earlham College named its new social sciences building after him.", "Early life and education\nBolling was born in Parksville, Tennessee, the son of Baptist parents Landrum Austin Bolling and Carrie Mae Bolling (née Rymer).", "He earned his bachelor's degree at the University of Tennessee at Knoxville in 1933 and went to work for the Tennessee Valley Authority under Arthur Ernest Morgan, former president of Antioch College and a convert to Quakerism.", "Bolling married Morgan's daughter Frances (1914-2008) on July 6, 1936, and they had six children.", "Bolling obtained his master's degree in Political Science at the University of Chicago in 1938.", "He became a Quaker, and this religion informed his pacifism and belief in the importance of understanding the other side's point of view.", "Military career and journalism\n\nBolling began work as a journalist.", "During World War II, while teaching at Beloit College in Wisconsin, he relinquished his status as a conscientious objector to serve as a war correspondent for a collection of Wisconsin newspapers.", "He reported from the European theater, successively from Rome, Vienna, and Berlin.", "He later became one of few international correspondents to gain entry to Yugoslavia and reported from Sarajevo during its liberation from Nazi occupation.", "After the end of the war, he remained in Berlin to work as an editor for the Overseas News Agency, based in New York.", "Academic career\n\nBolling was an instructor of political science at Brown University from 1938 to 1940.", "He then became an associate professor at Beloit College, and in 1948 he became a professor of political science at Earlham College.", "He was promoted to the position of General Secretary of Earlham in 1955, and in 1958 he became president of the college, a position he held for fifteen years.", "After his term ended in 1973, Bolling became the president of the Lilly Endowment, a large grant making foundation; he stayed in this position until 1978, when he became chief executive officer of the Council on Foundations.", "In these positions Bolling helped to fund research at colleges and universities across the country.", "In 1982 he served as research professor of the Institute for the Study of Diplomacy at the Georgetown University School of Foreign Service for one year.", "He was also chairman or board member of the Associated Colleges of Indiana, the Indiana Conference on Higher Education, the National Association of Protestant Colleges and Universities, and the Association of American Colleges.", "Earlham College presidency\n\nBolling was president of Earlham College from 1958 to 1973, during which time the college began to become nationally known.", "Under his leadership, the college gained a Phi Beta Kappa chapter and hired its first African American faculty member, William Cousins.", "Bolling greatly expanded off-campus and international programs and supported building initiatives, adding the Lilly Library, Hoerner Residence Hall, the Runyan Center, and Noyes and Stanley Halls to the facilities the school offered.", "After his resignation, Bolling was named an honorary trustee of Earlham College.", "In 2002, the college named its new social sciences building, the Landrum Bolling Center for Interdisciplinary Studies and Social Sciences, after him, as a tribute to his work to promote peaceful, socially just cooperation between different groups of people.", "Governmental work and activism\n\nBolling was an activist for peace and social justice throughout his life, both in the United States and abroad.", "After working as a journalist, he worked in the government to help improve communications between the U.S. and Palestine for many years, under several presidents.", "Most notably, during Jimmy Carter's administration, he was a highly trusted unofficial backchannel from the White House to the Palestine Liberation Organization and its leader, Yaser Arafat.", "He maintained his connections to leaders on all sides of the conflicts in the Middle East throughout his career.", "Later, he worked with non-governmental organizations, government officials, and religious leaders in Bosnia to promote cooperation between ethnic and religious groups.", "He also worked extensively with Mercy Corps, an international humanitarian agency, serving first as Director-at-Large and subsequently as a senior advisor, and was president of Pax World Service, a non-profit group affiliated with Mercy Corps.", "From 1983 to 1988, he was president and rector at the Tantur Ecumenical Institute in Jerusalem.", "He was also a senior advisor and board member of the Conflict Management Group in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and a senior fellow at the Center for International Policy in Washington, D.C.\n\nOn the eve of Bolling's centennial birthday, former president Jimmy Carter emailed a tribute to the daily newspaper in the city where Earlham College is located:\n\nA longtime friend and colleague, Landrum Bolling is renowned for his many achievements as an educator and journalist, leader in philanthropic, humanitarian, and interfaith efforts, and as a citizen peacemaker.", "Knowing of his personal acquaintance with Israeli and Arab leaders and his experience in the region, I turned to him for advice and assistance while negotiating the Camp David Accords while I was president.", "Throughout the years, he has remained a trusted and valued adviser in our work at The Carter Center.", "Publications\n\nBolling wrote or co-wrote several books.", "His first book, Search for Peace in the Middle East (American Friends Service Committee 1970), is an analysis of the conflict in the Middle East that helped to inspire today's two-state solution.", "His other books include This is Germany, Private Foreign Aid: U.S. philanthropy for relief and development (Westview Press 1982), Reporters Under Fire: U.S. Media Coverage of Conflicts in Lebanon and Central America (Westview Press 1984), and Conflict Resolution: Track Two Diplomacy.", "Bolling also wrote the documentary Searching for Peace in the Middle East.", "Honors and awards\n\nBolling received honorary doctorates from over thirty foreign and American colleges and universities, including the University of Tennessee at Knoxville, the University of Notre Dame, Oberlin College, Haverford College, Indiana University, and Waseda University.", "In 1998, the University of Tennessee at Knoxville awarded him its prestigious Founders Medal.", "In 2000, the National Peace Foundation honored him with the Peacemaker/Peacebuilder award.", "In 2005, he received the James L. Fisher Award for Distinguished Service to Education by the Council for Advancement and Support of Education, and in 2010 he received the lifetime achievement award from the National Council on U.S.-Arab Relations.", "References\n\n1913 births\n2018 deaths\nPeople from Polk County, Tennessee\nUniversity of Tennessee alumni\nBeloit College faculty\nBrown University faculty\nEarlham College faculty\nHeads of universities and colleges in the United States\nEducators from Tennessee\nJournalists from Tennessee\n20th-century Quakers\n21st-century Quakers\nAmerican pacifists\nAmerican centenarians\nAmerican diplomats\nMen centenarians" ]

[ "An American journalist and diplomat who was a leading expert and activist for peaceful resolution of the Israel-Palestine conflict, Landrum Rymer Bolling was born in 1913.", "During and after World War II, he worked as a war correspondent.", "He was president of Earlham College from 1959 to 1973.", "He was involved in the foreign policies of several presidential administrations, serving as an unofficial communication channel between the U.S. and the Palestinian Liberation Organization in Jimmy Carter's administration.", "Earlham College named its new social sciences building after him after he was honored with many awards for his work to promote peace.", "Landrum Austin Bolling was the son of Baptist parents and was born in Parksville, Tennessee.", "He earned his bachelor's degree at the University of Tennessee at Knoxville in 1933 and went to work for the Tennessee Valley Authority under Arthur Ernest Morgan.", "On July 6, 1936, Bolling married Morgan's daughter, who DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch", "He obtained a master's degree in Political Science from the University of Chicago.", "He was influenced by the importance of understanding the other side's point of view when he became aQuaker.", "As a journalist, Bolling began his military career.", "He gave up his conscientious objector status to serve as a war correspondent for a collection of Wisconsin newspapers during World War II.", "He reported from Rome, Vienna, and Berlin.", "He was one of the few international correspondents to gain entry to Yugoslavia.", "He worked as an editor for the Overseas News Agency in New York after the war ended.", "Professor of political science at Brown University from 1938 to 1940.", "In 1948 he became a professor of political science at Earlham College.", "He held the position of president of the college for fifteen years after being promoted to the position of General Secretary of Earlham.", "After his term ended in 1973, he became the president of the Lilly Endowment and stayed in this position until 1978, when he became the chief executive officer of the Council on Foundations.", "The funds were used to fund research at colleges and universities.", "He was a research professor at the Georgetown University School of Foreign Service for a year in 1982.", "He was a board member of the Associated Colleges of Indiana, the Indiana Conference on Higher Education, the National Association of Protestant Colleges and Universities, and the Association of American Colleges.", "During his time as president of Earlham College, Bolling helped the college become nationally known.", "The first African American faculty member was hired at the college under his leadership.", "The Lilly Library, Hoerner Residence Hall, the Runyan Center, and Noyes and Stanley Halls were added to the facilities the school offered.", "Earlham College named him an \"honorary Trustee\" after he resigned.", "The college named its new social sciences building after him because of his work to promote peaceful, socially just cooperation between different groups of people.", "He was an activist for peace and social justice throughout his life, both in the United States and abroad.", "He worked in the government for many years to improve communications between the U.S. and Palestine.", "He was an unofficial backchannel from the White House to the Palestine Liberation Organization during Jimmy Carter's administration.", "He kept in touch with leaders on both sides of the conflicts in the Middle East.", "He worked with non-governmental organizations, government officials, and religious leaders in Bosnia to promote cooperation between ethnic and religious groups.", "He was the president of Pax World Service, a non-profit group affiliated with Mercy Corps, as well as serving as the first Director-at-Large of the international humanitarian agency.", "He was the president of the Tantur Ecumenical Institute from 1983 to 1988.", "He was a senior advisor and board member of the Conflict Management Group in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and a senior fellow at the Center for International Policy in Washington, D.C.", "I turned to him for help in negotiating the Camp David Accords because of his familiarity with Israeli and Arab leaders and his experience in the region.", "He has been an adviser to The Carter Center for many years.", "Several books were co-written by Publications Bolling.", "His first book, Search for Peace in the Middle East, was an analysis of the conflict in the Middle East that helped inspire today's two-state solution.", "Private Foreign Aid: U.S. philanthropy for relief and development is one of his books.", "The documentary was called Searching for Peace in the Middle East.", "Over thirty foreign and American colleges and universities, including the University of Tennessee at Knoxville, the University of Notre Dame, Oberlin College, and Indiana University, awarded honors and awards to Bolling.", "The University of Tennessee at Knoxville gave him a prestigious medal in 1998.", "He received the Peacemaker/Peacebuilder award from the National Peace Foundation.", "In 2005, he received the James L. Fisher Award for distinguished service to education, and in 2010 he received the lifetime achievement award from the National Council on U.S.-Arab Relations.", "People from Polk County, Tennessee University of Tennessee alumni, Brown University faculty, and Earlham College faculty are some of the people mentioned." ]

[ "Landrum Rymer Bolling", "Bolling", "Landrum Austin Bolling", "Carrie Mae Bolling", "Bolling", "Bolling", "Bolling", "Bolling", "Bolling", "Bolling", "Bolling", "Bolling", "Bolling", "Bolling", "Landrum", "Bolling", "Bolling", "Bolling", "Bolling" ]

[ "Landrum Rymer Bolling", "Landrum Austin Bolling", "Bolling", "Bolling", "Bolling" ]

[ "Thomas Michael Kettle (9 February 1880 – 9 September 1916) was an Irish economist, journalist, barrister, writer, war poet, soldier and Home Rule politician.", "As a member of the Irish Parliamentary Party, he was Member of Parliament (MP) for East Tyrone from 1906 to 1910 at Westminster.", "He joined the Irish Volunteers in 1913, then on the outbreak of World War I in 1914 enlisted for service in the British Army, with which he was killed in action on the Western Front in the Autumn of 1916.", "He was a much admired old comrade of James Joyce, who considered him to be his best friend in Ireland, as well as the likes of Francis Sheehy-Skeffington, Oliver St. John Gogarty and Robert Wilson Lynd.", "He was one of the leading figures of the generation who at the turn of the twentieth century gave new intellectual life to Irish party politics, and to the constitutional movement towards All-Ireland Home Rule.", "A gifted speaker with an incisive mind and devastating wit, his death was regarded as a great loss to Ireland's political and intellectual life.", "As G. K. Chesterton surmised, \"Thomas Michael Kettle was perhaps the greatest example of that greatness of spirit which was so ill rewarded on both sides of the channel [...] He was a wit, a scholar, an orator, a man ambitious in all the arts of peace; and he fell fighting the barbarians because he was too good a European to use the barbarians against England, as England a hundred years before has used the barbarians against Ireland\".", "Family background\nThomas Kettle was born in Malahide or Artane, Dublin, the seventh of twelve children of Andrew J. Kettle (1833–1916), a leading Irish nationalist politician, progressive farmer, agrarian agitator and founding member of the Irish Land League, and his wife, Margaret (née McCourt).", "One of his brothers was the industrial pioneer, Laurence Kettle.", "Andrew Kettle influenced his son considerably through his political activities, having been involved from an early age in the constitutional movement to achieve Home Rule.", "Andrew joined Michael Davitt in the foundation of the Irish Land League and was one of the signatories of the \"No Rent Manifesto\".", "He had adhered to Charles Stewart Parnell in the 1890 crisis, and stood for election as a nationalist candidate on several occasions.", "Early life\nThomas was raised in comfortable rural surroundings.", "Like his brothers he was educated at the Christian Brothers' O'Connell School at Richmond Street, Dublin, where he excelled.", "In 1894 he went to study with the Jesuits at Clongowes Wood College in County Kildare, known as a wit and a good debater.", "He enjoyed athletics, cricket and cycling and attained honours in English and French when leaving.", "Entering University College Dublin in 1897, he was regarded as a charismatic student.", "Surrounded by ambitious and politically minded young men he quickly established himself as a leading student politician and a brilliant scholar.", "He was elected to the prestigious position of auditor of the Literary and Historical Society, 1898–1899.", "His friends and contemporaries at UCD included Hugh Kennedy, Francis Sheehy-Skeffington, Oliver St. John Gogarty and James Joyce.", "Tom Kettle distributed pro-Boer leaflets during the early months of the South African Second Boer War, and protested against the Irish Literary Theatre production of Yeats' The Countess Cathleen in 1899 over its irreligious story of an unlikely kind-hearted aristocrat who sells her soul to save her tenants.", "Due to illness he interrupted his studies in 1900, his health always being fragile.", "He went abroad to renew his spirits by travelling on the continent, improving his German and French.", "Returning to Dublin he renewed his studies, and in 1902 took a BA in mental and moral science.", "Journalism\nHe then read law after admission to the Irish Law bar in 1903, qualifying as a barrister in 1905.", "He practiced sporadically, devoting most of his time to political journalism.", "He maintained his contacts to University College and his fellow students, participating in debates, contributing to and becoming editor of the college newspaper.", "He helped to found the Cui Bono Club, a discussion group for recent graduates.", "A vocal supporter of the Home Rule-seeking Irish Parliamentary Party (IPP), Kettle strengthened his links with the constitutional movement by co-founding and becoming president of the Young Ireland Branch of the United Irish League in 1904.", "He attracted the attention of the Irish Party leader John Redmond.", "Kettle declined the offer to stand for a parliamentary seat, instead edited a newspaper, The Nationist, an unconventional weekly journal.", "The paper pursued an extreme pro-Irish Party line, at the same time reflecting Kettle's liberal and often controversial views on a wide range of topics, education, women's rights, the Irish Literary Revival.", "He resigned his editorship in 1905 on the grounds of a controversy about an allegedly anti-clerical article.", "Parliamentarian\nAfter the death in 1906 of Patrick Doogan, the MP for East Tyrone, Kettle accepted the candidature for the vacant parliamentary seat at the resulting by-election.", "He won the seat by a narrow majority of 18 votes, becoming one of the few young men to gain admission to the aging Irish Party in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, during the first two decades of the twentieth century.", "Lauded as a future party leader, in late 1906 he went to America, participating in a number of propaganda and fund-raising meetings.", "In the House of Commons at Westminster he was renowned as an amusing and often caustic speaker, as a staunch supporter of the Irish Party and its constitutional path to Home Rule, also engaging in debates for the provision of higher education for Irish Catholics and on Ireland's economic condition.", "He was deeply steeped in European culture.", "Kettle's ideal was an Ireland identified with the life of Europe.", "In \"Ireland\" he wrote,\"My only programme for Ireland consists in equal parts of Home Rule and the Ten Commandments.", "My only counsel to Ireland is, that to become deeply Irish, she must become European.\"", "Academic career\nIn 1908 he was the first Professor of National Economics at University College Dublin, a constituent college of the new National University of Ireland.", "One of its liveliest spirits and increasingly busy and in demand as a speaker, he had difficulty combining academic work with his work as an MP.", "He was a popular professor and his genuine interest in economics reflected in a number of publications concerning financial issues.", "He was friends with Thomas MacDonagh, and wrote for his magazine The Irish Review.", "In 1911, he helped to establish the Legal & Economic Society of the university along with his fellow professor J.G.", "Swift MacNeill.", "In September 1909 he married Mary Sheehy, a fellow graduate who had been the muse of the adolescent James Joyce and is the model for the lead female character in Joyce's story Araby from his collection Dubliners, as well as Miss Ivors in his story The Dead from the same collection.", "He retained his East Tyrone seat in the January 1910 general election but did not contest the second election in December.", "Even though out of parliament he remained an active IPP member publishing a number of essays reiterating his support for attaining Home Rule by constitutional means.", "He enthusiastically greeted the 1912 Home Rule Bill, likewise the removal of the veto power of the Lords, this veto being the last obstacle to Home Rule.", "On the other hand, he brusquely dismissed Unionist fears of the bill's possible effects, giving the cause of Home Rule prevalence before all other considerations.", "On 12 January 1912, he gave a talk to the National Liberal Club's Political and Economic Circle.", "1913–1914\nDuring the 1913 Dublin strike and lockout, unlike other contemporary upper-class commentators, Kettle supported the locked out workers and published a series of articles which revealed the terrible living and working conditions of Dublin's poor, and was involved in the formation of a peace committee which endeavoured to negotiate a settlement between workers and employers.", "In 1913 Kettle also became involved with the paramilitary Irish Volunteers, a new Irish Nationalist militia that formed in response to the creation in the north of the Ulster Volunteers by Edward Carson to oppose the creation of an all-Ireland government based in Dublin via the passage in the British Parliament in London of the Government of Ireland Act 1914.", "In July 1914 he left Dublin and travelled to Belgium on behalf of the Irish Volunteers seeking to purchase rifles and ammunition for the organization's armoury.", "Whilst he was in Belgium World War I broke out, and, finding this more interesting than militia arms procurement, he became an on the scene war correspondent for the Daily News, reporting on the opening moves of the armies of the II Reich as they marched Westwards.", "Travelling throughout Flanders in August and September 1914, he became increasingly alarmed by the punitive measures that he witnessed being implemented against the Belgian civilian population by the Imperial German Army against even the lightest civil resistance to the passage of its troop columns moving through that country heading into France.", "Kettle perceived at this moment a threat to Europe's liberty from the nature of the II Reich, and began dispatching war reports from the Brussels warning against the dire threat to Europe from Prussian militarism, depicting the conflict as \"A war of Civilization vs Barbarianism\".", "World War I\nWith Ireland having become embroiled in the Great War Kettle returned to Dublin.", "On arrival back home he sided with the National Volunteers in a split within the Irish Volunteers nationalist militia's ranks between those for whom Irish independence was all, and were increasingly eying the possibility an armed confrontation with the British Government (with the threat of an armed insurrection against Irish Nationalism from Ulster having abated with the Ulster Volunteers having enlisted en masse into the British Army to fight in World War I), and those who followed John Redmond's constitutional lead in accepting the Government of the United Kingdom's public undertaking of a restoration of self-government to Ireland in its domestic affairs, temporarily deferred until the war's end, and who were also concerned about matters beyond Ireland's shores with Europe's future in the 20th Century now being decided.", "In consequence Kettle volunteered for active service with the 7th Battalion of the Leinster Regiment, but was refused on the grounds of fragile health.", "He subsequently received a commission into the British Army with the rank of Lieutenant, restricted to garrison service at home.", "He applied to be an Irish Parliamentary Party candidate for a by-election in East Galway, and though not selected his support for the party did not abate, continuing to advocate both home rule and voluntary enlistment with the British Arms, maintaining that Irishmen had a moral duty to join the allied stand against the displayed tyranny on the European continent of the II Reich.", "He asserted that \"Having broken like an armed burglar into Belgium, Germany was thereby guilty of a systematic campaign of murder, pillage, outrage, and destruction, planned and ordered by her military and intellectual leaders.\"", "By 1916 Kettle had published more than ten books and pamphlets, contributed numerous articles to journals and newspapers on Irish politics, literary reviews, poetry and essays, philosophical treatises and translations from German and French.", "Although at times melancholy at the war's immense escalating intensity across Europe, consuming ever more men and causing destruction to its nations, he continued to apply to be sent to the Western Front on active service, until, with his health somewhat improved, he received a commission into the 9th Battalion of the Royal Dublin Fusiliers, amidst the 16th (Irish) Division, which in early 1916 he went to France with, serving alongside Emmet Dalton, a 19-year-old subaltern, whose family Kettle had known and frequented the Dublin home of pre-war.", "The conditions in the trenches of the Western Front broke his health again, and he returned to Dublin shortly after the failure of the abortive Easter Revolution on sick leave, seeing the wreckage of the city's centre caused by the fighting that had occurred there.", "He was also beginning to rely too heavily on alcohol in this period as a psychological palliative to the stress of military active service.", "Whilst in Dublin he rejected offers of a permanent staff position, and returned to rejoin the Battalion in the line.", "On leaving Ireland on 14 July 1916 he predicted that the Easter Revolutionaries of 1916 would be lionized as patriots in the near future of Ireland's history, whilst those who had fought with the British Arms in World War I would be condemned.", "Kettle was angered by actions of the Revolutionary faction that had staged the failed revolt, feeling that they were marring Constitutional Nationalism's long worked for strategy of the rebirth of a sovereign Irish state finding its place amidst the nations in a civilized fashion, with good spirit amidst its neighbours of the British Isles.", "It was as an Irish soldier in a war in the defence of European civilisation that he entered the war.", "He was deeply steeped in Europe's cultures.", "Kettle's ambition for Ireland in the 20th century was a land and culture with the European continent as its polestar.", "He wrote: \"My only programme for Ireland consists in equal parts of Home Rule and the Ten Commandments.", "My only counsel to Ireland is, that to become deeply Irish, she must become European\"; and later, \"Used with the wisdom that is sown in tears and blood, this tragedy of Europe may be and must be the prologue to the two reconciliations of which all statesmen have dreamed, the reconciliation of Protestant Ulster with Ireland, and the reconciliation of Ireland with Great Britain.\"", "In a letter, sent to his friend Joseph Devlin from France shortly before his death, Kettle wrote: \"I hope to come back.", "If not, I believe that to sleep here in the France that I have loved is no harsh fate, and that so passing out into silence, I shall help towards the Irish settlement.", "Give my love to my colleagues – the Irish people have no need of it.\"", "Death\nKettle was killed in action with 'B' Company of the 9th Battalion of the Royal Dublin Fusiliers in an attack on German lines on 9 September 1916, near the village of Ginchy during the Somme Offensive in France.", "During the advance Kettle was felled when the Dublin Fusiliers were 'struck with a tempest of fire', and having risen from the initial blow, he was struck again and killed outright.", "His body was buried in a battlefield grave by the Welsh Guards, but the grave was subsequently lost trace of.", "His name is etched on the monumental arched gateway for the missing of the Somme at Thiepval.", "He was 36-years old.", "The poet George William Russell wrote about Kettle, comparing his sacrifice with those who led the 1916 Rising:\n\nYou proved by death as true as they,In mightier conflicts played your part,Equal your sacrifice may weigh\nDear Kettle of the generous heart.", "Legacy\nThe erection by of a commemorative bronze bust of Kettle in Dublin, commissioned from the sculptor Albert Power and finished in 1921, was beset for almost twenty years by controversy and bureaucratic obstruction due to the antipathy of the State authorities post-Independence towards Irishmen who had fought in World War I.", "It was finally raised in 1937, without an unveiling ceremony, in St. Stephen's Green.", "A stone tablet commemorates him in the Island of Ireland Peace Park, at Messines, Belgium and he is listed on the bronze plaque in the Four Courts Dublin which commemorates the 26 Irish barristers killed in the Great War.", "Kettle is commemorated on Panel 1 of the Parliamentary War Memorial in Westminster Hall in London, one of 22 present and former Members of Parliament that lost their lives during World War I to be named on that memorial.", "A further act of commemoration came with the unveiling in 1932 of a manuscript-style illuminated book of remembrance for the House of Commons, which includes a short biographical account of the life and death of Kettle.", "The Literary and Historical Society (University College Dublin) has historically held an annual wreath-laying ceremony at the bust in St. Stephen's Green.", "The UCD Economics Society has also named their life membership award in memory of Thomas Kettle.", "Notable recipients include Professor Joseph Stiglitz, Irish Central Bank Governor Patrick Honohan, and Peter Sutherland, former Director-General of The World Trade Organization.", "At the time of his death a tribute to him appeared in the French journal L'Opinion:\n\nFamily\nOn 8 September 1909, Kettle married Mary Sheehy (born 1884), a fellow graduate of the Royal University, a suffragist, and like Kettle a member of a well-known nationalist family.", "Her father, David Sheehy, was a nationalist MP.", "Tom and Mary Kettle had one child, a daughter, Elisabeth (\"Betty\"), who was born in 1913.", "Tom Kettle was also the brother-in-law (by his wife, the former Mary Sheehy) of both Francis Skeffington and the journalist Frank Cruise O'Brien, father of the Labour TD and Irish government minister, later UK Unionist Party politician, Conor Cruise O'Brien.", "Father Eugene Sheehy, a brother of David Sheehy, was a priest, president of the local branch of the Irish National Land League at Kilmallock and founder member of the Gaelic Athletic Association.", "Poetry\nKettle's best known poem is a sonnet, \"To My Daughter Betty, the Gift of God\", written just days before his death.", "The last lines are an answer to those who criticised Irishmen for fighting in the British Armed Forces saying that they \"Died not for flag, nor King, nor Emperor/But for a dream, born in a herdsman's shed/and for the secret Scripture of the poor.\"", "A less well-known poem, \"Reason in Rhyme\", was said by Kettle's friend Robert Lynd to represent \"his testament to England as his call to Europeanism is his testament to Ireland.\"", "Notes\n\nWorks\n The Day's Burden, Studies, Literary and Political (1910)\n Home Rule Finance.", "An Experiment in Justice (1911)\n Christianity and the Leaders of Modern Science (1911\n The Open Secret of Ireland (1912)\n Poems and Parodies (1912)\n Irish Orators and Oratory (1915) editor\n Battle Songs of the Irish Brigades (1915)\n To My Daughter Betty, The Gift of God (1916)\n The Ways of War (1917), reasons for serving in World War I (posthumous publication))\n An Irishman's Calendar, edited by Mary Kettle\n\nReferences\n\n A Dictionary of Irish History since 1800, D. J. Hickey & J. E. Doherty, p. 279, Gill & MacMillan (1980)\n The Enigma of Tom Kettle: Irish patriot, essayist, poet, British soldier J.", "B. Lyons (1983)\n Oxford Dictionary of National Biography p. 459, Oxford University Press (2004) \n Wigs and Guns, Irish Barristers and the Great War, Anthony B. Quinn, Four Courts Press (2005); \n The Glorious Madness, Tales of The Irish and The Great War, Bunbury, Turtle, Tom Kettle and Emmet Dalton; Mad Guns and Invisible Wands pp.", "99–115, Gill & Macmillan, Dublin 12 (2014) \n \" The Somme: The Darkest Hour on the Western Front\",Peter Hart, Pegasus Books (2008); , p. 340–342\n\nGreat War memorials\n Irish National War Memorial Gardens, Dublin.", "Island of Ireland Peace Park Messines, Belgium.", "Thiepval Memorial, Thiepval, France\n Menin Gate Memorial Ypres, Belgium.", "External links\n\n \n \n \nDepartment of the Taoiseach: Irish Soldiers in the First World War\n\n1880 births\n1916 deaths\nIrish economists\nIrish barristers\nIrish journalists\nIrish Catholic poets\nIrish poets\nIrish non-fiction writers\nIrish male non-fiction writers\nIrish Parliamentary Party MPs\nUK MPs 1906–1910\nUK MPs 1910\nMembers of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for County Tyrone constituencies (1801–1922)\nAuditors of the Literary and Historical Society (University College Dublin)\nAcademics of University College Dublin\nAlumni of University College Dublin\nPeople educated at O'Connell School\nRoyal Dublin Fusiliers officers\nIrish people of World War I\nIrish World War I poets\nBritish Army personnel of World War I\nBritish military personnel killed in the Battle of the Somme\nPeople educated at Clongowes Wood College\nPoliticians from County Dublin\n20th-century Irish writers\nMilitary personnel from Dublin (city)\n20th-century male writers\nAlumni of King's Inns\nPeople from Artane, Dublin\n20th-century journalists" ]

[ "Thomas Michael Kettle was an Irish economist, journalist, barrister, writer, war poet, soldier and Home Rule politician.", "He was a member of the Irish Parliamentary Party and a Member of Parliament from 1906 to 1910.", "After joining the Irish Volunteers in 1913, he enlisted for service in the British Army in 1914 and was killed in action on the Western Front in 1916.", "James Joyce considered him to be his best friend in Ireland, as well as Francis Sheehy-Skeffington, Oliver St. John Gogarty and Robert Wilson Lynd.", "At the turn of the twentieth century, he was one of the leading figures of the generation who gave new intellectual life to Irish party politics.", "His death was seen as a great loss to Ireland's political and intellectual life.", "\"Thomas Michael Kettle was perhaps the greatest example of that greatness of spirit which was so ill rewarded on 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110", "Thomas Kettle was the seventh of twelve children of Andrew J. Kettle, a leading Irish nationalist politician, progressive farmer, and founding member of the Irish Land League.", "The industrial pioneer was one of his brothers.", "Andrew Kettle influenced his son greatly through his political activities, having been involved from an early age in the constitutional movement to achieve Home Rule.", "The Irish Land League was founded by Andrew and Michael Davitt.", "He stood for election as a nationalist candidate several times, after adhering to Charles Stewart Parnell in the 1890 crisis.", "Thomas was raised in a comfortable rural environment.", "He excelled at the Christian Brothers' O'Connell School in Dublin.", "He studied with the Jesuits at Clongowes Wood College in County Kildare, known as a wit and a good debater.", "He achieved honours in English and French when he left.", "He entered University College Dublin in 1897 as a charismatic student.", "He was surrounded by ambitious and politically minded young men and quickly established himself as a leading student politician and a brilliant scholar.", "He was the auditor of the Literary and Historical Society.", "His friends were Hugh Kennedy, Francis Sheehy-Skeffington, Oliver St. John Gogarty and James Joyce.", "Tom Kettle distributed pro-Boer leaflets during the early months of the South African Second Boer War, and protested against the Irish Literary Theatre production of Yeats' The Countess Cathleen in 1899 over its irreligious story of an unlikely kind-hearted aristocrat who sells her soul to save her tenants", "He interrupted his studies in 1900 due to illness.", "He traveled to Europe to improve his German and French.", "He took a BA in mental and moral science after returning to Dublin.", "He was admitted to the Irish Law bar in 1903 and became a barrister in 1905.", "He devoted most of his time to political journalism.", "He was involved in debates and contributed to and became editor of the college newspaper.", "The Cui Bono Club is a discussion group for recent graduates.", "Kettle became president of the Young Ireland Branch of the United Irish League in 1904, after co-founding and becoming a vocal supporter of the Home Rule-seeking Irish Parliamentary Party.", "John Redmond is the leader of the Irish Party.", "Kettle edited The Nationist, an unconventional weekly journal, after declining the offer to stand for a parliamentary seat.", "Kettle's liberal and often controversial views on a wide range of topics were reflected in the paper's extreme pro-Irish Party line.", "He resigned his editorship in 1905 because of a controversy about an article.", "Kettle accepted the candidacy for the vacant parliamentary seat after the death of Patrick Doogan.", "He won the seat by a narrow majority of 18 votes, becoming one of the few young men to gain admission to the Irish Party in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland during the first two decades of the twentieth century.", "He went to America in 1906 to participate in a number of propaganda and fund-raising meetings.", "He was known as an amusing and caustic speaker in the House of Commons, as well as being a supporter of the Irish Party and Home Rule.", "He was a big fan of European culture.", "Ireland was identified with the life of Europe.", "Home Rule and the Ten Commandments are part of the only programme for Ireland.", "She must become European if she wants to be deeply Irish.", "He was the first Professor of National Economics at University College Dublin, a college of the new National University of Ireland.", "One of its liveliest spirits and increasingly busy and in demand as a speaker, he had difficulty combining academic work with his work as an MP.", "He was a popular professor and his genuine interest in economics was reflected in a number of publications.", "He wrote for Thomas MacDonagh's magazine.", "The Legal & Economic Society of the university was established by him and J.G.", "Swift MacNeill.", "In 1909 he married Mary Sheehy, a fellow graduate who had been the muse of the adolescent James Joyce and is the model for the lead female character in Joyce's story Araby from his collection Dubliners, as well as Miss Ivors in his story The Dead from the", "He retained his seat in the January 1910 general election, but did not contest the second election in December.", "He was still an active member of the IPP even though he was no longer in parliament.", "The 1912 Home Rule Bill was welcomed by him, as well as the removal of the veto power of the lords, which was the last obstacle to Home Rule.", "He gave the cause of Home Rule prevalence before all other considerations, dismissing Unionist fears of the bill's possible effects.", "He spoke to the Political and Economic Circle of the National Liberal Club.", "Kettle supported the locked out workers and published a series of articles which revealed the terrible living and working conditions of Dublin's poor, and was involved in the formation of a peace committee.", "Kettle became involved with the paramilitary Irish Volunteers, a new Irish Nationalist militia that formed in response to the creation in the north of the Ulster Volunteers by Edward Carson to oppose the creation of an all-Ireland government based in Dublin.", "He left Dublin in July 1914 and traveled to Belgium to purchase rifles for the Irish Volunteers.", "When World War I broke out, he became a war correspondent for the Daily News, reporting on the opening moves of the armies of the II Reich as they marched Westwards.", "During his travels throughout Flanders in August and September 1914, he became alarmed by the measures taken by the Imperial German Army against the civilian population of Belgium.", "Kettle perceived a threat to Europe's liberty from the nature of the II Reich, and began sending war reports from the Brussels warning against the dire threat to Europe from Prussian militarism.", "Ireland became involved in the Great War Kettle and returned to Dublin.", "He sided with the National Volunteers in a split within the Irish Volunteers nationalist militia's ranks between those who were against Irish independence and those who were in favor of it.", "Kettle was refused active service with the 7th Battalion of the Leinster Regiment because of his fragile health.", "He received a commission into the British Army with the rank of Lieutenant and was restricted to garrison service at home.", "He applied to be an Irish Parliamentary Party candidate for a by-election in East Galway, and though not selected, continued to advocate both home rule and voluntary enlistment with the British Arms, maintaining that Irishmen had a moral duty to join the allied stand.", "He claimed that Germany was guilty of a systematic campaign of murder, pillage, outrage, and destruction, planned and ordered by her military and intellectual leaders.", "By 1916 Kettle had published more than ten books and pamphlets, contributed numerous articles to journals and newspapers on Irish politics, literary reviews, poetry and essays, and translations from German and French.", "Although at times melancholy at the war's immense escalating intensity across Europe, consuming ever more men and causing destruction to its nations, he continued to apply to be sent to the Western Front on active service.", "After the failure of the Easter Revolution on sick leave, he returned to Dublin to see the damage done to the city's centre by the fighting on the Western Front.", "He was starting to rely too much on alcohol in order to cope with the stress of military active service.", "He returned to the battalion after rejecting offers of a permanent staff position.", "On leaving Ireland on July 14, 1916, he predicted that the Easter Revolutionaries of 1916 would be lionized as patriots and that those who had fought with the British Arms in World War I would be condemned.", "Kettle was angry with the actions of the Revolutionary group that staged the failed revolt, because they were marring Constitutional Nationalism's long worked for strategy of the rebirth of a Irish state.", "He entered the war as an Irish soldier in the defence of European civilization.", "He was a big fan of Europe's cultures.", "Kettle wanted Ireland to be a land and culture with the European continent as its polestar.", "Home Rule and the Ten Commandments are included in his only programme for Ireland.", "\"My only advice to Ireland is to become deeply Irish, she must become European, and used with the wisdom that is sown in tears and blood, this tragedy of Europe may be and must be the beginning of two reconciliations of which all statesmen have dreamed.\"", "Kettle wrote a letter to his friend in France shortly before he died.", "I believe that if I don't sleep in France, I will help towards the Irish settlement.", "The Irish people don't need my love.", "Death Kettle was killed in action with 'B' Company of the 9th Battalion of the Royal Dublin Fusiliers in an attack on German lines near the village of Ginchy during the Somme Offensive in France.", "Kettle was felled when the Dublin Fusiliers were hit with a tempest of fire, and he was struck again and killed.", "The Welsh Guards lost trace of his grave after he was buried in a battlefield.", "The gateway for the missing of the Somme at Thiepval has his name etched on it.", "He was 36 years old.", "George William Russell compared Kettle's sacrifice to that of those who led the 1916 Rising, saying \"You proved by death as true as they, In mightier conflicts played your part, Equal your sacrifice may weigh Dear Kettle of the generous heart.\"", "The erection of a bronze bust of Kettle in Dublin, commissioned from the sculptor Albert Power and finished in 1921, was beset for almost twenty years by controversy and bureaucratic obstruction due to the antipathy of the State authorities towards Irishmen who had fought in World War I.", "It was raised in St. Stephen's Green without a ceremony.", "The bronze plaque in the Four Courts Dublin commemorates the 26 Irish barristers killed in the Great War and he is listed on it.", "One of 22 present and former Members of Parliament who lost their lives during World War I will be remembered on the Parliamentary War Memorial in London.", "A manuscript-style illuminated book of remembrance for the House of Commons was unveiled in 1932 and contains a short biography of Kettle.", "The bust in St. Stephen's Green has been the site of an annual wreath-laying ceremony.", "The life membership award was named in memory of Thomas Kettle.", "Professor Joseph Stiglitz, Irish Central Bank Governor Patrick Honohan, and former Director-General of The World Trade Organization are some of the notable recipients.", "A tribute to Kettle appeared in the French journal L'Opinion: Family at the time of his death.", "David Sheehy was a nationalist.", "Tom and Mary Kettle had a daughter named Betty who was born in 1913.", "The brother-in-law of Francis Skeffington and Frank Cruise O'Brien was also the brother-in-law of Mary Sheehy.", "Father Eugene Sheehy was a priest, president of the local branch of the Irish National Land League at Kilmallock and founder member of the Gaelic Athletic Association.", "The sonnet \"To My Daughter Betty, the Gift of God\" was written just days before his death.", "Those who criticized Irishmen for fighting in the British armed forces said that they \"Died not for flag, nor King, nor Emperor, but for a dream, born in a herdsman's shed, and for the secret Scripture of the poor.\"", "\"Reason in Rhyme\" was said to represent Kettle's call to Europeanism as his testament to Ireland.", "Notes works the day's burden, studies, literary and political.", "The Open Secret of Ireland, Poems and Parodies, Irish Orators and Oratory, Battle Songs of the Irish brigades, and The Gift of God are some of the works.", "Wigs and Guns, Irish Barristers and the Great War was published by Oxford University Press.", "The Somme: The Darkest Hour on the Western Front is a book by Peter Hart.", "The island of Ireland has a peace park.", "France Menin Gate Memorial Ypres, Belgium is known as the Thiepval Memorial.", "Irish Soldiers in the First World War, 1916 deaths, Irish economists, Irish barristers, Irish Catholic poets, Irish non-fiction writers, Irish male non-fiction writers, UK MPs, 1910 Members of the Parliament." ]

[ "Thomas Michael Kettle", "Thomas Michael Kettle", "Thomas Kettle", ". Kettle", "Laurence Kettle", "Andrew Kettle", "Tom Kettle", "Kettle", "Kettle", "Kettle", "Kettle", "Kettle", "Kettle", "Kettle", "Kettle", "Kettle", "Kettle", "Kettle", "Kettle", "Kettle", "Kettle", "Kettle", "Thomas Kettle", "Tom", "Mary Kettle", "Tom Kettle", "Kettle", "Kettle", "Mary Kettle", "Tom Kettle", "Tom" ]

[ "Thomas Michael Kettle", "Thomas Michael Kettle", "Thomas Kettle", ". Kettle", "Andrew Kettle", "Tom Kettle", "Kettle", "Kettle", "Kettle", "Kettle", "Kettle", "Kettle", "Kettle", "Kettle", "Kettle", "Kettle", "Kettle", "Kettle", "Kettle", "Kettle", "Thomas Kettle", "Kettle", "Tom", "Mary Kettle", "Kettle" ]

[ "Jamie Michael Pittman (born 18 July 1981 in Brisbane, Queensland) is a professional Australian indigenous boxer in the middleweight division.", "He represented his nation Australia at the 2004 Summer Olympics finishing his amateur career with an incredible record of 187 fights 150 wins 37 losses, before turning himself into pro by the following year.", "From then on, Pittman held a record of twenty-five bouts throughout his professional career (twenty-two victories, eleven knockouts, and three losses).", "Amateur career\nPittman started boxing as a form of rehabilitation at the age of ten, when he fell through the window that left him with 72 stitches in his arm.", "Since then, he trained most his sporting career for the Newcastle PCYC in Newcastle upon Tyne, New South Wales, and later selected to be the member of the boxing team under the Australian Institute of Sport in Canberra.", "Pittman sought his official bid to compete for the host nation at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, but the match was called off during the AIBA Oceania Qualification Tournament, because of a controversial decision.", "According to him, he got a cut under his eye, in which doctors presumed that it was counted as a punch from the opponent.", "Pittman represented Australia at the 2002 Commonwealth Games.", "In his first bout, he defeated Hassan Mraba Mzonge of Tanzania, but lost his quarterfinal contest to Jean Pascal of Canada.", "Pittman won 3 fights in 3 days to Win the Gold medal at the 2003 Commonwealth Championships, beating Eamonn_OKane from Northern Ireland in the final.", "Pittman then qualified for the men's middleweight division (75 kg) at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens.", "Having trained eight years for his Olympic debut in Sydney and missed out, he bounced back to guarantee a spot on the Australian boxing team after finishing first from the AIBA Oceania Qualification Tournament in Tonga.", "Pittman suffered a contentious one-point defeat to Germany's Lukas Wilaschek with a tough 24–23 decision in his opening match.", "Professional career\nShortly after the Games, Pittman turned himself into pro in 2005.", "Because of his unorthodox athleticism, tremendous amateur tactics, and daunting fists to punish his opponents, he was considered one of the young prospects in boxing.", "As of August 2014, Pittman obtains a combined record of twenty-two victories (8 KO) in twenty-five professional bouts with three defeats.", "At the peak of his pro career, Pittman campaigned his defence with PABA and WBA Asia Pacific middleweight titles to establish an impressive 15–0 boxing record, until he swiftly moved into the super middleweight division three years after his pro debut.", "On 5 April 2008, Pittman faced three-time defending WBA super middleweight champion Felix Sturm in Düsseldorf, Germany.", "He enjoyed his early success at the start of the match with two straight victories over Sturm upon the decision of the judges.", "After two rounds, Pittman continued to box Sturm with another quick punch, but his opponent rocked him at the very end with his right eye being severely cut.", "As the fight sustained in the fifth round, Sturm took control the ring, and knocked Pittman down with a body shot.", "With only 36 seconds left into the seventh round, he was floored and battered again by Sturm with a flurry of punches until referee Russell Mora stepped in to halt the fight, declaring Sturm a champion in a one-sided defence of his WBA middleweight title.", "Nevertheless, Pittman claimed a professional defeat in his sporting career for the first time, since he captained the Australian team at the Olympics.", "Following his first ever defeat in pro career, Pittman bounced back to earn three boxing bouts and generated a boxing record of 18–1.", "In early 2010, Pittman's game plan had been overwhelmed with another debacle, after being knocked out by Ghana's Joseph Kwadjo for the IBF Australasian super middleweight title during the seventh round of their match at Le Montage Reception Centre in Sydney.", "In 2011, Pittman lost the PABA super middleweight title to fellow Australian boxer Serge Yannick in an unprecedented second round of their match in Hobart, Tasmania.", "Two years later, Pittman restored his form in the boxing scene with a clinical shutout over Zac Awad in the eighth round of their match, and ultimately clinched the PABA super middleweight title at the Sydney Entertainment Centre, hastening his pro record to 22–3 (8 KO).", "Professional boxing record\n\n| style=\"text-align:center;\" colspan=\"8\"|22 Wins (8 knockouts, 14 decisions), 3 Losses, 0 Draws\n|- style=\"text-align:center; background:#e3e3e3;\"\n| style=\"border-style:none none solid solid; \"|Res.", "He is currently the National Regional Development Coach and the head of talent identification and development for Boxing Australia.", "Pittman's coaching experience includes being the Australian Assistant Coach at the AIBA World Junior Championships in Russia 2015 and Australian Assistant Coach at the AIBA Youth World Boxing Championships where Australia won a gold and a bronze medal.", "Pittman has Coached at 2 @ufc tournaments and in 2019 was named the National Futures Coach for Boxing Australia.", "References\n\nExternal links\n\nAustralian Olympic Team Bio\n\n1981 births\nLiving people\nBoxers from Brisbane\nMiddleweight boxers\nCommonwealth Games competitors for Australia\nBoxers at the 2002 Commonwealth Games\nOlympic boxers of Australia\nBoxers at the 2004 Summer Olympics\nAustralian Institute of Sport boxers\nIndigenous Australian Olympians\nIndigenous Australian boxers\nAustralian male boxers" ]

[ "Jamie Michael Pittman was born in July 1981 and is a professional boxer.", "At the 2004 Summer Olympics, he finished his amateur career with an incredible record of 187 fights, 150 wins and 37 losses, before turning himself into a pro.", "He held a record of twenty-five bouts throughout his career, with twenty-two victories, eleven knockouts, and three losses.", "When he fell through a window at the age of ten, he had 72 stitches in his arm and started boxing as a form of rehabilitation.", "He was selected to be a member of the boxing team under the Australian Institute of Sport and trained most of his sporting career at the PCYC.", "He wanted to compete for the host nation at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, but the match was called off because of a controversial decision.", "According to him, he got a cut under his eye and doctors thought it was a punch from the opponent.", "The 2002 Commonwealth Games were held in Australia.", "He defeated Mraba Mzonge of Tanzania in his first bout, but lost to Jean Pascal of Canada in the quarterfinals.", "At the 2003 Commonwealth Championships, Pittman won 3 fights in 3 days to win the gold medal.", "At the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Pittman qualified for the men's middleweight division.", "He qualified for the Australian boxing team after finishing first in the AIBA Oceania qualification tournament, eight years after he missed out on the Olympics.", "In his opening match, Pittman was defeated by Germany's Lukas Wilaschek in a close 24–23 decision.", "After the Games, Pittman became a pro.", "He was considered one of the young prospects in boxing because of his tremendous amateur tactics and intimidating fists.", "In twenty-five professional bouts, Pittman has a combined record of twenty-two victories (8KO) and three defeats.", "At the peak of his pro career, Pittman was a 15–0 boxing record, until he moved into the super middleweight division three years after his pro debut.", "In Dsseldorf, Germany, on April 5, 2008, Felix Sturm faced off against Pittman.", "He had a good start to the match with two straight victories over Sturm.", "After two rounds, Pittman continued to box his opponent, but at the end of the second round, his opponent hit him in the right eye with a quick punch.", "In the fifth round, Sturm took control of the ring and knocked Pittman down with a body shot.", "The referee Russell Mora stopped the fight with 36 seconds left in the seventh round after he was floored and battered by Sturm with a flurry of punches.", "Since he captained the Australian team at the Olympics, Pittman claimed a professional defeat in his sporting career.", "After his first ever defeat in pro career, Pittman bounced back to earn three boxing bouts and a boxing record of 18–1.", "After being knocked out by Joseph Kwadjo in the seventh round of their match, Pittman's game plan was overwhelmed with another debacle.", "In the second round of their match, SergeYannick defeated Pittman to win the PABA super middleweight title.", "Two years later, Pittman regained his boxing form and won the PABA super-middleweight title at the Sydney Entertainment Centre, cementing his pro record at 22–3 (8KO).", "The professional boxing record has 22 wins, 3 losses and 0 draws.", "He is the head of talent identification and development for Boxing Australia.", "At the AIBA Youth World Boxing Championships, Australia won a gold and a bronze medal, and at the AIBA World Junior Championships, they won a gold and a bronze medal.", "He was named the National Futures Coach for Boxing Australia in 2019.", "Australian Olympic Team bio 1981 births Living people Boxers from Brisbane Middleweight boxers Commonwealth Games competitors for Australia Boxers at the 2002 Commonwealth Games Olympic boxers of Australia Boxers at the 2004 Summer Olympics" ]

[ "Jamie Michael Pittman", "Pittman", "Pittman", "Pittman", "Pittman", "Pittman", "Pittman", "Pittman", "Pittman", "Pittman", "Pittman", "Pittman" ]

[ "Jamie Michael Pittman", "Pittman", "Pittman", "Pittman", "Pittman", "Pittman", "Pittman", "Pittman", "Pittman" ]

[ "Charlotta Eva Schelin (born 27 February 1984) is a Swedish former professional footballer who most recently played as a striker for FC Rosengård of the Damallsvenskan.", "She made her debut for the Sweden national team in March 2004 and was appointed joint captain alongside Caroline Seger in October 2012.", "Schelin has represented her country in the 2005, 2009, 2013 and 2017 editions of the UEFA Women's Championship, as well as the 2007, 2011 and 2015 FIFA Women's World Cups.", "She also played at the Olympic football tournaments in 2004, 2008, 2012 and 2016.", "In October 2014 Schelin became Sweden's all-time record goalscorer by scoring her 73rd international goal in a friendly defeat by Germany.", "Schelin began her senior club career with Kopparbergs/Göteborg FC (then known as Landvetter FC) in 2001.", "She developed into a prolific goalscorer in the Damallsvenskan then made a lucrative transfer to Olympique Lyon in 2008, rejecting a competing offer from the American Women's Professional Soccer league.", "During her eight-season stay at Lyon she won eight consecutive Division 1 Féminine titles, five Coupes de France Féminine, three UEFA Women's Champions Leagues and was the top goalscorer in the 2012–13 and 2014–15 Division 1 Féminine seasons.", "In 2013, she became the first foreign UNFP Player of the Year.", "In 2016, she returned to Swedish football with FC Rosengård, departing Lyon as the French club's all-time record goalscorer with 225 goals in 225 appearances.", "She has been awarded Diamantbollen (the Diamond Ball), given to the Swedish player of the year, a record five times, including four consecutive times from 2011 to 2014.", "On 30 August 2018, she announced her retirement due to chronic head and neck pain resulting from an injury suffered while playing for FC Rosengård in 2017.", "Early life\nAlthough Schelin was born in Stockholm, her family moved away from the capital when she was two years old.", "With father Kjell and mother Nina, she grew up in Kållered outside Gothenburg and began to play football for Kållereds SK along with her older sister, Camilla.", "She has also played for Hällesåkers IF and Mölnlycke IF.", "Schelin was also adept at sports including table-tennis, track and field, and snowboarding before opting to focus on football full-time.", "As a teenager, she developed problems with her spine and was advised to stop playing the sport.", "Schelin went through intensive strength training and recovered by the time she turned 17.", "She credited her sister and former teammate Camilla and Tina Nordlund as important role models for her.", "Club career\n\nGöteborg FC\nIn 2001, when she was 17 years old, Schelin made her debut in the Damallsvenskan for Landvetter FC, now known as Göteborg FC.", "Her debut season yielded eight goals in 19 appearances.", "After an injury in August 2002, she was out of the league for almost a year and a half, returning in June 2003.", "In 2004 Schelin was named Breakthrough Player of the Year after netting 14 goals in 15 games for Göteborg.", "In 2006, Schelin scored 21 goals in 21 league games.", "At the end of season Fotbollsgalan, she was named Forward of the Year, Player of the Year and Top Goalscorer.", "She was also shortlisted for the 2006 FIFA World Player of the Year and was recognised by Swedish referees with a special award for her sporting treatment of opponents and officials.", "In 2007, she retained her top scorer title by scoring 26 league goals.", "Despite persistent interest from leading Damallsvenskan clubs including Umeå IK and Linköpings FC, Schelin opted to stay at her hometown team.", "She ultimately played in over 120 league matches with Göteborg, establishing herself as one of the club's most prominent players.", "Lyon\n\nAfter the re-branding and re-launch of the new United States-based league, Women's Professional Soccer (WPS), Schelin declared that she would be interested in playing in the league.", "However, after the 2008 Summer Olympics, Schelin announced that she would instead be joining Division 1 Féminine club Olympique Lyonnais in France.", "Upon signing her contract, it was reported by Göteborgs-Posten that Schelin would be earning over 1 million kr (US$160,000) per year.", "The move to France was criticised in Sweden, as, although Lyon were a well-resourced club, the overall standard of the Division 1 Féminine was considered much weaker than the Damallsvenskan.", "On 24 September 2008, Schelin's American transfer rights were drafted by the Saint Louis Athletica in the 2008 WPS International Draft.", "She declined the chance to join WPS, citing her contract with Lyon as the primary reason.", "Saint Louis signed Schelin's compatriot Sara Larsson instead.", "Schelin arrived in Lyon in poor condition, after a thigh injury disrupted her 2008 spring season with Göteborg and migraines and stomach aches afflicted her at the 2008 Olympic Games.", "When she told Lyon's coach Farid Benstiti that she could also play on the wing, he shook his head and replied that he had signed her to score goals.", "Alongside Brazil's Kátia Cilene Teixeira, Schelin formed a productive attack for Lyon as the club defended its French title and reached the 2008–09 UEFA Women's Cup semi-final, where they lost to FCR 2001 Duisburg.", "The following season, Schelin was afflicted by injuries and was ruled out of Lyon's 2010 UEFA Women's Champions League Final defeat by Turbine Potsdam with ligament damage.", "Schelin did play in the 2011 final, as Lyon avenged the previous year's defeat to beat Turbine Potsdam 2–0 at Craven Cottage and secure their first continental title.", "She had scored nine times on Lyon's route to the final, including twice in the semi-final, to bring about what she termed \"the proudest moment\" of her career.", "Lyon won a domestic double in 2011–12 and retained their European title by beating Frankfurt 2–0 in the 2012 final at the Olympic Stadium in Munich.", "In 2012–13 Schelin was in the best form of her career and finished as Division 1 Féminine top scorer with 24 goals in 16 appearances.", "She was also named French Player of the Year for the first time, but missed out on a third successive Champions League winner's medal when Lyon lost the final 1–0 to Wolfsburg at Stamford Bridge.", "In May 2013 she signed a new three-year contract with Lyon, reportedly worth an annual 2 million kr.", "In 2013–14 Schelin contributed 12 league goals to another domestic double but Lyon lost to Turbine Potsdam in the Champions League round of 16.", "Her form had slumped after a breakdown in her working relationship with coach Patrice Lair.", "She rebounded the following season, scoring Lyon's 1000th Division 1 Féminine goal in a 7–0 home win over Rodez on 16 November 2014.", "Her second goal in the same match drew her level with Sandrine Brétigny as Lyon's all-time record scorer.", "She finished 2014–15 as Division 1 Féminine top scorer with 34 goals in 21 games, but Lyon were upset by French rivals Paris Saint-Germain in the Champions League round of 16.", "Towards the end of another successful season in 2015–16, Lyon announced that Schelin would depart the club at the end of her contract.", "Her final game for the club was the 2016 UEFA Women's Champions League Final; in which she scored in the penalty shootout win over Wolfsburg.", "With Lyon Schelin won eight consecutive Division 1 Féminine titles, five Cups and three Champions Leagues.", "She left as the team's all-time record goalscorer with 225 goals in 225 appearances.", "Schelin's 41 goals for Lyon in the UEFA Women's Champions League left her fourth in the competition's all-time top scorer list.", "She held the record for Champions League goals for a single club, since Anja Mittag (49), Conny Pohlers (48) and Marta (46) all accrued their totals with more than one club.", "Rosengård\nOn 8 June 2016, Schelin was presented as a player for Swedish champions FC Rosengård, of Malmö.", "She rejected an offer to rejoin Göteborg FC because they were unable to offer Champions League football.", "Schelin made her Rosengård debut slightly earlier than expected, substituting in for the injured Nataša Andonova after 22 minutes of a league fixture against Djurgårdens.", "Schelin scored a 90th-minute goal to salvage a 2–2 draw.", "International career\n\nIn March 2004 Schelin scored twice on her debut for the Swedish under-21 team, in their 6–0 win over the full Republic of Ireland national team in Dublin.", "She previously scored three goals in six appearances for Sweden's under-16 team and two goals in seven appearances for the under-18s.", "Schelin made her senior national team debut for Sweden on 16 March 2004; a 3–0 Algarve Cup defeat by France.", "In the fifth place play-off against China, Schelin was praised for scoring in Sweden's penalty shootout win after a 1–1 draw.", "She had been called into the squad as a replacement for Sara Johansson who had flu.", "Schelin retained her place and represented her nation at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens.", "Throughout this period, Schelin endured injuries to the groin and hamstring, which required extensive rest.", "She was selected by coach Marika Domanski-Lyfors for UEFA Women's Euro 2005 in North West England.", "She entered play as a second-half substitute but failed to score as Sweden lost 3–2 to rivals Norway in extra time of the semi-final in Warrington.", "Schelin was a key player in the 2006 edition of the Algarve Cup; leading Sweden to their third-place finish.", "She scored the only goal in the bronze medal victory over France.", "After overcoming her injury problems, Schelin was awarded the Diamond Ball as the country's best female football player.", "That same year, she was named the Forward of the Year in the Damallsvenskan.", "Schelin's success brought her to mainstream attention in her country and she was rewarded with selection to attend the 2007 FIFA Women's World Cup draw in China on behalf of Sweden.", "At the World Cup in China, Schelin scored two goals in three matches (one start) but Sweden unexpectedly failed to progress out of their group.", "After that failure some experienced players retired and coach Thomas Dennerby gave Schelin and other younger players a more prominent role in the team.", "Back in China the following year for the 2008 Beijing Olympics, she contributed three goals in four games but the Swedes lost 2–0 to Germany in the quarter-final.", "Schelin helped Sweden to a bronze medal position at the 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup in Germany and was named in the All-Star Team.", "She featured in Sweden's 3–1 semi-final defeat to eventual winners Japan in Frankfurt.", "Sweden secured third place by beating France 2–1 in Sinsheim, Schelin scoring her second goal of the tournament.", "Third place also ensured Sweden's qualification for the 2012 Olympic football tournament in London.", "Dennerby kept Schelin in Sweden's Olympic squad for London, where they lost to France in the quarter-finals.", "Schelin scored twice in four matches but felt Dennerby's emphasis on defence had left her isolated in Sweden's attack.", "In October 2012, new national team coach Pia Sundhage decided that Schelin and Caroline Seger would share the captaincy.", "Sundhage named Schelin in the squad for UEFA Women's Euro 2013, which Sweden hosted.", "Schelin finished as the tournament top scorer with five goals but was disappointed when Sweden lost 1–0 to Germany in the semi-final.", "She criticised the decision of Swiss referee Esther Staubli, who disallowed her equalising goal for a very questionable foul on Germany's centre-back Annike Krahn.", "Schelin's goal against Germany in October 2014's 2–1 home friendly defeat was her 73rd goal for Sweden, which broke the national record previously set by Hanna Ljungberg.", "Schelin arrived at the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup suffering from persistent knee pain.", "In Sweden's opening game she was unable to make any impression on Nigeria's defence, as the Africans recovered from 3–1 down to draw 3–3.", "In the team's 4–1 second round loss to Germany, goalkeeper Hedvig Lindahl made several saves to prevent an even heavier defeat for the disorganised Swedes.", "With 165 caps and 84 goals, Schelin was the most experienced member of Sweden's 18-player squad for the 2016 Summer Olympics.", "When the team suffered a record 5–1 defeat by hosts Brazil in the second match, Schelin scored the late consolation goal and tried to lift the spirits of her demoralised teammates.", "In the quarter-final against the United States, captain Schelin had an extra-time goal incorrectly ruled out for offside and the match finished 1–1.", "She scored in Sweden's penalty shootout win.", "Sweden reached the gold medal match, but lost 2–1 to Germany.", "Schelin was disappointed by the defeat but proud to win a silver medal.", "Matches and goals scored at World Cup & Olympic tournaments\n\nMatches and goals scored at European Championship tournaments\n\nStyle of play\nIn June 2015 Schelin described herself as \"not a typical centre-forward\" as she likes to drop deep or go wide in order to find space: \"I always think of the collective because the danger can come from all players.", "Even if I do not score, I pass, I run to attract defenders.", "In the end, I want to win.\"", "She attributes her unselfish play to her upbringing in communal Swedish culture.", "After moving to Lyon, her instinct to pass to better-placed teammates annoyed her coach Farid Benstiti, who wanted her to concentrate on converting chances herself.", "Sweden's former coach Thomas Dennerby felt that Schelin became more comfortable on the ball after moving to Lyon, but retained her pace and ability in one-on-one situations.", "Schelin is capable of playing as a winger.", "But when Dennerby deployed her wide in the 2007 FIFA Women's World Cup, her Göteborg coach Martin Pringle called for her to be given a more central role: \"she is too good a player to play out there\".", "China's coach Shang Ruihua highlighted Schelin as Sweden's best player ahead of the countries' opening match at the 2008 Summer Olympics: \"Schelin has fast pace and excellent technique, and few defenders could keep up with her.\"", "Although tall and slender, she is also physically strong; England captain Steph Houghton rated Schelin as the \"toughest opponent\" of her career.", "As a tall, skilful and prolific Swedish forward, Schelin has frequently drawn comparison with the contemporary male footballer Zlatan Ibrahimović.", "Former Denmark national team manager Peter Bonde branded Schelin \"the female Zlatan\" in 2005.", "In December 2013, Ibrahimović made an outspoken rejection of any comparison: \"I was asked [by Swedish media] in the summer who was the better player, me or Lotta Schelin.", "You're kidding me, right?", "When I've broken all these records, this goal record, the goals in the national team, who shall I compare it to?", "Shall I compare it to whoever has the record, or the ladies?\"", "Schelin's national team coach Pia Sundhage described his comments as sad and boring.", "Johanna Frändén, a journalist specialising in coverage of Ibrahimović, noted Schelin's contrasting temperament: \"She is polite, charming, she does not have the same arrogance\".", "Personal life\nSchelin came out publicly as a lesbian in August 2018.", "She has been married to her wife Rebecca since 2018.", "2006: Topscorer in Damallsvenskan\n2007: Topscorer in Damallsvenskan\n2011: FIFA Women's World Cup All Star Team\n2011: Diamantbollen Winner, Forward of the Year\n2012: Diamantbollen Winner\n2013: Best player in France\n2013: Topscorer in Division 1 Féminine\n2013: Golden Boot UEFA Women's European Championship\n2013: UEFA Women's European Championship All Star Team\n2013: UEFA Best Women's Player in Europe Award Third place\n2013: Diamantbollen Winner, Forward of the Year\n2014: Diamantbollen Winner, Forward of the Year\n2015: Topscorer in Division 1 Féminine\n All-Time Top Scorer Sweden women's national football team with 88 goals.", "In popular culture\n\nTelevision and film\nSchelin featured in the Sveriges Television documentary television series The Other Sport from 2013.", "In 2021 Schelin participated in the Swedish version of the South Korean game show Masked Singer as Jokern (The Joker).", "References\n\nMatch reports\n\nExternal links\n\n \n (archive)\n (archive)\nPlayer French football stats at statsfootofeminin.fr \nProfile at Olympique Lyonnais\npre-2004 Olympic tournament interview with Lotta Schelin at SVT's open archive \n\n1984 births\nLiving people\nSportspeople from Stockholm\nSportspeople from Gothenburg\nSwedish women's footballers\nWomen's association football forwards\nBK Häcken FF players\nOlympique Lyonnais Féminin players\nFC Rosengård players\nDamallsvenskan players\nDivision 1 Féminine players\nOlympic footballers of Sweden\nSweden women's international footballers\nFootballers at the 2004 Summer Olympics\n2007 FIFA Women's World Cup players\nFootballers at the 2008 Summer Olympics\n2011 FIFA Women's World Cup players\nFootballers at the 2012 Summer Olympics\n2015 FIFA Women's World Cup players\nFootballers at the 2016 Summer Olympics\nFIFA Century Club\nMedalists at the 2016 Summer Olympics\nOlympic silver medalists for Sweden\nOlympic medalists in football\nSwedish expatriate footballers\nSwedish expatriate sportspeople in France\nExpatriate women's footballers in France\nLesbian sportswomen\nLGBT association football players\nLGBT sportspeople from Sweden" ]

[ "FC Rosengrd of the Damallsvenskan has a former professional footballer by the name of Charlotta Eva Schelin.", "She made her debut for the Sweden national team in 2004.", "She has represented her country in a number of international tournaments, including the 2007, 2011 and 2015 Women's World Cup.", "In 2004, 2008, 2012 and 2016 she played at the Olympics.", "In October of last year, she became Sweden's all-time record goalscorer by scoring her 73rd international goal.", "She began her senior club career with Landvetter FC.", "She turned down an offer from the American Women's Professional Soccer league to join Olympique Lyon in 2008.", "During her eight-season stay at Lyon she won eight consecutive Division 1 Féminine titles, five Coupes de France Féminine, three UEFA Women's Leagues and was the top scorer in the 2012–13 and 2014–15 Division 1 Féminine seasons.", "She was the first foreign UNFP Player of the Year.", "In 2016 she returned to Swedish football with FC Rosengrd, leaving Lyon as the French club's all-time record scorer with over 200 goals.", "She has been the Swedish player of the year five times and four times in a row.", "She retired due to chronic head and neck pain caused by an injury she sustained while playing for FC Rosengrd.", "When she was two years old, her family moved away from the capital of Sweden.", "She began to play football for Kllereds SK when she was a child with her father and mother.", "She played for Hlleskers and Mlnlycke.", "Before focusing on football full-time, he excelled at sports such as table-tennis, track and field, and snowboarding.", "She was advised to stop playing the sport after developing problems with her spine as a teenager.", "She recovered from her strength training by her 17th birthday.", "She pointed to her sister and former teammate as role models.", "In 2001 she made her debut in the Damallsvenskan for Landvetter FC, now known as Gteborg FC.", "Her debut season yielded eight goals.", "After an injury in August 2002, she was out of the league for almost a year and a half.", "After scoring 14 goals in 15 games for Gteborg, he was named the breakthrough player of the year.", "In 2006 he scored 21 goals.", "At the end of the season, she was named player of the year and top goalscorer.", "She was recognised by Swedish referees with a special award for her sporting treatment of opponents and officials, after she was nominated for the 2006 FIFA World Player of the Year.", "She scored 26 league goals in 2007.", "Despite interest from leading Damallsvenskan clubs including Ume IK and Linkpings FC, she decided to stay at her hometown team.", "She was one of the most prominent players at Gteborg and played in over 120 league matches.", "After the re-launch of the new United States-based league, Women's Professional Soccer (WPS), she declared that she would be interested in playing in the league.", "After the 2008 Summer Olympics, she decided to join Olympique Lyonnais in France.", "According to Gteborgs-Posten, after signing her contract, she would be earning over $160,000 a year.", "Although Lyon were a well-resourced club, the overall standard of the Division 1 Féminine was considered much weaker than the Damallsvenskan.", "The Saint Louis Athletica drafted Schelin's American transfer rights in the 2008 WPS International Draft.", "She cited her contract with Lyon as the primary reason for declining the chance to join WPS.", "Sara Larsson was signed by Saint Louis.", "After a thigh injury disrupted her 2008 spring season with Gteborg, she was in poor condition when she arrived in Lyon.", "When she told Benstiti that she could play on the wing, he shook his head and said that he had signed her to score goals.", "Lyon lost to FCR 2001 Duisburg in the 2008–09 UEFA Women's Cup semi-finals, despite the fact that they had defended their French title.", "The following season, she was ruled out of Lyon's 2010 Women's European Championship Final defeat by Turbine Potsdam due to injury.", "Lyon avenged the previous year's defeat to beat Turbine Potsdam 2–0 at Craven Cottage and win their first continental title.", "She had scored nine times on Lyon's route to the final, including twice in the semi-final, to bring about what she termed the proudest moment of her career.", "The European title was retained by Lyon after they beat Frankfurt 2–0 in the 2012 final at the Olympic Stadium.", "In 2012–13, she was the top scorer in Division 1 Féminine with 24 goals in 16 appearances.", "She was named French Player of the Year for the first time, but missed out on a third successive winner's medal when Lyon lost the final 1–0 to Wolfsburg.", "She signed a new three-year contract with Lyon in May of last year.", "In the last year of the domestic double, Lyon lost in the round of 16 to Turbine Potsdam.", "She had a breakdown in her relationship with her coach.", "She scored Lyon's 1000th Division 1 Féminine goal in a 7–0 home win over Rodez.", "Her second goal in the same match made her Lyon's all-time record scorer.", "She was the Division 1 Féminine top scorer with 34 goals in 21 games, but Lyon were upset by Paris Saint-Germain in the round of 16.", "At the end of the 2015–16 season, Lyon announced that they would not be renewing her contract.", "In her final game for the club, she scored in the penalty shoot out in the 2016 Women's European Championship Final.", "Lyon Schelin won eight consecutive Division 1 Féminine titles.", "She was the team's all-time leading scorer with over 200 goals.", "Her 41 goals for Lyon in the women's competition left her fourth in the competition's all-time top scorer list.", "She held the record for the most goals in a single club, since three other players had more than one club.", "FC Rosengrd presented Schelin as a player on June 8, 2016", "She turned down an offer to return to Gteborg FC because they couldn't play in the playoffs.", "After 22 minutes of a league fixture against Djurgrdens, the Rosengrd debutante replaced the injured Nataa Andonova.", "A 90th-minute goal by Schelin salvaged a 2–2 draw.", "In March 2004, she scored twice on her debut for the Swedish under-21 team in a 6–0 win over the Republic of Ireland in Dublin.", "She scored three goals in six appearances for Sweden's under-16 team and two goals in seven appearances for the under-18s.", "On 16 March 2004, she made her senior national team debut for Sweden.", "In the fifth place play-off against China, Schelin was praised for scoring in Sweden's penalty shootout win.", "She was called into the squad as a replacement for Sara who had the flu.", "She represented her nation at the Summer Olympics in Athens.", "There were injuries to the groin and hamstring which required extensive rest.", "She was selected to play in the Women's Euro 2005 in North West England.", "She entered play as a second-half substitute but failed to score as Sweden lost to Norway in the semi-finals.", "In the 2006 edition of the Algarve Cup, he was a key player for Sweden.", "She scored the only goal in the bronze medal game.", "She won the Diamond Ball as the country's best female football player after overcoming her injury problems.", "She was named the forward of the year in the Damallsvenskan.", "She was selected to attend the 2007 Women's World Cup draw in China on behalf of Sweden because of her success.", "Despite scoring two goals in three matches, Sweden failed to progress out of their group at the World Cup.", "Some experienced players retired and coach Thomas Dennerby gave younger players a more prominent role in the team.", "She scored three goals in four games but the Swedes lost to Germany in the quarter-finals of the Beijing Olympics.", "At the Women's World Cup in Germany, she helped Sweden to a bronze medal position and was named to the All-Star Team.", "Sweden lost to Japan in the semi-finals.", "In Sinsheim, Sweden beat France 2–1 to win third place.", "Sweden qualified for the 2012 Olympic football tournament with a third place finish.", "The Swedes lost to France in the quarter-finals of the Olympics.", "Dennerby's emphasis on defence left her isolated in Sweden's attack, as she scored twice in four matches.", "The new national team coach decided in October 2012 that the captaincy would be shared by Schelin and Seger.", "The squad for the Women's Euro was named by Sundhage.", "The top scorer in the tournament with five goals was disappointed when Sweden lost to Germany in the semi-finals.", "She was unhappy with the decision of the Swiss referee, Esther Staubli, who disallowed her equalising goal for a foul on Germany's Annike Krahn.", "She scored her 73rd goal for Sweden in the 2–1 home friendly defeat against Germany in October of last year.", "She was suffering from knee pain when she arrived at the Women's World Cup.", "She was unable to make an impact on Nigeria's defence as the Africans came back from 3–1 down to draw 3–3.", "In the team's 4–1 second round loss to Germany, goalkeeper Hedvig Lindahl made several saves to prevent an even heavier defeat for the disorganised Swedes.", "The most experienced member of Sweden's 18-player squad for the 2016 Summer Olympics was Schelin, who had 165 caps and 84 goals.", "When the team suffered a record 5–1 defeat by hosts Brazil in the second match, Schelin scored the late consolation goal and tried to lift the spirits of her demoralised teammates.", "In the quarter-final against the United States, captain Schelin had an extra-time goal wrongly ruled out.", "She scored in Sweden's win.", "Sweden lost to Germany in the gold medal match.", "He was proud to win a silver medal.", "In June 2015, she said she was not a typical centre-forward as she likes to drop deep or go wide in order to find space.", "I run to get defenders even if I don't score.", "I want to win.", "She attributes her play to her upbringing.", "Her coach wanted her to concentrate on converting chances herself after she moved to Lyon.", "After she moved to Lyon, Thomas Dennerby felt that she became more comfortable on the ball, but retained her pace and ability in one-on-one situations.", "He is capable of playing on the wing.", "When Dennerby deployed her wide in the Women's World Cup, her Gteborg coach called for her to be given a more central role.", "China's coach said that Sweden's best player was Schelin, who has fast pace and excellent technique, and few defenders could keep up with her.", "She's tall and slender, but she's also strong and England's captain thinks she's the toughest opponent of her career.", "The contemporary male footballer Zlatan Ibrahimovi has frequently been compared to the tall, skilled and prolific Swedish forward.", "The female Zlatan was branded by Peter Bonde.", "Ibrahimovi was asked by Swedish media in the summer who was the better player, him or Lotta Schelin.", "You're lying, right?", "Who will I compare the goals in the national team to?", "Is it possible to compare it to whoever has the record?", "Sundhage described his comments as sad and boring.", "Johanna Frndén, a journalist specializing in coverage of Ibrahimovi, said that she is polite, charming and doesn't have the same arrogance.", "In August of last year, Schelin came out as a lesbian.", "She is married to Rebecca.", "In 2007, the top scorer in Damallsvenskan was the winner of the forward of the year award.", "The Other Sport, a documentary television series, was featured in popular culture.", "The Swedish version of the game show was called Masked Singer as Jokern.", "There are links to match reports on the internet." ]

[ "Charlotta Eva Schelin", "Schelin", "Schelin", "Schelin", "Schelin", "Schelin", "Schelin", "Schelin", "Schelin", "Schelin", "Scheline", "Schelin", "Schelin", "Schelin", "Schelin", "Schelin", "Schelin", "Schelin", "Schelin", "Schelin", "Schelin", "Schelin", "Schelin", "Schelin", "Schelin", "Schelin", "Schelin", "Schelin", "Schelin", "Schelin", "Schelin", "Lotta" ]

[ "Charlotta Eva Schelin", "Schelin", "Schelin", "Schelin", "Schelin", "Schelin", "Lotta", "Schelin", "Schelin" ]

[ "Thomas Harvey Johnston (9 December 1881 – 30 August 1951) was an Australian biologist and parasitologist.", "He championed the efforts to eradicate the invasive prickly pear.", "Life and times\nJohnston was born in 1881 at Balmain, Sydney, Australia the son of Thomas Johnston, an Irish-born foreman mason, and his Australian-born wife Mary, née McLeod.", "On 1 January 1907, Johnston married Alice Maude Pearce at Petersham, New South Wales, Australia.", "On 30 August 1951, he died of coronary thrombosis at Adelaide, South Australia.", "He was survived by his wife and daughter.", "His son predeceased him.", "He was cremated.", "Academic career\nJohnston attended Sydney Teachers College and received the Jones Memorial Medal.", "He then attended the University of Sydney and earned a BA in 1906, the BSc and MA in 1907 and received the DSc in parasitology in 1911.", "From 1903 to 1906, Johnston taught at Fort Street Public School.", "He then accepted a position at Sydney Technical College and from 1907 to 1908 taught zoology and physiology.", "In 1908, he was appointed assistant director at Bathurst Technical College.", "In 1909, Johnston accepted a position as assistant microbiologist at the New South Wales Health Department in the Bureau of Microbiology.", "The next appointment came in 1911, at the University of Queensland as lecturer in charge of the department of biology.", "In 1919, Johnston was promoted to professor.", "In 1922, Johnston received an appointment at the University of Adelaide as professor of zoology and remained in that position for the rest of his life.", "From 1928 to 1934, he held the position as professor of botany.", "Johnston joined a university anthropological expedition to Nepabunna Mission in the northern Flinders Ranges in May 1937 led by J.B. Cleland, which included Charles P. Mountford as ethnologist and photographer, virologist Frank Fenner, and others.", "Prickly pear\n\nIn 1912, Johnston was appointed chairman for a committee, the Prickly-Pear Travelling Commission, formed to investigate control measures for the prickly pear cactus.", "In 1788, Governor Philip and the early colonists are credited with the introduction of the prickly pear to Australia.", "The plant came from Brazil to Sydney and the prickly pear grew in Sydney.", "The plant was introduced for use as an agricultural fence and with hopes to establish a cochineal dye industry.", "Cochineal dye is the red or carmine dye used to colour the historic British \"Red Coats\".", "The prickly pears spread from New South Wales and caused great ecological damage in the eastern states of Australia.", "From 1912 to 1914, Johnston travelled abroad with Henry Tryon to study the problem.", "The team became known as \"The Prickly Pair\".", "They successfully introduced Dactylopius ceylonicus, the cochineal insect that was effective in the control of one species of the pear Opuntia monacantha.", "In 1920 Johnston was appointed controller of the Commonwealth prickly pear laboratories.", "During 1920 to 1922, he travelled overseas yet again to seek a solution to the prickly pear problem, travelling from Sydney to Java, Ceylon, Europe, the US, Mexico and South America.", "Efforts had been made to introduce the insect Cactoblastis cactorum in 1914, and it did feed on the prickly pear, but died out in 1921.", "In 1924, Cactoblastis cactorum was reintroduced, this time with success and destruction of the prickly pear.", "Marine ecology\nJohnston was keenly interested in the marine ecology of Caloundra and the southern Great Barrier Reef islands.", "He performed studies on the flora and fauna of Caloundra.", "He identified Pseudobonellia, a new echiuroid genus from the Great Barrier Reef.", "In 1920, Johnston identified a new species of Bonellia from Port Jackson.", "Parasitology and helminthology\nJohnston had an interest in descriptive parasitology, and was a leading world expert on helminthology.", "He was a frequent and prolific contributor of new material to the collections of the South Australian Museum.", "In Queensland, he conducted studies in diverse areas as cattle tick, blowflies, muscidae, onchoceriasis and fish epidemics.", "Working with John Burton Cleland he studied worm nests in cattle due to Filaria gibsoni.", "He explored the internal parasites of Australian birds that included the emu.", "He studied the parasite mallophaga from marsupials.", "Johnston made significant contributions to the study of flies and parasitic worms, including Habronema and Musca domestica or housefly.", "He sought to develop a solution to the sheep maggot fly problem and the use of the parasitoid wasps as a possible answer.", "Parasites of freshwater fish\nJohnston pursued the parasitology of freshwater fish.", "The first paper of this kind was an account of an epidemic of Saprolegnia in the fishes of the Thomson River in Queensland.", "James Douglas Ogilby provided some of the fish identifications and Johnston quoted his account of the infection near Sydney.", "Some years later, Johnston worked with Thomas Lane Bancroft's daughter Jo, Mabel Josephine Bancroft, and investigated parasites in freshwater fish in the rivers near Queensland and described several new species of sporozoans.", "Johnston and Bancroft noted in the paper that the specimens were identified by James Douglas Ogilby of the Queensland Museum and as tribute for these efforts names one of the parasites, Myxosoma ogilbyi, in his honour.", "In a work published in 1921, the team summarized their experience of episodes of mass mortality in the fishes of Queensland rivers and ventured a theory for the possible causes.", "Later at the University of Adelaide, Johnston published with Patricia M. Mawson, daughter of Douglas Mawson, work on nematodes that included descriptions of new species found in freshwater fish of Australia.", "Several nematode species were discovered in the birds of Australia.", "Professional service\nFrom 1915 to 1916, Johnston was president of the Royal Society of Queensland.", "From 1916 to 1917, he was president of the Queensland Field Naturalists' Club.", "He was a founding member of the Great Barrier Reef Committee and a member of the Australian National Research Council until his death.", "In 1929, Johnston was invited by Douglas Mawson to serve as chief zoologist with the British Australian and New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition.", "During 1929 to 1931, he went on two voyages aboard the RRS Discovery.", "He was editor of the zoological and botanical reports.", "From 1929 to 1937, he accompanied John Burton Cleland in expeditions to Central Australia.", "Awards and honours\nJones Memorial Medal, Sydney Teachers College\nDavid Syme Research Prize, 1913\nWalter and Eliza Hall fellowship in economic biology, University of Queensland – initial recipient\nSir Joseph Verco Medal, 1935, from the Royal Society of South Australia\nMueller Medal, 1939, Australian and New Zealand Association for the Advancement of Science\nHe was awarded the Polar Medal, in recognition of his research on British, Australian and New Zealand Antarctic expeditions led by Douglas Mawson in 1929 and 1931.", "Publications\nOn the anatomy and possible mode of transmission of Filaria (Onchocerca) gibsoni.", "(1910).", "Royal Society of New South Wales.", "The helminth parasites of man in Australia.", "(1912).", "An experiment: [\"in the production of newspaper articles\" on public health].", "(1930).", "Acanthocephala, (Australasian Antarctic Expedition, 1911–1914.", "Scientific reports.", "Series C. Zoology and Botany).", "(1937).", "References\n\nExternal links\n\n \nPseudobonellia\n \n\n1881 births\n1951 deaths\nAustralian biologists\nAustralian parasitologists\nScientists from Sydney\nUniversity of Queensland faculty\nUniversity of Adelaide faculty\nAustralian botanists\n20th-century Australian zoologists\nAntarctic expeditions\nUniversity of Sydney alumni\nNematologists\nOpuntia\nCaloundra\nGreat Barrier Reef\nRoyal Society of Queensland" ]

[ "Thomas Harvey Johnston was born in December of 1884 and died in August of 1951.", "He supported the eradication of the prickly pear.", "The son of an Irish-born foreman mason and his Australian-born wife was born in Australia in the late 19th century.", "At Petersham, New South Wales, Australia, on 1 January 1907, Johnston married Alice Maude Pearce.", "He died of a heart problem on August 30, 1951.", "His wife and daughter were by his side.", "His son died before him.", "He was cremated.", "The Jones Memorial medal was received by Johnston.", "He received a degree in parasitology from the University of Sydney in 1911.", "He taught at Fort Street Public School from 1903 to 1906.", "From 1907 to 1908, he was a teacher at the Sydney Technical College.", "He was an assistant director at the college.", "In 1909, he accepted a position as assistant microbiologist at the New South Wales Health Department.", "The lecturer in charge of the department of biology was appointed in 1911.", "In 1919, he was promoted to professor.", "After being appointed professor of zoology at the University of Adelaide in 1922, he remained there for the rest of his life.", "He was the professor of botany from 1928 to 1934.", "J.B. Cleland, Charles P. Mountford, Frank Fenner, and others were part of a university anthropological expedition to Nepabunna Mission in the northern Flinders Ranges in 1937.", "The prickly pear travelling commission was formed in 1912 to investigate control measures for the prickly pear cactus.", "Governor Philip is credited with introducing the prickly pear to Australia.", "The prickly pear came from Brazil to Australia.", "The goal was to establish a cochineal dye industry with the introduction of the plant.", "The British used Cochineal dye to colour their red coats.", "The prickly pear spread from New South Wales to the eastern states of Australia.", "Johnston and Tryon traveled abroad to study the problem.", "The team became known as The Prickly Pair.", "They were able to control one species of the pear Opuntia monacantha with the introduction of Dactylopius ceylonicus.", "The Commonwealth prickly pear laboratories had a controller in 1920.", "During 1920 to 1922, he traveled all over the world to find a solution to the prickly pear problem.", "Efforts were made to introduce the insect in 1914, but it died out in 1921.", "In 1924, the prickly pear was destroyed by the reintroduced Cactoblastis cactorum.", "He was interested in the marine ecology of the southern Great Barrier Reef islands.", "He studied the flora and fauna of Caloundra.", "Pseudobonellia is a new species from the Great Barrier Reef.", "A new species of Bonellia was identified in 1920.", "He was a world expert on helminthology and had an interest in descriptive parasitology.", "He was a frequent contributor of new material to the South Australian Museum.", "He conducted studies in diverse areas as cattle tick, blowfly, muscidae, onchoceriasis and fish epidemics.", "He studied worms in cattle due to Filaria gibsoni.", "He looked at the internal parasites of Australian birds.", "He studied the parasites.", "He made significant contributions to the study of flies and parasites.", "He wanted to find a solution to the sheep fly problem with the use of the parasitoid wasp.", "The parasites of freshwater fish were studied.", "An account of an epidemic of Saprolegnia in the fishes of the Thomson River was the first paper of this kind.", "Some of the fish identifications were provided by James Douglas Ogilby.", "Several new species of sporozoans were described by the researchers after they worked with the daughter of Thomas Lane Bancroft.", "The paper noted that the specimen was identified by James Douglas Ogilby of theQueensland Museum and that it was named after him.", "The team summarized their experience of mass mortality in the fishes of theQueensland rivers in a work published in 1921.", "The descriptions of new species found in freshwater fish of Australia were included in the work published with the daughter of Douglas Mawson.", "The birds of Australia have several Nematodes.", "He was the president of the Royal Society ofQueensland from 1915 to 1916.", "He was president of the club from 1916 to 1917.", "He was a founding member of the Great Barrier Reef Committee and a member of the Australian National Research Council.", "The chief zoologist with the British Australian and New Zealand research expedition was invited by Douglas Mawson in 1929.", "He went on two voyages aboard the RRS Discovery.", "The zoological and botanical reports were edited by him.", "He was with John Burton Cleland in Central Australia from 1929 to 1937.", "The initial recipient of the Sir Joseph Verco Medal, 1935, was from the Royal Society of South Australia.", "There are publications on the possible mode of transmission of Filaria.", "The year 1910.", "The Royal Society of New South Wales is in New South Wales.", "There are parasites of man in Australia.", "The year 1912.", "In the production of newspaper articles on public health.", "The year 1930.", "Acanthocephala is from theAustralasian Antarctic expedition.", "Scientific reports.", "The series is called Zoology and Botany.", "The year 1937.", "There are links to External links." ]

[ "Thomas Harvey Johnston", "Johnston", "Thomas Johnston", "Johnston", "Johnston", "Johnston", "Johnston", "Johnston", "Johnston", "Johnston", "Johnston", "Johnston", "Johnston", "Johnston", "Johnston", "Johnston", "Johnston", "Johnston", "Johnston", "Johnston", "Thomas Lane", "Johnston", "Johnston", "Johnston", "Johnston" ]

[ "Thomas Harvey Johnston", "Johnston", "Johnston", "Johnston", "Thomas Lane" ]

[ "‘Abdul-Basit ‘Abdus-Samad (), or Abdel Basit Abdel Samad or, Abdul Basit Muhammad Abdus Samad (1927 – 30 November 1988) was an Egyptian Quran reciter and is regarded as one of the best reciters of the Quran who ever lived.", "He had won three world Qira'at competitions in the early 1970s.", "‘Abdus-Samad was one of the first huffaz to make commercial recordings of his recitations, and the first president of the Reciters' Union in Egypt.", "At 10, Abdul Basit finished learning the entire Quran by heart in his village.", "He also learned 7 styles of Quran recitation by the age of 12 and the 10 styles by 14.", "He came to be called the Golden Throat and the Voice of Heaven due to his melodious style, remarkable breath control, and unique emotional and engaging tone.", "He has a son, Tareq Abd El Basit Abd El Samad, who is also a known sheikh in Egypt; he has done many interviews on his father's life, family and career.", "Birth and Upbringing \nSheikh Abdul Basit Abdul Samad was born in the year 1927 in the village of Al-Maarazeh situated in Qena Governorate (Egypt).", "From a very early age, he was very committed with the memorization and recitation of the Quran.", "His grandfather, Sheikh Abdul Samad, was well known for his memorization of the Quran and known for his ability to memorize the Quran according to its rules of recitation (al-tajwid and al-ahkam).", "His father, Muhammad Abdul Samad, was also one of the great reciters of the Quran and worked as a civil servant in the Ministry of Communications.", "Sheikh Abdul Basit Abdul Samad had two older brothers, Mahmoud and Abdul Hamid Abdul Samad.", "Both brothers were memorizing the Quran at the Quranic elementary school, so their younger brother Abdul Basit joined them when he was six years old.", "The teacher of Abdul Basit noticed that his young student was quick in his memorization and very observant and keen to follow his teacher with all the pronunciation of the letters and the stop and start positions.", "His teacher also noticed his talent for recitation and great voice.", "Education \nSheikh Abdul Basit Abdul Samad completed his memorization of the Qur'an at the age of ten and then requested his grandfather and father to continue his education with the Qira’at (recitations).", "They both agreed and sent him to the city of Tanta (Lower Egypt) to study the Quranic recitations (‘ulum al-Quran wa al-Qira’at) under the tutelage of Sheikh Muhammad Salim.", "Although the distance to travel to Tanta was very far, the young student was convinced and prepared to travel the long distance since this would lay an important foundation for his future.", "One day before his departure to Tanta, the family heard about the arrival of Sheikh Muhammad Salim to the Religious Institute in Armant in order to settle here as a teacher of Recitations.", "The people received and welcomed him in the best way, because he was well known for his knowledge and abilities as a scholar of the Quran.", "It was as if fate brought this scholar to his family at the right time.", "The people of the city established an association in Asfun Al-Matanah to preserve the Quran, so that Sheikh Muhammad Salim could teach the memorization of the Quran and its recitations.", "Abdul Basit went to him and reviewed the entire Qur’an with him, and then memorized the Al-Shatibia, which is the classical text of the science of the seven recitations.", "When Sheikh Abdul Basit reached the age of twelve, requests came from all the cities and villages of Qena Governorate (Egypt), especially Asfun Al-Matanah, with the help of Sheikh Muhammad Salim, who recommended Sheikh Abdul Basit everywhere he went, as Sheikh Salim’s testimony was trusted by all people.", "Career \nSheikh Abdul Basit Abdul Samad officially started his career as a Quran reciter in Cairo at the age of 23, when he was invited to attend the celebration of the birth of Sayyida Zainab.", "On the final night of the celebration, the guests were greeted by the top reciters of the era, namely Sheikh Abdul Fattah Al-Shashaa’i, Sheikh Mustafa Isma’il, Sheikh Abdul Azim Zahir, Sheikh Abu Al-Aynayn Sha’iisha, and others.", "The young Sheikh Abdul Basit was trying to find a place for him among the audience of listeners to listen to these famous giants, see them and sit with them.", "After midnight, Sheikh Abdul Basit was accompanied by one of his relatives, who knew the officials in the Sayyida Zainab Mosque.", "He asked them for permission so that Sheikh Abdul Basit could also recite.", "He said: “I present to you a reader from Upper Egypt, whose voice is sweet and beautiful, and he will recite to you for ten minutes.” At that moment, the mosque was completely full to end, and the audience listened to his amazing voice that took the hearts of the listeners to the point that all attendees of the mosque yelled on top of his voice “Allah Akbar” (\"God is the greatest\").", "Every time Sheikh Abdul Basit wanted to finish the recitation with “Sadaqallahul Azim” (\"Allah Almighty has spoken the truth\"), the audience insisted that he keeps on reading and he continued for about two hours and finished the recitation in the early morning.", "After this experience, Sheikh Abdul Basit began to think about applying to the radio station as a Quran reciter, but he hesitated a lot due to his affiliation with the Upper Egypt, nevertheless, he choose to pursue a career as a Quran reciter.", "Sheikh Abdul Basit was appointed as a Quran reciter on the radio in the year 1951.", "Travels\nSheikh Abdul Basit Abdul Samad travelled to several places, including:\n\n He travelled to Pakistan and was received by the Pakistani President at the airport.", "In 1955, he travelled to Jakarta, Indonesia, where the people received him in the best way.", "The mosque was filled with attendees and they were outside the mosque for a distance of about a kilometer.", "The square opposite the mosque was filled with more than a quarter of a million Muslims listening to the Sheikh standing on their feet until dawn.", "He also travelled to South Africa, and upon his arrival, officials sent him radio and television journalists to interview him.", "He also travelled to India to celebrate a major religious ceremony held by one of the rich Muslims there.", "After his arrival, Sheikh Abdul Basit faced a moving situation.", "All those present were taking off their shoes and standing on the ground and they bowed their heads down looking at the place of prostration and their eyes overflowed with tears crying until the Sheikh finished recitation and his eyes tears shed from this humble attitude.", "He also travelled to Jerusalem and read in the Al-Aqsa Mosque as well as the Ibrahimi Mosque in Hebron in Palestine and the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus and the most famous mosques in Asia, Africa, the United States, France and London.", "Honours and Awards \nThrough the travels of Sheikh Abdul Basit Abdul Samad around the world, he received a large number of honours and awards.", "In 1956, Syria honoured him and awarded him the Order of Merit.", "He received the Order of Cedar from Lebanon, the Golden Medal from Malaysia, a medal from Senegal, and another medal from Morocco.", "A Medal from the Prime Minister of Syria in 1959.", "A Medal from the Prime Minister of Malaysia in 1965.", "The Order of Merit from the Senegalese President in 1975.", "The Golden Medal from Pakistan in 1980.", "The Order of Scholars from Pakistani President Zia-ul-Haq in 1984.", "The Egyptian Radio Medal on its fiftieth anniversary.", "The Order of Merit from the former Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak during the celebration of the Day of Preachers in 1987.", "In 1990, he received the last honours after his departure from former President Mohamed Hosni Mubarak in the celebration of Laylat al-Qadr.", "Illness and death \nHe suffered from complications from diabetes later in life, but his liver problems coincided with diabetes, and he could not fight these two conditions together.", "He contracted hepatitis less than a month before his death.", "He was admitted to a hospital but his health deteriorated further.", "This prompted his children and doctors to advise him to travel London for treatment, where he stayed for a week.", "He was accompanied by his son Tariq, who asked to take him back to Egypt.", "He died on Wednesday, November 30, 1988, and his funeral was national and official at the local and global levels.", "So great was the attendance at his funeral, it included ambassadors of various countries attending on behalf of their people, as well as kings and heads of state, in appreciation of his role in the field of advocacy in all its forms.", "His surviving relatives included (from oldest to the youngest): Yasir, Hisham, and Tariq.", "Following his father's footsteps, Yasir also became a Qari.", "In 2006, a mosque in his native village of Armant in Luxor, Southern Egypt, was opened under his name.", "References\n\nExternal links \n Abdul Baset Biography at assajda.com\n Abdul-Basit Abdus-Samad at quran-e-majeed.com\n \n\nEgyptian Quran reciters\nEgyptian imams\n1927 births\n1988 deaths\nPeople who memorized the Quran\nhttps://www.naatmp3.net/2018/05/surah-rehman-qari-basit.html" ]

[ "One of the best reciters of the Quran, Abdul Basit Muhammad Abdus Samad, was born in 1927 and died in 1988.", "He won three world Qira'at competitions.", "The first president of the reciters' union in Egypt was Abdus-Samad.", "Abdul Basit finished learning the Quran at 10.", "By the age of 12 he had learned 7 styles of Quran recitation.", "He was called the Golden Throat and the Voice of Heaven because of his unique emotional and engaging tone.", "He has a son who is also a sheikh in Egypt, and he has done many interviews on his father's life, family and career.", "Sheikh Abdul Basit Abdul Samad was born in the year 1927 in the village of Al-maarazeh in Qena Governorate.", "He was very committed to the Quran from a very young age.", "His grandfather, Sheikh Abdul Samad, was well known for his ability to memorize the Quran according to the Quran's rules.", "His father was a civil servant in the Ministry of Communications and was one of the great reciters of the Quran.", "Sheikh Abdul Basit Abdul Samad had two older brothers.", "Abdul Basit joined his brothers at the Quranic elementary school when he was six years old.", "The teacher of Abdul Basit noticed that his young student was very attentive to his teacher's pronunciation of the letters and the stop and start positions.", "His teacher noticed that he had a great voice.", "At the age of ten, Sheikh Abdul Basit Abdul Samad was able to memorize the Qur'an and asked his grandfather and father to continue their education with the Qira'at.", "He was sent to the city of Tanta in Lower Egypt by both of them to study the Quran.", "The young student was prepared to travel the long distance to Tanta since it was an important foundation for his future.", "One day before his departure to Tanta, the family heard about the arrival of Sheikh Muhammad Salim to the Religious Institute in Armant in order to settle here as a teacher of Recitations.", "The people welcomed him because he was well known for his knowledge and abilities as a Quran scholar.", "This scholar was brought to his family by fate.", "The people of the city formed an association in Asfun Al-Matanah to preserve the Quran, so that Sheikh Muhammad Salim could teach people how to memorize it.", "Abdul Basit was able to memorize the Al-Shatibia, which is the classical text of the science of the seven recitations, after reviewing the Qur'an with him.", "When Sheikh Abdul Basit reached the age of twelve, he received requests from all the cities and villages of Qena Governorate (Egypt), as well as Asfun Al-Matanah, with the help of Sheikh Muhammad Salim.", "Sheikh Abdul Basit Abdul Samad started his career as a Quran reciter in Cairo at the age of 23 after he was invited to attend the birth of Sayyida Zainab.", "The top reciters of the era were welcomed by the guests on the final night of the celebration.", "Sheikh Abdul Basit was trying to find a place for himself among the audience to listen to the giants and sit with them.", "Sheikh Abdul Basit was accompanied by one of his relatives who knew the officials in the Sayyida Zainab Mosque.", "He wanted them to allow Sheikh Abdul Basit to recite.", "At that moment, the mosque was completely full to end, and the audience listened to his amazing voice that took the hearts of the listeners.", "Every time Sheikh Abdul Basit wanted to finish the recitation, the audience insisted that he keep on reading, and he finished it in the early morning.", "After this experience, Sheikh Abdul Basit began to think about applying to the radio station as a Quran reciter, but he hesitated a lot due to his affiliation with the Upper Egypt.", "In 1951, Sheikh Abdul Basit was appointed as a Quran reciter on the radio.", "The President of Pakistan received Sheikh Abdul Basit Abdul Samad at the airport after he traveled to Pakistan.", "He was received well in Jakarta, Indonesia, in 1955.", "Attendees of the mosque were outside the mosque for a distance of about a kilometer.", "The square opposite the mosque was filled with more than a quarter of a million Muslims listening to the Sheikh.", "After arriving in South Africa, officials sent him radio and television journalists to interview him.", "He traveled to India to attend a religious ceremony held by one of the rich Muslims there.", "Sheikh Abdul Basit faced a situation after his arrival.", "All those present were taking off their shoes and standing on the ground and they bowed their heads and cried tears of joy when the Sheikh finished his speech.", "He traveled to Jerusalem and read in the Al-Aqsa Mosque as well as the Ibrahimi Mosque in Hebron in Palestine and the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus and the most famous mosques in Asia, Africa, the United States, France and London.", "Sheikh Abdul Basit Abdul Samad received a lot of honours and awards during his travels around the world.", "The Order of Merit was awarded to him by Syria.", "He was awarded the Order of Cedar from Lebanon, the Golden medal from Malaysia, and a medal from Senegal.", "The Prime Minister of Syria received a medal in 1959.", "The Prime Minister of Malaysia received a medal.", "The Order of Merit was given to the president of the country.", "Pakistan won the Golden medal in 1980.", "The order of scholars was given by the president of Pakistan.", "The Egyptian Radio medal is fifty years old.", "The Order of Merit was given to the former Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak.", "He received the last honours in 1990 after leaving the presidency of Hosni Mubarak.", "He had problems with his health later in life, but he couldn't fight the two conditions together.", "He contracted the disease less than a month before his death.", "He was admitted to the hospital.", "He was advised by his children and doctors to travel to London for treatment.", "His son asked to take him back to Egypt.", "His funeral was national and official at the local and global levels.", "At his funeral, ambassadors of various countries attended on behalf of their people, as well as kings and heads of state, in appreciation of his role in the field of advocacy in all its forms.", "His surviving relatives ranged from the oldest to the youngest.", "His father also became a Qari.", "The mosque in his native village of Armant was opened under his name.", "There are external links to Abdul Baset Biography at assajda.com and Abdul-Basit Abdus-Samad at quran-e-majeed.com." ]

[ "Abdul", "Basit ‘", "Abdel Basit Abdel Samad", "Abdul Basit Muhammad Abdus Samad", "Abdul Basi", "Tareq Abd El Basit Abd El Samad", "Abdul Basit", "Abdul Samad", "Abdul Samad", "Muhammad Abdul", "Abdul Basit", "Abdul Samad", "Abdul Hamid", "Abdul Samad", "Abdul Basi", "Abdul Basi", "Abdul Basit", "Abdul Samad", "Abdul Basi", "Abdul Basi", "Abdul Basi", "Abdul Basit", "Abdul Samad", "Abdul Fattah", "Abdul Azim", "Abdul Basi", "Abdul Basi", "Abdul Basi", "Abdul Basi", "Abdul Basi", "Abdul Basi", "Abdul Basit", "Abdul Samad", "Abdul Basi", "Abdul Basit", "Abdul Samad", "Abdul Baset", "Abdul Basit" ]

[ "Abdul Basit Muhammad Abdus Samad", "Abdul Basi", "Abdul Basit", "Abdul Samad", "Abdul Samad", "Abdul Basit", "Abdul Samad", "Abdul Basi", "Abdul Basi", "Abdul Basit", "Abdul Samad", "Abdul Basit", "Abdul Basi", "Abdul Basit", "Abdul Samad", "Abdul Basi", "Abdul Basi", "Abdul Basi", "Abdul Basi", "Abdul Basi", "Abdul Basi", "Abdul Basit", "Abdul Samad", "Abdul Basi", "Abdul Basit", "Abdul Samad", "Abdul Baset", "Abdul Basit" ]

[ "James Lewicki (December 13, 1917 – December 12, 1979) was a twentieth century American artist and illustrator who worked for many of the magazines of his day and extensively for Life (magazine).", "His book illustrations include The Life Treasury of American Folklore, The World We Live In (Life magazine), The Golden Bough written by Sir James Frazer and published by the Limited Editions Club (see The Heritage Press) and The Golden Book of Christmas Tales, written by his wife, Lillian.", "James also explored the Christmas theme in magazines and created cards for the American Artists Group.", "Life and Works\n\nLife History\nJames Lewicki, the second child of Ukrainian immigrants was born on December 13, 1917 in Buffalo, New York to Max and Alexandra Lewicki.", "His teachers recognized his talent from an early age and Jim went on to attend Buffalo Technical High School, the Albright–Knox Art Gallery, the Art School of the Detroit Society of Arts and Crafts (now College for Creative Studies), and Pratt Institute, where he graduated in Illustration in 1939.", "He married Lillian Schalow in 1943, also an Illustration major at Pratt Institute, who partnered with him on many projects throughout his career as researcher, draftsman, studio assistant and secretary.", "They had two children, Roy Lewicki and Lisa Lewicki Hermanson.", "First living in Brooklyn, then Hollis, New York, they moved to Centerport, New York (on Long Island) in 1952, where they built a house and studio.", "As an illustrator, Jim was always looking for a story to turn into pictures, and that included tapping personal experience.", "In 1952 he sold Life Goes Camping with the Lewickis to Life magazine, and in the 1970s wrote and illustrated The Territory for Yankee (magazine), based on his experiences with a cherished vacation home in the woods of northern Vermont.", "When not working on illustration assignments, Jim enjoyed painting landscapes and sketching outdoors.", "He worked in watercolor up to the 1960s and later in acrylics.", "He exhibited annually with Audubon Artists and the American Watercolor Society and was a member of these two groups as well as Rotary International and the Society of Illustrators.", "Later, he did a series of graphite and pen drawings, as well as mixed media works in collage.", "Printmaking also became an outlet, producing etchings, monoprints, and working in dry lithography, a \"green\" process invented by his C.W.", "Post colleague, Harry Hoehn.", "During the 1960s and 70’s Jim switched gears and became a professor, sharing his expertise with both graduate and undergraduate students in the Fine Arts Department of LIU Post (formerly known as the C.W.", "Post Campus of Long Island University).", "Illustration career\n\nEarly Assignments\nJim completed his first book project while still at Pratt in 1939; From Village to Metropolis by R.W.", "Swan, a pictorial history of New York City from its early days as a Dutch settlement up through modern times.", "Jim started to get work from Life magazine directly after Pratt, honing his skills with a wide variety technical black and white illustrations, many related to World War 2, such as Anatomy of Bombs.", "Jim also did quick spots for The New York Times on very short deadlines.", "Christmas\nIn 1943, Jim entered a Christmas card competition; the challenge, to depict the Christmas message in a time of war, sponsored by the American Artists Group.", "His painting of a bombed out church, with a large stained glass window of a Madonna and Child miraculously preserved, won second prize.", "Asked to do a commission the following year he recalled the Buffalo winters of his childhood, where a lighted paper star was paraded from house to house as carols were sung, following Ukrainian tradition.", "This led to a lifelong association with the theme of Christmas, starting with the series of cards, Christmas 'Round the World, also for American Artists Group.", "Additional research on the Christmas theme led to \"The Customs of Christmas\" for Life magazine.", "Jim also made a rebus of The Night Before Christmas published by Hallmark Cards.", "Later on, he completed a pictorial essay for Life (magazine) - Christmas Legends.", "These paintings later appeared in book form published by Simon and Schuster as The Golden Book of Christmas Tales, with the stories written by Lillian.", "Jim continued to produce Christmas cards in a variety of decorative styles for American Artists Group through the 1960s.", "The World We Live In\nA detailed record of nature is evident in Jim's paintings for the Life magazine series, The World We Live In, for which Jim was one of the featured illustrators.", "Jim's illustrations of undersea life appears on the cover and in Part 2, Miracle of the Sea, published on February 9, 1953, in Part 4, The Canopy of Air, published on June 8, 1953 and in Part 5, The Pageant of Life, published on September 7, 1953.", "After running successfully in Life, The World We Live In was released in book form in 1955, for which Jim did the cover art - a dramatic scene of a full solar eclipse presiding over a landscape of all manner of living creatures.", "American Folklore\nIt was while working on Christmas legends that a neighbor commented to Jim that the United States really had no strong tradition of folklore and cultural heritage.", "Jim went to the library to see if this was so, and found volumes to the contrary.", "He proposed the theme of folklore to Life magazine, and they asked for a dummy presentation of 12 pages.", "Jim found it impossible to condense it down to one article, so he suggested a series, and much to his surprise the editors agreed.", "This assignment lasted for five years.", "Legends from all over the country, representing the diverse cultures of Native Americans, early explorers, and immigrants were included, requiring an enormous amount of background research.", "The final paintings were completed in a detailed egg tempera style on gesso panel, preceded by multiple color studies and pencil sketches.", "American Folklore appeared in Life as a 5 part series over a year and half, followed by the hard cover book, The Life Treasury of American Folklore, featuring additional paintings created just for the book.", "Lillian worked side by side with Jim during this time, assisting with in depth research and studio support, including hand mixing the egg tempera paints for the gessoed panels and completing preparatory drawings.", "Maps\nPictorial map making was also a staple of Jim’s repertoire, with Lillian assisting extensively.", "Memorable examples include the poster The Fabulous Fifties, created for Time (magazine) in 1960, and resort and trail maps for the Stowe Ski Association, also from the sixties.", "Maps also appeared in Christmas themes tracing the journey of Mary and Joseph to Egypt.", "The Golden Bough\nIn 1969 Jim completed a series of illustrations for The Golden Bough by Sir James Frazer, centered on the beliefs, customs and traditions of cultures from around the world.", "For this assignment Jim worked in a freer style, overlaying fine, fluid line drawings on abstract patterned fields of color, to suggest the mystery and mood of ancient and tribal rituals.", "Bibliography\n\nMajor Book Illustration Projects\n Frazer, Sir James (1970).", "The Golden Bough.", "Limited Editions Club (see The Heritage Press).", "Turnbull, Agnes Sligh (1964).", "Little Christmas.", "The Riverside Press (now Riverside Publishing, a subsidiary of Houghton Mifflin Harcourt).", "Dolch, E. & M. (1964).", "Stories From Old Russia.", "Garrard Publishing Company.", "The Life Treasury of American Folklore (1960).", "Time Life.", "Miracle of the Sea - Evolution and The Atmosphere (1955).", "The World We Live In (Life magazine).", "Simon & Schuster, Inc.\n Lewicki, Lillian (1963).", "The Golden Book of Christmas Tales, Legends From Many Lands.", "Golden Press (now Western Publishing).", "Swan, Robert W. (1939).", "From Village to Metropolis.", "Grosset & Dunlap.", "In the Collections Of\n Museum of Fine Arts, Boston - From Village to Metropolis 1939 original illustrations, book dummy, sketches and supporting letters\n The Lilly Library of Indiana University - Original paintings and research from the Life American Folklore magazine series and book\n La Jolla Map and Atlas Museum, La Jolla, California - Original paintings and printed pictorial maps for LIFE magazine, Stowe Ski Association, Map of Antarctica for Liberty magazine and others.", "The New York Public Library Main Branch - Stephen A. Schwarzman Building, Lionel Pincus and Princess Firyal Map Division - pictorial maps by James\n New Britain Museum of American Art - Miracle of the Sea cover painting for The World We Live In Life magazine series (Feb. 9, 1953)\n Society of Illustrators - Rip Van Winkle large pencil sketch from the Life American Folklore series\n Originally purchased by Clare Booth Luce - Christmas illustrations from The Golden Book of Christmas\n\nPeriodicals Featuring James' Work\nLife (magazine), Collier's, The Saturday Evening Post, The New York Times, Daily News Record, Look (American magazine), Woman’s Home Companion, House Beautiful, Liberty (general interest magazine), Redbook, Horizon (U.S. magazine), Pageant (magazine), Skyways, The American Weekly, The American Home, Holiday (magazine), Better Homes and Gardens (magazine), Flower Grower, Ski Magazine, Scientific American, Ford Times, Good Housekeeping, Smithsonian (magazine), Boys' Life, Christian Herald, Rotary International, The Lamp, Blue Book (magazine), Woman’s Day, Coronet (magazine), Reader’s Digest, Yankee (magazine) and others.", "Book References\n Dunbier, Lonnie Pierson (Editor).", "The Artists' Bluebook: 34,000 North American Artists to March 2005.", "(AskART.com, Inc., 2005)\n Davenport, Ray.", "Davenport's Art Reference: The Gold Edition.", "2005.", "The Illustrator in America, 1860-2000 The Society of Illustrators by Walter Reed (2001).", "Who's Who in American Art, 1564–1975, 3 volumes edited by Peter Falk\n Cohn, Jan.", "Covers of the Saturday Evening Post: Seventy Years of Outstanding Illustration.", "Dictionary of Signatures & Monograms by Peter Falk\n Opitz, Glenn B.", "(Editor), Mantle Fielding's Dictionary of American Painters, Sculptors & Engravers.", "1986.", "Two Hundred Years of American Illustration from The Society of Illustrators by Henry Pitz (artwork by Albino Hinojosa).", "Feature Magazine Articles\n American Artists Magazine - feature article, The Importance of Thorough Research.", "December 1962.", "North Light Magazine - feature article.", "Winter 1971.", "American Artists Magazine - feature article, collaboration with printmaker Harry Hoehn, demonstrating dry lithography, an innovative paper based process).", "January 1973.", "References\n\nAmerican artists\n1979 deaths\n1917 births" ]

[ "James Lewicki was an American artist and illustrator who worked for many magazines in the 20th century.", "His illustrations can be found in The Life Treasury of American Folklore, The World We Live In, The Golden Bough, and The Golden Book of Christmas Tales.", "James created cards for the American Artists Group and explored the Christmas theme in magazines.", "James Lewicki, the second child of Ukrainian immigrants, was born on December 13, 1917 in Buffalo, New York.", "Jim attended Buffalo Technical High School, the Albright–Knox Art Gallery, the Art School of the Detroit Society of Arts and Crafts, and the Pratt Institute after his teachers recognized his talent.", "He and his wife, who was also an Illustration major at the institute, worked together on many projects throughout his career as a researcher, draftsman, studio assistant and secretary.", "They had two children.", "In 1952, they moved to Centerport, New York, where they built a house and studio.", "Jim was always looking for a story to turn into pictures, and that included tapping personal experience.", "In 1952 he sold Life Goes Camping with the Lewickis to Life magazine, and in the 1970s he wrote and illustrated The Territory for Yankee, based on his experiences with a cherished vacation home in the woods of northern Vermont.", "Jim enjoyed sketching outdoors when he wasn't working on illustration assignments.", "He worked in watercolors up to the 1960s.", "He was a member of several groups, including Audubon Artists, the American Watercolor Society, and the Society of Illustrators.", "He did a series of pen drawings and mixed media works.", "Printmaking became an outlet, producing etchings, monoprints, and working in dry lithography, a \"green\" process invented by his C.W.", "Harry Hoehn was a post colleague.", "Jim was a professor in the Fine Arts Department of the C.W., sharing his expertise with both graduate and undergraduate students.", "There is a post campus of Long Island University.", "Jim completed his first book project when he was still at Pratt in 1939.", "New York City's early days as a Dutch settlement DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch", "Jim began to get work from Life magazine after Pratt, honing his skills with a wide variety of technical black and white illustrations, many related to World War 2.", "Jim did quick spots for The New York Times.", "Jim entered a Christmas card competition sponsored by the American Artists Group to depict the Christmas message in a time of war.", "His painting of a bombed out church, with a large stained glass window of a Madonna and Child miraculously preserved, won second prize.", "When he was asked to do a commission the following year, he recalled his childhood in Buffalo, where a lighted paper star was paraded from house to house as Christmas carols were sung.", "This led to a lifelong association with the theme of Christmas, starting with the series of cards, Christmas 'Round the World', also for American Artists Group.", "\"The Customs of Christmas\" was published in Life magazine.", "Jim wrote a rebus of The Night Before Christmas.", "He wrote an essay for Life about Christmas legends.", "The Golden Book of Christmas Tales was published by Simon and Schuster.", "Jim continued to make Christmas cards for American Artists Group through the 1960s.", "A detailed record of nature is evident in Jim's paintings for the Life magazine series, The World We Live In, for which Jim was one of the featured illustrators.", "Jim's illustrations of underwater life can be found on the cover and in part 2, Miracle of the Sea, published on February 9, 1953, in part 4, The Canopy of Air, published on June 8, 1953, and in part 5, The Pageant of Life, published on September 7,1953", "Jim did the cover art for The World We Live In, which was a dramatic scene of a full solar eclipse presiding over a landscape of all manner of living creatures.", "The United States has no strong tradition of folklore and cultural heritage according to a neighbor.", "Jim went to the library to find out if this was true.", "The Life magazine asked for a dummy presentation of 12 pages after he proposed the folklore theme.", "Jim suggested a series because he couldn't condense it down to one article.", "The assignment lasted five years.", "It took an enormous amount of background research to include legends from all over the country, representing the diverse cultures of Native Americans, early explorers, and immigrants.", "The final paintings were done in a detailed egg tempera style on a gesso panel with multiple color studies and pencil sketches.", "American Folklore appeared in Life as a 5 part series over a year and half, followed by the hard cover book, The Life Treasury of American Folklore, featuring additional paintings created just for the book.", "The two of them worked side by side, assisting with in depth research and studio support, including hand mixing the egg tempera paints for the gessoed panels.", "Mapstorial map making was a staple of Jim's work.", "The poster The Fabulous Fifties, created for Time in 1960, is one of the most Memorable examples.", "Maps show the journey of Mary and Joseph to Egypt.", "The Golden Bough was illustrated by Jim in 1969 and centered on the beliefs, customs and traditions of cultures from around the world.", "Jim worked in a freer style, using fine, fluid line drawings on abstract patterned fields of color to suggest the mystery and mood of ancient and tribal rituals.", "Major book illustration projects were done by Sir James.", "The Golden Bough.", "The Heritage Press has a limited edition club.", "The name of the person is Agnes Sligh.", "There is little Christmas.", "The name of the company is The Riverside Press.", "Dolch and M.", "There are stories from old Russia.", "The company is called Garrard Publishing Company.", "The Life Treasury of American Folklore was published in 1960.", "It's Time Life.", "The Miracle of the Sea is about evolution and the atmosphere.", "Life magazine has a story about the world we live in.", "Simon & Schuster, Inc. Lewicki.", "There is a book called the Golden Book of Christmas Tales.", "The Golden Press is now Western Publishing.", "Robert W. Swan was born in 1939.", "From village to metropolis.", "They were Grosset and Dunlap.", "The Lilly Library of Indiana University has original paintings and research from the Life American Folklore magazine series.", "The New York Public Library Main Branch has maps by James New Britain Museum of American Art.", "The editor of the book is Dunbier.", "There were 34,000 North American Artists in the Bluebook.", "Davenport, Ray is from AskART.com, Inc.", "The gold edition of Davenport's art reference.", "2005.", "Walter Reed wrote The Society of Illustrators.", "Peter Falk Cohn edited Who's Who in American Art.", "The Saturday Evening Post has illustrations for 70 years.", "Dictionary of signatures and initials by Glenn B.", "There is a Dictionary of American Painters, Sculptors and Engravers.", "The year 1986.", "Henry Pitz created two hundred years of American illustrations for The Society of Illustrators.", "The Importance of Thorough Research is a feature article in American Artists Magazine.", "December 1962.", "There is an article in North Light Magazine.", "The winter of 1971.", "The feature article in American Artists Magazine was written with Harry Hoehn.", "January 1973.", "There were deaths of American artists in 1979." ]

[ "James Lewicki", "James Frazer", "James", "James Lewicki", "Alexandra Lewicki", "Roy Lewicki", "Lisa Lewicki Hermanson", "James Frazer", "Sir James", "Lewicki", "Jamesie" ]

[ "James Lewicki", "James", "James Lewicki", "Sir James" ]

[ "Michael Grant Ignatieff (; born May 12, 1947) is a Canadian author, academic and former politician who served as the leader of the Liberal Party of Canada and Leader of the Official Opposition from 2008 until 2011.", "Known for his work as a historian, Ignatieff has held senior academic posts at the universities of Cambridge, Oxford, Harvard, and Toronto.", "Most recently, he was rector and President of Central European University; he held this position from 2016 until July 2021.", "While living in the United Kingdom from 1978 to 2000, Ignatieff became well known as a television and radio broadcaster and as an editorial columnist for The Observer.", "His documentary series Blood and Belonging: Journeys into the New Nationalism aired on BBC in 1993, and won a Canadian Gemini Award.", "His book of the same name, based on the series, won the Gordon Montador Award for Best Canadian Book on Social Issues and the University of Toronto's Lionel Gelber Prize.", "His memoir, The Russian Album, won Canada's Governor General's Literary Award and the British Royal Society of Literature's Heinemann Prize in 1988.", "His novel, Scar Tissue, was short-listed for the Booker Prize in 1994.", "In 2000, he delivered the Massey Lectures, entitled The Rights Revolution, which was released in print later that year.", "In the 2006 federal election, Ignatieff was elected to the House of Commons as the member of Parliament (MP) for Etobicoke—Lakeshore.", "The same year, he ran for the leadership of the Liberal Party, ultimately losing to Stéphane Dion.", "He served as the party's deputy leader under Dion.", "After Dion's resignation in the wake of the 2008 election, Ignatieff served as interim leader from December 2008 until he was elected leader at the party's May 2009 convention.", "In the 2011 federal election, Ignatieff lost his own seat in the Liberal Party's worst showing in its history.", "Winning only 34 seats, the party placed a distant third behind the Conservatives and NDP, and thus lost its position as the Official Opposition.", "On May 3, 2011, Ignatieff announced that he would resign as leader of the Liberal Party, pending the selection of an interim leader, which became effective May 25, 2011.", "Following his electoral defeat, Ignatieff taught at the University of Toronto.", "In 2013, he returned to the Harvard Kennedy School part-time, splitting his time between Harvard and Toronto.", "On July 1, 2014, he returned to Harvard full-time.", "In 2016, he left Harvard to become president and rector of the Central European University in Budapest; he resigned from this position in July 2021.", "He continues to publish articles and essays on international affairs as well as Canadian politics.", "Early life and education \nIgnatieff was born on May 12, 1947, in Toronto, the elder son of Russian-born Canadian Rhodes Scholar and diplomat George Ignatieff, and his Canadian-born wife, Jessie Alison (née Grant).", "Ignatieff's family moved abroad regularly in his early childhood as his father rose in the diplomatic ranks.", "At the age of 11, Ignatieff was sent back to Toronto to attend Upper Canada College as a boarder in 1959.", "At UCC, Ignatieff was elected a school prefect as head of Wedd's House, was the captain of the varsity soccer team, and served as editor-in-chief of the school's yearbook.", "As well, Ignatieff volunteered for the Liberal Party during the 1965 federal election by canvassing the York South riding.", "He resumed his work for the Liberal Party in 1968, as a national youth organizer and delegate for Pierre Elliott Trudeau's leadership campaign.", "After high school, Ignatieff studied history at the University of Toronto's Trinity College (B.A., 1969).", "There, he met fellow student Bob Rae, from University College, who was a debating opponent and fourth-year roommate.", "After completing his undergraduate degree, Ignatieff took up his studies at the University of Oxford, where he studied under, and was influenced by, the famous liberal philosopher Sir Isaiah Berlin, whom he would later write about.", "While an undergraduate at the University of Toronto, he was a part-time reporter for The Globe and Mail in 1964–65.", "In 1976, Ignatieff completed his Ph.D. in history at Harvard University.", "He was granted a Cambridge M.A.", "by incorporation in 1978 on taking up a fellowship at King's College there.", "Family \n\nIgnatieff's paternal grandfather was Count Pavel Ignatieff, the Russian minister of education during the First World War and son of Count Nikolay Pavlovich Ignatyev, an important Russian statesman and diplomat.", "His mother's grandfathers were George Monro Grant and Sir George Robert Parkin, and her younger brother was the Canadian Conservative political philosopher George Grant (1918–1988), author of Lament for a Nation.", "His great-aunt Alice Parkin Massey was the wife of Canada's first native-born Governor General, Vincent Massey.", "He is also a descendant of William Lawson, the first president of the Bank of Nova Scotia.", "Ignatieff is married to Hungarian-born Zsuzsanna M. Zsohar and has two children, Theo and Sophie, from his first marriage to Londoner Susan Barrowclough.", "He also has a younger brother, Andrew, a community worker who assisted with Ignatieff's campaign.", "Although he says he is not a \"church guy\", Ignatieff was raised Russian Orthodox and occasionally attends services with family.", "He describes himself as neither an atheist nor a \"believer\".", "University professor, writer, broadcaster\n\nEarly career \nIgnatieff was an assistant professor of history at the University of British Columbia from 1976 to 1978.", "In 1978 he moved to the United Kingdom, where he held a senior research fellowship at King's College, Cambridge, until 1984.", "He then left Cambridge for London, where he began to focus on his career as a writer and journalist.", "His book The Russian Album documented a history of his family's experiences in nineteenth-century Russia (and subsequent exile), and won the 1987 Governor General's Award for Non-Fiction and the British Royal Society of Literature's Heinemann Prize in Canada.", "During this time, he travelled extensively.", "He also continued to lecture at universities in Europe and North America, and held teaching posts at Oxford, the University of London, the London School of Economics, the University of California and in France.", "While living in Britain, Ignatieff became well known as a broadcaster on radio and television.", "His best-known television work has been Voices on Channel 4, the BBC 2 discussion programme Thinking Aloud and BBC 2's arts programme, The Late Show.", "He was also an editorial columnist for The Observer from 1990 to 1993.", "His documentary series Blood and Belonging: Journeys into the New Nationalism aired on BBC in 1993, winning a Canadian Gemini Award.", "He later adapted this series into a book, Blood and Belonging: Journeys into the New Nationalism, detailing the dangers of ethnic nationalism in the post-Cold War period.", "This book won the Gordon Montador Award for Best Canadian Book on Social Issues and the University of Toronto's Lionel Gelber Prize.", "Ignatieff also wrote the novel, Scar Tissue, which was shortlisted for the Booker Prize in 1994.", "In 1998, he was on the first panel of the long-running BBC Radio discussion series In Our Time.", "Around this time, his 1998 biography of Isaiah Berlin was shortlisted for both the Jewish Quarterly Literary Prize for Non-Fiction and the James Tait Black Memorial Prize.", "Human rights policy \nIn 2000, Ignatieff accepted a position as the director of the Carr Center for Human Rights Policy at the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University.", "Ignatieff's influence on policy continued to grow, helping to prepare the report The Responsibility to Protect for the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty.", "This report examined the role of international involvement in Kosovo and Rwanda, and advocated a framework for 'humanitarian' intervention in future humanitarian crises.", "He delivered the Massey Lectures in 2000, entitled The Rights Revolution, which was released in print later that year.", "He would eventually become a participant and panel leader at the World Economic Forum in Geneva.", "2001 marked the September 11 attacks in the United States, renewing academic interest in issues of foreign policy and nation building.", "Ignatieff's text on Western interventionist policies and nation building, Virtual War: Kosovo and Beyond, won the Orwell Prize for political non-fiction in 2001.", "As a journalist, Ignatieff observed that the United States had established \"an empire lite, a global hegemony whose grace notes are free markets, human rights and democracy, enforced by the most awesome military power the world has ever known.\"", "This became the subject of his 2003 book Empire Lite: Nation-Building in Bosnia, Kosovo and Afghanistan, which argued that America had a responsibility to create a \"humanitarian empire\" through nation-building and, if necessary, military force.", "This would become a frequent topic in his lectures.", "At the Amnesty 2005 Lecture in Dublin, he offered evidence to show that \"we wouldn't have international human rights without the leadership of the United States\".", "Ignatieff's interventionist approach led him to support the 2003 Invasion of Iraq.", "According to Ignatieff, the United States had a duty to expend itself unseating Iraqi president Saddam Hussein in the interests of international security and human rights.", "Ignatieff initially accepted the argument of George W. Bush administration that containment through sanctions and threats would not prevent Hussein from selling weapons of mass destruction to international terrorists.", "Ignatieff wrongly believed that those weapons were still being developed in Iraq.", "In 2004, he published The Lesser Evil: Political Ethics in an Age of Terror, a philosophical work analyzing human rights in the post-9/11 world.", "Ignatieff argued that there may be circumstances where indefinite detention or coercive interrogations may need to be used on terror suspects to combat terrorism.", "Democratic institutions would need to evolve to protect human rights, finding a way to keep these necessary evils from offending democracy as much as the evils they are meant to prevent.", "The book attracted considerable attention.", "It was a finalist for the Lionel Gelber Prize, but also earned him some criticism.", "In 2005, he was criticized by his peers on the editorial board for the Index on Censorship, where human rights advocate Conor Gearty said Ignatieff fell into a category of \"hand-wringing, apologetic apologists for human-rights abuses\".", "Ignatieff responded by resigning from the editorial board for the Index, and has maintained that he supports a complete ban on torture.", "By 2005, Ignatieff's writings on human rights and foreign affairs earned him the 37th rank on a list of most influential public intellectuals prepared by Prospect and Foreign Policy magazines.", "Return to Canadian academia \n\nAround 2005, Ignatieff became more frequently mentioned as a possible Liberal candidate for the next federal election, and rumours swirled about the beginnings of a political career.", "At this time, he left Harvard to become the Chancellor Jackman Professor in Human Rights Policy at the University of Toronto and a senior fellow of the university's Munk Centre for International Studies.", "He continued to write about the subject of Iraq, reiterating his support, if not the method in which it was conducted.", "According to Ignatieff, \"what Saddam Hussein had done to the Kurds and the Shia\" in Iraq was sufficient justification for the invasion.", "His support for the war began to wane as time passed.", "\"I supported an administration whose intentions I didn't trust,\" he averred, \"believing that the consequences would repay the gamble.", "Now I realize that intentions do shape consequences.\"", "He eventually recanted his support for the war entirely.", "In a 2007 New York Times Magazine article, he wrote: \"The unfolding catastrophe in Iraq has condemned the political judgment of a president, but it has also condemned the judgment of many others, myself included, who as commentators supported the invasion.\"", "Ignatieff partly interpreted what he now saw as his particular errors of judgment, by presenting them as typical of academics and intellectuals in general, whom he characterized as \"generalizing and interpreting particular facts as instances of some big idea\".", "In politics, by contrast, \"Specifics matter more than generalities\".", "Samuel Moyn, Harvard University historian of human rights and humanitarian intervention, asserts that Ignatieff is among those whose who \"soiled their reputations\" through their defence of the Iraq war, and labelled his later public apology \"embarrassingly vacuous.\"", "Post politics academic career and return to Harvard\nIn mid-2011, following his electoral defeat, Ignatieff became a senior resident with the University of Toronto's Massey College, where he taught courses in law and political science for the Munk School of Global Affairs, the School of Public Policy and Governance, and the Faculty of Law.", "In January 2013, Ignatieff rejoined the Harvard Kennedy School and divided his time between Toronto and Cambridge, Massachusetts.", "The next year, Ignatieff returned to Harvard full-time, and left the University of Toronto, to become Edward R. Murrow Chair of Press, Politics and Public Policy at the Harvard Kennedy School effective July 1, 2014.", "President and Rector of Central European University\n\nOn May 5, 2016, it was announced that Michael Ignatieff would succeed John Shattuck to become the fifth president and rector of the Central European University (CEU) in Budapest, Hungary.", "On September 1, he was appointed the rector with the term ending on August 31, 2021.", "Ignatieff is overseeing a tumultuous period in the university's history, during which it has accused the Hungarian government of challenging its legal right to continue to operate in Hungary.", "The position of Ignatieff and CEU is that the intervention from the Hungarian government is part of a wider vendetta on the part of prime minister Viktor Orbán against wealthy financier George Soros, the university's chief benefactor.", "Ignatieff's personal position is that the strain between the Hungarian government and CEU is part of a wider tension in Europe between democratic ideals and authoritarian tendencies within the European conservative right.", "In 2019, Ignatieff was awarded the Dan David Prize for his contribution to defending democracy.", "On July 31, 2021, Michael Ignatieff stepped down as rector of CEU to be replaced by Shalini Randeria and announced he would step back into the classroom as a professor of history at CEU in January, 2022.", "Writings \nMichael Ignatieff is a historian, a fiction writer and public intellectual who has written several books on international relations and nation building.", "He has written seventeen books, and has been described by the British Arts Council as \"an extraordinarily versatile writer,\" in both the style and the subjects he writes about.", "He has contributed articles to publications such as The Globe and Mail, The New Republic, and The New York Times Magazine.", "Maclean's named him among the \"Top 10 Canadian Who's Who\" in 1997 and one of the \"50 Most Influential Canadians Shaping Society\" in 2002.", "In 2003, Maclean's named him Canada's \"Sexiest Cerebral Man.\"", "Fictional works \nHis fictional works, Asya, Scar Tissue, and Charlie Johnson in the Flames cover, respectively, the life and travels of a Russian girl, the disintegration of one's mother due to neurological disease, and the haunting memories of a journalist in Kosovo.", "The works are to some extent autobiographical; for instance, Ignatieff travelled to the Balkans and Kurdistan while working as a journalist, witnessing first hand the consequences of modern ethnic warfare.", "Historian and biographer \nA historian by training, he wrote A Just Measure of Pain, a history of prisons during the Industrial Revolution.", "His biography of Isaiah Berlin reveals the strong impression the celebrated philosopher made on Ignatieff.", "Philosophical writings by Ignatieff include The Needs of Strangers and The Rights Revolution.", "The latter work explores social welfare and community, and shows Berlin's influence on Ignatieff.", "These tie closely to Ignatieff's political writings on national self-determination and the imperatives of democratic self-government.", "Ignatieff has also written extensively on international affairs.", "His historical memoir, The Russian Album, traces his family's life in Russia and their troubles and subsequent emigration as a result of the Bolshevik Revolution.", "Canadian studies \nIn The Rights Revolution, Ignatieff identifies three aspects of Canada's approach to human rights that give the country its distinctive culture: 1) On moral issues, Canadian law is secular and liberal, approximating European standards more closely than American ones; 2) Canadian political culture is social democratic, and Canadians take it for granted that citizens have the right to free health care and public assistance; 3) Canadians place a particular emphasis on group rights, expressed in Quebec's language laws and in treaty agreements that recognize collective aboriginal rights.", "\"Apart from New Zealand, no other country has given such recognition to the idea of group rights,\" he writes.", "Ignatieff states that despite its admirable commitment to equality and group rights, Canadian society still places an unjust burden on women and gays and lesbians, and he says it is still difficult for newcomers of non-British or French descent to form an enduring sense of citizenship.", "Ignatieff attributes this to the \"patch-work quilt of distinctive societies,\" emphasizing that civic bonds will only be easier when the understanding of Canada as a multinational community is more widely shared.", "International studies \nIgnatieff has written extensively on international development, peacekeeping and the international responsibilities of Western nations.", "Blood and Belonging, a 1993 work, explores the duality of nationalism, from Yugoslavia to Northern Ireland.", "It is the first of a trilogy of books that explore modern conflicts.", "The Warrior's Honour, published in 1998, deals with ethnically motivated conflicts, including the conflicts in Afghanistan and Rwanda.", "The final book, Virtual War, describes the problems of modern peacekeeping, with special reference to the NATO presence in Kosovo.", "His 2003 book Empire Lite attracted considerable attention for suggesting that America, the world's last remaining superpower, should create a \"humanitarian empire\".", "This book continued his criticism of the limited-risk approach practiced by NATO in conflicts like the Kosovo War and the Rwandan genocide.", "Ignatieff became an advocate for more active involvement and larger scale deployment of land forces by Western nations in future conflicts in the developing world.", "Ignatieff was originally a prominent supporter of the 2003 Invasion of Iraq.", "However, Ignatieff attempts to distinguish the empire lite approach from neo-conservativism because the motives of the foreign engagement he advocates are essentially altruistic rather than self-serving.", "Ignatieff's 2004 book The Lesser Evil: Political Ethics in an Age of Terror, argued that Western democracies may have to resort to \"lesser evils\" like indefinite detention of suspects, coercive interrogations, assassinations, and pre-emptive wars in order to combat the greater evil of terrorism.", "He states that as a result, societies should strengthen their democratic institutions to keep these necessary evils from becoming as offensive to freedom and democracy as the threats they are meant to prevent.", "The 'Lesser Evil' approach has been criticized by some prominent human rights advocates, like Conor Gearty, for incorporating a problematic form of moral language that can be used to legitimize forms of torture.", "But other human rights advocates, like Human Rights Watch's Kenneth Roth, have defended Ignatieff, saying his work \"cannot fairly be equated with support for torture or 'torture lite'.\"", "In the context of this \"lesser evil\" analysis, Ignatieff has discussed whether or not liberal democracies should employ coercive interrogation and torture.", "Ignatieff has adamantly maintained that he supports a complete ban on torture.", "His definition of torture, according to his 2004 Op-ed in The New York Times, does not include \"forms of sleep deprivation that do not result in lasting harm to mental or physical health, together with disinformation and disorientation (like keeping prisoners in hoods).\"", "Political career \nIn 2004, three Liberal organizers, former Liberal candidate Alfred Apps, Ian Davey (son of Senator Keith Davey) and lawyer Daniel Brock, travelled to Cambridge, Massachusetts, to convince Ignatieff to move back to Canada and run for the House of Commons of Canada, and to consider a possible bid for the Liberal leadership should Paul Martin retire.", "Rocco Rossi, who was at that time a key Liberal Party organizer, had previously mentioned to Davey that Davey's father had said that Ignatieff had \"the makings of a prime minister\".", "In January 2005, as a result of the efforts of Apps, Brock and Davey, press speculation that Ignatieff could be a star candidate for the Liberals in the next election, and possibly a candidate to eventually succeed Prime Minister Paul Martin, the leader of the governing Liberal Party of Canada.", "After months of rumours and several denials, Ignatieff confirmed in November 2005 that he would run for a seat in the House of Commons in the winter 2006 election.", "It was announced that Ignatieff would seek the Liberal nomination in the Toronto riding of Etobicoke—Lakeshore.", "Some Ukrainian-Canadian members of the riding association objected to the nomination, citing a perceived anti-Ukrainian sentiment in Blood and Belonging, where Ignatieff said: \"I have reasons to take the Ukraine seriously indeed.", "But, to be honest, I'm having trouble.", "Ukrainian independence conjures up images of peasants in embroidered shirts, the nasal whine of ethnic instruments, phony Cossacks in cloaks and boots...\"\nCritics also questioned his commitment to Canada, pointing out that Ignatieff had lived outside of Canada for more than 30 years and had referred to himself as an American many times.", "When asked about it by Peter Newman in a Maclean's interview published on April 6, 2006, Ignatieff said: \"Sometimes you want to increase your influence over your audience by appropriating their voice, but it was a mistake.", "Every single one of the students from 85 countries who took my courses at Harvard knew one thing about me: I was that funny Canadian.\"", "Two other candidates filed for the nomination but were disqualified (one, because he was not a member of the party and the second because he had failed to resign from his position on the riding association executive).", "Ignatieff went on to defeat the Conservative candidate by a margin of roughly 5,000 votes to win the seat.", "Leadership bid \nAfter the Liberal government was defeated in the January 2006 federal election, Paul Martin resigned the party leadership in March that same year.", "On April 7, 2006, Ignatieff announced his candidacy in the upcoming Liberal leadership race, joining several others who had already declared their candidacy.", "Ignatieff received several high-profile endorsements of his candidacy.", "His campaign was headed by Senator David Smith, who had been a Chrétien organizer, along with Ian Davey, Daniel Brock, Alfred Apps and Paul Lalonde, a Toronto lawyer and son of Marc Lalonde.", "An impressive team of policy advisors was assembled, led by Toronto lawyer Brad Davis, and including Brock, fellow lawyers Mark Sakamoto, Sachin Aggarwal, Jason Rosychuck, Jon Penney, Nigel Marshman, Alex Mazer, Will Amos, and Alix Dostal, former Ignatieff student Jeff Anders, banker Clint Davis, economists Blair Stransky, Leslie Church and Ellis Westwood, and Liberal operatives Alexis Levine, Marc Gendron, Mike Pal, Julie Dzerowicz, Patrice Ryan, Taylor Owen and Jamie Macdonald.", "Following the selection of delegates in the party's \"Super Weekend\" exercise on the last weekend of September, Ignatieff gained more support from delegates than other candidates with 30% voting for him.", "In August 2006, Ignatieff said he was \"not losing any sleep\" over dozens of civilian deaths caused by Israel's attack on Qana during its military actions in Lebanon.", "Ignatieff recanted those words the following week.", "Then, on October 11, 2006, Ignatieff described the Qana attack as a war crime (committed by Israel).", "Susan Kadis, who had been Ignatieff's campaign co-chair, withdrew her support following the comment.", "Other Liberal leadership candidates have also criticized Ignatieff's comments.", "Ariela Cotler, a Jewish community leader and the wife of prominent Liberal MP Irwin Cotler, left the party following Ignatieff's comments.", "Ignatieff later qualified his statement, saying \"Whether war crimes were committed in the attack on Qana is for international bodies to determine.", "That doesn't change the fact that Qana was a terrible tragedy.\"", "On October 14, Ignatieff announced that he would visit Israel, to meet with Israeli and Palestinian leaders and \"learn first-hand their view of the situation\".", "He noted that Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch and Israel's own B'Tselem have stated that war crimes were committed in Qana, describing the suggestion as \"a serious matter precisely because Israel has a record of compliance, concern and respect for the laws of war and human rights\".", "Ignatieff added that he would not meet with Palestinian leaders who did not recognize Israel.", "However, the Jewish organization sponsoring the trip subsequently cancelled it, because of too much media attention.", "Montreal Convention \nAt the leadership convention in Montreal, taking place at Palais des Congrès, Ignatieff entered as the apparent front-runner, having won more delegates to the convention than any other contender.", "However, polls consistently showed he had weak second-ballot support, and those delegates not already tied to him would be unlikely to support him later.", "On December 1, 2006, Michael Ignatieff led the leadership candidates on the first ballot, garnering 29% support.", "The subsequent ballots were cast the following day, and Ignatieff managed a small increase, to 31% on the second ballot, good enough to maintain his lead over Bob Rae, who had attracted 24% support, and Stéphane Dion, who garnered 20%.", "However, due to massive movement towards Dion by delegates who supported Gerard Kennedy, Ignatieff dropped to second on the third ballot.", "Shortly before voting for the third ballot was completed, with the realization that there was a Dion-Kennedy pact, Ignatieff campaign co-chair Denis Coderre made an appeal to Rae to join forces and prevent Dion from winning the Liberal Party leadership (on the basis that Stephane Dion's ardent federalism would alienate Quebecers), but Rae turned down the offer and opted to release his delegates.", "With the help of the Kennedy delegates, Dion jumped up to 37% support on the third ballot, in contrast to Ignatieff's 34% and Rae's 29%.", "Rae was eliminated and the bulk of his delegates opted to vote for Dion rather than Ignatieff.", "In the fourth and final round of voting, Ignatieff took 2084 votes and lost the contest to Dion, who won with 2,521 votes.", "Ignatieff confirmed that he would run as the Liberal MP for Etobicoke—Lakeshore in the next federal election.", "Deputy leadership \nOn December 18, 2006, new Liberal leader Stéphane Dion named Ignatieff his deputy leader, in line with Dion's plan to give high-ranking positions to each of his former leadership rivals.", "During three by-elections held on September 18, 2007, the Halifax Chronicle-Herald reported that unidentified Dion supporters were accusing Ignatieff's supporters of undermining by-election efforts, with the goal of showing that Dion could not hold on to the party's Quebec base.", "Susan Delacourt of the Toronto Star described this as a recurring issue in the party with the leadership runner-up.", "The National Post referred to the affair as, \"Discreet signs of a mutiny.\"", "Although Ignatieff called Dion to deny the allegations, The Globe and Mail cited the NDP's widening lead after the article's release, suggested that the report had a negative impact on the Liberals' morale.", "The Liberals were defeated in their former stronghold of Outremont.", "Since then, Ignatieff has urged the Liberals to put aside their differences, saying \"united we win, divided we lose\".", "Interim leadership of the Liberal Party \n\nDion announced that he would schedule his departure as Liberal leader for the next party convention, after the Liberals lost seats and support in the 2008 federal election.", "Ignatieff held a news conference on November 13, 2008, to once again announce his candidacy for the leadership of the Liberal Party of Canada.", "When the Liberals reached an accord with the other opposition parties to form a coalition and defeat the government, Ignatieff reluctantly endorsed it.", "He was reportedly uncomfortable with a coalition with the NDP and support from the Bloc Québécois, and has been described as one of the last Liberals to sign on.", "After the announcement to prorogue Parliament, delaying the non-confidence motion until January 2009, Dion announced his intention to stay on as leader until the party selected a new one.", "Leadership contender Dominic LeBlanc dropped out and threw his support behind Ignatieff.", "On December 9, the other remaining opponent for the Liberal Party leadership, Bob Rae, withdrew from the race, leaving Ignatieff as the presumptive winner.", "On December 10, he was formally declared the interim leader in a caucus meeting, and his position was ratified at the May 2009 convention.", "On February 19, 2009, during U.S. President Barack Obama's election visit to Ottawa to meet Prime Minister Stephen Harper, which was the President's first foreign trip since taking office, Obama also met with Ignatieff as per parliamentary protocol where the leader of the opposition meets foreign dignitaries.", "Their discussion included climate change, Afghanistan and human rights.", "Leadership \nOn May 2, 2009, Ignatieff was officially endorsed as the leader of the Liberal Party by 97% of delegates at the party convention in Vancouver, British Columbia.", "The vote was mostly a formality as the other candidates had stepped down.", "On August 31, 2009, Ignatieff announced that the Liberal Party would withdraw support for the government of Prime Minister Stephen Harper.", "However, the NDP under Jack Layton abstained and the Conservatives survived the confidence motion.", "Ignatieff's attempt to force a September 2009 election was reported as a miscalculation, as polls showed that most Canadians did not want another election.", "Ignatieff's popularity as well as that of the Liberals dropped off considerably immediately afterwards.", "On March 25, 2011, Ignatieff introduced a motion of non-confidence against the Harper government to attempt to force a May 2011 federal election after the government was found to be in contempt of Parliament, the first such occurrence in Commonwealth history.", "The House of Commons passed the motion by 156–145.", "The Liberals had considerable momentum when the writ was dropped, and Ignatieff successfully squeezed NDP leader Jack Layton out of media attention, by issuing challenges to Harper for one-on-one debates.", "In the first couple weeks of the campaign, Ignatieff kept his party in second place in the polls, and his personal ratings exceeded that of Layton for the first time.", "However opponents frequently criticized Ignatieff's perceived political opportunism, particularly during the leaders debates when Layton criticized Ignatieff for having a poor attendance record for Commons votes saying \"You know, most Canadians, if they don't show up for work, they don't get a promotion\".", "Ignatieff failed to defend himself against these charges, and the debates were said to be a turning point for his party's campaign.", "Ignatieff was also subject to scathing attack ads by the Conservative Party, slamming him as \"Just visiting\" Canada for the sake of political advancement.", "Near the end of the campaign, a late surge in support for Layton and the NDP relegated Ignatieff and the Liberals to third in the polls.", "On May 2, 2011, Ignatieff's Liberals lost 43 seats only winning 34 and thus slipped to third party status behind the NDP and the Conservatives, who gained a majority in Parliament.", "It was the worst result in the history of the Liberal Party, the worst result in Canadian history for an incumbent Official Opposition party, and the first time since Confederation the Liberals failed to finish first or second.", "Ignatieff was defeated by Conservative challenger Bernard Trottier, being the first incumbent Leader of the Official Opposition to lose his own seat since Charles Tupper's defeat in Cape Breton in 1900, as well as the first sitting Liberal leader since Mackenzie King lost his riding in the 1945 election.", "Reports suggested that Ignatieff had initially promised to move into a home inside his riding, but instead he resided in the downtown Toronto neighbourhood of Yorkville, which rankled Etobicoke–Lakeshore residents and reinforced perceptions of Ignatieff's political opportunism.", "On May 3, 2011, Ignatieff announced that he would be resigning as leader of the party pending the appointment of an interim leader; his resignation went into effect on May 25 when Bob Rae was appointed as Ignatieff's interim replacement.", "In 2013 Ignatieff published a book about his political career called Fire and Ashes: Success and Failure in Politics.", "The British reviewer David Runciman commented in a book review, \"for a clear-eyed, sharply observed, mordant but ultimately hopeful account of contemporary politics this memoir is hard to beat.", "After his defeat, a friend tries to comfort him by telling him that at least he'll get a book out of it.", "Ignatieff reacts with understandable fury.", "He didn't go into politics and through all that followed just to write a book.", "Still, it's some book.\"", "Notable political stances\n\nInternational affairs \nIn October 2006, Ignatieff indicated that he personally would not support ballistic missile defence nor the weaponization of space.", "He referred to the likelihood of America developing a Missile Defense System in his book Virtual War, but did not voice support for Canadian participation in such a scheme.", "On June 3, 2008, and on March 30, 2009, Michael Ignatieff voted in support of non-binding motions in the House of Commons calling on the government to \"allow conscientious objectors... to a war not sanctioned by the United Nations... [(including Iraq war resisters)]... to... remain in Canada....\" However, on September 29, 2010, when those motions were proposed as a binding private member's bill from Liberal MP Gerard Kennedy, CTV News reported that Ignatieff \"walked out during the vote.\"", "The bill then failed to pass this second reading vote by seven votes.", "Extension of Canada's Afghanistan mission \n\nDuring his time in Parliament, Ignatieff was one of the few opposition members supporting the minority Conservative government's commitment to Canadian military activity in Afghanistan.", "Prime Minister Stephen Harper called a vote in the House of Commons for May 17, 2006, on extending the Canadian Forces current deployment in Afghanistan until February 2009.", "During the debate, Ignatieff expressed his \"unequivocal support for the troops in Afghanistan, for the mission, and also for the renewal of the mission.\"", "He argued that the Afghanistan mission tests the success of Canada's shift from \"the peacekeeping paradigm to the peace-enforcement paradigm,\" the latter combining \"military, reconstruction and humanitarian efforts together.\"", "The opposition Liberal caucus of 102 MPs was divided, with 24 MPs supporting the extension, 66 voting against, and 12 abstentions.", "Among Liberal leadership candidates, Ignatieff and Scott Brison voted for the extension.", "Ignatieff led the largest Liberal contingent of votes in favour, with at least five of his caucus supporters voting along with him to extend the mission.", "The vote was 149–145 for extending the military deployment.", "Following the vote, Harper shook Ignatieff's hand.", "In a subsequent campaign appearance, Ignatieff reiterated his view of the mission in Afghanistan.", "He stated: \"the thing that Canadians have to understand about Afghanistan is that we are well past the era of Pearsonian peacekeeping.\"", "Climate change policy \nIn the 2006 Liberal leadership race, Ignatieff advocated for measures to address climate change, including a carbon tax.", "During the 2008 federal election Dion's key policy plank was his Green Shift plan, a revenue neutral carbon tax which would put a price on greenhouse gas emissions while reducing income taxes.", "The Green Shift had been heavily criticized by the Conservatives and it was believed to have been a significant factor in the party's poor showing in the election.", "Following the election Ignatieff announced he would not campaign on Dion's Green Shift.", "In a speech to the Edmonton Chamber of Commerce in February 2009, he said; \"You can't win elections if you're adding to the input costs of a farmer putting diesel into his tractor, or you're adding to the input costs of a fisherman putting diesel into his fishing boat, or a trucker transporting goods\".", "He went onto say that; \"You've got to work with the grain of Canadians and not against them.", "I think we learned a lesson in the last election.\"", "In November 2009, he announced that a Liberal government would implement an industrial cap-and-trade system to combat climate change.", "Forming of a potential coalition government \nDuring the Spring 2011 federal election, Ignatieff clearly ruled out the formation of a coalition government with the NDP and Bloc parties.", "Contrary to the suggestion from the Conservative party that he was planning to form a government with the other opposition parties, Ignatieff issued a statement on March 26, 2011, stating that \"[t]he party that wins the most seats on election day will form the government\".", "Honorary degrees \nIgnatieff has received 11 honorary doctorates as of June 2009 including:\n\nHonorary Degrees\n\nElectoral record\n\nBibliography\n\nBooks\nNovels\nAsya (1991)\nScar tissue\n Charlie Johnson in the Flames, 2005\n\nNon-fiction\n\n A Just Measure of Pain: Penitentiaries in the Industrial Revolution, 1780–1850, 1978\n (ed.", "with István Hont) Wealth and Virtue: The Shaping of Political Economy in the Scottish Enlightenment, Cambridge University Press, 1983.", "The Needs of Strangers, Chatto and Windus, London 1984\n The Russian Album, 1987\n Blood and Belonging: Journeys Into the New Nationalism, 1994\n Warrior's Honour: Ethnic War and the Modern Conscience, 1997\n Isaiah Berlin: A Life, 1998\n Virtual War: Kosovo and Beyond, 2000\n The Rights Revolution, Viking, 2000\n Human Rights as Politics and Idolatry, Anansi Press Ltd, 2001\n Empire Lite: Nation-Building in Bosnia, Kosovo and Afghanistan, Minerva, 2003\n The Lesser Evil: Political Ethics in an Age of Terror, Princeton University Press, 2004 (2003 Gifford Lectures; sample chapters)\n American Exceptionalism and Human Rights (ed.", "), Princeton University Press, 2005\n True Patriot Love, Penguin Group Canada, 2009\n Fire and Ashes: Success and Failure in Politics, Random House Canada, 2013\n The Ordinary Virtues: Moral Order in a Divided World, Harvard University Press, 2017\n On Consolation: Finding Solace in Dark Times, Metropolitan Books, 2021\n\nEssays and reporting \n The Meaning of Diana, Prospect, October 23, 1997.", "Getting Iraq Wrong, The New York Times Magazine, August 5, 2007.", "What I Would Do If I Were The Prime Minister.", "Maclean's, September 4, 2006.", "The Broken Contract, The New York Times Magazine, September 25, 2005.", "Iranian Lessons, The New York Times Magazine, July 17, 2005.\n Who Are Americans to Think That Freedom Is Theirs to Spread?, The New York Times Magazine, June 26, 2005.", "The Uncommitted, The New York Times Magazine, January 30, 2005.", "The Terrorist as Auteur, The New York Times Magazine, November 14, 2004.", "Mirage in the Desert, The New York Times Magazine, June 27, 2004.", "Could We Lose the War on Terror?", ": Lesser Evils, (cover story), The New York Times Magazine, May 2, 2004.", "The Year of Living Dangerously, The New York Times Magazine, March 14, 2004.", "Arms and the Inspector, Los Angeles Times, March 14, 2004.", "Peace, Order and Good Government: A Foreign Policy Agenda for Canada, OD Skelton Lecture, Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade, Ottawa, March 12, 2004.", "Why America Must Know Its Limits, Financial Times, December 24, 2003.", "A Mess of Intervention.", "Peacekeeping.", "Pre-emption.", "Liberation.", "Revenge.", "When should we send in the Troops?, The New York Times Magazine [cover story], September 7, 2003.", "I am Iraq, The New York Times Magazine, March 31, 2003 [Reprinted in The Guardian and The National Post].", "American Empire: The Burden, (cover story), The New York Times Magazine, January 5, 2003.", "Acceptance Speech from the 2003 Hannah Arendt Prize for Political Thinking\n Mission Impossible?, A Review of A Bed for the Night: Humanitarianism in Crisis, by David Rieff (Simon and Schuster, 2002), Printed in The New York Review of Books, December 19, 2002.", "When a Bridge Is Not a Bridge, New York Times Magazine, October 27, 2002.", "The Divided West, The Financial Times, August 31, 2002.", "Nation Building Lite, (cover story) The New York Times Magazine, July 28, 2002.", "The Rights Stuff, New York Times of Books, June 13, 2002.", "No Exceptions?, Legal Affairs, May/June 2002.", "Why Bush Must Send in His Troops, The Guardian, April 19, 2002.", "Barbarians at the Gates?, The New York Times Book Review, February 18, 2002.", "Is the Human Rights Era Ending?, New York Times, February 5, 2002.", "Intervention and State Failure, Dissent, Winter 2002.", "Kaboul-Sarajevo: Les nouvelles frontières de l'empire, Seuil, 2002." ]

[ "Michael Grant Ignatieff is a Canadian author, academic and former politician who served as the leader of the Liberal Party of Canada and Leader of the Official Opposition from 2008 until 2011.", "Ignatieff has held senior academic posts at the universities of Cambridge, Oxford, Harvard, and Toronto.", "He was the President of Central European University from July 2016 to July 2021.", "Ignatieff lived in the United Kingdom from 1978 to 2000 and worked as an editorial columnist for The Observer.", "His documentary series Blood and Belonging: Journeys into the New Nationalism won a Canadian award.", "His book was the winner of the Gordon Montador Award for Best Canadian Book on Social Issues and the University of Toronto's Lionel Gelber Prize.", "The British Royal Society of Literature's Heinemann Prize was won by his memoir, The Russian Album.", "In 1994, his novel was short-listed for the Booker Prize.", "The Rights Revolution, which was released in print later that year, was delivered by him in 2000.", "Ignatieff was elected to the House of Commons as the Member of Parliament for Etobicoke-Lakeshore in the 2006 federal election.", "He ran for the leadership of the Liberal Party and lost.", "He was the party's deputy leader.", "After Dion's resignation in the wake of the 2008 election, Ignatieff served as interim leader until he was elected leader at the party's May 2009 convention.", "In the Liberal Party's worst showing in its history, Ignatieff lost his seat in the federal election.", "The party lost its position as the official opposition after it won only 34 seats.", "On May 3, 2011, Ignatieff announced that he would resign as leader of the Liberal Party, pending the selection of an interim leader, which became effective May 25, 2011.", "Ignatieff taught at the University of Toronto.", "He split his time between Harvard and Toronto in 2013).", "He returned to Harvard full-time on July 1.", "He left Harvard in the summer of 2016 to become the president of the Central European University in Hungary.", "He continues to write about international affairs and Canadian politics.", "George Ignatieff, the elder son of a Russian-born Canadian Rhodes Scholar and diplomat, was born in Toronto on May 12, 1947.", "As his father rose in the diplomatic ranks, Ignatieff's family moved frequently abroad.", "Ignatieff was sent back to Toronto at the age of 11 to attend Upper Canada College.", "Ignatieff was the head of Wedd's House, the captain of the soccer team, and the editor-in-chief of the school's yearbook.", "In 1965, Ignatieff volunteered for the Liberal Party in the York South riding.", "He was a delegate for Pierre Trudeau's leadership campaign in 1968, when he resumed his work for the Liberal Party.", "Ignatieff studied history at the University of Toronto.", "He met Bob Rae, a fourth-year roommate at University College, who was a debating opponent.", "After completing his undergraduate degree, Ignatieff took up his studies at the University of Oxford, where he was influenced by a famous liberal philosopher.", "He was a part-time reporter for The Globe and Mail in the 1960's.", "Ignatieff finished his PhD in history at Harvard University.", "He received a Cambridge M.A.", "Taking up a fellowship at King's College was incorporated in 1978.", "The Russian minister of education during the First World War was the paternal grandfather of Ignatieff.", "His mother's grandfathers were George Monro Grant and Sir George Robert Parkin, and her younger brother was the Canadian Conservative political philosopher George Grant.", "The wife of Canada's first native-born Governor General was his great-aunt.", "The first president of the Bank of Nova Scotia was a descendant of him.", "Ignatieff has two children from his first marriage to Londoner Susan Barrowclough.", "Andrew is a community worker who assisted with Ignatieff's campaign.", "Ignatieff was raised Russian Orthodox and occasionally attends services with his family.", "He does not claim to be a \"believer\" or an \"atheist\".", "Ignatieff was an assistant professor of history at the University of British Columbia from 1976 to 1978.", "He held a senior research fellowship at King's College in Cambridge from 1984 to 1978.", "He moved to London to focus on his career as a writer and journalist.", "His book The Russian Album was a winner of the 1987 Governor General's Award for Non-Fiction and the British Royal Society of Literature's Heinemann Prize.", "He traveled a lot during this time.", "He lectured at universities in Europe and North America, and held teaching posts at Oxford, the University of London, the London School of Economics, the University of California and in France.", "Ignatieff was well known as a radio and television host in Britain.", "His best-known television work is on Channel 4.", "From 1990 to 1993 he was an editorial columnist for The Observer.", "His documentary series Blood and Belonging: Journeys into the New Nationalism won a Canadian award.", "He wrote Blood and Belonging: Journeys into the New Nationalism, detailing the dangers of ethnic nationalism in the post-Cold War period.", "The University of Toronto's Lionel Gelber Prize was won by this book.", "Ignatieff's novel, Scar Tissue, was a contender for the Booker Prize in 1994.", "He was on the first panel of In Our Time in 1998.", "The Jewish Quarterly Literary Prize for Non-Fiction and the James Tait Black Memorial Prize were both nominated for his biography of Berlin.", "Ignatieff was the director of the Carr Center for Human Rights Policy at the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University.", "The report The Responsibility to Protect for the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty was prepared because of Ignatieff's influence on policy.", "The report looked at the role of international involvement in Kosovo and advocated a framework for humanitarian intervention in future humanitarian crises.", "The Rights Revolution, which was released in print later that year, was delivered by him in 2000.", "He became a panel leader at the World Economic Forum.", "The September 11 attacks renewed interest in issues of foreign policy and nation building.", "Virtual War: Kosovo and Beyond, written by Ignatieff, won the Orwell Prize for political non-fiction in 2001.", "As a journalist, Ignatieff observed that the United States had established \"an empire lite, a global hegemony whose grace notes are free markets, human rights and democracy, enforced by the most awesome military power the world has ever known.\"", "His 2003 book Empire lite: nation-building in Bosnia, Kosovo and Afghanistan argued that America had a responsibility to create a \"humanitarian empire\" through nation-building and military force.", "He would talk about this a lot in his lectures.", "He said at theAmnesty 2005 lecture in Dublin that \"we wouldn't have international human rights without the leadership of the United States\".", "The 2003 invasion of Iraq was supported by Ignatieff.", "According to Ignatieff, the United States had a duty to oust Saddam Hussein in the interests of international security and human rights.", "The argument that containment through sanctions and threats would not prevent Hussein from selling weapons of mass destruction to international terrorists was initially accepted by Ignatieff.", "Ignatieff thought that the weapons were still being developed in Iraq.", "The Lesser Evil: Political Ethics in an Age of Terror was published in 2004.", "Ignatieff believes that there may be circumstances in which coercive interrogations may need to be used on terror suspects.", "Democratic institutions need to find a way to protect human rights without offending democracy as much as possible.", "The book got a lot of attention.", "It was a finalist for the Lionel Gelber Prize and earned him some criticism.", "Ignatieff fell into a category of \"hand-wringing, apologetic apologists for human-rights abuses\" when he was criticized by his peers on the editorial board.", "Ignatieff resigned from the editorial board of the Index to support a complete ban on torture.", "By 2005, Ignatieff's writings on human rights and foreign affairs earned him the 37th rank on a list of most influential public intellectuals.", "Around 2005, Ignatieff became more frequently mentioned as a possible Liberal candidate for the next federal election, and rumour swirled about the beginnings of a political career.", "He left Harvard to become the Chancellor Jackman Professor in Human Rights Policy at the University of Toronto and a senior fellow of the university's Munk Centre for International Studies.", "If not the method in which it was conducted, he continued to write about it.", "The justification for the invasion was based on what Saddam Hussein had done to the Kurds and the Shia.", "As time went on, his support for the war waned.", "He believed that the consequences of the administration's actions would repay the gamble.", "I realize that consequences are shaped by intentions.", "He eventually abandoned his support for the war.", "The unfolding catastrophe in Iraq has condemned the political judgment of a president, but it has also condemned the judgment of many others, myself included, who supported the invasion,\" he wrote in a New York Times Magazine article.", "Ignatieff presented the errors of judgment as examples of academics and intellectuals in general, who he characterized as \"generalizing and interpreting particular facts as instances of some big idea\".", "Specifics matter more than generalities in politics.", "According to Samuel Moyn, a Harvard University historian of human rights and humanitarian intervention, Ignatieff is among those who \"soiled their reputations\" through their defence of the Iraq war.", "After his electoral defeat, Ignatieff became a senior resident at the University of Toronto's Massey College, where he taught courses in law and political science.", "Ignatieff split his time between Toronto and Cambridge, Massachusetts, after rejoining the Harvard Kennedy School.", "Ignatieff left the University of Toronto to become the Edward R. Murrow Chair of Press, Politics and Public Policy at the Harvard Kennedy School.", "On May 5, 2016 it was announced that Michael Ignatieff would succeed John Shattuck as the president and rector of the Central European University.", "The term of the rector ended on August 31, 2021.", "Ignatieff is overseeing a tumultuous period in the university's history, during which it has accused the Hungarian government of challenging its legal right to continue to operate in Hungary.", "The position of Ignatieff and CEU is that the intervention from the Hungarian government is part of a vendetta on the part of prime minister Viktor Orbn against George Soros, the university's chief benefactor.", "The strain between the Hungarian government and the Central European University is part of a larger tension in Europe between democratic ideals and authoritarian tendencies.", "The Dan David Prize was given to Ignatieff in 2019.", "On July 31, 2021, Michael Ignatieff stepped down as rector of CEU to be replaced by Shalini Randeria and announced he would step back into the classroom as a professor of history at CEU in January, 2022.", "Michael Ignatieff is a historian, fiction writer and public intellectual who has written several books on international relations and nation building.", "He has written seventeen books, and has been described by the British Arts Council as \"an incredibly versatile writer.\"", "He has written for a number of publications, including The Globe and Mail, The New Republic, and The New York Times Magazine.", "He was one of the \"Top 10 Canadian Who's Who\" in 1997 and one of the \"50 Most Influential Canadians\" in 2002.", "In 2003 he was named Canada's \"Sexiest Cerebral Man\".", "The life and travels of a Russian girl, the disintegration of one's mother due to neurological disease, and the haunting memories of a journalist in Kosovo are all fictional works.", "Ignatieff traveled to the Balkans and Kurdistan while working as a journalist and witnessed first hand the consequences of modern ethnic warfare.", "A historian and biographer, he wrote A Just Measure of Pain, a history of prisons during the Industrial Revolution.", "The biography shows that the celebrated philosopher made a strong impression on Ignatieff.", "The needs of strangers and the rights revolution were written by Ignatieff.", "Berlin's influence on Ignatieff is shown in the latter work.", "Ignatieff's political writings on national self-determination and the imperatives of democratic self-government are related to these.", "Ignatieff has written about international affairs.", "His family's life in Russia was chronicled in his historical memoir, The Russian Album.", "In The Rights Revolution, Ignatieff identifies three aspects of Canada's approach to human rights that give the country its distinctive culture: 1) On moral issues, Canadian law is secular and liberal, approximating European standards more closely than American ones; 2) Canadian political culture is social.", "No other country has given the same level of recognition to the idea of group rights as New Zealand.", "Ignatieff states that despite its admirable commitment to equality and group rights, Canadian society still places an unjust burden on women and gays and lesbians, and it is still difficult for newcomers of non-British or French descent to form an enduring sense of citizenship.", "Ignatieff attributes this to the \"patch-work quilt of distinctive societies,\" emphasizing that civic bonds will only be easier when understanding of Canada as a multinational community is more widely shared.", "Ignatieff has written about international development, peacekeeping and the international responsibilities of Western nations.", "Blood and Belonging explores nationalism from Yugoslavia to Northern Ireland.", "The first book in the trilogy explores modern conflicts.", "The Warrior's Honour was published in 1998 and deals with ethnically motivated conflicts.", "The NATO presence in Kosovo is described in the final book, Virtual War.", "In his 2003 book Empire lite, he suggested that America should create a \"humanitarian empire\".", "He continued to criticize the limited-risk approach practiced by NATO in conflicts like the Kosovo War.", "Ignatieff advocated for larger scale deployment of land forces by Western nations in future conflicts in the developing world.", "The 2003 invasion of Iraq was supported by Ignatieff.", "Ignatieff tries to distinguish the empire lite approach from neo-conservativism because the motives of the foreign engagement he advocates are essentially altruistic rather than self-serving.", "The Lesser Evil: Political Ethics in an Age of Terror was written by Ignatieff in 2004.", "As a result, societies should strengthen their democratic institutions to keep these necessary evils from becoming as offensive to freedom and democracy as the threats they are meant to prevent.", "A problematic form of moral language that can be used to legitimize forms of torture has been criticized by some prominent human rights advocates.", "Ignatieff's work cannot be compared with support for torture or \"torture lite\" according to Human Rights Watch.", "In the context of this \"lesser evil\" analysis, Ignatieff has discussed whether or not liberal democracies should use coercive interrogation and torture.", "Ignatieff supports a complete ban on torture.", "His definition of torture does not include forms of sleep deprivation that do not result in lasting harm to mental or physical health.", "In 2004, three Liberal organizers traveled to Massachusetts to convince Ignatieff to move back to Canada and run for the House of Commons.", "At that time, a key member of the Liberal Party mentioned that Ignatieff had the potential to be a prime minister.", "In January 2005, as a result of the efforts of Apps, Brock and Davey, press speculation that Ignatieff could be a star candidate for the Liberals in the next election, and possibly a candidate to eventually succeed Prime Minister Paul Martin, the leader of the governing Liberal Party of Canada.", "In November 2005, Ignatieff confirmed that he would run for a seat in the House of Commons in the winter 2006 election.", "Ignatieff will seek the Liberal nomination in the Toronto riding of Etobicoke-Lakeshore.", "Some Ukrainian-Canadian members of the riding association objected to the nomination, citing a perceived anti-Ukrainian sentiment in Blood and Belonging, where Ignatieff said: \"I have reasons to take the Ukraine seriously indeed.\"", "I'm having trouble.", "Critics questioned his commitment to Canada, pointing out that Ignatieff had lived outside of Canada for more than 30 years and had referred to himself.", "Ignatieff said it was a mistake when asked about it in an interview with Peter Newman.", "Every single one of the students from 85 countries who took my courses at Harvard knew that I was a funny Canadian.", "One of the two disqualified candidates was disqualified because he was not a member of the party and the other because he failed to resign from his position on the riding association executive.", "Ignatieff won the seat by a margin of 5,000 votes.", "After the Liberal government was defeated in the January 2006 federal election, Paul Martin resigned as party leader.", "Ignatieff joined several others who had already declared their candidacy in the upcoming Liberal leadership race.", "Ignatieff was endorsed by several high-profile people.", "His campaign was headed by Senator David Smith, who had been a Chrétien organizer, along with Ian Davey, Daniel Brock, Alfred Apps, and Paul Lalonde, the son of a Toronto lawyer.", "Brad Davis, a Toronto lawyer, was the leader of the team of policy advisors.", "After the selection of delegates in the \"Super Weekend\" exercise on the last weekend of September, Ignatieff gained more support from delegates than other candidates with 30% voting for him.", "Ignatieff said in August 2006 that he was not losing any sleep over the deaths of civilians in Qana.", "Ignatieff changed his mind the following week.", "On October 11, 2006 Ignatieff described the Qana attack as a war crime.", "Susan Kadis withdrew her support after the comment.", "Liberal leadership candidates criticized Ignatieff's comments.", "Following Ignatieff's comments, the wife of a Liberal MP left the party.", "Whether war crimes were committed in the attack on Qana is for international bodies to determine, according to Ignatieff.", "Qana was a terrible tragedy and that doesn't change.", "On October 14, Ignatieff announced that he would visit Israel, to meet with Israeli and Palestinian leaders and learn first-hand their view of the situation.", "He said that the suggestion that war crimes were committed in Qana was a serious matter because Israel has a record of compliance, concern and respect for the laws of war and human rights.", "Ignatieff said he wouldn't meet with Palestinian leaders who didn't recognize Israel.", "The trip was canceled because of too much media attention.", "At the leadership convention in Montreal, Ignatieff entered as the apparent front-runner, having won more delegates to the convention than any other contender.", "He had weak second-ballot support, and those delegates not tied to him would not support him later.", "The leadership candidates received 29% of the vote on the first ballot.", "On the second ballot, Ignatieff maintained his lead over Bob Rae, who had 22% of the vote, and Stéphane Dion, who had 20%.", "Ignatieff dropped to second on the third ballot due to delegates who supported Dion.", "Denis Coderre, co-chair of the Ignatieff campaign, made an appeal to Rae to join forces and prevent Dion from winning the Liberal Party leadership because of the Dion-Kennedy pact.", "With the help of the Kennedy delegates, Dion jumped up to 37% support on the third ballot, compared to Ignatieff's 34% and Rae's 29%.", "The majority of Rae's delegates voted for Dion instead of Ignatieff.", "In the fourth and final round of voting, Ignatieff took 2084 votes and lost the contest to Dion who took 2,521 votes.", "In the next federal election, Ignatieff will be the Liberal Member of Parliament for Etobicoke-Lakeshore.", "Dion named Ignatieff his deputy leader in line with his plan to give high-ranking positions to each of his former leadership rivals.", "According to the Chronicle-Herald, Dion supporters were accusing Ignatieff's supporters of trying to undermine by-election efforts in order to show that Dion could not hold on to the party's Quebec base.", "This is a recurring issue in the party with the leadership runner-up, according to Susan Delacourt of the Toronto Star.", "The affair was referred to as \"Discreet signs of a mutiny\" by the National Post.", "Although Ignatieff called Dion to deny the allegations, The Globe and Mail suggested that the report had a negative impact on the Liberals.", "Outremont was where the Liberals were defeated.", "Ignatieff has urged the Liberals to put aside their differences.", "After the Liberals lost seats and support in the 2008 federal election, Dion decided to step down as leader of the party.", "On November 13, 2008, Ignatieff held a news conference to announce his candidacy for the leadership of the Liberal Party of Canada.", "When the Liberals reached an accord with the other opposition parties to form a coalition and defeat the government, Ignatieff reluctantly endorsed it.", "According to reports, he was one of the last Liberals to sign on to the coalition with theNDP.", "Dion decided to stay on as leader until the party selects a new one after the non-confidence motion was delayed.", "Dominic LeBlanc threw his support behind Ignatieff.", "Bob Rae withdrew from the Liberal Party leadership race on December 9, leaving Ignatieff as the presumptive winner.", "He was made interim leader in a caucus meeting on December 10 and his position was approved at the May convention.", "President Barack Obama met with Ignatieff during his visit to Canada to meet Prime Minister StephenHarper, which was the President's first foreign trip since taking office.", "They talked about climate change, Afghanistan and human rights.", "On May 2, 2009, Ignatieff was officially endorsed as the leader of the Liberal Party by 97% of delegates at the party convention in British Columbia.", "The vote was a formality as the other candidates stepped down.", "On August 31, 2009, Ignatieff announced that the Liberal Party would withdraw support for the government.", "Jack Layton abstained from the confidence motion.", "Polls showed that most Canadians didn't want another election, so Ignatieff's attempt to force a September election was reported as a mistake.", "Immediately afterwards, Ignatieff's popularity as well as that of the Liberals plummeted.", "On March 25, 2011, Ignatieff introduced a motion of non-confidence against theHarper government to try to force a May 2011 federal election after the government was found to be in contempt of Parliament, the first such occurrence in Commonwealth history.", "The motion was passed by the House of Commons.", "When the writ was dropped, the Liberals had a lot of steam, and Ignatieff was able to squeeze Jack Layton out of the media's attention by issuing challenges toHarper for one-on-one debates.", "In the first couple weeks of the campaign, Ignatieff kept his party in second place in the polls, and his personal ratings exceeded that of Layton for the first time.", "During the leaders debates, Ignatieff's perceived political opportunism was criticized by his opponents, particularly when he was criticized for having a poor attendance record for Commons votes.", "The debates were seen as a turning point in the campaign of Ignatieff's party.", "The Conservative Party slammed Ignatieff as \"Just visiting Canada for the sake of political advancement\" in their attack ads.", "Ignatieff and the Liberals fell to third in the polls after a late surge in support for the New Democrats.", "On May 2, 2011, Ignatieff's Liberals lost 43 seats only winning 34 and fell to third party status behind the Conservatives and theNDP.", "It was the worst result in the history of the Liberal Party, the worst result in Canadian history for an opposition party, and the first time since Confederation that the Liberals failed to finish first or second.", "Ignatieff was the first incumbent Leader of the Official Opposition to lose his own seat since Charles Tupper's defeat in Cape Breton in 1900, as well as the first sitting Liberal leader since 1945 to lose his riding.", "Reports suggested that Ignatieff had initially promised to move into a home inside his riding, but instead he resided in the downtown Toronto neighbourhood of Yorkville, which rankled Etobicoke–Lakeshore residents and reinforced perceptions of Ignatieff's political opportunism.", "Ignatieff's resignation as leader of the party went into effect on May 25 when Bob Rae was appointed as Ignatieff's interim replacement.", "Ignatieff wrote a book about his political career called Fire and Ashes: Success and Failure in Politics.", "\"For a clear-eyed, sharply observed, mordant but ultimately hopeful account of contemporary politics this memoir is hard to beat,\" David Runciman commented in a book review.", "A friend tries to comfort him by telling him that he will get a book out of it.", "Ignatieff is angry with understandable fury.", "He did not go into politics to write a book.", "It's a book.", "In October 2006 Ignatieff stated that he wouldn't support missile defence or weaponization of space.", "In his book Virtual War, he referred to the likelihood of America developing a Missile Defense System, but did not voice support for Canadian participation in such a scheme.", "On June 3, 2008, and on March 30, 2009, Michael Ignatieff voted in support of non-binding motions in the House of Commons calling on the government to allow conscientious objectors.", "The bill failed to pass the second reading vote.", "Ignatieff was one of the few opposition members who supported the Conservative government's commitment to Canadian military activity in Afghanistan.", "On May 17, 2006 the House of Commons voted to extend the Canadian Forces deployment in Afghanistan until February 2009.", "Ignatieff expressed his support for the troops in Afghanistan during the debate.", "He argued that the Afghanistan mission tests the success of Canada's shift from \"the peacekeeping paradigm to the peace-enforcement paradigm,\" the latter combining \"military, reconstruction and humanitarian efforts together.\"", "The majority of the opposition Liberal caucus voted against the extension.", "Liberal leadership candidates voted for the extension.", "At least five of Ignatieff's caucus supporters voted with him to extend the mission.", "The military deployment was extended.", "Harper shook Ignatieff's hand after the vote.", "Ignatieff reiterated his view of the mission in Afghanistan.", "\"The thing that Canadians have to understand about Afghanistan is that we are past the era of Pearsonian peacekeeping,\" he said.", "In the 2006 Liberal leadership race, Ignatieff advocated for measures to address climate change.", "Dion's key policy plank was his Green Shift plan, a revenue neutral carbon tax which would put a price on greenhouse gas emissions while reducing income taxes.", "It was thought that the Green Shift was a factor in the party's poor showing in the election.", "Ignatieff decided not to campaign on Dion's Green Shift.", "\"You can't win elections if you're adding to the input costs of a farmer putting diesel into his tractor or a fisherman putting diesel into his boat,\" he said.", "\"You have to work with the grain of Canadians and not against them,\" he said.", "I think we learned from the last election.", "In November 2009, he announced that a Liberal government would implement an industrial cap-and-trade system to combat climate change.", "The formation of a coalition government was ruled out by Ignatieff during the election.", "According to Ignatieff, the party that wins the most seats on election day will form the government, contrary to the suggestion from the Conservative party.", "A Just Measure of Pain: Penitentiaries in the Industrial Revolution is a non-fiction book by Ignatieff.", "Wealth and Virtue: The Shaping of Political Economy in the Scottish Enlightenment was published in 1983.", "The Russian album, Blood and Belonging: Journeys Into the New Nationalism, and Warrior's Honour: Ethnic War and the Modern Conscience were released in 1994.", "The Ordinary Virtues: Moral Order in a Divided World, Harvard University Press, is a book.", "The New York Times Magazine reported on Getting Iraq Wrong.", "If I were the Prime Minister, what would I do?", "September 4, 2006", "The New York Times Magazine had a story about the broken contract.", "Iranian Lessons, The New York Times Magazine.", "January 30, 2005, The New York Times Magazine.", "The Terrorist as Auteur was published in The New York Times Magazine.", "The New York Times Magazine published Mirage in the Desert.", "Could we lose the war on terror?", "The New York Times Magazine had a cover story on Lesser Evils.", "The New York Times Magazine published The Year of Living Dangerously.", "The Los Angeles Times reported on Arms and the Inspector.", "Peace, Order and Good Government: A Foreign Policy Agenda for Canada is a lecture by the Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade.", "The Financial Times wrote about why America must know its limits.", "There is a mess of intervention.", "There is peacekeeping.", "There is a pre-emption.", "There is liberation.", "Revenge.", "The New York Times Magazine asked when to send in the troops.", "I am Iraq in The New York Times Magazine.", "The New York Times Magazine has a cover story on American Empire: The Burden.", "Acceptance Speech from the 2003 Hannah Arendt Prize for Political Thinking Mission Impossible?, A Review of A Bed for the Night: Humanitarianism in Crisis, by David Rieff was printed in The New York Review of Books.", "The New York Times Magazine wrote about when a bridge is not a bridge.", "The Financial Times reported on The Divided West.", "The New York Times Magazine had a story on Nation Building lite.", "The Rights Stuff was published in the New York Times of Books.", "Legal Affairs, May/June 2002.", "The Guardian wrote about why Bush should send in his troops.", "The New York Times Book Review looked at Barbarians at the Gates.", "Is the Human Rights Era Over?, New York Times, February 5, 2002.", "Dissent in Winter 2002, Intervention and State Failure.", "The frontires de l'empire were written by Kaboul-Sarajevo." ]

[ "Michael Grant Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "George Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Pavel Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Michael Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Michael Ignatieff", "Michael Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Michael Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Michael Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff" ]

[ "Michael Grant Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "George Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Michael Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Michael Ignatieff", "Michael Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieffper", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Michael Ignatie", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff", "Ignatieff" ]

[ "Lyubov Yablochnik (; December 8, 1928 – September 22, 2013) was a Soviet and Russian veterinary microbiologist.", "Life and career \n\nLyubov Markovna Yablochnik was born in 1928 in Bryansk, Soviet Union.", "In 1951 she graduated from the Moscow State University of Food Production and worked as a veterinary physician in Krasnoyarsk Krai until 1954.", "From 1957 to 1960, she was a junior research fellow in the M. P. Chumakov Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitis (Moscow, USSR) and from 1960 to 1963 she worked as a microbiologist engineer at Moskhimfarmpreparaty OAO Im.", "N.A.", "Semashko.", "In 1963 Yablochnik moved to more advanced scientific work.", "She took a course in microbiology at the First Moscow State Medical University, and then entered the postgraduate program of the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Experimental Veterinary Medicine (VIEV) in the laboratory of mycology and antibiotics.", "From 1966 onwards, Yablochnik worked as a researcher, and in 1973 became Senior Researcher at the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Experimental Veterinary Medicine.", "At the end of 1973, she transferred to the All-Union State Research Control Institute for Veterinary Preparations (VGNKI) as a senior researcher in the laboratory of antibiotics.", "In 1978, she led development of a new laboratory for the control and standardization of preparations against mycoses and she headed it from 1981 to 1989.", "From 1989 to 1993 Yablochnik was a leading researcher in the laboratory for the control and standardization of probiotics, drugs against coccal infections and mycoses.", "She had married and had two children by 1963.", "In 1993, Lyubov moved with her family to the US and lived in the states of New York and New Jersey until her death in 2013.", "Research on prevention of ringworm in cattle \nYablochnik's postgraduate study in the laboratory of mycology and antibiotics at VIEV led to her work on mycoses (diseases of animals caused by parasitic fungus).", "Her supervisor directed her doctoral project to the study of immunity in cattle infected with the skin disease ringworm, of economic importance since it can spoil milk, meat, and leather quality.", "Her studies showed that animals that had recovered from the disease did not become ill after reinfection and therefore indicated a route to prevention of the disease.", "From 1969 Yablochnik was a leading part of the team that developed an antifungal vaccine from this observation.", "A live, attenuated culture of Trichophyton verrucosum TF-130 was developed as an immunogenic treatment, applied by inoculation into the skin and its intellectual property was protected with patents in the USSR and other countries.", "After improving the shelf life, a new version LTF-130 was made available.", "As a result of immunization of cattle in the Soviet Union with the new vaccine LTF-130, between 1968 and 1978 the incidence of the disease was reduced more than 100-fold.", "This was a very significant improvement in disease control and replaced the used of topical and oral antimycotic treatments.", "The LTF-130 vaccine continues to be by far the most effective biological treatment to prevent cattle ringworm.", "As an example, through using LTF-130 trichophytosis in Norway has gone from an endemic notifiable disease affecting 1.7% new cattle herds annually in 1980 to only being reported from 0.043% new herds in 2004 and none in 2009.", "By 2012 only two herds were affected.", "This work was awarded a USSR State Prize in 1973.", "In 1983 the LTF-130 vaccine's developers (A. K. Sarkisov, L. M. Yablochnik, S. V. Petrovich and L. I. Nikiforov) were awarded a gold medal for the \"Best invention of practical use to developing countries\" by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO).", "Yablochnik was the first female scientist from the Soviet Union to receive this award.", "Publications and patents \n Yablochnik L. M. \"Experimental study of immunity in trichophytia guinea pigs\" (in Russian).", "// Bulletin of VIEV - Moscow., 1967.", "- T.2.- P. 96–100.", "Yablochnik L. M. \"Immunity in cattle trichophytosis: Dissertation of the candidate veterinary sciences\" (in Russian) // Bulletin of VIEV - Moscow., 1968.", "- P. 20.", "USSR Inventor's Certificate No.", "268593 for \"Method of Specific Prophylaxis of Cattle Trichophytosis\", 1970.", "Sarkisov, S. V. Petrovitch, L. I. Nikiforov, L. M. Yablochnik, V. P. Koroleva \"Immunization of Cattle against Trichophytosis\", J. Veterinary, 1971, 2, 54-56 (in Russian).", "Yablochnik L. \"Immunity in cattle trichophytosis\".", "// Bulletin of VIEV - Moscow, 1972 - Выпуск 12 - P. 15–16.", "Patent DK138803B: A process for the preparation of a vaccine for the treatment of cattle against trichophytose.", "Inventor: Arutjun Khristoforovi Sarkisov, Svyatoslav Vsevolodo Petrovich, Lev Ivanovich Nikiforov, Ljubov Markovna Yablochnik.", "Original Assignee: V Iex Veterinarii.", "Priority date: May 29, 1972\n Patent CA-984749-A: Method for producing preparation for prophylaxis of trichophytosis in cattle.", "Arutjun K. Sarkisov, Svyatoslav V. Petrovich, Lev I. Nikiforov, Ljubov M. Yablochnik.", "Vsesojuzny Ordena Lenina Institut Experimentalnoi Veterinarii.", "March 2, 1976\n USSR Inventor's Certificate No.", "№955570.", "A method of manufacturing a vaccine against trichophytia cattle.", "Priority date: March 26, 1980, Publication date: November 7, 1984.", "Inventor:: А.Х.", "Саркисов, Л.М.", "Яблочник, Л.И.", "Никифоров, C.B.", "Петрович, К.П.", "Летягин, Т.Н.", "Мохина, Г.Ф.", "Денисенко, И.И.", "Жарков, В.Ф.", "Ковалев, Ю.П.", "Чернецкий.", "USSR Inventor's Certificate №955571.", "Vaccine TF-130 (k) against cattle trichophytia and method of prophylaxis for cattle trichophytia treatment.", "Priority date: March 28, 1980, Publication date: November 7, 1984.", "Inventor: А.Х.", "Саркисов, Л.М.", "Яблочник, С.В.", "Петрович, Л.И.", "Никифоров, И.И.", "Жарков, К.П.", "Летягин, Х.А.", "Джилавян, В.Г.", "Мельник.", "Patent RU2013444C1 Strain of trichophyton mentagrophytes used for control of immunogenic activity of animal trichophytosis vaccines.", "Priority date: December 30, 1992.", "Publication date: May 30, 1994.", "Inventor: Л.М.", "Яблочник, А.Н.", "Панин, И.И.", "Жарков, К.П.", "Летягин.", "Patent RU2013445C1.", "Strain of trichophyton mentagrophytes used for preparation of animal trichophytosis vaccine.", "Priority date: December 30, 1992.", "Publication date: May 30, 1994.", "Inventor: Л.М.", "Яблочник, А.Н.", "Панин, К.П.", "Летягин, К.А.", "Саркисов.", "Patent RU2018321C1; WO9415632-A1; AU9458245-A.", "Vaccine against trichophytosis in animals.", "Priority date: December 30, 1992.", "Publication date: August 30, 1994.", "Inventor: Ljubov Markovna Yablochnik, Karen Artemovich Sarkisov, Konstantin Pavlovich Letyagin, Alexandr Nikolaevich Panin\n Patent RU2074251C1 Strain of fungus trichophyton verrucosum used for preparing vaccine against animal dermatophytosis.", "Priority date: July 1, 1994.", "Publication date: February 27, 1997.", "Inventor: К.П.", "Летягин, Т.Н.", "Мохина, Л.М.", "Яблочник, А.Н.", "Панин, К.А.", "Саркисов\n\nAwards and recognition \n\n Recipients of the USSR State Prize (1973) - for the creation of a highly effective prophylactic drug TF-130 (vaccine) against ringworm cattle, the development of its production technology, the development of industrial production and the introduction into widespread veterinary practice.", "WIPO Gold Medal.", "(June 1983) Invention: Method for production and use of the vaccine LTF-130, intended for prevention and treatment of cattle skin disease (Trichophytia).", "Prof. A.Kh.Sarkisov, Mr. S.V.", "Petrovich and Mr. L.I.", "Nikiforov were also part of the team that made this invention.", "VDNKh (Russia).", "Gold Medal.", "References \n\n2013 deaths\nSoviet women scientists\nSoviet microbiologists\nWomen veterinary scientists\nWomen veterinarians\nWomen microbiologists\n1928 births\n20th-century women scientists\nSoviet inventors\nRussian microbiologists\nRussian veterinarians" ]

[ "He was a Soviet and Russian veterinary microbiologist.", "In Bryansk, the Soviet Union, the life and career of Lyubov Markovna Yablochnik was born.", "She worked as a veterinary physician in Krasnoyarsk Krai after graduating from the Moscow State University of Food Production.", "She worked as a microbiologist engineer from 1960 to 1963.", "N.A.", "Semashko.", "Yablochnik moved to more advanced scientific work in 1963.", "She entered the postgraduate program of the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Experimental Veterinary Medicine in the laboratory of mycology and antibiotics after taking a course in microbiology at the First Moscow State Medical University.", "In 1973, Yablochnik became the Senior Researcher at the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Experimental Veterinary Medicine.", "She became a senior researcher in the laboratory of antibiotics at the All-Union State Research Control Institute for Veterinary Preparations at the end of 1973.", "She headed a new laboratory for the control and standardization of preparations against mycoses from 1981 to 1989.", "Yablochnik was a leading researcher in the laboratory for the control and standardization of drugs against coccal infections and mycoses.", "She had two children by 1963.", "In 1993 she moved to the US with her family and lived in New York and New Jersey.", "Yablochnik's research on prevention of ringworm in cattle led to her work on mycoses, diseases of animals caused by parasites.", "The study of immunity in cattle with the skin disease ringworm is important since it can ruin milk, meat, and leather quality.", "She found that animals that had recovered from the disease did not become ill after being re-instated.", "The team that developed the vaccine was led by Yablochnik.", "The intellectual property of a live, attenuated culture of Trichophyton verrucosum was protected with patents in the USSR and other countries.", "The shelf life was improved and a new version was made available.", "Between 1968 and 1978 the incidence of the disease was reduced more than 100 times due to the immunization of cattle in the Soviet Union.", "The use of antimycotic treatments was replaced by this improvement in disease control.", "The most effective way to prevent cattle ringworm is with the LTF-130 vaccine.", "Through the use of LTF-130 trichophytosis in Norway, it has gone from an endemic notifiable disease affecting 1.7% new cattle herds annually in 1980 to only being reported from 0.043% new herds in 2004 and none in 2009.", "Only two herds were affected.", "The USSR State Prize was given to this work in 1973.", "The developers of the vaccine were awarded a gold medal for their invention.", "The first female scientist from the Soviet Union to receive this award was Yablochnik.", "There are publications and patents by Yablochnik L. M.", "The Bulletin of VIEV was published in 1967.", "P. 96– 100.", "In Russian, Yablochnik L. M. wrote about immunity in cattle trichophytosis.", "P. 20.", "USSR Inventor's Certificate.", "\"Method of Specific Prophylaxis of Cattle Trichophytosis\" was written in 1970.", "L. M. Yablochnik, V. P. Koroleva, and S. V. Petrovitch were involved in the \"immunization of Cattle against Trichophytosis\".", "There is an immunity in cattle trichophytosis.", "The Bulletin of VIEV - Moscow was published in 1972", "There is a process for the preparation of a vaccine for the treatment of cattle.", "Ljubov Markovna Yablochnik is an inventor.", "The original assignee was V Iex Veterinarii.", "May 29, 1972 is the priority date for the patent.", "Arutjun K. Sarkisov, Ljubov M. Yablochnik, and others.", "There is aInstitut Experimentalnoi Veterinarii.", "March 2, 1976 USSR Inventor's Certificate.", "No955570.", "A method of making a vaccine.", "The publication date was November 7, 1984.", "The inventor is named.", ",.", ",.", "C.B.", ",.", ",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ", ",.", ",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ", ",.", ",.", ",, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,", "The certificate is from the USSR.", "There is a vaccine against cattle trichophytia.", "The publication date was November 7, 1984.", "The inventor is.", ",.", ",.", ",.", ",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ", ",.", ",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ", ",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ", ".", "There is a patent for a strain of trichophyton mentagrophytes.", "December 30, 1992 is the priority date.", "May 30, 1994 is the publication date.", "The inventor is.", ",.", ",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ", ",.", ".", "There is a patent in this area.", "The strain of trichophyton mentagrophytes was used in the preparation of the vaccine.", "December 30, 1992 is the priority date.", "May 30, 1994 is the publication date.", "The inventor is.", ",.", ",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ", ",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ", ".", "There is a patent for the invention of the invention of the invention of the invention of the invention of the invention of the invention of the invention of the invention of the invention of the invention of the invention of the invention of the invention of the invention of the invention of the invention of the invention", "There is a vaccine for trichophytosis in animals.", "December 30, 1992 is the priority date.", "August 30, 1994 is the publication date.", "The strain of fungus trichophyton verrucosum used for preparing vaccine against animal dermatophy was invented by Ljubov Markovna Yablochnik.", "July 1, 1994 is the priority date.", "February 27, 1997 was the publication date.", "The inventor is.", ",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ", ",.", ",.", ",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ", "The creation of a highly effective prophylactic drug against ringworm cattle, the development of its production technology, the development of industrial production and the introduction into widespread veterinary practice were some of the achievements of the recipients of the USSR State Prize in 1973.", "The World Intellectual Property Organization has a gold medal.", "The invention is intended for the prevention and treatment of cattle skin disease.", "Mr. S.V. is a Prof. A.Kh.Sarkisov.", "They are Mr. L.I. and Petrovich.", "The invention was made by a team of people.", "VDNKh is located in Russia.", "There is a gold medal.", "There were deaths of Soviet women scientists and the births of 20th century women scientists." ]

[ "Lyubov Yablochnik", "Lyubov Markov", "Yablochnik", "Yablochnik", "Lyubov", "Yablochnik", "Yablochnik", ". Yablochnik", "Yablochnik", ". Yablochnik", "Yablochnik" ]

[ "Lyubov Markov", "Yablochnik", "Yablochnik", "Yablochnik", "Yablochnik", "Yablochnik", "Yablochnik", ". Yablochnik", "Yablochnik", "Yablochnik", "Yablochnik" ]

[ "Eric Frederick Trump (born January 6, 1984) is an American businessman, activist, and former reality television presenter.", "He is the third child and second son of the 45th president of the United States, Donald Trump, and his first wife, Ivana Trump.", "Trump is a trustee and executive vice president of his father's business, the Trump Organization, running it alongside his brother Donald Jr.", "He also served as a boardroom judge on his father's TV show The Apprentice.", "During their father's presidency, the brothers continued to make new investments in foreign countries, as well as collect payments in their U.S. properties from foreign governments, despite having pledged not to do so.", "Early life\n\nEric Trump was born in New York City and attended Trinity School.", "His parents divorced in 1992, when he was eight years old.", "As a boy, Trump spent his summers in the Czech countryside near Zlin with his maternal grandparents.", "His grandfather, Milos Zelnicek, who died in 1990, was an engineer; his grandmother, Maria, worked in a shoe factory.", "His grandfather taught Trump to hunt and fish.", "In 2002, Trump graduated from the Hill School.", "He graduated with a degree in finance and management from Georgetown University in Washington, D.C.\n\nTrump started accompanying his father to job sites and negotiations from a young age.", "He has said he mowed lawns, laid tile, and did other work on his father's properties in his youth.", "Trump briefly considered other careers but decided to join the family business while a high school student.", "Career\n\nThe Trump Organization\n\nTrump is the Trump Organization's executive vice president of development and acquisitions.", "He worked with his sister, Ivanka, to redesign and renovate Trump National Doral and its Blue Monster course in Miami, Florida.", "In 2013, Trump received Wine Enthusiast Magazines \"Rising Star of the Year\" Award.", "Amid the Trump–Ukraine scandal—where President Trump asked the Ukrainian president to investigate Joe Biden and his son, Hunter—Eric Trump strongly criticized Hunter, accusing him of nepotism.", "Eric claimed that, unlike Hunter, \"When my father became president, our family stopped doing international business deals.\"", "But when Donald Trump became president, rather than place his assets in a blind trust, he made Eric a top executive in the family business, which continued to operate and promote business transactions across the world.", "PolitiFact and the Washington Post fact-checker rated Eric Trump's assertion that the Trump family \"got out of all international business\" false.", "PolitiFact noted that not only had the Trump family engaged in international business dealings since Trump became president, but that some of the president's children, including Eric, had openly celebrated their international business activities during that time.", "In October 2019, Eric Trump complained of the Bidens, \"Why is it that every family goes into politics and enriches themselves?\"", "Shortly before he made that statement, President Trump had decided that the G-7 summit would be held at the Trump Doral resort, owned by the Trump Organization.", "President Trump reversed his decision amid bipartisan condemnation.", "Russian funding\nIn 2017 it was reported that Eric Trump had said that \"we don't rely on American banks.", "We have all the funding we need out of Russia\" and that \"we've got some guys that really, really love golf, and they're really invested in our programmes.", "We just go there all the time.\"", "In 2008 Trump said that \"in terms of high-end product influx into the US, Russians make up a pretty disproportionate cross-section of a lot of our assets\" and that \"we see a lot of money pouring in from Russia.\"", "Television\n\nTrump was a boardroom judge on his father's reality television series The Apprentice (2010–2015).", "He appeared in 23 episodes.", "The Eric Trump Foundation\nIn 2007, Trump established the Eric Trump Foundation, a public charity to raise money for St. Jude Children's Research Hospital in Tennessee.", "On November 30, 2012, the foundation committed to raising $20 million over ten years for the naming rights to the new Eric Trump Foundation Surgery & ICU Center in the Kay Research and Care Center, a $198 million tower that opened on February 19, 2015, on the St. Jude campus.", "St. Jude stated in 2013 that the 7th Annual Eric Trump Foundation Golf Invitational on September 9, 2013, at the Trump National Golf Club in Briarcliff, New York, had \"...raised $1.5 million for the kids of St. Jude\", for a total of $6 million since 2006.", "On December 30, 2016, Richard C. Shadyac Jr., the president of the fundraising organization of St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, wrote the Eric Trump Foundation a letter stating that the foundation and \"...related efforts, such as an Eric Trump Foundation-affiliated team that participates in the New York City Marathon\", had raised $16.3 million for the hospital since the charity's inception ten years earlier.", "On December 21, 2016, Trump announced that he would stop active fundraising for the Eric Trump Foundation as of December 31.", "The move came to avoid the appearance that donors were using him to gain access to his father after he won the presidential election.", "The foundation's 2016 tax return, filed under its alternative name the Curetivity Foundation, shows that the contributions it received increased from $1.8 million in 2015 to $3.2 million in 2016.", "The foundation gave $2,910,000 in donations to St. Jude and several smaller donations to other charities while paying a total of $145,000 to various for-profit properties the Trump family owned.", "Controversy about funds usage\nIn 2016, the fundraising president of St. Jude Children's Research Hospital stated that the Eric Trump Foundation had raised and donated $16.3 million to the hospital since the charity's foundation.", "In June 2017, Forbes reported that the Eric Trump Foundation shifted money intended to go to cancer patients to the Trumps' businesses.", "Eric Trump had asserted that his foundation got to use Trump Organization assets for free (\"We get to use our assets 100% free of charge\"), but that appears not to be true.", "According to Forbes, more than $1.2 million of the donations went to the Trump Organization for the use of Trump's Westchester golf course, and \"Golf charity experts say the listed expenses defy any reasonable cost justification for a one-day golf tournament.\"", "According to a former foundation director, \"We did have to cover the expenses....The charity had grown so much that the Trump Organization couldn't absorb all of those costs anymore.\"", "Forbes acknowledged that the charity has done a great deal of good, including an intensive-care unit that opened in 2015 at St. Jude and funding cancer research.", "According to Trump, the Foundation's expense ratio is 12.6%, and \"at no time did the Trump Organization profit in any way from the foundation or any of its activities\".", "Forbes also reported that more than $500,000 of the money donated for cancer patients \"was re-donated to other charities, many of which were connected to Trump family members or interests, including at least four groups that subsequently paid to hold golf tournaments at Trump courses.\"", "According to Forbes, \"All of this seems to defy federal tax rules and state laws that ban self-dealing and misleading donors.", "It also raises larger questions about the Trump family dynamics and whether Eric and his brother, Don Jr., can be truly independent of their father.\"", "The foundation says that relevant donors were informed that donations would be redirected.", "The Eric Trump Foundation has advertised that its golf charity events raised money exclusively for St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, with 95–100% of the money raised going toward the charity.", "Public tax records show that the foundation applied significant amounts of the funds raised to pay costs of the events to the Trump Organization for use of its facilities.", "Additionally, the foundation donated to charitable causes other than St. Jude and made grants to several other charities, including at least three animal welfare organizations and the American Society for Enology and Viticulture, a California wine industry organization.", "Trump said in July 2016 that Donald Trump had made \"hundreds of thousands of dollars in personal donations\" to the Eric Trump Foundation in the past, but there is no evidence of that.", "When The Washington Post requested evidence, Trump appeared to backtrack and refused to give details.", "In June 2017, the New York State Attorney General's Office confirmed that it had begun an inquiry into the Eric Trump Foundation, based on issues the Forbes investigation raised.", "The investigation was reported as ongoing in December 2018.", "Trump presidential campaigns\n\n2016 presidential campaign\n\nDonald Trump's 2016 presidential campaign was formally launched on June 16, 2015, at Trump Tower in New York City.", "Eric was a key advisor, fundraiser, and campaign surrogate during the campaign.", "He and his wife made campaign appearances in numerous states on his father's behalf.", "On August 2, 2016, in a television appearance on CBS This Morning, Trump was asked to comment on his father's controversial statement to USA Today the previous day in which he said that if his daughter were ever subjected to sexual harassment in the workplace, he hoped she would find another company to work for or switch careers.", "Trump said, \"Ivanka is a strong, powerful woman; she wouldn't allow herself to be objected [recte subjected] to it.\"", "Attempts to overturn the 2020 presidential election \nTrump has promoted several conspiracy theories.", "In May 2020, Trump said on Fox News that stay-at-home orders to combat the spread of COVID-19 were a strategy by the Democrats and the Joe Biden campaign intended to prevent his father's reelection by depriving him of the ability to conduct large campaign rallies.", "Trump said that after election day, \"coronavirus will magically all of a sudden go away and disappear and everybody will be able to reopen.\"", "In September 2020, Trump spread a false video that appeared to show Biden \"being caught red-handed using a teleprompter\" when he was not.", "Following his father's electoral defeat Eric Trump has engaged in attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election, falsely calling the election result a \"fraud\" and threatening Republican lawmakers to overturn the result.", "While ballots were being counted in the 2020 election, Trump made baseless claims intended to cast doubt on Pennsylvania's ballot-counting process.", "He shared a fake video that purported to show Trump ballots being burned.", "Following the storming of the United States Capitol by his father's supporters in January 2021, Trump was among those who advanced the conspiracy theory that people associated with antifa were responsible for the attack.", "Personal life\n\nOn July 4, 2013, Trump became engaged to his longtime girlfriend Lara Lea Yunaska, an associate producer on the syndicated television news program Inside Edition.", "They married on November 8, 2014, at Mar-a-Lago Club in Palm Beach, Florida.", "The couple's first child, a son, was born in 2017, and their daughter in 2019.", "Big game hunting \nIn 2010, People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) criticized Trump, a big game hunter, for an African hunting trip he took with his older brother.", "PETA condemned the brothers after photos showed them on an organized safari in Zimbabwe, where they killed elephants and leopards.", "The director general of the Zimbabwe Parks and Wildlife Management Authority, V. Chandenga, issued an official response supporting the brothers and calling any allegations of illegality \"baseless\" and \"false\".", "The brothers defended their safari on Twitter, affirming their actions as hunters and longtime advocates of the outdoors.", "Donald Trump also addressed the controversy, saying on TMZ that he fully supported his sons' actions.", "References\n\nExternal links\n\nLiving people\n1984 births\n21st-century American businesspeople\nAmerican conspiracy theorists\nAmerican construction businesspeople\nAmerican corporate directors\nAmerican hunters\nAmerican nonprofit businesspeople\nAmerican people of Austrian descent\nAmerican people of Moravian descent\nAmerican people of German descent\nAmerican people of Scottish descent\nAmerican real estate businesspeople\nBusinesspeople from New York City\nChildren of presidents of the United States\nMcDonough School of Business alumni\nNew York (state) Republicans\nPhilanthropists from New York (state)\nThe Hill School alumni\nThe Trump Organization employees\nTrinity School (New York City) alumni\nEric" ]

[ "Eric Frederick Trump (born January 6, 1984) is an American businessman, activist, and former reality television presenter.", "Donald Trump is the 45th president of the United States, while Ivana Trump is his first wife.", "Donald Trump is an executive vice president of his father's business, the Trump Organization.", "He was a judge on his father's show.", "Despite having pledged not to do so, the brothers continued to make new investments in foreign countries and collect payments from foreign governments in their U.S. properties.", "Eric Trump was born in New York City and attended Trinity School.", "He was eight years old when his parents divorced.", "Trump spent his summers in the Czech countryside with his maternal grandparents.", "His grandfather was an engineer and his grandmother worked in a shoe factory.", "Trump was taught to hunt by his grandfather.", "Trump graduated from the Hill School.", "He graduated from Georgetown University with a degree in finance and management.", "He said he did work on his father's properties when he was younger.", "While a high school student, Trump decided to join the family business.", "Donald Trump is the executive vice president of development and acquisitions for the Trump Organization.", "Trump National Doral and its Blue Monster course were renovated by him and his sister.", "Wine Enthusiast Magazine gave Trump the \"Rising Star of the Year\" Award.", "Eric Trump criticized Hunter, accusing him of being a member of the Biden family.", "Eric claimed that when his father became president, the family stopped doing international business deals.", "When Donald Trump became president, he made Eric a top executive in the family business, which continued to operate and promote business transactions across the world.", "Eric Trump's claim that the Trump family \"got out of all international business\" was rated false by PolitiFact and the Washington Post fact-checker.", "Some of the president's children, including Eric, had openly celebrated their international business activities during that time, according to PolitiFact.", "The Bidens were complained of by Eric Trump in October.", "The G-7 summit would be held at the Trump Doral resort, which is owned by the Trump Organization.", "President Trump reversed his decision.", "Eric Trump said that we don't rely on American banks.", "Some guys that really, really love golf, and they're really invested in our programmes, we have all the funding we need out of Russia.", "We go there all the time.", "In 2008 Trump said that Russians make up a \"disproportionate cross-section of a lot of our assets\" and that \"we see a lot of money pouring in from Russia.\"", "Television Trump was a judge on his father's show.", "He was in 23 episodes.", "The Eric Trump Foundation was established in 2007, to raise money for St. Jude Children's Research Hospital.", "The Eric Trump Foundation pledged to raise $20 million over ten years for the naming rights to the Kay Research and Care Center, a $198 million tower that opened on the St. Jude campus on February 19, 2015.", "The 7th Annual Eric Trump Foundation Golf Invitation was held at the Trump National Golf Club in New York and raised over one million dollars for the children of St. Jude.", "The president of St. Jude Children's Research Hospital wrote a letter to the Eric Trump Foundation stating that the foundation and related efforts, such as an Eric Trump Foundation-affiliated team that participates in the New York area.", "Trump said on December 21 that he would stop raising money for the Eric Trump Foundation by the end of the year.", "The appearance that donors were using him to gain access to his father after he won the presidential election was avoided by the move.", "The Curetivity Foundation received more money in 2016 than it did in 2015, according to the foundation's tax return.", "The Trump family's for-profit properties were paid a total of $150,000 by the foundation.", "The president of St. Jude Children's Research Hospital said in 2016 that the Eric Trump Foundation had raised and donated $16.3 million to the hospital.", "Forbes reported in June of last year that the Eric Trump Foundation shifted money intended for cancer patients to the Trumps' businesses.", "Eric Trump had claimed that his foundation could use Trump Organization assets for free, but it appears not to be true.", "According to Forbes, more than $1 million of the donations went to the Trump Organization for the use of Trump's Westchester golf course, and golf charity experts say the listed expenses defy any reasonable cost justification for a one-day golf tournament.", "The charity had grown so much that the Trump Organization couldn't absorb all of the costs, according to a former foundation director.", "The charity has done a lot of good, including funding cancer research and opening an intensive-care unit at St. Jude.", "The Trump Organization did not profit from the foundation or any of its activities according to Trump.", "More than $500,000 of the money donated for cancer patients was re-donated to other charities, many of which were connected to Trump family members or interests, including at least four groups that subsequently paid to hold golf tournaments at Trump courses.", "According to Forbes, \"All of this seems to defy federal tax rules and state laws that ban self-dealing and misleading donors.\"", "It raises larger questions about the Trump family dynamics and whether Eric and Don Jr. can be truly independent of their father.", "The foundation says donors were told that their donations would be diverted.", "Most of the money raised at the Eric Trump Foundation's golf charity events goes to St. Jude Children's Research Hospital.", "According to public tax records, the foundation applied significant amounts of the funds raised to the Trump Organization for use of its facilities.", "At least three animal welfare organizations and the American Society for Enology and Viticulture received grants from the foundation.", "There is no evidence that Donald Trump made hundreds of thousands of dollars in personal donations to the Eric Trump Foundation.", "Trump appeared to backtrack when The Washington Post asked for evidence.", "The New York State Attorney General's Office confirmed in June of last year that it had begun an inquiry into the Eric Trump Foundation.", "There was an ongoing investigation in December of last year.", "Donald Trump's 2016 presidential campaign was officially launched on June 16, 2015, at Trump Tower in New York City.", "During the campaign, Eric was a key advisor.", "He and his wife made campaign appearances on his father's behalf.", "On August 2, 2016 in an interview with CBS This Morning, Trump was asked to comment on his father's controversial statement to USA Today the previous day in which he said that if his daughter were ever subjected to sexual harassment in the workplace, he hoped she would find another company to work", "Ivanka is a strong, powerful woman and wouldn't allow herself to be objected to.", "Attempts to overturn the 2020 presidential election have been promoted by Trump.", "In May 2020, Trump said on Fox News that stay-at- home orders to combat the spread of COVID-19 were a strategy by the Democrats and the Joe Biden campaign to prevent his father's reelection.", "\"After election day,ronaviruses will magically all of a sudden go away and disappear and everybody will be able to reopen,\" said Trump.", "In September 2020, Trump spread a false video that appeared to show Biden using a teleprompter when he wasn't.", "Eric TrumpFalsely called the election result a \"fraud\" and threatened Republican lawmakers to overturn the result after his father's electoral defeat.", "While ballots were being counted in the 2020 election, Trump made baseless claims intended to cast doubt on Pennsylvania's ballot-counting process.", "He shared a fake video that claimed to show Trump ballots being burned.", "Following the storming of the United States Capitol by his father's supporters in January 2021, Trump was among those who advanced the conspiracy theory that people associated with antiFA were responsible for the attack.", "On July 4, 2013, Trump got engaged to his girlfriend, an associate producer on Inside Edition.", "They were married at Mar-a-Lago Club in Palm Beach, Florida.", "The couple's first child was born in 2017: a son.", "In 2010, People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals criticized Trump, a big game hunter, for taking his older brother on a hunting trip.", "People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals condemned the brothers after they killed elephants and leopards.", "The director general of the Zimbabwe Parks and Wildlife Management Authority called any allegations of illegality baseless and false.", "The brothers affirmed their actions as hunters and advocates of the outdoors.", "Donald Trump said that he supported his sons' actions.", "References External links Living people 1984 births 21st-century American business people American conspiracy theorists American construction business people American corporate directors American hunters American nonprofit business people American people of Austrian descent American people of Moravian descent American people of German descent American people of Scottish descent" ]

[ "Eric Frederick Trump", "Donald Trump", "Ivana Trump", "Trump", "Eric Trump", "Trump", "Trump", "Trump", "Trump", "Trump", "Trump", "Trump", "Trump", "Trump", "Hunter Eric", "Trump", "Eric", "Donald Trump", "Eric", "Eric Trump", "Trump", "Trump", "Trump", "Eric", "Eric Trump", "Trump", "Trump", "Eric Trump", "Trump", "Trump", "Trump", "Trump", "Trump", "Trump", "Eric Trump", "Trump", "Trump", "Trump", "Trump", "Eric", "Trump", "Donald Trump", "Trump", "Trump", "Donald Trump", "Eric", "Trump", "Trump", "Trump", "Trump", "Trump", "Trump", "Eric Trump", "Trump", "Trump", "Trump", "Trump", "Trump", "Donald Trump", "Eric" ]

[ "Eric Frederick Trump", "Donald Trump", "Ivana Trump", "Donald Trump", "Eric Trump", "Trump", "Trump", "Trump", "Trump", "Donald Trump", "Trump", "Eric Trump", "Eric", "Donald Trump", "Eric", "Eric Trump", "Trump", "Eric", "Eric Trump", "Trump", "Eric Trump", "Trump", "Television Trump", "Trump", "Trump", "Trump", "Eric Trump", "Trump", "Trump", "Trump", "Trump", "Eric", "Donald Trump", "Trump", "Donald Trump", "Eric", "Trump", "Trump", "Trump", "Trump", "Trump", "Eric Trump", "Trump", "Trump", "Trump", "Trump", "Trump", "Donald Trump" ]

[ "Barbara Greenlee Toomer (August 26, 1929April 24, 2018) was an American advocate for disability rights.", "She was born and raised in Southern California and attended nursing school in San Francisco.", "She then joined the United States Army Nurse Corps in 1953 and was stationed at Fort Bragg.", "In 1956, Toomer contracted polio and became a wheelchair user.", "She spent the remainder of her life advocating for disability rights in Utah.", "She founded and participated in multiple activist organizations, participated in protests against inaccessible transportation, and lobbied for housing freedom for disabled persons.", "Much of her activism involved ensuring that the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA) was upheld.", "Toomer received numerous awards for her efforts; she was awarded the Woman of Courageous Action Lifetime Achievement Award by the National Organization for Women in 2000 and the Rosa Parks Award by the Salt Lake branch of the NAACP in 2017.", "Toomer died in 2018 and was buried in the Utah Veterans Cemetery.", "Early life and education \nBarbara Greenlee Toomer was born on August 26, 1929 in Pasadena, California to Samuel and Gertrude Greenlee.", "Her father worked in real estate, and her mother had been a secretary.", "She had one younger sister.", "The Greenlee family lived in \"the back of a real estate office\" during the Great Depression before moving to a family-owned ranch in Tarzana.", "She grew up enjoying arts and crafts—such as painting, quilting, and sewing—and participated in Girl Scouts.", "She attended Santa Monica High School, where she played basketball and volleyball and joined the swim team.", "She graduated from high school in 1947 and went on to earn an associate's degree from El Camino College in 1949.", "Then, in 1952, she graduated from St. Joseph’s College of Nursing in San Francisco, California with a bachelor’s degree.", "After graduation, she served in the United States Army Nurse Corps between 1953 and 1955.", "She was ranked as a first lieutenant.", "In 1953, Barbara Greenlee married Gerald Ross Toomer, a captain in the army, at Fort Bragg, North Carolina.", "They lived in Georgia and Minnesota before moving to Salt Lake City, Utah.", "Barbara and Ross Toomer were married for 52 years and had three children.", "Speaking on the subject of her parents, Jennifer later recalled: \"The two of them together made it so it never was, 'I can't.'", "It was, 'How are we going to do it?'\"", "Shortly after the birth of her first child in 1956, Toomer contracted polio.", "She was hospitalized for four months and required the use of a wheelchair for the remainder of her life.", "She then began to advocate for increased access and accommodations for disabled people.", "In the 1970s, Toomer served as president of her local branch of the Relief Society, the women's organization of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.", "In this capacity, according to her obituary, she \"took special care of single mothers, widows and people of low income – no questions asked.\"", "Career\n\nInvolvement in activist organizations \nAccording to The Park Record, Toomer started her activist career in 1976.", "She began by writing letters and delivering speeches.", "She played a major role in the formation of activist organizations, founding Advocates for Utah's Handicapped and co-founding the Utah Independent Living Center (ULIC) in 1981.", "She served as vice chairperson of the ULIC before becoming its chairperson in 1984.", "She fought for federal funding for the ULIC and hired people with disabilities to run the center.", "Toomer was also involved with ADAPT (American Disabled for Attendant Programs Today) from its inception.", "In 1991, she helped organize the Disabled Rights Action Committee and served as its treasurer and secretary.", "She also joined the Martin Luther King Jr. Human Rights Commission and the Professional Ethics Committee of the Utah State Bar.", "Protests \nDissatisfied with the results of her previous, less direct efforts, Toomer joined protests in many states against a lack of accessibility on public transportation.", "One of her earliest protests, a \"crawl-on\" in Denver in 1983, involved chanting \"We will ride!\"", "and \"rallying in the cold and blocking bus routes and buildings until the transit agency caved.\"", "These \"crawl-ons\" involved disabled people crawling into and out of public buses to protest the lack of wheelchair lifts.", "Toomer spearheaded \"crawl-ons\" against the Utah Transit Authority (UTA) in 1985, the demonstrations culminating in Toomer and others \"chaining themselves to the buses.\"", "Toomer also spoke to a crowd of UTA executives at a conference, protesting the lack of accessibility on local buses.", "For eight years, the UTA had denied ADAPT's requests to install wheelchair lifts; but after Toomer and other ADAPT activists \"went out into Main Street during rush hour and stopped all of the buses by placing themselves in traffic,\" the UTA agreed to a meeting.", "Toomer then took part in the demonstrations in Washington D.C. to promote the passage of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA).", "She was \"the only known Utahn to actively participate\" in these protests.", "Then, in 1992, she participated in a protest against a telethon put on by the Jerry Lewis Muscular Dystrophy Association.", "The fundraiser, in Toomer's words, advertised the disabled as being \"helpless, hopeless, non-functioning and non-contributing\".", "After the ADA was passed in 1990, Toomer fought for businesses and organizations to adhere to it.", "She participated in protests against Greyhound Lines.", "While being honored with the Rosa Parks Award by the Salt Lake City Branch of the NAACP in 2017, Toomer said, \"I’ve always felt that Miss Parks and I have the same goals.", "She wanted to get from the back of the bus.", "I wanted to get on the bus.\"", "Toomer was arrested at least 35 times for her activism.", "Lawsuits and lobbying \nIn 1991, Toomer was denied access to flights to Boise, Idaho and Utah because she did not have \"an attendant capable of rendering assistance during the flight.\"", "Toomer engaged in a lawsuit claiming that SkyWest Airlines had violated the Air Carrier Access Act and the Rehabilitation Act of 1973.", "As a result, the court ruled that airlines that maintain such requirements are not in violation of the law unless the airlines have received federal funding.", "In 2000, she lobbied for one in every four new apartments constructed in Utah to be accessible, upholding the Fair Housing Act.", "In 2006, Toomer and the Disabled Rights Action Committee sued the transportation company City Cab, claiming that their vans didn't comply with the ADA; however, the court ruled that the company was not violating the law.", "Toomer reported vehicles occupying parking spots designated for people with disabilities without having proper tags.", "She worked to help get curb cuts in Utah for better wheelchair accessibility.", "Toomer was also a longtime delegate for the Democratic Party.", "Throughout her life, one of Toomer's areas of focus in her activism was enabling people with disabilities to choose to live independently.", "Frustrated by the practice of people with disabilities being placed in nursing homes unnecessarily, Toomer pressed for the Olmstead decision to be upheld so that people with disabilities could remain in their homes and communities.", "She lobbied for federal aid, state aid, and affordable housing options for the elderly and persons with disabilities.", "In this effort, she \"personally lobbied President Bill Clinton and Cabinet members of the George W. Bush administration\".", "In 1997, Orrin Hatch mentioned Toomer in his speech at the dedication of the Military Service Memorial.", "Awards \nToomer received multiple awards for her advocacy.", "In 2000, she was awarded a Women of Courageous Action Award from the Utah National Organization for Women.", "In 2005, Toomer was given the Utah Issues’ Joe Duke Rosati Hell Raiser Award.", "She was then recognized with a Martin Luther King Jr.", "Drum Major Award and the Community Justice Award in 2008, the AARP Outstanding Volunteer Award in 2014, the Crossroads Urban Center Lifetime Achievement Award in 2015, and the Rosa Parks Award from the Salt Lake Branch of the NAACP in 2017.", "Death and legacy \nToomer died of respiratory failure on April 24, 2018 at the age of 88.", "She had continued to work as an activist \"well into her 80s\".", "One of her last efforts had including lobbying for federal financial support for in-home caretakers for disabled persons.", "Her role as one of the \"leading advocates for civil rights for people with disabilities and the poor in Utah\" spanned four decades.", "In 2018, Toomer was posthumously honored with the Advocate of the Year Community Justice Award from the Disability Law Center for her advocacy for \"equality, accessibility and civil rights for people with disabilities.\"", "The Disability Law Center also established the Barbara G. Toomer Disability Rights Fellowship in her honor.", "Additionally, ADAPT honored Toomer in their Fun Run fundraiser.", "After her death, one of Toomer's mentees recorded: \"Her commitment to people with disabilities never wavered.", "... She was an unstoppable force for the fair and equal treatment for all people.\"", "Toomer and her husband Ross donated their bodies to the University of Utah.", "She was then buried in the Utah Veterans Cemetery in Bluffdale, Utah.", "Toomer's gravestone bears the inscription, “Mother, Grandmother and Friend: Advocate for All.”\n\nExternal links \n\n Barbara Toomer autobiography, MSS 2620, L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University\n\nReferences\n\n1929 births\n2018 deaths\nDisability rights activists from the United States\nHarold B. Lee library-related 20th century articles" ]

[ "Barbara Greenlee Toomer was an American advocate for disability rights.", "She attended nursing school in San Francisco and was born and raised in Southern California.", "She was stationed at Fort Bragg after joining the United States Army Nurse Corps.", "In the mid-sixties, Toomer became a wheelchair user.", "She advocated for disability rights in Utah for the rest of her life.", "She founded and participated in multiple activist organizations.", "The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 was upheld by her activism.", "She was awarded the Woman of Courageous Action Lifetime Achievement Award by the National Organization for Women in 2000 and theRosa Parks Award by the Salt Lake branch of the NAACP in 2017.", "Toomer was buried in the Utah Veterans Cemetery.", "Barbara Greenlee Toomer was born in Pasadena, California on August 26, 1929.", "Her parents both worked in real estate.", "She had a younger sister.", "During the Great Depression, the Greenlee family lived in the back of a real estate office before moving to a family-owned ranch.", "She was involved in Girl Scouts and enjoyed arts and crafts as a child.", "She was a member of the swim team at Santa Monica High School.", "She earned an associate's degree from El Camino College in 1949 after graduating from high school.", "She graduated with a bachelor's degree from St. Joseph's College of Nursing in San Francisco, California in 1952.", "She served in the United States Army Nurse Corps after graduation.", "She was a first lieutenant.", "Barbara Greenlee married Gerald Ross Toomer at Fort Bragg, North Carolina.", "They lived in Georgia and Minnesota before moving to Utah.", "Barbara and Ross Toomer had three children.", "\"My parents made it so it never was, 'I can't',\" she said.", "It was a question of how we were going to do it.", "After the birth of her first child, Toomer contracted a disease.", "She had to use a wheelchair for the rest of her life after being hospitalized for four months.", "She began to advocate for the rights of the disabled.", "The Relief Society is a women's organization of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.", "She took special care of single mothers, widows and people of low income, according to her obituary.", "According to The Park Record, Toomer started her activist career in 1976.", "She delivered speeches and wrote letters.", "She co-founding the Utah Independent Living Center in 1981 and played a major role in the formation of activist organizations.", "She became the chairperson of the ULIC in 1984.", "She hired people with disabilities to run the center after fighting for federal funding.", "Toomer was involved with ADAPT from the beginning.", "She was the secretary and treasurer of the Disabled Rights Action Committee.", "She was a member of the Martin Luther King Jr. Human Rights Commission and the Professional Ethics Committee of the Utah State Bar.", "Toomer joined protests in many states against a lack of accessibility on public transportation because she was dissatisfied with the results of her previous efforts.", "One of her earliest protests was a \"crawl-on\" in Denver in 1983.", "blocking bus routes and buildings until the transit agency caved.", "The disabled people crawled into and out of public buses to protest the lack of wheelchair lifts.", "The demonstrations culminated in Toomer and others \"chaining themselves to the buses.\"", "Toomer spoke to a crowd of UTA executives at a conference, protesting the lack of accessibility on local buses.", "After Toomer and other ADAPT activists went out into Main Street during rush hour and stopped all of the buses by placing themselves in traffic, the UTA agreed to a meeting.", "Toomer took part in the demonstrations in Washington D.C. to promote the passage of the Americans with Disabilities Act.", "She was the only Utahn who participated in the protests.", "The Jerry Lewis Muscular Dystrophy Association put on a telethon in 1992, and she participated in a protest against it.", "The disabled were advertised as being \"helpless, hopeless, non- functioning and non-contributing\".", "The ADA was passed in 1990 and Toomer fought for businesses and organizations to adhere to it.", "She was involved in protests.", "\"I've always felt that Miss Parks and I have the same goals, and I was honored with theRosa Parks Award by the Salt Lake City Branch of the NAACP in 2017,\" Toomer said.", "She wanted to get out of the bus.", "I wanted to board the bus.", "She was arrested at least 35 times.", "In 1991, Toomer was denied access to flights to Idaho and Utah because she did not have an attendant who could help her.", "SkyWest Airlines was accused of violating the Air Carrier Access Act and the Rehabilitation Act of 1973.", "The court ruled that airlines that maintain such requirements are not in violation of the law if they have received federal funding.", "In 2000, she pushed for one in every four new apartments to be accessible.", "The court ruled that the company was not violating the law when they were sued for not complying with the ADA.", "Vehicles occupying parking spots for people with disabilities without proper tags were reported by Toomer.", "She helped get curb cuts in Utah for wheelchair accessibility.", "He was a delegate for the Democratic Party.", "One of Toomer's areas of focus was helping people with disabilities live independently.", "Frustrated by the practice of people with disabilities being placed in nursing homes unnecessarily, Toomer pressed for the Olmstead decision to be upheld so that people with disabilities could remain in their homes and communities.", "She wanted federal aid, state aid, and affordable housing for the elderly and people with disabilities.", "She personally lobbied President Bill Clinton and members of the Bush administration.", "At the dedication of the Military Service Memorial, Orrin Hatch mentioned Toomer.", "Toomer received many awards for her advocacy.", "She received a Women of Courageous Action Award from the Utah National Organization for Women.", "The Utah Issues gave Toomer the Hell Raiser Award.", "She was honored with a statue of Martin Luther King Jr.", "In 2008, the Community Justice Award and the Drum Major Award were given by the Salt Lake Branch of the NAACP.", "Toomer died of respiratory failure at the age of 88.", "She continued to work as an activist into her 80s.", "Lobbying for federal financial support for in- home caretakers for disabled persons was one of her last efforts.", "She was one of the \"leading advocates for civil rights for people with disabilities and the poor in Utah\" for four decades.", "Toomer was posthumously honored with the Advocate of the Year Community Justice Award from the Disability Law Center for her advocacy for \"equality, accessibility and civil rights for people with disabilities.\"", "The Barbara G. Toomer Disability Rights fellowship was established by the Disability Law Center.", "Toomer was honored in the Fun Run by ADAPT.", "One of Toomer's mentees said that her commitment to people with disabilities never wavered after her death.", "She was an unstoppable force for fair and equal treatment.", "The University of Utah received the bodies of Toomer and Ross.", "She was buried in the Utah Veterans Cemetery.", "Barbara Toomer's gravestone bears the inscription, \"Mother, Grandmother and Friend: Advocate for All.\"" ]

[ "Barbara Greenlee Toomer", "Toomer", "Toomer", "Barbara Greenlee", "Toomer", "Barbara Greenlee", "Toomer", "Barbara", "Ross Toomer", "Toomer", "Toomer", "Toomer", "Toomer", "Toomer", "Toomer", "Toomer", "Toomer", "Toomer", "Toomer", "Toomer", "Toomer", "Toomer", "Toomer", "Toomer", "Toomer", "Barbara", "Toomer", "Toomer", "Barbara Toomer" ]

[ "Barbara Greenlee Toomer", "Toomer", "Barbara Greenlee", "Toomer", "Barbara Greenlee", "Toomer", "Barbara", "Ross Toomer", "Toomer", "Toomer", "Toomer", "Toomer", "Toomer", "Toomer", "Toomer", "Toomer", "Toomer", "Toomer", "Toomer", "Toomer", "Barbara", "Toomer", "Toomer", "Toomer", "Barbara Toomer" ]

[ "Linda S. Howington (born August 3, 1950 in Alabama, United States) is an American best-selling romance/suspense author under her pseudonym Linda Howard.", "Biography\nShe began to write at nine years old, and wrote for twenty years for her own enjoyment.", "She worked at a trucking company where she met her husband, Gary F. Howington, and then decided to try to get her work published in 1980.", "After 21 years of penning stories for her own enjoyment, she submitted a novel for publication which was very successful.", "She currently lives in Gadsden, Alabama with her husband, Gary F. Howington, and two golden retrievers.", "She has three grown stepchildren and three grandchildren.", "Her first work was published by Silhouette in 1982.", "She is a charter member of Romance Writers of America, joining in 1981 shortly after it was formed.", "She served as Region 3 Director (until 31 October 2008).", "Her husband is a professional bass tournament fisherman, and she travels with him to some very unglamorous locations where she works on her laptop.", "Linda and her husband live in a big house on a farm in Alabama, where they raise cattle and have two dogs.", "Awards \n2005 - Romance Writers of America.", "Career Achievement Award\n\nBibliography\n\nSingle Novels\n\nAll That Glitters (1982)\nAn Independent Wife (1982)\nAgainst the Rules (1983)\nCome Lie With Me\t(1984)\nTears of the Renegade\t(1985)\nThe Cutting Edge\t(1985)\nThe Way Home (1991)\nOverload (1993)\nHeart of Fire (1993)\nDream Man (1995)\nAfter the Night\t(1995)\nLake of Dreams (1995)\nShades of Twilight\t(1996)\nWhite Out (1997)\nSon of the Morning\t(1997)\nNight Moves (1998)\nNow You See Her (1998)\nBlue Moon (1999)\nMr." ]

[ "Linda Howard is an American best-selling romance/suspense author.", "She began to write when she was nine years old.", "She tried to get her work published in 1980 after working at a trucking company where she met her husband.", "After 21 years of writing stories, she submitted a novel for publication which was very successful.", "She lives in Alabama with her husband and two golden retrievers.", "She has five children and three grandchildren.", "Silhouette published her first work in 1982.", "She joined Romance Writers of America in 1981 after it was formed.", "She was the Region 3 Director until October 2008.", "Her husband is a professional bass tournament fisherman, and she travels with him to some very unglamorous locations where she works on her laptop.", "Linda and her husband live on a farm in Alabama, where they raise cattle and have two dogs.", "Romance Writers of America awards.", "All That Glitters, An Independent Wife, Come Lie With Me, Tears of the Renegade, The Cutting Edge, The Way Home, Overload, Heart of Fire, Dream Man, Lake of Dreams." ]

[ "Linda S", "Linda Howard", "Linda" ]

[ "Linda Howard", "Linda" ]

[ "Paul Kwabena Boafo is a Ghanaian theologian and minister who was elected as the twelfth Presiding Bishop of the Methodist Church Ghana in 2018.", "He previously served as the Administrative Bishop of the Church.", "He is the first ordained minister to serve in both capacities in the episcopal history of Ghanaian Methodist Church.", "Boafo also served as the Protestant Chaplain of the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST).", "Early life and education \nAn ethnic Fante, Paul Kwabena Boafo was born in Asankragua in the Western Region of Ghana to Roman Catholic parents Opanin Paul Kwaw Boafo and Agatha Ama Asamoah Boafo.", "His mother described him as a sickly child and, by the age of three, he was a frequent patient at the local Catholic hospital.", "In 1963, Boafo enrolled as a pupil at the Asankrangwa Roman Catholic Primary School.", "After his first year in elementary school, he moved to live with his maternal uncle, Reverend John Bennet Nsowah Quasie, then a catechist of the Methodist Church at Ankonsia, near Bawdie in the Western Region.", "Boafo's uncle was posted to Wa in the Upper West Region after completing his catechist training at the Freeman College in Kumasi.", "Boafo then went to the Wa Experimental Primary School and later transferred to other schools in Mangu, Kenyasi, Sefwi Wiawso, and Sefwi-Bekwai due to his uncle's work as a travelling minister.", "After passing the common entrance examination at the Sefwi Bekwai Methodist Middle School, Boafo was enrolled at the Wenchi Methodist Secondary School from 1972 to 1977, where he obtained his GCE 'O' Level.", "He went on to the Wesley College, Kumasi, where he trained as a teacher from 1978 to 1981.", "He was awarded the Men's Prize in 1981, on completion of his tenure as the Men's Secretary.", "Between 1989 and 1992, he studied for a bachelor's degree in Philosophy and the Study of Religions at the University of Ghana, Legon.", "In 1996, he was awarded a World Church Office Scholarship to for his Master of Theology Degree (MTh) at Queen's University, Belfast.", "Upon the recommendation of the scholarship's sponsors, the Methodist Church in Ireland and the Methodist Church Ghana, he pursued a doctorate in Wesleyan Studies from the same institution.", "He received a PhD in 1999.", "Career\n\nPastoral work \nPaul Boafo was a pupil teacher at the St. Peter and Paul Anglican Primary School in Saltpond in the Central Region of Ghana in 1977.", "In his early career, he taught at the Mpasatia Methodist Primary School.", "Initially a lay preacher, Boafo was commissioned a probationer on 8 June 1986 at the Wesley Cathedral in Accra, and subsequently ordained a full Methodist agent three years later on 27 August 1989 at the Wesley Cathedral in Sunyani.", "He was a columnist for the Christian Sentinel, the official newspaper of the Methodist Church Ghana.", "Paul Boafo co-edited the church's Weekly Bible Lesson and edited the Methodist Times from 2000 to 2016.", "Paul Boafo was the Methodist chaplain at the Osei Tutu Secondary School at Akropong-Ashanti.", "Simultaneously, he was the attached adjunct minister to three local congregations in the Amakom circuit.", "Ebenezer Methodist Church, Pankrono, formerly in the Old Tafo Circuit,\n Mount Zion Methodist Church, Ahensan\n Emmanuel Methodist Church, Atonsu\n\nPaul Boafo was the first resident minister at the Akyem Otwereso in the Akim Oda Circuit.", "Boafo was the Superintendent Minister at the: \n New Achimota Circuit in the Accra Diocese from 1999 to 2001 \n Accra North Circuit, Adabraka between 2001 and 2005\n\nBoafo also held the following positions: \n Attester to the Kumasi Synod and Methodist Conferences\n Diocesan Chaplain to the Association of Methodist Men's Fellowships, Kumasi\n Member, Methodist Conference\n\nHe was appointed the resident Protestant Chaplain at the KNUST, where he lectured at the Religious Studies Department.", "He served on different committees including \n Queen Elizabeth II Hall Council\n KNUST Health Services Management Board\n Committee of University Ecumenical Chaplaincy Board\n KNUST Local Council of Churches\nUniversity Syllabus Review Committee, Methodist University College Ghana\n\nPaul Boafo also served as an auxiliary minister at the following four stations:\n Christ the King Methodist Church, Asokwa\n St. Paul's Methodist Church, Kentinkromo\n Aldersgate Methodist Church, Ayigya Annex\n Bethel Methodist Church, Ayigya\n\nPresiding Bishop of the Methodist Church \nAfter serving as the Administrative Bishop of the Methodist Church Ghana, Boafo was elected as the Presiding Bishop and assumed office on 1 October 2018 after an induction service for a six-year, non-renewable term of office.", "The induction service, held at the Wesley Cathedral, Cape Coast, saw a grand parade by the Cape Coast Diocesan Brigade under the Command of the Connexional Brigade executives.", "The cathedral historically and symbolically served as the mother Diocese of the Methodist Church Ghana dating to the first half of the nineteenth century.", "In attendance, at the induction ceremony, were 2000 congregants including serving and retired members of the church hierarchy; Diocesan Bishops, Lay Presidents, General Directors and Directors, Synod Secretaries, Lay Chairmen, Boards, Chairmen of Advisory teams, affiliates of the Methodists Church Ghana, Foreign Missions, visitors, invited guests, family and friends and the media.", "The ceremony was also attended the Vice-President of Ghana, Mahamudu Bawumia.", "At the service, he was enrobed in ceremonial vestments for the office and received a staff; a Bible; a ring; and a stole, signifying his new role as the figurehead of the Ghanaian Methodist Church and its heritage, doctrines, teachings and expansion.", "In his homily, the Presiding Bishop, Titus Kofi Awotwi Pratt, preached on the theme Avail yourselves to God inspired by Judges 13:2-7.", "Academia \nPaul Boafo's teaching, research and writing is under Wesleyan theology.", "By 2000, he had assumed the role of adjunct professor and facilitator in Wesleyan Studies, specialising in theological education and ministerial formation at the Trinity Theological Seminary, Legon.", "He had a similar stint at the Methodist University College, Dansoman where he taught causes in professional ethics in a Wesleyan context.", "At the Freeman Centre for Leadership and Development, he led the facilitation of evangelist education.", "He was appointed a senior lecturer in historical theology at the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST).", "He is a professional scholar of the American-based Wesleyan Philosophical Society and Wesleyan Theological Society.", "Personal life \nPaul Boafo is married with children.", "References \n\nLiving people\nYear of birth missing (living people)\nKwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology faculty\nUniversity of Ghana faculty\nAkan people\nAlumni of Queen's University Belfast\nFante people\nGhanaian chaplains\nGhanaian clergy\nGhanaian Methodists\nUniversity of Ghana alumni\nTrinity Theological Seminary, Legon alumni\nTrinity Theological Seminary, Legon faculty" ]

[ "The twelfth presiding bishop of the Methodist ChurchGhana is a theologian and minister named Paul Kwabena Boafo.", "He was the Administrative Bishop of the Church.", "He is the first minister to serve in both capacities in the history of the church.", "The Protestant Chaplain of the University of Science and Technology was Boafo.", "The Roman Catholic parents of the ethnic Fante, Paul Kwabena Boafo, had a daughter named Agatha Ama Asamoah Boafo.", "He was a frequent patient at the local Catholic hospital when he was three years old.", "Boafo attended the Asankrangwa Roman Catholic Primary School.", "He lived with his maternal uncle, Reverend John Bennet Nsowah Quasie, at Ankonsia, in the Western Region, after his first year of elementary school.", "After completing his catechist training, his uncle was posted to Wa in the Upper West Region.", "He went to the Wa Experimental Primary School due to his uncle's work as a travelling minister.", "He obtained his GCE 'O' Level from the Wenchi Methodist Secondary School after passing the common entrance examination.", "From 1978 to 1981 he was a teacher at the Wesley College.", "He received the Men's Prize in 1981 for his work as the Men's Secretary.", "He obtained a bachelor's degree in Philosophy and the Study of Religions from the University of Legon in 1992.", "He received a World Church Office Scholarship in 1996 for his Master of Theology Degree at Queen's University.", "The scholarship's sponsors, the Methodist Church in Ireland and the Methodist Church Ghana, recommended that he pursue a doctorate in Wesleyan Studies from the same institution.", "He received a PhD in 1999.", "In 1977 Paul Boafo was a teacher at the St. Peter and Paul Anglican Primary School in Saltpond.", "He was a teacher at the Mpasatia Methodist Primary School.", "On 8 June 1986 he was commissioned as a lay preacher and three years later he became a full Methodist agent.", "He wrote a column for the Christian Sentinel, the official newspaper of the Methodist Church.", "He edited the Methodist Times from 2000 to 2016 and co-edited the church's weekly bible lesson.", "The Osei Tutu Secondary School had a Methodist pastor.", "He was attached to three local churches in the Amakom circuit.", "Atonsu Paul Boafo was the first resident minister at the Akyem Otwereso in the Akim Oda Circuit.", "From 1999 to 2001 Boafo was the Minister of the New Achimota Circuit and from 2001 to 2005 he was the Minister of the Adabraka Circuit.", "He was an auxiliary minister at Christ the King Methodist Church, as well as serving on different committees.", "The grand parade was held by the Cape Coast Diocesan brigade under the command of the Connexional brigade executives.", "In the first half of the 19th century, the cathedral served as the mother Diocese of the Methodist Church.", "2000 congregants, including serving and retired members of the church hierarchy, attended the ceremony.", "The Vice- President ofGhana, Mahamudu Bawumia, attended the ceremony.", "He received a staff, a Bible, a ring, and a stole at the service, signifying his new role as the figurehead of the Ghanaian Methodist Church.", "The presiding bishop preached on the theme of God inspired by Judges 13:2.", "Paul has teaching, research and writing under his name.", "He was a professor in the department of theological education and ministerial formation at the Trinity Theological Seminary.", "He taught professional ethics at the Methodist University College in Dansoman.", "He led the facilitation of education at the centre.", "He is a senior lecturer in historical theology at theKNUST.", "He is a professional scholar of the society.", "Paul is married with children.", "Akan people Alumni of Queen's University and Legon alumni Trinity Theological Seminary are examples of living people." ]

[ "Paul Kwabena Boafo", "Paul Kwabena Boafo", "Paul Kwaw Boafo", "Boafo", "Boafo", "Boafo", "Paul Boafo", "Boafo", "Paul Boafo", "Paul Boafosei", "Paul Boaf", "Paul Boafo", "Boafo", "Paul Boaf", "Paul Boafo" ]

[ "Paul Kwabena Boafo", "Paul Kwabena Boafo", "Agatha Ama Asamoah Boafo", "Paul Boafo", "Paul Boafo", "Paul", "Paul" ]

[ "Enrique Morente Cotelo (25 December 1942 – 13 December 2010), known as Enrique Morente, was a flamenco singer (in Spanish, cantaor) and a controversial figure within the world of contemporary flamenco.", "After his orthodox beginnings, he plunged into experimentalism, writing new melodies for cante (flamenco singing) and jamming with musicians of all styles, without renouncing his roots in traditional flamenco singing, which he kept on cultivating despite criticism.", "\"It hasn't been easy.", "First came the accusations of corruption of the music, of treachery in his struggle to disfigure what was already perfectly coded.", "When some albums and some categorical evidence of his knowledge of the classical approach laid these malicious comments bare, then came the most twisted condemnations.", "That the pace of the compás waned (just get a metronome and see for yourself), that he didn't really make you feel (are there really many true aficionados whose hair doesn't stand on end listening to his caña 'Eso no lo manda la ley', 'La aurora de Nueva York' or 'Generalife', to name three markedly different examples) and that kind of thing.\"", "he was perhaps the most influential contemporary flamenco singer, who not only innovated, but it could also be said that he created tradition: some of his cantes have been performed by other singers such as Camarón de la Isla, Mayte Martín, Carmen Linares, Miguel Poveda, Segundo Falcón and Arcángel.", "He also is the father of flamenco singer Estrella Morente.", "The posthumously published volume of Leonard Cohen's poems, The Flame, includes \"Homage to Morente.\"", "(pp.", "30–31)\n\nBiography\nEnrique Morente, born in the traditional quarter of Albaicín in Granada, started to sing as a seise (a member of a group of children who sing, dance and play castanets on certain religious festivals).", "He started to feel attracted to flamenco singing as a child, and had the opportunity to learn at family gatherings and to listen to established figures from Granada like Cobitos, the family of the \"Habichuelas\", or Aurelio Sellés (Aurelio de Cádiz):\n\n\"The cante begins inside you when you listen to the villager's singing, to people in their birthplace.", "Groups of people that meet in a tavern and start singing, and then you listen to them and start singing as well: you learn that at family parties where everybody sings and everybody drinks, and everybody dances and... Apart from that, it turns out that, of course, you need a technique, you need a school, you need to learn.", "In order to achieve this, what you need... the main help you can get is to have a liking for it; and then the skill to know who to learn from, and from what sources, where to find the good.", "Then you are on.\"", "However, this appreciation for the popular side of flamenco does not mean that he considers flamenco as just \"an art of the people\".", "A flamenco artist, for him, needs technique and dedication:\n\n\"It is us, the professional artists of flamenco, who have to make cante flamenco, and nobody else, Flamenco, like any other art, is an art of professionals, although there are many people who peer at us, with a look as if to say: What interesting little creatures!", "or maybe: Oh!", "What music the people are playing!", "and so on.", "And people often think that maybe you have to have fingers swollen from picking potatoes to be able to play the guitar with feeling.", "Look, picking potatoes is every bit as worthy as playing a guitar.", "But I can tell you that a man -with fine, sensitive fingers is not going to be able to make a go of picking potatoes: and I can also tell you that a man with fingers swollen from picking potatoes is not going to be able to play a guitar because he hasn't got the manual dexterity and he hasn't got the dedication.", "This is a profession like any other which you have to dedicate yourself to completely.", "It is an art of professionals.\"", "Still in his teens, Morente went to live in Madrid to start a professional career as a singer.", "There he was able to meet some old masters like Pepe de la Matrona and Bernardo el de los Lobitos, and learned as much as he could from them.", "Pepe de la Matrona took special interest in teaching the young singer: \"This interest was raised not so much by Enrique Morente’s intonation, by his registers or by his melismatic as by his attitude towards things, his respect and his learning capacity.\"", "In Madrid, he started singing at peñas flamencas (clubs for flamenco fans).", "In 1964, he signed a contract with the Ballet de Marienma, with whom he then performed at the Spanish Pavilion at the New York Worlds Fair and at the Spanish Embassy in Washington DC.", "Later he took part in a flamenco festival at Teatro de los Alcázares de los Reyes Cristianos, sharing the bill with Juan Talega, Fernanda and Bernarda de Utrera, Gaspar de Utrera, Tomás Torre and Antonio Mairena.", "During that year and the following one, he also toured Europe and Japan with different flamenco dance companies, and was employed at several tablaos (flamenco venues) in Madrid, such as Las Cueva de Nemesio, Zambra and El Café de Chinitas.", "First recordings\nMorente made his first recording, Cante flamenco in 1967 with guitarist Félix de Utrera.", "The recording received a special mention award from the Cátedra de Flamencología, and was followed by Cantes antiguos del flamenco (1969), with guitarist Niño Ricardo.", "His first recordings were strictly orthodox and showed deep knowledge of traditional flamenco, a rare quality for singers of his generation.", "During this period he also made his first contact with guitarist Manolo Sanlúcar, with whom he would cooperate on several occasions.", "Sanlúcar accompanied him in his concert in Ateneo de Madrid, the first occasion in which a flamenco singer performed in that prestigious cultural institution.", "His next record, Homenaje flamenco a Miguel Hernández (Flamenco Homage to Miguel Hernández, 1971), initiated his frequent use of lyrics by outstanding poets.", "Later on, he would record flamenco songs with lyrics by Federico García Lorca, John of the Cross, Lope de Vega, Al-Mutamid, Antonio Machado and Manuel Machado, Jorge Guillén, and others.", "\"The thing that most calls your attention in his first productions is how much care he devotes to the lyrics of his cantes.", "This is probably the first step in his future career as an innovator in flamenco.", "The poems by Miguel Hernández, for example, became immortal in his impressive 'Nana de la Cebolla' or 'El Niño Yuntero'.", "With the attitude he showed, in these poems, against the francoist regime, he became the favourite flamenco singer for the left-wing opposition in the country, as well as one of the first innovators.\"", "In 1971 and 1972, he toured Mexico with guitarist Parrilla de Jerez and dancer Ana Parrilla, a tour which included his presentation at the Auditorium of the Universidad de las Américas, and performed at Lincoln Center (to which he would return to perform at again in 1973) and the Spanish Institute in New York City.", "In 1972, he was also awarded the Premio Nacional del Cante (National Award for Flamenco Singing) by the Cátedra de Flamencología in Jerez.", "Alternating tradition\nMorente arrived back to orthodox flamenco singing with his recording Homenaje a Don Antonio Chacón (Homage to Antonio Chacón, 1977), which obtained the National Award for best folk music album, granted by the Ministry of Culture.", "In this recording, Morente vindicated the figure of singer Antonio Chacón, the creator of the granaína and a fundamental figure of flamenco in the first decades of the 20th century, who had been, nevertheless, relegated by the views of the 1950s–1970s flamencology, as a representative of the non-Romani (Gypsy) flamenco which that generation considered impure.", "However, in an alternation between tradition and innovation typical of Morente, the recording was immediately followed, in 1978, by Despegando (\"Taking off\"), this time in an innovative mood: the title itself is, in fact, a declaration of intentions.", "In 1981 he toured a new show, Andalucía hoy (\"Andalusia Today\"), which he would later perform at the Paris Olympia in Paris, France.", "In 1982, some of his recordings were chosen by flamencologist José Blas Vega to take part in the flamenco anthology Magna Antología del Cante (a complete collection of traditional styles of cante) to illustrate songs such as the tarantas from Almería, several types of cartageneras, the fandangos by Frasquito Yerbabuena, and all the malagueñas and granaínas created by Antonio Chacón.", "In 1990 in another comeback to orthodoxy, he recorded Morente-Sabicas, with guitarist Sabicas, who was already in his 70s.", "In the following year, he created and recorded a flamenco mass, a type of creation that already had some precedents, like the one recorded by Antonio Mairena, Luis Caballero, and Naranjito de Triana in 1968.", "However Morente's mass is totally different from any previous examples.", "Whereas earlier flamenco masses basically tried to use traditional flamenco singing for the liturgy, Morente's does not even have a liturgic purpose, and mixes flamenco with other genres like Gregorian chant.", "About this mass, in one of his touches of humour, Morente said:\n\n\"At a given point, I thought I could dedicate it to Pope Clement, the one of El Palmar de Troya, but then I remembered that he had canonized Franco, Primo de Rivera, Carrero Blanco and all those guys and, while on the one hand I thought it was funnier, on the other hand I thought the joke could be interpreted in a strange way and I didn't do it, though I was about to do it.", "But the record was made with a sincerity and a true intention, no matter the results, and I thought it was like ruining it a bit because of the joke.. and that was too much!\"", "Later works\n\nIn 1995 he appeared singing a siguiriya in Carlos Saura's film Flamenco and recorded his most controversial recording: Omega, together with the alternative rock group Lagartija Nick, with the participation of guitarists such as Tomatito, Vicente Amigo, Juan Manuel Cañizares and Miguel Ángel Cortés and percussionists like Tino di Geraldo.", "Flamenco and punk rock are mingled with recreations of songs by Leonard Cohen, and lyrics from Federico García Lorca's book Poeta en Nueva York (\"A Poet in New York\"), together with traditional flamenco lyrics.", "The work was performed at the 2008 Festival Internacional de Benicàssim, under the stage name Morente Omega con Lagartija Nick (Antonio Arias, David Fernandez, Lorena Enjuto and Jesus Requena).", "The year 2001 saw the publishing of a very much sought for record by Morente, \"Enrique Morente en la Casa Museo de García Lorca de Fuentevaqueros\", a collection of songs based on the poetry of Federico García Lorca.", "The recording had been made in studio in Madrid, in 1990, and it had been commissioned by the Diputación de Granada (a government institution).", "Only a limited edition was made and the copies were sent as gifts to particular persons.", "In the second hand market, those copies reached 25,000 pesetas (150 euros).", "Another interesting release of Morente, El Pequeño Reloj, saw the light in 2003.", "Whereas the second half of the CD is a more or less random collection of songs, the first half of the record comprises a surprising series of songs which are broken in two parts: in the first part of the song, Morente's voice is superimposed on top of old 78 r.p.m recordings of old masters of the flamenco guitar like Ramón Montoya, Sabicas or Manolo de Huelva, while the second part is a modern development of the same palo, with the side guitar of the young and innovative guitarist Niño Josele.", "Although Morente could not read musical notation he composed music for theatre plays, films and television, such as the work Las Arrecogidas del Beaterio de Santa María Egipcíaca\", the music for Oedipus the King with José Luis Gómez.", "He has tried the mixture between flamenco and classical music in works like Fantasía de cante jondo para voz y orquesta (Cante jondo Fantasy for voice and orchestra, together with pianist Antonio Robledo, guitarists Juan Habichuela and Gerardo Núñez and the Madrid Symphony Orchestra, conducted by Luis Izquierdo, 1986) or with Allegro Soleá, which he presented at Seville's Flamenco Biennal in 1990.", "Along the lines of the mixture of flamenco with other types of music, he collaborated in the show Macama Jonda by José Heredia Maya, together with the Tetuan Andalusian Orchestra and Abdessadeq Cheqara, or with the Bulgarian Voices choir Angelite.", "In Morente's aforementioned recording Omega, he mixed flamenco singing with punk rock, music by Leonard Cohen, and lyrics by Federico García Lorca.", "In the show África-Cuba-Cai he mixed flamenco with music from Senegal, and Cuba (Cai is the way Cádiz is pronounced in Andalusian Spanish).", "The show also underlines the historic links between Cuban and flamenco music: \"That's always been close to flamenco, since way back, because the ships in Cádiz went to Cuba, some came and others stayed over there, we've always had that.\"", "It is difficult to think of any kind of music which has not interested Morente.", "After one of his concerts with Cheqara Orkesta of Tetuan, he declared: \"...if I had to put out a CD for every culture I mixed with I'd be putting out about 7 or 8 CDs a year.", "It wouldn't be bad – if I got paid for it by the record company then I could build myself a home.\"", "Owing to his innovative approach, Morente was widely criticized by the more extreme traditionalist sectors of flamenco's critical faculty and public, though it had been said that \"Needless to say, all this cost Morente a real torment, since flamenco is still a very closed world, in which the slightest attempt for novelty is taken as a deadly sin of heresy.\".", "Although Morente's work is now widely recognized by most critics, and has inspired many singers of the young generation like Mayte Martín or Arcángel, there is still a section of traditionalist critics and public that still disparage his work:\n\n\"Aficionados were scratching their heads after the show, trying to figure out exactly, which forms—if any—Morente was working in much of the time.", "'Remember the old days when you could actually recognize what flamenco forms were being performed?'\"", "Ethnic bias is often not alien to these criticisms.", "A good number of flamenco critics and public were introduced into flamenco at the time of the \"reappraisal period\" led by singers like Antonio Mairena and critics like González Climent or Ricardo Molina, in whose views, pure flamenco singing would be a patrimony of Romanis, which non-Romanis could only try to imitate in vain without ever reaching its essence.", "In the same review quoted above we can read: \"And once you have experienced truly great Romani singing of this sort, the erudition of an artist like Morente pales like a candle flame next to a blazing torch.\"", "These views on Morente, though very common in the 1970s and 1980s, have almost died down.", "The controversy between tradition and innovation, Romani and non-Romani singing and other topics, so common twenty years ago, is now relatively confined to a limited section of the public, while most flamenco fans and critics acknowledge Morente's deep artistic intelligence and commitment:\n\n\"This comes from the man who never sings the same way twice, who tirelessly seeks that new inflection, that unheard-of scale, the change of tone that best matches the desired feeling and intentions at a given moment.", "The easy option would be the other one.", "To do what Enrique does you need extreme intellectual abilities and extreme emotional commitment.", "He takes the perfectly-laid, common foundations, defined by tradition, and on them builds with all the conceivable potential of flamenco.\"", "In December 2010 it was reported that Morente had fallen into a coma after an ulcer operation, and had been declared brain dead.", "He died in Madrid on 13 December 2010.", "Directed by Carlos Saura (1995)\nMorente sueña La Alhambra.", "Directed by José Sánchez-Montes (2005)\nIberia.", "Directed by Carlos Saura (2005)\nMorente.", "Directed by Emilio R. Barrachina (2011)\n\nDiscography\nCante flamenco (1967)\nCantes antiguos del flamenco (1969)\nHomenaje flamenco a Miguel Hernández (1971)\nSe hace camino al andar (1975)\nHomenaje a Don Antonio Chacón (1977)\nDespegando (1977)\nMorente en vivo, Díscolo, (1981), illegal recording live\nSacromonte (1982)\nCruz y Luna (1983)\nEsencias flamencas (1988)\nMorente – Sabicas (1990)\nEnrique Morente en la Casa Museo de Federico García Lorca de Fuentevaqueros (1990)\nMisa flamenca (1991)\nNegra, si tú supieras (1992)\nAlegro, Soleá y Fantasía del Cante Jondo (1995)\nOmega (1996)\nMorente – Lorca (1998)\nEl pequeño reloj (2003)\nMorente sueña la Alhambra (2005, Mute Records)\nPablo de Málaga (2008)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n1942 births\n2010 deaths\nPeople from Granada\nSingers from Andalusia\nFlamenco singers\nMute Records artists\n20th-century Spanish musicians\n20th-century Spanish male singers" ]

[ "Flamenco singer and controversial figure in the world of contemporary flamenco, known as Enrique Morente, was born in 1942.", "After his orthodox beginnings, he plunged into experimentalism, writing new melodies for cante (flamenco singing) and jamming with musicians of all styles, without renouncing his roots in traditional flamenco singing.", "It hasn't been easy.", "The accusations of corruption of the music came first.", "The most twisted condemnations came when some albums and evidence of his knowledge of the classical approach laid these malicious comments bare.", "The pace of the comps waned, that he didn't really make you feel, and that his hair doesn't stand on end listening to his caa 'Eso no lo manda la ley.", "Some of his cantes have been performed by other singers such as Camarn de la Isla and Carmen Linares.", "He is the father of a flamenco singer.", "\"Homage to Morente\" is one of Leonard Cohen's poems.", "Thepp.", "A seise is a group of children who sing, dance and play castanets on religious festivals.", "He started to like flamenco singing when he was a child and had the chance to learn it at family gatherings.", "At family parties where everybody sings and everybody drinks, and everybody dances, you learn that you need a technique.", "The main help you can get is to have a liking for it, and then the skill to know who to learn from, and where to find the good.", "You are on.", "He doesn't mean that flamenco is just an art of the people.", "Flamenco is an art of professionals, although there are many people who peer at us, because it is us, the professional artists of flamenco, who have to make cante flamenco.", "Maybe: Oh!", "The people are playing music.", "And so on.", "People think that if you pick potatoes you have to have swollen fingers to play the guitar.", "Picking potatoes is just as good as playing a guitar.", "I can tell you that a man with sensitive fingers won't be able to pick potatoes, and that a man with swollen fingers won't be able to play the guitar.", "You have to dedicate yourself to this profession like any other.", "It is an art of professionals.", "After graduating from high school, Morente moved to Madrid to start his career as a singer.", "He was able to learn a lot from the old masters like Pepe de la Matrona.", "\"Pepe de la Matrona had a special interest in teaching the young singer because of his attitude towards things, his respect and his learning capacity.\"", "He started singing at peas flamencas in Madrid.", "He performed at the New York Worlds Fair and the Spanish Embassy in Washington DC after signing a contract with the Ballet de Marienma.", "He shared the bill with Juan Talega, Fernanda and Bernarda de Utrera, Gaspar de Utrera, Toms Torre and Antonio Mairena.", "He toured Europe and Japan with different flamenco dance companies and was employed at several tablaos in Madrid.", "Cante flamenco was Morente's first recording.", "The Cantes antiguos del flamenco was followed by the special mention award from the Ctedra de Flamencologa.", "His first recordings showed a deep knowledge of traditional flamenco, a rare quality for singers of his generation.", "He made his first contact with the guitarist Manolo Sanlcar during this period.", "The first occasion in which a flamenco singer performed in Ateneo de Madrid was accompanied by Sanlcar.", "His next record, Homenaje flamenco a Miguel Hernndez (Flamenco Homage to Miguel Hernndez, 1971), started his use of lyrics by outstanding poets.", "He recorded flamenco songs with lyrics by John of the Cross and others.", "He devotes a lot of time to the lyrics of his cantes in his first productions.", "This is probably the beginning of his career in flamenco.", "The 'Nana de la Cebolla' or 'El Nio Yuntero' poems were written by Miguel Hernndez.", "He became the favourite flamenco singer for the left-wing opposition in the country, as well as one of the first innovators, because of the attitude he showed in these poems.", "In 1971 and 1972, he toured Mexico with a guitarist and a dancer and performed at Lincoln Center and the Spanish Institute.", "He was awarded the National Award for Flamenco Singing in 1972 by the Ctedra de Flamencologa.", "Homenaje a Don Antonio Chacn was granted the National Award for best folk music album by the Ministry of Culture.", "Antonio Chacn, the creator of the granana and a fundamental figure of flamenco in the first decades of the 20th century, was vindicated in this recording by Morente.", "In an innovation typical of Morente, the recording was immediately followed in 1978 by Despegando \" Taking off\", which is a declaration of intentions.", "In 1981 he toured a new show, Andaluca hoy, which he would perform in Paris, France.", "The tarantas from Almera, several types of cart, and some of his recordings were chosen to be included in a flamenco anthology in 1982.", "In 1990 he recorded Morente-Sabicas with a guitarist who was already in his 70s.", "In the following year, he created and recorded a flamenco mass, a type of creation that already had some precedents, like the one recorded by Antonio Mairena, Luis Caballero, and Naranjito de Triana in 1968.", "Morente's mass is completely different from previous examples.", "Morente's flamenco mass does not have a liturgic purpose and mixes flamenco with other genres like Gregorian chant.", "At one point, Morente thought he could dedicate the mass to Pope Clement, the one of El Palmar de Troya, but then he remembered that he had canonized Franco.", "I thought the record was ruined because of the joke, but it was made with a genuine intention, no matter what the result was.", "In 1995 he appeared in Carlos Saura's film Flamenco and recorded his most controversial recording: Omega, with the participation of guitarists such as Tomatito, Vicente Amigo, and Juan Manuel Caizar.", "The 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846", "The work was performed at the 2008 Festival Internacional de Benicssim under the stage name Morente Omega con Lagartija Nick.", "The year 2001 saw the publishing of a very much sought for record by Morente, \"Enrique Morente en la Casa Museo de Garca Lorca de Fuentevaqueros\".", "The recording was made in a studio in Madrid in 1990.", "The copies of the limited edition were sent as gifts.", "The copies reached 25,000 pesetas in the second hand market.", "In 2003 there was a release of Morente called El Pequeo Reloj.", "Morente's voice is superimposed on top of old 78 r.p in the first part of the song, which is part of the first half of the CD.", "Morente composed music for theatre plays, films and television even though he couldn't read music.", "There is a mixture of flamenco and classical music in works like Fantasa de cante jondo para voz y orquesta.", "Along the lines of flamenco with other types of music, he collaborated in the show Macama Jonda by José Heredia Maya.", "In Omega, Morente mixed flamenco singing with punk rock and Leonard Cohen's music.", "In the show frica-Cuba-Cai he mixed flamenco with music from Cuba.", "\"That's always been close to flamenco, since way back, because the ships in Cdiz went to Cuba, some came and others stayed over there, we've always had that.\"", "It's hard to think of any kind of music that doesn't interest Morente.", "\"If I had to put out a CD for every culture I mixed with, I'd be putting out about 7 or 8 CDs a year,\" he said after one of his concerts with Cheqara Orkesta.", "I could build myself a home if I got paid for it.", "Due to his innovative approach, Morente was widely criticized by the more extreme sectors of flamenco's critical faculty and public, since flamenco is still a very closed world.", "Although Morente's work is now widely recognized by most critics, and has inspired many singers of the young generation like Mayte Martn or Arcngel, there is still a section of traditionalist critics and public that still hate his work.", "Remember the days when you could see what flamenco forms were being performed?", "Ethnic bias is not new to these criticisms.", "A good number of flamenco critics and public were introduced to flamenco at the time of the \"reappraisal period\" led by singers like Antonio Mairena and critics like Gonzlez Climent, in whose views, pure flamenco singing would be a patrimony of Romanis.", "\"And once you have experienced truly great Romani singing of this sort, the erudition of an artist like Morente pales like a candle flame next to a blazing torch.\"", "The views on Morente were common in the 1970s and 1980s.", "The debate between tradition and innovation, Romani and non-Romani singing and other topics, so common twenty years ago, is now relatively confined to a limited section of the public, while most flamenco fans and critics acknowledge Morente's deep artistic intelligence and commitment.", "The easiest option would be the other one.", "You need extreme intellectual abilities and emotional commitment to do what Enrique does.", "He takes the perfectly-laid, common foundations, defined by tradition, and on them builds with all the possibilities of flamenco.", "Morente was declared brain dead in December 2010 after he fell into a coma following an operation.", "He died in Madrid.", "Morente suea La Alhambra was directed by Carlos Saura.", "The film was directed by José Snchez-Montes.", "Carlos Saura directed Morente.", "Discography Cante flamenco was directed by Emilio R. Barrachina." ]

[ "Enrique Morente Cotelo", "Enrique Morente", "Morente", "Enrique Morente", "Morente", "Enrique Morente", "Morente", "Morente", "Enrique More", "Enrique", "Enrique More" ]

[ "Enrique Morente", "Morente", "Morente", "Morente", "Morente", "Morente", "Enrique" ]

[ "Major General Charles Harrison Corlett (July 31, 1889 – October 13, 1971), nicknamed \"Cowboy Pete\", was a senior United States Army officer who commanded troops in both the Pacific and European Theaters during World War II.", "He led the attack on Kiska in 1943 and commanded the 7th Infantry Division in the taking of Kwajalein in 1944.", "After D-Day he led the XIX Corps in pursuit of the retreating German Army through France, Belgium, Holland, and Germany.", "Early life and military career\nCorlett was born in Burchard, Nebraska on July 31, 1889, but lived most of his early life in Monte Vista, Colorado, where his father farmed and practiced law.", "He graduated from public high school in Monte Vista and worked on cattle ranches until he was 19.", "The following year he was appointed to the United States Military Academy (USMA) at West Point, New York.", "As a cadet there, his knowledge of horses earned him the nickname of \"Cowboy Pete\".", "He graduated from the USMA on June 12, 1913, where he was commissioned as a second lieutenant into the Signal Corps of the United States Army.", "Among those who he graduated alongside, all of whom were to become general officers, were men such as Douglass T. Greene, Alexander Patch, Geoffrey Keyes, Richard U. Nicholas, Paul Newgarden, Robert M. Perkins, Lunsford E. Oliver, Robert L. Spragins, Willis D. Crittenberger, Francis K. Newcomer, Louis A. Craig, William R. Schmidt, Henry B. Cheadle and Henry Balding Lewis, William A. McCullogh, Robert L. Spragins and Carlos Brewer.", "In April 1916, he moved with the 30th Infantry Regiment to Eagle Pass, Texas, where action in the Pancho Villa Expedition was anticipated but didn't materialize.", "He then was assigned to Radio Company A, a horse and mule outfit, and used one of the earliest radios in the U.S. Army.", "His brigade was renamed Signal Corps, and he witnessed the early development of military aviation, which was then a branch of the Signal Corps.", "Due to the American entry into World War I in April 1917, Corlett worked in the early organization and expansion of the Signal Corps and was its first commanding officer and executive.", "He served on the Western Front where, as Director of Signal Corps Supplies for the American Expeditionary Force (AEF), he was injured by mustard gas while laying communication lines at the front.", "He crossed the Rhine into Germany with the first American troops at Coblenz.", "He was promoted to lieutenant colonel in 1918 at the very young age of 29.", "The war ended on November 11, 1918.", "For his service during the war he was awarded the Army Distinguished Service Medal.", "Between the wars\nDuring the interwar period in the 1920s and 1930s, Corlett commanded various army detachments.", "He graduated from the U.S. Army Command and General Staff School at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, in 1924 and the U.S. Army War College in Washington, D.C., in 1925.", "He was an instructor at the United States Army Coast Artillery School and at U.S. Army Command and General Staff School.", "He was a member of the General Staff of the War Department from 1934 to 1939.", "He commanded regiments in Hawaii, California, Washington, and Alaska from 1939 to 1941.", "World War II\nDuring World War II, Corlett was awarded the Silver Star and the Distinguished Service Medal and the Navy Distinguished Service Medal, along with the Legion of Merit.", "Kiska\n\nAlthough World War II had begun in September 1939, the United States chose to remain neutral and did not enter the conflict until December 8, 1941, due to the Japanese surprise attack on Pearl Harbor the previous day.", "Corlett was promoted to the rank of major general on September 6, 1942, and was placed in command of the Kiska Task Force that consisted of 35,000 soldiers, including the 7th Infantry Division, First Special Service Force, 87th Infantry Regiment of the 10th Mountain Division, 184th Infantry Regiment, and the Canadian 13th Infantry Brigade.", "The Task Force was to retrieve the island of Kiska, the first of the only two locations (along with Attu Island) in the United States occupied by enemy forces during World War II.", "Both islands were two of the westernmost islands in the Aleutian Chain, posing a threat to strategic targets and population centers across the United States West Coast.", "Kiska was a Japanese seaplane and submarine base with well-established infrastructure and an estimated force of 10,000.", "Before the Kiska attack in August 1943, Attu was secured after several weeks of combat in extremely difficult weather.", "The American troops on Attu were ill-prepared for the cold, stormy environment of the Aleutians, but they were better prepared for the Kiska campaign with heavier clothing and training supplemented by 15–45 days of acclimatization and maneuvers in the Aleutians.", "Beginning in January, the United States Navy blockaded the island and bombed it almost every day in conjunction with the United States Army Air Forces.", "Aerial photographs of the area showed enemy vehicles as late as August 13.", "The U.S. amphibious attack on Kiska began the night of August 15.", "The soldiers expected enemy fire, but they were greeted by only silence as they scrambled ashore in heavy, unrelenting fog.", "On August 16, the second half of the powerful invasion force came ashore on the northern part of Kiska, again to a deserted island.", "The Japanese had left under cover of night, fog, and storm two weeks earlier.", "At noon on August 17, Major General Corlett conceded that the enemy was really gone, leaving great stores of supplies.", "Nevertheless, Allied forces suffered 313 casualties including friendly fire, land and naval mines, and car accidents in foggy conditions.", "This phantom battle marked the end of the Japanese occupation of American soil and its only campaign in the Western Hemisphere.", "Kwajalein\nCorlett was then transferred to Fort Ord, California, to organize, train, and equip the 9th Amphibious Corps, including the 7th Infantry Division and other special troops who later distinguished themselves in many battles in the South Pacific.", "He received orders to take command of the 7th Infantry Division and report to Admiral Chester W. Nimitz at Pearl Harbor, where Nimitz informed him that he was to be in command of the army forces that would capture Kwajalein Island on the southern part of Kwajalein Atoll, a major Japanese naval-air base and part of the Marshall Islands, 2,350 miles southwest of Honolulu.", "Kwajalein, the world's largest atoll, was defended by 5,000 troops, who were ordered not to surrender.", "After extensive amphibious training on Maui for 5 months and many days of aerial bombardment of the island, the 7th Division attacked and fought in Operation Flintlock on January 31–February 7, 1944, a campaign resulting in the capture of 27 islets, 12 of which were rigorously defended to the death by the enemy.", "Kwajalein has been called by some military observers the most nearly perfect of all U.S. amphibious operations because of the flawless execution of a well-thought-out plan.", "Casualty results attest to this evaluation and were attributed to careful planning and preparation by the 7th Division: 177 U.S. soldiers killed, 4,398 Japanese killed, and 174 enemy soldiers taken prisoner.", "Europe\n\nIn April 1944, Corlett was ordered to the European Theater of Operations (ETO).", "In London he reported to General Dwight D. Eisenhower, the Supreme Allied Commander in the theater, and was informed that he was to become commander of the XIX Corps, part of the U.S. First Army under Lieutenant General Omar Bradley.", "The corps, initially consisting of the 2nd and 3rd Armored Divisions and the 29th and 30th Infantry Divisions, would battle across France, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Germany.", "He immediately began training the corps in Warminster, Wiltshire, England, for the anticipated amphibious assault on Northern France, scheduled for June 1944.", "On the fourth day after D-Day (June 10), the XIX Corps landed in France at Omaha Beach, where the 29th Infantry Division, in its first battle, suffered very heavy casualties, near Colleville-su-Mer.", "In the next few weeks they took St.", "Lo after difficult hedge-row fighting and spearheaded the Operation Cobra breakthrough to Mortain and the Falaise Pocket, where they destroyed 100 German tanks and captured 3 German divisions.", "While dealing with thousands of prisoners of war (POWs) the corps occupied the towns of Évreux and Elbeuf and took Tessy-sur-Vire on August 1.", "They captured Percy on August 5.", "After stopping the last German offensive in Normandy and battling nearly 100,000 troops in the Argentan-Falaise Pocket, they crossed the river Seine on August 28.", "Ordered to drive northwest as quickly as possible, the XIX Corps faced the bulk of the German Army in the West, which was retreating as fast as it could to prevent any further encirclement, but capable of counterattacking and defending in force.", "Building bridges and shooting down 42 German planes, the XIX Corps reached Belgium in 2 days, crossing the river Somme on September 2, the first Allied soldiers to enter Belgium and the Netherlands.", "They took Tournai on September 2, followed by Fort Eben-Emael, Maastricht, and Sittard.", "On September 14, the corps crossed the Meuse River and entered Germany, establishing a bridgehead across the Albert Canal.", "The XIX Corps was struggling to close an escape route known as the Aachen Gap when, because of illness, Corlett was relieved of command of the corps on October 15, 1944, and assigned to the U.S. 12th Army Group in France.", "From D-Day to October 15, the XIX Corps captured 29,867 POWs, shot down 55 enemy airplanes, built 160 bridges, and crossed the Vire, Seine, Somme, Meuse, and Maas Rivers.", "During this same period, soldiers of the corps were awarded 26 Distinguished Service Crosses, 737 Silver Stars, and 3,390 Bronze Stars.", "Planned invasion of the Japanese mainland\nIn November 1944, Corlett reported to Admiral Nimitz in Honolulu and took command of the XXXVI Corps in the planning of the northern attack on the Japanese mainland from the Kurile Islands in the projected Operation Downfall.", "In connection with that order and at the time of Victory over Japan Day (V-J Day), he was writing a training course in amphibious operations for divisions returning from Europe.", "General Corlett retired from the Army in 1946.", "Postwar\nAfter his retirement from the Army, Corlett was appointed by the U.S. Secretary of Agriculture to organize and initiate the Commission for Eradication of Hoof and mouth disease in Mexico, requiring relocation to Mexico City until mid-1947.", "He returned to his sheep and cattle ranch in New Mexico, where the governor appointed him chairman of the New Mexico State Bureau of Revenue and later to the State Investment Council.", "He was also on the board of the School of American Research.", "He died in Española, New Mexico, on October 13, 1971, at the age of 82." ]

[ "\"Cowboy Pete\" was a senior United States Army officer who commanded troops in both the Pacific and European Theaters during World War II.", "In 1943, he led the attack on Kiska and in 1944 he commanded the 7th Infantry Division.", "He led the XIX Corps in pursuit of the German Army after D-Day.", "He was born in Nebraska on July 31, 1889, but lived most of his life in Colorado, where his father practiced law.", "He worked on cattle ranches until he was 19 after graduating from public high school.", "He was appointed to the USMA in the following year.", "He was nicknamed \"Cowboy Pete\" because of his knowledge of horses.", "He was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the United States Army after graduating from the USMA.", "All of the men who graduated with him were going to become general officers.", "In 1916, he moved to Eagle Pass, Texas, where the action in the Pancho Villa expedition was anticipated but didn't happen.", "One of the earliest radios in the U.S. Army was used by him when he was assigned to Radio Company A.", "He witnessed the early development of military aviation when his brigade was renamed the Signal Corps.", "Due to the American entry into World War I in 1917, Corlett was the first commanding officer and executive of the Signal Corps.", "During his time on the Western Front, he was injured by mustard gas while laying communication lines.", "He crossed the Rhine into Germany with the first American troops.", "He was promoted to lieutenant colonel when he was 29 years old.", "The war ended in 1918.", "He was awarded a medal for his service during the war.", "During the interwar period in the 1920s and 1930s, Corlett commanded armies.", "He graduated from the U.S. Army War College in 1925.", "He taught at the United States Army Command and General Staff School.", "From 1934 to 1939 he was a member of the General Staff of the War Department.", "From 1939 to 1941, he commanded units in Hawaii, California, Washington, and Alaska.", "Corlett was awarded the Legion of Merit and the Silver Star during World War II.", "The United States did not enter World War II until December 8, 1941, due to the Japanese surprise attack on Pearl Harbor the previous day.", "The Kiska Task Force consisted of 35,000 soldiers, including the 7th Infantry Division, First Special Service Force, 87th Infantry Regiment, and the 10th Mountain Division.", "The first of two locations in the United States occupied by enemy forces during World War II was to be retrieved by the Task Force.", "Two of the westernmost islands in the Aleutian Chain pose a threat to strategic targets and population centers across the United States West Coast.", "With an estimated force of 10,000, Kiska was a Japanese seaplane and submarine base.", "After several weeks of combat, Attu was secured before the Kiska attack.", "The American troops on Attu were ill-prepared for the cold, windy environment of the Aleutians, but they were better prepared for the Kiska campaign with heavier clothing and training.", "The island was blockaded by the United States Navy and bombed by the United States Army Air Force.", "Enemy vehicles were shown in aerial photographs as late as August 13.", "The U.S. launched an attack on Kiska the night of August 15.", "The soldiers expected enemy fire, but they were only greeted with silence as they scrambled to land.", "On the northern part of Kiska, the second half of the invasion force came in on August 16.", "Two weeks earlier, the Japanese had left under cover of night, fog, and storm.", "Major General Corlett said at noon on August 17 that the enemy was gone.", "Allied forces suffered 313 casualties, including friendly fire, land and naval mines, and car accidents in foggy conditions.", "The only campaign in the Western Hemisphere was marked by this phantom battle.", "The 7th Infantry Division and other special troops who later distinguished themselves in many battles in the South Pacific were trained by the 9th Amphibious Corps.", "He was told at Pearl Harbor that he would be in charge of the army forces that would capture the southern part of the island.", "Thousands of troops were ordered not to surrender as the world's largest atoll was defended by 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884", "After extensive amphibious training on Maui for 5 months and many days of aerial bombardment of the island, the 7th Division attacked and fought in a campaign that resulted in the capture of 27 islets, 12 of which were rigorously defended to the death.", "The flawless execution of a well-thought-out plan has been called the most nearly perfect of all U.S. amphibious operations.", "The casualty results were attributed to careful planning and preparation by the 7th Division.", "The European Theater of Operations was ordered in April 1944.", "He was told that he was to become commander of the XIX Corps, part of the U.S. First Army, when he arrived in London.", "The corps consisted of the 2nd and 3rd Armored Divisions and the 29th and 30th Infantry Divisions.", "He started training the corps in Warminster, England, for the amphibious assault on Northern France.", "On the fourth day after D-Day, the XIX Corps landed in France at Omaha Beach, where the 29th Infantry Division suffered heavy casualties in its first battle.", "They took St. in the next few weeks.", "They destroyed 100 German tanks and captured 3 German divisions after leading the breakthrough to Mortain and the Falaise Pocket.", "The corps took control of the towns of vreux and Elbeuf on August 1 after dealing with thousands of prisoners of war.", "The man was captured on August 5.", "They crossed the river Seine after defeating the Germans in the Argentan-Falaise Pocket.", "The XIX Corps faced the bulk of the German Army in the West, which was retreating as fast as it could to prevent any further encirclement.", "Building bridges and shooting down 42 German planes, the XIX Corps reached Belgium in 2 days, crossing the river Somme on September 2, the first Allied soldiers to enter Belgium and the Netherlands.", "They took Tournai on September 2.", "The bridgehead across the Albert Canal was established on September 14, when the corps crossed the Meuse River.", "On October 15, 1944, Corlett was relieved of command of the XIX Corps because of illness and assigned to the U.S. 12th Army Group in France.", "From D-Day to October 15, the XIX Corps captured 29,866 POWs, shot down 55 enemy airplanes, and built 160 bridges.", "The soldiers of the corps were awarded over 3000 Bronze Stars.", "The XXXVI Corps was in charge of planning the invasion of the Japanese mainland in the fall of 1944.", "At the time of Victory over Japan Day, he was writing a training course for amphibious operations for divisions returning from Europe.", "The General retired from the Army.", "The Commission for Eradication of Hoof and mouth disease in Mexico was established by the U.S. Secretary of Agriculture and had to be relocated to Mexico City until 1947.", "He was appointed chairman of the New Mexico State Bureau of Revenue after returning to his sheep and cattle ranch.", "The School of American Research was where he was on the board.", "On October 13, 1971, he died in Espaola, New Mexico." ]

[ "Charles Harrison Corlett", "Henry B", "Henry Balding", "Corlett", "Corlett" ]

[ "Corlett", "Corlett" ]

[ "Ngô Đình Diệm ( or ; ; 3 January 1901 – 2 November 1963) was a Vietnamese politician.", "He was the final prime minister of the State of Vietnam (1954–1955), and then served as President of South Vietnam (Republic of Vietnam) from 1955 until he was captured and assassinated during the 1963 military coup.", "Diệm was born into a prominent Catholic family, the son of a high-ranking civil servant, Ngô Đình Khả.", "He was educated at French-speaking schools and considered following his brother Ngô Đình Thục into the priesthood, but eventually chose to pursue a civil-service career.", "He progressed rapidly in the court of Emperor Bảo Đại, becoming governor of Bình Thuận Province in 1929 and interior minister in 1933.", "However, he resigned the latter position after three months and publicly denounced the emperor as a tool of France.", "Diệm came to support Vietnamese nationalism, promoting an anti-communist and anti-colonialist \"third way\" opposed to both Bảo Đại and communist leader Hồ Chí Minh.", "He established the Can Lao Party to support his political doctrine of Person Dignity Theory.", "After several years in exile, Diệm returned home in July 1954 and was appointed prime minister by Bảo Đại, the head of the Western-backed State of Vietnam.", "The Geneva Accords were signed soon after he took office, formally partitioning Vietnam along the 17th parallel.", "Diệm soon consolidated power in South Vietnam, aided by his brother Ngô Đình Nhu.", "After a rigged referendum in 1955, he proclaimed the creation of the Republic of Vietnam, with himself as president.", "His government was supported by other anti-communist countries, most notably the United States.", "Diệm pursued a series of nation-building schemes, emphasising industrial and rural development.", "From 1957, he was faced with a communist insurgency backed by North Vietnam, eventually formally organized under the banner of the Việt Cộng.", "He was subject to a number of assassination and coup attempts, and in 1962 established the Strategic Hamlet Program as the cornerstone of his counterinsurgency effort.", "Diệm's favoritism towards Catholics and persecution of South Vietnam's Buddhist majority led to the \"Buddhist crisis\" of 1963.", "The violence damaged relations with the United States and other previously sympathetic countries, and his regime lost favour with the leadership of the Army of the Republic of Vietnam.", "On 1 November 1963, the country's leading generals launched a coup d'état with assistance from the CIA.", "He and his younger brother Nhu initially escaped, but were recaptured the following day and assassinated on the orders of Dương Văn Minh, who succeeded him as president.", "Diệm has been a controversial historical figure in historiography on the Vietnam War.", "Some historians have considered him a tool of the United States, while others portrayed him as an avatar of Vietnamese tradition.", "At the time of his assassination, he was widely considered to be a corrupt dictator.", "Family and early life\nNgô Đình Diệm was born in 1901 in Quảng Bình, a province in the central Vietnam.", "His family originated in Phú Cam Village, a Catholic village adjacent to Huế.", "His ancestors had been among Vietnam's earliest Catholic converts in the 17th century.", "Diệm was given a saint's name at birth, Gioan Baotixita (a Vietnamized form of Jean-Baptiste), following the custom of the Catholic Church.", "The Ngô-Đình family suffered under the anti-Catholic persecutions of Emperors Minh Mạng and Tự Đức.", "In 1880, while Diệm's father, Ngô Đình Khả (1850–1925), was studying in British Malaya, an anti-Catholic riot led by Buddhist monks almost wiped out the Ngô-Đình clan.", "Over 100 of the Ngô clan were \"burned alive in a church including Khả's parents, brothers, and sisters.\"", "Ngô Đình Khả was educated in a Catholic school in British Malaya, where he learned English and studied the European-style curriculum.", "He was a devout Catholic and scrapped plans to become a Roman Catholic priest in the late 1870s.", "He worked for the commander of the French armed forces as an interpreter and took part in campaigns against anti-colonial rebels in the mountains of Tonkin during 1880.", "He rose to become a high-ranking Mandarin, the first headmaster of the National Academy in Huế (founded in 1896) and a counselor to Emperor Thành Thái under the French colonial regime.", "He was appointed minister of the rites and chamberlain and keeper of the eunuchs.", "Despite his collaboration with the French colonizers, Khả was \"motivated less by Francophilia than by certain reformist ambitions\".", "Like Phan Châu Trinh, Khả believed that independence from France could be achieved only after changes in Vietnamese politics, society and culture had occurred.", "In 1907, after the ouster of emperor Thành Thái, Khả resigned his appointments, withdrew from the imperial court, and became a farmer in the countryside.", "After the tragedy that had befallen his family, Khả decided to abandon study for the priesthood and married.", "After his first wife died childless, Khả remarried and had twelve children with his second wife, Phạm Thị Thân (in a period of twenty-three years) of whom nine survived infancy – six sons and three daughters.", "These were Ngô Đình Khôi, Ngô Đình Thị Giao, Ngô Đình Thục, Ngô Đình Diệm, Ngô Đình Thị Hiệp, Ngô Đình Thị Hoàng, Ngô Đình Nhu, Ngô Đình Cẩn and Ngô Đình Luyện.", "As a devout Roman Catholic, Khả took his entire family to daily morning Mass and encouraged his sons to study for the priesthood.", "Having learned both Latin and classical Chinese, Khả strove to make sure his children were well educated in both Christian scriptures and Confucian classics.", "During his childhood, Diệm laboured in the family's rice fields while studying at a French Catholic primary school (Pellerin School) in Huế, and later entered a private school started by his father, where he studied French, Latin, and classical Chinese.", "At the age of fifteen he briefly followed his elder brother, Ngô Đình Thục, who would become Vietnam's highest-ranking Catholic bishop, into seminary.", "Diệm swore himself to celibacy to prove his devotion to his faith, but found monastic life too rigorous and decided not to pursue a clerical career.", "According to Moyar, Diệm's personality was too independent to adhere to the disciplines of the Church, while Jarvis recalls Ngô Đình Thục's ironic observation that the Church was \"too worldly\" for Diệm.", "Diệm also inherited his father's antagonism toward the French colonialists who occupied his country.", "At the end of his secondary schooling at Lycée Quốc học, the French lycée in Huế, Diem's outstanding examination results elicited the offer of a scholarship to study in Paris.", "He declined and, in 1918, enrolled at the prestigious School of Public Administration and Law in Hanoi, a French school that prepared young Vietnamese to serve in the colonial administration.", "It was there that he had the only romantic relationship of his life, when he fell in love with one of his teacher's daughters.", "After she chose to persist with her religious vocation and entered a convent, he remained celibate for the rest of his life.", "Diệm's family background and education, especially Catholicism and Confucianism, had influences on his life and career, on his thinking on politics, society, and history.", "According to Miller, Diệm \"displayed Christian piety in everything from his devotional practices to his habit of inserting references to the Bible into his speeches\"; he also enjoyed showing off his knowledge of classical Chinese texts.", "Early career\nAfter graduating at the top of his class in 1921, Diệm followed in the footsteps of his eldest brother, Ngô Đình Khôi, joining the civil service in Thừa Thiên as a junior official.", "Starting from the lowest rank of mandarin, Diệm steadily rose over the next decade.", "He first served at the royal library in Huế, and within one year was the district chief in both Thừa Thiên and nearby Quảng Trị province, presiding over seventy villages.", "Diệm was promoted to be a provincial chief (Tuần phủ) in Ninh Thuận at the age of 28, overseeing 300 villages.", "During his career as a mandarin, Diệm was known for his workaholism and incorruptibility, and as a Catholic leader and nationalist.", "Catholic nationalism in Vietnam during the 1920s and 1930s facilitated Diệm's ascent in his bureaucratic career.", "Diệm's rise was also facilitated through Ngô Đình Khôi's marriage to the daughter of Nguyễn Hữu Bài (1863–1935), the Catholic head of the Council of Ministers at the Huế court and also supported the indigenization of the Vietnamese Church and more administrative powers to the monarchy.", "Nguyễn Hữu Bài was highly regarded among the French administration and Diệm's religious and family ties impressed him and he became Diệm's patron.", "The French were impressed by his work ethic but were irritated by his frequent calls to grant more autonomy to Vietnam.", "Diệm replied that he contemplated resigning but encouragement from the populace convinced him to persist.", "In 1925, he first encountered communists distributing propaganda while riding horseback through the region near Quảng Trị.", "Revolted by calls for violent socialist revolution contained in the propaganda leaflets, Diệm involved himself in anti-communist activities for the first time, printing his pamphlets.", "In 1929, he was promoted to the governorship of Bình Thuận Province and was known for his work ethic.", "In 1930 and 1931, he helped the French suppress the first peasant revolts organized by the communists.", "According to Fall, Diệm put the revolution down because he thought it could not sweep out the French administration, but might threaten the leadership of the mandarins.", "In 1933, with the ascension of Bảo Đại to the throne, Diệm accepted Bảo Đại's invitation to be his interior minister following lobbying by Nguyễn Hữu Bài.", "Soon after his appointment, Diệm headed a commission to advise on potential administration reforms.", "After calling for the French administration to introduce a Vietnamese legislature and many other political reforms, he resigned after three months in office when his proposals were rejected.", "Diệm denounced Emperor Bảo Đại as \"nothing but an instrument in the hands of the French administration,\" and renounced his decorations and titles from Bảo Đại.", "The French administration then threatened him with arrest and exile.", "For the next decade, Diệm lived as a private citizen with his family in Huế, although he was kept under surveillance.", "He spent his time reading, meditating, attending church, gardening, hunting, and in amateur photography.", "Diệm also conducted extensive nationalist activities during those 21 years, engaging in meetings and correspondence with various leading Vietnamese revolutionaries, such as his friend, Phan Bội Châu, a Vietnamese anti-colonial activist, whom Diệm respected for his knowledge of Confucianism and argued that Confucianism's teachings could be applied to a modern Vietnam.", "With the start of the World War II in the Pacific, seeing an opportunity for Vietnam to challenge French colonization, he attempted to persuade the Japanese forces to declare independence for Vietnam in 1942 but was ignored.", "Diệm also tried to establish relationships with Japanese diplomats, army officers, and intelligence operatives who supported Vietnam's independence.", "In 1943, Diệm's Japanese friends helped him to contact Prince Cường Để, an anti-colonial activist, who was in exile in Japan.", "After contacting Cường Để, Diệm formed a secret political party, the Association for the Restoration of Great Vietnam (Việt Nam Đại Việt Phục Hưng Hội), which was dominated by his Catholic allies in Hue.", "When its existence was discovered in the summer of 1944, the French declared Diệm to be subversive and ordered his arrest.", "He flew to Saigon under Japanese military protection, staying there until the end of WWII.", "In 1945, after the coup against French colonial rule, the Japanese offered Diệm the post of prime minister in the Empire of Vietnam under Bảo Đại, which they organized on leaving the country.", "He declined initially, but reconsidered his decision and attempted to reverse the refusal.", "However, Bảo Đại had already given the post to Trần Trọng Kim.", "In September 1945, after the Japanese withdrawal, Hồ Chí Minh proclaimed the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, and in the Northern half of Vietnam, his Việt Minh began fighting the French administration.", "Diệm attempted to travel to Huế to dissuade Bảo Đại from joining Hồ but was arrested by the Việt Minh along the way and exiled to a highland village near the border.", "He might have died of malaria, dysentery, and influenza had the local tribesmen not nursed him back to health.", "Six months later, he was taken to meet Hồ, who recognized Diệm's virtues and, wanting to extend the support for his new government, asked Diệm to be a minister of the interior.", "Diệm refused to join the Việt Minh, assailing Hồ for the murder of his brother Ngô Đình Khôi by Việt Minh cadres.", "During the Indochina War, Diệm and other non-communist nationalists had to face a dilemma: they did not want to restore colonial rule and did not want to support the Việt Minh.", "Diệm proclaimed his neutrality and attempted to establish a Third Force movement that was both anti-colonialist and anti-communist In 1947, he became the founder and chief of the National Union Bloc (Khối Quốc Gia Liên Hiệp) and then folded it into the Vietnam National Rally (Việt Nam Quốc Gia Liên Hiệp), which united non-communist Vietnamese nationalists.", "He also established relationships with some leading Vietnamese anti-communists like Nguyễn Tôn Hoàn (1917–2001), a fellow Catholic and political activist.", "His other allies and advisors were dominated by Catholics, especially his family members and their friends.", "Diệm also secretly maintained contact with high-ranking leaders of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, attempting to convince them to leave Hồ Chí Minh's government and join him.", "At the same time, he lobbied French colonial officials for a \"true independence\" for Vietnam, Diệm was disappointed when in June 1948, Bảo Đại signed an agreement to grant Vietnam status as an \"associated state\" within the French Union, which allowed France to maintain its diplomatic, economic, and military policies in Vietnam.", "In the meantime, the French had created the State of Vietnam and Diệm refused Bảo Đại's offer to become the Prime Minister.", "On 16 June 1949, he then published a new manifesto in newspapers proclaiming a third force different from Vietminh and Bảo Đại, but it raised little interest and further, his statement provided evidence to both the French and Việt Minh that Diệm was a dangerous rival.", "In 1950, the Việt Minh lost patience and sentenced him to death in absentia, and the French refused to protect him.", "Hồ Chí Minh's cadres tried to assassinate him while he was traveling to visit his elder brother Thục, bishop of the Vĩnh Long diocese in the Mekong Delta.", "Recognizing his political status, Diệm decided to leave Vietnam in 1950.", "According to Miller, during his early career, there were at least three ideologies that influenced Diệm's social and political views in the 1920s and 1930s.", "The first of these were Catholic nationalism, which Diệm inherited from his family's tradition, especially from Bishop Ngô Đình Thục, his brother, and Nguyễn Hữu Bài, who advised him to \"return the seal\" in 1933 to oppose French policies.", "The second was Diệm's understanding of Confucianism, especially through his friendship with Phan Bội Châu who argued that Confucianism's teachings could be applied to modern Vietnam.", "Lastly, instructed by Ngô Đình Nhu, Diệm began to examine Personalism, which originated from French Catholicism's philosophy and then applied this doctrine as the main ideology of his regime.", "Exile\nDiệm applied for permission to travel to Rome for the Holy Year celebrations at the Vatican.", "After gaining French permission, he left in August 1950 with his older brother, Bishop Ngô Đình Thục.", "Before going to Europe, Diệm went to Japan, where he met with Prince Cường Để, his former ally, and discussed Cường Để's efforts to return to Vietnam and his capacity to play some roles in his homeland.", "Diệm's friend also managed to organize a meeting between him and Wesley Fishel, an American political science professor at the University of California, who was working for the CIA in Japan.", "Fishel was a proponent of the anti-colonial, anti-communist third force doctrine in Asia and was impressed with Diệm and helped him organize connections in the United States.", "In 1951, Diệm flew to the United States to seek the support of government officials.", "Nevertheless, Diệm was not successful in winning US support for Vietnamese anti-communists.", "In Rome, Diệm obtained an audience with Pope Pius XII at the Vatican before undertaking further lobbying across Europe.", "He also met with French and Vietnamese officials in Paris and sent a message indicating that he was willing to be the Prime Minister of the State of Vietnam to Bảo Đại.", "But Bảo Đại then refused to meet him.", "Diệm returned to the United States to continue building support among Americans.", "Nonetheless, to Americans, the fact that Diệm was an anti-communist was not enough to distinguish him from Bảo Đại and other State of Vietnam leaders.", "Some American officials worried that his devout Catholicism could hinder his ability to mobilize support in a predominantly non-Catholic country.", "Diệm recognized that concern and broadened his lobbying efforts to include a development focus in addition to anti-communism and religious factors.", "Diệm was motivated by the knowledge that the US was enthusiastic in applying their technology and knowledge to modernize postcolonial countries.", "With the help of Fishel, then at Michigan State University (MSU), Diệm was appointed as a consultant to MSU's Government Research Bureau.", "MSU was administering government-sponsored assistance programs for cold war allies, and Diệm helped Fishel to lay the foundation for a program later implemented in South Vietnam, the Michigan State University Vietnam Advisory Group.", "The Americans' assessments of Diệm were varied.", "Some were unimpressed with him, some admired him.", "Diệm gained favor with some high-ranking officials, such as Supreme Court Justice William O. Douglas, Roman Catholic cardinal Francis Spellman, Representative Mike Mansfield of Montana, and Representative John F. Kennedy of Massachusetts along with numerous journalists, academics, and the former director of the Office of Strategic Services William J. Donovan.", "Although he did not succeed in winning official support from the US, his personal interactions with American political leaders promised the prospect of gaining more support in the future.", "Mansfield remembered after the luncheon with Diệm held on 8 May 1953, he felt that \"if anyone could hold South Vietnam, it was somebody like Ngô Đình Diệm\".", "During Diệm's exile, his brothers Nhu, Cẩn, and Luyện played important roles in helping him build international and internal networks and support in different ways for his return to Vietnam.", "In the early 1950s, Nhu established the Cần Lao Party, which played a key role in helping Diệm attain and consolidate his power.", "Becoming Prime Minister and consolidation of power\nUntil 1953, the State of Vietnam was nominally independent from Paris.", "Since dissatisfaction with France and Bảo Đại was rising among non-communist nationalists, and support from non-communist nationalists and Diệm's allies was rising for his \"true independence\" point of view, Diệm sensed that it was time for him to come to power in Vietnam.", "In early 1954, Bảo Đại offered Diệm the position of Prime Minister in the new government in Vietnam.", "In May 1954, the French surrendered at Điện Biên Phủ and the Geneva Conference began in April 1954.", "On 16 June 1954, Diệm met with Bảo Đại in France and agreed to be the Prime Minister if Bảo Đại would give him military and civilian control.", "On 25 June 1954, Diệm returned from exile, arriving at Tân Sơn Nhứt airport in Saigon.", "On 7 July 1954, Diệm established his new government with a cabinet of 18 people.", "In the first period of his premiership, Diệm did not have much power in the government; he lacked control of the military and police forces, and the civil system's key positions were still held by French officials.", "He also could not control the Bank of Indochina.", "Besides, Diệm had to face massive obstacles: refugee issues; the French colonists wanting to remove Diệm to protect France's interest in South Vietnam; General Nguyễn Văn Hinh, a Francophile, the leader of National Army was ready to oust Diệm; the leaders of the Hòa Hảo and Cao Đài sectarian armies wanted positions in Diệm's cabinet and complete administrative control over the areas in which they had large numbers of followers; and the major threat of Bình Xuyên, an organized crime syndicate that controlled the National Police led by Lê Văn Viễn, whose power was focused in Saigon In summer 1954, the three organizations controlled approximately one-third of the territory and population of South Vietnam.", "In that situation, besides his own political skills, Diệm had to trust in his relatives and the backing of his American supporters to overcome the obstacles and neutralize his opponents.", "Partition \n\nOn 21 July 1954, the Geneva Accords temporarily partitioned Vietnam at the 17th parallel, pending elections in July 1956 to reunify the country.", "The Democratic Republic of Vietnam controlled the north, while the French-backed State of Vietnam controlled the south with Diệm as the Prime Minister.", "Diệm criticized the French for abandoning North Vietnam to the Communists at Geneva, claimed that the terms did not represent the will of the Vietnamese people, and refused French suggestions to include more pro-French officials in the government.", "The Geneva Accords allowed for freedom of movement between the two zones until October 1954; this put a large strain on the south.", "Diệm had only expected 10,000 refugees, but by August, there were more than 200,000 waiting for evacuation from Hanoi and Hải Phòng.", "Nevertheless, the migration helped to strengthen Diệm's political base of support.", "To deal with the refugee situation, Diem's government arranged for their relocation into fertile and under-populated provinces in the western Mekong Delta.", "The Diệm regime also provided them with food and shelter, farm tools, and housing material.", "The government also dug irrigation canals, built dikes, and dredged swamp-lands to help stabilise their lives.", "Establishing control \nIn August 1954, Diệm also had to face the \"Hinh crisis\" when Nguyễn Văn Hinh launched a series of public attacks on Diệm, proclaiming that South Vietnam needed a \"strong and popular\" leader.", "Hinh also bragged that he was preparing a coup.", "However, at the end of 1954, Diệm successfully forced Hinh to resign from his post.", "Hinh had to flee to Paris and hand over his command of the national army to General Nguyễn Văn Vy.", "But the National Army officers favoured Diệm's leadership over General Vy, which forced him to flee to Paris.", "Despite the failure of Hinh's alleged coup, the French continued to encourage Diệm's enemies in an attempt to destabilize him.", "On 31 December 1954, Diệm established the National Bank of Vietnam and replaced the Indochinese banknotes with new Vietnamese banknotes.", "In early 1955, although American advisors encouraged Diệm to negotiate with the leaders of the political-religious forces who threatened to overthrow his position and to forge an anti-communist bloc, he was determined to attack his enemies to consolidate his power.", "In April 1955, Diệm's army forces took most of Bình Xuyên's posts in Saigon after a victory in the Battle of Saigon.", "Within a few months, Diệm's troops wiped out the Bình Xuyên's remnants, leaving only a few small bands, who then joined forces with the communists.", "The failure of Bình Xuyên marked the end of French efforts to remove Diệm.", "After the defeat of Bình Xuyên, the authority and prestige of Diệm's government increased.", "Most of the Cao Đài leaders chose to rally to Diệm's government.", "Diệm then dismantled the private armies of the Cao Đài and Hòa Hảo religious sects.", "By the end of 1955, Diệm had almost taken control of South Vietnam, and his government was stronger than ever before.", "In April 1956, along with the capture of Ba Cụt, the leader of the last Hòa Hảo rebels, Diệm almost subdued all of his non-communist enemies, and could focus on his Vietnamese communist opponents.", "According to Miller, Diệm's capacity in subduing his enemies and consolidating his power strengthened US support of his government, although the US government had planned to withdraw its backing from Diệm during his early difficult years of leadership.", "Presidency (1955–1963)\n\nEstablishment of the Republic of Vietnam\n\nIn South Vietnam, a referendum was scheduled for 23 October 1955 to determine the future direction of the south, in which the people would choose Diệm or Bảo Đại as the leader of South Vietnam.", "During the election, Diệm's brother Ngô Đình Nhu and the Cần Lao Party supplied Diệm's electoral base in organizing and supervising the elections, especially the propaganda campaign for destroying Bảo Đại's reputation.", "Supporters of Bảo Đại were not allowed to campaign, and were physically attacked by Nhu's workers.", "Official results showed 98.2 per cent of voters favoured Diệm, an implausibly high result that was condemned as fraudulent.", "The total number of votes far exceeded the number of registered voters by over 380,000, further evidence that the referendum was heavily rigged.", "For example, only 450,000 voters were registered in Saigon, but 605,025 were said to have voted for Diệm.", "On 26 October 1955, Diệm proclaimed the formation of the Republic of Vietnam, with himself as its first President, although only until 26 October 1956.", "The first Constitution provided articles to establish the republic and organize the election of its president.", "The 1954 Geneva Accords prescribed elections to reunify the country in 1956.", "Diệm refused to hold these elections, claiming that a free election was not possible in the North and that since the previous State of Vietnam had not signed the accords, they were not bound by it - despite having been part of the French Union, which itself was bound by the Accords.", "According to Taylor, Diệm's rejection of the Geneva accords was a way of objecting to the French colonization of Vietnam.", "Diệm's disposition of Bảo Đại and the establishment of the First Republic of Vietnam was a way to claim Vietnamese independence from France.", "At the same time, the first Constitution of the Republic of Vietnam was promulgated.", "According to the Constitution, Diệm had almost absolute power over South Vietnam.", "His governance style became increasingly dictatorial over time.", "Diệm's rule was authoritarian and nepotistic.", "His most trusted official was Nhu, leader of the primary pro-Diệm Can Lao political party, who was an opium addict and admirer of Adolf Hitler.", "He modeled the Can Lao secret police's marching style and torture styles on Nazi designs.", "Cẩn was put in charge of the former Imperial City of Huế.", "Although neither Cẩn or Nhu held any official role in the government, they ruled their regions of South Vietnam, commanding private armies and secret police.", "His youngest brother Luyện, was appointed Ambassador to the United Kingdom.", "His elder brother, Ngô Đình Thục, was Archbishop of Huế.", "Despite this, Thuc lived in the Presidential Palace, along with Nhu, Nhu's wife and Diệm.", "Diệm was nationalistic, devoutly Catholic, anti-Communist, and preferred the philosophies of personalism and Confucianism.", "Diệm's rule was also pervaded by family corruption.", "Can was widely believed to be involved in illegal smuggling of rice to North Vietnam on the black market and opium throughout Asia via Laos, as well as monopolising the cinnamon trade, amassing a fortune stored in foreign banks.", "With Nhu, Can competed for U.S. contracts and rice trade.", "Thuc, the most powerful religious leader in the country, was allowed to solicit \"voluntary contributions to the Church\" from Saigon businessmen, which was likened to \"tax notices\".", "Thuc also used his position to acquire farms, businesses, urban real estate, rental property and rubber plantations for the Catholic Church.", "He also used Army of the Republic of Vietnam personnel to work on his timber and construction projects.", "The Nhus amassed a fortune by running numbers and lottery rackets, manipulating currency and extorting money from Saigon businesses.", "Luyen became a multimillionaire by speculating in piasters and pounds on the currency exchange using inside government information.", "The Can Lao Party played a key role in Diệm's regime.", "Initially, the party acted secretly based on a network of cells, and each member only knew the identities of a few other members.", "When necessary, the Party could assume the role of the government.", "After 1954, the existence of the party was recognized, but its activities were hidden from public view.", "In the early 1950s, Diệm and Nhu used the party to mobilize support for Diệm's political movements.", "According to the decree 116/BNV/CT of the Republic of Vietnam, the Can Lao Party was established on 2 September 1954.", "Personalism (Vietnamese: Chủ nghĩa nhân vị) officially became the basic doctrine of Diệm's regime since the Constitution's preface declared that \"Building Politics, Economy, Society, Culture for the people based on respecting Personalism\".", "Elections \n\nAccording to Miller, democracy, to Diệm, was rooted in his dual identity as Confucian and Catholic, and was associated with communitarianism and the doctrine of Personalism.", "He defined democracy as \"a social ethos based on certain sense of moral duty\", not in the US sense of \"political right\" or political pluralism and in the context of an Asian country like Vietnam, Confucian values were relevant to deal with contemporary problems in politics, governance, and social change.", "In this sense, Diệm was not a reactionary mandarin lacking an interest in democracy as he has been portrayed by some scholars.", "His way of thinking about democracy became a key factor of his approach to political and administrative reform.", "On 4 March 1956, the elections for the first National Assembly were held.", "On this occasion, non-government candidates were allowed to campaign, but the government retained the right to ban candidates deemed to be linked to the communists or other 'rebel' groups, and campaign material was screened.", "The police were also used to intimidate opposition candidates, and military personnel were driven around to cast multiple ballots for regime members.", "However, Diệm's regime of \"democratic one man rule\" faced increasing difficulties.", "After coming under pressure from within Vietnam and from the United States, Diệm agreed to hold legislative elections in August 1959 for South Vietnam.", "But in reality, newspapers were not allowed to publish names of independent candidates or their policies, and political meetings exceeding five people were prohibited.", "Candidates who ran against government-supported opponents faced harassment and intimidation.", "In rural areas, candidates who ran were threatened using charges of conspiracy with the Việt Cộng, which carried the death penalty.", "Phan Quang Đán, the government's most prominent critic, was allowed to run.", "Despite the deployment of 8,000 ARVN plainclothes troops into his district to vote, Đán still won by a ratio of six to one.", "The busing of soldiers to vote for regime approved candidates occurred across the country.", "When the new assembly convened, Đán was arrested.", "In May 1961, U.S. Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson visited Saigon and enthusiastically declared Diệm the \"Winston Churchill of Asia.\"", "Asked why he had made the comment, Johnson replied, \"Diệm's the only boy we got out there.\"", "Johnson assured Diệm of more aid in molding a fighting force that could resist the communists.", "Socio-economic policies\nDuring his presidency, Diệm imposed programs to reform Saigon society in accordance with Catholic and Confucian values.", "Brothels and opium dens were closed, divorce and abortion were made illegal, and adultery laws were strengthened.", "Additionally, Diệm's government established many schools and universities, such as the National Technical Center at Phú Thọ in 1957, the University of Saigon (1956), the University of Hue (1957), and the University of Dalat (1957).", "Rural development\nDuring Diệm's rule setting up a democratic basis and to promote a rural and material rearmament among the people\".", "The Civic Action was considered a practical tool of Diệm's government to serve \"the power vacuum\" and make a rural influence for Diệm's government in countryside due to the departure of Việt Minh cadres after the Geneva Accords (1954).", "Steward's study provides a clearer picture of Diệm's domestic policies and a further understanding of his government's efforts in reaching and connecting with local communities in South Vietnam that shows \"an indigenous initiative\" of the government in building an independent and viable nation.", "Land Reform: In South Vietnam, especially in Mekong Delta, landholdings in rural areas were concentrated in small number of rich landlord families.", "Thus, it was urgent to implement land reform in South Vietnam.", "Diệm had two attempts to control the excesses of the land tenancy system by promulgating the Ordinance 2 on 28 January 1955 to reduce land rent between 15% to 25% of the average harvest and the Ordinance 7 on 5 February 1955 to protect the rights of tenants on new and abandoned land and enhancing cultivation.", "In October 1956, with the urge from Wolf Ladejinsky, Diệm's personal adviser on agrarian reform, Diệm promulgated a more serious ordinance on the land reform, in which he proclaimed a \"land to the tiller\" (not to be confused with other Land reform in South Vietnam like Nguyễn Văn Thiệu's later 'Land to the Tiller\" program) program to put a relatively high 100 hectares limit on rice land and 15 hectares for ancestral worship.", "However, this measure had no real effect because many landlords evaded the redistribution by transferring the property to the name of family members.", "Besides, during the 1946–54 war against the French Union forces, the Việt Minh had gained control of parts of southern Vietnam, initiated land reform, confiscated landlords' land and distributed it to the peasants.", "Additionally, the ceiling limit was more than 30 times that allowed in Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan, and the 370,000 acres (1,500 km2) of the Catholic Church's landownings in Vietnam were exempted.", "The political, social, and economic influences of the land reform was minimal.", "From 1957 to 1963, only 50 percent of expropriated land was redistributed, and only 100,000 out of approximately one million tenant farmers in South Vietnam benefited from the reform.", "Resettlement: According to Miller, Diệm, who described tenant farmers as a \"real proletariat\" and pursued the goal of \"middle peasantization\", was not a beholden to large landowners, instead of vigorously implementing Land Reform, Diệm had his own vision in Vietnamese rural development based on resettlement, which focused on redistribution of people (rather than land), could reduce overpopulation and lead to many benefits in socio-economic transformation as well as military affairs and security, especially anti-communist infiltration.", "Moreover, Diệm was ambitious to envision Resettlement as a tactic to practice the government's ideological goals.", "The differences between the US and Diệm over nation building in countryside shaped the clashes in their alliance.", "The Cái Sắn resettlement project: In late 1955, with the help of US material support and expertise, Diệm's government implemented the project Cái Sắn in An Giang province, which aimed to resettle one hundred thousand northern refugees.", "Land Development program (Khu dinh điền): In early 1957, Diệm started a new program called the Land Development to relocate poor inhabitants, demobilized soldiers, and minority ethnic groups in central and southern Vietnam into abandoned or unused land in Mekong Delta and Central Highlands, and cultivating technological and scientific achievements to transform South Vietnam and ensure security and prevent communist infiltration.", "Diệm believed that the program would help improve civilians' lives, teach them the values of being self-reliant and hard working.", "At the end of 1963, the program had built more than two hundred settlements for a quarter of a million people.", "Nevertheless, the lacks of conditions in these areas along with the corruption and mercilessness of local officials failed the program.", "Agroville program (khu trù mật): During late 1959 and early 1960, motivated by the idea of population regroupment, Diệm introduced the Agroville Program, which he intended to physically relocate residents who lived in remote and isolated regions in Mekong delta into new settlements in \"dense and prosperous areas\"—proposing to offer them urban modernity and amenities without leaving their farms, and to keep them far away from the communists.", "Nonetheless, by late 1960, Diệm had to admit that the program's objective failed since the residents were not happy with the program and the communists infiltrated it, and he had to discard it.", "According to Miller, the disagreement between the US and Diệm over agrarian reform made their alliance \"move steadily from bad to worse\".", "Counter-insurgency\n\nDuring his presidency, Diệm strongly focused on his central concern: internal security to protect his regime as well as maintain order and social change: staunch anti-subversion and anti-rebellion policies.", "After the Bình Xuyên was defeated and the Hòa Hảo, Cao Đài were subdued, Diệm concentrated on his most serious threat: the communists.", "Diệm's main measures for internal security were threats, punishment and intimidation.", "His regime countered North Vietnamese and communist subversion (including the assassination of over 450 South Vietnamese officials in 1956) by detaining tens of thousands of suspected communists in \"political re-education centers.\"", "The North Vietnamese government claimed that over 65,000 individuals were imprisoned and 2,148 killed in the process by November 1957.", "According to Gabriel Kolko, by the end of 1958, 40,000 political prisoners had been jailed.", "By the end of 1959, Diệm was able to entirely control each family and the communists had to suffer their \"darkest period\" in their history.", "Membership declined by two thirds and they had almost no power in the countryside of South Vietnam.", "Diệm's repression extended beyond communists to anti-communist dissidents and anti-corruption whistleblowers.", "In 1956, after the \"Anti-Communist Denunciation Campaign\", Diệm issued Ordinance No.", "6, which placed anyone who was considered a threat to the state and public order in jail or house arrest.", "Nevertheless, Diệm's hard policies led to fear and resentment in many quarters in South Vietnam and negatively affected his relations with the US in terms of counter-insurgent methods.", "On 22 February 1957, when Diệm delivered a speech at an agricultural fair in Buôn Ma Thuột, a communist named Hà Minh Tri attempted to assassinate the president.", "He approached Diệm and fired a pistol from close range, but missed, hitting the Secretary for Agrarian Reform's left arm.", "The weapon jammed and security overpowered Tri before he was able to fire another shot.", "Diệm was unmoved by the incident.", "The assassination attempt was the desperate response of the communists to Diệm's relentless anti-communist policies.", "As opposition to Diệm's rule in South Vietnam grew, a low-level insurgency began to take shape there in 1957.", "Finally, in January 1959, under pressure from southern Viet Cong cadres who were being successfully targeted by Diệm's secret police, Hanoi's Central Committee issued a secret resolution authorizing the use of armed insurgency in the South with supplies and troops from the North.", "On 20 December 1960, under instructions from Hanoi, southern communists established the Viet Cong (NLF) in order to overthrow the government of the south.", "On 11 November 1960, a failed coup attempt against President Ngô Đình Diệm of South Vietnam was led by Lieutenant Colonel Vương Văn Đông and Colonel Nguyễn Chánh Thi of the Airborne Division of the ARVN (ARVN).", "There was a further attempt to assassinate Diệm and his family in February 1962 when two air force officers—acting in unison—bombarded the Presidential Palace.", "In 1962, the cornerstone of Diệm's counterinsurgency effort – the Strategic Hamlet Program (Vietnamese: Ấp Chiến lược), \"the last and most ambitious of Diem's government's nation building schemes\", was implemented, calling for the consolidation of 14,000 villages of South Vietnam into 11,000 secure hamlets, each with its own houses, schools, wells, and watchtowers supported by South Vietnamese government.", "The hamlets were intended to isolate the National Liberation Front (NLF) from the villages, their source for recruiting soldiers, supplies, and information, and to transform the countryside.", "In the end, because of many shortcomings, the Strategic Hamlet Program was not as successful as had been expected and was cancelled after the assassination of Diệm.", "However, according to Miller, the program created a remarkable turnabout in Diệm's regime in their war against communism.", "Religious policies and the Buddhist crisis\n\nIn a country where surveys of the religious composition estimated the Buddhist majority to be between 70% and 90%, Diệm's policies generated claims of religious bias.", "Diem was widely regarded by historians as having pursued pro-Catholic policies that antagonized many Buddhists.", "Specifically, the government was regarded as being biased towards Catholics in public service and military promotions, as well as the allocation of land, business favors, and tax concessions.", "Diệm also once told a high-ranking officer, forgetting that he was a Buddhist, \"Put your Catholic officers in sensitive places.", "They can be trusted.\"", "Many officers in the Army of the Republic of Vietnam converted to Catholicism in the belief that their military prospects depended on it.", "The distribution of weapons to village self-defense militias intended to repel Việt Cộng guerrillas saw weapons only given to Catholics.", "Some Buddhist villages converted en masse to Catholicism in order to receive aid or to avoid being forcibly resettled by Diệm's regime, with Buddhists in the army being denied promotion if they refused to convert to Catholicism.", "Some Catholic priests ran their own private armies, and in some areas forced conversions, looting, shelling, and demolition of pagodas occurred.", "The Catholic Church was the largest landowner in the country, and the \"private\" status imposed on Buddhism by the French required official permission to conduct public Buddhist activities and was never repealed by Diệm.", "Catholics were also de facto exempt from the corvée labor that the government obliged all citizens to perform; US aid was disproportionately distributed to Catholic-majority villages.", "The land owned by the Catholic Church was exempt from land reform.", "Under Diệm, the Catholic Church enjoyed special exemptions in property acquisition, and in 1959, Diệm dedicated his country to the Virgin Mary.", "The white and gold Vatican flag was regularly flown at all major public events in South Vietnam.", "The newly constructed Hue and Dalat universities were placed under Catholic authority to foster a Catholic-skewed academic environment.", "Nonetheless, Diệm had contributed to Buddhist communities in South Vietnam by giving them permission to carry out activities that were banned by French and supported money for Buddhist schools, ceremonies, and building more pagodas.", "Among the eighteen members of Diệm's cabinet, there were five Catholics, five Confucians, and eight Buddhists, including a vice-president and a foreign minister.", "Only three of the top nineteen military officials were Catholics.", "The regime's relations with the United States worsened during 1963, as discontent among South Vietnam's Buddhist majority was simultaneously heightened.", "In May, in the heavily Buddhist central city of Huế, where Diệm's elder brother was the Catholic Archbishop, the Buddhist majority was prohibited from displaying Buddhist flags during Vesak celebrations commemorating the birth of Gautama Buddha when the government cited a regulation prohibiting the display of non-government flags.", "A few days earlier, however, white and yellow Catholic papal flags flew at the 25th anniversary commemoration of Ngô Đình Thục's elevation to the rank of bishop.", "According to Miller, Diệm then proclaimed the flag embargo because he was annoyed with the commemoration for Thục.", "However, the ban on religious flags led to a protest led by Thích Trí Quang against the government, which was suppressed by Diệm's forces, and unarmed civilians were killed in the clash.", "Diệm and his supporters blamed the Việt Cộng for the deaths and claimed the protesters were responsible for the violence.", "Although the provincial chief expressed sorrow for the killings and offered to compensate the victims' families, they resolutely denied that government forces were responsible for the killings and blamed the Viet Cong.", "According to Diệm, it was the communists who threw a grenade into the crowd.", "The Buddhists pushed for a five-point agreement: freedom to fly religious flags, an end to arbitrary arrests, compensation for the Huế victims, punishment for the officials responsible, and religious equality.", "Diệm then banned demonstrations and ordered his forces to arrest those who engaged in civil disobedience.", "On 3 June 1963, protesters attempted to march towards the Từ Đàm pagoda.", "Six waves of ARVN tear gas and attack dogs failed to disperse the crowds.", "Finally, brownish-red liquid chemicals were doused on praying protesters, resulting in 67 being hospitalized for chemical injuries.", "A curfew was subsequently enacted.", "The turning point came in June when a Buddhist monk, Thích Quảng Đức, set himself on fire in the middle of a busy Saigon intersection in protest of Diệm's policies; photos of this event were disseminated around the world, and for many people these pictures came to represent the failure of Diệm's government.", "A number of other monks publicly self-immolated, and the US grew increasingly frustrated with the unpopular leader's public image in both Vietnam and the United States.", "Diệm used his conventional anti-communist argument, identifying the dissenters as communists.", "As demonstrations against his government continued throughout the summer, the special forces loyal to Diệm's brother, Nhu, conducted an August raid of the Xá Lợi pagoda in Saigon.", "Pagodas were vandalized, monks beaten, and the cremated remains of Quảng Đức, which included his heart, a religious relic, were confiscated.", "Simultaneous raids were carried out across the country, with the Từ Đàm pagoda in Huế looted, the statue of Gautama Buddha demolished, and the body of a deceased monk confiscated.", "When the populace came to the defense of the monks, the resulting clashes saw 30 civilians killed and 200 wounded.", "In all 1,400 monks were arrested, and some thirty were injured across the country.", "The United States indicated its disapproval of Diệm's administration when ambassador Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. visited the pagoda.", "No further mass Buddhist protests occurred during the remainder of Diệm's rule.", "Madame Nhu Trần Lệ Xuân, Nhu's wife, inflamed the situation by mockingly applauding the suicides, stating, \"If the Buddhists want to have another barbecue, I will be glad to supply the gasoline.\"", "The pagoda raids stoked widespread public disquiet in Saigon.", "Students at Saigon University boycotted classes and rioted, which led to arrests, imprisonments, and the closure of the university; this was repeated at Huế University.", "When high school students demonstrated, Diệm arrested them as well; over 1,000 students from Saigon's leading high school, most of them children of Saigon civil servants, were sent to re-education camps, including, reportedly, children as young as five, on charges of anti-government graffiti.", "Diệm's foreign minister Vũ Văn Mẫu resigned, shaving his head like a Buddhist monk in protest.", "When he attempted to leave the country on a religious pilgrimage to India, he was detained and kept under house arrest.", "At the same time that the Buddhist crisis was taking place, a French diplomatic initiative to end the war had been launched.", "The initiative was known to historians as the \"Maneli affair\", after Mieczysław Maneli, the Polish Commissioner to the International Control Commission who served as an intermediary between the two Vietnams.", "In 1963, North Vietnam was suffering its worst drought in a generation.", "Maneli conveyed messages between Hanoi and Saigon negotiating a declaration of a ceasefire in exchange for South Vietnamese rice being traded for North Vietnamese coal.", "On 2 September 1963, Maneli met with Nhu at his office in the Gia Long Palace, a meeting that Nhu leaked to the American columnist Joseph Alsop, who revealed it to the world in his \"A Matter of Fact\" column in the Washington Post.", "Nhu's purpose in leaking the meeting was to blackmail the United States with the message that if Kennedy continued to criticize Diem's handling of the Buddhist crisis, Diem would reach an understanding with the Communists.", "The Kennedy administration reacted with fury at what Alsop had revealed.", "In a message to Secretary of State Dean Rusk, Roger Hilsman urged that a coup against Diem be encouraged to take place promptly, saying that the mere possibility that Diem might make a deal with the Communists meant that he had to go.", "There have been many interpretations of the Buddhist crisis and the immolation of Thích Quảng Đức in 1963.", "Relating the events to the larger context of Vietnamese Buddhism in the 20th century and looking at the interactions between Diệm and Buddhist groups, the Buddhist protests during Diệm's regime were not only the struggles against discrimination in religious practices and religious freedom, but also the resistance of Vietnamese Buddhism to Diệm's nation-building policies centered by a personalist revolution that Buddhists considered a threat to the revival of Vietnamese Buddhist power.", "Until the end of his life, Diệm, along with his brother Nhu still believed that their nation-building was successful and they could resolve the Buddhist crisis in their own way, like what they had done with the Hinh crisis in 1954 and the struggle with the Bình Xuyên in 1955.", "Foreign policy\nThe foreign policy of the Republic of Vietnam (RVN), according to Fishel, \"to a very considerable extent\", was the policy of Ngo Dinh Diem himself during this period.", "He was the decisive factor in formulating foreign policies of the RVN, besides the roles of his adviser – Ngô Đình Nhu and his foreign ministers: Trần Văn Độ (1954–1955), Vũ Văn Mẫu (1955–1963) and Phạm Đăng Lâm (1963) who played subordinate roles in his regime.", "Nevertheless, since Diệm had to pay much attention to domestic issues in the context of the Vietnam War, foreign policy did not receive appropriate attention from him.", "Diệm paid more attention to countries that affected Vietnam directly and he seemed to personalize and emotionalize relations with other nations.", "The issues Diệm paid more attention in foreign affairs were: the Geneva Accords, the withdrawal of the French, international recognition, the cultivation of the legitimacy of the RVN and the relations with the United States, Laos (good official relations) and Cambodia (complicated relations, especially due to border disputes and minority ethnicities), and especially North Vietnam.", "Besides, the RVN also focused on diplomatic relations with other Asian countries to secure its international recognition.", "Diệm's attitude toward India was not harmonious due to India's non-alignment policy, which Diệm assumed favored communism.", "It was not until in 1962, when India voted for a report criticizing the communists for supporting the invasion of South Vietnam, that Diệm eventually reviewed his opinions toward India.", "For Japan, Diệm's regime established diplomatic relations for the recognition of war reparations, which led to a reparation agreement in 1959 with the amount of $49 million.", "Diệm also established friendly relations with non-communist states, especially South Korea, Taiwan, the Philippines, Thailand, Laos and the Federation of Malaya, where Diệm's regime shared the common recognition of communist threats.", "The RVN established diplomatic relations with Cambodia, India, Burma, Indonesia, Hong Kong, Singapore, Australia, New Zealand, Brazil, Argentina, Mexico, Morocco, and Tunisia.", "Regarding the relations with communist North Vietnam, Diệm maintained total hostility and never made a serious effort to establish any relations with it.", "In relations with France, as an anti-colonialism nationalist, Diệm did not believe in France and France was always a negative factor in his foreign policy.", "He also never \"looked up on France as a counterweight to American influence\".", "Concerning relations with the US, although Diệm admitted the importance of the US-RVN alliance, he perceived that the US's assistance to the RVN was primarily serving its own national interest, rather than the RVN's national interest.", "Keith Taylor adds that Diệm's distrust of the US grew because of its Laotian policy, which gave North Vietnam access to South Vietnam's border through southern Laos.", "Diệm also feared the escalation of American military personnel in South Vietnam, which threatened his nationalist credentials and the independence of his government.", "In early 1963, the Ngô brothers even revised their alliance with the US.", "Moreover, they also disagreed with the US on how to best react to the threat from North Vietnam.", "While Diệm believed that before opening the political system for the participation of other political camps, military, and security matters should be taken into account; the US wanted otherwise and was critical of Diệm's clientelistic government, where political power based on his family members and trusted associates.", "The Buddhist crisis in South Vietnam decreased American confidence in Diệm, and eventually led to the coup d'état sanctioned by the US.", "Ultimately, nation-building politics \"shaped the evolution and collapse of the US-Diem alliance\".", "The different visions in the meanings of concepts – democracy, community, security, and social change – were substantial, and were a key cause of the strains throughout their alliance.", "Coup and assassination\n\nAs the Buddhist crisis deepened in July 1963, non-communist Vietnamese nationalists and the military began preparations for a coup.", "Bùi Diễm, later South Vietnam's Ambassador to the United States, reported in his memoirs that General Lê Văn Kim requested his aid in learning what the United States might do about Diệm's government.", "Diễm had contacts in both the embassy and with the high-profile American journalists then in South Vietnam, David Halberstam (New York Times), Neil Sheehan (United Press International), and Malcolm Browne (Associated Press).", "The coup d'état was designed by a military revolutionary council including ARVN generals led by General Dương Văn Minh.", "Lieutenant Colonel Lucien Conein, a CIA officer, had become a liaison between the US Embassy and the generals, who were led by Trần Văn Đôn.", "They met each other for the first time on October 2, 1963, at Tân Sơn Nhất airport.", "Three days later, Conein met with General Dương Văn Minh to discuss the coup and the stance of the US towards it.", "Conein then delivered the White House's message of American non-intervention, which was reiterated by Henry Cabot Lodge Jr., the U.S. ambassador, who gave secret assurances to the generals that the United States would not interfere.", "The coup was chiefly planned by the Vietnamese generals.", "Unlike the coup in 1960, the plotters of the 1963 coup knew how to gain broad support from other ARVN officer corps.", "They obtained the support of Generals Tôn Thất Định, General Đỗ Cao Trí, General Nguyễn Khánh, the III, II Corps, and I Corps commanders.", "Only General Huỳnh Văn Cao of IV Corps remained loyal to Diệm.", "On November 1, 1963, Conein donned his military uniform and stuffed three million Vietnamese piastres into a bag to be given to General Minh.", "Conein then called the CIA station and gave a signal indicating that the planned coup against President Diệm was about to start.", "Minh and his co-conspirators swiftly overthrew the government.", "With only the palace guard remaining to defend Diệm and his younger brother Nhu, the generals called the palace offering Diệm exile if he surrendered.", "That evening, however, Diệm and his entourage escaped via an underground passage to Cha Tam Catholic Church in Cholon, where they were captured the following morning.", "On November 2, 1963, the brothers were assassinated together in the back of an M113 armored personnel carrier with a bayonet and revolver by Captain Nguyễn Văn Nhung, under orders from Minh given while en route to the Vietnamese Joint General Staff headquarters.", "Diệm was buried in an unmarked grave in a cemetery next to the house of the US Ambassador.", "Honours\n\nNational honours\n:\n Grand Cross and Grand Master of the National Order of Vietnam\n\nForeign honours\n:\n Honorary Recipient of the Most Exalted Order of the Crown of the Realm (D.M.N.", "(K)) (1960)\n:\n\tGrand Collar of the Order of Sikatuna\n: \n Grand Cross of the Royal Order of Cambodia\n: \n Order of Merit for National Foundation\n\n Order of Chula Chom Klao\n\nAftermath\nUpon learning of Diệm's ouster and assassination, Hồ Chí Minh reportedly stated: \"I can scarcely believe the Americans would be so stupid.\"", "The North Vietnamese Politburo was more explicit:\n\nThe consequences of the 1 November coup d'état will be contrary to the calculations of the US imperialists ... Diệm was one of the strongest individuals resisting the people and Communism.", "Everything that could be done in an attempt to crush the revolution was carried out by Diệm.", "Diệm was one of the most competent lackeys of the US imperialists  ...", "Among the anti-Communists in South Vietnam or exiled in other countries, no one has sufficient political assets and abilities to cause others to obey.", "Therefore, the lackey administration cannot be stabilized.", "The coup d'état on 1 November 1963 will not be the last.", "After Diệm's assassination, South Vietnam was unable to establish a stable government and several coups took place after his death.", "While the United States continued to influence South Vietnam's government, the assassination bolstered North Vietnamese attempts to characterize the South Vietnamese as \"supporters of colonialism\".", "Diệm's legacy\nDiệm's assassination led to the collapse of his regime and the end of the first Republic of Vietnam.", "Nevertheless, Diệm's contribution over his nine years of power from 1954 to 1963 can be appreciated at many levels due to his part in resolving the northern refugees issue, establishing and consolidating the power of his regime, subduing the sects, and pacifying the country.", "Diệm stabilized an independent South Vietnam that had suffered in the First Indochina War and built a relatively stable government in Saigon during the late 1950s.", "The normalcy and domestic security created conditions for economic recovery and development of education in South Vietnam, which contributed educated human resources to serve the nation.", "Many universities were established during Diệm's presidency, such as Huế University, Đà Lạt University, University of Pedagogy, the University of Saigon, University of Agriculture and Forestry, Medical University of Huế, and the National Institute of Administration, which applied the methods of European and American-style vocational schools, contributing to education in the Republic of Vietnam.", "References\n\nSources\n Cao, Văn Luận (1972).", "Bên giòng lịch sử, 1940–1965.", "Trí Dũng, Sài Gòn.", "Chapman, J. M. (2013).", "Cauldron of resistance: Ngo Dinh Diem, the United States, and 1950s southern Vietnam.", "Ithaca: Cornell University Press.", "Kolko, Gabriel (1987).", "Vietnam: Anatomy of a War, 1940–1975.", "Unwin Paperbacks.", "Morgan, Joseph (1997).", "The Vietnam Lobby: The American friends of Vietnam 1955–1975.", "University of North Carolina Press.", "Nguyễn, Xuân Hoài (2011).", "Chế độ Việt Nam cộng hòa ở miền Nam Việt Nam giai đoạn 1955–1963 (Republic of Vietnam regime in South Vietnam (1955–1963), Dissertation.", "Ho Chi Minh city: University of Social Sciences and Humanities – Ho Chi Minh city.", "Taylor, Keith (2014), edition, Voices from the second Republic of Vietnam (1967–1975).", "New York: Southeast Asia Program Publications.", "Stewart, G. C. (2011).", "Hearts, Minds and Cong Dan Vu: The Special Commissariat for Civic Action and Nation Building in Ngô Đình Diệm's Vietnam, 1955–1957.", "Journal of Vietnamese Studies, 6(3).", "Young, Marilyn B.", "(1991).", "The Vietnam Wars.", "New York: Harper Perennial.", "Further reading\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Keith, Charles (2012).", "Catholic Vietnam: A Church from Empire to Nation.", "University of California Press.", "Lockhart, Bruce McFarland, Bruce McFarland (1993).", "The end of the Vietnamese monarchy.", "Council on Southeast Asia Studies, Yale Center for International and Area Studies.", "Morgan, Joseph (2003).", "\"Wesley Fishel and Vietnam: A special kind of Friend\" in The Human Tradition in American since 1945 ed.", "David Anderson, Wilmington.", "Oberdorfer, Don (2003).", "Senator Mansfiled: the Extraordinary Life of a Great American Statesman and Diplomat.", "Washington, DC\n \n \n \n \n \n Trần, Mỹ-Vân (2005).", "A Vietnamese Royal Exile in Japan: Prince Cường Để (1882–1951).", "Routledge.", "External links\n\n JFK and the Diem Coup – Provided by the National Security Archive.", "The Pentagon Papers, Vol.", "2 Ch.", "4 \"The Overthrow of Ngo Dinh Diem, May–November, 1963\", pp.", "201–76\n\n \n1901 births\n1963 deaths\nPeople from Quảng Bình Province\nNgo family\nVietnamese Roman Catholics\nHeads of state of South Vietnam\nPresidents of Vietnam\nBuddhist crisis\nCatholic Church in Vietnam\nNguyen dynasty officials\nSouth Vietnam\nVietnamese anti-communists\nVietnamese Confucianists\nVietnamese nationalists\n20th-century executions of Vietnamese people\nPersecution of Buddhists\nVietnamese people of the Vietnam War\nMichigan State University people\nLeaders ousted by a coup\n1960s murders in Vietnam\n1963 crimes in Vietnam\n1963 murders in Asia\nPeople executed by South Vietnam\nPeople executed by Vietnam by firearm\nExecuted presidents\nPeople murdered in Vietnam\nAssassinated heads of state\nAssassinated Vietnamese politicians\nBurials at Mac Dinh Chi Cemetery\nVietnamese independence activists\nPoliticide perpetrators\nPeople of the Cold War\nRecipients of the National Order of Vietnam\nOrder of Civil Merit members\nRecipients of the Order of Merit for National Foundation" ]

[ "3 January 1901 and 2 November 1963 were the years when Ng nh Dim was a politician.", "He was the last prime minister of the State of Vietnam and then the President of the Republic of Vietnam from 1955 until he was assassinated during a military coup in 1963.", "Dim was the son of a high-ranking civil servant.", "He wanted to follow in his brother's footsteps and become a priest, but chose to pursue a civil-service career.", "He became interior minister in 1933 after becoming governor in 1929.", "After three months, he resigned his position and denounced the emperor as a tool of France.", "Dim supports an anti-communist and anti-colonialist \"third way\" against both Bo i and communist leader H Ch Minh.", "The Can Lao Party was established to support his political doctrine.", "Bo i, the head of the Western-backed State of Vietnam, appointed Dim prime minister after several years in exile.", "Vietnam was partitioned along the 17th parallel soon after he took office.", "The power in South Vietnam was consolidated by Dim and his brother.", "He proclaimed the creation of the Republic of Vietnam after a rigged referendum in 1955.", "The United States supported his government.", "Dim focused on industrial and rural development.", "He was faced with a communist insurgency backed by North Vietnam and eventually organized under the banner of the Vit Cng.", "The Strategic Hamlet Program was established in 1962 after he was subject to a number of assassination and coup attempts.", "The \"Buddhist crisis\" of 1963, was caused by Dim's favoritism towards Catholics and persecution of South Vietnam's Buddhist majority.", "His regime lost favor with the leadership of the Army of the Republic of Vietnam because of the violence.", "The country's leading generals launched a coup d'état with help from the CIA.", "After escaping, he and his brother Nhu were killed by Dng Vn Minh, who succeeded him as president.", "Dim is a controversial historical figure.", "Some historians view him as a tool of the United States, while others view him as a relic of Vietnam.", "At the time of his death, he was seen as a corrupt dictator.", "In 1901, the family and early life of Ng nh Dim were located in Qung Bnh, a province in the central Vietnam.", "His family lived in a village next to Hu.", "His ancestors were among the earliest Catholics in Vietnam.", "The custom of the Catholic Church is to name a saint after a Vietnamized form of Jean-Baptiste.", "The Emperors Minh Mng and T c were anti-Catholic.", "While Dim's father was studying in British Malaya, an anti-Catholic riot led by Buddhist monks almost wiped out his clan.", "The family of Kh's parents, brothers, and sisters were burned alive in a church.", "He was educated in a Catholic school in British Malaya, where he learned English and studied the European-style curriculum.", "He didn't want to become a Roman Catholic priest in the late 1870s.", "He worked for the commander of the French armed forces as an interpreter and took part in campaigns against anti-colonial rebels.", "He was a counselor to Emperor Thnh Thi under the French colonial regime and was the first headmaster of the National Academy in Hu.", "He was the keeper of the eunuchs and the minister of the rites and chamberlain.", "Kh was motivated less by Francophilia than by some of his ambitions.", "Kh believed that independence from France could only be achieved after changes in Vietnam's politics, society and culture.", "After Thnh Thi was ousted in 1907, Kh resigned his appointments, withdrew from the imperial court, and became a farmer.", "After the death of his family, Kh decided to abandon his studies for the priesthood.", "Kh had twelve children with his second wife, including six sons and three daughters, after his first wife died childless.", "These were Khi, Th Giao, Th Hip, Dim, and Th Ho.", "Kh encouraged his sons to study for the priesthood after taking his entire family to daily morning Mass.", "Kh wanted to make sure his children were educated in both Christian and Confucian classics after learning both Latin and classical Chinese.", "When he was a child, Dim worked in the family's rice fields while studying at a French Catholic primary school and later attended a private school founded by his father.", "At the age of fifteen, he followed in his older brother's footsteps and entered seminary.", "Dim swore to celibacy to prove his devotion to his faith, but found monastic life too demanding and decided not to pursue a clerical career.", "Dim's personality was too independent to adhere to the disciplines of the Church.", "Dim's father was against the French colonialists.", "The offer of a scholarship to study in Paris was made at the end of Diem's secondary school days.", "In 1918, he attended the prestigious School of Public Administration and Law in Hanoi, a French school that prepared young Vietnamese to serve in the colonial administration.", "He fell in love with one of his teacher's daughters when he was there.", "He was celibate for the rest of his life after he entered a convent.", "Dim's family background and education, especially Catholicism and Confucianism, influenced his thinking on politics, society, and history.", "According to Miller, Dim displayed Christian piety in everything from his devotional practices to his habit of inserting references to the Bible into his speeches; he also enjoyed showing off his knowledge of classical Chinese texts.", "Dim followed in his brother's footsteps and joined the civil service in Tha Thin as a junior official.", "Dim rose over the next decade.", "Within one year, he was the district chief in Tha Thin and nearby Qung Tr province, presiding over seventy villages.", "Dim was promoted to be a provincial chief at the age of 28.", "As a Catholic leader and nationalist, Dim was known for his workaholism and incorruptibility.", "Dim's ascent in his bureaucratic career was aided by Catholic nationalism in Vietnam during the 1920s and 1930s.", "Dim's rise was aided by the marriage of the daughter of Nguyn Hu Bi to the Catholic head of the Council of Ministers at the Hu court.", "Dim's religious and family ties impressed Nguyn Hu Bi, who became Dim's patron.", "The French were impressed by his work ethic but annoyed by his calls to grant more freedom to Vietnam.", "Dim said that he contemplated quitting but the people encouraged him to keep going.", "He first encountered communists in 1925 while riding horseback.", "Dim became involved in anti-communist activities for the first time after he was revolted by calls for a socialist revolution.", "He was known for his work ethic and was promoted to the governorship in 1929.", "The first peasant revolts organized by the communists were suppressed by the French.", "According to Fall, Dim put the revolution down because he thought it might threaten the leadership of the mandarins.", "Dim accepted Bo i's invitation to be his interior minister following lobbying by Nguyn Hu Bi.", "Dim headed a commission to advise on administration reforms.", "When his proposals were rejected, he resigned after three months in office.", "Emperor Bo i was denounced by Dim as nothing but an instrument in the hands of the French administration.", "He was threatened with arrest and exile by the French administration.", "Dim lived as a private citizen with his family in Hu for the next 10 years.", "His time was spent reading, meditating, attending church, gardening, and amateur photography.", "During those 21 years, Dim engaged in numerous nationalist activities, including meetings and correspondence with leading Vietnamese revolutionaries, such as his friend, Phan Bi Chu, a Vietnamese anti-colonial activist, whom Dim respected for his knowledge of Confucianism.", "After seeing an opportunity for Vietnam to challenge French colonization in the Pacific, he tried to convince the Japanese to declare independence for Vietnam in 1942, but was ignored.", "Japanese diplomats, army officers, and intelligence operatives supported Vietnam's independence.", "In 1943, Dim's Japanese friends helped him to contact Prince Cng, an anti-colonial activist who was in exile in Japan.", "The Association for the Restoration of Great Vietnam was formed after Dim contacted Cng.", "Dim was ordered to be arrested by the French after they discovered his existence.", "He stayed in Vietnam until the end of WWII under Japanese military protection.", "The Japanese offered Dim the post of prime minister in the Empire of Vietnam under Bo i after the coup against the French.", "He tried to reverse his decision.", "Bo i had already given the post to someone else.", "In September 1945, after the Japanese withdrawal, H Ch Minh proclaimed the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, and in the Northern half of Vietnam, his Vit Minh began fighting the French administration.", "Dim tried to travel to Hu to stop Bo i from joining H but was arrested and exiled to a village near the border.", "If the local tribesmen hadn't nursed him back to health, he might have died.", "Dim was asked to be a minister of the interior by H, who wanted to extend the support for his new government.", "Assailing H for the murder of his brother, Dim refused to join the Vit Minh.", "Dim and other non-communist nationalists had to decide if they wanted to support the vit Minh or not.", "Dim tried to establish a Third Force movement that was both anti-colonialist and anti-communist.", "Nguyn Tn Hon, a fellow Catholic and political activist, was one of the people he established relationships with.", "His family members and their friends dominated his other allies and advisors.", "Dim tried to convince high-ranking leaders of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam to leave H Ch Minh's government and join him.", "When Bo i signed an agreement to grant Vietnam status as an \"associated state\" within the French Union, Dim was disappointed.", "The French created the State of Vietnam and Dim refused Bo i's offer to become the Prime Minister.", "On 16 June 1949, he published a new manifesto in newspapers proclaiming a third force different from Vietminh and Bo i, but it raised little interest and provided evidence to both the French and Vit Minh that Dim was a dangerous rival.", "The French refused to protect him after he was sentenced to death in absentia.", "Thc, H Ch Minh's brother, was the target of an assassination attempt.", "Dim decided to leave Vietnam because of his political status.", "According to Miller, there were at least three ideologies that influenced Dim's social and political views in the 1920s and 1930s.", "The first of these were Catholic nationalism, which Dim inherited from his family's tradition, especially from his brother, Nguyn Hu Bi.", "Dim's understanding of Confucianism was helped by his friendship with Phan Bi Chu who argued that Confucianism's teachings could be applied to modern Vietnam.", "Dim began to examine Personalism, which originated from French Catholicism's philosophy, and then applied it as the main ideology of his regime.", "Exile Dim applied for permission to travel to Rome for Holy Year celebrations.", "He left with his brother in August of 1950.", "In Japan, Dim met with Prince Cng, his former ally, and discussed Cng's efforts to return to Vietnam and his capacity to play some roles in his homeland.", "A friend of Dim's organized a meeting between him and a professor from the University of California who was working for the CIA in Japan.", "Fishel was a supporter of the anti-colonial, anti-communist third force doctrine in Asia and helped Dim organize connections in the United States.", "Dim went to the US in 1951 to get the support of the government.", "Dim did not win US support for Vietnamese anti-communists.", "Dim was able to get an audience with Pope Pius XII in Rome.", "He sent a message to Bo i indicating that he was willing to be the Prime Minister of the State of Vietnam.", "Bo i refused to meet him.", "Dim returned to the US to build support.", "The fact that Dim was an anti-communist was not enough to distinguish him from Bo i and other State of Vietnam leaders.", "American officials worried that his Catholicism could affect his ability to mobilize support in a predominantly non-Catholic country.", "Dim expanded his lobbying efforts to include a development focus in addition to anti-communism and religious factors.", "Dim was motivated by the fact that the US was enthusiastic in applying their technology.", "Dim was appointed as a consultant to the Government Research Bureau at Michigan State University.", "The foundation for the Michigan State University Vietnam Advisory Group was laid by Dim and Fishel.", "The Americans had different opinions of Dim.", "Some people were not impressed with him.", "Supreme Court Justice William O. Douglas and Roman Catholic cardinal Francis Spellman were two of the high-ranking officials that Dim gained favor with.", "Although he did not win official support from the US, his personal interactions with American political leaders promised the possibility of gaining more support in the future.", "He felt that if anyone could hold South Vietnam, it was Dim.", "During Dim's exile, his brothers Nhu, Cn, and Luyn played important roles in helping him build international and internal networks and support in different ways for his return to Vietnam.", "In the early 1950s, Nhu established the Cn Lao Party, which played a key role in helping Dim attain and consolidate his power.", "The State of Vietnam was independent from Paris until 1953, when it became Prime Minister.", "Dim felt that it was time for him to come because of the rising discontent with France and Bo i among non-communist nationalists and support from non-communist nationalists and Dim's allies.", "Bo i offered Dim the position of Prime Minister in Vietnam.", "The French surrendered at in Bin Ph in May 1954.", "If Bo i would give Dim military and civilian control, Dim would become the Prime Minister.", "Dim returned from exile and arrived at Tn Sn Nht airport.", "Dim had a cabinet of 18 people.", "Dim didn't have much power in the government, the military and police forces were under French control, and the civil system's key positions were still held by French officials.", "He couldn't control the bank.", "The leader of the National Army was ready to oust Di because he wanted to protect France's interest in South Vietnam.", "In that situation, Dim had to rely on his relatives and the support of his American supporters to overcome obstacles and defeat his opponents.", "Vietnam was partitioned at the 17th parallel due to elections in July 1956 to reunify the country.", "The south of Vietnam was controlled by the State of Vietnam, while the north was controlled by the Democratic Republic of Vietnam.", "Dim criticized the French for abandoning North Vietnam to the Communists at Geneva, claimed that the terms did not represent the will of the Vietnamese people, and refused French suggestions to include more pro-French officials in the government.", "The south was strained by the freedom of movement between the two zones until October 1954.", "Dim only expected 10,000 refugees, but by August there were more than 200,000 waiting to be evacuated.", "Dim's political base of support was strengthened by the migration.", "Diem's government arranged for refugees to be relocated to under-populated provinces in the western Mekong Delta.", "Food, shelter, farm tools, and housing material were provided by the Dim regime.", "The government dredged swamp-lands and built irrigation canals to help their lives.", "Dim had to face the \"Hinh crisis\" when Nguyn Vn Hinh launched a series of public attacks on him, proclaiming that South Vietnam needed a \"strong and popular\" leader.", "He bragged that he was planning a coup.", "Dim forced Hinh to resign from his post at the end of 1954.", "General Nguyn Vn Vy took over the command of the national army.", "General Vy was forced to flee to Paris because the National Army officers preferred Dim's leadership.", "The French continued to encourage Dim's enemies despite the failed coup.", "The National Bank of Vietnam was established on December 31, 1954.", "Although American advisors encouraged Dim to negotiate with the leaders of the political-religious forces who threatened to overthrow his position, he was determined to attack his enemies to consolidate his power.", "In April 1955, Dim's army took most of Bnh Xuyn's posts after a victory in the Battle of Saigon.", "Only a few small bands joined the communists after Dim's troops wiped out the Bnh Xuyn's remnants.", "The end of French efforts to remove Dim was marked by the failure of Bnh Xuyn.", "The prestige and authority of Dim's government increased after the defeat of Bnh Xuyn.", "Dim's government was chosen by most of the Cao i leaders.", "The private armies of the religious sects were dismantled by Dim.", "By the end of 1955, Dim had taken control of South Vietnam and his government was stronger than ever before.", "Dim was able to focus on his communist opponents after the capture of Ba Ct, the leader of the last Ha Ho rebels, in 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932", "The US government had planned to withdraw its backing from Dim during his early years of leadership, but according to Miller, Dim's capacity in subduing his enemies and consolidating his power strengthened US support of his government.", "The future direction of South Vietnam was to be determined by a referendum on October 23, 1955, in which the people would choose Dim or Bo i as the leader.", "The propaganda campaign for destroying Bo i's reputation was supplied by Dim's brother and the Cn Lao Party.", "The supporters of Bo i were attacked by Nhu's workers.", "The official results showed that 98.2% of voters favored Dim.", "The referendum was heavily rigged, as the total number of votes far exceeded the number of registered voters.", "605,025 people were said to have voted for Dim, but only 450,000 people were registered to vote.", "Dim was the first President of the Republic of Vietnam, but only until 26 October 1956.", "The first Constitution established the republic and organized the election of its president.", "elections to reunify the country were prescribed by the 1954.", "Since the previous State of Vietnam had not signed the accords, they were not bound by it, despite having been part of the French Union, Dim refused to hold these elections.", "Taylor said that Dim's rejection of the accords was a way of objecting to the French colonization of Vietnam.", "The establishment of the First Republic of Vietnam was a way for Dim to claim independence from France.", "The first Constitution of the Republic of Vietnam was promulgated.", "Dim had absolute power over South Vietnam according to the Constitution.", "His governance style became more authoritarian over time.", "Dim's rule was nepotistic and authoritarian.", "Nhu, leader of the primary pro-Dim Can Lao political party, was an opium addiction and admirer of Hitler.", "The Can Lao secret police's marching style and torture styles were modeled on Nazi designs.", "The former Imperial City of Hu was taken over by Cn.", "The regions of South Vietnam were ruled by private armies and secret police by both Cn and Nhu.", "Luyn was appointed Ambassador to the United Kingdom.", "His brother was the Archbishop of Hu.", "Nhu's wife and Dim lived in the Presidential Palace.", "Dim preferred the philosophy of personalism and Confucianism.", "Dim's rule was corrupted by family corruption.", "Can was thought to have been involved in the illegal shipment of rice to North Vietnam on the black market and opium throughout Asia via Laos, as well as monopolising the cinnamon trade, amassing a fortune stored in foreign banks.", "Can competed for U.S. contracts with Nhu.", "The most powerful religious leader in the country was allowed to solicit \"voluntary contributions to the Church\" from businessmen.", "He used his position to acquire farms, businesses, urban real estate, rental property and rubber plantations for the Catholic Church.", "He used the Army of the Republic of Vietnam to work on his construction projects.", "The Nhus ran numbers and lottery rackets, manipulating currency and extorting money from businesses.", "Luyen became a multimillionaire by using government information to make money on the currency exchange.", "The Can Lao Party was involved in Dim's regime.", "Initially, each member of the party only knew the identities of a few other members, as the party acted based on a network of cells.", "The government could be assumed by the Party.", "The party's activities were hidden from public view after 1954.", "The party was used to mobilize support for Dim's political movements.", "The Can Lao Party was established on September 2, 1954.", "The basic doctrine of Dim's regime was Personalism, which was declared in the Constitution as \"building Politics, Economy, Society, Culture for the people based on respecting Personalism\".", "Dim's dual identity as Confucian and Catholic made him associated with the doctrine of Personalism.", "In the context of an Asian country like Vietnam, Confucian values were relevant to deal with contemporary problems in politics, governance, and social change.", "Dim was not a reactionary mandarin without an interest in democracy as has been portrayed by some scholars.", "His approach to political and administrative reform was influenced by his way of thinking about democracy.", "The first National Assembly elections were held in March of 1956.", "The government retained the right to ban candidates who are linked to the communists, but non-government candidates were allowed to campaign.", "Military personnel were driven around to cast multiple ballots for regime members, and the police were also used to intimidate opposition candidates.", "Increasing difficulties were faced by Dim's regime.", "After coming under pressure from within Vietnam and the United States, Dim agreed to hold legislative elections in August 1959 for South Vietnam.", "Newspapers were not allowed to publish the names of independent candidates or their policies, and political meetings were not allowed to exceed five people.", "Candidates who ran against the government were harassed.", "The death penalty was used to threaten candidates who ran in rural areas.", "The most prominent critic of the government was allowed to run.", "Despite the deployment of 8,000 ARVN plainclothes troops into his district to vote, n still won by a ratio of six to one.", "Across the country, soldiers were bused to vote for regime approved candidates.", "n was arrested when the assembly met.", "In May 1961, Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson declared Dim the \"Winston Churchill of Asia\".", "Johnson replied, \"Dim's the only boy we got out there.\"", "Dim was assured by Johnson that a fighting force could resist the communists.", "Dim was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "adultery laws were strengthened and brothels and opium dens were closed.", "The National Technical Center at Ph Th was established in 1957 by Dim's government.", "Dim's rule set up a democratic basis and promoted rural and material rearmament among the people.", "The Civic Action was used by Dim's government to serve \"the power vacuum\" and make a rural influence for Dim's government.", "A clearer picture of Dim's domestic policies and a further understanding of his government's efforts in reaching and connecting with local communities in South Vietnam shows \"an indigenous initiative\" of the government in building an independent and viable nation.", "Landholdings in rural areas were concentrated in a small number of rich landlord families in South Vietnam.", "It was necessary to reform land in South Vietnam.", "Dim had two attempts to control the excesses of the land tenancy system, one of which was to reduce land rent between 15% and 25% of the average harvest, and the other was to protect the rights of tenants on new and abandoned land.", "Wolf Ladejinsky, Dim's personal adviser on agrarian reform, urged Dim to proclaim a \"land to the tiller\", not to be confused with other land reform in South.", "Many landlords avoided the redistribution by transferring the property to family members.", "During the war against the French Union, the Vit Minh gained control of parts of southern Vietnam and started land reform.", "The ceiling limit in Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan was less than 30 times that allowed in Vietnam.", "The land reform had minimal political, social, and economic influences.", "Between 1957 and 1963, only 50 percent of expropriated land was redistributed, and only 100,000 tenant farmers in South Vietnam benefited from the reform.", "According to Miller, Dim was not beholden to large landowners, instead of vigorously implementing Land Reform, he had his own vision in Vietnamese rural development.", "Dim wanted to see Resettlement as a way to practice the government's goals.", "The US and Dim differed on nation building in the countryside.", "The Ci Sn project was implemented in 1955 by Dim's government with the help of the US.", "In early 1957, Dim started a new program called the Land Development to relocate poor inhabitants, demobilized soldiers, and minority ethnic groups in central and southern Vietnam into abandoned or unused land.", "Dim believed that the program would teach civilians the values of being self-reliant and hard working.", "At the end of 1963, the program had built more than two hundred settlements for a quarter of a million people.", "The lack of conditions in these areas along with the corruption and mercilessness of local officials failed the program.", "In late 1959 and early 1960, Dim introduced the Agroville Program, which he intended to physically relocate residents who lived in remote and isolated regions in the Mekong Delta into new settlements.", "Dim had to discard the program because the residents were not happy with it and the communists were in it.", "The alliance moved from bad to worse because of the disagreement between the US and Dim over agrarian reform.", "Dim focused on internal security to protect his regime as well as maintain order and social change during his presidency.", "After the Ha Ho was defeated, Dim focused on the communists.", "Dim's main security measures were threats, punishment and intimidation.", "Tens of thousands of suspected communists were held in \"political re-education centers\" during his regime's counteroffensive against communist subversion.", "According to the North Vietnamese government, over 65,000 people were imprisoned and 2,148 were killed in the process.", "40,000 political prisoners were jailed by the end of the year.", "The communists had to suffer their \"darkest period\" in their history as Dim was able to completely control each family by the end of 1959.", "They had almost no power in the countryside of South Vietnam.", "Dim was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "Dim issued an Ordinance after the \"Anti-Communist Denunciation Campaign\".", "Anyone who was considered a threat to the state and public order was placed in jail or house arrest.", "Dim's hard policies led to fear and resentment in many quarters in South Vietnam and negatively affected his relations with the US in terms of counter-insurgent methods.", "H Minh Tri, a communist, tried to assassinate the president when he delivered a speech at an agricultural fair.", "The Secretary for Agrarian Reform's left arm was hit by the pistol he fired as he approached Dim.", "Tri was able to fire another shot after the weapon jammed.", "Dim was not moved by the incident.", "The assassination attempt was a response to Dim's anti-communist policies.", "A low-level insurgency began to take shape in South Vietnam as opposition to Dim's rule grew.", "The use of armed insurgency in the South with supplies and troops from the North was authorized in January 1959 by a secret resolution of the Central Committee.", "On December 20, 1960, the southern communists established the Viet Cong in order to overthrow the government of the south.", "Lieutenant Colonel Vng Vn ng and Colonel Nguyn Chnh Thi were involved in a failed coup attempt against the President of South Vietnam.", "The Presidential Palace was bombed by two air force officers in February 1962 in an attempt to assassinate Dim and his family.", "The last and most ambitious of Diem's government's nation building schemes was implemented in 1962, called the Strategic Hamlet Program.", "The National Liberation Front was intended to be isolated from the villages, their source for recruiting soldiers, supplies, and information, and to transform the countryside.", "After the assassination of Dim, the Strategic Hamlet Program was canceled because it was not as successful as had been expected.", "Miller said that the program created a turnabout in Dim's regime in their war against communism.", "In a country where surveys of the religious composition estimated the Buddhist majority to be between 70% and 90%, Dim's policies generated claims of religious bias.", "Diem was thought to have pursued pro-Catholic policies that upset many Buddhists.", "The government was thought to be biased towards Catholics in public service and military promotions, as well as the allocation of land, business favors, and tax concessions.", "Dim once told a high-ranking officer to put Catholic officers in sensitive places because he was a Buddhist.", "They can be trusted.", "Many officers in the Army of the Republic of Vietnam converted to Catholicism in the belief that their military prospects depended on it.", "Weapons were only given to Catholics by the village self-defense militias.", "Some Buddhist villages converted to Catholicism in order to receive aid or to avoid being forcibly resettled by Dim's regime, with Buddhists in the army being denied promotion if they refused to convert to Catholicism.", "Forced conversions, loot, shelling, and demolition of pagodas were some of the things that happened when some Catholic priests ran their own armies.", "The \"private\" status imposed on Buddhism by the French required official permission to conduct public Buddhist activities and was never repealed by Dim.", "Catholics were exempt from the corvée labor that the government obliged all citizens to perform, and US aid was disproportionately distributed to Catholic-majority villages.", "Land reform did not apply to the land owned by the Catholic Church.", "In 1959 Dim dedicated his country to the Virgin Mary, as the Catholic Church enjoyed special exemptions in property acquisition.", "In South Vietnam, the Vatican flag was flown at all major public events.", "The new universities were placed under Catholic authority to foster a Catholic-skewed academic environment.", "Dim contributed to Buddhist communities in South Vietnam by giving them permission to carry out activities that were banned by the French, and supported money for Buddhist schools, ceremonies, and building more pagodas.", "There were five Catholics, five Confucians, and eight Buddhists in Dim's cabinet.", "Three of the top nineteen military officials were Catholic.", "During 1963, the regime's relations with the United States worsened as discontent among South Vietnam's Buddhist majority increased.", "In Hu, where Dim's older brother was the Catholic Archbishop, the Buddhist majority was banned from displaying Buddhist flags during Vesak celebrations because of a government regulation.", "The white and yellow papal flags were flown at the 25th anniversary commemoration of Thc's elevation to the rank of bishop.", "Miller said that Dim declared the flag embargo because he was annoyed with the commemoration for Thc.", "Thch Tr Quang led a protest against the government, which was suppressed by Dim's forces, and civilians were killed in the clash.", "Dim and his supporters blamed the protesters for the deaths.", "Although the provincial chief expressed sorrow for the killings and offered to compensate the victims' families, they denied that government forces were responsible for the killings.", "According to Dim, it was the communists who threw the grenade.", "The Buddhists wanted freedom to fly religious flags, an end to arbitrary arrests, compensation for the Hu victims, and religious equality.", "Dim ordered his forces to arrest those who were involved in civil disobedience.", "Protesters tried to march towards the T m pagoda.", "The crowds were not dispersed by six waves of tear gas and attack dogs.", "67 people were hospitalized for chemical injuries after praying protesters were doused with brownish-red liquid chemicals.", "A curfew was put in place.", "In June, a Buddhist monk, Thch Qung c, set himself on fire in the middle of a busy intersection in protest of Dim's policies, and photos of this event were disseminated around the world.", "The US grew increasingly frustrated with the unpopular leader's public image in both Vietnam and the United States after a number of other monks self-immolated.", "Dim identified the dissenters as communists.", "Special forces loyal to Dim's brother, Nhu, raided the X Li pagoda in August as demonstrations against his government continued.", "The cremated remains of Qung c, which included his heart, were taken away.", "The T m pagoda in Hu was looted, the statue of Gautama Buddha was demolished, and the body of a monk was seized.", "30 civilians were killed and 200 were wounded when the populace came to the defense of the monks.", "Some thirty monks were injured and 1,400 were arrested.", "The United States disapproved of Dim's administration when the ambassador visited the pagoda.", "There were no mass Buddhist protests during Dim's rule.", "Madame Nhu's wife joked that she would supply the gasoline if the Buddhists wanted to have another barbecue.", "The public was upset by the pagoda raids.", "Students at Hu University rioted and boycotted classes, which led to arrests, imprisonments, and the closing of the university.", "Children as young as five years old were sent to re-education camps after being arrested for anti-government graffiti when high school students demonstrated.", "V Vn Mu shaved his head in protest.", "He was kept under house arrest when he tried to leave the country for a religious pilgrimage.", "A French diplomatic initiative to end the war was launched at the same time as the Buddhist crisis was taking place.", "The initiative was known to historians as the \"Maneli affair\", after Mieczysaw Maneli, the Polish Commissioner to the International Control Commission.", "In 1963, North Vietnam was experiencing its worst dry spell in a generation.", "In exchange for South Vietnamese rice being traded for North Vietnamese coal, Maneli conveyed messages between the two countries.", "On 2 September 1963, Maneli met with Nhu at his office in the Gia Long Palace, a meeting that Nhu leaked to the world in his \"A Matter of Fact\" column in the Washington Post.", "Nhu wanted to blackmail the United States with the message that if Kennedy continued to criticize Diem's handling of the Buddhist crisis, Diem would reach an understanding with the Communists.", "The Kennedy administration was angry at what Alsop had said.", "Roger Hilsman urged the Secretary of State to encourage a coup against Diem because he might make a deal with the Communists.", "There are many interpretations of the Buddhist crisis and the immolation of Thch Qung c.", "Relating the events to the larger context of Vietnamese Buddhism in the 20th century and looking at the interactions between Dim and Buddhist groups, the Buddhist protests during Dim's regime were not only the struggles against discrimination in religious practices and religious freedom, but also the resistance of", "Dim and his brother Nhu believed that they could resolve the Buddhist crisis in their own way, like they did with the Hinh crisis in 1954.", "The foreign policy of the Republic of Vietnam (RVN), according to Fishel, was the policy of the man himself.", "The RVN's foreign policies were formulated by him, as well as the roles of his adviser, V Vn Mu, and his foreign ministers.", "Since Dim had to pay attention to domestic issues in the context of the Vietnam War, foreign policy did not receive appropriate attention from him.", "Dim paid more attention to countries that had a direct impact on Vietnam.", "The withdrawal of the French, international recognition, the cultivation of the legitimacy of the RVN and the relations with the United States were some of the issues Dim paid more attention to.", "The RVN focused on diplomatic relations with other Asian countries to get international recognition.", "India's non-alignment policy was not the reason for Dim's attitude toward India.", "In 1962, when India voted for a report that criticized the communists for supporting the invasion of South Vietnam, Dim reviewed his opinions towards India.", "Dim's regime established diplomatic relations for Japan, which led to an agreement with the amount of $49 million.", "Dim established friendly relations with many non-communist states, including South Korea, Taiwan, the Philippines, Thailand, and the Federation of Malaya.", "The RVN had diplomatic relations with Cambodia, India, Burma, Indonesia, Hong Kong, Singapore, Australia, New Zealand, Brazil, Argentina, Mexico, and Tunisia.", "Dim never made a serious effort to establish any relations with communist North Vietnam.", "As an anti-colonialism nationalist, Dim did not believe in France and it was always a negative factor in his foreign policy.", "He didn't look up on France as a counterbalance to American influence.", "Although Dim acknowledged the importance of the US-RVN alliance, he believed that the US's assistance to the RVN was more about its own interests than the RVN's.", "Dim's distrust of the US grew because of the Laotian policy, which gave North Vietnam access to South Vietnam's border.", "American military personnel in South Vietnam threatened Dim's nationalist credentials and the independence of his government.", "In early 1963, the Ng brothers changed their alliance with the US.", "They disagreed with the US on how to respond to the threat from North Vietnam.", "While Dim believed that before opening the political system for the participation of other political camps, military, and security matters should be taken into account, the US wanted otherwise and was critical of Dim's clientelistic government.", "The Buddhist crisis in South Vietnam resulted in a coup d'état and decreased American confidence in Dim.", "The collapse of the US-Diem alliance was shaped by nation-building politics.", "The strains of their alliance were caused by the different visions in the meanings of concepts such as democracy, community, security, and social change.", "The Buddhist crisis deepened in July 1963, non-communist Vietnamese nationalists and the military began preparations for a coup.", "In his memoirs, Bi Dim reported that General L Vn Kim requested his help in learning what the United States might do about his government.", "The high-profile American journalists that Dim had contacts with were David Halberstam of the New York Times, Neil Sheehan of the United Press International, and Malcolm Browne of the Associated Press.", "General Dng Vn Minh was one of the generals involved in the coup d'état.", "Lieutenant Colonel Conein was a liaison between the US Embassy and the generals, who were led by Trn Vn n.", "They met for the first time at the Tn Sn Nht airport.", "Conein met with General Dng Vn Minh to discuss the coup and the stance of the US towards it.", "After Conein delivered the White House's message of American non-intervention, the U.S. ambassador gave secret assurances to the generals that the United States would not interfere.", "The generals of Vietnam planned the coup.", "The plotters of the 1963 coup knew how to get the support of other officer corps.", "Generals Tn Tht nh, General Cao Tr, General Nguyn Khnh, the III, II Corps, and I Corps commanders supported them.", "General Hunh Vn Cao of the IV Corps was loyal to Dim.", "Conein wore his military uniform and stuffed three million piastres into a bag to be given to General Minh.", "The planned coup against President Dim was about to start after Conein called the CIA station.", "Minh and his co-conspirators overthrew the government.", "The generals called the palace to offer Dim exile if he surrendered.", "The following morning, Dim and his team were captured after they escaped through an underground passageway.", "On November 2, 1963, Minh ordered Captain Nguyn Vn Nhung to assassinate the brothers in the back of an M113 armored personnel carrier with a bayonet and revolver.", "Dim was buried in a cemetery next to the US Ambassador's house.", "National honours include the Grand Cross and Grand Master of the National Order of Vietnam Foreign honours.", "The Grand Cross of the Royal Order of Cambodia was given upon learning of Dim's assassination.", "The consequences of the 1 November coup d'état will be contrary to the calculations of the US imperialists.", "The attempt to crush the revolution was carried out by Dim.", "One of the most competent lackeys of the US imperialists was Dim.", "None of the anti-Communists in South Vietnam or exiled in other countries have enough political assets to cause others to obey.", "The lackey administration is not stable.", "The coup d'état will not be the last.", "South Vietnam was unable to establish a stable government after Dim's death.", "While the United States continued to influence South Vietnam's government, the assassination strengthened North Vietnam's attempts to portray the South Vietnamese as supporters of colonialism.", "The end of the first Republic of Vietnam was caused by Dim's assassination.", "Dim's contribution over his nine years of power can be appreciated at many levels due to his part in resolving the northern refugees issue, establishing and cementing the power of his regime, and subduing the sects.", "Dim was able to build a stable government in the late 1950s in South Vietnam, which had suffered through the First Indochina War.", "Conditions for economic recovery and development of education in South Vietnam were created by the security situation in the country.", "Many universities were established during Dim's presidency, such as Hu University, Lt University, University of Pedagogy, the University of Saigon, and the National Institute of Administration.", "Sources, Vn Lun.", "Bn ging lch was in the 1940s.", "Si Gn is also known as Tr Dng.", "J. M. Chapman.", "There was resistance in the United States and southern Vietnam.", "The Cornell University Press is in Ithaca.", "Gabriel Kolko was born in 1987.", "The Vietnam: Anatomy of a War was published in 1975.", "Unwin books.", "Joseph Morgan was born in 1997.", "The American friends of Vietnam were referred to as the Vietnam Lobby.", "The University of North Carolina Press.", "Nguyn, Xun Hoi.", "The Republic of Vietnam regime in South Vietnam ran from 1955 to 1963.", "The University of Social Sciences and Humanities is in Ho Chi Minh city.", "\"Voices from the second Republic of Vietnam\" is an edition by Taylor.", "Southeast Asia Program Publications is in New York.", "Stewart, G. C.", "The Special Commissariat for Civic Action and Nation Building in Vietnam was established in 1955.", "The Journal of Vietnamese Studies is a journal.", "Young, Marilyn B.", "The year 1991.", "The war in Vietnam.", "New York:Harper Perennial.", "Further reading Charles.", "A Church from Empire to Nation.", "The University of California Press.", "The person is Bruce McFarland.", "The end of the monarchy in Vietnam.", "The Council on Southeast Asia Studies is part of the Yale Center for International and Area Studies.", "Joseph Morgan was born in 2003", "The Human Tradition in American since 1945 includes \"Wesley Fishel and Vietnam: A special kind of friend.\"", "David Anderson is from the area.", "Don Oberdorfer was born in 2003", "The life of a great American diplomat.", "M-Vn was from Washington, DC.", "Prince Cng was a Royal Exile in Japan.", "There is a book called Routledge.", "The National Security Archive has links to JFK and the Diem Coup.", "The Pentagon Papers are a collection of papers.", "The second part of a two-part show.", "The Overthrow of Ngo Dinh Diem was published in 1963.", "The people from Qung Bnh Province were Roman Catholics and had heads of state." ]

[ "Diem", "Ngo", "Dinh", "Dinh" ]

[ "Diem", "Diem" ]

[ "Hendrickje Stoffels (1626 – 21 July 1663) was the longtime partner of Rembrandt.", "The couple were unable to marry because of the financial settlement linked to the will of Rembrandt's deceased wife Saskia, but they remained together until Hendrickje's death.", "In 1654 she gave birth to Rembrandt's daughter Cornelia.", "In the later years of their relationship Hendrickje managed Rembrandt's business affairs together with the painter's son Titus.", "Hendrickje is widely believed to have modelled for several of Rembrandt's works and to be depicted in some Tronie portraits.", "However, her role as Rembrandt's model is disputed by some critics.", "Life\n\nYouth\nHendrickje was born in the garrison city of Bredevoort, Gelderland, the daughter of sergeant Stoffel Stoffelse and Mechteld Lamberts.", "Sergeant Stoffel Stoffelse was Jager (hunter) for the castle at Bredevoort and so was also nicknamed Jeger, with his children nicknamed 'Jegers', but always officially referred to as 'Stoffels'.", "Hendrickje had three brothers: Hermen, Berent and Frerick.", "Hermen and Berent were longtime soldiers in Bredevoort, never serving elsewhere.", "Berent and Frerick both died young.", "Hendrickje had a sister, Martijne Jegers, and perhaps also another sister, Margriete.", "Martijne married Jan Kerstens Pleckenpoel from Lichtenvoorde, who was another soldier in Bredevoort.", "After his death Martijne remarried, to Berent van Aelten.", "Hendrickje's father almost certainly died in July 1646, the victim of an explosion of the gunpowder tower in Bredevoort.", "In January 1647, after the normal mourning time of half a year, his widow Mechteld Lamberts remarried to a neighbour, Jacob van Dorsten, a widower with three young children.", "As a consequence of her mother's marriage, Hendrickje seems to have been constrained to leave home for Amsterdam.", "Relationship with Rembrandt\n\nHendrickje obtained work as Rembrandt's housekeeper, and seems to have lived with him from approximately 1647, at first as a maid, but fast becoming much more.", "This led to an acrimonious fallout with Rembrandt's previous live-in lover Geertje Dircx, who sued Rembrandt for breach of promise in 1649, and demanded maintenance payments from him.", "Hendrickje testified in the case, confirming that a financial agreement had been reached with Geertje.", "In the same year Hendrickje returned to Bredevoort for the summer (possibly with Rembrandt accompanying her), and is there mentioned as a witness to a christening in the Bredevoorts church records.", "The Eighty Years' War was past, and peace was finally reaching even the eastern Netherlands.", "In 1654, when she was pregnant with Rembrandt's daughter, Hendrickje had to appear before the Council of the Reformed Church for \"living in sin\" with Rembrandt, who was a widower and 20 years her senior.", "She admitted to \"unwedded cohabitation\" with Rembrandt and was banned from receiving communion.", "On 30 October 1654, the couple's daughter Cornelia van Rijn was baptized in the Oude Kerk in Amsterdam.", "Rembrandt and Hendrickje lived together as common law husband and wife until her death in 1663.", "Initially, Rembrandt's unwillingness to marry Hendrickje had a pecuniary motive: by marrying her he would have forfeited the inheritance of his first wife Saskia van Uylenburgh.", "Even with this inheritance he had major financial problems, but without it he would have been bankrupt.", "But then in 1655, Titus – the son he had with Saskia – turned 14, and thereby eligible by law to make his will.", "Rembrandt immediately made sure that Titus installed him as his only heir and by that he outwitted Saskia.", "Still, he did not marry Hendrickje.", "As Rembrandt's dealer\n\nBy 1656 Rembrandt was forced to declare bankruptcy.", "In 1658 he lost his house, and he, Hendrickje, Cornelia and Titus moved into rented property in the Jordaan.", "In the same year, Hendrickje, who got along well with Titus, opened an art shop with Titus’ help where she sold Rembrandt’s paintings.", "In order to protect him from his money lenders Hendrickje and Titus became his employers.", "In this way his former maid Hendrickje Stoffels had become his boss – at least officially.", "Her biographer Christoph Driessen believes that Rembrandt’s noticeable productivity in the early 1660s was caused by the obvious support Hendrickje was rendering him.", "She was organizing his life for him and prevented his complete downfall after his bankruptcy.", "In May 1663, the plague arrived in Amsterdam and killed thousands, especially at the end of the year.", "It is not clear Hendrickje was a victim of the epidemic as she was the only one who was buried in the Westerkerk in Amsterdam on 24 July 1663.", "In Rembrandt's art\n\nThough there are no paintings that are explicitly identified as depictions of Hendrickje, there are a number of portraits, nudes and other images which appear to depict the same woman, who is often assumed to be Hendrickje.", "A portrait in the National Gallery, London is identified as her \"based on the knowledge of the sitter's relationship with the artist, and the informality and affection with which she is represented.\"", "She is seated wearing a fur wrap and jewellery.", "There are a number of other portrait-like images that appear to depict the same woman.", "However, Rembrandt scholar Eric Sluijter is sceptical of attempts to identify Hendrickje in Rembrandt's work, writing that,\n\nIf one compares the large number of etchings, drawings and paintings with the purpose of recognizing Hendrickje it appears more often than not that there is little mutual resemblance between all the candidates.", "It is surprising how, still, in recent art historical literature numerous works are identified as Hendrickje Stoffels as a matter of course.", "Sluijter suggests that the broad similarity between the faces of women in Rembrandt's paintings suggest that he tended to portray an \"ideal type\".", "Hendrickje is also traditionally identified as the model for a number of nudes, especially the painting Bathsheba at Her Bath.", "She would have been 28 at the time of the painting.", "Sluijter has proposed otherwise, stating that Rembrandt would be very unlikely to portray his partner's own recognisable face on nudes to be sold publicly.", "In later culture\n\nShe appears in several films and television dramas about the life of Rembrandt.", "She is a character in the 1936 British film Rembrandt, where she is portrayed by Elsa Lanchester.", "Gisela Uhlen took the role in the 1942 German film Rembrandt.", "In the 1999 biopic Rembrandt she is played by Romane Bohringer.", "In Peter Greenaway's film Nightwatching, she is played by Emily Holmes.", "In television she appears in Portrait by Rembrandt (1952), played by Jennifer Gray.", "Vera Veroft depicts her as the central character in the 1963 drama Hendrickje Stoffels.", "She also appears in the Dutch 2011 series Rembrandt en ik, played by Wendell Jaspers.", "The novel I Am Rembrandt's Daughter is about Hendrickje's daughter Cornelia.", "Hendrickje appears in flashback scenes.", "A LINT-24 train, run by the Dutch transportation firm Syntus, is named after her.", "In her birthplace, Bredevoort, a bronze statue has been erected of her in the town's square, known as 't Zand.", "References\n\nSources\n Driessen, C. (2012) Rembrandts vrouwen, Bert Bakker.", "External links\n\nDigitaal Vrouwenlexicon - biography\nBredevoort Boekenstad - biography\nArticle on the location of Hendrickje Stoffel's parents' house in Bredevoort\n\n1626 births\n1663 deaths\n17th-century Dutch women\nDutch art dealers\nDutch artists' models\nPeople from Bredevoort\nFamily of Rembrandt" ]

[ "The long-time partner of Rembrandt was Hendrickje Stoffels.", "The couple were unable to marry because of the financial settlement linked to the will of Rembrandt's dead wife, but they remained together until Hendrickje's death.", "She gave birth to Rembrandt's daughter in 1654.", "Rembrandt's business affairs were managed by Hendrickje and the painter's son.", "Hendrickje is believed to have been a model for several Rembrandt's works.", "Her role as Rembrandt's model is disputed by some.", "The daughter of a sergeant was born in the garrison city of Bredevoort, Gelderland.", "Sergeant Stoffelse was known as Jager for the castle at Bredevoort and so was also nicknamed Jeger, with his children nicknamed 'Jegers', but always officially referred to as 'Stoffels'.", "Hermen, Berent and Frerick were Hendrickje's brothers.", "Both Hermen and Berent were long time soldiers in Bredevoort.", "Both of them died young.", "There were at least two other sisters, Margriete and Martijne Jegers.", "One of the soldiers in Bredevoort was married to Martijne.", "After his death, his widow remarried to another man.", "The father of Hendrickje was the victim of an explosion of the gunpowder tower in Bredevoort.", "Jacob van Dorsten, a widower with three young children, was married to Mechteld Lamberts in January 1647, after the normal mourning time of half a year.", "Hendrickje was constrained to leave home for Amsterdam because of her mother's marriage.", "The relationship with Rembrandt Hendrickje began as a maid, but soon became a full-time one.", "Rembrandt was sued by his live-in lover in 1649 for breaching his promise and demanded maintenance payments.", "In the case, Hendrickje confirmed that a financial agreement had been reached.", "In the same year that she returned to Bredevoort, she is mentioned in the church records as a witness to a christening.", "Peace was finally reaching the eastern Netherlands after the Eighty Years' War.", "When she was pregnant with Rembrandt's daughter, Hendrickje had to appear before the Council of the Reformed Church for living in sin with Rembrandt, who was a widower and 20 years her senior.", "She was banned from receiving communion after admitting to \"unwedded cohabitation\" with Rembrandt.", "The couple's daughter was christened in the Oude Kerk in Amsterdam.", "The common law husband and wife were Rembrandt and Hendrickje.", "Rembrandt would have forfeited the inheritance of his first wife if he married Hendrickje.", "Without this inheritance, he would have been bankrupt.", "In 1655, the son he had with Saskia turned 14 and was eligible to make his will.", "Rembrandt made sure that Titus installed him as his heir and that he outsmarted Saskia.", "He didn't marry Hendrickje.", "Rembrandt was forced to declare bankruptcy as his dealer.", "After losing his house in 1658, he and his family moved into rented property in the Jordaan.", "In the same year, Hendrickje opened an art shop where she sold Rembrandt's paintings.", "He became his employers in order to protect himself from his money lenders.", "His former maid had become his boss.", "According to her biographer, Rembrandt's productivity was caused by the support he received from Hendrickje.", "She was helping him organize his life and prevent his downfall after his bankruptcy.", "The plague killed thousands in Amsterdam at the end of the year.", "It is not clear if Hendrickje was a victim of the epidemic, as she was the only one who was buried in Amsterdam.", "There are a number of portraits, nudes and other images which appear to depict the same woman, who is often assumed to be Hendrickje, in Rembrandt's art.", "A portrait in the National Gallery, London is identified as her \"based on the knowledge of the sitter's relationship with the artist, and the informality and affection with which she is represented.\"", "She is wearing fur and jewellery.", "There are a number of portrait-like images of the same woman.", "According to Eric Sluijter, Rembrandt scholar, if one compares the large number of etchings, drawings and paintings with the purpose of recognizing Hendrickje it appears more often than not that there is little mutual resemblance between all.", "It is surprising how many works in recent art historical literature are identified with the same author.", "According to Sluijter, the similarity between the faces of women in Rembrandt's paintings suggest that he tended to portray an ideal type.", "The painting Bathsheba at Her Bath is considered to be the model for a number of nudes.", "She was 28 years old at the time of the painting.", "According to Sluijter, Rembrandt wouldn't portray his partner's face on nudes to be sold publicly.", "She has appeared in several films and television dramas about Rembrandt.", "In the 1936 British film Rembrandt, she is portrayed by Elsa Lanchester.", "Gisela Uhlen played the role of Rembrandt.", "She is played by Romane Bohringer in the Rembrandt movie.", "She is played in Peter Greenaway's film Nightwatching.", "Portrait by Rembrandt is a television show that she appears in.", "Vera Veroft depicts her as the central character in a movie.", "She appeared in the Dutch series Rembrandt en ik.", "I Am Rembrandt's Daughter is a novel about a girl.", "Hendrickje is in a scene.", "Syntus named a train after her.", "There is a bronze statue of her in the town's square.", "There are references to Rembrandts vrouwen.", "The biography of Bredevoort Boekenstad contains information on the location of the parents' house." ]

[ "Hendrickje Stoffels", "Hendrickje", "Hendrickje", "Stoffel Stoffels", "Stoffels", "Hendrickje", "Hendrickje", "Hendrickje", "Hendrickje", "Hendrickje", "Hendrickje", "Stoffels", "Hendrickje", "Hendrickje", "Stoffels", "Hendrickje", "Stoffels", "Hendrickje", "Hendrickje", "Hendrickje" ]

[ "Hendrickje Stoffels", "Hendrickje", "Hendrickje", "Hendrickje", "Stoffels", "Hendrickje", "Hendrickje", "Hendrickje", "Hendrickje", "Hendrickje" ]

[ "Karl Paul Reinhold Niebuhr (1892–1971) was an American Reformed theologian, ethicist, commentator on politics and public affairs, and professor at Union Theological Seminary for more than 30 years.", "Niebuhr was one of America's leading public intellectuals for several decades of the 20th century and received the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1964.", "A public theologian, he wrote and spoke frequently about the intersection of religion, politics, and public policy, with his most influential books including Moral Man and Immoral Society and The Nature and Destiny of Man.", "The latter is ranked number 18 of the top 100 non-fiction books of the twentieth century by Modern Library.", "Andrew Bacevich labelled Niebuhr's book The Irony of American History \"the most important book ever written on U.S. foreign policy.\"", "The historian Arthur Schlesinger Jr. described Niebuhr as \"the most influential American theologian of the 20th century\" and Time posthumously called Niebuhr \"the greatest Protestant theologian in America since Jonathan Edwards.\"", "Starting as a minister with working-class sympathies in the 1920s and sharing with many other ministers a commitment to pacifism and socialism, his thinking evolved during the 1930s to neo-orthodox realist theology as he developed the philosophical perspective known as Christian realism.", "He attacked utopianism as ineffectual for dealing with reality, writing in The Children of Light and the Children of Darkness (1944), \"Man's capacity for justice makes democracy possible; but man's inclination to injustice makes democracy necessary.\"", "Niebuhr's realism deepened after 1945 and led him to support American efforts to confront Soviet communism around the world.", "A powerful speaker, he was one of the most influential thinkers of the 1940s and 1950s in public affairs.", "Niebuhr battled with religious liberals over what he called their naïve views of the contradictions of human nature and the optimism of the Social Gospel, and battled with religious conservatives over what he viewed as their naïve view of scripture and their narrow definition of \"true religion\".", "During this time he was viewed by many as the intellectual rival of John Dewey.", "Niebuhr's contributions to political philosophy include utilizing the resources of theology to argue for political realism.", "His work has also significantly influenced international relations theory, leading many scholars to move away from idealism and embrace realism.", "A large number of scholars, including political scientists, political historians, and theologians, have noted his influence on their thinking.", "Aside from academics, activists such as Myles Horton and Martin Luther King Jr. and numerous politicians have also cited his influence on their thought, including Hillary Clinton, Hubert Humphrey, Dean Acheson, James Comey, Madeleine Albright, and John McCain, as well as presidents Barack Obama and Jimmy Carter.", "Recent years have seen a renewed interest in Niebuhr's work, in part because of Obama's admiration.", "In 2017, PBS released a documentary on Niebuhr, titled An American Conscience: The Reinhold Niebuhr Story.", "Aside from his political commentary, Niebuhr is also known for having composed the Serenity Prayer, a widely recited prayer which was popularized by Alcoholics Anonymous.", "Niebuhr was also one of the founders of both Americans for Democratic Action and the International Rescue Committee and also spent time at the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton, while serving as a visiting professor at both Harvard and Princeton.", "He was also the brother of another prominent theologian, H. Richard Niebuhr.", "Early life and education\nNiebuhr was born on June 21, 1892, in Wright City, Missouri, the son of German immigrants Gustav Niebuhr and his wife, Lydia (née Hosto).", "His father was a German Evangelical pastor; his denomination was the American branch of the established Prussian Church Union in Germany.", "It is now part of the United Church of Christ.", "The family spoke German at home.", "His brother H. Richard Niebuhr also became a famous theological ethicist and his sister Hulda Niebuhr became a divinity professor in Chicago.", "The Niebuhr family moved to Lincoln, Illinois, in 1902 when Gustav Niebuhr became pastor of Lincoln's St. John's German Evangelical Synod church.", "Reinhold Niebuhr first served as pastor of a church when he served from April to September 1913 as interim minister of St. John's following his father's death.", "Niebuhr attended Elmhurst College in Illinois and graduated in 1910.", "He studied at Eden Theological Seminary in Webster Groves, Missouri, where, as he admitted, he was deeply influenced by Samuel D. Press in \"biblical and systematic subjects\", and Yale Divinity School, where he earned a Bachelor of Divinity degree in 1914 and a Master of Arts degree the following year, with the thesis The Contribution of Christianity to the Doctrine of Immortality.", "He always regretted not taking a doctorate.", "He said that Yale gave him intellectual liberation from the localism of his German-American upbringing.", "Marriage and family\nIn 1931 Niebuhr married Ursula Keppel-Compton.", "She was a member of the Church of England and was educated at the University of Oxford in theology and history.", "She met Niebuhr while studying for her master's degree at Union Theological Seminary.", "For many years, she was on faculty at Barnard College (the women's college of Columbia University) where she helped establish and then chaired the religious studies department.", "The Niebuhrs had two children, Christopher Niebuhr and Elisabeth Niebuhr Sifton.", "Ursula Niebuhr left evidence in her professional papers at the Library of Congress showing that she co-authored some of her husband's later writings.", "Detroit\nIn 1915, Niebuhr was ordained a pastor.", "The German Evangelical mission board sent him to serve at Bethel Evangelical Church in Detroit, Michigan.", "The congregation numbered 66 on his arrival and grew to nearly 700 by the time he left in 1928.", "The increase reflected his ability to reach people outside the German-American community and among the growing population attracted to jobs in the booming automobile industry.", "In the early 1900s Detroit became the fourth-largest city in the country, attracting many black and white migrants from the rural South, as well as Jewish and Catholic people from eastern and southern Europe.", "White supremacists determined to dominate, suppress, and victimize Black, Jewish, and Catholic Americans, as well as other Americans who did not have western European ancestry, joined the Ku Klux Klan and the Black Legion in growing numbers.", "By 1923, membership in the KKK in Detroit topped 20,000.", "In 1925, as part of the Ku Klux Klan's strategy to accumulate government power, the membership organization selected and publicly supported several candidates for public office, including for the office of the mayor.", "Niebuhr spoke out publicly against the Klan to his congregation, describing them as \"one of the worst specific social phenomena which the religious pride of a people has ever developed\".", "Though only one of the several candidates publicly backed by the Klan gained a seat on the city council that year, the Klan continued to influence daily life in Detroit.", "The KKK's failed 1925 mayoral candidate, Charles Bowles, still became a judge on the recorder's court; later, in 1930, he was elected the city's mayor.", "First World War\nWhen America entered the First World War in 1917, Niebuhr was the unknown pastor of a small German-speaking congregation in Detroit (it stopped using German in 1919).", "All adherents of German-American culture in the United States and nearby Canada came under attack for suspicion of having dual loyalties.", "Niebuhr repeatedly stressed the need to be loyal to America, and won an audience in national magazines for his appeals to the German Americans to be patriotic.", "Theologically, he went beyond the issue of national loyalty as he endeavored to fashion a realistic ethical perspective of patriotism and pacifism.", "He endeavored to work out a realistic approach to the moral danger posed by aggressive powers, which many idealists and pacifists failed to recognize.", "During the war, he also served his denomination as Executive Secretary of the War Welfare Commission, while maintaining his pastorate in Detroit.", "A pacifist at heart, he saw compromise as a necessity and was willing to support war in order to find peace—compromising for the sake of righteousness.", "Origins of Niebuhr's working-class sympathy\nSeveral attempts have been made to explicate the origins of Niebuhr's sympathies from the 1920s to working-class and labor issues as documented by his biographer Richard W. Fox.", "One supportive example has concerned his interest in the plight of auto workers in Detroit.", "This one interest among others can be briefly summarized below.", "After seminary, Niebuhr preached the Social Gospel, and then initiated the engagement of what he considered the insecurity of Ford workers.", "Niebuhr had moved to the left and was troubled by the demoralizing effects of industrialism on workers.", "He became an outspoken critic of Henry Ford and allowed union organizers to use his pulpit to expound their message of workers' rights.", "Niebuhr attacked poor conditions created by the assembly lines and erratic employment practices.", "Because of his opinion about factory work, Niebuhr rejected liberal optimism.", "He wrote in his diary:\nWe went through one of the big automobile factories to-day.", "...", "The foundry interested me particularly.", "The heat was terrific.", "The men seemed weary.", "Here manual labour is a drudgery and toil is slavery.", "The men cannot possibly find any satisfaction in their work.", "They simply work to make a living.", "Their sweat and their dull pain are part of the price paid for the fine cars we all run.", "And most of us run the cars without knowing what price is being paid for them.", "... We are all responsible.", "We all want the things which the factory produces and none of us is sensitive enough to care how much in human values the efficiency of the modern factory costs.", "The historian Ronald H. Stone thinks that Niebuhr never talked to the assembly line workers (many of his parishioners were skilled craftsmen) but projected feelings onto them after discussions with Samuel Marquis.", "Niebuhr's criticism of Ford and capitalism resonated with progressives and helped make him nationally prominent.", "His serious commitment to Marxism developed after he moved to New York in 1928.", "In 1923, Niebuhr visited Europe to meet with intellectuals and theologians.", "The conditions he saw in Germany under the French occupation of the Rhineland dismayed him.", "They reinforced the pacifist views that he had adopted throughout the 1920s after the First World War.", "Conversion of Jews\nNiebuhr preached about the need to persuade Jews to convert to Christianity.", "He believed there were two reasons Jews did not convert: the \"un-Christlike attitude of Christians\" and \"Jewish bigotry.\"", "However, he later rejected the idea of a mission to Jews.", "According to his biographer, the historian Richard Wightman Fox, Niebuhr understood that \"Christians needed the leaven of pure Hebraism to counteract the Hellenism to which they were prone\".", "1930s: Growing influence in New York\nNiebuhr captured his personal experiences in Detroit in his book Leaves from the Notebook of a Tamed Cynic.", "He continued to write and publish throughout his career, and also served as editor of the magazine Christianity and Crisis from 1941 through 1966.", "In 1928, Niebuhr left Detroit to become Professor of Practical Theology at Union Theological Seminary in New York.", "He spent the rest of his career there, until retirement in 1960.", "While teaching theology at Union Theological Seminary, Niebuhr influenced many generations of students and thinkers, including the German minister Dietrich Bonhoeffer of the anti-Nazi Confessing Church.", "The Fellowship of Socialist Christians was organized in the early 1930s by Niebuhr and others with similar views.", "Later it changed its name to Frontier Fellowship and then to Christian Action.", "The main supporters of the fellowship in the early days included Eduard Heimann, Sherwood Eddy, Paul Tillich, and Rose Terlin.", "In its early days the group thought capitalist individualism was incompatible with Christian ethics.", "Although not Communist, the group acknowledged Karl Marx's social philosophy.", "Niebuhr was among the group of 51 prominent Americans who formed the International Relief Association (IRA) that is today known as the International Rescue Committee (IRC).", "The committee mission was to assist Germans suffering from the policies of the Hitler regime.", "Niebuhr and Dewey\nIn the 1930s Niebuhr was often seen as an intellectual opponent of John Dewey.", "Both men were professional polemicists and their ideas often clashed, although they contributed to the same realms of liberal intellectual schools of thought.", "Niebuhr was a strong proponent of the \"Jerusalem\" religious tradition as a corrective to the secular \"Athens\" tradition insisted upon by Dewey.", "In the book Moral Man and Immoral Society (1932), Niebuhr strongly criticized Dewey's philosophy, although his own ideas were still intellectually rudimentary.", "Two years later, in a review of Dewey's book A Common Faith (1934), Niebuhr was calm and respectful towards Dewey's \"religious footnote\" on his then large body of educational and pragmatic philosophy.", "Neo-orthodox theology\nIn 1939 Niebuhr explained his theological odyssey:\n\nIn the 1930s Niebuhr worked out many of his ideas about sin and grace, love and justice, faith and reason, realism and idealism, and the irony and tragedy of history, which established his leadership of the neo-orthodox movement in theology.", "Influenced strongly by Karl Barth and other dialectical theologians of Europe, he began to emphasize the Bible as a human record of divine self-revelation; it offered for Niebuhr a critical but redemptive reorientation of the understanding of humanity's nature and destiny.", "Niebuhr couched his ideas in Christ-centered principles such as the Great Commandment and the doctrine of original sin.", "His major contribution was his view of sin as a social event—as pride—with selfish self-centeredness as the root of evil.", "The sin of pride was apparent not just in criminals, but more dangerously in people who felt good about their deeds—rather like Henry Ford (whom he did not mention by name).", "The human tendency to corrupt the good was the great insight he saw manifested in governments, business, democracies, utopian societies, and churches.", "This position is laid out profoundly in one of his most influential books, Moral Man and Immoral Society (1932).", "He was a debunker of hypocrisy and pretense and made the avoidance of self-righteous illusions the center of his thoughts.", "Niebuhr argued that to approach religion as the individualistic attempt to fulfill biblical commandments in a moralistic sense is not only an impossibility but also a demonstration of man's original sin, which Niebuhr interpreted as self-love.", "Through self-love man becomes focused on his own goodness and leaps to the false conclusion—one he called the \"Promethean illusion\"—that he can achieve goodness on his own.", "Thus man mistakes his partial ability to transcend himself for the ability to prove his absolute authority over his own life and world.", "Constantly frustrated by natural limitations, man develops a lust for power which destroys him and his whole world.", "History is the record of these crises and judgments which man brings on himself; it is also proof that God does not allow man to overstep his possibilities.", "In radical contrast to the Promethean illusion, God reveals himself in history, especially personified in Jesus Christ, as sacrificial love which overcomes the human temptation to self-deification and makes possible constructive human history.", "Politics\n\nDomestic\nDuring the 1930s, Niebuhr was a prominent leader of the militant faction of the Socialist Party of America, although he disliked die-hard Marxists.", "He described their beliefs as a religion and a thin one at that.", "In 1941, he co-founded the Union for Democratic Action, a group with a strongly militarily interventionist, internationalist foreign policy and a pro-union, liberal domestic policy.", "He was the group's president until it transformed into the Americans for Democratic Action in 1947.\n\nInternational\nWithin the framework of Christian realism, Niebuhr became a supporter of American action in the Second World War, anti-communism, and the development of nuclear weapons.", "However, he opposed the Vietnam War.", "At the outbreak of World War II, the pacifist component of his liberalism was challenged.", "Niebuhr began to distance himself from the pacifism of his more liberal colleagues and became a staunch advocate for the war.", "Niebuhr soon left the Fellowship of Reconciliation, a peace-oriented group of theologians and ministers, and became one of their harshest critics.", "This departure from his peers evolved into a movement known as Christian realism.", "Niebuhr is widely considered to have been its primary advocate.", "Niebuhr supported the Allies during the Second World War and argued for the engagement of the United States in the war.", "As a writer popular in both the secular and the religious arena and a professor at the Union Theological Seminary, he was very influential both in the United States and abroad.", "While many clergy proclaimed themselves pacifists because of their World War I experiences, Niebuhr declared that a victory by Germany and Japan would threaten Christianity.", "He renounced his socialist connections and beliefs and resigned from the pacifist Fellowship of Reconciliation.", "He based his arguments on the Protestant beliefs that sin is part of the world, that justice must take precedence over love, and that pacifism is a symbolic portrayal of absolute love but cannot prevent sin.", "Although his opponents did not portray him favorably, Niebuhr's exchanges with them on the issue helped him mature intellectually.", "Niebuhr debated Charles Clayton Morrison, editor of The Christian Century magazine, about America's entry into World War II.", "Morrison and his pacifistic followers maintained that America's role should be strictly neutral and part of a negotiated peace only, while Niebuhr claimed himself to be a realist, who opposed the use of political power to attain moral ends.", "Morrison and his followers strongly supported the movement to outlaw war that began after World War I and the Kellogg–Briand Pact of 1928.", "The pact was severely challenged by the Japanese invasion of Manchuria in 1931.", "With his publication of Moral Man and Immoral Society (1932), Niebuhr broke ranks with The Christian Century and supported interventionism and power politics.", "He supported the reelection of President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1940 and published his own magazine, Christianity and Crisis.", "In 1945, however, Niebuhr charged that use of the atomic bomb on Hiroshima was \"morally indefensible\".", "Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. explained Niebuhr's influence:\nTraditionally, the idea of the frailty of man led to the demand for obedience to ordained authority.", "But Niebuhr rejected that ancient conservative argument.", "Ordained authority, he showed, is all the more subject to the temptations of self-interest, self-deception and self-righteousness.", "Power must be balanced by power.", "He persuaded me and many of my contemporaries that original sin provides a far stronger foundation for freedom and self-government than illusions about human perfectibility.", "Niebuhr's analysis was grounded in the Christianity of Augustine and Calvin, but he had, nonetheless, a special affinity with secular circles.", "His warnings against utopianism, messianism and perfectionism strike a chord today.", "... We cannot play the role of God to history, and we must strive as best we can to attain decency, clarity and proximate justice in an ambiguous world.", "Niebuhr's defense of Roosevelt made him popular among liberals, as the historian Morton White noted:\nThe contemporary liberal's fascination with Niebuhr, I suggest, comes less from Niebuhr's dark theory of human nature and more from his actual political pronouncements, from the fact that he is a shrewd, courageous, and right-minded man on many political questions.", "Those who applaud his politics are too liable to turn then to his theory of human nature and praise it as the philosophical instrument of Niebuhr's political agreement with themselves.", "But very few of those whom I have called \"atheists for Niebuhr\" follow this inverted logic to its conclusion: they don't move from praise of Niebuhr's theory of human nature to praise of its theological ground.", "We may admire them for drawing the line somewhere, but certainly not for their consistency.", "After Joseph Stalin signed the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact with Adolf Hitler in August 1939, Niebuhr severed his past ties with any fellow-traveler organization having any known Communist leanings.", "In 1947, Niebuhr helped found the liberal Americans for Democratic Action.", "His ideas influenced George Kennan, Hans Morgenthau, Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., and other realists during the Cold War on the need to contain Communist expansion.", "In his last cover story for Time magazine (March 1948), Whittaker Chambers said of Niebuhr:\n\nMost U.S. liberals think of Niebuhr as a solid socialist who has some obscure connection with Union Theological Seminary that does not interfere with his political work.", "Unlike most clergymen in politics, Dr. Niebuhr is a pragmatist.", "Says James Loeb, secretary of Americans for Democratic Action: \"Most so-called liberals are idealists.", "They let their hearts run away with their heads.", "Niebuhr never does.", "For example, he has always been the leading liberal opponent of pacifism.", "In that period before we got into the war when pacifism was popular, he held out against it steadfastly.", "He is also an opponent of Marxism.", "In the 1950s, Niebuhr described Senator Joseph McCarthy as a force of evil, not so much for attacking civil liberties, as for being ineffective in rooting out Communists and their sympathizers.", "In 1953, he supported the execution of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, saying, \"Traitors are never ordinary criminals and the Rosenbergs are quite obviously fiercely loyal Communists ...", "Stealing atomic secrets is an unprecedented crime.\"", "Views on race, ethnicity, and other religious affiliations\nHis views developed during his pastoral tenure in Detroit, which had become a place of immigration, migration, competition and development as a major industrial city.", "During the 1920s, Niebuhr spoke out against the rise of the Ku Klux Klan in Detroit, which had recruited many members threatened by the rapid social changes.", "The Klan proposed positions that were anti-black, anti-Jewish and anti-Catholic.", "Niebuhr's preaching against the Klan, especially in relation to the 1925 mayoral election, gained him national attention.", "Niebuhr's thoughts on racial justice developed slowly after he abandoned socialism.", "Niebuhr attributed the injustices of society to human pride and self-love and believed that this innate propensity for evil could not be controlled by humanity.", "But, he believed that a representative democracy could improve society's ills.", "Like Edmund Burke, Niebuhr endorsed natural evolution over imposed change and emphasized experience over theory.", "Niebuhr's Burkean ideology, however, often conflicted with his liberal principles, particularly regarding his perspective on racial justice.", "Though vehemently opposed to racial inequality, Niebuhr adopted a conservative position on segregation.", "While after World War II most liberals endorsed integration, Niebuhr focused on achieving equal opportunity.", "He warned against imposing changes that could result in violence.", "The violence that followed peaceful demonstrations in the 1960s forced Niebuhr to reverse his position against imposed equality; witnessing the problems of the Northern ghettos later caused him to doubt that equality was attainable.", "Catholicism\nAnti-Catholicism surged in Detroit in the 1920s in reaction to the rise in the number of Catholic immigrants from southern Europe since the early 20th century.", "It was exacerbated by the revival of the Ku Klux Klan, which recruited many members in Detroit.", "Niebuhr defended pluralism by attacking the Klan.", "During the Detroit mayoral election of 1925, Niebuhr's sermon, \"We fair-minded Protestants cannot deny\", was published on the front pages of both the Detroit Times and the Free Press.", "This sermon urged people to vote against mayoral candidate Charles Bowles, who was being openly endorsed by the Klan.", "The Catholic incumbent, John W. Smith, won by a narrow margin of 30,000 votes.", "Niebuhr preached against the Klan and helped to influence its decline in political power in Detroit.", "Niebuhr preached that:\n\nMartin Luther King Jr.", "In the \"Letter from Birmingham Jail\" Martin Luther King Jr. wrote, \"Individuals may see the moral light and voluntarily give up their unjust posture; but, as Reinhold Niebuhr has reminded us, groups tend to be more immoral than individuals.\"", "King drew heavily upon Niebuhr's social and ethical ideals; according to Andrew Young, “King always claimed to have been much more influenced by Niebuhr than by Gandhi; he considered his nonviolent technique to be a Niebuhrian strategy of power” and “Whenever there was a conversation about power, Niebuhr came up.", "Niebuhr kept us from being naive about the evil structures of society.” \nKing invited Niebuhr to participate in the third Selma to Montgomery March in 1965, and Niebuhr responded by telegram: \"Only a severe stroke prevents me from accepting ...", "I hope there will be a massive demonstration of all the citizens with conscience in favor of the elemental human rights of voting and freedom of assembly\" (Niebuhr, March 19, 1965).", "Two years later, Niebuhr defended King's decision to speak out against the Vietnam War, calling him \"one of the greatest religious leaders of our time\".", "Niebuhr asserted: \"Dr. King has the right and a duty, as both a religious and a civil rights leader, to express his concern in these days about such a major human problem as the Vietnam War.\"", "Of his country's intervention in Vietnam, Niebuhr admitted: \"For the first time I fear I am ashamed of our beloved nation.\"", "Judaism\nThroughout his life, Niebuhr cultivated a good reputation and rapport with the Jewish community.", "He was an early critic of Christian antisemitism, including proselytism, and a persistent critic of Nazism and rising Antisemitism in Germany throughout the 1930s.", "When he began as a young pastor in 1923 Detroit, he favored conversion of Jews to Christianity, scolding evangelical Christians who were either antisemitic or ignored them.", "He spoke out against \"the un-Christlike attitude of Christians\", and what he called \"Jewish bigotry\".", "Within three years, his theological views had evolved, and he spoke out against the practicality and necessity of missionizing Jews.", "He was the first prominent Christian theologian to argue it was inappropriate for Christians to seek to convert Jews to their faith, saying this negated “every gesture of our common biblical inheritance.” His experience in Detroit led him to the conclusion that the Jewish community was already sincerely committed to Social Justice.", "In a 1926-01-10 lecture, Niebuhr said: \"If I were a self-respecting Jew, I certainly would not renounce the faith of the fathers to embrace a faith which is as involved as Christianity is with racialism, Nordicism and gentile arrogance.", "(...) What we need is an entente cordiale between prophetic Judaism and prophetic Christianity in which both religions would offer the best they have to each other\" \n\nNiebuhr's 1933 article in The Christian Century was an attempt to sound the alarm within the Christian community over Hitler's \"cultural annihilation of the Jews\".", "As a preacher, writer, leader, and adviser to political figures, Niebuhr supported Zionism and the development of Israel.", "His solution to antisemitism was a combination of a Jewish homeland, greater tolerance, and assimilation in other countries.", "Unlike other Christian Zionists, Niebuhr's support of Zionism was practical, not theological, and not rooted in fulfillment of Biblical prophesy nor anticipation of the End-of-Days.", "Despite being a religious leader, he cautioned against the involvement of religious claims in the conflict.", "Although Niebuhr qualified his support for Zionism, he has been sharply criticized by Anti-Zionist figures such as Edward Said, who derided his claims to care about the Palestinians as insincere.", "Niebuhr noted that “Zionism is the expression of a national will to live that transcends the traditional orthodox religion of the Jews.” Jewish statehood was necessary because “the bigotry of majority groups toward minority groups that affront the majority by diverging from the dominant type is a perennial aspect of man’s collective life.", "The force of it may be mitigated, but it cannot be wholly eliminated.”\n\n\"How is the ancient and hereditary title of the Jews to Palestine to be measured against the right of the Arab’s present possession?", "… The participants cannot find a common ground of rational morality from which to arbitrate the issues because the moral judgments which each brings to them are formed by the historical forces which are in conflict.", "… The effort to bring such a conflict under the dominion of a spiritual unity may be partly successful, but it always produces a tragic by-product of the spiritual accentuation of natural conflict.", "The introduction of religious motives into these conflicts is usually no more than the final and most demonic pretension.\"", "History\nIn 1952, Niebuhr published The Irony of American History, in which he interpreted the meaning of the United States' past.", "Niebuhr questioned whether a humane, \"ironical\" interpretation of American history was credible on its own merits, or only in the context of a Christian view of history.", "Niebuhr's concept of irony referred to situations in which \"the consequences of an act are diametrically opposed to the original intention\", and \"the fundamental cause of the disparity lies in the actor himself, and his original purpose.\"", "His reading of American history based on this notion, though from the Christian perspective, is so rooted in historical events that readers who do not share his religious views can be led to the same conclusion.", "Niebuhr's great foe was idealism.", "American idealism, he believed, comes in two forms: the idealism of the antiwar non-interventionists, who are embarrassed by power; and the idealism of pro-war imperialists, who disguise power as virtue.", "He said the non-interventionists, without mentioning Harry Emerson Fosdick by name, seek to preserve the purity of their souls, either by denouncing military actions or by demanding that every action taken be unequivocally virtuous.", "They exaggerate the sins committed by their own country, excuse the malevolence of its enemies and, as later polemicists have put it, inevitably blame America first.", "Niebuhr argued this approach was a pious way to refuse to face real problems.", "Serenity Prayer\n\nNiebuhr said he wrote the short Serenity Prayer.", "Fred R. Shapiro, who had cast doubts on Niebuhr's claim, conceded in 2009 that, \"The new evidence does not prove that Reinhold Niebuhr wrote [the prayer], but it does significantly improve the likelihood that he was the originator.\"", "The earliest known version of the prayer, from 1937, attributes the prayer to Niebuhr in this version: \"Father, give us courage to change what must be altered, serenity to accept what cannot be helped, and the insight to know the one from the other.\"", "The most popular version, the authorship of which is unknown, reads:\nGod grant me the serenity to accept the things I cannot change,\nCourage to change the things I can,\nAnd the wisdom to know the difference.", "Influence\nMany political scientists, such as George F. Kennan, Hans Morgenthau, Kenneth Waltz, and Samuel P. Huntington, and political historians, such as Richard Hofstadter, Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., and Christopher Lasch, have noted his influence on their thinking.", "Niebuhr exerted a significant influence upon mainline Protestant clergy in the years immediately following World War II, much of it in concord with the neo-orthodox and the related movements.", "That influence began to wane and then drop toward the end of his life.", "The historian Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. in the late twentieth century described the legacy of Niebuhr as being contested between American liberals and conservatives, both of whom wanted to claim him.", "Martin Luther King Jr. gave credit to Niebuhr's influence.", "Foreign-policy conservatives point to Niebuhr's support of the containment doctrine during the Cold War as an instance of moral realism; progressives cite his later opposition to the Vietnam War.", "In more recent years, Niebuhr has enjoyed something of a renaissance in contemporary thought, although usually not in liberal Protestant theological circles.", "Both major-party candidates in the 2008 presidential election cited Niebuhr as an influence: Senator John McCain, in his book Hard Call, \"celebrated Niebuhr as a paragon of clarity about the costs of a good war\".", "President Barack Obama said that Niebuhr was his \" philosopher\" and \"favorite theologian\".", "Slate magazine columnist Fred Kaplan characterized Obama's 2009 Nobel Peace Prize acceptance speech as a \"faithful reflection\" of Niebuhr.", "Kenneth Waltz's seminal work on international relations theory, Man, the State, and War, includes many references to Niebuhr's thought.", "Waltz emphasizes Niebuhr's contributions to political realism, especially \"the impossibility of human perfection\".", "Andrew Bacevich's book The Limits of Power: The End of American Exceptionalism refers to Niebuhr 13 times.", "Bacevich emphasizes Niebuhr's humility and his belief that Americans were in danger of becoming enamored of US power.", "Other leaders of American foreign policy in the late twentieth century and early twenty-first century have acknowledged Niebuhr's importance to them, including Jimmy Carter, Madeleine Albright, and Hillary Clinton.", "Legacy and honors\n\nNiebuhr died on June 1, 1971, in Stockbridge, Massachusetts.", "During his lifetime, Niebuhr was awarded several honorary doctorates.", "In 1964, President Lyndon B. Johnson awarded Niebuhr the Presidential Medal of Freedom.", "In Niebuhr's honor, New York City named West 120th Street between Broadway and Riverside Drive Reinhold Niebuhr Place.", "This is the site of Union Theological Seminary in Manhattan, where Niebuhr taught for more than 30 years.", "Elmhurst College, his alma mater, established the Niebuhr Medal to honor him and his brother.", "Niebuhr's influence was at its peak during the first two decades of the Cold War.", "By the 1970s, his influence was declining because of the rise of liberation theology, antiwar sentiment, the growth of conservative evangelicalism, and postmodernism.", "According to historian Gene Zubovich, \"It took the tragic events of September 11, 2001, to revive Niebuhr.\"", "In spring of 2017, it was speculated (and later confirmed) that former FBI director James Comey used Niebuhr's name as a screen name for his personal Twitter account.", "Comey, as a religion major at the College of William & Mary, wrote his undergraduate thesis on Niebuhr and televangelist Jerry Falwell.", "Personal style\nNiebuhr was often described as a charismatic speaker.", "The journalist Alden Whitman wrote of his speaking style:\nHe possessed a deep voice and large blue eyes.", "He used his arms as though he were an orchestra conductor.", "Occasionally one hand would strike out, with a pointed finger at the end, to accent a trenchant sentence.", "He talked rapidly and (because he disliked to wear spectacles for his far-sightedness) without notes; yet he was adroit at building logical climaxes and in communicating a sense of passionate involvement in what he was saying.", "Selected works\nLeaves from the Notebook of a Tamed Cynic, Richard R. Smith pub, (1930), Westminster John Knox Press 1991 reissue: , diary of a young minister's trials\nMoral Man and Immoral Society: A Study of Ethics and Politics, Charles Scribner's Sons (1932), Westminster John Knox Press 2002: ;\nInterpretation of Christian Ethics, Harper & Brothers (1935)\nBeyond Tragedy: Essays on the Christian Interpretation of History, Charles Scribner's Sons (1937), \nChristianity and Power Politics, Charles Scribner's Sons (1940)\nThe Nature and Destiny of Man: A Christian Interpretation, Charles Scribner's Sons (1943), from his 1939 Gifford Lectures, Volume one: Human Nature, Volume two: Human Destiny.", "Reprint editions include: Prentice Hall vol.", "1: , Westminster John Knox Press 1996 set of 2 vols: \nThe Children of Light and the Children of Darkness, Charles Scribner's Sons (1944), Prentice Hall 1974 edition: , Macmillan 1985 edition: , 2011 reprint from the University of Chicago Press, with a new introduction by Gary Dorrien: \nFaith and History (1949) \nThe Irony of American History, Charles Scribner's Sons (1952), 1985 reprint: , Simon and Schuster: , 2008 reprint from the University of Chicago Press, with a new introduction by Andrew J. Bacevich: , excerpt\nChristian Realism and Political Problems (1953) \nThe Self and the Dramas of History, Charles Scribner's Sons (1955), University Press of America, 1988 edition: \nLove and Justice: Selections from the Shorter Writings of Reinhold Niebuhr, ed.", "D. B. Robertson (1957), Westminster John Knox Press 1992 reprint, \nPious and Secular America (1958) \n Reinhold Niebuhr on Politics: His Political Philosophy and Its Application to Our Age as Expressed in His Writings ed.", "by Harry R. Davis and Robert C. Good.", "(1960) online edition\n A Nation So Conceived: Reflections on the History of America From Its Early Visions to its Present Power with Alan Heimert, Charles Scribner's Sons (1963)\nThe Structure of Nations and Empires (1959) \n Niebuhr, Reinhold.", "The Essential Reinhold Niebuhr: Selected Essays and Addresses ed.", "by Robert McAffee Brown (1986).", "264 pp.", "Yale University Press, \nRemembering Reinhold Niebuhr.", "Letters of Reinhold & Ursula M. Niebuhr, ed.", "by Ursula Niebuhr (1991) Harper, 0060662344\nReinhold Niebuhr: Major Works on Religion and Politics: Leaves from the Notebook of a Tamed Cynic, Moral Man and Immoral Society, The Children of Light and the Children of Darkness, The Irony of American History, Other Writings [Writings on Current Events 1928-1967, Prayers, Sermons and Lectures on Faith and Belief], ed.", "by Elisabeth Sifton (2016, Library of America/Literary Classics of the United States, 2016), 978-1-59853-375-0\n\nSee also\n Christian socialism\n The Moot\n Situational ethics\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nFootnotes\n\nBibliography\n\nFurther reading \n\n Altman, Jake (2019).", "Socialism Before Sanders: The 1930s Movement from Romance to Revisionism.", "New York: Palgrave Macmillan.", "External links\n\n A detailed bibliography of Niebuhr's publications\nObama's Theologian, E. J. Dionne and David Brooks debate on Speaking of Faith, American Public Media\n Niebuhr, Reinhold.", "\"The Public Theology of Reinhold Niebuhr\" (radio interviews online)\n Reflections by Ursula Niehbuhr on the 100th anniversary of Reinhold Niebuhr's birth Retrieved April 15, 2013\nReinhold Niebuhr books and articles online\nThe Niebuhr Legacy, Elmhurst College\nReinhold Niebuhr Papers, (Library of Congress)\n\n\"The Ironic Element in the American Situation\", an excerpt from The Irony of American History\n Who Speaks for the Negro Vanderbilt documentary website\nReinhold Niebuhr: April 27, 1958, interview, The Mike Wallace Interview collection, The University of Texas at Austin.", "\"Reinhold Niebuhr\", Time Magazine Cover (Mar.", "8 1948)\nBrian Urquhart, \"What You Can Learn from Reinhold Niebuhr\", The New York Review of Books\nThe Niebuhr Society\nNiebuhr on Tolerance\n An American Conscience: The Reinhold Niebuhr Story, documentary film by Martin Doblmeier\n\n1892 births\n1971 deaths\nPeople from Warren County, Missouri\nPeople from Lincoln, Illinois\n20th-century Calvinist and Reformed theologians\n20th-century American writers\nAmerican people of German descent\nEden Theological Seminary alumni\nElmhurst College alumni\nYale Divinity School alumni\nUnited Church of Christ ministers\nUnion Theological Seminary (New York City) faculty\nAmerican Evangelical and Reformed Church members\nAmerican Calvinist and Reformed theologians\nChristian ethicists\nChristian existentialists\nPragmatists\nPolitical realists\nPresidential Medal of Freedom recipients\nSocialist Party of America politicians from New York (state)\nAnalysands of Erik Erikson\nAmerican Christian socialists\nCalvinist and Reformed Christian socialists\nChristian socialist theologians\n20th-century Protestant theologians\nPolitical theologians\nWriters from Missouri\nAmerican Christian Zionists" ]

[ "An American Reformed theologian, ethicist, commentator on politics and public affairs, and professor at Union Theological Seminary for more than 30 years, Karl Paul Reinhold Niebuhr was born in 1894.", "One of America's leading public intellectuals was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1964.", "He wrote and spoke frequently about the intersection of religion, politics, and public policy, with his most influential books being Moral Man and Immoral Society.", "The latter is one of the top 100 non-fiction books of the twentieth century.", "The Irony of American History is the most important book ever written on U.S. foreign policy according to Andrew Bacevich.", "According to the historian Arthur Schlesinger Jr., the most influential American theologian of the 20th century was Niebuhr.", "As a minister with working-class sympathies in the 1920s and sharing with many other ministers a commitment to pacifism and socialism, his thinking evolved during the 1930s to neo-orthodox realist theology.", "\"Man's capacity for justice makes democracy possible, but man's inclination to injustice makes democracy necessary,\" he wrote in The Children of Light and the Children of Darkness.", "After 1945, he supported American efforts to confront Soviet communism around the world.", "He was an influential thinker in public affairs during the 1940s and 1950s.", "He battled with religious liberals over their views of the contradictions of human nature and the optimism of the Social Gospel, and with religious conservatives over their definition of \"true religion\".", "He was seen as the intellectual rival of John Dewey.", "The resources of theology were used to argue for political realism.", "Many scholars have moved away from idealism and embraced realism because of his work.", "Many scholars, including political scientists, political historians, and theologians, have noted his influence on their thinking.", "Along with academics, activists such as Martin Luther King Jr., and Hillary Clinton, as well as presidents Barack Obama and Jimmy Carter, have all cited his influence on their thought.", "Because of Obama's admiration, recent years have seen a renewed interest in Niebuhr's work.", "An American Conscience: The Reinhold Niebuhr Story was a PBS documentary.", "The Serenity Prayer, a widely recited prayer which was popularized by Alcoholics Anonymous, was composed by Niebuhr.", "One of the founding members of Americans for Democratic Action and the International Rescue Committee, as well as serving as a visiting professor at both Harvard and Princeton, was the man known as Niebuhr.", "He was the brother of a theologian.", "The son of German immigrants Gustav and Lydia Hosto was born on June 21, 1892 in Wright City, Missouri.", "The American branch of the established Prussian Church Union in Germany is where his father was from.", "It is part of the United Church of Christ.", "At home, the family spoke German.", "His brother became a famous theologian and his sister became a professor.", "Gustav Niebuhr became pastor of Lincoln's St. John's German Evangelical Synod church in 1901 and his family moved to Lincoln.", "The interim minister of St. John's following his father's death was the man who first served as pastor.", "He graduated from Elmhurst College in 1910.", "He was influenced by Samuel D. Press in \"biblical and systematic subjects\" and earned a Bachelor of Divinity degree and a Master of Arts degree.", "He always regretted not taking a degree.", "He said that Yale gave him intellectual freedom from the localism of his German-American upbringing.", "Marriage and family took place in 1931.", "She was educated at the University of Oxford and a member of the Church of England.", "She studied for her master's degree at Union Theological Seminary.", "She was a professor at the women's college of Columbia University where she chaired the religious studies department for many years.", "The Niebuhrs had two children.", "Some of her husband's later writings were shown to be co-authored by Ursula in her professional papers at the Library of Congress.", "In 1915, he became a pastor.", "He was sent to serve by the German Evangelical mission board.", "The congregation grew to over 700 by the time he left.", "His ability to reach people outside of the German-American community was one of the reasons for the increase.", "Many black and white migrants from the rural South, as well as Jewish and Catholic people from eastern and southern Europe, came to Detroit in the early 1900s.", "The Ku Klux Klan and the Black Legion were formed by white supremacists who wanted to dominate, suppress, and victimize Black, Jewish, and Catholic Americans.", "The KKK in Detroit had 20,000 members by 1923.", "In 1925, as part of the Ku Klux Klan's strategy to accumulate government power, the membership organization selected and publicly supported several candidates for public office, including for the office of the mayor.", "The Klan is one of the worst social phenomena that the religious pride of a people has ever developed.", "The Klan continued to influence daily life in Detroit even though only one of the candidates publicly backed by the Klan gained a seat on the city council.", "The KKK's failed 1925 mayoral candidate became a judge on the recorder's court and was elected the city's mayor in 1930.", "The pastor of a small German-speaking congregation in Detroit stopped using German in 1919 after America entered the First World War.", "All Germans in the United States and Canada were accused of having dual loyalties.", "He won an audience in national magazines for his appeals to the German Americans to be patriotic after repeatedly stressing the need to be loyal to America.", "He endeavored to fashion a realistic ethical perspective of patriotism and pacifism as he went beyond the issue of national loyalty.", "He tried to come up with a realistic approach to the moral danger posed by aggressive powers.", "He was the Executive Secretary of the War Welfare Commission while maintaining his pastorate in Detroit.", "He was willing to support war in order to find peace, because he saw compromise as a necessity.", "Attempts have been made to explain the origins of Niebuhr's sympathy for the working class in the 1920s.", "His interest in the plight of auto workers in Detroit has been supported by one example.", "There is one interest that can be summarized.", "The engagement of what he considered to be the security of Ford workers was initiated by Niebuhr after he preached the Social Gospel.", "He was troubled by the demoralizing effects of industrialism on workers.", "He became an outspoken critic of Henry Ford and allowed union organizers to use his pulpit.", "Poor conditions were created by the assembly lines.", "liberal optimism was rejected because of his opinion about factory work.", "He wrote that they went through one of the big automobile factories.", "...", "I was interested in the foundry.", "The heat was very warm.", "The men were tired.", "Manual labour is drudgery and toil is slavery in this area.", "The men can't find any satisfaction in their work.", "They work to make a living.", "The fine cars we all run are paid for with sweat and pain.", "Most of us don't know what the price is for our cars.", "All of us are responsible.", "We all want the things that the factory produces, but we don't care how efficient the factory is because we don't care about human values.", "Ronald H. Stone believes that the assembly line workers were projected feelings onto them after discussions with Samuel Marquis.", "His criticism of capitalism and Ford helped make him a national figure.", "He was committed to Marxism after moving to New York.", "In 1923, he traveled to Europe to meet with intellectuals.", "He was dismayed by the conditions he saw in Germany.", "The pacifist views he had adopted after the First World War were reinforced by them.", "Jews need to be persuaded to convert to Christianity.", "The \"un-Christlike attitude of Christians\" and \"Jewish bigotry\" were the reasons why Jews did not convert.", "He later rejected the idea of a mission to Jews.", "\"Christians needed the leaven of pure Hebraism to counteract the Hellenism to which they were prone\", according to his biographer.", "Growing influence in New York and personal experiences in Detroit were captured in the book Leaves from the Notebook of a Cynic.", "He served as editor of the magazine Christianity and Crisis from 1941 to 1966 and continued to write and publish throughout his career.", "The Professor of Practical Theology at New York's Union Theological Seminary left Detroit in 1928.", "He retired in 1960 after spending the rest of his career there.", "The German minister of the anti-Nazi Confessing Church was influenced by the teaching theology at Union Theological Seminary.", "The Fellowship of Socialist Christians was started in the 1930s by people with similar views.", "It changed its name to Christian Action.", "The main supporters of the fellowship in the early days were Eduard Heimann, Paul Tillich, and Rose Terlin.", "The group thought capitalist individualism was incompatible with Christian ethics.", "Karl Marx's social philosophy was acknowledged by the group.", "The International Relief Association (IRA) was formed by 51 prominent Americans and is now known as the International Rescue Committee.", "The committee wanted to help Germans who were suffering from the policies of the Hitler regime.", "In the 1930s, John Dewey was seen as an intellectual opponent of Niebuhr.", "Both men were professional polemicists and their ideas often clashed, but they contributed to the same realm of liberal intellectual schools of thought.", "The \"Jerusalem\" religious tradition was a corrective to the secular \"Athens\" tradition.", "Dewey's philosophy was strongly criticized in the book Moral Man and Immoral Society.", "Two years later, in a review of Dewey's book A Common Faith, he was calm and respectful towards Dewey's \"religious footnote\" on his large body of educational and pragmatic philosophy.", "In 1939 Niebuhr explained his theological odyssey, which included ideas about sin and grace, love and justice, faith and reason, realism and idealism, and the irony and tragedy of history.", "He began to emphasize the Bible as a human record of divine self-revelation, and it offered him a critical but redemptive reorientation of the understanding of humanity's nature and destiny.", "The doctrine of original sin, as well as the Great Commandment, were some of the ideas couched by Niebuhr.", "His main contribution was his view of sin as a social event with selfish self-centeredness as the root of evil.", "People who felt good about their actions were more likely to be guilty of the sin of pride.", "He saw the human tendency to corrupt the good in governments, business, democracies, utopian societies, and churches.", "His most influential book was Moral Man and Immoral Society.", "He made the avoidance of self-righteous illusions the center of his thoughts and was a debunker of hypocrisy and pretense.", "To approach religion as an attempt to fulfill biblical commandments in a moralistic sense is not only impossible but also a demonstration of man's original sin.", "Through self-love man becomes focused on his own goodness and leaps to the false conclusion that he can achieve goodness on his own.", "Man makes a mistake if he tries to prove his authority over his life and world.", "Man develops a lust for power when he is frustrated by limitations.", "The history of crises and judgments which man brings on himself is proof that God does not allow him to overstep his possibilities.", "In contrast to the Promethean illusion, God reveals himself in history, especially personified in Jesus Christ, as sacrificial love which overcomes the human temptation to self-deification and makes possible constructive human history.", "The leader of the Socialist Party of America's militant wing was a man who disliked Marxists.", "He said they were a religion and a thin one at that.", "In 1941, he co-founded the Union for Democratic Action, a group with a pro-union, liberal domestic policy.", "He became a supporter of American action in the Second World War, anti-communism, and the development of nuclear weapons.", "He was against the Vietnam War.", "His liberalism was challenged at the outbreak of World War II.", "He became an advocate for the war after he distanced himself from the pacifism of his more liberal colleagues.", "The fellowship of reconciliation was a peace-oriented group of theologians and ministers.", "Christian realism is a departure from his peers.", "It is thought that Niebuhr was its primary advocate.", "During the Second World War, he advocated for the engagement of the United States.", "He was influential both in the United States and abroad as a writer and a professor.", "While many clergy proclaimed themselves to be non-violent because of their World War I experiences, Niebuhr declared that a victory by Germany and Japan would threaten Christianity.", "He left the fellowship of reconciliation because of his socialist connections.", "His arguments were based on the Protestant belief that sin is a part of the world and that justice must take precedence over love.", "His opponents did not portray him favorably, but his exchanges with them helped him mature intellectually.", "The Christian Century magazine's editor, Charles Morrison, was debated about America's entry into World War II.", "Morrison and his followers maintained that America's role should be neutral and part of a negotiated peace only, while Niebuhr claimed to be a realist who opposed the use of political power to attain moral ends.", "The movement to outlaw war was supported by Morrison and his followers.", "Manchuria was invaded by the Japanese in 1931.", "The Christian Century was broken by the publication of Moral Man and Immoral Society.", "His magazine, Christianity and Crisis, was published after he supported the reelection of Roosevelt.", "The use of the atomic bomb on Hiroshima was morally indefensible.", "The idea of the frail of man led to the demand for disobedience to authority.", "The ancient conservative argument was rejected.", "He showed thatdained authority is subject to temptations of self-interest, self-deception and self-righteousness.", "The power must be balanced.", "He convinced me and many of my peers that original sin provides a strong foundation for freedom and self-government.", "He had a special affinity for secular circles despite the fact that his analysis was grounded in Christianity.", "Today, his warnings against utopianism and messianism are very popular.", "We can't play God to history, and we must strive to attain decency, clarity and justice in an ambiguous world.", "According to the historian Morton White, the contemporary liberal's fascination with Niebuhr comes less from his dark theory of human nature and more from his actual political statements.", "Those who applaud his politics can't turn his theory of human nature into a philosophy of their own.", "Most of the atheists for Niebuhr don't move from praise of the theory of human nature to praise of its theology.", "We admire them for drawing the line, but not for their consistency.", "The Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact was signed by Joseph Stalin and Adolf Hitler in August 1939.", "The Americans for Democratic Action was formed in 1947.", "During the Cold War, his ideas influenced George Kennan and other realists.", "Whittaker Chambers said in his last cover story for Time magazine that most U.S. liberals think of Niebuhr as a solid socialist who doesn't interfere with his political work.", "Most clergymen in politics are pragmatists.", "James Loeb is the secretary of Americans for Democratic Action.", "Their hearts ran away with their heads.", "The man never does.", "He has always been a liberal opponent of pacifism.", "He held out against pacifism for a long time before we got into the war.", "He is an opponent of Marxism.", "In the 1950s, Senator Joseph McCarthy was described as a force of evil, not so much for attacking civil liberties, as for being ineffectual in rooting out Communists and their sympathizers.", "He supported the execution of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg because they were fiercely loyal to the Communist Party.", "Stealing atomic secrets is a crime.", "Detroit, which had become a place of immigration, migration, competition and development as a major industrial city, had become a place of his views on race, ethnicity, and other religious affiliations.", "The rise of the Ku Klux Klan in Detroit in the 1920s was opposed by the man.", "The Klan proposed anti-Catholic, anti-Jewish and anti- black positions.", "He gained national attention for preaching against the Klan in relation to the 1925 mayoral election.", "After abandoning socialism, the thoughts of racial justice developed slowly.", "The innate propensity for evil was attributed to human pride and self-love by the author.", "He believed that a democracy could improve society.", "Similar to Edmund Burke, Niebuhr advocated natural evolution over imposed change and emphasized experience over theory.", "His liberal principles were often at odds with his Burkean ideology.", "The conservative position on segregation was adopted by the man.", "After World War II, most liberals endorsed integration.", "He warned against making changes that could lead to violence.", "The violence that followed peaceful demonstrations in the 1960s forced him to reverse his position against equality, and the problems of the Northern ghettos later caused him to doubt that it was possible.", "The rise in the number of Catholic immigrants from southern Europe in the early 20th century led to an increase in Catholicism Anti-Catholicism in Detroit in the 1920s.", "The revival of the Ku Klux Klan made it worse.", "The Klan was attacking pluralism.", "The sermon \"We fair-minded Protestants cannot deny\" was published on the front pages of both the Detroit Times and the Free Press during the 1925 Detroit mayoral election.", "The sermon urged people to vote against Charles Bowles, who was endorsed by the Klan.", "John W. Smith won by a small margin.", "The decline of political power in Detroit was influenced by the decline of the Klan.", "It was preached by Martin Luther King Jr.", "Martin Luther King Jr. wrote that individuals may see the moral light and voluntarily give up their unjust posture, but that groups tend to be more immoral than individuals.", "According to Andrew Young, King always claimed to have been much more influenced by Niebuhr than by Gandhi; he considered his nonviolent technique to be a Niebuhrian strategy of power.", "He kept us from being naive about the evil structures of society.", "I hope there will be a massive demonstration of all the citizens with conscience in favor of the human rights of voting and freedom of assembly.", "Two years later, he defended King's decision to speak out against the Vietnam War, calling him \"one of the greatest religious leaders of our time\".", "\"Dr. King has a duty as both a religious and a civil rights leader to express his concern in these days about such a major human problem as the Vietnam War.\"", "\"For the first time, I fear I am ashamed of our beloved nation because of our intervention in Vietnam,\" he said.", "He cultivated a good reputation with the Jewish community.", "He was a critic of Nazism and rising Antisemitism in Germany throughout the 1930s.", "He scolded evangelical Christians who were either antisemitic or ignored them when he was a young pastor for favoring conversion of Jews to Christianity.", "He spoke out against the attitudes of Christians and Jews.", "He spoke out against the practicality and necessity of missionizing Jews within three years.", "He was the first Christian theologian to argue that it was not appropriate for Christians to try to convert Jews to their faith.", "If I were a self-respecting Jew, I would not abandon the faith of the fathers to embrace a faith which is as involved as Christianity is with racialism, Nordicism and gentile arrogance.", "\"What we need is anente cordiale between prophetic Judaism and prophetic Christianity in which both religions would offer the best they have to each other.\"", "Zionism and the development of Israel were supported by Niebuhr as a preacher, writer, leader, and adviser to political figures.", "His solution to antisemitism was a combination of a Jewish homeland, greater tolerance, and assimilation in other countries.", "Unlike other Christian Zionisms, Niebuhr's support of Zionism was practical, not theological, and not based on anticipation of the End-of-Days.", "He warned against the involvement of religious claims in the conflict despite being a religious leader.", "Edward Said derided his claims to care about the Palestinians as insincere and 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611", "Zionism is the expression of a national will to live that is different from the orthodox religion of the Jews.", "The force of it can be mitigated, but it cannot be completely eliminated.", "The participants cannot find a common ground of rational morality because the moral judgments which each brings to them are formed by the historical forces which are in conflict.", "The effort to bring such a conflict under the control of a spiritual unity may be partially successful, but it always produces a tragic by-product of the spiritual accentuation of natural conflict.", "The most demonic pretension is the introduction of religious motives into these conflicts.", "The Irony of American History was published in 1952.", "He wondered if a humane, \"ironical\" interpretation of American history was credible on its own merits, or only in the context of a Christian view of history.", "The fundamental cause of the disparity lies in the actor himself, and his original purpose, according to the concept of irony.", "Readers who don't share his religious views can be led to the same conclusion if they don't agree with his reading of American history.", "He was a great foe.", "The antiwar non-interventionists, who are embarrassed by power, and the pro-war imperialists, who disguise power as virtue, are two forms of American idealism.", "He said that the non-interventionists seek to preserve the purity of their souls either by condemning military actions or by demanding that every action taken be righteous.", "They exaggerate the sins committed by their own country, excuse the malevolence of its enemies and blame America first.", "The approach was argued to be a way to refuse to face real problems.", "The short prayer was written by the man.", "The new evidence does not prove that he wrote the prayer, but it does improve the likelihood that he was the originator.", "\"Father, give us courage to change what must be altered, serenity to accept what cannot be helped, and the insight to know the one from the other\" is what the earliest version of the prayer says.", "The most popular version reads: God grant me the serenity to accept the things I cannot change, Courage to change the things I can, and the wisdom to know the difference.", "Influence political scientists, such as George F. Kennan, Hans Morgenthau, Kenneth Waltz, and Samuel P. Huntington.", "The influence of Niebuhr on mainline Protestant clergy in the years immediately following World War II was in line with the neo-orthodox and related movements.", "He had an influence that waned towards the end of his life.", "According to the historian Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., the legacies of both liberals and conservatives were at stake.", "King gave credit to the man.", "Foreign-policy conservatives point to Niebuhr's support of the containment doctrine during the Cold War as an example of moral realism, while progressives cite his later opposition to the Vietnam War.", "Although usually not in liberal Protestant theological circles, Niebuhr has enjoyed a renaissance in contemporary thought in the last few years.", "Senator John McCain, in his book Hard Call, \"celebrated Niebuhr as a paragon of clarity about the costs of a good war\", which was cited by both major-party candidates in the 2008 presidential election.", "Obama said that he was his favorite theologian and philosopher.", "Slate magazine columnist Fred Kaplan characterized Obama's acceptance speech as a \"faithful reflection\" of Niebuhr.", "Kenneth Waltz's seminal work on international relations theory, Man, the State, and War, includes many references to Niebuhr's thought.", "The impossibility of human perfection is one of Niebuhr's contributions to political realism.", "The limits of exceptional power is referred to 13 times in Andrew Bacevich's book.", "The belief that Americans were in danger of becoming enamored of US power is emphasized by Bacevich.", "Jimmy Carter, Madeleine Albright, and Hillary Clinton are some of the leaders of American foreign policy in the late twentieth century and early twenty-first century.", "On June 1, 1971, Niebuhr died in Massachusetts.", "He was awarded several doctorates during his lifetime.", "President Lyndon B. Johnson awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom.", "New York City named a street after the man.", "This is the location of Union Theological Seminary, where Niebuhr taught for more than 30 years.", "His alma mater established a medal to honor him and his brother.", "During the first two decades of the Cold War, the influence of Niebuhr was at its peak.", "His influence waned because of the rise of liberation theology, antiwar sentiment, and the growth of conservative evangelicalism.", "It took the tragic events of September 11, 2001, according to historian Gene Zubovich.", "In the spring of 2017, it was speculated that former FBI director James Comey used a screen name for his personal account.", "He was a religion major at the College of William & Mary and wrote a thesis about Jerry Falwell.", "He was often described as a charismatic speaker.", "He had a deep voice and large blue eyes.", "He used his arms as a conductor.", "Occasionally one hand would strike out, with a pointed finger at the end, to accent a sentence.", "He was able to build logical climaxes and communicate a sense of passion for what he was saying because he didn't have notes.", "The diary of a young minister's trials Moral Man and Immoral Society: A Study of Ethics and Politics is one of the works.", "Prentice Hall vol. is a republication edition.", "A new edition of The Children of Light and the Children of Darkness was published by the University of Chicago Press.", "D. B. Robertson is the author of Pious and Secular America: His Political Philosophy and Its Application to Our Age as Expressed in His Writings.", "They were written by Harry R. Davis and Robert C. Good.", "A Nation So Conceived: Reflections on the History of America from its Early Visions to its Present Power is an online edition.", "Selected Essays and Addresses is a ed.", "Robert McAffee wrote Brown.", "260 pp.", "The Remembering Reinhold Niebuhr was published by the Yale University Press.", "The letters of Ursula M. Niebuhr are in the ed.", "The Children of Light and the Children of Darkness, The Irony of American, and Leaves from the Notebook of a Cynic, Moral Man and Immoral Society are some of the major works on religion and politics.", "See also Christian socialism The Moot Situational ethics Notes References Footnotes.", "There was a movement from romance to revisionism in the 1930s.", "There is a book in New York called Palgrave Macmillan.", "There is a detailed bibliography of the publications Obama's Theologian and E. J. Dionne.", "On the 100th anniversary of the birth of Reinhold Niebuhr, the public theology of him was discussed.", "Time Magazine has a cover.", "The New York Review of Books published \"What You Can Learn from Reinhold Niebuhr\" in 1948." ]

[ "Karl Paul Reinhold Niebuhr", "Reinhold", "Niebuhr", "Niebuhr", "Niebuhr", "Niebuhr", "Reinhold", "Elisabeth Niebuhr", "Ursula Niebuhr", "Niebuhr", "Reinhold", "Reinhold", "Reinhold", "Reinhold", "Reinhold", "Ursula Niebuhr", "Reinhold", "Reinhold", "Niebuhr", "Reinhold", "Reinhold", "Reinhold", "Reinhold" ]

[ "Karl Paul Reinhold Niebr", "Reinhold", "Gustav Niebuhr", "Niebuhr", "Reinhold" ]

[ "Theresa Mary, Lady May (; née Brasier; born 1 October 1956) is a British politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and Leader of the Conservative Party from 2016 to 2019.", "She served as Home Secretary from 2010 to 2016 in the Cameron government and has been the Member of Parliament (MP) for Maidenhead in Berkshire since 1997.", "Ideologically, May identifies herself as a one-nation conservative.", "May grew up in Oxfordshire and attended St Hugh's College, Oxford.", "After graduating in 1977, she worked at the Bank of England and the Association for Payment Clearing Services.", "She also served as a councillor for Durnsford in Merton.", "After two unsuccessful attempts to be elected to the House of Commons, she was elected as the MP for Maidenhead in 1997.", "From 1999 to 2010, May held several roles in shadow cabinets.", "She was also chairwoman of the Conservative Party from 2002 to 2003.", "Following the formation of the coalition government after the 2010 general election, May was appointed Home Secretary and Minister for Women and Equalities but gave up the latter role in 2012.", "Reappointed after the Conservative success in the 2015 general election, she became the longest-serving Home Secretary in over 60 years.", "During her tenure she pursued reform of the Police Federation, implemented a harder line on drugs policy including the banning of khat and brought in additional restrictions on immigration.", "She also oversaw the introduction of elected police and crime commissioners, the deportation of Abu Qatada and the creation of the College of Policing and the National Crime Agency.", "In July 2016, after David Cameron resigned, May was elected Conservative Party leader and became the UK's second female prime minister after Margaret Thatcher.", "She is the first, and to date, the only woman to hold two of the Great Offices of State.", "She began the process of withdrawing the UK from the European Union, triggering Article 50 in March 2017.", "The following month, she announced a snap general election, with the aims of strengthening her hand in Brexit negotiations and highlighting her \"strong and stable\" leadership.", "This resulted in a hung parliament in which the number of Conservative seats had fallen from 330 to 317, despite the party winning its highest vote share since 1983.", "The loss of an overall majority prompted her to enter a confidence and supply arrangement with the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) of Northern Ireland to support a minority government.", "May survived a vote of no confidence from Conservative MPs in December 2018 and a vote of no confidence tabled by Opposition Leader Jeremy Corbyn in January 2019.", "As Prime Minister, she carried out the Brexit negotiations with the European Union, adhering to the Chequers Agreement, which resulted in the Brexit withdrawal agreement.", "She also oversaw a £20 billion increase in funding to the National Health Service through the NHS Long Term Plan, established the first-ever Race Disparity Audit and launched a 25 Year Environment Plan, amending the Climate Change Act 2008 to end the UK's contribution to global warming by 2050.", "Unemployment in the United Kingdom fell to record lows, the lowest jobless rate since 1975.", "After versions of her draft withdrawal agreement were rejected by Parliament three times, she resigned and was succeeded by Boris Johnson, her former Foreign Secretary.", "She remains in the House of Commons as a backbencher.", "Early life, family, and education\n\nTheresa May was born on 1 October 1956 in Eastbourne, Sussex, May is the only child of Zaidee Mary ( Barnes; 1928–1982) and Hubert Brasier (1917–1981).", "Her father was a Church of England clergyman (and an Anglo-Catholic) who was chaplain of an Eastbourne hospital.", "He later became vicar of Enstone with Heythrop and finally of St Mary's at Wheatley, to the east of Oxford.", "May's mother was a supporter of the Conservative Party.", "Her father died in 1981, from injuries sustained in a car accident, and her mother of multiple sclerosis the following year.", "May later stated she was \"sorry they [her parents] never saw me elected as a Member of Parliament\".", "May initially attended Heythrop Primary School, a state school in Heythrop, followed by St. Juliana's Convent School for Girls, a Roman Catholic independent school in Begbroke, which closed in 1984.", "At the age of 13, she won a place at the former Holton Park Girls' Grammar School, a state school in Wheatley.", "During her time as a pupil, the Oxfordshire education system was reorganised, and the school became the new Wheatley Park Comprehensive School.", "May attended the University of Oxford, read geography at St Hugh's College, and graduated with a second class BA degree in 1977.", "She worked at a bakery on Saturdays to earn pocket money and was a \"tall, fashion-conscious young woman who from an early age spoke of her ambition to be the first woman prime minister,\" according to those who knew her.", "According to a university friend, Pat Frankland: \"I cannot remember a time when she did not have political ambitions.", "I well remember, at the time, she was quite irritated when Margaret Thatcher got there first.\"", "Early career\nBetween 1977 and 1983, May worked at the Bank of England, and from 1985 to 1997, at the Association for Payment Clearing Services (APACS), as a financial consultant.", "She served as Head of the European Affairs Unit from 1989 to 1996 and Senior Adviser on International Affairs from 1996 to 1997 in the organisation.", "Entry into politics\nMay served as a councillor for Durnsford ward on the Borough Council of the London Borough of Merton from 1986 to 1994, where she was Chairman of Education (1988–90) and Deputy Group Leader and Housing Spokesman (1992–94).", "Unsuccessful national attempts\nIn the 1992 general election May was the Conservative Party candidate for the safe Labour seat of North West Durham, placing second to incumbent MP Hilary Armstrong, with future Liberal Democrat leader Tim Farron placing third.", "May then stood at the 1994 Barking by-election, which was prompted by the death of Labour MP Jo Richardson.", "The seat had been continuously held by Labour since it was created in 1945, and Labour candidate Margaret Hodge was expected to win easily, which she did.", "May placed a distant third.", "Wins seat in Parliament\nAround 18 months ahead of the 1997 general election, May was selected as the Conservative candidate for Maidenhead, a new seat which was created from parts of the safe seats of Windsor and Maidenhead and Wokingham.", "She was elected comfortably with 25,344 votes (49.8%), almost double the total of second-placed Andrew Terence Ketteringham of the Liberal Democrats, who took 13,363 votes (26.3%).", "Despite this, her party suffered their worst defeat in over 150 years.", "Early Parliamentary career\nHaving entered Parliament, May became a member of William Hague's front-bench Opposition team, as Shadow Spokesman for Schools, Disabled People and Women (1998–1999).", "She became the first of the 1997 MPs to enter the Shadow Cabinet when in 1999 she was appointed Shadow Education and Employment Secretary.", "After the 2001 election the new Conservative leader Iain Duncan Smith kept her in the Shadow Cabinet, moving her to the Transport portfolio.", "May was appointed the first female Chairman of the Conservative Party in July 2002.", "During her speech at the 2002 Conservative Party Conference, she explained why, in her view, her party must change: \"You know what people call us?", "The Nasty Party.", "In recent years a number of politicians have behaved disgracefully and then compounded their offences by trying to evade responsibility.", "We all know who they are.", "Let's face it, some of them have stood on this platform.\"", "She accused some unnamed colleagues of trying to \"make political capital out of demonising minorities\", and charged others with indulging themselves \"in petty feuding or sniping instead of getting behind a leader who is doing an enormous amount to change a party which has suffered two landslide defeats\".", "She admitted that constituency selection committees seemed to prefer candidates they would \"be happy to have a drink with on a Sunday morning\", continuing to say, \"At the last general election 38 new Tory MPs were elected.", "Of that total, only one was a woman and none was from an ethnic minority.", "Is that fair?", "Is one half of the population entitled to only one place out of 38?\"", "In 2003, after Michael Howard's election as Conservative Party and Opposition Leader in November that year, May was appointed Shadow Secretary of State for Transport and the Environment.", "In June 2004, she was moved to become Shadow Secretary of State for the Family.", "Following the 2005 general election she was also made Shadow Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport.", "After David Cameron became leader, he appointed May as Shadow Leader of the House of Commons in December 2005 and as Shadow Minister for Women and Equality in July 2007.", "In January 2009, May was made Shadow Secretary of State for Work and Pensions.", "On 6 May 2010, May was re-elected MP for Maidenhead with an increased majority of 16,76960% of the vote.", "This followed an earlier failed attempt by the Liberal Democrats to unseat her in 2005, as one of that party's leading \"decapitation-strategy\" targets.", "Home Secretary\n\nOn 12 May 2010, when May was appointed Home Secretary and Minister for Women and Equalities by Prime Minister David Cameron as part of his first Cabinet, she became the fourth woman to hold one of the British Great Offices of State, after Margaret Thatcher (Prime Minister), Margaret Beckett (Foreign Secretary) and Jacqui Smith (Home Secretary).", "As Home Secretary, May was also a member of the National Security Council.", "She was the longest-serving Home Secretary for over 60 years, since James Chuter Ede who served over six years and two months from August 1945 to October 1951.", "May's appointment as Home Secretary was somewhat unexpected, with Chris Grayling having served as shadow Home Secretary in opposition.", "May's debut as Home Secretary involved overturning several of the previous Labour government's measures on data collection and surveillance in England and Wales.", "By way of a government bill which became the Identity Documents Act 2010, she brought about the abolition of the Labour government's National Identity Card and database scheme and reformed the regulations on the retention of DNA samples for suspects and controls on the use of CCTV cameras.", "In May 2010, May announced the adjournment of the deportation to the United States of alleged computer hacker Gary McKinnon.", "She also suspended the registration scheme for carers of children and vulnerable people, with May saying that the measures were \"draconian.", "You were assumed to be guilty until you were proven innocent, and told you were able to work with children.\"", "On 4 August 2010, it was reported that May was scrapping the former Labour government's proposed \"go orders\" scheme to protect women from domestic violence by banning abusers from the victim's home.", "In June 2010, May faced her first major national security incident as Home Secretary with the Cumbria shootings.", "She delivered her first major speech in the House of Commons as Home Secretary in a statement on this incident, later visiting the victims with the Prime Minister.", "Also in June 2010, May banned the Indian Muslim preacher Zakir Naik from entering the United Kingdom.", "According to The Daily Telegraph, a Home Office official who disagreed with this decision was suspended.", "In late June 2010, May announced plans for a temporary cap on UK visas for non-EU migrants.", "The move raised concerns about the impact on the British economy.", "In August 2013, May supported the detention of David Miranda, partner of Guardian journalist Glenn Greenwald, under the Terrorism Act 2000, saying that critics of the Metropolitan Police action needed to \"think about what they are condoning\".", "Lib Dem peer and former Director of Public Prosecutions Ken Macdonald accused May of an \"ugly and unhelpful\" attempt to implicate those who were concerned about the police action of \"condoning terrorism\".", "The High Court subsequently acknowledged there were \"indirect implications for press freedom\" but ruled the detention legal.", "May also championed legislation popularly dubbed the Snooper's Charter, requiring internet and mobile service providers to keep records of internet usage, voice calls, messages and email for up to a year in case police requested access to the records while investigating a crime.", "The Liberal Democrats had blocked the first attempt, but after the Conservative Party obtained a majority in the 2015 general election May announced a new Draft Investigatory Powers Bill similar to the Draft Communications Data Bill, although with more limited powers and additional oversight.", "Police and crime\nSpeaking at the Association of Chief Police Officers (ACPO) conference in June 2010, May announced radical cuts to the Home Office budget, likely to lead to a reduction in police numbers.", "In July 2010, May presented the House of Commons with proposals for a fundamental review of the previous Labour government's security and counter-terrorism legislation, including \"stop and search\" powers, and her intention to review the 28-day limit on detaining terrorist suspects without charge.", "In July 2010, May announced a package of reforms to policing in England and Wales in the House of Commons.", "The previous Labour Government's central crime agency, Soca (Serious Organised Crime Agency), was to be replaced by a new National Crime Agency.", "In common with the Conservative Party 2010 general election manifesto's flagship proposal for a \"Big Society\" based on voluntary action, May also proposed increasing the role of civilian \"reservists\" for crime control.", "The reforms were rejected by the Opposition Labour Party.", "Following the actions of some members of Black Bloc in vandalising allegedly tax-avoiding shops and businesses on the day of the March 2011 TUC march, the Home Secretary unveiled reforms curbing the right to protest, including giving police extra powers to remove masked individuals and to police social networking sites to prevent illegal protest without police consent or notification.", "In 2012, despite inquiries by both Scotland Yard and the Independent Police Complaints Commission ruling that there was no new evidence to warrant further investigation, after discussions with Doreen Lawrence, May commissioned Mark Ellison to review Scotland Yard's investigations into alleged police corruption.", "The report was presented to Parliament by May on 6 March 2014.", "Bernard Hogan-Howe, Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police said the report, which has prompted an inquiry into undercover policing, was \"devastating\".", "In July 2013, May welcomed the fact that crime had fallen by more than 10% under the coalition government, while still being able to make savings.", "She said that this was partly due to the government removing red tape and scrapping targets to allow the police to concentrate on crime-fighting.", "In 2014, May delivered a speech to the Police Federation, in which she criticised aspects of the culture of the police force.", "In the speech, she said:\n\nOn 9 December 2010, in the wake of violent student demonstrations in central London against increases to higher-education tuition fees, May praised the actions of the police in controlling the demonstrations but was described by The Daily Telegraph as \"under growing political pressure\" due to her handling of the protests.", "In December 2010, May declared that deployment of water cannon by police forces in mainland Britain was an operational decision which had been \"resisted until now by senior police officers.\"", "She rejected their use following the widespread rioting in summer 2011 and said: \"the way we police in Britain is not through use of water cannon.", "The way we police in Britain is through consent of communities.\"", "May said: \"I condemn utterly the violence in Tottenham...", "Such disregard for public safety and property will not be tolerated, and the Metropolitan Police have my full support in restoring order.\"", "In the aftermath of the riots May urged the identification of as many as possible of the young criminals involved.", "She said: \"when I was in Manchester last week, the issue was raised to me about the anonymity of juveniles who are found guilty of crimes of this sort.", "The Crown Prosecution Service is to order prosecutors to apply for anonymity to be lifted in any youth case they think is in the public interest.", "The law currently protects the identity of any suspect under the age of 18, even if they are convicted, but it also allows for an application to have such restrictions lifted, if deemed appropriate.\"", "May added that \"what I've asked for is that CPS guidance should go to prosecutors to say that where possible, they should be asking for the anonymity of juveniles who are found guilty of criminal activity to be lifted\".", "Anti-social behaviour\nIn July 2010, May proposed to review the previous Labour Government's anti-social behaviour legislation signalling the abolition of the \"Anti-Social Behaviour Order\" (ASBO).", "She identified the policy's high level of failure with almost half of ASBOs breached between 2000 and 2008, leading to \"fast-track\" criminal convictions.", "May proposed a less punitive, community-based approach to tackling social disorder.", "May suggested that anti-social behaviour policy \"must be turned on its head\", reversing the ASBO's role as the flagship crime control policy legislation under Labour.", "Former Labour Home Secretaries David Blunkett (who introduced ASBOs) and Alan Johnson expressed their disapproval of the proposals.", "Drug policy\n\nIn July 2013, May decided to ban the stimulant khat, against the advice of the Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs (ACMD).", "The council reached the conclusion that there was \"insufficient evidence\" it caused health problems.", "Explaining the change in the classification May said: \"The decision to bring khat under control is finely balanced and takes into account the expert scientific advice and these broader concerns\", and pointed out that the product had already been banned in the majority of other EU member states, as well as most of the G8 countries including Canada and the US.", "A report on khat use by the ACMD published in January 2013 had noted the product had been associated with \"acute psychotic episodes\", \"chronic liver disease\" and family breakdown.", "However, it concluded that there is no risk of harm for most users, and recommended that khat remain uncontrolled due to lack of evidence for these associations.", "Liberal Democrat minister Norman Baker accused May of suppressing proposals to treat rather than prosecute minor drug offenders from a report into drug policy commissioned by the Home Office.", "The Home Office denied that its officials had considered this as part of their strategy.", "Baker cited difficulties in working with May as the reason for his resignation from the Home Office in the run-up to the 2015 general election.", "Immigration\nIn 2010, May promised to bring the level of net migration down to less than 100,000.", "The Independent reported in February 2015, \"The Office for National Statistics (ONS) announced a net flow of 298,000 migrants to the UK in the 12 months to September 2014—up from 210,000 in the previous year.\"", "In total, 624,000 people migrated to the UK in the year ending September 2014 and 327,000 left in the same period.", "Statistics showed \"significant increases in migration among both non-EU citizens—up 49,000 to 292,000—and EU citizens, which rose by 43,000 to 251,000.\"", "In May 2012 she told the Daily Telegraph of her intention \"to create here in Britain a really hostile environment for illegal migration,\"\n\nMay rejected the European Union's proposal of compulsory refugee quotas.", "She said that it was important to help people living in war-zone regions and refugee camps but \"not the ones who are strong and rich enough to come to Europe\".", "In May 2016, The Daily Telegraph reported that she had tried to save £4m by rejecting an intelligence project to use aircraft surveillance to detect illegal immigrant boats.", "Family migration\nIn June 2012, Theresa May announced that new restrictions would be introduced to reduce the number of non-European Economic Area family migrants.", "The changes were mostly intended to apply to new applicants after 9 July 2012.", "The newly introduced rules came into effect on 9 July 2012 allowing only those British citizens earning more than £18,600 to bring their spouses or their children to live with them in the UK.", "This figure would rise significantly in cases where visa applications are also made for children.", "They also increased the current two-year probationary period for partners to 5 years.", "The rules also prevent any adult and elderly dependents from settling in the UK unless they can demonstrate that, as a result of age, illness or disability, they require a level of long-term personal care that can only be provided by a relative in the UK.", "The House of Lords was concerned about the immigration issue and therefore addressed the PM in Parliament as to whether she had examined the impact on communities and families on modest incomes, but it received no direct response.", "The human rights group Liberty concluded that the new rules showed scant regard to the impact they would have on genuine families.", "The All-Party Parliamentary Group on Migration conducted an evidence based inquiry into the impact of the rules and concluded in their report that the rules were causing very young children to be separated from their parents and could exile British citizens from the UK.", "Deportation decisions\n\nAt the Conservative Party Conference in October 2011, while arguing that the Human Rights Act needed to be amended, May gave the example of a foreign national who the Courts ruled was allowed to remain in the UK, \"because—and I am not making this up—he had a pet cat\".", "In response, the Royal Courts of Justice issued a statement, denying that this was the reason for the tribunal's decision in that case, and stating that the real reason was that he was in a genuine relationship with a British partner, and owning a pet cat was simply one of many pieces of evidence given to show that the relationship was \"genuine\".", "The Home Office had failed to apply its own rules for dealing with unmarried partners of people settled in the UK.", "Amnesty International said May's comments only fuelled \"myths and misconceptions\" about the Human Rights Act and Justice Secretary Kenneth Clarke subsequently called May's comments \"laughable and childlike.\"", "In June 2012, May was found in contempt of court by Judge Barry Cotter, and stood accused of \"totally unacceptable and regrettable behaviour\", being said to have shown complete disregard for a legal agreement to free an Algerian from a UK Immigration Detention Centre.", "As she eventually allowed the prisoner to be freed, May avoided further sanctions including fines or imprisonment.", "May responded to a Supreme Court decision in November 2013 to overturn her predecessor Jacqui Smith's revocation of Iraqi-born terror suspect Al Jedda's British citizenship by ordering it to be revoked for a second time, making him the first person to be stripped twice of British citizenship.", "May was accused by Lord Roberts of being willing to allow someone to die \"to score a political point\" over the deportation of mentally ill Nigerian man Isa Muazu.", "According to Muazu's solicitor, May had arranged for the asylum seeker, who was said to be \"near death\" after a 100-day hunger strike, to be deported by a chartered private jet.", "To strengthen the Home Office's tough stance, an \"end of life\" plan was reportedly offered to Muazu, who was one of a number of hunger strikers at the Harmondsworth Immigration Removal Centre.", "Abu Qatada deportation\n\nOn 7 July 2013, Abu Qatada, a radical cleric arrested in 2002, was deported to Jordan after a decade-long battle that had cost the nation £1.7 million in legal fees, and several prior Home Secretaries had not resolved.", "The deportation was the result of a treaty negotiated by May in April 2013, under which Jordan agreed to give Qatada a fair trial, by not using evidence that may have been obtained against him through torture.", "May pointed to Qatada's deportation as a triumph, guaranteeing in September 2013 that \"he will not be returning to the UK\", and declaring in her 2016 leadership campaign announcement that she was told that she \"couldn't deport Abu Qatada\" but that she \"flew to Jordan and negotiated the treaty that got him out of Britain for good\".", "The Qatada deportation also shaped May's views on the European Convention on Human Rights and European Court of Human Rights, saying that they had \"moved the goalposts\" and had a \"crazy interpretation of our human rights laws\", as a result, May has since campaigned against the institutions, saying that British withdrawal from them should be considered.", "\"Go Home\" advertisements\n\nIn August 2013, the Home Office engaged in an advertising campaign directed at illegal immigrants.", "The advertisements, in the form of mobile advertising hoardings on the back of lorries, told illegal immigrants to \"go home or face arrest\", with an image of a person in handcuffs, and were deployed in six London boroughs with substantial ethnic minority populations.", "They were widely criticised as creating a hostile atmosphere for members of ethnic minority groups.", "The shadow Home Secretary, Yvette Cooper, described their language as being reminiscent of that used by the National Front in the 1970s.", "An adjudication by the Advertising Standards Authority (ASA) said that \"the claim [that 106 arrests were made last week] was misleading and had not been substantiated\" was followed by the advertisements being withdrawn after being banned by the ASA.", "Passport backlog\nIn mid 2014, the Passport Office faced a backlog in developing processing passport applications, with around 30,000 applications hit by delays.", "David Cameron suggested this had come about due to the Passport Office's receiving an \"above normal\" 300,000-rise in applications.", "It was revealed, however, that May had been warned the year before, in July 2013, that a surge of 350,000 extra applications could occur owing to the closure of processing overseas under Chancellor Osborne's programme of cuts.", "Around £674,000 was paid to staff who helped clear the backlog.", "Windrush scandal\n\nIn April 2018, May's hostile environment policy became the focus of British politics in what came to be known as the Windrush scandal, in which members of the Windrush generation of Afro-Caribbean Britons were threatened with deportation by the Home Office and in at least 83 cases, illegally deported from the UK.", "The policy also affected the lives of many thousands of people who were in the United Kingdom legally by causing them to be sacked from employment, preventing access to health care, illegally demanding money, exiling them and preventing their return to the UK, and leaving them destitute.", "The scandal led to the resignation of May's successor Amber Rudd as Home Secretary, and her replacement by Sajid Javid.", "Responding to questions in Parliament on the Windrush scandal on 25 April, May maintained that the hostile environment policy would remain government policy.", "Birmingham schools row\nIn June 2014, an inflamed public argument arose between Home Office and Education Ministers about responsibility for alleged extremism in Birmingham schools.", "Prime Minister David Cameron intervened to resolve the row, insisting that May sack her Special Advisor Fiona Cunningham (now Hill) for releasing on May's website a confidential letter to May's colleagues, and that Michael Gove, the Education Secretary, apologise to the Home Office's head of Security and Counter-Terrorism, Charles Farr, for uncomplimentary briefings of him appearing on the front page of The Times.", "Minister for Women and Equalities\n\nMay held the office of Minister for Women and Equalities in parallel to her office of Home Secretary from 2010 to September 2012, when this role was taken over by Maria Miller.", "May's appointment as Minister for Women and Equalities was controversial, and was met with criticism by many in the LGBT community due to May's record of consistently opposing LGBT rights from 1997 to 2004: she voted against equalising the age of consent in 1998, she spoke in favour of Section 28 in 2001, and she spoke against greater adoption rights for homosexuals in 2002.", "May later stated, during an appearance on the BBC's Question Time in 2010, that she had \"changed her mind\" on gay adoption.", "Writing for PinkNews in June 2010, May detailed proposals for improving LGBT rights including measures to tackle homophobia in sport, advocating British society's need for \"cultural change\".", "On 2 July 2010, May stated she would be supporting the previous Labour Government's Anti-Discrimination Laws enshrined in the Equality Act 2010 despite having previously opposed it.", "The Equality Act came into effect in England, Wales and Scotland on 1 October 2010.", "She did however announce that a clause she dubbed \"Harman's Law\" which would have required public bodies to consider how they can reduce socio-economic inequalities when making decisions about spending and services would be scrapped on the grounds that it was \"unworkable\".", "Prime Minister\n\nLeadership election\n\nOn 30 June 2016, May announced her candidacy for the leadership of the Conservative Party to replace David Cameron, who resigned following the outcome of the European Union membership referendum in which 52% of voters voted in favour of leaving the EU.", "May emphasised the need for unity within the party regardless of positions on leaving the EU, saying she could bring \"strong leadership\" and a \"positive vision\" for the country's future.", "Despite having backed a vote to remain in the EU, she insisted that there would be no second referendum, saying: \"The campaign was fought... and the public gave their verdict.", "There must be no attempts to remain inside the EU, no attempts to rejoin it through the back door... Brexit means Brexit\".", "An opinion poll that day found 47% of people choosing May as their preferred candidate to be prime minister.", "May's supporters included a number of Cabinet ministers, such as Amber Rudd, Chris Grayling, Justine Greening, Jeremy Hunt, Michael Fallon and Patrick McLoughlin.", "She received the most votes in the first round of voting on 5 July, receiving support from 165 MPs, with rivals Andrea Leadsom receiving 66 votes and Michael Gove 48.", "The two candidates with the fewest votes, Liam Fox and Stephen Crabb, immediately announced their support for May.", "May came in first place in the second ballot on 7 July with an overwhelming majority of 199 MPs, compared with 84 for Leadsom and 46 for Gove, who was eliminated.", "Afterwards, May stated that she was delighted with her support among MPs, and she progressed to a vote of the Conservative Party membership against Leadsom.", "On 11 July, Leadsom announced her withdrawal from the leadership contest hours after May had made her first official campaign speech, saying her lack of support amongst Conservative MPs compared to May would be too great a hindrance to becoming a credible prime minister.", "As the sole remaining candidate, May was formally declared Leader of the Conservative Party that evening.", "Appointment\nOn 13 July 2016, two days after becoming Leader of the Conservative Party, May was appointed Prime Minister by Queen Elizabeth II, becoming only the second female British prime minister after Margaret Thatcher.", "Addressing the world's media outside 10 Downing Street, May said that she was \"honoured and humbled\" to become prime minister.", "On becoming prime minister, May became the first woman to have held two of the Great Offices of State.", "Responding to some calls for an early general election, \"sources close to Mrs May\" said there was no need for such an election.", "In a speech after her appointment, May emphasised the term \"Unionist\" in the name of the Conservative Party, reminding all of \"the precious, precious bond between England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.\"", "By 15 July, May had travelled to Edinburgh to meet with First Minister Nicola Sturgeon to reinforce the bond between Scotland and the rest of the United Kingdom.", "\"I'm coming here to show my commitment to preserving this special union that has endured for centuries,\" she explained.", "Cabinet changes\nMay's first Cabinet appointment was described by Reuters as \"one of the most sweeping government reshuffles for decades\", and called \"a brutal cull\" by The Daily Telegraph.", "Nine of Cameron's ministers, including several prominent members, were sacked or resigned from their posts.", "The early appointments were interpreted both as an effort to reunite the Conservative Party in the wake of the UK's vote to leave the EU and as \"a shift to the right,\" according to The Guardian.", "ITV's Political Editor Robert Peston commented: \"Her rhetoric is more left-wing than Cameron's was, her cabinet is more right-wing than his was.\"", "Although May had supported remaining in the EU, she appointed several of the most prominent advocates of Brexit to key Cabinet positions responsible for negotiating the United Kingdom withdrawal from the European Union, including Boris Johnson as Foreign Secretary, David Davis as Brexit Secretary, and Liam Fox as International Trade Secretary, the latter two being new positions.", "Other key appointees included Amber Rudd as Home Secretary and Philip Hammond as Chancellor of the Exchequer.", "First term (2016–2017) \n\nThe First May ministry delayed the final approval for the Hinkley Point C nuclear power station in July 2016, a project which May had objected to when she was Home Secretary.", "Her political adviser Nick Timothy wrote an article in 2015 to oppose China's involvement in sensitive sectors.", "He said that the government was \"selling our national security to China\" without rational concerns and \"the Government seems intent on ignoring the evidence and presumably the advice of the security and intelligence agencies\".", "In July 2016, when George Kerevan asked her whether she would be prepared to authorise the killing of a hundred thousand innocent persons by a nuclear strike; during the \"Trident debate\" inside the House of Commons, May said \"Yes.", "And I have to say to the honourable gentleman: the whole point of a deterrent is that our enemies need to know that we would be prepared to use it.", "Unlike some suggestions that we could have a nuclear deterrent but not actually be willing to use it, which come from the Labour Party frontbench.\"", "On 20 July, May attended her first Prime Minister's Questions since taking office, then afterwards made her first overseas trip as prime minister, visiting Berlin for talks with German Chancellor Angela Merkel.", "During the visit, May said that she would not trigger Article 50 of the Treaty of Lisbon—the process for withdrawing from the European Union—before 2017, suggesting it would take time for the UK to negotiate a \"sensible and orderly departure\" from the EU.", "However, although Merkel said it was right for the UK to \"take a moment\" before beginning the process, she urged May to provide more clarity on a timetable for negotiations.", "Shortly before travelling to Berlin, May had also announced that in the wake of the referendum, Britain would relinquish the presidency of the Council of the European Union, which passes between member states every six months on a rotation basis, and that the UK had been scheduled to hold in the second half of 2017.", "May supported the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen and defended selling arms to Saudi Arabia, which is accused of committing war crimes in Yemen, insisting that Britain's close relationship with Saudi Arabia was \"helping keep people on the streets of Britain safe\".", "On 21 January 2017, following the inauguration of Donald Trump as US President, the White House announced that May would meet the President on 27 January, making her the first foreign leader to meet Trump since he took office on 20 January.", "In a joint press conference, May indicated an interest in increased trade between the United States and the United Kingdom.", "She also affirmed a desire to maintain an American involvement in NATO.", "May was criticised by members of major parties, including her own, for refusing to condemn Trump's Executive Order 13769, as well as for inviting Trump to a state visit with Queen Elizabeth II.", "In January 2017, when it came to light that a Trident test had malfunctioned in June 2016, May refused to confirm whether she knew about the incident when she addressed parliament.", "May's Chancellor, Philip Hammond, continued government policies of freezing benefits in his 2017 budget.", "2017 general election\n\nOn 18 April, May announced that she would call a parliamentary vote to hold an early general election on 8 June, saying that it was the \"only way to guarantee certainty and security for years ahead\".", "May had previously ruled out an early election on five occasions over nine months.", "The election was the first snap election held under the Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011 after MPs gave May the two-thirds super-majority required.", "Unveiling the Conservative manifesto in Halifax on 18 May, May promised a \"mainstream government that would deliver for mainstream Britain\".", "It proposed to balance the budget by 2025, raise spending on the NHS by £8bn per annum and on schools by £4bn per annum by 2022, remove the ban on new grammar schools, means-test the winter fuel allowance, replace the state pension \"triple lock\" with a \"double lock\" and require executive pay to be approved by a vote of shareholders.", "It also contained May's previously-announced flagship energy reform of a cap on gas and electricity bills for households on standard variable tariffs.", "It dropped the 2015 pledge to not raise income tax or national insurance contributions but maintained a commitment to freeze VAT.", "New sovereign wealth funds for infrastructure, rules to prevent foreign takeovers of \"critical national infrastructure\" and institutes of technology were also proposed.", "The manifesto was noted for its intervention in industry, lack of tax cuts and increased spending commitments on public services.", "On Brexit it committed to leaving the single market and customs union while seeking a \"deep and special partnership\" and promised a vote in parliament on the final agreement.", "The manifesto also proposed reforms to social care in England that would raise the threshold for free care from £23,250 to £100,000 while including property in the means test and permitting deferred payment after death.", "After attracting substantial media attention, four days after the manifesto launch May stated that the proposed social care reforms would now include an \"absolute limit\" on costs in contrast to the rejection of a cap in the manifesto.", "She criticised the \"fake\" portrayal of the policy in recent days by Labour and other critics who had termed it a \"dementia tax\".", "Evening Standard editor George Osborne called the policy change a \"U-turn\".", "The Financial Times contrasted her \"Strong and Stable\" leadership slogan with her own record of nine rapid U-turns claiming she was \"making a habit of retreating from policies.\"", "The general election in June resulted in a hung parliament, prompting her to broker a deal with Northern Ireland's Democratic Unionist Party (DUP), involving £1 billion of additional public funding for Northern Ireland.", "Second term (2017–2019) \n\nLess than two weeks after the 2017 State Opening of Parliament, May ordered a full public inquiry into the contaminated blood scandal.", "For this she was widely praised as successive governments going back to the 1980s had refused such an inquiry, some though speculated that May had simply been forced to announce the inquiry after a group legal action and news of fresh evidence were brought by Jason Evans.", "Additionally, Andy Burnham had threatened to take evidence to the police if an inquiry were not announced.", "With over 1,000 core participants, the Infected Blood Inquiry is the biggest public inquiry ever held in the UK.", "Myanmar \nIn November 2017, May said the actions of Myanmar Army and police against the Rohingya Muslim minority in Myanmar \"looks like ethnic cleansing\".", "According to May, \"it is something for which the Burmese authorities – and especially the military – must take full responsibility.\"", "From the 2017 general election to December 2017, May suffered no defeats in whipped votes in the House of Commons.", "On 13 December 2017, May lost a vote on the EU Withdrawal Bill by 309 votes to 305, due to 11 Conservatives voting against the government, including Stephen Hammond who was then vice-chairman of the Conservative Party.", "Russia \nMay accused Russia of \"threatening the international order\", \"seeking to weaponise information\" and \"deploying its state-run media organisations to plant fake stories\".", "She mentioned Russia's meddling in German federal election in 2017, after German government officials and security experts said there was no Russian interference.", "China \nMay promised to confront China on human rights but was praised in Communist Party-controlled media for \"sidestepping\" human rights in China during her first official visit to the country.", "The Global Times said: \"For the Prime Minister, the losses outweigh the gains if she appeases the British media at the cost of the visit’s friendly atmosphere.\"", "Assassination plot \nIn 2017, Islamic State terrorist Naa'imur Zakariyah Rahman was foiled in a plot to assassinate May at Downing Street.", "Turkey \nIn May 2018, during a three-day state visit to the UK by Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, May declared that Britain is a \"true friend\" of Turkey, but she added that \"It is important that in defense of democracy, which has been facing extraordinary pressures from the failed coup, instability across the border from Syria and from Kurdish terrorism, Turkey does not lose sight of the values it is seeking to defend.\"", "Contempt of Parliament\nOn 4 December 2018, on a motion passed by MPs by 311 to 293 votes, the May Government was found in contempt of Parliament; the first government to be found in contempt in history.", "The vote was triggered by the government failing to lay before Parliament any legal advice on the proposed withdrawal agreement on the terms of the UK's departure from the European Union, after a humble address for a return was unanimously agreed to by the House of Commons on 13 November 2018.", "The government then agreed to publish the full legal advice for Brexit that was given to the Prime Minister by the Attorney General during negotiations with the European Union.", "Vote of no confidence (Conservative Party)\nOn 12 December 2018, May faced a vote of no confidence in her leadership of the Conservative Party over opposition to her negotiated Brexit deal, after the number of Conservative MPs exceeded the 48 no-confidence letter threshold that the 1922 Committee Chairman, Graham Brady required for one to be held.", "May won the vote with 200 Conservative MPs voting for her, compared to 117 voting against.", "As part of her speech to the Parliamentary Conservative Party before the no-confidence vote was opened, it was reported that May conceded that she would step down as prime minister after delivering Brexit and would not lead the Conservative Party into the next General Election in exchange for Conservative MPs voting to have confidence in her leadership so that she would be able to keep the party, Parliament and the UK stable during the final stages of Brexit.", "May later confirmed this to BBC News Political editor, Laura Kuenssberg after meeting EU leaders, including Jean-Claude Juncker in Brussels.", "Vote of No Confidence (House of Commons)\n\nOn 17 December 2018 in the House of Commons, the Leader of the Opposition and Labour Party Leader, Jeremy Corbyn, tabled a motion of no confidence in May's prime ministership, citing May's refusal to set the date for the meaningful vote on her Brexit deal before Christmas, and instead pushing it back to mid-January.", "The following day the government refused to allow time for the motion to be debated.", "John Bercow, Speaker of the House of Commons, confirmed that they were under no obligation to do so.", "Following the defeat of May's Brexit deal on 15 January 2019, Corbyn tabled a motion of no confidence in the Government, to be voted on by parliament the following evening.", "The motion was defeated by 325 votes to 306; a majority of 19.", "Brexit deal defeats\n\nOn 15 January 2019, May's government was defeated in the House of Commons by a margin of 230 votes (202 in favour and 432 opposed) in a vote on her deal to leave the European Union.", "It was the largest majority against a United Kingdom government in history.", "On 14 February the same year, May suffered another Commons defeat after MPs voted by 303 to 258 – a majority of 45 – against a motion endorsing the government's Brexit negotiating strategy.", "On 12 March, May was again defeated in the Commons by 149 votes (242 in favour and 391 against) on her latest deal after she secured last-minute concessions from the EU.", "On 29 March, May was again defeated by 58 votes in the Commons (286 in favour and 344 against) on the withdrawal deal but not the political declaration.", "Resignation\n\nOn 27 March 2019 at a meeting of the 1922 Committee, May confirmed that she will \"not lead the UK in the next stage of Brexit negotiations\", meaning she was expected to resign after the third meaningful vote, if it had passed successfully.", "However, no date was stated, and her reported wording was ambiguous and thus carried no binding force.", "On 29 March, the third meaningful vote was defeated, and while May did not state anything in regards to standing down, Corbyn stated that if May could not find an alternative to her deal \"she must go, not at an indeterminate date in the future but now.\"", "On 22 April it was announced that the leaders of 70 Conservative Associations had signed a petition calling for a vote of no confidence.", "Under party rules an Extraordinary General Meeting must be convened if one is demanded by 65 associations.", "The non-binding vote, to be determined by 800 of the party's senior officials, would be the first time such an instance has occurred.", "On 24 April, the party's 1922 Committee ruled out changing the leadership challenge rules, but its chair, Graham Brady, asked for clarity on when May would step down from office.", "On 24 May she confirmed that she would resign as Conservative Party leader on 7 June, stating, \"it is now clear to me that it is in the best interests of the country for a new prime minister to lead that effort.\"", "She continued to serve as prime minister until she tendered her resignation to the Queen on 24 July.", "This coincided with the arrival of Boris Johnson as prime minister, who was elected by the Conservative Party membership.", "By constitutional convention May did not step down until she assured the Queen that Johnson would be able to command the confidence of the House of Commons.", "In one of May's last Prime Minister's Questions, Barry Sheerman, the Labour MP for Huddersfield, urged May not to \"cut and run\" and instead reconsider her resignation.", "May responded by saying she would return to the role of a backbench MP after leaving office.", "On 24 July 2019, May ended her consecutive service at the frontbench since 1998 when she was appointed Shadow Spokesman for Schools, Disabled People and Women.", "Ministerial resignations\n\nMay's premiership had 51 resignations with 33 relating to Brexit.", "These included 12 departures from the Cabinet.", "The pace and number of resignations have been described as 'unprecedented' by the Institute for Government, with resignations impacting the functioning of the government.", "In less than three years, May received more resignations than Thatcher (11 years) or Blair (10 years).", "The Chief Whip Julian Smith described May's Cabinet as exhibiting the 'worst cabinet ill-discipline in history'.", "Public opinion \n\nMay had a high approval rating during her first week as prime minister.", "The results of an Ipsos MORI survey released in July 2016 indicated that 55% of those surveyed believed that May was a suitable PM while only 23% believed that the Labour Leader Jeremy Corbyn would make a good prime minister.", "A ComRes poll taken in September 2016 after her election suggested May was seen as substantially more \"in touch with ordinary British people\" than her predecessor David Cameron and a majority of voters saw her as \"the right person to unite the country\".", "At the beginning of 2017, nearly six months after becoming prime minister, a ComRes found May was the most popular UK politician with a net rating of +9 which was described as the longest honeymoon period enjoyed by any sitting Conservative prime minister since the end of the Second World War.", "The Conservative Party had a 21-point lead over Labour in a poll released the day before May announced a snap election but this lead narrowed substantially.", "In mid-June, following the election, a YouGov poll showed that May's popularity had dropped to a rating of −34.", "In April 2018, May had a higher approval rating than Corbyn for the first time since the general election, leading him by −13 to −23.", "Plans to reform social care came to dominate the Conservative election campaign during the 2017 Snap Election, with some arguing it ultimately cost May her majority.", "May's promised green paper on the future of adult social care was plagued by frequent delays, ultimately never materialising during her premiership.", "A December 2019 poll by learning disabilities charity Hft found that 59% of social care providers in England believed that the situation in social care worsened under May's premiership, compared to just 3% who said it was slightly better.", "Political positions\n\nMay has identified herself with the one-nation conservative position within her party.", "Since coming into prominence as a front-bench politician, May's public image has divided media opinion, especially from some in the traditionalist right-wing press.", "Commenting on May's debut as Home Secretary, Anne Perkins of The Guardian observed that \"she'll be nobody's stooge\", while Cristina Odone of The Daily Telegraph predicted her to be \"the rising star\" of the Coalition Government.", "Allegra Stratton, then with The Guardian, praised May as showing managerial acumen.", "Describing her as a liberal Conservative, the Financial Times characterised May as a \"non-ideological politician with a ruthless streak who gets on with the job\", in doing so comparing her to German Chancellor Angela Merkel.", "Conversely, in The Independent, Rebecca Glover of the Policy Innovation Research Unit contrasted May to Boris Johnson, claiming that she was \"staunchly more conservative, more anti-immigration, and more isolationist\" than he was.", "During her leadership campaign, May said that \"We need an economy that works for everyone\", pledging to crack down on executive pay by making shareholders' votes binding rather than advisory and to put workers onto company boards (although she later claimed that the last pledge was not to be mandatory), policies that The Guardian describes as going further than the Labour Party's 2015 general election manifesto.", "After she became prime minister, May's first speech espoused the left, with a promise to combat the \"burning injustice\" in British society and to create a union \"between all of our citizens\" and promising to be an advocate for the \"ordinary working-class family\" and not for the affluent in the UK.", "\"The government I lead will be driven not by the interests of the privileged few but by yours.", "We will do everything we can to give you more control over your lives ...", "When we take the big calls, we’ll think not of the powerful, but you.", "When we pass new laws we’ll listen not to the mighty, but to you.", "When it comes to taxes we’ll prioritise not the wealthy but you.\"", "May has described herself as a personal supporter of fox hunting with hounds, saying that foxes' numbers had to be controlled and that hunting them with dogs was the most humane way to do it.", "The Conservative manifesto for the 2017 election included a pledge to hold a parliamentary vote to repeal the Hunting Act 2004, which prohibits a range of hunting activities.", "After the Conservatives' manifesto for the 2017 election was released, some people, including Fraser Nelson of The Spectator, called her a \"red Tory\", saying that she had moved her party to the left in politics.", "Politico called her policies \"Mayism\", saying that Mayism was \"a working-class conservatism openly critical of the \"cult of individualism\" and globalization\".", "May praised the former Prime Minister Winston Churchill and has a portrait of Churchill on the wall of her study.", "May's spokesman said: \"The prime minister has quoted and referenced Sir Winston Churchill on many occasion and acknowledged him as one of the great prime ministers of the 20th century.\"", "May welcomed the arrest of WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange, saying that \"no one is above the law.\"", "Assange had fled to the Ecuadorian embassy in London in 2012 after being accused of sexual assault in Sweden.", "He is also wanted by the US for \"conspiracy to commit computer intrusion\" relating to the Wikileaks release of classified material in 2010, including footage of US soldiers killing civilians in Iraq.", "Foreign policy\n\nIn 2003, May voted to approve the invasion of Iraq and in 2013 voted in favour of British military intervention in the Syrian civil war.", "The May Ministry delayed the final approval for the Hinkley Point C nuclear power station in July 2016, a project which May had objected to when she was Home Secretary.", "Her political adviser Nick Timothy wrote an article in 2015 to oppose People's Republic of China's involvement in sensitive sectors.", "He said that the government was \"selling our national security to China\" without rational concerns and \"the Government seems intent on ignoring the evidence and presumably the advice of the security and intelligence agencies.\"", "Politicians and human rights activists urged Theresa May's government to vote against Saudi Arabian retention of the membership of the UN Human Rights Council.", "Amnesty International's UK Foreign Policy Programme Director Polly Truscott said: \"Rather than turning a blind eye to Saudi Arabia’s continuing bully tactics, the UK should publicly hold the Saudi authorities to account for its appalling human rights record and the ongoing war crimes in Yemen and should stop selling weapons to Saudi as a matter of urgency.\"", "May defended selling arms to Saudi Arabia stating that close ties with the country \"keep people on the streets of Britain safe\".", "Economic policy\nPrior to her premiership, May outlined plans to backtrack on the longstanding government plan to achieve a surplus by 2020, following the UK's withdrawal from the European Union.", "With uncertainty surrounding the economic outlook, Chancellor of the Exchequer Phillip Hammond has suggested that the government's Autumn Statement may be used to \"reset\" economic policy.", "In 2015, while May was Home Secretary, an 18% funding cut in the police force had taken place with the loss of around 20,000 police officers.", "Before the Manchester Arena bombing and after the Paris attacks, she was warned by a Manchester senior police officer that the cuts on the force and community policing risked terror attacks in the city due to the lack of resources to do proper intelligence and anti-terrorist measures.", "In May and Hammond's 2017 budget, continued government policies were confirmed regarding freezing benefits.", "May's government published a Green Paper in November 2016 which considered forcing companies to reveal the difference between what their CEOs are paid and what their ordinary workers are paid.", "On 1 January 2019 new regulations came into force for UK listed companies with over 250 employees to annually disclose the ratio of their CEO's pay to the median, lower quartile, and upper quartile pay of their UK employees.", "Workers' representatives\nBefore her premiership began, May said that she planned to have workers represented on company boards, saying \"If I'm prime minister ... we're going to have not just consumers represented on company boards, but workers as well.\"", "May aimed to put workers' and consumers' representatives on boards to make them more accountable.", "Nils Pratley, a journalist at The Guardian, wrote in July \"Fundamental principles of Britain's boardroom governance are being rethought.", "It is a very welcome development.", "In the more enlightened quarters of the UK corporate world, they can see that boardroom pay has eroded trust in business.\"", "Workers' representatives it appeared, would have made UK companies more like those in Germany and France.", "May was accused of backtracking in November 2016 when she said that firms would not be forced to adopt the proposal, saying \"there are a number of ways in which that can be achieved\".", "Environment\nFollowing the impact of Blue Planet II in 2017, the May administration outlined plans to approve further green policy.", "A particular focus has been on plastic and its impact on the environment.", "In March 2018, May announced plans for a plastic deposit scheme modelled on a similar policy in Norway to boost recycling.", "EU and Brexit\n\nMay publicly stated her support for the UK remaining in the EU during the 2016 referendum campaign, but did not campaign extensively in the referendum and criticised aspects of the EU in a speech.", "It was speculated by political journalists that May had sought to minimise her involvement in the debate to strengthen her position as a future candidate for the Conservative party leadership.", "Some in David Cameron's ministry likened May to a \"submarine\" on the issue of Brexit due to her perceived indifference towards the referendum and the EU.", "In a leaked recording prior to the Brexit referendum, May said,\n\nMay also said Britain was more secure as part of the EU due to the European arrest warrant and Europe-wide information sharing among other factors.", "She said, \"There are definitely things we can do as members of the European Union that I think keep us more safe\".", "May's public reticence during the referendum campaign resulted in tensions with David Cameron and his pro-EU team.", "Following the referendum and her election as party leader, May signalled that she would support full withdrawal from the EU and prioritise immigration controls over remaining within the single market, leading some to contrast this with her earlier remarks on the earlier economic arguments.", "She later went on to say before the 2017 United Kingdom general election that she would be willing to leave the EU without a deal, saying that \"no deal is better than a bad deal.", "We have to be prepared to walk out\".", "The Lib Dem leader, Tim Farron, said it was \"disappointing that Theresa May lacked the political courage to warn the public as she did a bunch of bankers in private about the devastating economic effects of Brexit.", "More disappointing is that now she is supposedly in charge, she is blithely ignoring her own warnings and is prepared to inflict an act of monumental self-harm on the UK economy by pulling Britain out of the single market.\"", "Phil Wilson for the Open Britain group said, \"It's good to know that privately Theresa May thinks what many of us have been saying publicly for a long time, leaving the single market would be bad for businesses and for our economy.", "Now she is prime minister, Theresa May is in an unrivalled position to act on her previous concerns, starting by putting membership of the single market at the heart of her government's negotiating position.\"", "On 22 September 2017, May officially made public the details of her Brexit proposal during a speech in Florence, urging the European Union to maintain a transitional period of two years after Brexit during which trade terms remain unaltered.", "During this period, the UK would also continue to honour its budget commitments of about €10 billion per annum, and accept immigration from Europe.", "Her speech was criticised by leading Eurosceptic Nigel Farage.", "The European Union's Brexit negotiator Michel Barnier welcomed May's proposal as \"constructive,\" but said it also \"must be translated into negotiating positions to make meaningful progress.\"", "May did not initially wish to give MPs a vote on withdrawal from the European Union.", "Nicky Morgan stated \"in 2016 MPs aren't asking for a veto but they do want a say and we hope the Prime Minister will remember her earlier words\".", "Anna Soubry and Nick Clegg also called for more parliamentary involvement.", "In November 2016, the High Court ruled in R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union that parliament must vote on the decision to leave the EU but May appealed to the Supreme Court.", "Nicola Sturgeon, Scottish First Minister has joined the case as did representatives from Wales and Northern Ireland.", "Sturgeon felt that the Scottish Parliament should also consent to the UK triggering of Article 50.", "She said she was not seeking to prevent England and Wales leaving but wanted to preserve Scotland's place in the EU.", "In the end the Supreme Court required a vote in the UK parliament.", "May was accused of not having a plan if Brexit talks broke down.", "There were fears that if talks failed Britain could be left trading under WTO rules which it was feared by some analysts would seriously damage jobs and livelihoods in Britain and Europe.", "May's ministers repeatedly promised to walk away from a bad final deal but, it was argued by some commentators, had no plans for how to manage without a deal.", "Ivan Rogers described May's Brexit strategy as \"an accident waiting to happen\".", "He said completing Brexit was \"guaranteed\" to take a decade and alleged May's hopes of a trade deal made to order meant that instability in the next few months was \"quite likely\".", "In late October 2018, the National Audit Office claimed that it was already too late to prepare the necessary Irish border security checks in the event of a No-deal scenario—a weakness that could be exploited by criminals.", "On 5 February 2019, May gave a speech to business leaders in Belfast to address Brexit stating the United Kingdom's relationship with Ireland was closer than the 26 other members of the EU.", "She affirmed the government's \"absolute\" commitment to the Good Friday Agreement and stated that Britain would seek to have no hard border in Northern Ireland.", "It was reported in 2020 that former MI6 operative Christopher Steele accused May, while Boris Johnson was foreign secretary, of ignoring claims that Russia may have secretly funded Brexit.", "Steele accuses May's government of selling British interests short by not taking matters further: “In this case, political considerations seemed to outweigh national security interests.", "If so, in my view, HMG made a serious mistake in balancing matters of strategic importance to our country.”\n\nIn July 2020 the Intelligence and Security Committee report on Russia was released.", "It stated that the British government and intelligence agencies failed to conduct any assessment of Russian attempts to interfere with the 2016 Brexit referendum.", "It stated the government “had not seen or sought evidence of successful interference in UK democratic processes”.", "Steward Hosie, SNP member said “The report reveals that no one in government knew if Russia interfered in or sought to influence the referendum because they did not want to know,”.", "However, the report stated no firm conclusion could be ascertained on whether the Kremlin had or had not successfully interfered in the referendum.", "Feminism\nIn 2005, May co-founded the mentoring and pressure group Women2Win.", "This group and May's personal efforts have been credited with increasing the number of Conservative women MPs and with supporting them.", "In government she lobbied for improvements to maternity leave, and as Home Secretary she acted on FGM and introduced a law on coercive control.", "However, she has been criticised for the financial cuts made by her government, which have been claimed to have had the greatest impact on poor and vulnerable women.", "Same-sex relationships\nIn 1998, May voted against lowering the age of consent for homosexual acts, and was absent for the vote on the repeal of Section 28 in 2003.", "In May 2012, however, May expressed support for the introduction of same-sex marriage by recording a video for the Out4Marriage campaign, in which she stated \"I believe if two people care for each other, if they love each other, if they want to commit to each other... then they should be able to get married and marriage should be for everyone\".", "In May 2013, May voted in favour of the Marriage (Same Sex Couples) Bill, which legalised same-sex marriage in England and Wales.", "Post-premiership\n\nAfter leaving 10 Downing Street, May took her place on the backbenches, remaining an MP to \"devote her full time\" to her constituency of Maidenhead, Berkshire.", "In the 2019 general election she was re-elected as the constituency's MP.", "On 30 September 2019, May divulged, at the Henley Literary Festival in Oxfordshire, that she was \"thinking about writing a book\", saying \"It has been suggested to me that people involved in significant events should write about them so historians can look back and see what those who were at the centre of events were thinking, why they took decisions and so forth\".", "When interviewed, she admitted that she had not read her predecessor David Cameron's memoir For the Record.", "She also said she had \"no regrets\" over her political career.", "In May 2020, May criticised the Chief Adviser to the Prime Minister Dominic Cummings when he broke lockdown rules during the COVID-19 pandemic.", "She abstained in the vote on the second lockdown in Parliament.", "May has been mentioned as a possible candidate to replace NATO Secretary-General Jens Stoltenberg following his expected retirement in 2022.", "In June 2021, British Secretary of State for Defence Ben Wallace expressed support for a potential May candidacy, saying \"she would be an excellent candidate.”\n\nOn 13 July 2021, May, who was one of 24 Conservative MPs, crossed the floor against her party, defying the whip for the first time in 24 years, over the government's proposal to cut its foreign aid budget.", "She criticized the government, saying in an address to Parliament, \"We made a promise to the poorest people in the world.", "The Government have broken that promise.\"", "Personal life\n\nMay has been married to Philip May, an investment relationship manager currently employed by Capital International, since 6 September 1980.", "It has been reported that former Prime Minister of Pakistan Benazir Bhutto introduced the two during their time at Oxford.", "May has expressed regret that she and her husband have not been able to have children.", "The Mays are passionate walkers, and they regularly spend their holidays hiking in the Swiss Alps.", "May is also a cricket fan, stating that Geoffrey Boycott was one of her sporting heroes.", "She also enjoys cooking, and has said that she owns 100 cookery books.", "Philip has said that she \"is a very good cook\".", "May and her husband reside in the Thames village of Sonning which is within her constituency.", "May is a member of the Church of England and regularly worships at church (usually at St Andrew's, Sonning) on Sunday.", "The daughter of an Anglican priest, Hubert Brasier, May has said that her Christian faith \"is part of me.", "It is part of who I am and therefore how I approach things\".", "May is known for a love of fashion, and in particular of distinctive shoes; she wore leopard-print shoes at her 'Nasty Party' speech in 2002, as well as her final Cabinet meeting as Home Secretary in 2016.", "On Desert Island Discs in 2014, she chose a subscription to Vogue as her luxury item.", "However, she has been critical of the media focusing on her fashion instead of her achievements as a politician.", "May was diagnosed with diabetes mellitus of type 1 in November 2012.", "She is treated with daily insulin injections.", "Following her husband's knighthood in the 2019 Dissolution Honours, she has been entitled to be styled as Lady May.", ", May's listing on Parliament's website, her own website and social media do not use the style \"Lady May\".", "Honours and arms\n\nCommonwealth honours\n\nForeign honours\n\nScholastic\n\n University degrees\n\n Chancellor, visitor, governor, and fellowships\n\nHonorary degrees\n\nFreedom of the City\n\n 30 August 2018: Abuja.", "Awards\nPrior to and since her appointment to Government, May has actively supported a variety of campaigns on policy issues in her constituency and at the national level of politics.", "She has spoken at the Fawcett Society promoting the cross-party issue of gender equality.", "She is the Patron of Reading University Conservative Association, in Berkshire (the county of her Maidenhead constituency).", "Her activism has earned her a number of awards.", "She was nominated as one of the Society's Inspiring Women of 2006.", "In February 2013, BBC Radio 4's Woman's Hour described her as Britain's second-most powerful woman after Queen Elizabeth II; May was Home Secretary at the time, and the most senior woman in that government.", "In 2001, she was made a Liveryman of the Worshipful Company of Marketors.", "In September 2017, she was listed by Forbes as the second most powerful woman in the world, behind Angela Merkel.", "Arms\n\nSee also\nList of prime ministers of the United Kingdom\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nConstituency website of Theresa May MP\nProfile at the Conservative Party website\n\n \n1956 births\n21st-century prime ministers of the United Kingdom\n20th-century Anglicans\n21st-century Anglicans\n20th-century British women politicians\n21st-century British women politicians\nAlumni of St Hugh's College, Oxford\nBritish Anglicans\nChairmen of the Conservative Party (UK)\nConservative Party (UK) councillors\nConservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies\nConservative Party prime ministers of the United Kingdom\nCouncillors in the London Borough of Merton\nFemale heads of government in the United Kingdom\nFemale interior ministers\nFemale members of the Cabinet of the United Kingdom\nFemale members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies\nLeaders of the Conservative Party (UK)\nLiving people\nMembers of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom\nMembers of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for constituencies in Berkshire\nMinisters for Women and Equalities\nPeople from Eastbourne\nPeople from Maidenhead\nPeople with type 1 diabetes\nPrime Ministers of the United Kingdom\nSecretaries of State for the Home Department\nUK MPs 1997–2001\nUK MPs 2001–2005\nUK MPs 2005–2010\nUK MPs 2010–2015\nUK MPs 2015–2017\nUK MPs 2017–2019\nUK MPs 2019–present\nWives of knights\nWomen councillors in England\nWomen prime ministers" ]

[ "Theresa Mary, Lady May is a British politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and leader of the Conservative Party from 2016 to 2019.", "She was the Home Secretary from 2010 to 2016 and the Member of Parliament for Maidenhead since 1997.", "May identifies herself as a conservative.", "May attended St Hugh's College in Oxford.", "She worked at the Bank of England and the Association for Payment Clearing Services after graduating.", "She was a councillor for Durnsford.", "She was elected to the House of Commons in 1997 after two unsuccessful attempts.", "May worked in shadow cabinets from 1999 to 2010.", "From 2002 to 2003 she was chairwoman of the Conservative Party.", "May gave up her role as Minister for Women and Equalities in 2012 after she was appointed Home Secretary.", "She became the longest-serving Home Secretary in over 60 years after being reappointed after the Conservative success in the 2015 general election.", "She brought in additional restrictions on immigration, implemented a harder line on drugs, and pursued reform of the Police Federation.", "She oversaw the creation of the College of Policing and the National Crime Agency.", "May became the UK's second female prime minister after Margaret Thatcher when she was elected Conservative Party leader.", "She is the first woman to hold two of the Great Offices of State.", "She triggered the process of withdrawing the UK from the EU in March of last year.", "She announced a snap general election in order to strengthen her hand in the negotiations and highlight her \"strong and stable\" leadership.", "In the hung parliament, the number of Conservative seats fell from 330 to 317, despite the party winning its highest vote share since 1983.", "She entered a confidence and supply arrangement with the Democratic Unionist Party of Northern Ireland to support a minority government.", "May survived a vote of no confidence from Conservative MPs in December of last year.", "She was the Prime Minister at the time of the withdrawal agreement from the European Union.", "She oversaw a £20 billion increase in funding to the National Health Service, established the first-ever Race Disparity Audit, amended the Climate Change Act 2008 to end the UK's contribution to global warming, and launched a 25 Year Environment Plan.", "The unemployment rate in the United Kingdom fell to a record low.", "After versions of her draft withdrawal agreement were rejected by Parliament, she resigned and was succeeded by Boris Johnson, her former Foreign Secretary.", "She is a backbencher in the House of Commons.", "Theresa May is the only child of Zaidee Mary Barnes and Hubert Brasier and was born on October 1, 1956.", "Her father was a Church of England clergyman and an Anglo-Catholic.", "St Mary's at Wheatley is to the east of Oxford.", "May's mother supported the Conservative Party.", "Her father died from injuries he sustained in a car accident in 1981 and her mother from multiple sclerosis a year later.", "May apologized to her parents, who didn't see her elected as a Member of Parliament.", "May attended Heythrop Primary School, a state school, and St. Juliana's Convent School for Girls, a Roman Catholic independent school.", "At the age of 13, she won a place at a state school.", "The school became the new Wheatley Park Comprehensive School when she was a student.", "May graduated with a second class degree from the University of Oxford in 1977.", "According to those who knew her, she was a tall, fashion-conscious young woman who from an early age spoke of her ambition to be the first woman prime minister.", "Pat Frankland said she cannot remember a time when she did not have political ambitions.", "She was annoyed when Margaret Thatcher got there first.", "May worked at the Bank of England from 1977 to 1983 and at the Association for Payment Clearing Services from 1985 to 1997 as a financial consultant.", "She was the Head of the European Affairs Unit from 1989 to 1996 and the Senior Adviser on International Affairs from 1996 to 1997.", "May was a member of the council for Durnsford from 1986 to 1994 where she was Chairman of education and deputy group leader and housing spokesman.", "In the 1992 general election, May was the Conservative Party candidate for the safe Labour seat of North West Durham, placing second to Hilary Armstrong and third to Tim Farron.", "The death of Labour MP Jo Richardson prompted May to stand at the 1994 Barking by-election.", "The seat had been held by the Labour party since 1945, and they were expected to win easily.", "May was a distant third.", "May was selected as the Conservative candidate for the new seat of Maidenhead around 18 months before the 1997 general election.", "She was elected with 25,344 votes, almost double the total of second-place Andrew Ketteringham of the Liberal Democrats, who took 13,362 votes.", "Her party suffered their worst defeat in over 150 years.", "As Shadow Spokesman for Schools, Disabled People and Women, May was a member of William Hague's front-bench opposition team.", "She joined the Shadow Cabinet in 1999 as Shadow Education and Employment Secretary.", "After the 2001 election, Iain Duncan Smith moved her to the Transport portfolio.", "The first female Chairman of the Conservative Party was May.", "\"You know what people call us?\" she asked during her speech at the 2002 Conservative Party Conference.", "There is a party.", "A number of politicians have compounded their crimes by trying to avoid responsibility.", "We all know who they are.", "Some of them have stood on this platform.", "She accused some unnamed colleagues of trying to make political capital out of demonising minorities, and charged them with themselves for being \"petty feuding or sniping instead of getting behind a leader who is doing an enormous amount to change a party which has suffered two landslide defeats\".", "38 new Conservative MPs were elected at the last general election, and she admitted that constituency selection committees seemed to prefer candidates who would be happy to have a drink with on a Sunday morning.", "None of the people were from an ethnic minority.", "Is that fair?", "Is one half of the population entitled to only one place?", "May was appointed Shadow Secretary of State for Transport and the Environment in 2003 after the election of Michael Howard as Conservative Party leader.", "She became Shadow Secretary of State for the Family in June 2004.", "She was made Shadow Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport after the 2005 general election.", "May was appointed Shadow Leader of the House of Commons in December 2005 and Shadow Minister for Women and Equality in July 2007.", "May was made Shadow Secretary of State for Work and Pensions.", "May was re-elected in May 2010 with an increase in her majority.", "The Liberal Democrats tried to oust her in 2005, but failed.", "May became the fourth woman to hold one of the British Great Offices of State after Margaret Thatcher and Margaret Beckett when she was appointed Home Secretary and Minister for Women and Equalities.", "May was a member of the National Security Council.", "She was the longest-serving Home Secretary since James Ede, who worked for six years and two months from August 1945 to October 1951.", "Chris Grayling was the shadow Home Secretary in opposition when May was appointed as Home Secretary.", "Several of the previous Labour government's measures on data collection and surveilling in England and Wales were overturned in May's debut as Home Secretary.", "She brought about the abolition of the Labour government's National Identity Card and database scheme by way of a government bill which became the Identity Documents Act 2010.", "In May 2010, May announced the adjournment of the deportation to the United States of alleged computer hacker Gary McKinnon.", "May said that the measures were \"draconian\".", "You were assumed to be guilty until you were proven innocent and told you could work with children.", "On August 4, 2010, it was reported that May was scrapping the former Labour government's proposed \"go orders\" scheme to protect women from domestic violence by banning abusers from the victim's home.", "The Cumbria shootings were May's first major national security incident as Home Secretary.", "She delivered her first major speech in the House of Commons as Home Secretary after visiting the victims with the Prime Minister.", "In June 2010, Zakir Naik was banned from entering the United Kingdom.", "A Home Office official who disagreed with the decision was suspended.", "May announced plans for a temporary cap on UK visas for non-EU migrants.", "Concerns were raised about the impact on the British economy.", "May said that critics of the Metropolitan Police action needed to think about what they were condoning when they supported the detaining of David Miranda.", "Ken Macdonald, the former Director of Public Prosecutions, accused May of trying to implicate those who were concerned about the police action of \"condoning terrorism\".", "There were \"indirect implications for press freedom\" according to the High Court.", "Legislation known as the \"Snooge's Charter\" requires internet and mobile service providers to keep records of internet usage, voice calls, messages and email for up to a year in case police request access to the records while investigating a crime.", "After the Conservative Party gained a majority in the general election, May announced a new draft Investigatory Powers Bill with more limited powers and additional oversight.", "At the Association of Chief Police Officers conference in June 2010, May announced radical cuts to the Home Office budget, which is likely to lead to a reduction in police numbers.", "In July 2010, May presented the House of Commons with proposals for a fundamental review of the previous Labour government's security and counter-terrorism legislation, including \"stop and search\" powers, and her intention to review the 28-day limit on detaining terrorist suspects without charge.", "May announced a package of reforms to policing in England and Wales in the House of Commons.", "Soca was to be replaced by a new National Crime Agency.", "May's proposal to increase the role of civilian \"reservists\" for crime control is similar to the Conservative Party's flagship proposal for a \"Big Society\" based on voluntary action.", "The Labour Party did not approve of the reforms.", "The Home Secretary unveiled reforms to curb the right to protest after members of the Black Bloc vandalised shops and businesses on the day of the TUC march.", "May commissioned Mark Ellison to review Scotland Yard's investigations into alleged police corruption despite the fact that there was no new evidence to warrant further investigation.", "The report was presented to Parliament in May.", "The Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police said the report was devastating.", "May welcomed the fact that crime had fallen under the coalition government, while still being able to make savings.", "She said that the removal of red tape and the scrapping of targets allowed the police to focus on crime-fighting.", "May criticized aspects of the police force's culture in a speech to the Police Federation.", "May praised the actions of the police in controlling the demonstrations but was described by The Daily Telegraph as \"under growing political pressure\" due to her handling.", "In December 2010, May declared that deployment of water cannon by police forces in mainland Britain was an operational decision which had been resisted until now by senior police officers.", "She said that the way police in Britain are done is not through use of water cannon.", "The way we police in Britain is decided by the community.", "May said that she condemns the violence.", "The Metropolitan Police have my full support in restoring order.", "May urged the identification of as many young criminals as possible after the riots.", "She said that the issue was raised to her when she was in Manchester.", "The Crown Prosecution Service wants prosecutors to apply for anonymity in any youth case they think is in the public interest.", "The law currently protects the identity of any suspect under the age of 18 even if they are convicted, but it also allows for an application to have such restrictions lifted, if deemed appropriate.", "May wants prosecutors to ask for the anonymity of juvenile offenders who are found guilty of criminal activity to be lifted.", "The abolition of the \"Anti-Social Behaviour Order\" was proposed by May in July 2010.", "She found that the policy's high level of failure resulted in \"fast-track\" criminal convictions.", "May proposed a community-based approach to dealing with social disorder.", "The ASBO's role as the flagship crime control policy legislation under Labour was reversed by May.", "David Blunkett and Alan Johnson were Labour Home Secretaries.", "The Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs advised May to ban the drug.", "There was insufficient evidence that it caused health problems.", "May pointed out that the product had already been banned in the majority of other EU member states and that the decision to bring it under control was finely balanced.", "The product had been associated with \"acute psychotic episodes\", \"chronic liver disease\" and family breakdown according to a report published in January.", "It concluded that there is no risk of harm for most users, and that there is no evidence for associations.", "Liberal Democrat minister Norman Baker accused May of suppressing proposals to treat rather than prosecute minor drug offenders from a report into drug policy commissioned by the Home Office.", "The Home Office did not consider this as part of their strategy.", "In the run-up to the 2015 general election, Baker resigned from the Home Office due to difficulties in working with May.", "May promised to bring the level of net migration down to less than 100,000.", "The Office for National Statistics announced a net flow of 298,000 migrants to the UK in the 12 months to September 2014, up from 210,000 in the previous year.", "In the year ending September 30, 2014, 624,000 people migrated to the UK and 327,000 left.", "There were significant increases in migration among both non-EU citizens and EU citizens.", "May told the Daily Telegraph in May 2012 that she wanted to create a hostile environment for illegal migration in Britain.", "She said that it was important to help people living in war-zone regions but not the ones who are strong and rich enough to come to Europe.", "The Daily Telegraph reported in May 2016 that she had tried to save money by rejecting an intelligence project.", "Theresa May announced in June 2012 that new restrictions would be introduced to reduce the number of family migrants.", "The changes were supposed to apply to new applicants.", "Only British citizens earning more than £18,600 can bring their spouses or children to live with them in the UK.", "There are cases where visa applications are also made for children.", "The current two-year period for partners was increased to five years.", "Unless they can demonstrate that they need a level of long-term personal care that can only be provided by a relative in the UK, adult and elderly dependents will not be allowed to settle in the UK.", "The House of Lords was concerned about the immigration issue and asked the Prime Minister if she had looked at the impact on communities and families on modest incomes.", "Liberty concluded that the new rules did not take into account the impact they would have on genuine families.", "The All-Party Parliamentary Group on Migration concluded that the rules were causing young children to be separated from their parents and could lead to British citizens leaving the UK.", "May gave the example of a foreign national who the Courts ruled was allowed to remain in the UK because he had a pet cat.", "The Royal Courts of Justice issued a statement denying that this was the reason for the tribunal's decision in that case, and stating that the real reason was that he was in a genuine relationship with a British partner.", "The Home Office did not apply its own rules for dealing with unmarried partners of people settled in the UK.", "May's comments only fueled myths and misconceptions about the Human Rights Act and Justice Secretary Kenneth Clark called them laughable.", "May was accused of showing complete disregard for a legal agreement to free an Algerian from a UK Immigration Detention Centre after she was found in contempt of court.", "May avoided fines or imprisonment as she allowed the prisoner to be freed.", "The first person to be stripped of British citizenship twice was the Iraqi-born terror suspect Al Jedda, who was stripped of his British citizenship by May after a Supreme Court decision.", "May was accused of being willing to allow someone to die to score a political point over the deportation of a mentally ill Nigerian man.", "May arranged for the asylumseeker, who was said to be near death after a 100 day hunger strike, to be deported by a private jet, according to Muazu's lawyer.", "A \"end of life\" plan was reportedly offered to Muazu, who was one of the hunger strikers at the Immigration removal centre.", "Abu Qatada was deported to Jordan after a decade-long battle that had cost the nation over $1 million in legal fees, and several prior Home Secretaries had not resolved.", "Jordan agreed to give Qatada a fair trial by not using evidence that may have been obtained against him through torture in exchange for his deportation.", "In her 2016 leadership campaign announcement, May stated that she \"flew to Jordan\" when she was told she couldn't deport Qatada.", "May said that the European Convention on Human Rights and European Court of Human Rights had a \"crazy interpretation of our human rights laws\" after Qatada's deportation.", "The Home Office advertised \"Go Home\" to illegal immigrants.", "Illegal immigrants were told to \"go home or face arrest\", with an image of a person in handcuffs, in six London boroughs with large ethnic minority populations.", "They were accused of creating a hostile atmosphere for ethnic minority groups.", "The National Front used similar language in the 1970s, according to the shadow Home Secretary.", "The claim that 106 arrests were made last week was misleading and followed by advertisements being withdrawn after being banned by the Advertising Standards Authority.", "Around 30,000 passport applications were hit by delays in the Passport Office's passport application process.", "The Passport Office's received an \"above normal\" 300,000 rise in applications, according to David Cameron.", "In July of last year, it was revealed that a surge of 350,000 applications could occur because of the Chancellor's programme of cuts.", "Around £674,000 was paid to staff who helped clear the queue.", "In April of last year, May's hostile environment policy became the focus of British politics in what became known as the Windrush scandal, in which members of the Windrush generation of Afro-Caribbean Britons were threatened with deportation by the Home Office and in at least 83 cases, illegally.", "The policy affected the lives of many thousands of people who were in the United Kingdom legally by causing them to be sacked from employment, preventing access to health care, illegally demanding money, exiling them and preventing their return to the UK, and leaving them penniless.", "The scandal led to the resignation of May's successor as Home Secretary, and her replacement by Sajid Javid.", "May told Parliament that the hostile environment policy would remain government policy.", "In June of last year, there was a public argument between the Home Office and the Education Ministers.", "The Prime Minister demanded that May sack her Special Adviser, Hill, for releasing a confidential letter to May's colleagues, and that Michael Gove, the Education Secretary, apologize to the Home Office's head of Security.", "When Maria Miller took over as Home Secretary in September 2012 she took over the office of Minister for Women and Equalities, which was held by May.", "May's appointment as Minister for Women and Equalities was controversial, and INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals", "May stated on Question Time in 2010 that she had changed her mind on gay adoption.", "Writing for PinkNews in June 2010, May detailed proposals for improving LGBT rights, including measures to tackle homophobia in sport.", "May supported the Labour Government's Anti-Discrimination Laws even though she had previously opposed them.", "The Equality Act took effect in England, Wales and Scotland.", "She said that the clause she dubbed \"Harman's Law\", which would have required public bodies to consider how they can reduce socio-economic inequalities when making decisions about spending and services, would be scrapped because it was \"unworkable\".", "Theresa May announced her candidacy for the leadership of the Conservative Party on June 30, 2016 following the outcome of the European Union membership referendum in which a majority of voters voted to leave the EU.", "May said she could bring strong leadership and a positive vision for the country's future regardless of her stance on leaving the EU.", "She insisted that there would be no second referendum despite having voted to remain in the EU.", "There must be no attempts to remain inside the EU, no attempts to rejoin it through the back door.", "May was found to be the preferred candidate by 45% of people in an opinion poll.", "Cabinet ministers that May's supporters included were Chris Grayling, Justine Greening, Jeremy Hunt, and Patrick McLoughlin.", "She received the most votes in the first round of voting, with her rivals getting 66 and 48 votes.", "Liam Fox and Stephen Crabb immediately announced their support for May.", "In the second ballot on July 7, May came in first place with an overwhelming majority of 199 MPs, compared with 84 for Leadsom and 46 for Gove.", "Afterwards, May stated that she was delighted with her support among MPs, and that she was going to vote for Conservative Party membership against Leadsom.", "Less than an hour after May made her first official campaign speech, Leadsom withdrew from the leadership contest, saying her lack of support among Conservative MPs would make it hard for her to be a credible prime minister.", "May was officially declared leader of the Conservative Party that evening.", "Queen Elizabeth II appointed May as Prime Minister two days after she became leader of the Conservative Party.", "May told the world's media that she was \"honoured\" and \"humble\" to become prime minister.", "May was the first woman to hold two of the Great Offices of State.", "Sources close to Mrs May said there was no need for an election.", "In a speech after her appointment, May emphasized the term \"Unionist\" in the name of the Conservative Party, reminding all of the precious, precious bond between England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.", "May traveled to Edinburgh to meet with the First Minister to reinforce the bonds between Scotland and the rest of the United Kingdom.", "She said she was coming to show her commitment to preserving the union that has lasted for centuries.", "May's first Cabinet appointment was described as one of the most sweeping government changes in decades by The Daily Telegraph.", "Several prominent members were sacked or resigned from their posts.", "According to The Guardian, the early appointments were seen as an effort to unite the Conservative Party in the wake of the UK's vote to leave the EU.", "Robert Peston said that her cabinet is more right-wing than his was.", "Boris Johnson, David Davis, and Liam Fox were all appointed to key Cabinet positions by May despite her support for remaining in the EU.", "The Chancellor of the Exchequer and Home Secretary were among the key appointees.", "May objected to the project when she was Home Secretary and the final approval was delayed by the First May ministry.", "Nick Timothy wrote an article about China's involvement in sensitive sectors.", "He said that the government was selling our national security to China without rational concerns and that the government seemed intent on ignoring the evidence and the advice of the security and intelligence agencies.", "During the \"Trident debate\" inside the House of Commons, May said \"Yes\" when asked if she would authorize the killing of a hundred thousand innocent persons by a nuclear strike.", "The whole point of a deterrent is that our enemies need to know that we are prepared to use it.", "Some suggestions that we could have a nuclear deterrent, but not actually be willing to use it, come from the Labour Party front bench.", "May made her first overseas trip as prime minister after attending her first Prime Minister's Questions on July 20th.", "During her visit, May suggested that it would take time for the UK to negotiate a \"sensible and orderly departure\" from the EU.", "She urged May to provide more clarity on a timetable for negotiations after she said it was right for the UK to \"take a moment\" before beginning the process.", "The UK had been scheduled to hold the presidency of the Council of the European Union in the second half of 2017.", "May supported the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen and defended selling arms to Saudi Arabia, which is accused of committing war crimes in Yemen.", "The White House announced on 21 January that May would meet the President on 27 January, making her the first foreign leader to meet Trump since he took office.", "May indicated an interest in increased trade between the United States and the United Kingdom.", "She wanted to maintain an American involvement in NATO.", "May invited Trump to a state visit with Queen Elizabeth II despite being criticized by members of her own party for not condemning Trump's executive order.", "May refused to confirm or deny if she knew about the malfunction of the test in June 2016 when she addressed parliament.", "The Chancellor continued to freeze benefits in his budget.", "On 18 April, May announced that she would call a parliamentary vote to hold an early general election on 8 June, saying that it was the \"only way to guarantee certainty and security for years ahead\".", "May had previously ruled out an early election.", "The first snap election under the Fixed-term Parliaments Act was held after the two-thirds super-majority required.", "May promised a \"mainstream government that would deliver for mainstream Britain\".", "In order to balance the budget by 2025, it proposed to raise spending on the National Health Service by £8 billion per annum and on schools by 4 billion per annum.", "It contained May's flagship energy reform of a cap on gas and electricity bills for households on standard variable tariffs.", "The pledge to not raise income tax or national insurance contributions was dropped.", "Rules to prevent foreign takeovers of \"critical national infrastructure\" and institutes of technology were also proposed.", "It was noted for its intervention in industry, lack of tax cuts and increased spending commitments on public services.", "It promised a vote in parliament on the final agreement and left the single market and customs union.", "The threshold for free care in England would be raised to £100,000 and property in the means test would also be included in the reforms.", "Four days after the launch of the manifesto, May stated that the proposed social care reforms would include an \"absolute limit\" on costs in contrast to the rejection of a cap.", "She was not happy with the portrayal of the policy by Labour and other critics.", "The policy change was called a \"U-turn\" by the Evening Standard editor.", "The Financial Times contrasted her \"strong and stable\" leadership slogan with her own record of nine rapid U-turns claiming she was \"making a habit of retreating from policies.\"", "The general election in June resulted in a hung parliament, prompting her to broker a deal with Northern Ireland's Democratic Unionist Party.", "Less than two weeks after the opening of parliament, May ordered a full public inquiry into the contaminated blood scandal.", "For this she was praised as successive governments going back to the 1980s had refused such an inquiry, some thought that May had simply been forced to announce the inquiry after a group legal action and news of fresh evidence were brought by Jason Evans.", "Andy Burnham threatened to give evidence to the police if an inquiry was not announced.", "The largest public inquiry in the UK has over 1,000 core participants.", "May said in November that the actions of the army and police looked like ethnic cleansing.", "According to May, \"it is something for which the Burmese authorities and the military must take full responsibility.\"", "May did not suffer defeats in whipped votes in the House of Commons.", "The EU Withdrawal Bill lost a vote due to 11 Conservatives voting against the government, including the vice-chairman of the Conservative Party.", "Russia accused Russia of threatening the international order, seeking to weaponise information, and using its state-run media organisation to plant fake stories.", "After German government officials and security experts said there was no Russian interference, she mentioned it.", "During her first official visit to the country, China May was praised for \"sidestepping\" human rights in China.", "\"For the Prime Minister, the losses outweigh the gains if she appeases the British media at the cost of the visit's friendly atmosphere.\"", "The Islamic State terrorist Naa'imur Zakariyah Rahman was planning to assassinate May.", "During a state visit to the UK in May of last year, May declared that Britain is a \"true friend\" of Turkey, but she added that it is important that in defense of democracy.", "The first government to be found in contempt of Parliament was the May Government.", "The vote was triggered by the government failing to lay before Parliament any legal advice on the proposed withdrawal agreement on the terms of the UK's departure from the European Union after a humble address for a return was unanimously agreed to by the House of Commons on 13 November.", "The full legal advice given to the Prime Minister by the Attorney General will be made public.", "May faced a vote of no confidence in her leadership of the Conservative Party after the number of Conservative MPs exceeded the 48 no-confidence letter threshold.", "The vote was won by May with 200 Conservative MPs voting for her.", "As part of her speech to the Parliamentary Conservative Party before the no-confidence vote was opened, it was reported that May conceded that she would step down as prime minister and not lead the Conservative Party into the next General Election.", "May confirmed this to Laura Kuenssberg after meeting EU leaders.", "The leader of the opposition tabled a motion of no confidence in May's prime ministership due to her refusal to set a date for the meaningful vote.", "The motion was not allowed to be debated the next day.", "John Bercow, Speaker of the House of Commons, said that they were not obligated to do so.", "The motion of no confidence in the Government was tabled by the Labour leader after the defeat of May's deal.", "The motion was defeated by a wide margin.", "May's government was defeated in the House of Commons in a vote on her deal to leave the European Union.", "The majority against the United Kingdom government was large.", "On 14 February the same year, May suffered another Commons defeat after MPs voted against a motion endorsing the government's negotiating strategy.", "After securing last-minute concessions from the EU, May's latest deal was defeated in the Commons by 149 votes.", "The withdrawal deal was defeated by 58 votes in the Commons, but not the political declaration.", "At a meeting of the 1922 Committee on 27 March, May confirmed that she would not lead the UK in the next stage of the negotiations, meaning she would resign after the third meaningful vote.", "Her reported wording was ambiguous and thus did not carry any binding force.", "On 29 March, the third meaningful vote was defeated, and while May did not state anything in regards to standing down, Corbyn stated that if May could not find an alternative to her deal \"she must go, not at an indeterminate date in the future but now.\"", "The leaders of 70 Conservative Associations signed a petition calling for a vote of no confidence.", "If 65 associations want an extraordinary general meeting, it must be convened.", "800 of the party's senior officials will determine the non-binding vote.", "Graham Brady asked for clarity on when May would step down from office after the 1922 Committee ruled out changing the leadership challenge rules.", "\"It is now clear to me that it is in the best interests of the country for a new prime minister to lead that effort,\" she said on 24 May.", "She resigned as prime minister on July 24th.", "The arrival of Boris Johnson as prime minister coincides with this.", "May did not step down until she assured the Queen that Johnson would be able to command the confidence of the House of Commons.", "Barry Sheerman urged May to reconsider her resignation in one of May's last Prime Minister's Questions.", "May said she would return to the role of a backbench MP after leaving office.", "May was appointed Shadow Spokesman for Schools, Disabled People and Women on July 24, 2019.", "There were 51 resignations relating to May's premiership.", "There were 12 departures from the Cabinet.", "The pace and number of resignations have been described as \"unprecedented\" by the Institute for Government.", "May received more resignations in less than three years.", "The worst cabinet ill-discipline in history was described by the Chief Whip.", "May had a high approval rating in her first week as prime minister.", "According to the results of a survey, 45% of people think that May is a good prime minister, while only 23% think that the Labour leader would be a good prime minister.", "May was seen as the right person to unite the country by a majority of voters according to a ComRes poll after her election.", "The longest honeymoon period enjoyed by a sitting Conservative prime minister since the end of the Second World War was at the beginning of the year, when May was the most popular UK politician with a net rating of +9.", "The Conservative Party had a 21-point lead over Labour in a poll that was released the day before the election was called.", "May's popularity dropped after the election to a rating of 34.", "For the first time since the general election, May had an approval rating that was 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611", "The Conservative election campaign was dominated by plans to reform social care, which may have cost May her majority.", "May's green paper on the future of adult social care was plagued by delays and never came to fruition.", "More than half of social care providers in England think that the situation in social care has worsened since May, according to a December survey by Hft.", "May identified herself with the one-nation conservative position in her party.", "May's public image has divided the media opinion, especially from the right-wing press.", "According to Anne Perkins of The Guardian, she will be nobody's stooge and that she will be the rising star of the Coalition Government.", "May was praised by Allegra Stratton, then with The Guardian.", "May was described by the Financial Times as a liberal Conservative with a ruthless streak who gets on with the job.", "In The Independent, Rebecca Glover of the Policy Innovation Research Unit compared May to Boris Johnson, saying that she was \"staunchly more conservative, more anti-immigration, and more isolationist\" than he was.", "During her leadership campaign, May promised to crack down on executive pay by making shareholders' votes binding rather than advisory and to put workers onto company boards.", "May promised to fight the \"burning injustice\" in British society and to create a union \"between all of our citizens\" in her first speech as prime minister.", "The government I lead will be driven by yours, not the interests of the privileged few.", "We want to give you more control over your life.", "We will think of you, not the powerful, when we take the big calls.", "We will listen to you when we pass new laws.", "We will prioritize you over the wealthy when it comes to taxes.", "May supports fox hunting with hounds, saying that hunting them with dogs was the most humane way to do it.", "The Conservatives promised to repeal the Hunting Act 2004, which prohibits a range of hunting activities.", "Fraser Nelson of The Spectator said that she had moved her party to the left after the Conservatives' manifesto was released.", "Mayism was said to be a working-class conservatism openly critical of the \"cult of individualism\" and globalization.", "There is a portrait of the former Prime Minister on the wall of May's study.", "May's spokesman said that the prime minister has referred to Sir Winston Churchill many times and acknowledged him as one of the great prime ministers of the 20th century.", "May said that no one is above the law.", "After being accused of sexual assault in Sweden, he fled to the Ecuadorian embassy in London.", "He is wanted by the US for conspiracy to commit computer intrusion relating to the release of classified material in 2010, including footage of US soldiers killing civilians in Iraq.", "In 2003 May voted to approve the invasion of Iraq and in 2013 she voted in favor of British military intervention in the Syrian civil war.", "May had objected to the project when she was Home Secretary, but the final approval was delayed by the May Ministry.", "The People's Republic of China's involvement in sensitive sectors was the subject of an article written by her political adviser.", "He said that the government was selling our national security to China without rational concerns and that the government seemed intent on ignoring the evidence and the advice of the security and intelligence agencies.", "Theresa May's government was urged to vote against Saudi Arabian membership in the UN Human Rights Council.", "The UK should stop selling weapons to Saudi Arabia and hold them to account for their appalling human rights record and ongoing war crimes in Yemen, said Polly Truscott, the UK Foreign Policy Programme Director.", "May said that close ties with Saudi Arabia kept people on the streets of Britain safe.", "May outlined plans to backtrack on the government's plan to achieve a surplus by 2020.", "The Chancellor of the Exchequer suggested that the Autumn Statement may be used to \"reset\" economic policy.", "In 2015, while May was Home Secretary, an 18% funding cut in the police force had taken place with the loss of 20,000 police officers.", "Before the Manchester Arena bombing and after the Paris attacks, she was warned by a Manchester senior police officer that the cuts on the force and community policing risked terror attacks in the city due to the lack of resources to do proper intelligence and anti-terrorist measures.", "The government policies regarding freezing benefits were confirmed in the budget.", "May's government published a Green Paper in November 2016 that considered forcing companies to reveal the difference between what their CEOs are paid and what their ordinary workers are paid.", "New regulations came into force for UK listed companies with over 250 employees to annually disclose the ratio of their CEO's pay to the median, lower quartile, and upper quartile pay of their UK employees.", "May said she would have workers represented on company boards if she were prime minister.", "May wanted to put workers' and consumers' representatives on boards to make them more accountable.", "The fundamental principles of Britain's boardroom governance are being reconsidered.", "It is a good development.", "In the more enlightened quarters of the UK corporate world, they can see that boardroom pay has eroded trust in business.", "It was thought that workers' representatives would have made UK companies like those in Germany and France.", "May was accused of backpedaling when she said that firms would not be forced to adopt the proposal.", "The May administration outlined plans to approve further green policy after Blue Planet II.", "Plastic and its impact on the environment have been the focus.", "May announced plans for a plastic deposit scheme in March of last year.", "May publicly stated her support for the UK remaining in the EU during the 2016 referendum campaign, but did not campaign extensively in the referendum and criticized aspects of the EU in a speech.", "Political journalists speculated that May had sought to minimize her involvement in the debate to strengthen her position as a future candidate for the Conservative party leadership.", "May was likened to a \"submarine\" on the issue of leaving the EU due to her perceived indifference towards the referendum and the EU.", "May said in the leaked recording that Britain was more secure as part of the EU due to the European arrest warrant and Europe-wide information sharing.", "She said that there are things that the European Union can do to keep us safe.", "Tensions were caused by May's public reticence during the referendum campaign.", "Following the referendum and her election as party leader, May signaled that she would support full withdrawal from the EU and prioritised immigration controls over remaining within the single market, leading some to contrast this with her earlier remarks on the economic arguments.", "She said before the election that she would be willing to leave the EU without a deal.", "We have to be ready to leave.", "Tim Farron said it was disappointing that Theresa May didn't have the political courage to warn the public.", "She is blithely ignoring her own warnings and is prepared to harm the UK economy by pulling Britain out of the single market.", "It's good to know that Theresa May thinks what many of us have been saying for a long time, that leaving the single market would be bad for businesses and the economy.", "Theresa May is in a position to act on her previous concerns, starting with putting membership of the single market at the heart of her government's negotiating position.", "May made public the details of her proposal during a speech in Florence, urging the European Union to maintain a transitional period during which trade terms remain the same.", "The UK would continue to honour its budget commitments and accept immigration from Europe during this period.", "She was criticized by a Eurosceptic.", "May's proposal was welcomed by Barnier, who said it must be translated into negotiating positions to make meaningful progress.", "May didn't want to give MPs a vote on leaving the EU.", "In 2016 MPs aren't asking for a veto but they do want a say and we hope the Prime Minister remembers.", "More parliamentary involvement was called for by Anna Soubry.", "May appealed to the Supreme Court after the High Court ruled that parliament must vote on the decision to leave the EU.", "Representatives from Wales and Northern Ireland joined the case.", "The Scottish Parliament should consent to the triggering of the UK's exit from the EU.", "She wanted to preserve Scotland's place in the EU and not prevent England and Wales from leaving.", "The Supreme Court wanted a vote in the UK parliament.", "If the talks broke down, May was accused of not having a plan.", "It was feared by some analysts that if talks failed Britain could be left trading under WTO rules which would seriously damage jobs and livelihoods in Britain and Europe.", "May's ministers repeatedly promised to walk away from a bad final deal but, according to some commentators, had no plans for how to manage without a deal.", "May's strategy was described as an accident waiting to happen by Ivan Rogers.", "He claimed that May's hopes of a trade deal made to order meant that there would be instability in the next few months.", "The National Audit Office claimed that it was too late to prepare the necessary Irish border security checks in the event of a no-deal scenario.", "In a speech to business leaders in Northern Ireland on February 5, May stated that the United Kingdom's relationship with Ireland was closer to the 26 other members of the EU.", "She stated that Britain would seek to have no hard border in Northern Ireland.", "It was reported in 2020 that Boris Johnson was accused of ignoring claims that Russia may have funded the exit from the EU.", "In this case, political considerations seemed to outweigh national security interests as Steele accused May's government of selling British interests short.", "The Intelligence and Security Committee report on Russia was released in July 2020.", "The British government and intelligence agencies did not conduct an assessment of Russian attempts to interfere with the referendum.", "The government did not seek evidence of successful interference in UK democratic processes.", "The report shows that no one in the government knew if Russia tried to influence the referendum.", "There was no firm conclusion as to whether the Kremlin had interfered in the referendum or not.", "May co-founded Feminism in 2005.", "This group and May's personal efforts have been credited with increasing the number of Conservative women MPs.", "She was the Home Secretary when she introduced a law on coercive control and pushed for improvements to maternity leave.", "She has been criticized for the financial cuts made by her government, which have been claimed to have had the greatest impact on poor and vulnerable women.", "In 1998, May voted against lowering the age of consent for homosexual acts, and was absent from the vote to repeal Section 28.", "May expressed her support for same-sex marriage by recording a video for the Out4Marriage campaign, in which she stated \"I believe if two people care for each other, if they love each other, if they want to commit to each other...\"", "The Marriage (Same Sex Couples) Bill legalized same-sex marriage in England and Wales.", "After leaving 10 Downing Street, May took her place on the backbenches, remaining an MP to \"devote her full time\" to her constituency of Maidenhead.", "She was re-elected in the general election.", "It has been suggested to me that people involved in significant events should write about them so historians can look back and see what they were up to.", "She admitted that she had not read For the Record.", "She said she had no regrets about her political career.", "May criticized the Chief Adviser to the Prime Minister when he broke the rules.", "She abstained from the vote.", "NATO Secretary-General Jens Stoltenberg is expected to retire in 2022.", "In June 2021, British Secretary of State for Defence Ben Wallace expressed support for a potential May candidacy, saying \"she would be an excellent candidate.\" On 13 July 2021, May, who was one of 24 Conservative MPs, crossed the floor against her party, disobeying the whip for the first time in", "She criticized the government, saying that they made a promise to the poor.", "The government has broken a promise.", "Philip May, an investment relationship manager at Capital International, has been married to May since 1980.", "The two were introduced to each other by the former Prime Minister of Pakistan.", "May and her husband have not been able to have children.", "The Mays are 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884", "May stated that she was one of her sporting heroes, and that she was a cricket fan.", "She said that she has 100 cookery books.", "Philip said that she is a good cook.", "May and her husband live in the village of Sonning.", "May is a member of the Church of England and regularly worships at St Andrew's, Sonning.", "May Brasier said that her Christian faith is part of her.", "It's part of who I am and how I approach things.", "May wore leopard-print shoes to her final Cabinet meeting as Home Secretary in 2016 and was known for her love of fashion.", "She chose a subscription to Vogue as her luxury item.", "She was critical of the media for focusing on her fashion instead of her achievements as a politician.", "May was diagnosed with diabetes in November of 2012", "She is receiving daily injections for her diabetes.", "She was given the right to be styled as Lady May after her husband's knighthood.", "May's listing on Parliament's website, her own website and social media do not use the style \"Lady May\".", "Commonwealth honours include Chancellor, visitor, governor, and fellowships.", "May has supported a variety of campaigns on policy issues in her constituency and at the national level of politics.", "She spoke about the issue of gender equality.", "She is a member of the Reading University Conservative Association.", "She has earned awards for her activism.", "She was nominated as one of the society's inspiring women.", "May was described as Britain's second-most powerful woman after Queen Elizabeth II by the Woman's Hour.", "She was a member of the Worshipful Company of Marketors.", "She was listed by Forbes as the second most powerful woman in the world.", "The list of prime ministers of the United Kingdom can be found on the Conservative Party website." ]

[ "Theresa Mary", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "Theresa May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "Theresa May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "Theresa May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "Theresa May", "Theresa May", "Theresa May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "Philip May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "Theresa May" ]

[ "Theresa Mary", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "Theresa May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "Theresa May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "Theresa May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "Theresa May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "Theresa May", "Theresa May", "Theresa May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "Philip May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May", "May Brasier", "May", "May", "May", "May", "Lady May", "May", "May" ]

[ "Costobarus (Greek: Κοστόβαρος) was an associate of Herod the Great (who made Costobarus governor of Idumea) and second husband of Herod's sister Salome I.", "He was also known as Costobar.", "Another member of the Herodian dynasty was Costobar, who was the brother of Saul.", "Both Saul and Costobar were likely grandsons of Costobarus.", "Costobar(us), husband of Salome\n\nCostobarus was an associate of Herod during the latter’s rise to power.", "Following the capitulation of Jerusalem in 37 BC during the campaign by Mark Antony and Herod against the Hasmonean king Antigonus II - Costobar controlled the exits from the city.", "Around this time, Antony appointed Herod as Tetrarch of Judæa and Herod appointed Costobarus as Governor of Idumæa and Gaza.", "In c. 34 BC, Herod gave his sister Salome in marriage to Costobarus.", "While Costobarus “gladly accepted these favours, which were more than he had expected”, he was never “Herod's man\".", "His focus was always towards Idumæa and his own ambitions in that region.", "Costobarus was from a noble and priestly family in Idumæa; and he resented that the Hasmonean John Hyrcanus had made the Idumæans adopt the customs and laws of the Jews.", "He “did not think ... it ... proper for him to carry out the orders of Herod, or for the Idumæans to ... be subject to them.” He also had ambitions to rule Idumæa himself, and “to achieve greater things”.", "These attitudes led him to three acts which aroused Herod against him and eventually led to his execution.", "His first transgression to become known (but the second to be initiated) was to approach Cleopatra to ask Antony for Idumæa to be transferred to her (instead of to Herod), as it “had always belonged to her ancestors”.", "Costobarus was “ready to transfer his loyalty to her” and hoped that he would eventually become its ruler.", "Cleopatra did ask, but Antony refused.", "Herod sought to kill Costobarus as soon as he found out, but his mother and sister prevented him from doing so.", "Herod eventually pardoned Costobarus for his actions.", "But from then on, Herod no longer trusted Costobarus.", "The next revelation (the third event in sequence) came as part of the divorce proceedings which Salome initiated against Costobarus.", "Between c. 27 BC and 25 BC, she issued him a writ of annulment (which the woman was not permitted to do under Jewish Law, but Salome did so none the less), and declared to Herod that she did this “out of loyalty to ... [Herod] himself”.", "She then informed Herod that Costobarus was intending to flee the country in the company of Herod’s brother Pheroras, who was out of favour with Herod at this time because of his infatuation with a slave girl and his consequent rejection of a marriage which Herod had arranged.", "Then Salome added the third revelation (but the first and longest running transgression): Costobarus had been protecting, for at around 12 years, the sons of Baba, Herod’s enemies.", "When Costobarus had been guarding the exits to Jerusalem in 37 BC, Baba and his family were some of the people Herod had wished to restrain, but Costobarus hid them on his own estate (because of their popularity with the people), and later denied all knowledge of them.", "“And when the king [Herod] was informed of these things ... he sent [his officers] to the place where they were reported to be staying, and had them kill these men and those who were accused with them ...” And so, Costobarus was executed (c.27-25 BC).", "Costobar, brother of Saul\n\nCostobar and Saul were royal Herodian brothers, and kinsmen of Antipas ben Alexas, and of Agrippa II.", "While Josephus does not specify the parents of Costobar and Saul, the name “Costobar” provides a clue: their grandfather was very likely Costobar(us), the second husband of Salome, the sister of Herod “the Great”.", "“Costobar” is an uncommon name, there being only these two individuals so named in all of Josephus' writings.", "This means that Antipas ben Alexas was a nephew of Costobar and Saul, through their sister Cypros bat Antipater and Agrippa II was first cousin once removed to them through their aunt Bernice (Berenice), who married Aristobulus ben Herod and are the parents of Agrippa I.", "When the Jewish insurrection against Roman rule was gaining momentum, Costobar, Saul and Antipas requested Agrippa II to send assistance to prevent the imminent uprising.", "The two brothers also were active against the insurgents.", "Following the Battle of Beth-horon (25 November 66 AD) in which the Jewish insurgents defeated the Roman general Cestius, Costobar, Saul and Antipas were besieged in the royal palace.", "Subsequently, Costobar, with his brother Saul, escaped from Jerusalem to re-join Cestius: who dispatched them to Emperor Nero in Archaia, Greece.", "Antipas, who had remained in Jerusalem, was arrested by the insurgents, and slain in prison by John ben Dorcus, (i.e.", "John benTabitha), who was under commission from the “brigands” [zealots].", "There is a fringe theory that the Saul in Josephus' writings was the same person as Saul of the New Testament.", "According to this theory, references to Saul in Acts of the Apostles and some verses of Paul's Epistle to the Romans are believed to reveal connections to the Herodian royal family.", "In Acts of the Apostles, Saul is named in a list of Christian prophets and teachers in Antioch, following Manaen, who was “brought up with Herod the Tetrarch”, but the verse does not clearly connect Saul to Manaen, or to Herod; In the last chapter of the Epistle to the Romans, Paul sends greetings to a man named Herodion, whom he calls a kinsman (Gk: συγγενῆ).", "However, Herodion is a not uncommon name in the ancient world, and Paul refers to several others as kinsmen in the same chapter.", "This term likely meant nothing more than that they were also Jewish.", "If he were a member of the Herodian family, Saul would indeed have been a Roman citizen.", "His behaviour prior to his conversion, in which he “made havoc for the church” could be seen as reminiscent of that in which Costobar and Saul “were lawless and quick to plunder ... those weaker than themselves”, however, the account of the violent behaviour of Costobar and Saul in Josephus would have post-dated Paul's conversion to Christianity by decades.", "The Costobarian Herods\n\nCostobarus and Salome (the elder) had two children: Bernice and Antipater.", "By her marriage to Aristobulus ben Herod, Bernice united the Costobarian and Hasmonean scions of the Herodians.", "The descendants of the two principals included two kings of Judæa - Herod Agrippa (Agrippa I), and his son Agrippa II, the Tetrarch, Herod of Chalcis, Herodias and Salome (the younger) of the New Testament, a line of treasurers of the Temple, and the brothers Costobar and Saul.", "The younger Salome was the matriarch of the Christian Aristobulus of Britannia.", "The family tree of these individuals is shown below.", "References\n\nHerodian dynasty" ]

[ "The second husband of Herod's sister, Costobarus, was also an associate of Herod the Great.", "He was known as Costobar.", "The brother of Saul was Costobar.", "Saul and Costobar are likely grandsons of Costobarus.", "Costobar was an associate of Herod during his rise to power.", "Costobar controlled the exits from the city after the capitulation of Jerusalem in 37 BC.", "Herod appointed Costobarus as Governor of Iduma and Gaza around this time.", "Herod married his sister to Costobarus in 34 BC.", "Costobarus was never \"Herod's man\".", "He focused on Iduma and his own ambitions.", "Costobarus was from a noble and priestly family in Iduma, and he resented that the Hasmonean had made the Idumans adopt the customs and laws of the Jews.", "He didn't think it was proper for him to carry out the orders of Herod, or for the Idumans to be subject to them.", "The three acts aroused Herod against him and eventually led to his execution.", "His first mistake was to approach Cleopatra to ask Antony for Iduma to be transferred to her, as it had always belonged to her ancestors.", "Costobarus hoped that he would eventually become the ruler.", "Antony did not allow Cleopatra to ask.", "Herod tried to kill Costobarus but his mother and sister stopped him.", "Costobarus was pardoned by Herod.", "Herod no longer trusted Costobarus.", "As part of the divorce proceedings which Salome initiated against Costobarus, the next revelation came.", "She declared to Herod that she did this out of loyalty to him, even though she was not allowed to do so under Jewish Law.", "She told Herod that Costobarus was going to flee the country in the company of Pheroras, who was out of favour with Herod because of his infatuation with a slave girl and his rejection of a marriage which Herod had arranged.", "Costobarus had been protecting the sons of Baba for around 12 years.", "Costobarus hid Baba and his family from Herod when he was guarding the exits to Jerusalem, because they were popular with the people.", "The king sent his officers to the place where they were reported to be staying, and had them kill the men and those who were accused with them.", "The brother of Saul Costobar was a royal Herodian brother.", "Josephus doesn't specify the parents of Costobar and Saul, but the name \"Costobar\" suggests that their grandfather was the sister of Herod.", "There are only two people named \"Costobar\" in all of Josephus' writings.", "The nephew of Costobar and Saul was once removed to them through their sister Cypros bat Antipater, and the first cousin was once removed to them through their aunt.", "The Jewish insurrection against Roman rule was gaining steam when Costobar, Saul and Antipas asked for help.", "The brothers were involved in the fight against the rebels.", "Saul, Antipas, and Costobar were besieged in the royal palace after the Battle of Beth-horon.", "Cestius dispatched Costobar and his brother Saul to Nero in Archaia, Greece, after they escaped from Jerusalem.", "Antipas, who had remained in Jerusalem, was killed in prison by John ben Dorcus.", "John was working for the zealots.", "There is a theory that Saul was the same person as Josephus.", "According to this theory, references to Saul in Acts of the Apostles and some of Paul's Epistle to the Romans are believed to reveal connections to the Herodian royal family.", "In Acts of the Apostles, Saul is named in a list of Christian prophets and teachers in Antioch, but the verse doesn't connect him to either Herod or Manaen.", "In the ancient world, Herodion is a common name, and Paul refers to several others as kinsmen in the same chapter.", "The term meant nothing more than that they were Jewish.", "Saul would have been a Roman citizen if he were a member of the Herodian family.", "The violent behavior of Costobar and Saul can be seen in his behavior prior to his conversion.", "The elder Costobarus and his wife had two children.", "The Costobarian and Hasmonean scions of the Herodians were united by her marriage to Aristobulus ben Herod.", "The descendants of the two principals included two kings of Juda, Herod Agrippa and his son Agrippa II, as well as the younger king of the New Testament, Herodias.", "The matriarch of the Christian Aristobulus was the younger Salome.", "Below is the family tree of these individuals.", "There are references to the Herodian dynasty." ]

[ "Costobarus", "Costobarus", "Costobarus", "Costobarus", "Costobarus" ]

[ "Costobarus", "Costobarus" ]

[ "Maximillian George Carnarius (January 11, 1890 – May 30, 1976), known as Max George Carey, was an American professional baseball center fielder and manager.", "Carey played in Major League Baseball for the Pittsburgh Pirates from 1910 through 1926 and for the Brooklyn Robins from 1926 through 1929.", "He managed the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1932 and 1933.", "Carey starred for the Pirates, helping them win the 1925 World Series.", "During his 20-year career, he led the league in stolen bases ten times and finished with 738 steals, a National League record until 1974 and still the 9th-highest total in major league history.", "Carey was elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 1961.", "Early life\nMaximillian George Carnarius was born in Terre Haute, Indiana, on January 11, 1890.", "His father was a Prussian soldier and swimming teacher.", "He had emigrated to the United States after the Franco-Prussian War and worked as a contractor.", "Carey's parents wanted their son to become a Lutheran minister.", "He attended Concordia College in Fort Wayne, Indiana, studying in the pre-ministerial program.", "He also played baseball, and was a member of the swimming and track-and-field teams.", "After graduating in 1909, he went to Concordia Seminary in St. Louis, Missouri.", "Professional career\n\nMinor league baseball\nIn the summer of 1909, Carey attended a game of minor league baseball's Central League between the Terre Haute Hottentots and the South Bend Greens.", "South Bend was without a starting shortstop, as they had sold theirs to another team.", "Carey found Aggie Grant, South Bend's manager, and convinced Grant to give him the opportunity to fill in for the remainder of the season, based on his track-and-field skills.", "He used the name \"Max Carey\" in order to retain his amateur status at Concordia College.", "He had a .158 batting average and committed 24 errors in 48 games.", "Carey returned to play for South Bend in the 1910 season.", "The team had a new shortstop, Alex McCarthy, so Carey agreed to play as their left fielder.", "He had a .298 batting average with 86 stolen bases in 96 games.", "He also recorded 25 assists.", "Able to make a career in baseball, Carey decided to drop out of Concordia.", "Major League Baseball\nThe president of the Central League recommended Carey to the Pittsburgh Pirates of Major League Baseball's (MLB) National League towards the end of the 1910 season.", "The Pirates bought Carey and McCarthy from South Bend on August 15.", "Carey made his MLB debut with the Pirates, appearing in two games as a replacement for Fred Clarke during the 1910 season.", "In 1911, Carey played in 122 games as the Pirates' center fielder, replacing Tommy Leach.", "He had a .258 batting average on the season.", "The next year, he succeeded Clarke as the Pirates' left fielder on a permanent basis.", "In 1913, Carey led the National League in plate appearances (692), at bats (620), runs scored (99), and stolen bases (61).", "In 1914, he led the National League in games played (156), at bats (596), and triples (17).", "He led the National League in steals in 1915 (36), 1916 (63), 1917 (46), and 1918 (58), while also leading the league with 62 walks in 1918.", "After the 1915 season, Carey went on a barnstorming tour with Dave Bancroft.", "Carey missed much of the 1919 season with an injury, but returned to form in the 1920 season.", "He again led the National League in steals in 1920, with 52, in the 1922 season with 51, in the 1923 season with 51, in the 1924 season with 49, and in the 1925 season with 46.", "In the 1922 season, he was only caught stealing twice.", "In 1924, Carey altered his batting stance based on Ty Cobb's.", "He had a .343 batting average in the 1925 season, and the Pirates won the National League pennant that year.", "In the deciding game of the 1925 World Series, Carey had four hits, including three doubles, off of Walter Johnson.", "Carey's .458 batting average led all players in the series, and the Pirates defeated the American League's Washington Senators.", "He hit for a batting average over .300 three seasons in a row from 1921 to 1923.", "He led the league in stolen bases eight times, including each season between 1922 and 1924.", "He regularly stole 40 or more bases and maintained a favorable steal percentage; in 1922 he stole 51 bases and was caught only twice.", "He also stole home 33 times in his career, second best only to Ty Cobb's 50 on the all-time list.", "In 1926, Clarke, now the team vice president, was also serving as an assistant to manager Bill McKechnie.", "Clarke would sit on the bench in full uniform and give advice to McKechnie.", "Carey ended up in a slump that summer and one day Clarke commented to McKechnie that they should replace Carey, even if they had to replace him with a pitcher.", "When Carey found out about the remark, he called a team meeting, along with Babe Adams and Carson Bigbee, who were also discontented with Clarke.", "The players voted on whether Clarke should remain on the bench during games.", "The players voted 18–6 in favor of Clarke remaining on the bench.", "Clarke found out about the meeting and ordered that the responsible players were to be disciplined.", "Adams and Bigbee were released, while Carey was suspended.", "The Pirates placed Carey on waivers and he was claimed by the Brooklyn Robins.", "Carey played his final three and a half years with the Robins, but he was aging and no longer the same player.", "Carey retired in 1929.", "Later career\nCarey returned to the Pirates as a coach for the 1930 season.", "After sitting out the 1931 season, he became the manager of the Dodgers before the 1932 season, succeeding Wilbert Robinson.", "He traded for outfielder Hack Wilson, and traded Babe Herman, also an outfielder, for third baseman Joe Stripp.", "Behind Wilson, Brooklyn finished in third place in the National League in 1932.", "However, the team struggled in the 1933 season, leading to outrage when the club renewed his contract for 1934 in August.", "Receiving criticism by Brooklyn newspapers, he was replaced before the 1934 season by Casey Stengel, and remarked that he became \"the first manager fired by the newspapers\".", "The organization stated that they fired Carey due to his inability to get along with his players.", "Carey worked as a scout for the Baltimore Orioles and served as a minor league manager.", "He was the manager and general manager of the Miami Wahoos of the Florida East Coast League in 1940 and 1941.", "In 1944, Carey became the manager of the Milwaukee Chicks in the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League (AAGPBL).", "That year, Milwaukee won the AAGPBL pennant.", "Beginning in 1945, he spent several years as the league's president.", "He then spent three seasons managing the league's Fort Wayne Daisies.", "Later life\nCarey moved to Florida, and became involved in real estate.", "Carey lost more than $100,000 ($ in current dollar terms) in the 1929 stock market crash.", "He became a writer in the 1950s.", "He self-published a book on baseball strategy and authored magazine articles for publications such as Esquire.", "He also served on the Florida State Racing Commission.", "In 1961, the Veterans Committee elected Carey and Billy Hamilton to the National Baseball Hall of Fame.", "In 1968, Carey joined other athletes in supporting Richard Nixon's presidential campaign.", "The athletes created a committee called Athletes for Nixon.", "Carey died on May 30, 1976, at age 86 in Miami, Florida.", "He was buried in Woodlawn Park Cemetery and Mausoleum (now Caballero Rivero Woodlawn North Park Cemetery and Mausoleum).", "He was survived by his wife, Aurelia, and a son, Max Jr.\n\nLegacy\nCarey was nicknamed \"Scoop\" for his ability to catch fly balls in front of him.", "His mark of 738 stolen bases remained a National League record, until Lou Brock surpassed it in 1974.", "When Carey was young, his mother sewed special pads into his uniform to protect his legs and hips while sliding.", "Carey went on to patent these sliding pads.", "He also shared a patent on a liniment called Minute-Rub.", "See also\n\n Major League Baseball titles leaders\n List of Major League Baseball stolen base records\n List of Major League Baseball career hits leaders\n List of Major League Baseball career doubles leaders\n List of Major League Baseball career triples leaders\n List of Major League Baseball career runs scored leaders\n List of Major League Baseball career stolen bases leaders\n List of Major League Baseball annual triples leaders\n List of Major League Baseball annual runs scored leaders\n List of Major League Baseball annual stolen base leaders\n List of Major League Baseball players to hit for the cycle\n List of Major League Baseball single-game hits leaders\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\n\nExternal links\n\n1890 births\n1976 deaths\nAll-American Girls Professional Baseball League managers\nBaltimore Orioles scouts\nBaseball players from Indiana\nBrooklyn Dodgers managers\nBrooklyn Robins players\nLouisville Colonels (minor league) managers\nMajor League Baseball center fielders\nNational Baseball Hall of Fame inductees\nNational League stolen base champions\nPittsburgh Pirates coaches\nPittsburgh Pirates players\nSouth Bend Bronchos players\nSouth Bend Greens players\nSportspeople from Terre Haute, Indiana" ]

[ "Max George Carey was an American professional baseball center fielder and manager.", "Carey played in Major League Baseball for the Pittsburgh Pirates and the Brooklyn Robins.", "The Brooklyn Dodgers were managed by him.", "Carey helped the Pirates win the 1925 World Series.", "He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "Carey was elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame.", "He was born in Terre Haute, Indiana, on January 11, 1890.", "His father was a teacher.", "After the Franco-Prussian War, he moved to the United States and worked as a contractor.", "Carey's parents wanted him to be a Lutheran minister.", "He was studying in the pre-ministerial program at the college.", "He was a member of the swimming and track-and-field teams.", "After graduating in 1909, he went to a seminary.", "In the summer of 1909, Carey attended a game of minor league baseball's Central League between the Terre Haute Hottentots and the South Bend Greens.", "South Bend had sold theirs to another team.", "Carey convinced Grant to allow him to fill in for the rest of the season because of his track-and-field skills.", "He retained his amateur status by using the name \"Max Carey\".", "In 48 games, he had a.158 batting average and 24 errors.", "Carey played for South Bend in the 1910 season.", "Carey agreed to play left fielder because the team had a new player, Alex McCarthy.", "He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "He had 25 assists.", "Carey was able to make a career in baseball.", "Carey was recommended to the Pittsburgh Pirates by the president of the Central League towards the end of the 1910 season.", "Carey and McCarthy were bought by the Pirates.", "Carey made his MLB debut with the Pirates in 1910 as a replacement for Fred Clarke.", "Carey played in 122 games as the Pirates' center fielder.", "He had a.258 batting average.", "He became the Pirates' left fielder on a permanent basis.", "Carey was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "He was the leader in games played, at bats, and triples in the National League in 1914.", "He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "Carey went on a barnstorming tour after the 1915 season.", "Carey missed most of the 1919 season with an injury, but returned to form in the 1920 season.", "In 1920, he led the National League in steals with 52, in the 1922 season with 51, in the 1923 season with 51, in the 1924 season with 49, and in the 1925 season with 46.", "He was only caught stealing twice in 1922.", "Carey changed his stance in 1924.", "He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "Carey was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "The Pirates defeated the American League's Washington Senators thanks to Carey's.458 batting average.", "He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "In 1922, he stole 51 bases and was caught only twice.", "He stole home 33 times in his career, second only to Ty Cobb's 50.", "The team vice president was also an assistant to the manager.", "Clarke would sit on the bench and give advice.", "Even if they had to replace Carey with a pitcher, Clarke commented that they should replace him.", "The team meeting was called by Carey when he found out about the remark.", "The players voted on whether or not to keep him on the bench.", "The players voted to keep Clarke on the bench.", "The players responsible for the meeting were ordered to be disciplined.", "Adams, Bigbee, and Carey were released.", "Carey was claimed by the Brooklyn Robins after being placed on waivers by the Pirates.", "Carey was no longer the same player after three and a half years with the Robins.", "Carey retired in 1929.", "Carey was a coach for the Pirates in 1930.", "He became the manager of the Dodgers before the 1932 season after sitting out the 1931 season.", "He traded Babe Herman for third baseman Joe Stripp.", "Brooklyn finished third in the National League in 1932.", "The team struggled in the 1933 season, leading to outrage when the club renewed his contract for 1934 in August.", "He remarked that he was the first manager fired by the newspapers after being criticized by the Brooklyn newspapers.", "Carey was fired due to his inability to get along with his players.", "Carey was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "He was the general manager of the Miami Wahoos from 1940 to 1941.", "Carey was the manager of the Milwaukee Chicks in the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League.", "Milwaukee won the AA GPBL title.", "He was the league's president for several years.", "He managed the Fort Wayne Daisies for three seasons.", "Carey became involved in real estate after moving to Florida.", "Carey lost more than $100,000 in the 1929 stock market crash.", "He was a writer in the 1950s.", "He wrote magazine articles and self-published a book on baseball strategy.", "He was a member of the Florida State Racing Commission.", "Billy and Carey Hamilton were elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 1961.", "Carey supported Richard Nixon's presidential campaign in 1968.", "Athletes for Nixon was created by the athletes.", "Carey died in Miami, Florida, at the age of 86.", "He was buried in the Woodlawn Park Cemetery and Mausoleum.", "Legacy Carey was survived by his wife, Aurelia, and his son, Max Jr.", "His National League record of 738 stolen bases was surpassed by Lou Brock in 1974.", "Carey's mother sewed special pads into his uniform when he was young.", "These sliding pads were patented by Carey.", "He had a patent on a liniment.", "Major League Baseball career hits leaders List of Major League Baseball career doubles leaders List of Major League Baseball career triples leaders List of Major League Baseball career runs scored leaders" ]

[ "Maximillian George Carnarius", "Max George Carey", "Carey", "Carey", "Carey", "Maximillian George Carnarius", "Carey", "Carey", "Carey", "Max Carey", "Carey", "Carey", "Carey", "Carey", "Carey", "Carey", "Carey", "Carey", "Carey", "Carey", "Carey", "Carey", "Carey", "Carey", "Carey", "Carey", "Carey", "Carey", "Carey", "Carey", "Carey", "Carey", "Carey", "Carey", "Carey", "Carey", "Carey", "Carey", "Carey", "Max Jr", "Carey", "Carey", "Carey" ]

[ "Max George Carey", "Carey", "Carey", "Carey", "Carey", "Carey", "Max Carey", "Carey", "Carey", "Carey", "Carey", "Carey", "Carey", "Carey", "Carey", "Carey", "Carey", "Carey", "Carey", "Carey", "Carey", "Carey", "Carey", "Carey", "Carey", "Carey", "Carey", "Carey", "Carey", "Carey Hamilton", "Carey", "Carey", "Legacy Carey", "Max Jr", "Carey", "Carey" ]

[ "William Abraham Hicks (1769 – c. 1837, age 68) (Cherokee) was a leader and chosen interim Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation in October 1827.", "He succeeded his older brother Charles Hicks, who died in office in January that year, two weeks after coming to the position.", "The Cherokee Council named John Ross as second chief, and Elijah Hicks as President of the National Committee.", "William Hicks served until October 1828, when the Council elected John Ross as principal chief.", "Hicks was of mixed race and became a wealthy farmer in the Oothcaloga Valley of present-day Georgia; he supported European-American education for his and other Cherokee children, as well as the opening of a mission and school in the valley.", "He was baptized as a Christian about 1819, as was his brother and other allies among the Cherokee.", "Early life and education\nCharles and William's father was Nathan Hicks (1740–1829), a Scottish trader, son of Robert Hicks and Mary Courtney.", "Their mother was Nancy Conrad (1740–1770), a half blood, daughter of Swiss immigrant, Johann Conrad (1720–1754) and Jennie Oconastota (b.", "1724), daughter of Oconastota Rainmaker (1702–1783) and Ahneewakee of the Red Paint Clan (b.", "1704).", "As the Cherokee had a matrilineal system, the children belonged to their mother's clan, where they gained their social status, and boys were guided by males in their mother's family.", "Nathan Hicks and Nancy Conrad had: Sarah Gosaduisga (1758), Elizabeth (1759), Mary (1760), Nathan Jr (1764), Elizabeth (1766), Charles (1767) and William (1769).", "Career\nWilliam Hicks became active in the tribe, supporting his brother in many actions.", "He developed a farm in the valley of Oothcaloga Creek, as did Major Ridge and numerous other Cherokee, turning it into a recognized \"garden spot\".", "(It was near present-day Calhoun| in Gordon County, Georgia.)", "During these years Hicks became allied with Major Ridge, who also had a farm at Oothcaloga.", "They shared some ambitions for their children and the Cherokee people.", "They both sent sons to study with the Moravian missionaries, the Gambolds.", "In addition, William Hicks became baptized as a Christian, as did his brother Charles and his wife, and Ridge's wife Susanna.", "Ridge later hired a private tutor for his son John Ridge and sent him to a private white school.", "About 1822 Ridge and Hicks urged Father Gambold to open a mission at Oothcaloga and to establish a missionary school, as they had more children to be educated.", "Charles R. Hicks, William's older brother, advanced to become Second Principal Chief of the Cherokee, serving for years in that position.", "Two weeks after the death of Pathkiller and succeeding him as Principal Chief, Charles also died, on 20 January 1827.", "The tribe was without a leader and under pressure for land cessions by Georgia and North Carolina.", "At the time, Major Ridge was Speaker of the Council; he assumed leadership of the lower house.", "John Ross continued as President of the National Committee, or upper house.", "Following increasing centralization of leadership for nearly a decade, in 1827 the Cherokee changed their government to a constitutional republic, which incorporated many aspects of Cherokee tradition.", "Perhaps because the adoption of a new constitution had provoked an outcry from representatives of bordering states (Georgia appealed to President John Quincy Adams), the Council chose to put in place an interim government.", "At its meeting in October 1827 at New Echota, it named Hicks as principal chief, John Ross as second chief, and Elijah Hicks as President of the National Committee.", "William Hicks succeeded his older brother.", "William Hicks served until October 1828 during a time of tension; in December 1827 the Georgia government claimed Cherokee territory was under its jurisdiction.", "While the Council was meeting, General Cocke asked it to meet him and two other federal treaty commissioners at Hiwassee, but the Council declined.", "It said those meetings were only about ceding land to the United States, and the Cherokee had no more land to give.", "John Ross became Principal Chief in October 1828.", "Of European and Cherokee ancestry, he had been educated in American schools, was bilingual, and was among the mixed-race elite leaders of the tribe, who were more acculturated to European-American ways.", "Most of the tribe did not speak English.", "George Lowery was elected Second Principal Chief, Lewis Ross as President of the National Committee, Going Snake as Speaker of the Council, John Martin as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.", "At that time, William Hicks and Major Ridge were chosen as counselors to the chiefs.", "Like Ross, the leadership of this National Committee was predominately men of mixed race, who were wealthy and bilingual in English.", "Members of the National Council, the town chiefs, tended to be full-blood and spoke only Cherokee.", "Among the issues they were considering was trying to regulate missionary expansion, which both Hicks and Ross discussed.", "The tribe had asked the missionaries to get their permission before bringing in more personnel but were ignored by the Tennessee Methodist Conference.", "Disappointed that Ross was chosen as Principal Chief over him, Hicks was considered to have become eccentric.", "Ross took him with a delegation to Washington to discuss land issues, but afterward Hicks' actions were considered increasingly erratic.", "Hicks died at age 68 at Oothcaloga Creek, Georgia before the Removal.", "Marriage and family\nWilliam Hicks married (1) Lydia Qua-La-Yu-Ga Halfbreed, born about 1792 in Spring Place, Georgia, daughter of James Stands Big Halfbreed (1750-1834) and Hannah Qua-La-Yu-Ga Critterden (1756-1838, daughter of Critter Den and Jennie Dougherty).", "She was born about 1776 in CNE [GA], and died 1849.", "Their son Chief George Augustus Hicks, was a Conductor on the Trail of Tears that went through Ft. Smith Arkansas.", "Lydia also married Leonard Shaw, son Fred Shaw; Daniel McCoy, daughter Catherine McCoy; James Chisholm, children unknown; James Foster, children John Tyler, Wat and Tom Foster; George Chisholm, children Nelson, Lydia and Polly Chisholm.", "He married (2) Sarah Bathia Foreman, called Sallie, 1804 in Tennessee, daughter of John Foreman and Susie Ti-Ta-S-Gi-S-Gi Rattling Gourd 1760-1830 (daughter of John Gourd and Teetarskeekee 1741-1828).", "She was born about 1788 in Cherokee territory in present-day Tennessee and died September 1, 1839 in Fairfield, Cherokee Nation (Indian Territory).", "Children: Elly, Judge Jay, William Jr, Ruth, Carrington, Margaret, Abijah, Ella, Sarah Rosalie and Sallie.", "Sallie died on the Trail of Tears Sept 1, 1839.", "See also\nAndrew Jackson\n\nReferences\n\nSources\nHicks, Charles R., Memoirs of Charles Renatus (United Bretherin (Moravian) Archives, Winston-Salem, NC).", "John Howard Payne Collection (Daniel Butrick Papers), Newberry Library, Chicago, Illinois.", "McLoughlin, William G. Cherokee Renascence in the New Republic.", "(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992).", "Wilkins, Thurman.", "Cherokee Tragedy: The Ridge Family and the Decimation of a People, New York: Macmillan Company, 1970; reprint 1989.", "1769 births\n1830s deaths\nAmerican people of Scottish descent\nAmerican people of Swiss descent\nPrincipal Chiefs of the Cherokee Nation (1794–1907)\n18th-century Native Americans\nNative American people from Georgia (U.S. state)" ]

[ "The interim Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation was William Abraham Hicks.", "His brother Charles died in office two weeks after he came to the position.", "John Ross was named second chief by the Cherokee Council.", "John Ross was elected principal chief in October 1828.", "He supported European-American education for his and other Cherokee children, as well as the opening of a mission and school in the valley.", "His brother and other allies were alsobaptized as Christians about 1819.", "The father of Charles and William was a Scottish trader named Nathan Hicks.", "Nancy Conrad was their mother, a half blood, daughter of a Swiss immigrant.", "The daughter of Oconastota Rainmaker and Ahneewakee of the Red Paint Clan.", "1704).", "When the Cherokee had a matrilineal system, the children belonged to their mother's clan, where they gained their social status, and the boys were guided by males in their mother's family.", "Sarah Gosaduisga, Elizabeth, Mary, Nathan Jr, Charles, and William were all children of Nathan and Nancy Conrad.", "William was an active member of the tribe.", "Major Ridge and many other Cherokee turned a farm in the valley of Oothcaloga Creek into a garden spot.", "It was in Gordon County, Georgia.", "Major Ridge had a farm at Oothcaloga.", "They had ambitions for their children and the Cherokee people.", "Both sons were sent to study with the Gambolds.", "Charles and his wife, Ridge's wife, and William's brother became Christians.", "John Ridge was sent to a private white school by Ridge after he hired a private tutor.", "Father Gambold was urged by Ridge and Hicks to open a mission and establish a missionary school as they had more children to educate.", "The older brother of William was the Second Principal Chief of the Cherokee.", "Two weeks after the death of Pathkiller and succeeding him as Principal Chief, Charles also died.", "The tribe was under pressure to give up land in Georgia and North Carolina.", "Major Ridge assumed leadership of the lower house when he was Speaker of the Council.", "John Ross was the President of the National Committee.", "The Cherokee changed their government to a constitutional republic in the 19th century because of centralization of leadership.", "The Council put in place an interim government because of the uproar caused by the adoption of a new constitution.", "At its meeting in October of 1827, it was decided that John Ross would be the second chief, and the President of the National Committee would be Elijah Hicks.", "The older brother was succeeded by William.", "The Georgia government claimed Cherokee territory in December of 1823 during a time of tension.", "The Council declined to meet General Cocke and two other federal treaty commissioners at Hiwassee.", "The meetings were about giving land to the US and the Cherokee had no more to give.", "The Principal Chief was John Ross.", "He was educated in American schools, was bilingual, and was among the mixed-race elite leaders of the tribe who were more acculturated to European-American ways.", "The tribe did not speak English.", "Lewis Ross was elected President of the National Committee, George Lowery was elected Second Principal Chief, and John Martin was Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.", "Major Ridge was chosen as a counselor to the chiefs.", "The leadership of the National Committee was mostly men of mixed race, who were wealthy and bilingual.", "The town chiefs of the National Council spoke only Cherokee.", "Trying to regulate expansion was one of the issues they were considering.", "The Tennessee Methodist Conference ignored the tribe's request to get permission from the missionaries before bringing in more personnel.", "Disappointed that Ross was chosen as Principal Chief over him, he was considered to have become eccentric.", "Ross took him with a delegation to Washington to discuss land issues, but after that, his actions were considered increasingly erratic.", "There was a death at Oothcaloga Creek, Georgia before the removal.", "Lydia Qua-La-Yu-GA Halfbreed was the daughter of James Stands Big Halfbreed and Hannah Qua-La-Yu-GA Critterden.", "She was born in 1776 and died in 1849.", "Their son was a conductor on the Trail of Tears.", "Lydia married Leonard Shaw, son Fred Shaw, daughter Catherine McCoy, James Chisholm, children unknown, James Foster, children John Tyler, Wat and Tom Foster, and George Chisholm, children Nelson, Lydia and Polly Chisholm.", "He married Sarah Bathia Foreman, daughter of John and Susie Ti-TA-S-Gi-S-Gi Rattling Gourd, in Tennessee in 1804.", "She was born in Tennessee in the 18th century and died in the Cherokee Nation in the 19th century.", "The children are Elly, Judge Jay, William Jr., Ruth, Carrington, Margaret, and Abijah.", "She died on the Trail of Tears.", "The Andrew Jackson References can be found in Charles R.'s memoirs of Charles Renatus.", "The Daniel Butrick Papers are in the John Howard Payne Collection.", "William G. Cherokee was related to the New Republic.", "The Princeton University Press was published in 1992.", "Wilkins and Thurman.", "The Ridge Family and the Decimation of a People was published in 1970.", "American people of Scottish descent, American people of Swiss descent, and Native American people from Georgia died in the 18th century." ]

[ "William Abraham Hicks", "Charles Hicks", "Elijah Hicks", "William Hicks", "Hicks", "William", "Nathan Hicks", "Robert Hicks", "Nathan Hicks", "William", "William Hicks", "Hicks", "William Hicks", "Hicks", ". Hicks", "William", "Hicks", "Elijah Hicks", "William Hicks", "William Hicks", "William Hicks", "Hicks", "Hicks", "Hicks", "Hicks", "William Hicks", "Hicks", "William Jr", "Hicks", "William G", "Cherokee" ]

[ "William Abraham Hicks", "William", "Nathan Hicks", "William", "William", "William", "Hicks", "William", "Elijah Hicks", "William", "William Jr", "William G", ". Cherokee" ]

[ "Vittorino Veronese (1 March 1910 – 3 September 1986) was an Italian anti-fascist lawyer and activist who served as UNESCO’s Director-General from 1958 to 1961.", "Before his appointment as UNESCO’s Director-General he served as Chairman of the Catholic Institute for Social Activity and of Azione Cattolica.", "From 1952 to 1956 he served on UNESCO’s board and was UNESCO’s chairperson from 1956 to 1958.", "Three years after the appointment as the Director-General, Veronese had to resign due to health concerns.", "Veronese would continue to hold roles within the Catholic Church after his career with UNESCO, and to be prominent in the international sphere until his death in 1986 at the age of 76.", "Early life and career \nVittorino Veronese was born in a country town near Venice, Vicenza on 1 March 1910.", "His father worked in a local electric plant as a chief technician, and his mother was a school teacher.", "Young Vittorino Veronese started school early and advanced with his scholastic peers.", "He was not proficient in sports, but would cite a passion for music later in life.", "Veronese graduated from the University of Padua with a doctoral degree in law before he reached twenty-one.", "His thesis was about the right of Vatican citizenship.", "He worked as a lawyer for ten years after graduation, then started to pursue a career in the fields of sociology and education.", "He became a sociology instructor at the Institute of Social Sciences at Ateneo Angelicum University in Rome.", "During the war years, he worked together with democratically-minded scholars and directed a review, named “Studium”.", "He became the editor of the review in a later year.", "Veronese was a captain for a time in the infantry reserve and discharged during the war because of his suffering from arthritis.", "He served as a high officer during his twenties in the Catholic Movement of University Graduates and he was close with the Vatican-including activism there.", "Veronese did not participate in the Fascist movement under the rule of Mussolini.", "During the early interwar period, he supported the rule of Giovanni Battista Montini, the future Paul VI.", "In 1939, at the age of twenty-nine, Veronese was invited by Montini to Rome and appointed to the position of general secretaryship of the Movimento Laureati (Catholic University Graduates’ Association) affiliated with Italia Catholic Action.", "His work mission was to expel Communists out of the postwar governments.", "The same year, he married Maria Patriarca with whom he had seven children.", "Between 1944 and 1946, he participated in the establishment of the Associazione Cattolica Lavoratori Italiani (ACLI), Italy's future Catholic trade union association.", "After 1944 and the collapse of fascism in Italy, Veronese was appointed the first lay President of Italian Catholic Action.", "In this capacity he would go on to hold many other prominent roles, including member of the Governing Board of the Foundation “Premi Roma” for youth, President of the Association of Refugee Intellectual in Italy, President of the Italian Central Institute of Credit, President of the “Consorzio di Credito per le Opere Pubbliche” and member of the Executive Committee of the Italian African Institute.", "Vittorino Veronese would later be removed as President of Italian Catholic Action in 1952 by Pope Pius XII in favour of Luigi Gedda.", "UNESCO \n\nAs a well-known member the Italian Movement of Catholic graduates and Catholic Action, Veronese became active participant in the work of UNESCO after 1948.", "From 1952 to 1956 he served as a representative on UNESCO's executive board, and was elected as the board's chairperson between 1956 and 1958.", "He continued to hold this role until his appointment as UNESCO Director-General.", "He advocated for the importance of self-determination without discrimination in education as well as the importance of its inclusion of linkages to daily life.", "Veronese believed that education went along with the benefits of industrialization.", "As a UNESCO Director-General, Vittorino Veronese would lead member nations to sign the Paris Convention against Discrimination in Education in 1960.", "Also in 1960, 19 newly independent African nations (including Burkina Faso, Chad, Gambia, and Nigeria) were granted membership.", "Special emphasis was placed on the “elimination of illiteracy” within the new African member nations, which resulted in the Addis Ababa Conference of African Ministers of Education, held May 15–25 of 1961.", "This was the first educational conference held by African leaders where the focus was determined by member nations and general concerns of middle Africa.", "Vittorino Veronese followed the socio-cultural lead of predecessor Luther H. Evans and inaugurated Evans’ proposed “Special Fund” for extra-budgetary collection to support the launch of 37 teacher training programs in developing countries.", "This allowed for the later progress of UNESCO with the support of the UNDP and UNICEF across the 60 members.", "After his work cementing this conference within development history, his term as the head of this committee continued until the beginning of his presidency at the Banco di Roma in 1961.", "Later life \nVeronese resigned from the position of Director-General of UNESCO in 1961 and returned to Rome, which he cited as being due to illnesses.", "Veronese served as the head of the Banco di Roma until he retired in 1976.", "Even after his retirement, in the last ten years of his life, Veronese continued to volunteer in charitable initiatives and the international peace movement until his death in 1986.", "Veronese was also involved in the creation of the Second Vatican Council in 1963, together with Frenchman Jean Guitton.", "Veronese was invited to address the council at St. Peter's in support of “movement toward ecunism and the expanding role of laypeople in the Church” .", "Veronese was initially competing for the lay auditor position to the Second Vatican Council with Guitton, debating back and forth to decide which one of them should have the honor.", "Their speeches were regarded as “Attestations of Reverence” by the Roman Curia: “The Italian spoke simply and briefly; M. Guitton was more rhetorical”.", "Following the council Veronese became a consultor to the secretariat of Nonbelievers.", "In LIFE magazine June 21, 1963 issue, Veronese was cited of his opinion on the selection of the new Pope due to his history being involved in Italian Catholic Association and his closeness to Montini, who will later take on the name Paul VI as Pope from 1963 to 1978.", "Veronese stated “for the first time, the Church is attempting to make a bridge between itself and the world.", "Now we can see that the Church and the world have the same frontiers”.", "In 1967 he was a member of the Pontifical Commission for Justice and Peace, in which he chaired the study Committee for the Problems of Peace and the International Community.", "In March 1972 he was appointed a member of the College of Lawyers of the Sacred Consistory.", "In 1967, Veronese was awarded an honorary doctorate in law by Université Laval in Quebec.", "In 1967 he was a member of the Pontifical Commission for Justice and Peace, in which he chairs the study Committee for the Problems of Peace and the International Community.", "In March 1972 he was appointed a member of the College of Lawyers of the Sacred Consistory.", "References\n\n1910 births\n1986 deaths\nUNESCO officials\nUNESCO Directors-General\nItalian officials of the United Nations" ]

[ "The Director-General of UNESCO was an Italian anti-fascist lawyer and activist.", "The Catholic Institute for Social Activity and Azione Cattolica were both chaired by him before he became UNESCO's Director-General.", "He was on the UNESCO board from 1952 to 1956.", "Veronese had to resign after three years as the Director-General due to health concerns.", "Veronese was a prominent figure in the international sphere until his death in 1986 at the age of 76.", "On 1 March 1910, Vittorino Veronese was born in a country town near Venice, Vicenza.", "His mother was a school teacher and his father worked in an electric plant.", "The young man started school early and advanced with his peers.", "He had a passion for music, even though he wasn't proficient in sports.", "Veronese graduated from the University of Padua with a degree in law.", "The right of Vatican citizenship was the subject of his thesis.", "He pursued a career in sociology and education after working as a lawyer for ten years.", "He taught sociology at the Institute of Social Sciences at Ateneo Angelicum University in Rome.", "He directed a review called \"Studium\" during the war years.", "The review was edited by him in a later year.", "Veronese was a captain in the infantry reserve and was discharged because of his arthritis.", "He was a high officer in the Catholic Movement of University Graduates and was close with the Vatican.", "Mussolini did not allow Veronese to participate in the Fascist movement.", "He supported the rule of Giovanni Battista Montini.", "At the age of twenty-nine, Veronese was invited by Montini to Rome and appointed to the position of general secretaryship of the Movimento Laureati.", "His goal was to remove Communists from the postwar governments.", "He had seven children with Maria Patriarca.", "He was involved in establishing the Associazione Cattolica Lavoratori Italiani, Italy's future Catholic trade union association.", "Veronese was the first lay President of Italian Catholic Action.", "He was the President of the Italian Central Institute of Credit and the President of the Association of Refugee Intellectual in Italy.", "The President of Italian Catholic Action in 1952 was removed by Pope Pius XII in favor of Luigi Gedda.", "After 1948, Veronese became active in the work of UNESCO as a well-known member of the Italian Movement of Catholic graduates and Catholic Action.", "He was elected as the board's chairperson between 1956 and 1958, after serving as a representative on UNESCO's executive board.", "He was appointed as UNESCO Director-General.", "The importance of self-determination without discrimination in education and the inclusion of links to daily life was advocated by him.", "The benefits of industrialization were believed by Veronese.", "The Paris Convention against Discrimination in Education was signed in 1960 by the Director-General of UNESCO.", "Nineteen newly independent African nations were granted membership in 1960.", "The elimination of illiteracy within the new African member nations was the focus of the conference.", "This was the first educational conference held by African leaders where the focus was determined by member nations and general concerns of middle Africa.", "The socio-cultural lead of predecessor Luther H. Evans was followed by the introduction of the \"Special Fund\" for extra-budgetary collection to support the launch of 37 teacher training programs in developing countries.", "The support of the UNDP and UNICEF allowed for the later progress of UNESCO.", "After cementing this conference within development history, his term as the head of this committee continued until 1961, when he became the president of the bank.", "In 1961, Veronese resigned from the position of Director-General of UNESCO and returned to Rome due to illnesses.", "Veronese was the head of the bank until 1976.", "After retiring in the last ten years of his life, Veronese continued to volunteer in charitable initiatives and the international peace movement.", "Veronese and Jean Guitton were involved in the creation of the Second Vatican Council.", "Veronese was invited to address the council at St. Peter's in support of the movement toward ecunism and the expanding role of lay people in the Church.", "Veronese and Guitton were competing for the position of lay auditor to the Second Vatican Council, and they had to make a decision.", "The Roman Curia considered their speeches to be attestations of Reverence.", "Veronese was a consultant to the secretariat of Nonbelievers.", "Veronese was cited in the June 21, 1963, issue of LIFE magazine for his opinion on the selection of the new Pope due to his ties to Montini and his involvement in the Italian Catholic Association.", "The Church is attempting to make a bridge between itself and the world for the first time.", "The world and the Church have the same frontiers.", "He chaired the study Committee for the Problems of Peace and the International Community when he was a member of the Pontifical Commission for Justice and Peace.", "In 1972 he was appointed a member of the College of Lawyers.", "In 1967, Veronese was awarded a law degree.", "The study Committee for the Problems of Peace and the International Community was chaired by him when he was a member of the Pontifical Commission for Justice and Peace.", "In 1972 he was appointed a member of the College of Lawyers.", "1910 births, 1986 deaths, UNESCO officials, and the United Nations." ]

[ "Vittorino Veronese", "Veronese", "Veronese", "Vittorino Veronese", "Vittorino", "Veronese", "Veronese", "Veronese", "Veronese", "Veronese", "Veronese", "Vittorino", "Veronese", "Veronese", "Veronese", "Vittorino", "Veronese", "Vittorino", "Veronese", "Veronese", "Veronese", "Veronese", "Veronese", "Veronese", "Veronese", "Veronese", "Veronese", "Veronese", "Veronese" ]

[ "Veronese", "Veronese", "Vittorino Veronese", "Veronese", "Veronese", "Veronese", "Veronese", "Veronese", "Veronese", "Veronese", "Veronese", "Veronese", "Veronese", "Veronese", "Veronese", "Veronese", "Veronese", "Veronese" ]

[ "Peter Abadie Sarpy (1805–1865) was the French-American owner and operator of several fur trading posts, essential to the development of the Nebraska Territory, and a thriving ferry business.", "A prominent businessman, he helped lay out the towns of Bellevue and Decatur, Nebraska.", "Nebraska's legislature named Sarpy County after him in honor of his service to the state.", "Biography \nPeter A. Sarpy was likely born in St. Louis, Missouri on November 3, 1805.", "He was christened Pierre Sylvester Grégoire Sarpy, but he later anglicized his name.", "He also took his mother's maiden name, L'Abadie, using \"A\" for his middle initial.", "Peter's father was Grégoire Sarpy, who died in 1824.", "Peter had two brothers.", "The family was French Creole from Louisiana.", "They joined other ethnic French in migrating to the growing town of St. Louis after the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 by the United States.", "The lucrative fur trade and much of the economy of St. Louis was originally dominated by ethnic French families.", "They established trading posts along the upper Missouri River and also to the Southwest in Spanish territory.", "Nebraska Territory \nIn 1824 at the age of 19, Sarpy went to the upper Missouri River, in the Nebraska Territory, to work at the American Fur Company's trading post at Council Bluff, north of present-day Bellevue, Nebraska.", "He was based at Fort Bellevue until 1831.", "That company was owned by renowned American fur baron John Jacob Astor, who established a monopoly in the industry.", "Sarpy next worked for his brother's father-in-law, John Pierre Cabanné, who ran Cabanne's Trading Post.", "Cabanné's Post and Pilcher's Post, the latter established at Bellevue by the Missouri Fur Company, competed for the fur trade of area Indian tribes: the Siouan-speaking Omaha, Ponca, Otoe, and Pawnee.", "The Missouri Fur Company was founded by French Creole families of St. Louis.", "Some of their ancestors had migrated to the new settlement of St. Louis in the late eighteenth century from farms in western Illinois.", "They left when the latter area was transferred from French to British control following Great Britain's victory over France in the Seven Years' War.", "More migrated after the American Revolution, as they wanted to evade US Protestant rule in Illinois.", "The fur trade in the region yielded such profits that for decades it was the most important driver of the St. Louis economy.", "In 1821 it represented $600,000 of the town's annual commerce of $2 million.", "Sarpy later established a trading post and supply point for white settlers and pioneers on the Iowa side of the upper Missouri River.", "It went by various names, including Sarpy's Point and the \"Trader's Post\".", "In 1832 Cabanné ordered Sarpy to head a group of American Fur Company employees to take over a keelboat and goods which belonged to a competing company.", "Because of its profits, the fur trade business had cutthroat competition.", "After they were caught, US authorities ordered Cabanné and Sarpy to leave the Indian Territory for a year.", "The company replaced Cabanné with Joshua Pilcher at Cabanné's Trading Post in North Omaha.", "Sarpy operated the Council Bluff trading post during 1835.", "Colorado \n\nSarpy moved westward the next year, and in 1837 he established Fort Jackson on the upper South Platte River in present-day Colorado.", "Financed by Pratt, Chouteau, and Company, Sarpy established the fort with the help of Henry Fraeb, an experienced trapper and former Rocky Mountain Fur Company man.", "At Fort Jackson, the two traded tin ware, traps, clothes, blankets, powder, lead, and whiskey for pelts.", "Sarpy did well at this trading post, maintaining an inventory of $12,000 and paying his employees $200 a year.", "Bent, St. Vrain & Company bought out Fort Jackson to avoid competing with the Sarpy operation.", "After the sale, Sarpy cut ties with Fraeb.", "Fraeb was killed in 1850 by Sioux Indians (Lakota) along the Snake River.", "Missouri \n\nAt some point, Sarpy returned to St. Louis, where he owned at least one slave, known as Andrew.", "Andrew's mother, Celeste, helped her son to sue Sarpy for his freedom in 1839.", "In this process, she filed as his \"next friend\", as authorized under the state's slave law.", "Andrew alleged trespass and false imprisonment.", "Apparently members of Andrew's family had earlier been pronounced free by a verdict of the circuit court of St. Louis and St Charles county.", "Andrew said that Sarpy had beat and mistreated him and, most importantly, held him as a slave although he was a free person.", "The suit asked for damages of $200 and Andrew's freedom.", "Sarpy pleaded not guilty to these charges, but he was convicted in court on February 2, 1841.", "Returning to Nebraska \n\nIn 1838, Sarpy returned to the Bellevue area and built another trading post.", "He lived primarily at Fort Bellevue for the next twenty-six years.", "After Sarpy returned, he became influential in community affairs.", "About 1846 he started a ferry business across the Missouri, between Bellevue and the Iowa side.", "Through the next year, he ferried migrating Mormons across the river and also sold them supplies for the rest of their westward trip.", "During the ensuing gold rush years, Sarpy's ferry boats hauled many would-be gold miners across the Missouri River.", "Sarpy expanded his ferry business in two other locations: to cross the Elkhorn River at Elkhorn City, later called Elk City, and also at a fork of the Loup River near present-day Columbus.", "By the 1850s, his fleet included a steam-powered ferry.", "Through his efforts, in 1849 a United States post office, mark of a rising town, was established in Bellevue.", "Following the United States' negotiation in 1854 of a treaty by which the Omaha people ceded their land in Nebraska, that year Sarpy was among the group that laid out the town of Bellevue.", "In 1857 Sarpy joined Stephen Decatur and others in founding Decatur along the Missouri in northeastern Burt County.", "Sarpy and his family moved to Plattsmouth in 1862.", "He died there on January 4, 1865.", "He is buried in Calvary Cemetery in St. Louis, Missouri.", "Marriage and family\nSarpy married Ni-co-mi (also spelled Ni-co-ma), a woman of the Iowa people.", "She brought her mixed-race daughter Mary Gale to the marriage.", "Ni-co-mi had been the consort of the American surgeon John Gale, who had been stationed at Fort Atkinson in Nebraska.", "When it was closed in 1827 and Gale was reassigned, he left Ni-co-mi and Mary behind.", "Sarpy and Ni-co-mi are not known to have had any children together.", "As an adult, Mary Gale (also known as Hinnuaganun, or One Woman) married Joseph LaFlesche, a Métis fur trader of Ponca and French descent.", "Adopted as a son by the Omaha chief Big Elk and designated his successor, LaFlesche became the last recognized principal chief of the Omaha and the only one to have had any European ancestry.", "He led the people in their transition to living on a reservation.", "Honors and legacy\n Sarpy County was named in his honor.", "Sarpy's Post was added to the National Register of Historic Places.", "See also \n History of Nebraska\n French people in Nebraska\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Historical image of Peter Sarpy.", "1804 births\n1865 deaths\nAmerican fur traders\nBusinesspeople from St. Louis\nPeople from New Orleans\nPeople from Washington County, Nebraska\nNebraska people of French descent\nSarpy County, Nebraska\nPeople from Plattsmouth, Nebraska\nPeople from Bellevue, Nebraska\nAmerican Fur Company people\n19th-century American businesspeople" ]

[ "Peter Abadie Sarpy was the owner and operator of several fur trading posts that were essential to the development of the Nebraska Territory.", "He was a prominent businessman and helped lay out the towns.", "The legislature named the county after him because of his service to the state.", "On November 3, 1805, Peter A. Sarpy was born.", "He was christened Pierre Sylvester Grégoire Sarpy, but later anglicized his name.", "His mother's maiden name was L'Abadie and he used \"A\" for it.", "Peter's father died in 1824.", "Peter has two brothers.", "The family DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch", "After the Louisiana Purchase, they joined other ethnic French in moving to St. Louis.", "Ethnic French families dominated the fur trade and economy of St. Louis.", "They established trading posts along the upper Missouri River.", "The American Fur Company had a trading post on the upper Missouri River in the Nebraska Territory.", "He was based at the fort until the 19th century.", "John Jacob Astor, an American fur baron, established a monopoly in the industry.", "Cabanne's Trading Post was run by John Pierre Cabanné's father-in-law.", "The fur trade of the Siouan-speaking Omaha, Ponca, Otoe, and Pawnee was competed for by Cabanné's Post and Pilcher's Post.", "French Creole families founded the Missouri Fur Company.", "Their ancestors migrated from western Illinois to the new settlement of St. Louis in the late 18th century.", "After Great Britain's victory over France in the Seven Years' War, they left the area.", "They wanted to escape US Protestant rule in Illinois after the American Revolution.", "For a long time, the fur trade was the most important driver of the St. Louis economy.", "It made up $600,000 of the town's annual commerce.", "On the Iowa side of the upper Missouri River, there was a trading post and supply point for white settlers.", "The \"Trader's Post\" was one of the names that went by.", "A group of American Fur Company employees were ordered by Cabanné to take over a competing company's goods.", "The fur trade business had a lot of competition.", "They were ordered to leave the Indian Territory by the US.", "Cabanné's Trading Post in North Omaha was replaced by Joshua Pilcher.", "The Council Bluff trading post was operated by sarpy.", "Fort Jackson was established in Colorado in the 19th century after Colorado Sarpy moved to the west.", "The fort was established with the help of Henry Fraeb, an experienced trapper and former Rocky Mountain Fur Company man.", "800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "He paid his employees $200 a year and kept an inventory of $12,000.", "The company bought out Fort Jackson so they wouldn't compete with the other company.", "After the sale, the two severed their ties.", "Fraeb was killed by the Indians along the Snake River.", "At some point, he returned to St. Louis, where he owned a slave named Andrew.", "Andrew's mother helped him to fight for his freedom.", "She was authorized by the state's slave law to be his next friend.", "Andrew was accused of false imprisonment.", "The family of Andrew had been declared free by the circuit court of St. Louis and St Charles county.", "Andrew said that Sarpy held him as a slave even though he was a free person.", "The suit asked for damages and Andrew's freedom.", "He was found guilty and sentenced on February 2, 1841.", "After returning to Nebraska, he built another trading post.", "For the next twenty-six years, he lived at Fort Bellevue.", "He was influential in community affairs after he came back.", "He started a ferry business across the Missouri in the 19th century.", "He ferried Mormons across the river and sold them supplies for the rest of their trip.", "Many would-be gold miners were hauled across the Missouri River by ferry boats.", "The ferry business was expanded to two other locations, one of which was at a fork of the Loup River near Columbus.", "He included a steam-powered ferry in his fleet.", "The United States post office mark of a rising town was established in 1849 by his efforts.", "Following the United States' negotiation in 1854 of a treaty by which the Omaha people ceded their land in Nebraska, Sarpy was among the group that laid out the town of Bellevue.", "Stephen Decatur and others founded Decatur along the Missouri in northeastern Burt County.", "The family moved to Plattsmouth in the late 19th century.", "He died there on January 4, 1865.", "He is buried in a cemetery.", "Ni-co-mi, also known as Ni-co-ma, is a woman of the Iowa people.", "Mary Gale was brought to the marriage by her mother.", "Ni-co-mi was the consort of the American surgeon John Gale.", "Ni-co-mi and Mary were left behind when it was closed.", "They are not known to have had any children together.", "Mary Gale was married to Joseph LaFlesche, a fur trader of Ponca and French descent.", "LaFlesche became the last recognized principal chief of the Omaha and the only one to have had any European ancestry after being adopted as a son by the Omaha chief.", "The people were led to live on a reservation.", "The county was named in his honor.", "The National Register of Historic Places includes Sarpy's Post.", "There are links to History of Nebraska French people in Nebraska.", "People from New Orleans, Washington County, Nebraska, and Nebraska people of French descent are from the 19th century." ]

[ "Peter Abadie Sarpy", "Peter A", ". Sarpy", "Pierre Sylvester Grégoire Sarpybad", "Peter", "Grégoire Sarpy", "Peter", "Sarpy", "Astor", "Sarpy", "Andrew", "Andrew", "Andrew", "Andrew", "Andrew", "Andrew", "Sarpy", "Sarpy", "Sarpy", "Sarpy", "Peter Sarpy" ]

[ "Peter Abadie Sarpy", "Peter A", ". Sarpy", "Pierre Sylvester Grégoire Sarpy", "Peter", "Peter", "Astor", "Andrew", "Andrew", "Andrew", "Andrew", "Andrew", "Andrew" ]

[ "James Robert Thompson Jr. (May 8, 1936 – August 14, 2020), also known as Big Jim Thompson, was an American attorney and politician who served as the 37th and longest-serving governor of the US state of Illinois, serving from 1977 to 1991.", "A moderate Republican who sometimes took more liberal stances on issues, Thompson was elected to four consecutive terms and held the office for 14 years.", "Many years after leaving public office, he served as a member of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States (the 9/11 Commission).", "Early life and career\nThompson was born in Chicago, Illinois, the son of Agnes Josephine (Swanson) and James Robert Thompson, a physician.", "His maternal grandparents were Swedish, and his father was descended from colonial Massachusetts governor David Thompson through an entirely paternal line.", "Through his father's father he is also descended from Josiah Winslow, John Winthrop the Younger, John Leverett, John Underhill and John Mason.", "His father's mother had ancestors who were Presbyterians of Scottish descent from Carrickfergus, Ballymena and Coleraine, County Antrim, Ireland in what has since become Northern Ireland.", "Thompson graduated from North Park Academy (now North Park University), studied at the University of Illinois at Chicago Navy Pier campus, and at Washington University in St. Louis.", "He received his J.D.", "from Northwestern University in 1959.", "Prior to becoming governor, he worked in the Cook County State's Attorney's office, taught at Northwestern University's law school and was appointed by President Nixon to serve as U.S. Attorney for the Northern District of Illinois.", "As a federal prosecutor in the early 1970s, he obtained a conviction against former Governor Otto Kerner, Jr. for his use of improper influence on behalf of the racetrack industry.", "He tried and convicted many of Chicago Mayor Richard J. Daley's top aides, most notably Alderman Thomas E. Keane and County Clerk Matt Danaher, on various corruption charges.", "People like Keane and Danaher, the mayor's point man on patronage were also major figures in the Cook County Democratic Party's political machine.", "These high-profile cases gave Thompson the celebrity that fueled his run for governor in 1976.", "To the chagrin of many, Thompson was bipartisan in his attacks on corruption in Cook County and Chicago.", "He not only prosecuted high-profile Democrats, but also prominent Republicans such as County Commissioner Floyd Fulle and former U.S. Senate candidate, William Rentschler.", "Organized crime in Chicago was harder for his unit to crack and there were few high-profile cases during his era.", "Governor of Illinois\n\nIn the 1976 election, he won 65 percent of the vote over Democratic Secretary of State Michael Howlett, who had defeated incumbent Governor Dan Walker in the primary and who had the support of Chicago Mayor and Cook County Democratic Party chairman Richard J. Daley.", "Thompson was the first candidate for governor to receive over 3 million votes; his tally of 3,000,395 remains the largest number of votes ever cast for a candidate in an election for Governor of Illinois.", "His first term was for only two years because Illinois moved its gubernatorial election from presidential-election years to midterm-election years.", "Thompson was re-elected to a full four-year term in 1978 with 60 percent of the vote, defeating State Comptroller Michael Bakalis.", "In 1982, Thompson was very narrowly re-elected over former U.S.", "Senator Adlai E. Stevenson III.", "Thompson won the contest by only 5,074 votes.", "A rematch in 1986 was expected to be almost as close, but the Democrats were severely hamstrung when supporters of Lyndon LaRouche won the Democratic nominations for lieutenant governor and secretary of state.", "Stevenson refused to appear on the same ticket as the LaRouchites, and formed the Solidarity Party with the support of the regular state Democratic organization.", "With the Democrats badly split, Thompson skated to victory in the general election.", "Thompson was accused of hiding the sad shape that Illinois' economy and budget were in while campaigning, but once elected, called for an emergency session of the Illinois legislature to address the crisis.", "On November 12, 1980, Thompson, by his executive order, instituted a hiring freeze for all state agencies, boards, bureaus, and commissions under his control as governor.", "The order affected approximately 60,000 state positions.", "These positions could only be filled if the candidates were first approved by an office created by Thompson, the Governor's Office of Personnel.", "Suit was brought and the Supreme Court held this political patronage practice unconstitutional as a violation of the First Amendment rights of low-level public employees in Rutan v. Republican Party of Illinois, 497 U.S. 62 (1990).", "In 1989, Governor Thompson agreed to establish a compounding, 3 percent cost-of-living increase for retirees from Illinois government jobs, including public school teachers.", "Years later, in an interview with a Chicago business magazine, Thompson said he never knew the cost might exceed $1 billion and likely would not have signed it if he had known.", "In recent years, the cumulative effect of the 3 percent annual increases has been recognized as one of the major causes of Illinois' public employee pension crisis.", "In 1993, the State of Illinois Center in Chicago was renamed the James R. Thompson Center to honor the former governor.", "Legal and lobbying career\nAfter leaving public service, Thompson joined Winston & Strawn, a major Chicago-based law firm.", "Thompson served as chairman of the executive committee from 1991 to 2006, as well as chairman and CEO of the firm from 1993 to 2006.", "He was senior chairman until January 31, 2015.", "As CEO of Winston & Strawn, he focused in the area of government relations and regulatory affairs.", "The firm has lobbied for American Airlines, and he previously represented United Airlines.", "Winston & Strawn is the same firm that represented former Illinois governor George Ryan pro bono against federal charges relating to the \"Licenses-for-Bribes\" scandal during Ryan's tenure as Illinois Governor and Secretary of State.", "Thompson acted as Ryan's lawyer personally.", "On April 17, 2006, Ryan was convicted on all 18 counts, which included racketeering, misusing state resources for political gain, and fraud.", "He was sentenced to 6½ years in federal prison and began serving his sentence on November 7, 2007.", "Ryan was released from federal prison on July 3, 2013.", "Thompson was also a director and head of the Audit Committee for Hollinger International, the media company founded by Conrad Black, which was the subject of a U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission investigation.", "Post-gubernatorial political activities\nIn 2002, he was appointed to serve on the 9/11 Commission, where he aggressively questioned Richard Clarke, the former chief counter-terrorism adviser on the United States National Security Council.", "The report of the commission was released on July 22, 2004.", "During the 2008 presidential primary campaign, Thompson announced his support for former New York City mayor Rudy Giuliani for the 2008 Republican nomination.", "He stressed that Giuliani was the only Republican in the field who could win Illinois.", "Death\nAfter suffering heart issues, Thompson died on August 14, 2020, at the age of 84.", "Awards\nJames R. Thompson was inducted as a laureate of The Lincoln Academy of Illinois and awarded the Order of Lincoln (the state's highest honor) by the governor of Illinois in 1991 in the area of Government.", "References\n\nExternal links\n\nThompson's biography from the 9/11 Commission\nThompson's biography from Northwestern University\nReceipt for Thompson's contribution for Friends of Hillary\nNational Governors Association\n\nSources\n \n\n|-\n\n|-\n\n|-\n\n|-\n\n1936 births\n2020 deaths\n\nAmerican people of Swedish descent\nGovernors of Illinois\nIllinois Republicans\nLawyers from Chicago\nNorth Park University alumni\nNorthwestern University Pritzker School of Law alumni\nNorthwestern University Pritzker School of Law faculty\nPoliticians from Chicago\nRepublican Party state governors of the United States\nUnited States Attorneys for the Northern District of Illinois\nUniversity of Illinois at Chicago alumni\nWashington University in St. Louis alumni\nPeople associated with Winston & Strawn" ]

[ "Big Jim Thompson was an American attorney and politician who served as the 37th and longest-serving governor of the US state of Illinois from 1977 to 1991.", "A moderate Republican who sometimes took a more liberal stance on issues, Thompson was elected to four consecutive terms and held the office for 14 years.", "He was a member of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States after leaving public office.", "Thompson was born in Chicago, Illinois, the son of James Robert Thompson, a physician.", "His maternal grandparents were Swedish and his father was descended from a Massachusetts governor.", "He is descended from a number of people, including his father's father.", "His father's mother had Presbyterians of Scottish descent who lived in Ballymena and Coleraine, County Antrim, Ireland.", "Thompson studied at the University of Illinois at Chicago Navy Pier and Washington University after graduating from North Park Academy.", "He got his J.D.", "A student from the university in 1959.", "He was appointed by President Nixon to serve as the U.S. Attorney for the Northern District of Illinois after working in the Cook County State's Attorney's office.", "He was a federal prosecutor when he obtained a conviction against former Governor Otto Kerner, Jr. for his use of improper influence on behalf of the racetrack industry.", "He tried and convicted many of Chicago Mayor Richard J. Daley's top aides.", "The mayor's point man on patronage was also a major figure in the Cook County Democratic Party's political machine.", "Thompson's run for governor in 1976 was powered by these high-profile cases.", "Thompson was bipartisan in his attacks on corruption in Cook County.", "He prosecuted prominent Republicans such as County Commissioner Floyd Fulle and former U.S. Senate candidate William Rentschler.", "Chicago's organized crime was harder to crack and there were few high-profile cases during his time.", "In the 1976 election, he won 65 percent of the vote over Democratic Secretary of State Michael Howlett, who had defeated incumbent Governor Dan Walker in the primary, and who had the support of Chicago Mayor and Cook County Democratic Party chairman Richard J. Daley.", "Thompson received over 3 million votes, which is the largest number of votes ever cast for a candidate in an election for Governor of Illinois.", "His first term was only two years because Illinois moved its election from a presidential election year to a midterm election year.", "Thompson was re-elected to a full four-year term in 1978 with 60 percent of the vote.", "Thompson was narrowly re-elected in 1982.", "Adlai E. Stevenson III was a senator.", "Thompson won the contest by a small margin.", "The Democrats were hamstrung when supporters of Lyndon LaRouche won the Democratic nominations for lieutenant governor and secretary of state.", "Stevenson formed the Solidarity Party with the support of the regular state Democratic organization after he refused to appear on the same ticket as the LaRouchites.", "Thompson won the general election with the Democrats split.", "Thompson called for an emergency session of the Illinois legislature to address the crisis after being accused of hiding the sad shape of the state's economy and budget.", "Thompson instituted a hiring freeze for all state agencies when he was governor.", "Approximately 60,000 state positions were affected by the order.", "If the candidates were first approved by the Governor's Office of Personnel, these positions could be filled.", "The political patronage practice was found to be unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in Rutan v. Republican Party of Illinois.", "In 1989 Governor Thompson agreed to establish a compounding, 3 percent cost-of-living increase for retirees from Illinois government jobs, including public school teachers.", "In an interview with a Chicago business magazine, Thompson said he wouldn't have signed it if he'd known the cost was more than $1 billion.", "The cumulative effect of 3 percent annual increases has been seen as a major cause of the public employee pension crisis in Illinois.", "The James R. Thompson Center in Chicago was renamed in 1993 to honor the former governor.", "After leaving public service, Thompson joined a major Chicago-based law firm.", "Thompson served as chairman of the executive committee from 1991 to 2006 and as chairman and CEO from 1993 to 2006", "He was the senior chairman.", "He was the CEO of Winston & Strawn and focused on government relations and regulatory affairs.", "He was previously a lobbyist for United Airlines.", "George Ryan was pro bono represented by the same firm that represented him in the \"Licenses-for-Bribes\" scandal.", "Thompson was Ryan's lawyer.", "Ryan was found guilty on all 18 counts, which included racketeering, misuse of state resources for political gain, and fraud.", "He began serving his sentence on November 7, 2007, after being sentenced to 612 years in federal prison.", "Ryan was released from federal prison.", "Hollinger International, the media company founded by Conrad Black, was the subject of a Securities and Exchange Commission investigation.", "He was appointed to serve on the 9/11 Commission in 2002 and questioned the former counter-terrorism adviser on the United States National Security Council.", "On July 22, 2004, the report of the commission was released.", "During the 2008 presidential primary campaign, Thompson announced his support for Rudy Giuliani.", "He said that Giuliani was the only Republican who could win the state.", "Thompson died of heart issues at the age of 84.", "In 1991, the governor of Illinois awarded the Order of Lincoln, the state's highest honor, to James R. Thompson, who was a Laureate of The Lincoln Academy of Illinois.", "1936 births deaths American people of Swedish descent Governors of Illinois Illinois Republicans Lawyers from Chicago North Park" ]

[ "James Robert Thompson Jr", "Big Jim Thompson", "Thompson", "Thompson", "James Robert Thompson", "David Thompson", "Thompson", "Richard J", "Thompson", "Thompson", "William Rentschler", "Richard J", "Thompson", "Thompson", "Thompson", "Thompson", "Lyndon LaRouche", "Thompson", "Thompson", "Thompson", "Thompson", "Thompson", "Thompson", "Thompson", "Thompson", "George Ryan", "Ryan", "Thompson", "Ryan", "Ryan", "Ryan", "Thompson", "Richard Clarke", "Thompson", "Rudy Giulian", "Thompson", "James R", ". Thompson", "Thompson", "Thompson", "Thompson" ]

[ "Big Jim Thompson", "Thompson", "Thompson", "James Robert Thompson", "Thompson", "Richard J", "Thompson", "Thompson", "William Rentschler", "Richard J", "Thompson", "Thompson", "Thompson", "Thompson", "Lyndon LaRouche", "Thompson", "Thompson", "Thompson", "Thompson", "Thompson", "Thompson", "Thompson", "George Ryan", "Thompson", "Ryan", "Ryan", "Ryan", "Thompson", "Rudy Giulian", "Thompson", "James R", ". Thompson" ]

[ "Sébastien Mathieu Corchia (born 1 November 1990) is a French professional footballer who plays as a right-back for Nantes.", "A French international, he gained one cap in 2016.", "Due to his French and Italian ancestry, Corchia holds dual nationality.", "Club career\n\nEarly career\nCorchia was born in Noisy-le-Sec, Seine-Saint-Denis and started his career with hometown club Stade Olympique de Rosny-sous-Bois Football.", "After a two-year stint at the club, he joined semi-professional outfit Villemomble Sports.", "Corchia spent five years at the club, and in 2003, was selected to attend the prestigious Clairefontaine academy.", "While training at Clairefontaine during the week, Corchia played with amateur club AS Bondy on the weekends.", "Shortly before the end of his tenure at Clairefontaine, he also trained at the Camp des Loges, the youth training center of Paris Saint-Germain.", "Le Mans\nAfter his departure from the academy, Corchia joined Le Mans on an aspirant (youth) contract.", "His performances with Le Mans's Championnat de France amateur team and France's international youth teams led to interest from Serie A club Juventus and Premier League club Arsenal.", "Corchia remained in Le Mans's youth system until receiving his first call up to the senior squad on 14 February 2009 for the team's league match against Nice.", "He started the match playing 68 minutes before being substituted out.", "Le Mans lost the match 2–1 with both goals being scored with Corchia off the pitch.", "The following week, he earned another start against Marseille where he went up against the likes of Mathieu Valbuena, Bolo Zenden, and Hatem Ben Arfa.", "This was where he had started gaining his reputation.", "Towards the end of the season, Corchia became the first choice starting all ten matches he appeared in.", "On 1 May 2009, Corchia agreed to his first professional contract signing with Le Mans until June 2012.", "For the 2009–10 season, new manager Paulo Duarte installed Corchia as the first-choice right back for the season.", "On 12 December, he scored his first professional goal in a 2–1 victory over Valenciennes.", "In the return fixture against Valenciennes, Corchia scored his second career goal converting a free kick in injury time.", "The game-winning goal helped Le Mans remain in contention to stay in Ligue 1, though the team was later relegated.", "Sochaux\nOn 30 June 2011, after spending a season playing with Le Mans in the second division, Corchia returned to Ligue 1 joining Sochaux on a four-year contract.", "The transfer fee was undisclosed.", "Corchia made his competitive debut for the club in its opening league match of the season against Marseille.", "In the match, he assisted on the team's opening goal scored by Marvin Martin.", "The match finished in a 2–2 draw.", "Sébastien Corchia's first goal came in an away match against Rennes on 23 February 2013.", "On 29 January 2014, he signed with Lille OSC with a four-and-a-half-year contract.", "However, his contract was not officially recognized by the French financial authority in football, due to Lille's financial difficulties, and so he returned to Sochaux.", "Lille\nOn 27 June 2014, Corchia finally joined Lille on a four-year deal after Sochaux had been relegated in the 2013–14 season.", "Sevilla\nOn 13 July 2017, Corchia joined Sevilla on a four-year deal for 7.5 million euros.", "He was handed the jersey number 2.", "On 19 August 2018, Corchia joined Portuguese side Benfica on a season-long loan.", "He debuted for the Lisbon team in a 3–0 away win over Sertanense in the third round of the Taça de Portugal, on 18 October 2018.", "On 21 August 2019, Corchia joined RCD Espanyol on a season-long loan deal which includes a buyout clause.", "International career\nSébastien is a French youth international.", "He has played on the under-17, under-18, and the under-19 team.", "With the under-17 team, Corchia made his debut in a 2–1 friendly defeat to the Czech Republic appearing as a substitute in the second half for Julien Berthomier.", "His only other appearance with the team was the return match against the Czech Republic, which ended 1–1.", "Corchia was a late participant with the under-18 team making his debut in the Slovakia Cup on 28 April 2008 against the hosts.", "He appeared in all three group stage matches, which is where France suffered elimination.", "Corchia was a key participant in the under-19 team that qualified for the 2009 UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship and was named to the tournament playing the full 90 minutes in the squad's opening 1–1 draw with Serbia.", "He played in all four of the squad's matches including the semi-final, where they suffered elimination losing 1–3 in extra time to England with Corchia receiving a red card.", "He appeared in all 19 matches the team contested.", "Corchia is also eligible to represent the country of his father's ancestors, Italy.", "He has dual citizenship with France and Italy and holds an Italian passport.", "On 27 August 2009, Corchia was selected to the under-21 squad, for the first time, for their upcoming 2011 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship qualification matches against Slovenia on 4 September and the Ukraine on 8 September.", "Corchia made his debut in the Ukraine match starting in the right back position.", "France drew the match 1–1.", "Corchia appeared with the team in the next five matches before dropping out of the selection that was to play in two friendly matches against Argentina in Buenos Aires on 20 and 24 May.", "On 25 August 2016, Corchia was called up to the senior squad for the first time for a friendly against Italy and a 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification against Belarus.", "Corchia made his debut on 15 November against Ivory Coast, replacing Djibril Sidibé for the final 21 minutes of a 0–0 home draw.", "Career statistics\n\nClub\n\nInternational\n\nHonours\nBenfica\n Primeira Liga: 2018–19\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n \n \n\n1990 births\nLiving people\nSportspeople from Seine-Saint-Denis\nFrench footballers\nFrance youth international footballers\nFrance under-21 international footballers\nFrance international footballers\nAssociation football defenders\nINF Clairefontaine players\nParis Saint-Germain F.C.", "players\nLe Mans FC players\nFC Sochaux-Montbéliard players\nLille OSC players\nSevilla FC players\nS.L.", "Benfica footballers\nRCD Espanyol footballers\nFC Nantes players\nLigue 1 players\nLigue 2 players\nLa Liga players\nLiga Portugal 2 players\nPrimeira Liga players\nFrench expatriate footballers\nExpatriate footballers in Portugal\nExpatriate footballers in Spain\nFrench expatriate sportspeople in Portugal\nFrench expatriate sportspeople in Spain\nFrench people of Italian descent" ]

[ "Sébastien Corchia is a French professional footballer who plays as a right-back.", "He gained one cap in 2016 as a French international.", "Corchia has French and Italian ancestry.", "Corchia was born in Noisy-le- Sec and began his career with his hometown club.", "He joined Villemomble Sports after two years at the club.", "Corchia was selected to attend the academy in 2003 after five years at the club.", "Corchia played for the amateur club AS Bondy on the weekends.", "The Camp des Loges, the youth training center of Paris Saint-Germain, was where he trained before he left.", "Corchia joined Le Mans on a youth contract after leaving the academy.", "His performances with Le Mans's Championnat de France amateur team and France's international youth teams led to interest from two English clubs.", "Corchia received his first call up to the senior squad on February 14, 2009, for the team's league match against Nice.", "He started the match and was replaced at the end of the match.", "The match was lost with Corchia off the pitch.", "He started against the likes of Bolo Zenden and Hatem Ben ArFA.", "He was starting to gain his reputation here.", "At the end of the season, Corchia was the first choice to start all ten matches.", "Corchia signed his first professional contract on 1 May 2009.", "Corchia was installed as the first-choice right back for the season.", "He scored his first professional goal in a victory over Valenciennes.", "Corchia scored his second career goal in the return fixture against Valenciennes.", "The team was later demoted because of the game-winning goal.", "Corchia joined Sochaux on a four-year contract after spending a season in the second division.", "The fee was not disclosed.", "In the club's first league match of the season, Corchia made his competitive debut.", "He assisted on the team's first goal.", "The match ended in a draw.", "Sébastien Corchia's first goal was against Rennes.", "He signed a four-and-a-half-year contract with Lille on January 29th.", "He returned to Sochaux because his contract was not officially recognized by the French financial authority in football.", "Corchia joined Lille on a four-year deal after Sochaux was demoted.", "Corchia joined Sevilla on a four-year deal for 7.5 million euros.", "He received the jersey number 2.", "Corchia joined Benfica on a season-long loan.", "He made his debut for the Lisbon team in a 3–0 away win over Sertanense in the third round of the Taa de Portugal.", "Corchia joined RCD Espanyol on a season-long loan deal in August of 2019.", "Sébastien is a French youth.", "He has played on a number of teams.", "Corchia made his debut for the under 17 team in a 2–1 friendly defeat to the Czech Republic.", "The return match against the Czech Republic ended 1–1.", "Corchia made his debut for the under-18 team in the Slovakia Cup on April 28, 2008 against the hosts.", "France was eliminated from the group stage in all three matches.", "Corchia was part of the under-19 team that qualified for the European Under-19 Football Championship in 2009, playing the full 90 minutes in the squad's opening 1–1 draw with Serbia.", "He played in all four of the squad's matches, including the semi-final where they lost 1–3 in extra time to England, with Corchia receiving a red card.", "He played in all 19 matches.", "Corchia can represent the country of his father's ancestors.", "He has French and Italian citizenship.", "On 27 August 2009, Corchia was selected to the under-21 squad, for the first time, for their upcoming 2011 European Under-21 Football Championship qualification matches against Slovenia on 4 September and the Ukraine on 8 September.", "Corchia made his debut in the right back position.", "The match was drawn 1–1.", "Corchia did not make the team for the two friendly matches against Argentina in Buenos Aires on 20 and 24 May.", "Corchia was called up to the senior squad for the first time on August 25, 2016 for a friendly against Italy.", "Corchia replaced Djibril Sidibé for the final 21 minutes of a 0–0 home draw.", "There are links to 1990 births and sports people from Seine-Saint-Denis.", "FC Sochaux-Montbéliard players are Sevilla FC.", "French expatriates play football in Spain, Portugal, and France, while Italians play football in Spain, Portugal, and Italy." ]

[ "Sébastien Mathieu Corchia", "Corchia", "Corchia", "Corchia", "Corchia", "Corchia", "Corchia", "Corchia", "Corchia", "Corchia", "Corchia", "Corchia", "Corchia", "Sébastien", "Corchia", "Corchia", "Corchia", "Corchia", "Corchia", "Sébastien", "Corchia", "Corchia", "Corchia", "Corchia", "Corchia", "Corchia", "Corchia", "Corchia", "Corchia", "Corchia" ]

[ "Sébastien Corchia", "Corchia", "Corchia", "Corchia", "Corchia", "Corchia", "Corchia", "Corchia", "Corchia", "Corchia", "Corchia", "Corchia", "Corchia", "Corchia", "Sébastien", "Corchia", "Corchia", "Corchia", "Corchia", "Corchia", "Sébastien", "Corchia", "Corchia", "Corchia", "Corchia", "Corchia", "Corchia", "Corchia", "Corchia", "Corchia", "Corchia" ]

[ "Prof. Kotcherlakota Rangadhama Rao (9 September 1898 – 20 June 1972) was an Indian physicist in the field of Spectroscopy.", "Rangadhama Rao is best known for his work on spectroscopy, his role in the development of Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance (NQR), and his long association with the physics laboratories of Andhra University.", "In his later years, he became known for his position as the Principal of all the colleges of Andhra University before their divisions into separate colleges, viz., AU College of Arts and Commerce, AU College of Engineering, AU College of Law, AU College of Pharmacy and AU College of Science and Technology.", "Rangadhama Rao was known both for his scientific ability and his interpersonal relations and volatile personality\n\nEarly years\nKotcherlakota Rangadhama Rao was born in Vizianagaram, a coastal town in present-day Vizianagaram district of state of Andhra Pradesh, India, on 9 September 1898.", "His father, Kotcherlakota Venkata Narsing Rao was the postmaster of the present-day cities of Vizianagaram, Gajapathinagaram and Visakhapatnam, then small cities in the state of Andhra Pradesh in the Madras Presidency of British India.", "His mother, Ramayamma, died in 1923.", "Kotcherlakota Rangadhama Rao had an arranged marriage to Vaddadi Perramma, as was the custom in the region.", "On 6 December 1925, when Rangadhama Rao was 27, the couple's first child, Ramakrishna Rao, was born.", "Rangadhama Rao and Vaddadi Perramma had seven more children, four sons and three daughters: Venkata Rao (5 February 1928); Venkata Narsing Rao (27 June 1933); Ramaleela (24 April 1938); Lakshmi Narayana (23 July 1940); Lalitha Kumari (31 July 1941); Amarnath (8 June 1944); and Vijaya Vani (19 December 1945).", "Education\nHis elementary education was at Maharaja's High School, Vizianagaram for the 3rd, 4th and 5th grades during 1904 and 1906.", "He joined in different schools each year in his early education.", "He was shifted to London Mission High School, Vizianagaram, for the 6th grade and studied 7th and 8th grades in Hindu High School at Machilipatnam.", "He passed his 10th grade (SSLC) in C.B.M.", "High School at Visakhapatnam and 12th grade (Intermediate), from Mrs. A.V.N.", "College at Visakhapatnam.", "Prof. K. Rangadhama Rao was in the first batch of students for the B.A.", "degree course in 1920 (there was no B.Sc.", "degree course at that time in Madras University) in the Maharajah's College in Vizianagaram.", "The B.A Degree course was initiated by Dr. Appadvedula Lakshmi Narayan in 1918.", "Prof. K.R.Rao took his M.A.", "in Physics from Tiruchirappalli in 1923.", "His research career started in 1923 when he enrolled as a Research Scholar for D.Sc.", "(Doctor of Science) from Madras University.", "He was awarded the D.Sc.", "Degree from Madras University and was selected for studies abroad from the Andhra University in 1928.", "This was a turning point in his quest for knowledge and research of his lifetime.", "Career\nIn 1924, Dr. K. Rangadhama Rao joined Dr. A.L.Narayan as a research scholar in University of Madras.", "Both of them worked tenaciously to build up a first rate spectroscopic laboratory second to none in the country.", "They had then with them a constant deviation spectrograph, a small quartz spectrograph and a medium quartz spectrograph.", "All these were of low dispersion and low resolving power.", "At this stage of their work, they required an instrument of high dispersion and high resolving power, which they could not afford.", "So, K.R.Rao went to Calcutta, where a ten-foot concave grating was available in the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science of which C. V. Raman was Director and with the facilities provided there, they further extended their work on analysis of spectra in the visible and ultraviolet regions.", "He was guided in his research career by Prof. A.Fowler at the Imperial College of Science and Technology, London in 1930 in Atomic Spectra for two years for which he was awarded the D.Sc.", "Degree from London University.", "In 1930, he had the opportunity of working under Prof. F.Paschen at the Physikalische Technische Reichsanstalt in Berlin for six months and under Prof. Manne Siegbahn in Upsala, Sweden on Vacuum Spectroscopy for another six months.", "His interest in the field of Spectroscopy was so much that he built a Vacuum Spectrograph of his design with his own expenses at Potsdam, Germany.", "Prof. K.R.Rao's contribution towards physics has placed him in a high position even in his times.", "His contributions include development of Diatomic and Polyatomic Molecular Spectroscopy laboratory dealing with High Resolution Vibrational structure in electronic transitions, U.V.Absorption, Infrared Absorption, Raman scattering, Fluorescence and Phosphorescence and Crystal Spectra.", "He also reached the level of construction of microwave test benches and using these techniques he created different lines of investigations in dielectrics.", "He contributed to the development of Radio Frequency Spectroscopy which branched into Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance (NQR), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) spectroscopy.", "In India, work on NQR was first initiated by Prof. K. Rangadhama Rao in the Physics laboratories of Andhra University.", "Kotcherlakota Rangdhama Rao was the Principal of Andhra University Colleges from 1949 to 1957.", "He was appointed as Emeritus Professor of Physics at Andhra University (1966–72) and was special officer for the establishment of Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupathi (1954).", "Contributions\nDuring his early life of work in the Physics department of Andhra University, Prof. K.R.Rao, established scholarships in his father's name, Kotcherlakota Venkata Narsinga Rao.", "Kotcherlakota Venkata Narsinga Rao Scholarship\n\nWhile a Reader in the Physics Department of Jeypore Vikram Deo College of Science and Technology, Rao instituted a Research Scholarship in memory of his late father.", "Honours, distinctions and awards\nProf. Rangadhama Rao was one of the foundation members for the AP Akademi of Sciences, nominated by the Government of Andhra Pradesh in 1963.", "The Indian National Science Academy frequently conducts a Memorial Lecture Award in the honour of Prof. Kotcherlakota Rangadhama Rao since its inception in 1979.", "Prof Rangadhama Rao Memorial Lecture Award\n\nProf. Kotcherlakota Rangadhama Rao Memorial Lecture Award is given for the outstanding contributions in the subject of Spectroscopy in Physics.", "The award was established by the National Institute of Sciences of India, located in Calcutta in 1979.", "List of Awardees\n\nPublications\nProf. K.R.Rao's research works were published in various reputed National and International Journals.", "Some of his initial publications are given below\n\n On the spectra of the metals of the aluminium sub-group, Proceedings of the Physical Society of London, Volume 37, Issue 1, pp.", "259–264 (1924), \n A Note on the Absorption of the Green Line of Thallium Vapour, Proc.", "R. Soc.", "Lond.", "1 April 1925 107:762-765; \n On the Fluorescence and Channelled Absorption of Bismuth at High Temperatures, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.", "Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character, Vol.", "107, No.", "744 (1 April 1925), pp.", "760–762.", "On the Resonance Radiation from Thallium Vapour, Nature 115, 534-534, (11 April 1925) | \n Proc.", "Indian natn.", "Sci.", "Acad., 46, A, No 5, 1980, pp.", "423–434\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nALN Biography - Biographies of Indian Institute of Astrophysics\nINSA Awards - Indian National Science Academy Awards\nFounding Members - Andhra Pradesh Akademi of Science Founding Members\nAndhra University Annual Register\nProceedings of the Physical Society of London, Volume 37, Issue 1, pp.", "259-264 (1924), \nProc.", "R. Soc.", "Lond.", "A 1 April 1925 107:762-765; \nProceedings of the Royal Society of London.", "Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character, Vol.", "107, No.", "744 (1 April 1925), pp.", "760-762.", "Nature 115, 534-534\nIndian Academy of Science Awards, Current Science Journal, 1989, Vol.58, No.18\n\nFurther reading\nDr. K. Rangadhama Rao Memorial Lecture by RK Asundi - 1979\nDr. K. Rangadhama Rao Memorial Lecture by Mihir Chowdhury - 1989\nDr. K. Rangadhama Rao Memorial Lecture by VB Kartha - 1991\n\n1898 births\n1972 deaths\nAndhra University alumni\nExperimental physicists\n19th-century Indian physicists\nScientists from Visakhapatnam\nFellows of the Indian National Science Academy\nTelugu people\n20th-century Indian physicists" ]

[ "Prof. Kotcherlakota Rangadhama Rao was an Indian physicist who worked in the field of Spectroscopy.", "His work on spectroscopy, his role in the development of Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance (NQR), and his long association with the physics laboratories of Andhra University are some of the things he is known for.", "He became known for his position as the Principal of all the colleges of the university before they became separate colleges.", "He was known for his scientific ability and his volatile personality when he was younger.", "His father was the postmaster of small cities in the state of AP and the Madras Presidency of British India.", "His mother died in 1923.", "The custom in the region was to have an arranged marriage.", "The first child of the couple was born on 6 December 1925.", "Vaddadi Perramma had seven children, four of which were sons and three of which were daughters.", "During 1904 and 1906, he attended the 3rd, 4th and 5th grades at Maharaja's High School.", "Each year he joined a different school.", "He studied 7th and 8th grades in Hindu High School at Machilipatnam after being shifted to London Mission High School for the 6th grade.", "He passed his 10th grade in C.B.M.", "High School at Visakhapatnam and 12th grade (Intermediate) from Mrs. A.V.N.", "The college is in Visakhapatnam.", "The first group of students were in the B.A.", "There was a degree course in 1920.", "The degree course was in the Maharajah's College.", "The B.A Degree course was started in 1918.", "His M.A. was taken by Prof. K.R. Rae.", "In 1923, Tiruchirappalli had a physics degree.", "His research career began in 1923 when he was a research scholar.", "The Doctor of Science is from Madras University.", "He was awarded a degree.", "A degree from Madras University was selected for study abroad in 1928.", "This was a turning point in his quest for knowledge.", "Dr. A.L. Narayan joined the University of Madras as a research scholar in 1924.", "Both of them worked hard to build up a first rate lab.", "They had three instruments with them, a constant deviation, a small and a medium one.", "All of them had low dispersion and low resolving power.", "They needed an instrument of high dispersion and high resolving power, which they couldn't afford.", "The Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science in Calcutta had a ten-foot concave grating and K.R. Rae went there to use it.", "Prof. A.Fowler at the Imperial College of Science and Technology, London guided him in his research career and he was awarded the D. Sc.", "A degree from London University.", "He was able to work in Berlin for six months and in Upsala, Sweden for another six months.", "His interest in the field of Spectroscopy was so great that he built a vacuum analyser with his own money.", "Even in his times, Prof. K.R. Rae's contribution towards physics has placed him in a high position.", "His contributions include the development of a Diatomic and Polyatomic Molecular Spectroscopy laboratory that deals with High Resolution Vibrational structure in electronic transitions.", "He reached the level of construction of microwave test benches and used these techniques to create different lines of investigations.", "Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance (NQR), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), and Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) were all developed by him.", "The first work on NQR was done in India.", "The Principal of the Andhra University Colleges from 1949 to 1957.", "He was special officer for the establishment of Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupathi.", "Prof. K.R.Rao established scholarships in his father's name.", "A research scholarship was instituted in memory of Venkata Narsinga Rao's father.", "The AP Akademi of Sciences was nominated by the Government of AP in 1963.", "The Indian National Science Academy has held a Memorial Lecture Award since 1979.", "The outstanding contributions in the subject of Spectroscopy in Physics are the subject of the award.", "The National Institute of Sciences of India established the award in 1979.", "Prof. K.R. Rae's research works were published in various journals.", "His first publication was On the spectrum of the metals of the aluminum sub-group in the Proceedings of the Physical Society of London.", "There is a note on the absorption of the green line of thallium vapour.", "R. Soc.", "Lond.", "The Royal Society of London published a paper on the fronescence and channelled absorption of bsmt at high temperatures.", "Series A contains papers of a mathematical and physical character.", "No. 105, No.", "pp. 744 was published on April 1, 1925.", "760–762.", "Nature 115, 534-534, on the Resonance Radiation from Thallium Vapour, was published on April 11, 1925.", "Indian natn.", "There is a science.", "A, No 5, 1980, pp.", "The Biographies of Indian Institute of Astrophysics INSA Awards - Indian National Science Academy Awards Founding Members are in the Physical Society of London.", "258-265 (1924), Proc.", "R. Soc.", "Lond.", "The Royal Society of London held a meeting on 1 April 1925.", "Series A contains papers of a mathematical and physical character.", "No. 105, No.", "pp. 744 was published on April 1, 1925.", "760-762", "The Indian Academy of Science Awards are in Nature 115, 534-534." ]

[ ". Kotcherlakota Rangadhama Rao", "Rangadhama Rao", "Rangadhama Rao", "Kotcherlakota Rangadhama Rao", "Kotcherlakota Venkata Narsing Rao", "Kotcherlakota Rangadhama Rao", "Rangadhama", "Rao", "Rao", "Rangadhama", "Rao", "Rao", "Rao", ". Rangadhama", "Rao", "Rao", ". Rangadhama", "Rao", "Rao", "Rao", ". Rangadhama", "Rao", "Kotcherlakota", "Rao", "Rao", "Kotcherlakota", "Rao", "Rao", "Rao", "Rangadhama", "Rao", "Kotcherlakota", "Rangadhama", "Rao", "Rangadhama", "Rao", "Kotcherlakota", "Rangadhama", "Rao", "Rao", ". Rangadhama", "Rao", ". Rangadhama", "Rao", ". Rangadhama", "Rao" ]

[ "Kotcherlakota Rangadhama Rao", "Rao", "Rao" ]

[ "Florian Witold Znaniecki (15 January 1882 – 23 March 1958) was a Polish philosopher and sociologist who taught and wrote in Poland and in the United States.", "Over the course of his work he shifted his focus from philosophy to sociology.", "He remains a major figure in the history of Polish and American sociology; the founder of Polish academic sociology, and of an entire school of thought in sociology.", "He won international renown as co-author, with William I. Thomas, of the study, The Polish Peasant in Europe and America (1918–1920), which is considered the foundation of modern empirical sociology.", "He also made major contributions to sociological theory, introducing terms such as humanistic coefficient and culturalism.", "In Poland, he established the first Polish department of sociology at Adam Mickiewicz University where he worked from 1920 to 1939.", "His career in the US begun at the University of Chicago (1917 to 1919) and continued at Columbia University (1932 to 1934 and 1939 to 1940) and at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (1942 to 1950).", "He was the 44th President of the American Sociological Association (for the year 1954).", "Life\n\nChildhood and education\nFlorian Znaniecki was born on 15 January 1882 at Świątniki, Congress Poland, a state controlled by the Russian Empire to Leon Znaniecki and Amelia, née Holtz He received early schooling from tutors, then attended secondary schools at Warsaw and Częstochowa.", "While in secondary school, he was a member of an underground study group, specializing in history, literature and philosophy.", "His secondary-school grades were average at best, and he had to repeat a year of school; this was largely due to his extracurricular interest in Polish-language study, which was banned under the Russified school program.", "As a youth, he wrote some poetry, including a drama, Cheops (1903).", "A poem of his, \"Do Prometeusza\" (\"To Prometheus\"), was included in a 1900 anthology; however, neither he in later life, nor literary critics, judged his poetry outstanding.", "He entered the Imperial University of Warsaw in 1902, but was soon expelled after taking part in protests against the Russian administration's curtailment of student rights.", "Threatened with conscription into the Imperial Russian Army, he chose to emigrate and in early 1904 left Warsaw for Switzerland.", "During that period, he was briefly an editor at a French-language literary magazine, Nice Illustrée (late 1904 – early 1905); faked his own death; briefly served in the French Foreign Legion in Algeria; and worked at a flea market, on a farm, in a traveling circus, and as a librarian at the Polish Museum in Rapperswil, Switzerland.", "In Switzerland he soon resumed his university studies, first at the University of Geneva (1905–1907), then at the University of Zurich (1907–1908), eventually transferring to the Sorbonne in Paris, France (1908–1909), where he attended lectures by sociologist Émile Durkheim.", "In 1909, after the death of his supervisor Frédéric Rauh, he returned to Poland, where in 1910 he obtained his Ph.D. degree at Jagiellonian University, in Kraków, under a new supervisor, Maurycy Straszewski.", "Early Polish career\nThat year he also joined the Polish Psychological Society (Polskie Towarzystwo Psychologiczne), in which he would be highly active over the next few years, becoming its vice president in 1913–1914.", "Much of his early academic work at that time could be classified as philosophy.", "In 1909, aged 27, he published his first academic paper, Etyka filozoficzna i nauka o wartościach moralnych (\"Philosophical Ethics and the Science of Moral Values\"); a year later he published Zagadnienie wartości w filozofii (The Question of Values in Philosophy), based on his doctoral dissertation, and a paper, Myśl i rzeczywistosc (\"Mind and Reality\").", "In 1912 he published a new book, Humanizm i Poznanie (Humanism and Knowledge), and a paper, Elementy rzeczywistości praktycznej (\"Elements of Practical Reality\").", "A year later, he published an annotated translation of Henri Bergson's Creative Evolution and a paper, Znaczenie rozwoju świata i człowieka (\"The Meaning of World and Human Development\").", "The year 1914 saw the publication of his papers, Formy i zasady twórczości moralnej (\"Forms and Principles of Moral Creativity\") and Zasada względności jako podstawa filozofii (\"The Principle of Relativity as a Foundation of Philosophy\").", "His works, published in Polish, were well received by the Polish scholarly community and intelligentsia.", "Due to his past political activism, he was unable to secure a post at a major university.", "From 1912 to 1914 he lectured at a novel women's institution of higher education, the Advanced Pedagogical Courses for Women (Wyższe Kursy Pedagogiczne dla Kobiet).", "During his studies, he had worked at several European institutions dealing with Polish immigrants; he would build on his experiences by becoming involved with the Warsaw-based Society for the Welfare of Émigrés (Towarzystwo Opieki nad Wychodźcami), where he worked in 1910–1914.", "By 1911 he was the Society's director and (1911–1912) editor of its journal, Wychodźca Polski (The Polish Émigré).", "Znaniecki became an expert on Polish migration, in 1914 authoring for the government a 500-page report, Wychodźtwo Sezonowe (Seasonal Migration).", "Work with Thomas\n\nA year earlier, in 1913, Znaniecki had met William I. Thomas, an American sociologist who had come to Poland in connection with his research on Polish immigrants in the United States.", "Thomas and Znaniecki had begun to collaborate, and soon Thomas invited Znaniecki to come to Chicago to continue work with him in the United States.", "In July 1914, just on the eve of World War I, Znaniecki left Poland to work with Thomas as a research assistant.", "From 1917 to 1919 Znaniecki also lectured in sociology at the University of Chicago.", "Their work culminated in co-authoring of The Polish Peasant in Europe and America (1918–1920), considered a sociology classic.", "It was his collaboration with Thomas that marked the transition in Znaniecki's career from philosopher to sociologist.", "Znaniecki stayed with Thomas in Chicago until mid-1919, when he moved to New York, following Thomas, who had lost his job at Chicago due to a spurious scandal.", "That year Znaniecki published a new book, still mostly philosophical rather than sociological, Cultural Reality.", "Published in English, it was a synthesis of his philosophical thought.", "In New York, Thomas and Znaniecki carried on research for the Carnegie Corporation on the process of immigrant Americanization.", "Znaniecki contributed to Thomas' book, Old World Traits Transplanted, and published an anonymous solicited article on that topic to the February 1920 Atlantic Monthly.", "Founding Polish sociology\n\nPoland had regained independence following World War I, in 1918.", "In 1919 Znaniecki contacted the newly founded Ministry of Religion and Education, offering to return to Poland if the Ministry could help him secure a chair at a Polish university.", "He proposed creating a novel Institute of Sociology, but bureaucracy and communication delays resulted in that idea being shelved, and he was offered a philosophy professorship at the newly organized Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań.", "In 1920 Znaniecki returned to the newly established Second Polish Republic, where at Poznań University he soon became Poland's first chair in sociology.", "He accomplished this by renaming the department, originally \"Third Philosophical Department\", to \"Department of Sociology and Cultural Philosophy\", doing the same for his chair, and establishing a Sociological Seminary.", "That same year he also founded the Polish Institute of Sociology (Polski Instutut Socjologiczny), the fifth-oldest sociological institute in Europe.", "In 1927 his department was officially renamed to \"department of sociology\", and in 1930 the department gained authorization to issue degrees in sociology.", "In 1930 the Polish Institute of Sociology began publishing the first Polish sociological journal, Przegląd Socjologiczny (The Sociological Review), with Znaniecki its chief editor from 1930 to 1939.", "That year the Institute organized Poland's first academic sociologists' conference.", "Due to his role as founder of so many of its building blocks, Znaniecki is considered as one of the fathers of sociology in Poland.", "Late U.S. career\nKeeping in touch with American sociologists, Znaniecki lectured as a visiting professor at Columbia University in New York in 1932–34 and during the summer of 1939.", "That summer ended the Polish stage of his career, as the German invasion of Poland and the start of World War II prevented his return to Poland.", "He was already aboard a ship bound for Poland when his travel was cut short in the United Kingdom.", "He still briefly considered returning to Poland, where his wife and daughter remained; however, faced with the occupation of Poland, he returned to the United States in 1940.", "His wife and daughter, after being briefly imprisoned in a Nazi concentration camp, joined him.", "With help from American colleagues, Znaniecki obtained an extension of his appointment at Columbia University through mid-1940.", "He then moved to the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and in 1942 obtained American citizenship, allowing him to transition from a visiting to a regular professorship.", "He taught at the University of Illinois until his retirement, deciding not to return to the communist People's Republic of Poland, established in the aftermath of World War II (despite the offer of a chair at Poznań University).", "In 1950 he retired, becoming a professor emeritus.", "He was 44th President of the American Sociological Association (for 1954).", "His presidential address, \"Basic Problems of Contemporary Sociology,\" was delivered on 8 September 1954 at the Association's annual meeting and was later published in the American Sociological Review.", "He died on 23 March 1958 in Champaign, Illinois.", "The cause of death was arteriosclerosis.", "His funeral took place on 26 March, and he was buried at Roselawn Champaign Cemetery .", "Family\nIn 1906 Znaniecki married a fellow Polish student at the University of Geneva, Emilia Szwejkowska.", "They had a son, poet and writer Juliusz Znaniecki, born 1908.", "Znaniecki's wife Emilia died in 1915.", "Next year Znaniecki married Eileen Markley (1886–1976).", "They had one daughter, sociologist Helena Znaniecki Lopata, born 1925.", "Importance\nPolish sociologist and historian of ideas Jerzy Szacki writes that Znaniecki's major contributions include: the founding of sociology in Poland; his work in empirical sociology; and his work in sociological theory.", "Szacki notes that Znaniecki sought to bridge a number of gaps: between empirical sociology and more theoretical approaches; between objectivity and subjectivity; between humanistic and naturalistic methodologies and viewpoints; and between American and European intellectual traditions.", "Szacki writes that, while Znaniecki's theoretical contributions were subsequently pushed into the background by Talcott Parsons' \"functionalism\", Znaniecki offered the most ambitious sociological theory known to America before Parsons.", "Znaniecki's most famous work remains The Polish Peasant in Europe and America (1918–1920), co-authored with William I. Thomas.", "His other major works include Wstęp do socjologii (An Introduction to Sociology, 1922), The Method of Sociology (1934), Social Actions (1936), The Social Role of the Man of Knowledge (1940) and Cultural Sciences (1952).", "Themes\n\nEmpirical sociology\nZnaniecki's contributions to empirical sociology began after, and were influenced by, his collaboration with William I. Thomas.", "The Polish Peasant in Europe and America (1918–1920), a five-volume work which he wrote with Thomas, is considered a classic of empirical sociology.", "It is a study of Polish immigrants to America, based on personal documents.", "The work became a landmark study of Americanization — of how new immigrants to the United States \"become Americans\".", "This work represents Znaniecki's most valued contribution to empirical sociology.", "Most of his other works focused on theory, the only other notable exception being Miasto w świadomości jego obywateli (The City in the Consciousness of its Citizens, 1931).", "Sociology: theory and definition\nA key element of Znaniecki's sociological theory is his view of sociology in particular, and of the social sciences in general, as a scientific field uniquely different from the natural sciences.", "Znaniecki defines sociology as a study of social actions.", "His recommended methodology was analytic induction: analysis of typical case studies, and generalization from them.", "Znaniecki's theories form a major part of sociology's action theory, and his work is a major part of the foundation of humanistic sociology.", "Another term connected with Znaniecki's theories is \"systematic sociology\" (\"socjologia systematyczna\").", "He sought to create a grand sociological theory, one that would bridge the gap between empirical sociology and more theoretical approaches.", "Znaniecki criticized the widespread definition of sociology as the study of society.", "In Znaniecki's culturalist perspective, sociology is a study of culture (though it is not the study of culture, as Znaniecki recognized that other social sciences also study culture).", "His definition of sociology has been described as that of \"a cultural science whose function is to study systems of social interaction based upon patterns of values and norms of behaviour, through the use of the humanistic coefficient\", or more simply, \"the investigation of organized, interdependent interaction among human beings.\"", "The part of the culture that sociology focused on was that of social relation or interaction.", "Znaniecki saw culture as a field separate from nature, but also from individuals' perceptions.", "The essence of culture is socially constructed objects.", "He was one of the first sociologists to begin analyzing personal documents such as letters, autobiographies, diaries, and the like.", "He considered the analysis of such documents an important part of the humanistic-coefficient method.", "Znaniecki saw sociology as an objective, inductive and generalizing science.", "According to Szacki, Znaniecki viewed sociology as a nomothetic science that should be able to use a methodology similar to that of the natural sciences (however, Znaniecki's daughter Helena Znaniecki Lopata, in her introduction to Social Relations and Social Roles, contradicts Szacki, writing that, for Znaniecki, sociology was a science \"whose subject matter calls for a method different from that of the natural sciences.\").", "In 1934 he formulated the principle of analytic induction, designed to identify universal propositions and causal laws.", "He contrasted it with enumerative research, which provided mere correlations and could not account for exceptions in statistical relationships.", "He was also critical of the statistical method, which he did not see as very useful.", "In addition to the science of sociology, Znaniecki was also deeply interested in the larger field of the sociology of science.", "He analyzed the social roles of scientists, and the concept of a school of thought.", "Four social systems\nAccording to Znaniecki, sociology can be divided into the study of four dynamic social systems: social action theory, social relation theory, social actors theory, and social groups theory.", "Znaniecki saw social actions as the foundation of a society, as they give rise to more complex social relations, and he saw this theory as the foundation of all the others.", "Unlike Max Weber, he did not believe that everything can be reduced to social actions; he was also quite skeptical of any insights coming from the science of psychology, which he held in low esteem.", "The four major forms of cooperative interaction, or four social systems, in growing complexity, were:\n social actions (in Polish, \"czyny społeczne\" or \"czynności społeczne\"): the most basic type of social fact;\n social relations (in Polish, \"stosunki społeczne\"): these require at least two persons and a mutual obligation; the study of social relations is the study of norms regulating social actions;\n social personalities (in Polish, \"osoby społeczne\" or \"osobowości społeczne\"): the combined picture that emerges from a number of different social roles that an individual has;\n social group (in Polish, \"grupa społeczna\"): any group which is recognized by some as a separate entity; Znaniecki saw a society as a group of groups, but denied it primacy as an area that the sociologist should focus on (while at the same time recognizing that most sociologists differed on this).", "The four-category division described above appeared in his 1934 book, The Method of Sociology.", "By 1958 he had reformulated the division, and was speaking instead of social relations, social roles, social groups, and societies.", "Sociology of culture\nZnaniecki coined the term \"humanistic coefficient\" for a method of social research by way of data analysis that emphasizes participants' perceptions of the experience being analyzed.", "The humanistic coefficient sees all social facts as being created by social actors and as being understandable only from their perspective.", "Thus the sociologist ought to study reality by trying to understand how others see the world, not (objectively) as an independent observer; in other words, the scientist needs to understand the subject's world.", "While some have criticized this approach as being too close to subjectivism, Znaniecki himself saw it as anti-subjectivist; he observed that social facts such as cultural systems can exist even if no one perceives their existence.", "He was also skeptical of any value coming from personal, subjective observations, arguing that such observations have value only if they can be objectively described.", "He argued that the difference between the natural and social sciences lies not in the difference between objective and subjective experiences, but in the subject being studied: for Znaniecki, the natural sciences studied things, and the social sciences studied cultural values.", "Znaniecki characterized the world as being caught within two contrary modes of reflection; idealism and realism.", "He proposed a third way, which he called \"culturalism\".", "His culturalism was one of the founding ideas of modern antipositivist and antinaturalist sociology.", "The term \"culturalism\" was introduced into English in his book, Cultural Reality (1919), and was translated into Polish as \"kulturalizm\"; previously Znaniecki had discussed the concept in Polish as \"humanism\" (\"humanizm\").", "Elżbieta Hałas has insisted on a gradual evolution of Znaniecki's sociology of culture from Cultural Reality to Cultural Sciences, his most reviewed book, which was published more than thirty years later, in 1952.", "By that time, Znaniecki saw the cultural order as \"axionormative\", a universal concept encompassing “relationships among all kind of human actions” and the corresponding values.", "Hałas noted that this approach put him at odds with what was the dominant approach of the sociology of culture in the 1950s, whose most authoritative exponents were Americans who regarded Znaniecki's approach as typically European and hardly applicable to the analysis of culture in the United States.", "Other themes\nZnaniecki's work also touched on many other areas of sociology, such as intergroup conflict, urban sociology, and rural sociology.", "Works\nZnaniecki's first academic works, of the 1910s, were more philosophical than sociological in nature; beginning in the 1920s, his works were primarily sociological.", "His Cultural Reality (1919) was a synthesis of his philosophical thought, but the simultaneous publication of his much more popular The Polish Peasant in Europe and America (1918–1920) associated his name in academic circles primarily with sociology rather than with philosophy.", "His early works focused on analysis of culture and strongly criticized the principles of sociological naturalism.", "Szacki notes a puzzling gap in Znaniecki's research: while he was well-read in, and engaged with, most previous and current theories, he largely ignored the works of some notable sociologists of his time such as Max Weber, Vilfredo Pareto and Talcott Parsons.", "On the other hand, his works engaged closely with those of William I. Thomas, Georg Simmel, Robert E. Park, and Émile Durkheim.", "His The Method of Sociology first introduced his concept of divisions within subfields of sociology.", "His most notable works included two books published in the same year (1952): Modern Nationalities, and Cultural Sciences.", "The former is an analysis of the evolution of national-culture societies, and the latter presents a theoretical study of the relation between sociology and other sciences.", "Znaniecki never finished his magnum opus, Systematic Sociology, which would eventually be collected and published posthumously in its unfinished but final form as Social Relations and Social Roles: The Unfinished Systematic Sociology (1965).", "List of works\nRoughly half of Znaniecki's published works are in English; the rest, in Polish.", "In English:\n The Polish Peasant in Europe and America (with William I. Thomas, 5 vols., 1918–1920).", "\"The Principle of Relativity and Philosophical Absolutism\", The Philosophical Review, vol.", "24, no.", "2 (March 1915), pp.", "150–164.", "Cultural Reality, Chicago, 1919.", "\"The Subject Matter and Tasks of the Science of Knowledge\", translated by Christopher Kasparek (first published in Polish as \"Przedmiot i zadania nauki o wiedzy\", 1923), Polish Contributions to the Science of Science, edited by Bohdan Walentynowicz, Dordrecht, D. Reidel Publishing Company, 1982, , pp.", "1–81.", "(Znaniecki proposes the founding of a new empirically based science which would study science itself, and which he terms \"the science of knowledge\"; Znaniecki's proposed meta-science has since been called by various other names, including \"the science of science\", \"the sociology of science\", and \"logology\".)", "The Laws of Social Psychology, Warsaw, 1926.", "The Method of Sociology, New York, 1934.", "Social Actions, New York 1936.", "The Social Role of the Man of Knowledge, New York, 1940.", "Cultural Sciences: Their Origin and Development, Urbana, 1952.", "Modern Nationalities, Urbana, 1952.", "Social Relations and Social Roles: The Unfinished Systematic Sociology, San Francisco, 1965\n On Humanistic Sociology (a selection of works edited by R. Bierstedt), Chicago, 1969.", "The Social Role of the University Student, Poznań, 1994.", "In Polish:\n Zagadnienie wartości w filozofii (The Question of Value in Philosophy), Warsaw, 1910.", "Humanizm i poznanie (Humanism and Knowledge), Warsaw, 1912.", "Upadek cywilizacji zachodniej: Szkic z pogranicza filozofii kultury i socjologii (The Decline of Western Civilization: A Sketch from the Interface of Cultural Philosophy and Sociology), Poznań, 1921.", "Wstęp do socjologii (An Introduction to Sociology), Poznań, 1922.", "\"Przedmiot i zadania nauki o wiedzy\" (\"The Subject Matter and Tasks of the Science of Knowledge\"), Nauka Polska (Polish Science), vol.", "IV (1923), no.", "1.", "(English translation: \"The Subject Matter and Tasks of the Science of Knowledge\", translated by Christopher Kasparek, Polish Contributions to the Science of Science, edited by Bohdan Walentynowicz, Dordrecht, D. Reidel Publishing Company, 1982, , pp.", "1–81.)", "Socjologia wychowania (The Sociology of Education), Warsaw (vol.", "I: 1928; vol.", "II: 1930).", "Miasto w świadomości jego obywateli (The City in the Consciousness of Its Citizens), Poznań, 1931.", "Ludzie teraźniejsi a cywilizacja przyszłości (Contemporary People and the Civilization of the Future), Lwów, 1934.", "See also \n History of philosophy in Poland\n List of Poles in social sciences\n Origins of logology (science of science)\n Sociology in Poland\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n\n \n Short bio from American Sociological Association\n Short bio from the Oxford Dictionary of Sociology\n Florian Znaniecki Society\n Guide to the Florian Znaniecki Papers 1918–1968 at the University of Chicago\n Elżbieta Hałas, The Humanistic Approach of Florian Znaniecki, see also this article\n Aleksander Gella, Reviewed work(s): Florian Znaniecki: Zycie i Dzielo.", "by Zygmunt Dulczewski, in Slavic Review, Vol.", "45, No.", "2 (Summer, 1986), pp.", "374–375 (review consists of 2 pages) JSTOR\n Helena Znaniecki-Lopata, Florian Znaniecki: Creative evolution of a sociologist\n William Thomas and Florian Znaniecki.", "The Polish Peasant in Europe and America.", "2 vol 1920; famous classic complete 5 vol text online (public domain)\n Cultural Reality.", "Chicago: University of Chicago Press (1919).", "The Laws of Social Psychology.", "Chicago: University of Chicago Press (1925).", "\"Group Crises Produced by Voluntary Undertakings\" In K. Young (ed) Social Attitudes.", "New York: Henry Holt (1931): 265–290.", "\"The Analysis of Social Processes.\"", "Publications of the American Sociological Society: Papers and Proceedings, Twenty-seventh Annual Meeting.", "XXVII (1932): 37–43.", "\"William I. Thomas as a Collaborator.\"", "Sociology and Social Research 32 (1948): 765–767.", "\"Intellectual America.", "By a European\" (Florian Znaniecki, edited by W. I.Thomas)\n Photos of Znaniecki (of unknown copyright status) are available at: , , \n\n1882 births\n1958 deaths\nCongress Poland emigrants to the United States\nAmerican sociologists\nPolish sociologists\nJagiellonian University alumni\nAdam Mickiewicz University in Poznań faculty\nUniversity of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign faculty\nUniversity of Warsaw alumni\nPresidents of the American Sociological Association\nHistorians of Polish Americans\nColumbia University faculty\n20th-century Polish philosophers\nPeople from Włocławek County" ]

[ "He was a Polish philosopher and sociologist who taught and wrote in Poland and the United States.", "He shifted his focus from philosophy to sociology.", "He is a major figure in the history of Polish and American sociology, as well as the founder of Polish academic sociology.", "The Polish Peasant in Europe and America, co-authored by him and William I. Thomas, is considered the foundation of modern empirical sociology.", "Major contributions to sociological theory were made by him.", "In Poland, he established the first department of sociology in the country.", "His career in the US began at the University of Chicago in 1917, and continued at Columbia University from 1934 to 1940, and the University of Illinois from 1942 to 1950.", "He was the 44th President of the American Sociological Association.", "He was born at witniki, Congress Poland, a state controlled by the Russian Empire, and attended secondary schools in Warsaw and C.", "He was a member of an underground study group specializing in history, literature and philosophy.", "His secondary-school grades were average at best, and he had to repeat a year of school because of his interest in Polish-language study, which was banned under the Russified school program.", "He wrote a drama, Cheops, as a youth.", "His poem, \"Do Prometeusza\", was included in a 1900 anthology, but neither he nor literary critics liked it.", "After taking part in protests against the Russian administration's curtailment of student rights, he was kicked out of the Imperial University of Warsaw.", "He left Warsaw for Switzerland in 1904 after being forced to serve in the Imperial Russian Army.", "He was an editor at a French-language literary magazine, Nice Illustrée, faked his own death, served in the French Foreign Legion in Algeria, and worked at a flea market.", "He attended the Sorbonne in Paris, France, where he attended lectures by sociologist mile Durkheim, after returning to Switzerland.", "After the death of his supervisor, he returned to Poland, where he obtained his PhD degree in 1910.", "He joined the Polish Psychological Society in 1913 and became its vice president in 1914.", "His early academic work could be classified as philosophy.", "He published his first academic paper in 1909 at the age of 27.", "He published a new book and a paper in 1912.", "An annotated translation of Henri Bergson's Creative Evolution was published a year later.", "The year 1914 saw the publication of his papers.", "His works were well received by the Polish community.", "He was unable to get a post at a major university because of his political activism.", "He lectured at the Advanced Pedagogical Courses for Women from 1912 to 1914.", "He became involved with the Society for the Welfare of migrés after working at several European institutions dealing with Polish immigrants.", "He was the Society's director and editor of the journal Wychodca Polski.", "In 1914, Znaniecki was an expert on Polish migration, authoring a 500-page report for the government.", "In 1913, Znaniecki met William I. Thomas, an American sociologist who was researching Polish immigrants in the United States.", "Thomas invited Znaniecki to come to Chicago to continue working with him in the United States after they began to collaborate.", "On the eve of World War I, Znaniecki left Poland to work with Thomas as a research assistant.", "Znaniecki lectured in sociology at the University of Chicago from 1917 to 1919.", "The Polish Peasant in Europe and America is considered a sociology classic.", "The transition from philosopher to sociologist was marked by his collaboration with Thomas.", "After Thomas lost his job at Chicago due to a spurious scandal, Znaniecki moved to New York.", "A new book, Cultural Reality, was published in that year.", "It was a synthesis of his thought.", "The research was done for the Carnegie Corporation in New York.", "An anonymous article about the topic of Old World Traits Transplanted was published in the February 1920 Atlantic Monthly.", "Poland regained independence after World War I.", "Znaniecki offered to return to Poland if the Ministry could help him get a chair at a Polish university.", "bureaucracy and communication delays resulted in the creation of a novel Institute of Sociology being scrapped, but he was offered a philosophy professorship at the Adam Mickiewicz University in Pozna.", "He became Poland's first chair in sociology after returning to the Second Polish Republic in 1920.", "He changed the department from \"Third Philosophical Department\" to \"Department of Sociology and Cultural Philosophy\" and established a Sociological Seminary.", "The Polish Institute of Sociology is the fifth-oldest sociological institute in Europe.", "In 1927 his department was renamed to the \"department of sociology\", and in 1930 the department gained authorization to issue degrees in sociology.", "The first Polish sociological journal was published in 1930 by the Polish Institute of Sociology.", "Poland's first academic sociologists' conference was organized by the Institute.", "One of the fathers of sociology in Poland is due to his role as founder of so many of its building blocks.", "In the summer of 1939 Znaniecki lectured as a visiting professor at Columbia University in New York, keeping in touch with American sociologists.", "The German invasion of Poland and the start of World War II ended the Polish stage of his career.", "He was on a ship in the United Kingdom when his travel was cut short.", "He briefly considered returning to Poland, where his wife and daughter remained, but he returned to the United States in 1940 because of the occupation of Poland.", "After being imprisoned in a Nazi concentration camp, his wife and daughter joined him.", "An extension of his appointment at Columbia University was obtained with help from American colleagues.", "After obtaining American citizenship in 1942, he was able to transition from a visiting professor to a regular professor at the University of Illinois.", "He decided not to return to the communist People's Republic of Poland, which was established after World War II, despite the offer of a chair at Pozna University.", "He retired as a professor in 1950.", "He was the 44th President of the American Sociological Association.", "His address \"Basic Problems of Contemporary Sociology\" was published in the American Sociological Review after it was delivered at the Association's annual meeting.", "He died in Illinois.", "arteriosclerosis was the cause of death.", "He was buried at Roselawn Cemetery after his funeral on 26 March.", "The family of Znaniecki and Szwejkowska were married in 1906.", "Juliusz Znaniecki was a poet and writer.", "The wife of Znaniecki died in 1915.", "Eileen Markley was married to Znaniecki next year.", "They had one daughter who was a sociologist.", "Jerzy Szacki writes that the founding of sociology in Poland, his work in empirical sociology, and his work in sociological theory are Znaniecki's major contributions.", "There are a number of gaps between empirical sociology and more theoretical approaches, between objectivity and subjectivity, and between American and European intellectual traditions.", "The most ambitious sociological theory known to America before the invention of \"functionalism\" was offered by Znaniecki.", "The Polish Peasant in Europe and America was co-authored with William I. Thomas.", "Wstp do socjologii is one of his major works.", "His collaboration with William I. Thomas influenced his contributions to empirical sociology.", "The Polish Peasant in Europe and America is considered a classic of empirical sociology.", "The study is based on personal documents.", "The study of Americanization was a landmark study of how new immigrants to the United States become Americans.", "The most valued contribution to empirical sociology is this work.", "The only other work that focused on theory was Miasto w wiadomoci jego obywateli (The City in the Consciousness of its Citizens, 1931).", "A key element of Znaniecki's sociological theory is his view of sociology in particular, and of the social sciences in general, as a scientific field uniquely different from the natural sciences.", "Sociology is a study of social actions.", "His recommended methodology was an analysis of typical case studies.", "Sociology's action theory is a major part of Znaniecki's work.", "\"systematic sociology\" is connected to Znaniecki's theories.", "He wanted to create a grand sociological theory that would bridge the gap between empirical sociology and more theoretical approaches.", "Sociology is defined as the study of society.", "Sociology is a study of culture in Znaniecki's culturalist perspective, as other social sciences also study culture.", "According to his definition of sociology, it is a cultural science whose function is to study systems of social interaction based upon patterns of values and norms of behavior.", "Sociology focused on social relation or interaction in the culture.", "Culture is a field separate from nature.", "Socially constructed objects are the essence of culture.", "He was one of the first sociologists to begin analyzing personal documents.", "The analysis of such documents is an important part of the method.", "Sociology was seen as an objective, generalizing science.", "Sociology should be able to use a methodology similar to that of the natural sciences in order to be a nomothetic science according to Szacki.", "The principle of analytic induction was formulated in 1934.", "He contrasted it with research that did not account for exceptions in statistical relationships.", "He didn't think the statistical method was very useful.", "Znaniecki was interested in the larger field of sociology of science, as well as the science of sociology.", "The concept of a school of thought was analyzed by him.", "Sociology can be studied in four different ways: social action theory, social relation theory, social actors theory, and social groups theory.", "As social actions give rise to more complex social relations, he saw this theory as the foundation of all the others.", "He was skeptical of the science of psychology, which he held in low esteem, and he did not believe that everything can be reduced to social actions.", "The most basic type of social fact was one of the four major forms of cooperative interaction.", "He wrote The Method of Sociology in 1934.", "He reformulated the division and spoke instead of social relations, social roles, social groups, and societies.", "Sociology of culture Znaniecki came up with the term \"humanistic coefficient\" for a method of social research that emphasizes participants' perception of the experience being analyzed.", "All social facts are created by social actors and can only be understood from their perspective.", "The sociologist should study reality by trying to understand how others see it, and the scientist should understand the subject's world.", "While some have criticized this approach as being too close to subjectivism, Znaniecki himself saw it as anti-subjectivist; he observed that social facts such as cultural systems can exist even if no one sees them.", "He argued that personal, subjective observations have value only if they can be objectively described.", "The difference between the natural and social sciences is not the difference between objective and subjective experiences, but the difference between cultural values and things.", "The world is being caught in two different modes of reflection.", "He called it culturalism.", "One of the founding ideas of modern antipositivist and antinaturalist sociology was his culturalism.", "In his 1919 book, Cultural Reality, the term \"culturalism\" was introduced into English and translated into Polish.", "Elbieta Haas insisted on a gradual evolution of the sociology of culture from Cultural Reality to Cultural Sciences, his most reviewed book, which was published more than thirty years later.", "The cultural order was seen by Znaniecki as a universal concept of relationships among all kind of human actions and the corresponding values.", "Haas noted that this approach put him at odds with what was the dominant approach of the sociology of culture in the 1950s, whose most authoritative exponents were Americans who regarded Znaniecki's approach as typically European and hardly applicable to the analysis of culture in the United States.", "Intergroup conflict, urban sociology, and rural sociology were some of the areas that were touched on in the other themes of Znaniecki's work.", "In the 1910s, Znaniecki's first academic works were more about philosophy than sociology, while his works in the 1920s were mostly about sociology.", "The Polish Peasant in Europe and America, which was published simultaneously with his Cultural Reality, was associated with sociology rather than philosophy.", "He criticized the principles of sociological naturalism in his early works.", "While he was well-read in, and engaged with, most previous and current theories, he largely ignored the works of some notable sociologists of his time such as Max Weber.", "His works were closely related to those of William I. Thomas, Robert E. Park, and mile Durkheim.", "The concept of divisions within subfields of sociology was introduced by The Method of Sociology.", "Two books were published in the same year, Modern Nationalities and Cultural Sciences.", "The first is an analysis of the evolution of national-culture societies and the second is a study of the relation between sociology and other sciences.", "The unfinished Social Relations and Social Roles: The Unfinished Systematic Sociology was collected and published posthumously.", "Half of Znaniecki's published works are in English and the other half in Polish.", "The Polish Peasant in Europe and America was written in English.", "The philosophy review has a piece on the principle of Relativity and philosophy.", "24, no.", "In March 1915, pp. 2.", "150–164.", "The cultural reality of Chicago in 1919.", "\"Przedmiot i zadania nauki o wiedzy\", translated by Christopher Kasparek as \"The Subject Matter and Tasks of the Science of Knowledge\", was published in 1923.", "1–16.", "Znaniecki proposes the founding of a new empirically based science which would study science itself, and which he terms \"the science of knowledge.\" Znaniecki's proposed meta-science has since been called by various other names, including \"the science of science\"", "The laws of social psychology were written in Warsaw.", "The method of sociology was published in New York in 1934.", "Social actions in New York in 1936.", "The Social Role of the Man of Knowledge was published in New York in 1940.", "Cultural Sciences: Their Origin and Development was published in 1952.", "Modern Nationalities was in Urbana in 1952.", "Social Relations and Social Roles: The Unfinished Systematic Sociology, San Francisco, 1965, On Humanistic Sociology, Chicago, 1969.", "The Social Role of the University Student was published in 1994.", "In Polish, the question of value in philosophy is referred to as Zagadnienie wartoci w filozofii.", "Humanizm i poznanie was founded in Warsaw in 1912.", "The Decline of Western Civilization: A Sketch from the Interface of Cultural Philosophy and Sociology was published in 1921.", "Wstp do socjologii was published in 1922.", "\"Przedmiot i zadania nauki o wiedzy\" is a work by Nauka Polska.", "IV (1923), no.", "1.", "Christopher Kasparek translated \"The Subject Matter and Tasks of the Science of Knowledge\" from Polish to English.", "1–10.", "The Sociology of Education was published in Warsaw.", "I was published in 1928.", "I: 1930.", "The City in the Consciousness of Its Citizens was founded in 1931.", "Przyszoci (Contemporary People and the Civilization of the Future), Lww, 1934, is a cywilizacja przyszoci.", "The History of philosophy in Poland includes a list of Poles in social sciences.", "In Slavic Review, Vol.", "45, No.", "2 was published in the summer of 1986.", "The review consists of 2 pages.", "The Polish Peasant lived in Europe and America.", "The famous classic complete 5 vol text online is called Cultural Reality.", "The University of Chicago Press was published in 1919.", "The laws of psychology.", "The University of Chicago Press was published in Chicago.", "In K. Young's Social Attitudes, there is a book called \" Group Crises produced by Voluntary Undertakings\".", "New York: Henry Holt.", "The analysis of social processes.", "Papers and Proceedings of the American Sociological Society have been published.", "The XXVII was published in the late 19th century.", "William I. Thomas was a co-conspirator.", "Sociology and Social Research 32 was published in 1948.", "\"Intellectual America.\"", "There are photos of Florian Znaniecki available at:,, 1882 births, 1958 deaths, Congress Poland to the United States, American sociologists, and Jagiellonian University." ]

[ "Florian Witold Znaniecki", "Florian", "Znaniecki", "Leon Znaniecki", "Znaniecki", "Znaniecki", "Znaniecki", "Znaniecki", "Znaniecki", "Znaniecki", "Znaniecki", "Znaniecki", "Znaniecki", "Znaniecki", "Znaniecki", "Helena Znaniecki", "Znaniecki", "Znaniecki", "Znaniecki", "Znaniecki", "Znaniecki", "Znaniecki", "Znaniecki", "Znaniecki", "Znaniecki", "Znaniecki", "Helena Znaniecki", "Znaniecki", "Znaniecki", "Znaniecki", "Znaniecki", "Znaniecki", "Znaniecki", "Znaniecki", "Znaniecki", "Florian", "Helena Znaniecki", "Florian", "Florian", "Florian" ]

[ "Znaniecki", "Znaniecki", "Znaniecki", "Znaniecki", "Znaniecki", "Znaniecki", "Znaniecki", "Znaniecki", "Znaniecki", "Znaniecki", "Znaniecki", "Znaniecki", "Znaniecki", "Znaniecki", "Znaniecki", "Znaniecki", "Znaniecki", "Znaniecki", "Znaniecki", "Znaniecki", "Znaniecki", "Znaniecki", "Florian", "Znaniecki" ]

[ "Pedro Alexander Florimón Jr. (born December 10, 1986), is a Dominican professional baseball shortstop who is a free agent.", "He has played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Baltimore Orioles, Minnesota Twins, Pittsburgh Pirates, and Philadelphia Phillies.", "In , Florimón was signed by the Orioles, as a non-drafted free agent.", "He made his MLB debut, in .", "Personal life\nFlorimón was born in La Romana, Dominican Republic, which he described as a \"medium-sized\" town.", "His favorite Major League Baseball player is Omar Vizquel.", "Professional baseball career\n\nBaltimore Orioles\nFlorimón was signed by the Orioles as a non-drafted free agent on June 18, 2004.", "He played in the Dominican Summer League in 2004 and 2005.", "In 2006, he played for the rookie-level Bluefield Orioles, and the Class-A Short-Season Aberdeen IronBirds.", "With Bluefield, he batted .333 with 23 runs, 40 hits, 6 doubles, 1 triple, 1 home run, 8 RBIs, and 7 stolen bases in 33 games.", "He led the Bluefields in stolen bases and caught stealing (6); and was second in bases on balls (28) and batting average.", "With the IronBirds, he batted .248 with 13 runs, 26 hits, 4 doubles, 1 triple, and 5 RBIs in 26 games.", "In 2007, he spent the entire season with the Class-A Delmarva Shorebirds and batted .197 with 50 runs, 73 hits, 14 doubles, 1 triple, 4 home runs, 34 RBIs, and 16 stolen bases in 111 games.", "The next season, Florimón again played for the Class-A Delmarva Shorebirds.", "In 81 games, he batted .223 with 28 runs, 60 hits, 18 doubles, 1 triple, 19 RBIs, and 13 stolen bases.", "In 2009, he spent most of the season with the Class-A Advanced Frederick Keys of the Carolina League; however, he spent some of the season with the Double-A Bowie Baysox of the Eastern League.", "With the Keys, he batted .267 with 76 runs, 115 hits, 32 doubles, 5 triples, 9 home runs, 68 RBIs, and 26 stolen bases in 115 games.", "On the team, he was first in triples; second in runs, stolen bases, and caught stealing (9); and was third in RBIs, and bases on balls (42).", "Florimón was selected to the Carolina League mid-season All-Star game.", "He was also named the Carolina League's Player of the Week for the week of August 17–23.", "Florimón played 7 games with the Baysox, and batted .091 with 2 hits, and 1 RBI.", "On November 19, Florimón was placed on the Orioles 40-man roster after his contract was purchased from Bowie.", "He was re-signed by the Orioles on March 9.", "Florimón spent spring training with the Orioles until March 26, when he was assigned to Double-A Bowie.", "Florimón started the 2010 season with Bowie.", "On May 26, he was placed on the seven-day disabled list.", "He made his major league debut with the Orioles on September 10.", "Minnesota Twins\nOn December 5, 2011, he was claimed off waivers by the Minnesota Twins.", "In 2012, Florimón played in 43 games for the Twins, amassing 137 at bats.", "He hit .219 with one home run and 10 RBIs.", "The next season, Florimón competed for the starting shortstop position, which he won by default.", "In 2012, in 137 at bats he batted .219/.272/.307.", "Florimón opened the 2013 season as the starting shortstop for the Twins.", "Despite his strong defensive play at shortstop, Florimón struggled mightily at the plate.", "In 443 at bats, he hit .221 with 9 home runs, stole 15 bases in 21 attempts, and walked 33 times while striking out 115 times.", "For the 2014 season, Florimón was anointed the starting shortstop once again, but lasted just 33 games before being demoted the Rochester Red Wings of the Class AAA International League.", "During his brief stint at the beginning of the season, Florimón hit under the Mendoza line (.092) as he collected just 7 hits in his 76 at bats for Minnesota.", "He finished the season with Rochester without receiving a September call-up.", "Pittsburgh Pirates\nOn September 18, 2014, the Washington Nationals claimed Florimón from the Twins off of waivers.", "On November 20, the Pittsburgh Pirates claimed Florimón from the Nationals off of waivers.", "He was designated for assignment on April 5, 2015.", "On April 11, he was outrighted to the Indianapolis Indians.", "On July 22, he was called up and made his season debut as the starting shortstop.", "Three days later on July 25, he switched his uniform number from 17 to 23 to accommodate the newly acquired Aramis Ramírez so Ramirez could wear number 17 since his longtime uniform number 16 was already being worn by first base coach Nick Leyva.", "On August 18, Florimon hit a walk-off triple against the Diamondbacks to give Bucs a 9–8 win in the 15th.", "The 2015 Season saw Florimon wear 3 different uniform numbers: 17 (July 22 – July 24), 23 (July 25 – August 19) and 51 (September 2 -End of the Season).", "He was outrighted on November 2, 2016, and elected free agency.", "Philadelphia Phillies\nIn December 2016, Florimón signed a minor league contract with the Philadelphia Phillies.", "He was called up by the Phillies on August 17, 2017, making his Phillies debut in the outfield.", "He suffered a broken ankle September 2 versus the Marlins after rolling and dislocating his right ankle while crossing first base legging out an infield single.", "For the season, in 46 at bats he batted .348/.388/.478.", "Florimon signed a minor league contract with the Phillies on November 13.", "Florimon began the 2018 season playing for the Phillies, but on May 29 he fouled a ball off his right foot and broke it, and was put on the disabled list.", "He was batting .263/.323/.491 in 57 at bats at the time, and had played for the Phillies at shortstop, pitcher, right field, center field, and third base.", "For the season, he batted .225/.276/.423, with 2 home runs and 5 RBIs in 71 at bats.", "Atlanta Braves\nOn November 26, 2018, Florimón signed a minor-league deal with the Atlanta Braves with an invitation to spring training.", "He elected free agency on November 4, 2019.", "San Diego Padres\nOn January 18, 2021, Florimón signed a minor league contract with the San Diego Padres organization.", "Batting and running \nScout.com opined that Florimón has trouble hitting a breaking ball, and that he often looks \"lost at the plate.\"", "However, they also stated that he has \"impressive plate discipline, if all he is seeing are fastballs.\"", "The site also described him as a \"plus runner.\"", "References\n\nExternal links\n\n1986 births\nLiving people\nAberdeen IronBirds players\nBaltimore Orioles players\nBluefield Orioles players\nBowie Baysox players\nDelmarva Shorebirds players\nDominican Republic expatriate baseball players in the United States\nEl Paso Chihuahuas players\nEstrellas Orientales players\nFrederick Keys players\nGwinnett Stripers players\nIndianapolis Indians players\nLehigh Valley IronPigs players\nLeones del Escogido players\nMajor League Baseball players from the Dominican Republic\nMajor League Baseball second basemen\nMajor League Baseball shortstops\nMajor League Baseball third basemen\nMajor League Baseball outfielders\nMinnesota Twins players\nNew Britain Rock Cats players\nPeople from La Romana, Dominican Republic\nPhiladelphia Phillies players\nPittsburgh Pirates players\nRochester Red Wings players\nClearwater Threshers players\nReading Fightin Phils players\nToros del Este players" ]

[ "Pedro Alexander Florimn Jr. is a Dominican professional baseball player who is a free agent.", "He played for the Baltimore Orioles, Minnesota Twins, Pittsburgh Pirates, and Philadelphia Phillies in Major League Baseball.", "The Orioles signed Florimn as a non-drafted free agent.", "He made his MLB debut.", "He was born in La Romana, a small town in the Dominican Republic.", "He has a favorite Major League Baseball player.", "On June 18, 2004, the Baltimore Orioles signed Florimn as a non-drafted free agent.", "He played in the Dominican Summer League.", "He played for the Bluefield Orioles and Aberdeen IronBirds.", "He hit.333 with 23 runs, 40 hits, 6 doubles, 1 triple, 1 home run, 8 RBIs, and 7 stolen bases in 33 games with Bluefield.", "He led the Bluefields in stolen bases and caught stealing, and was second in bases on balls and batting average.", "He hit.248 with 13 runs, 26 hits, 4 doubles, 1 triple, and 5 RBIs in 26 games with the IronBirds.", "He spent the entire season with the Class-A Delmarva Shorebirds, batting.197 with 50 runs, 73 hits, 14 doubles, 1 triple, 4 home runs, 34 RBIs, and 16 stolen bases.", "He played for the Class-A Delmarva Shorebirds the next season.", "He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "He spent most of the season with the Frederick Keys of the Carolina League, but some of the season with the Baysox of the Eastern League.", "He hit.265 with 76 runs, 115 hits, 32 doubles, 5 triples, 9 home runs, and 26 stolen bases in 115 games with the Keys.", "He was first in triples, second in runs, stolen bases, and caught stealing, and third in bases on balls.", "The All-Star game is held in the Carolina League.", "He was named the Carolina League's Player of the Week for the week of August 17–23.", "Florimn played 7 games with the Baysox, batting.091 with 2 hits and 1RBI.", "On November 19 of this year, Florimn was placed on the Orioles 40-man roster.", "The Orioles re-signed him on March 9.", "He was assigned to Double-A Bowie on March 26 after spending spring training with the Orioles.", "The first game of the 2010 season was played by Florimn.", "He was placed on the disabled list on May 26.", "On September 10, he made his major league debut for the Orioles.", "He was claimed off waivers by the Minnesota Twins.", "In 2012 Florimn played in 43 games for the Twins, amassing 137 at bats.", "He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "In the next season, he won the starting position by default.", "He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "The starting infielder for the Twins was Florimn.", "Florimn struggled at the plate despite his strong defensive play.", "He hit.221 with 9 home runs, stole 15 bases in 21 attempts, and walked 33 times while striking out 115 times.", "Florimn was demoted to the Rochester Red Wings of the Class A International League after just 33 games.", "During his brief stint at the beginning of the season, Florimn hit under the Mendoza line (.092) as he collected just 7 hits in 76 at bats for Minnesota.", "He didn't get a September call-up for Rochester.", "The Washington Nationals claimed Florimn from the Twins off of waivers.", "The Pittsburgh Pirates claimed Florimn from the Nationals on November 20.", "He was assigned to work on April 5, 2015.", "He was sent to the Indianapolis Indians on April 11.", "He made his season debut as the starting shortstop on July 22.", "On July 25th, he changed his uniform number from 17 to 23 to accommodate Ramirez, who was already wearing the number 16 since first base coach Nick Leyva was already wearing it.", "In the 15th, Florimon hit a walk-off triple to give the Pirates a 9–8 win.", "The uniform numbers for the season were 17 (July 22 - July 24), 23 (July 25 - August 19) and 51 (September 2 -End of the Season).", "On November 2, 2016 he was elected free agency.", "In December of 2016 Florimn signed a minor league contract with Philadelphia.", "He made his Philadelphia debut in the outfielder on August 17th.", "He broke his ankle when he rolled his ankle crossing first base and hit an infield single.", "He hit.348/.388/.478 in 46 at bats for the season.", "The minor league contract was signed by Florimon.", "On May 29 he broke his foot when he fouled a ball off his foot and was put on the disabled list.", "At the time, he was batting.263/.323/.491 in 57 at bats, and had played for several teams.", "He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "The Atlanta Braves invited Florimn to spring training after he signed a minor-league deal.", "He was elected free agency on November 4, 2019.", "On January 18, 2021, Florimn signed a minor league contract with the San Diego Padres.", "Scout.com said that Florimn has trouble hitting a breaking ball and often looks lost at the plate.", "If all he is seeing are fastballs, he has impressive plate discipline.", "He was described as a \"plus runner\" by the site.", "References External links 1986 births Living people Aberdeen IronBirds players Baltimore Orioles players Bluefield Orioles players Bowie Baysox players Delmarva Shorebirds players Dominican Republic expatriate baseball players in the United States" ]

[ "Pedro Alexander Florimón Jr", "Florimón", "Florimón", "Florimón", "Florimón", "Florimón", "Florimón", "Florimón", "Florimón", "Florimón", "Florimón", "Florimón", "Florimón" ]

[ "Pedro Alexander Florimn Jr" ]

[ "Irving John Gill (April 26, 1870 – October 7, 1936), was an American architect.", "He did most of his work in Southern California, especially in San Diego and Los Angeles.", "He is considered a pioneer of the modern movement in architecture.", "Twelve of his buildings throughout Southern California are listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and many others are designated as historic by local governments.", "Early life\nGill was born on April 26, 1870, in Tully, New York to Joseph and Cynthia Scullen Gill.", "His father was a farmer, and later a carpenter.", "As a child, Gill attended the Madison Street School in Syracuse.", "By 1889, Gill was working as a draftsman under Ellis G. Hall in Syracuse.", "Then, in 1890, he moved to Chicago to work with Joseph Lyman Silsbee, who was Hall's partner years prior.", "Finally, in 1891, Gill went to Adler and Sullivan.", "His apprenticeship there coincided with several import Chicago School architects including Frank Lloyd Wright.", "While there, he worked on the Transportation Building, an exhibition hall at the 1893 Chicago World's Fair.", "Long after his death it was claimed that Gill never saw the end of that project due to illness.", "The veracity of this claim has never been documented and is highly unlikely.", "In 1893, the year of the Fair, he moved to San Diego to open his own architectural practice.", "Career\nOnce Gill settled in San Diego, his health improved, and he began an architectural practice of his own.", "Though he was reported to have been working around this time, records of his projects were not well preserved.", "In 1894, Gill partnered with Joseph Falkenham, who had built a successful practice of his own.", "The two formed a firm named \"Falkenham & Gill, the Architects\", and completed several projects, including some large commercial buildings.", "Falkenham left San Diego in 1895, and Gill began to take on large residential projects for important figures in San Diego.", "He also worked on the Granger Hall for Ralph Granger, a local musician.", "In the late 1890s, Gill's designs began to use concrete more heavily, and his work in that medium contributed significantly to its use in the future.", "In 1896, he formed a partnership with William S. Hebbard.", "The Hebbard & Gill firm was known for work in the Tudor Revival and later the Prairie School styles.", "The George W. Marston House (now a museum) was their most famous project.", "In this period, Gill trained Hazel Wood Waterman who helped with a group of houses built near Balboa Park for socialites Alice Lee and Katherine Teats.", "Waterman later went on to become an architect with her own practice.", "After California passed a law requiring architects to obtain a certificate in 1901, Gill was automatically granted a certificate because his practice was already in operation.", "In 1903, Gill was appointed to a special seat on a Chamber of Commerce committee to build the U.S. Grant Hotel, which was ultimately designed by Harrison Albright, despite Hebbard & Gill's submission of designs to the committee.", "In 1907, Gill was accused of unauthorized work on a sewer line, causing a clog.", "Gill denied the accusations, but his partnership with Hebbard was damaged beyond repair.", "Less than a month later, Gill entered into a partnership with Frank Mead, who had been a Hebbard & Gill employee.", "The partnership lasted seven months, and completed only a few houses.", "Gill designed the Broadway Fountain, also known as the Electric Fountain, in 1908, for the center of Horton Plaza Park, in Downtown San Diego.", "Though designed in the prime of his Modernist period, its revivalist style is atypical of his work.", "Gill's design was chosen in a competition among professional architects, and was one of the first projects in the country to combine water and colored electrical light effects.", "In 1911, Gill's nephew, Louis John Gill, joined his firm as a draftsman.", "That same year, Gill lost an important commission for the Panama-California Exposition (1915) to Bertram Goodhue.", "He did work for a time as an associate of Goodhue, including the design of the Balboa Park Administration Building, Balboa Park's first structure, which is located just outside the California Quadrangle.", "Today, it is known as the Gill Administration Building of the San Diego Museum of Man, and houses offices and the Gill Auditorium.", "Gill was commissioned by Ellen Browning Scripps in 1913 to design the La Jolla Woman's Club.", "In its construction, he used a \"tilt-slab\" construction technique to assemble the exterior arcade walls on site.", "The result is California's first tilt-up concrete building.", "These walls integrate hollow, clay-block infill to lighten the slab's weight.", "For the interior walls and central \"pop-up\" volume, however, he employed conventional balloon-frame construction.", "Though Gill is often associated with the tilt-up method, he used it in only a handful of structures.", "Shortly thereafter, in 1914, he accepted his nephew Louis as a partner.", "After this time, Gill began living and working mainly in Los Angeles County, although the Gill & Gill partnership lasted until 1919.", "Multiple projects for the fledgling city of Torrance may have prompted the move.", "Gill returned to live in North San Diego County in the 1920s, but his pace of work slowed considerably due to lingering illness, changing public tastes, and his diminishing willingness to compromise with clients.", "After the late 1920s, his work added Art Deco or \"Moderne\" touches.", "In the late 1920s, Gill produced several civic buildings for the city of Oceanside, California.", "This would be his final large project.", "His last contract was to create houses for several displaced Native American families who would then settle at the Rancho Barona Indian Reservation near Lakeside, California.", "Importance\n\nIrving Gill was concerned with the social impact of good architecture and approached his projects with equal skill and interest, whether he was designing for bankers and mayors or for Indian reservations, an African American church, or migrant Mexican workers and their children.", "Gill's architecture established \"a new beginning in life and art\" and represented a \"grand rejection\" of the common \"architectural mise en scene from other times and places,\" according to historian Kevin Starr.", "His work was described as \"cubist\" in publications of the time.", "Gill's interiors were concerned with removing most unnecessary detailing, partly for reasons of economy and hygiene.", "His houses are known for minimal or flush mouldings; simple (or no) fireplace mantles; coved, and therefore fluid, floor-to-wall transitions; enclosed-side bathtubs; plentiful skylights;, plastered walls with only occasional, but featured, wood elements; flush five-piece doors; concrete or Sorel cement floors; and a general avoidance of dividing lines, ledges, and unnecessary material changes.", "According to Joseph Giovannini, \"the desire for an easily maintained, sanitary home drove Gill's aesthetic toward purity.\"", "Gill's aesthetically best work, much of it dating from the 1910s, favors flat roofs without eaves, a unity of materials (mostly concrete), casement windows with transoms, white or near-white exterior and interior walls, cubic or rectangular massing, plentiful ground-level arches or series of arches creating transitional breezeways in the manner of the California missions.", "His best-known work still in active use today includes the Ellen Browning Scripps residence (now the Museum of Contemporary Art San Diego), the earliest buildings of The Bishop's School, the La Jolla Woman's Club, the La Jolla Recreation Center and the George W. Marston House.", "He designed ten churches, of which the best known is the Christian Science Church at Second and Laurel Streets in San Diego.", "The Woman's Club and Marston House are among those listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP).", "Despite frequent recent references to Gill as \"forgotten\" or \"unappreciated,\" he was reasonably well documented during his life.", "For example, his work was more frequently published in Gustav Stickley's \"Craftsman\" magazine than any other Western architect, including the Greene & Greene firm.", "Gill's reputation did quickly fade after his death, and it languished until he was included in the 1960 book Five California Architects by Esther McCoy and Randell L. Makinson.", "This book (still in print) helped to renew interest in his work, and in early California architecture in general.", "In the decades since its publication Irving Gill has come to be recognized as a major figure in the modern movement.", "Personal life\nOn May 28, 1928, at the age of 58, Gill married for the first and only time.", "His wife was Marion Waugh Brashears.", "While some have speculated that the marriage was unsuccessful, a few remaining letters in Gill's own hand indicate his deep and fond feelings for his wife.", "Gill was alone on his wife's family ranch in Carlsbad, California when he died on October 7, 1936.", "The \"Dirt-Proof\" House for Adelaide M. Chapin, \"Fire-Proof\" House for Persis Bingham Cassiday, and West Adams Villas for Anna W. Mills, Irving Gill, Architect for some recent Gill \"discoveries.\"", "Frank Mead: 'A New Type of Architecture in the Southwest,' Part II, 1907-1920 for much on Gill's short-lived, but mutually important 1907 partnership with Frank Mead.", "Architects from Syracuse, New York\nArchitects from California\nModernist architects\nArts and Crafts architects\n\n1870 births\n1936 deaths\nHistory of San Diego\nHistory of Torrance, California\nHistory of Los Angeles County, California\nPeople from Tully, New York\nModernist architects from the United States\n20th-century American architects" ]

[ "Irving John Gill was an American architect.", "He did most of his work in Southern California.", "He was a pioneer of the modern movement in architecture.", "Twelve of his buildings in Southern California are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.", "Gill was born to Joseph and Cynthia Scullen in 1870.", "His father was a farmer.", "Gill attended the Madison Street School as a child.", "Gill worked as a draftsman in Syracuse.", "He moved to Chicago in 1890 to work with Joseph Silsbee, who was Hall's partner.", "Gill went to Adler and Sullivan in 1891.", "Frank Lloyd Wright was one of the Chicago School architects.", "He worked on an exhibition hall at the 1893 Chicago World's Fair.", "It was claimed that Gill never saw the end of the project due to illness.", "It is highly unlikely that this claim is true.", "He moved to San Diego in 1893 to open his own architectural practice.", "Gill began an architectural practice after moving to San Diego.", "The records of his projects were not well preserved, though he was reported to have been working around this time.", "Gill and Joseph Falkenham built a successful practice in 1894.", "Several large commercial buildings were completed by the two formed firm named \"Falkenham & Gill, the Architects\".", "Gill took on large residential projects for important figures in San Diego after Falkenham left in 1895.", "The Granger Hall was worked on by him.", "Gill's designs began to use concrete more heavily in the late 1890s, and his work in that medium contributed to its use in the future.", "He formed a partnership with another man.", "The Hebbard & Gill firm was known for their work in the Tudor Revival.", "Their most famous project was the George W. Marston House.", "Gill trained Hazel Wood Waterman, who helped build a group of houses near Balboa Park for Alice Lee and Katherine Teats.", "She went on to become an architect.", "Gill was granted a certificate after California passed a law requiring architects to get a certificate.", "The U.S. Grant Hotel was designed by Harrison Albright despite Hebbard & Gill's submission of designs to the committee.", "Gill was accused of unauthorized work on a sewer line in 1907.", "Gill and Hebbard were damaged beyond repair.", "Gill entered into a partnership with a Hebbard & Gill employee.", "Only a few houses were completed by the partnership.", "The Broadway Fountain, also known as the Electric Fountain, was designed by Gill for Horton Plaza Park in San Diego.", "The revivalist style of its design is atypical of his work.", "One of the first projects in the country to combine water and colored electrical light effects was designed by Gill.", "Gill's nephew joined his firm as a draftsman.", "Gill lost a commission for the Panama-California exposition.", "The Balboa Park Administration Building, the first structure in Balboa Park, was designed by him as an associate of Goodhue.", "The Gill Administration Building is a part of the San Diego Museum of Man.", "Ellen Browning Scripps commissioned Gill to design the La Jolla Woman's Club.", "The exterior arcade walls were built using a \"tilt-slab\" construction technique.", "The first tilt-up concrete building is in California.", "The walls are made of clay block to lighten the slab's weight.", "Conventional balloon-frame construction was used for the interior walls and central volume.", "Gill used the tilt-up method in a few structures.", "In 1914, he accepted his nephew Louis as a partner.", "The Gill & Gill partnership lasted until 1919, but Gill began living and working in Los Angeles County after this time.", "There are multiple projects for the city of Torrance.", "Gill returned to live in North San Diego County in the 1920s, but his pace of work slowed considerably due to illness, changing public tastes, and his diminishing willingness to compromise with clients.", "Art Deco or \"Moderne\" touches were added to his work after the late 1920s.", "Gill produced several civic buildings for the city of Oceanside.", "This would be his last large project.", "His last contract was to build houses for Native American families who had been displaced from their homes.", "Irving Gill was concerned with the social impact of good architecture and approached his projects with equal skill and interest, whether he was designing for bankers and mayors or for Indian reservations, an African American church, or migrant Mexican workers and their children.", "Gill's architecture established a new beginning in life and art and represented a grand rejection of the common \"architectural mise en scene from other times and places,\" according to historian Kevin Starr.", "The publications of the time described his work ascubist.", "Gill's interiors were concerned with removing unnecessary detailing because of the economy and hygiene.", "His houses are known for minimal or flush mouldings; simple (or no) fireplace mantles; coved, and therefore fluid, floor-to-wall transitions; enclosed-side bathtubs; plentiful skylights; and plastered walls with only occasional, but featured, wood elements.", "Gill's aesthetic was driven toward purity by his desire for an easily maintained, sanitary home.", "Gill's work from the 1910s favors flat roofs without eaves, a unity of materials (mostly concrete), casement windows with transoms, white or near-white exterior and interior walls, cubic or rectangular massing, plentiful ground-level arches or series.", "The earliest buildings of The Bishop's School, the La Jolla Woman's Club, and the George W. Marston House are some of his best known works.", "The Christian Science Church is the best known of the ten churches he designed.", "The Woman's Club is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.", "Gill was well documented during his life despite recent references to him being forgotten.", "His work was more often published in Gustav Stickley's \"Craftsman\" magazine than any other Western architect.", "Gill's reputation faded quickly after his death, but he was included in the 1960 book Five California Architects.", "There was renewed interest in his work after reading this book.", "Since its publication Irving Gill has become a major figure in the modern movement.", "Gill married for the first time at the age of 58 on May 28, 1928.", "His wife was also named Brashears.", "While some have speculated that the marriage was unsuccessful, a few remaining letters in Gill's own hand indicate his deep and fond feelings for his wife.", "Gill was alone on his wife's family ranch when he died.", "The \"Fire-Proof\" House was designed by Irving Gill.", "For much on Gill's short-lived, but mutually important partnership with Frank Mead, 'A New Type of Architecture in the Southwest,' Part II, 1907-1920.", "The History of San Diego, California and Los Angeles County, California include architects from Syracuse, New York." ]

[ "Irving John Gill", "Gill", "Cynthia Scullen Gill", "Gill", "Gill", "Gill", "Gill", "Gill", "Gill", "Gill", "Gill", "Gill", "Gill", "Gill", "Gill", "Gill", "Gill", "Gill", "Gill", "Gill", "Gill", "Gill", "Gill", "Gill", "Gill", "Gill", "Gill", "Irving Gill", "Gill", "Gill", "Gill", "Gill", "Gill", "Gill", "Irving Gill", "Gill", "Gill", "Gill", "Irving Gill", "Gill", "Gill" ]

[ "Irving John Gill", "Gill", "Gill", "Gill", "Gill", "Gill", "Gill", "Gill", "Gill", "Gill", "Gill", "Gill", "Gill", "Gill", "Gill", "Gill", "Gill", "Gill", "Gill", "Gill", "Gill", "Gill", "Gill", "Gill", "Irving Gill", "Gill", "Gill", "Gill", "Gill", "Gill", "Gill", "Irving Gill", "Gill", "Gill", "Gill", "Irving Gill", "Gill" ]

[ "Tracey Moffatt (born 12 November 1960) is an Australian artist who primarily uses photography and video.", "In 2017 she represented Australia at the 57th Venice Biennale with her solo exhibition, \"My Horizon\".", "Her works are held in the collections of the Tate, Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles, National Gallery of Australia, Art Gallery of South Australia and Art Gallery of New South Wales.", "She currently lives in Sydney and New York City.", "Though she is best known for her photographic works, Moffatt has created numerous films, documentaries and videos.", "Her work often focuses on Australian Aboriginal people and the way they are understood in cultural and social terms.", "Early life and education \n\nMoffatt was born in Brisbane in 1960 to a white father and an Aboriginal mother.", "At age three she was fostered out of her family, growing up as the eldest of three daughters in a white family and often left to look after her foster sisters.", "Moffatt holds a degree in visual communications from the Queensland College of Art, graduating in 1982, and received an honorary doctorate in 2004.", "In 2020, Moffatt was awarded an Honorary Fellowship of the Royal Photographic Society.", "Early works \n\nMoffatt's first short film was Nice Coloured Girls, made in 1985.", "It is a 16-minute story of three young Aboriginal women as they cruise Sydney's King's Cross entertainment district looking for fun, presented in cut-away context with the historical oppression of Indigenous women by white men.", "Gail Mabo acted in this film, and also danced in and choreographed another of Moffatt's short films, Watch Out.", "Commissioned by the Murray Art Museum Albury and shot in Link Studios in Wodonga, Something More (1989) is a photographic series composed of six vibrant Cibachrome colour prints and three black-and-white prints.", "It is a now iconic series of photographs that built Moffatt's first widespread public attention, each of which borrows from film language to construct what is described as \"an enigmatic narrative of a young woman looking for more out of life than the circumstances of her violent rural upbringing.\"", "Night Cries (1989/1990) is one of Moffatt's best-known films.", "Inspired by the 1955 classic Australian film Jedda, and sharing similar aesthetics to Something More, it tells the story of an Aboriginal woman forced to care for her ageing white mother.", "1990s \n\nMoffatt's photographic series of works such as Pet Thang (1991) and Laudanum (1998) returned to the themes of Something More exploring mixed and sometimes obscure references to issues of sexuality, history, representation and race.", "Other series of images, notably Scarred for Life (1994) and Scarred for Life II (1999) again tackled these themes but which referenced the photojournalism and photo essays of Life magazine accompanied by captions.", "While the words are compelling, they don't explain the images, indeed they tend to add to their enigmatic nature as though more information is a further dead end.", "As her work progressed over the next decade, Moffatt began to explore narratives in more gothic settings.", "In Up in the Sky (1998) the artist's work again used a sequential narrative but instead of using fantasy settings, a story concerning Australia's \"stolen generation\" – Indigenous Australian children who were taken from their families and forcibly relocated under Government policy – was enacted and performed on location in Queensland's outback.", "Like Something More, Up in the sky employs the theme of race and violence, displaying a loose narrative set against the backdrop of a remote town, 'a place of ruin' and devastation populated by misfits and minor characters.", "It is one of Moffatt's larger series of photographs and takes its visual ideas from Italian modernist cinema Accattone (1961) by Pier Paolo Pasolini.", "The story relies on a triangular mixed-race relationship.", "Of this work Moffatt stated: 'My work is full of emotion and drama, you can get to that drama by using a narrative, and my narratives are usually very simple, but I twist it ... there is a storyline, but ... there isn't a traditional beginning, middle and end.'", "2000s \n\nIn 2000, Moffatt's work was amongst those by eight individual or collaborative groups of Indigenous Australian artists included in a major exhibition of Australian Indigenous art held in the prestigious Nicholas Hall at the Hermitage Museum in Russia.", "The exhibition received a positive reception from Russian critics, one of whom wrote:\n\nMoffatt's work since 2000 has retreated from specific locales and subject matter and become more explicitly concerned with fame and celebrity.", "Her series Fourth (2001) used images of sportspeople from the 2000 Summer Olympic Games coming fourth in their various competitions.", "Seeking to underline their outsider status, the images are treated so only the ignoble fourth place holder is highlighted.", "2003 saw Moffatt named by Australian Art Collector magazine as one of the country's 50 most collectible artists.", "Adventure Series (2004) is Moffatt's most unabashed fantasy series using painted backdrops, costumes and models (including the artist herself) to enact a soap opera like drama of doctors, nurses and pilots in a tropical setting.", "Under The Sign of Scorpio (2005) is a series 40 images in which the artist takes on the persona of famous women born – like the artist – under the zodiac sign of Scorpio.", "The series reiterates the artist's ongoing interests in celebrity, alternate personas and constructed realities.", "Moffatt's 2007 series Portraits explores the idea of 'celebrity' among people in her immediate social circle – family members, fellow artists, her dealer – through 'glamorised' renderings of their faces using computer technology, repetitive framing and bright colours.", "In 2008 Moffatt held her \"first substantial exhibition to date\" at Dia Art Foundation in the United States, featuring the photo series Up in the Sky (1997).", "2010s \n\nIn 2017 Moffatt was selected to represent Australia at the Venice Biennale for her solo exhibition \"My Horizon\", which was curated by Natalie King.", "The exhibition consisted of two videos, The White Ghosts Sailed In and Vigil, and two series of photographs, Body Remembers and Passage.", "My Horizon tackles problems of colonialism and imperialism in Australia and how it affects the Indigenous population.", "This biennial is the first time since 1997 that Australia has been represented by an Indigenous artist.", "Film and video work \n\nMoffatt's work in film and video has included short films, experimental video and a feature film.", "The short films rely on the stylistic genre features of experimental cinema – usually including non-realist narrative scenarios often shot on sound stages echoing her work in still photography.", "Early works such as Nice Coloured Girls and Night Cries also use sound mixes that reinforce the 'fakeness' of the settings and use well-worn experimental cinema devices such as audio field recordings and low tones to provide atmosphere.", "Her short video works such as Artist (2000) use the cut up methodology of taking images from pre-existing sources and re-editing them into ironic commentaries on the material – Artist for example providing a commentary on the clichéd role of the artist in Hollywood cinema, and her Doomed (2007) – made in collaboration with the artist Gary Hillberg – a collection of scenes of destruction from disaster movies.", "Her feature film Bedevil is a trio of narratives themed around spirits and hauntings.", "Night Cries: A Rural Tragedy (1989) \n\nPrimarily concerned with a series of almost static vignettes, Night Cries reiterates many of Moffatt's visual motifs from her still photography – sets, non-acting, an evocative use of sound and music.", "In Night Cries Moffatt's attempts to draw ironic or romantic connotations in juxtaposition to the images and narratives, such as her use of Jimmy Little.", "Moffatt also makes explicit references to Australian art history, drawing parallels between Indigenous history and the recording the landscape by non-Indigenous artists by quoting artists such as Frederick McCubbin's The Pioneer.", "This film was selected for official competition at the Cannes Film Festival in 1990.", "Additionally, In the film night cries, Moffatt reminds and displays history of the colonial past of Aboriginal people.", "This film makes connections between Aboriginal people and their colonizers by touching on systems that were used by colonizers to harm and put Aboriginals at a disadvantage.", "In the film, there is a clear tension and mixed feelings between the characters, one being a white woman and the other an Aboriginal woman who play adoptive mother and daughter respectively.", "This film is powerful as Moffatt uses different aspects of colonization of Aboriginal people to illustrate the damage and hurtful events that took place.", "This film is used as a voice to show and remind viewers of the past colonial history.", "Bedevil (1993) \n\nShown at the 1993 Cannes Film Festival, Bedevil is composed of three self-contained narratives with recurring visual motifs.", "In the first story Mister Chuck Moffatt uses the character of an American soldier, in the second part Choo Choo Choo Choo railway tracks connect a series of events and in the final part Lovin' the Spin I'm in a landlord who evicts a family from a house.", "The images were partly inspired by memories from her early life.", "Heaven (1997) \n\nMoffatt's film, Heaven, is a voyeuristic montage of footage depicting men getting changed at Australian beaches.", "Lip (1999) \n\nIn Lip, Moffatt collates clips of black servants in Hollywood movies talking back to their 'bosses', attempting to expose the attitudes to race often found in mainstream cinema.", "Also, this film is written on two women, one white and one black.", "In this film, the story line shows the conflict between the white woman and the black woman who is her maid.", "It shows racial tensions.", "Artist (2000) \n\nMoffatt's Artist is a collection of clips from movies and television programs that depict artists at work, at play and in the act of creation.", "By showing the particular bias of television and cinema to what the role of an artist apparently means to modern society, the film reflects the sometimes uninformed, sometimes humorous view of society towards artists today.", "Revolution (2008) \n\nCommissioned for the 16th Biennale of Sydney in 2008.", "References\n\nExternal links \n\n \n Night Cries at Oz Movies\n Tracey Moffatt at the Art Gallery of New South Wales\n Moffatt, Tracey in The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia\n\n1960 births\nLiving people\nAustralian photographers\nAustralian experimental filmmakers\nAustralian film directors\nAustralian Aboriginal artists\nAustralian women film directors\nAustralian video artists\nQueensland College of Art alumni\nArtists from Brisbane\nAustralian women photographers\nAustralian contemporary artists\nOfficers of the Order of Australia\n20th-century Australian artists\n20th-century Australian women artists\n21st-century Australian women artists\n21st-century Australian artists\nWomen experimental filmmakers\n20th-century women photographers\n21st-century women photographers" ]

[ "There is an Australian artist who uses photography and video.", "She exhibited at the 57th Venice Biennale with her solo exhibition.", "The Tate, Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles, National Gallery of Australia, Art Gallery of South Australia and Art Gallery of New South Wales hold her works.", "She lives in New York and Australia.", "She has created numerous films, documentaries and videos, though she is best known for her photographic works.", "Her work focuses on the way in which Australian Aboriginal people are understood.", "Moffatt was born in 1960 to a white father and an aboriginal mother.", "She was the eldest of three girls in a white family and often left to look after her foster sisters.", "Moffatt graduated from the college with a degree in visual communications in 1982.", "The Royal Photographic Society awarded a fellowship to Moffatt in 2020.", "Nice Coloured Girls was the first short film by Moffatt.", "There is a 16-minute story of three young Aboriginal women as they cruise the King's Cross entertainment district looking for fun, presented in cut-away context with the historical oppression of Indigenous women by white men.", "Gail Mabo danced in and choreographed a short film called Watch Out.", "Something More (1989) is a photographic series composed of six vibrant Cibachrome colour prints and three black-and-white prints.", "An enigmatic narrative of a young woman looking for more out of life than the circumstances of her violent rural upbringing is the result of a series of photographs that built Moffatt's first widespread public attention.", "Night Cries is one of the best-known films.", "Similar to Something More, it tells the story of an aboriginal woman forced to care for her elderly white mother.", "The themes of sexuality, history, representation and race were explored in the photographs of Pet Thang and Laudanum.", "Other series of images, notably Scarred for Life (1994) and Scarred for Life II (1999) again tackled these themes but which referenced the photojournalism and photo essays of Life magazine.", "While the words are compelling, they don't explain the images, and they tend to add to their enigmatic nature as though more information is a dead end.", "Over the next decade, she began to explore narratives in more gothic settings.", "In Up in the Sky, the story of Australia's \"stolen generation\", Indigenous Australian children who were taken from their families and forcibly relocated under Government policy, was enacted and performed on location.", "Up in the sky uses the theme of race and violence to show a loose narrative set against the backdrop of a remote town and populated by misfits and minor characters.", "It is part of a larger series of photographs and takes its visual ideas from the film Accattone by Pier Paolo Pasolini.", "There is a mixed-race relationship in the story.", "\"My work is full of emotion and drama, you can get to that drama by using a narrative, and my narratives are usually very simple, but I twist it.\"", "A major exhibition of Australian Indigenous art held in the Nicholas Hall at the Hermitage Museum in Russia in 2000 featured the work of eight individual or collaborative groups of Indigenous Australian artists.", "The exhibition received a positive reception from Russian critics, one of whom wrote that since 2000 Moffatt's work has retreated from specific locale and subject matter and become more concerned with fame and celebrity.", "Sportspeople from the 2000 Summer Olympic Games came fourth in their various contests in her series Fourth (2001).", "The ignoble fourth place holder is highlighted in order to highlight their outsider status.", "Australian Art Collector magazine named Moffatt one of the country's 50 most collectible artists.", "A soap opera like drama of doctors, nurses and pilots in a tropical setting is what Adventure Series 2004 is all about.", "The artist takes on the persona of famous women born under the sign of Scorpio in a series of 40 images.", "The series reiterates the artist's interests in celebrity, alternate personas and constructed realities.", "The idea of celebrity among people in her immediate social circle is explored through depictions of their faces using computer technology and bright colors.", "An exhibition featuring the photo series Up in the Sky was held at the Dia Art Foundation in the United States in 2008.", "Moffatt was selected to represent Australia at the Venice Biennale for her solo exhibition, which wascurated by Natalie King.", "There were two videos, The White Ghosts Sailed In and Vigil, and two photographs, Body Remembers and Passage.", "Problems of colonialism and imperialism in Australia are the subject of my horizon.", "Australia has not had an Indigenous artist represented in the biennial since 1997.", "Film and video work has included short films, experimental video and a feature film.", "She uses the genre features of experimental cinema in her short films, including non-realist narrative scenarios often shot on sound stages.", "Early works such as Nice Coloured Girls and Night Cries use sound mixes that reinforce the fakeness of the settings and use well-worn experimental cinema devices such as audio field recordings and low tones to provide atmosphere.", "Her short video works such as Artist (2000) use the cut up methodology of taking images from pre-existing sources and re-editing them into ironic commentaries on the material.", "Bedevil is a film about spirits and hauntings.", "Night Cries reiterates many of Moffatt's visual motifs from her still photography - sets, non- acting, an evocative use of sound and music.", "In Night Cries Moffatt's attempts to draw ironic or romantic connotations in juxtaposition to the images and narratives, such as her use of Jimmy Little.", "There are parallels between Indigenous history and the recording of the landscape by non-Indigenous artists, as well as explicit references to Australian art history.", "The film was selected for the official competition at the festival.", "In the film night cries, Moffatt reminds and displays history of the colonial past of Aboriginal people.", "The film touches on systems that were used by colonizers to harm and put Aboriginals at a disadvantage.", "There is a clear tension and mixed feelings between the characters in the film, one being a white woman and the other an aboriginal woman who play adoptive mother and daughter.", "The film is powerful because it uses different aspects of colonization to show the damage that took place.", "The film is used to remind viewers of colonial history.", "At the 1993 Cannes Film Festival, Bedevil was shown and it is composed of three self-contained narratives with recurring visual motifs.", "In the first story, the character of an American soldier is used, in the second part, the railway tracks connect a series of events, and in the final part, I'm in a landlord who evicts a family from a house.", "The images were inspired by her early life.", "Heaven is a voyeuristic film about men getting changed at Australian beaches.", "Lip attempts to expose the attitudes to race found in mainstream cinema by showing clips of black servants in Hollywood movies talking back to their bosses.", "There are two women in this film, one white and one black.", "The conflict between the white woman and the black woman who is her maid is shown in the film.", "It depicts racial tensions.", "Artist (2000) is a collection of clips from movies and television programs that depict artists at work, at play and in the act of creation.", "The film shows the bias of television and cinema to what the role of an artist apparently means in today's society.", "The 16th Biennale of Sydney commissioned Revolution in 2008.", "There are external links to Night Cries at Oz Movies, The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia, and the Art Gallery of New South Wales." ]

[ "Tracey Moffatt", "Moffatt", "Moffatt", "Moffatt", "Moffatt", "Moffatt", "Moffatt", "Moffatt", "Moffatt", "Moffatt", "Moffatt", "Moffatt", "Moffatt", "Moffatt", "Moffatt", "Moffatt", "Moffatt", "Moffatt", "Moffatt", "Moffatt", "Moffatt", "Chuck Moffatt", "Tracey", "Moffatt", "Moffatt" ]

[ "Moffatt", "Moffatt", "Moffatt", "Moffatt", "Moffatt", "Moffatt" ]

[ "Spurgeon Ferdinand \"Spud\" Chandler (September 12, 1907 – January 9, 1990) was an American professional baseball player.", "He played in Major League Baseball as a right-handed starting pitcher and played his entire career for the New York Yankees from 1937 through 1947.", "He was named the American League's Most Valuable Player in after anchoring the team's pitching staff with 20 wins and only 4 losses as New York won its third consecutive pennant; his 1.64 earned run average in that season was the lowest by any major league pitcher between 1920 and 1967, and remains a Yankees team record.", "In eleven seasons, he never suffered a losing record; with a total of 109 wins and 43 losses, his career winning percentage of .717 is the highest of any pitcher with at least 100 victories since 1876.", "Biography\nChandler was born in Commerce, Georgia to Leonard Ferdinand Chandler (1871–1942) and Olivia Catherine Hix (1872–1957).", "He grew up in Franklin County and graduated from Carnesville High School in 1928, and attended the University of Georgia.", "He played football as a halfback, throwing a touchdown pass to help defeat Yale in a 1929 game dedicating a new stadium.", "He also pitched for the baseball team and competed on the track team.", "He was a brother of the Alpha Gamma Rho fraternity and graduated with a degree in agriculture.", "He spent five seasons in the Yankees organization after signing with the team, his favorite since boyhood.", "Chandler finally made his major league debut at age 29 on May 6, 1937, and went 7–4 that season with a 2.84 ERA and six complete games (including two shutouts).", "The following year, he was 14–5, and in 1939 he was 3–0 in 11 relief appearances.", "Although the Yankees won the World Series in each of those years, Chandler did not appear in the postseason.", "Bothered by injuries during his early career, after records of 8–7 and 10–4 in 1940 and 1941 he improved further to 16–5 in , finishing third in the AL with a 2.38 ERA and earning his first of four All-Star selections.", "He was the All-Star Game's winning pitcher in 1942.", "Chandler had one start in the World Series each year, but lost both times, as the Yankees won in 1941 and lost in 1942.", "His greatest year came in 1943.", "In addition to his outstanding ERA, he led the league with 20 wins in 30 starts, as well as 20 complete games and five shutouts.", "In 253 innings pitched, he gave up 46 earned runs, allowing only five home runs.", "Chandler's 134 strikeouts were third in the league, and equalled his combined total of the previous two seasons.", "He made the AL All-Star team for the second time.", "Chandler finally had a successful World Series, pitching two complete game victories, including a shutout in the final Game 5, as the Yankees defeated the St. Louis Cardinals.", "Winning the MVP award, he beat out Luke Appling of the Chicago White Sox.", "Chandler remains the only Yankee pitcher to win the Most Valuable Player award.", "After one start in 1944, he entered World War II military service with the Army for nearly all of the next two seasons.", "He returned in with another All-Star season, going 20–8 with a 2.10 ERA (2nd in the league to Hal Newhouser) and a career-high 138 strikeouts.", "That year, he also had 20 complete games for the second time in his career.", "He earned his last All-Star selection in , but finished the year with only a 9–5 record as injuries ended his career at age 40.", "He pitched for the last time in the historic 1947 World Series against the Brooklyn Dodgers, pitching two relief innings in a Game 3 loss.", "In four World Series, he had a 2–2 record with a 1.62 ERA, 16 strikeouts, and 1 shutout.", "Over his career Chandler was 109–43 in 211 games (109 complete, 26 shutouts), with a 2.84 ERA.", "He had 614 career strikeouts and gave up 64 home runs and in 1,485 innings pitched, allowed 1,327 hits.", "As a hitter, he had a batting average of .201, with a .234 on-base percentage; he had 110 hits in 548 at bats in his career, and on July 26, 1940 had two home runs including a grand slam.", "Chandler was also a fine fielding pitcher, committing only 10 errors in 501 total chances for a career .980 fielding percentage.", "He later managed in the minor leagues, became pitching coach with the Kansas City Athletics in 1957–58, and scouted for several teams before retiring in 1984.", "He was inducted into the Georgia Sports Hall of Fame in 1969 and into the Franklin County Sports Hall of Fame in 1997.", "Chandler died at age 82, leaving his wife and two sons.", "Legacy\nChandler was inducted into the University of Georgia Ring of Honor in 2000.", "See also\n\nList of Major League Baseball annual ERA leaders\nList of Major League Baseball annual wins leaders\nList of Major League Baseball players who spent their entire career with one franchise\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\n Honig, Donald (1975) Baseball When the Grass Was Real: Baseball from the Twenties to the Forties Told by the Men Who Played It.", "New York: Coward, McGann & Geoghegan.", "pp.", "223–236. .", "External links \n\nThe New Georgia Encyclopedia\nGeorgia Sports Hall of Fame\nSpud Chandler | Society for American Baseball Research\n\n1907 births\n1990 deaths\nAmerican League All-Stars\nAmerican League ERA champions\nAmerican League Most Valuable Player Award winners\nAmerican League wins champions\nBaseball players from Georgia (U.S. state)\nBinghamton Triplets players\nCleveland Indians scouts\nGeorgia Bulldogs baseball players\nGeorgia Bulldogs football players\nJacksonville Beach Sea Birds players\nKansas City Athletics coaches\nKansas City Athletics scouts\nMajor League Baseball pitchers\nMajor League Baseball pitching coaches\nMilitary personnel from Georgia (U.S. state)\nMinneapolis Millers (baseball) players\nMinnesota Twins scouts\nNewark Bears (IL) players\nNew York Yankees players\nNew York Yankees scouts\nOakland Oaks (baseball) players\nPeople from Commerce, Georgia\nPeople from Royston, Georgia\nPeople from South Pasadena, Florida\nPortland Beavers players\nSpartanburg Peaches players\nSpringfield Rifles players\nSyracuse Chiefs players\nUnited States Army personnel of World War II" ]

[ "The American professional baseball player was named Spurgeon Ferdinand \"spud\" Chandler.", "He played for the New York Yankees from 1937 to 1947 and was a right-handed starting pitcher.", "He was named the American League's Most Valuable Player after anchoring the team's pitching staff with 20 wins and only 4 losses as New York won its third consecutive pennant; his 1.64 earned run average in that season was the lowest by any major league pitcher between 1920 and 1967, and remains", "His career winning percentage of.717 is the highest of any pitcher with at least 100 victories since 1876, and he never suffered a losing record in eleven seasons.", "Leonard Ferdinand Chandler was born in Commerce, Georgia to Leonard and Catherine Hix.", "He attended the University of Georgia after graduating from a high school in Franklin County.", "He played football as a halfback in 1929 and threw a touchdown pass to help defeat Yale.", "He competed on the track team and pitched for the baseball team.", "He graduated with a degree in agriculture.", "He spent five seasons in the Yankees organization after signing with the team.", "He made his major league debut at the age of 29 on May 6, 1937, and went 7–4 that season with a 2.84 earned run average and six complete games.", "He was 3–0 in 11 relief appearances in 1939.", "The Yankees won the World Series in each of those years.", "He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "He won the All-Star Game in 1942.", "The Yankees won the World Series in 1941 and 1942, but that wasn't the only time they lost.", "His best year was in 1943.", "He led the league with 20 wins in 30 starts, as well as 20 complete games and five shutouts.", "He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "He had 134 strikeouts, 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611", "He made the All-Star team for the second time.", "The Yankees won the World Series with two complete game victories, including a blanking of the St. Louis Cardinals in the final game.", "He was the winner of the award.", "Only one Yankee pitcher has won the Most Valuable Player award.", "He served in World War II with the Army for nearly all of the next two seasons.", "He returned in with another All-Star season, going 20–8 with a 2.10 ERA (2nd in the league to Hal Newhouser) and a career-high 138 strikeouts.", "He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "He earned his last All-Star selection in, but finished the year with a 9–5 record as injuries ended his career at age 40.", "He pitched for the last time in the 1947 World Series against the Brooklyn Dodgers, in a Game 3 loss.", "In four World Series, he had a 2–2 record with a 1.62 ERA, 16 strikeouts, and 1 shutout.", "In his career, he was 106–43 in games with a 2.84ERA.", "He had 614 career strikeouts and gave up 64 home runs.", "He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "The pitcher committed only 10 errors for a career fielding percentage of.980.", "He was a scout for several teams before retiring in 1984.", "He was in the Georgia Sports Hall of Fame in 1969 and the Franklin County Sports Hall of Fame in 1997.", "His wife and two sons were not with him when he died.", "The University of Georgia Ring of Honor was founded in 2000.", "Baseball When the Grass Was Real: Baseball from the Twenties to the Forties was written by Donald Honig.", "Coward, McGann andgeoghegan are in New York.", "pp.", ".", "The New Georgia Encyclopedia has links to the Society for American Baseball Research and the Georgia Sports Hall of Fame." ]

[ "Spud", "\" Chandler", "Chandler", "Leonard Ferdinand Chandler", "Chandler", "Chandler", "Chandler", "Chandler", "Chandler", "Chandler", "Chandler", "Chandler", "Chandler", "Chandler", "Spud", "Chandler" ]

[ "Chandler", "Leonard Ferdinand Chandler" ]

[ "Brendan Gaunce (born March 25, 1994) is a Canadian professional ice hockey forward who is currently playing with the Columbus Blue Jackets in the National Hockey League (NHL).", "He was drafted 26th overall in the 2012 NHL Entry Draft by the Vancouver Canucks.", "Gaunce has represented Canada twice.", "He won a gold medal at the 2011 Ivan Hlinka Memorial Tournament and a bronze at the 2012 IIHF World U18 Championships.", "He also represented Ontario at the 2011 World U-17 Hockey Challenge where he won a gold medal.", "Early life\nBrendan was born to Stephen and Julie Gaunce in Sudbury, Ontario, but grew up in Markham, Ontario.", "He has two siblings; a brother and a sister.", "His older brother, Cameron, was drafted in the second round of the 2008 NHL Entry Draft by the Colorado Avalanche, and currently plays with the Ontario Reign in the AHL.", "Gaunce attended Markham District High School where he played on their ice hockey team registering 4 goals and 21 points in 17 games.", "Despite playing much of the season on defence, he was named to the Toronto Star High School Hockey All-Star First Team.", "He also captained the Markham Waxers Minor Midget team, scoring 55 goals and 148 points in 86 games in 2009–10.", "Playing career\n\nJunior \nThe highest scoring minor midget player in Ontario in 2010, Gaunce was taken second in the OHL Priority Draft after Alex Galchenyuk by the Belleville Bulls of the Ontario Hockey League (OHL).", "Gaunce made his major junior debut in the 2010–11 OHL season and in his second OHL game recorded a four assist game in a 7–4 win over the Peterborough Petes.", "In the following game, Gaunce scored his first career OHL goal.", "He had a second 4-point game and added a 5-game point streak, finishing the season with 11 goals and 36 points, 13th in OHL rookie scoring.", "At the beginning of his second season, Gaunce was named an alternate captain for the Bulls.", "During the season he earned the OHL Player of the Week award.", "He scored five goals and added an assist in three Belleville wins for the week ending November 27.", "Gaunce finished the season as a point a game player registering 28 goals and 40 assists in 68 games.", "At the end of the season Gaunce was Belleville's nominee for the Bobby Smith Trophy as scholastic player of the year, but lost out to Adam Pelech.", "Before the 2012 NHL Entry Draft, Gaunce was ranked 13th among North American skaters by the NHL's scouting department, and the top-ranked Canadian forward.", "Projected to be a mid first round pick, he fell to 26th when he was selected by the Vancouver Canucks.", "Canucks' general manager Mike Gillis stated that going into the draft they had targeted Gaunce and if he had not been available Vancouver would have traded down to add extra picks.", "On November 26, 2013, Brendan Gaunce was traded from the Belleville Bulls to the Erie Otters.", "Professional \nGaunce played the entire 2014–15 season for the Canucks' American Hockey League (AHL) affiliate, the Utica Comets.", "Gaunce was a late cut from the Canucks' 2015 training camp and was again reassigned to Utica to start the season.", "He was recalled by the Canucks on October 28, 2015.", "On October 29, 2015, Gaunce made his NHL debut with the Canucks in a game against the Dallas Stars in a 4–3 overtime loss.", "The next day, Gaunce scored his first NHL goal against Anders Lindback of the Arizona Coyotes in a 4–3 Canucks win.", "He was reassigned to Utica on November 5.", "On March 1, 2016, Gaunce was again recalled by the Vancouver Canucks.", "He played in the remainder of the Canucks' games that season before returning to the Comets to finish the season.", "At the start of the 2016–17 season, Gaunce made the Canucks' roster out of training camp for the first time in his career.", "He earned his first career assist on October 16, 2016; assisting on a Ben Hutton goal in a 4–3 overtime win against the Carolina Hurricanes.", "On August 9, 2017, the Canucks re-signed Gaunce to a two-year, $1.5 million contract worth $750,000 annually.", "Gaunce broke his foot in February and was set to be out for 2–4 weeks.", "After five seasons within the Canucks organization, Gaunce left as a free agent after he was not tendered a qualifying offer.", "On July 1, 2019, Gaunce was signed to a one-year, two-way deal with the Boston Bruins worth $700,000.", "In the season, Gaunce only played one game for the Bruins recording an assist.", "Gaunce played 52 games in the AHL for the Providence Bruins recording 18 goals and 19 assists.", "After receiving no interest from NHL clubs, on January 2, 2021, Gaunce signed with the Växjö Lakers of the Swedish Hockey League with the intent of joining the club to finish the 2020–21 season.", "Gaunce quickly transitioned to the larger European ice, recording 5 goals and 12 points and a +10 plus/minus rating in 18 contests.", "He added 7 points in 12 playoff games to help the club capture the SHL Championship.", "As a free agent, Gaunce returned to North America in the off-season, securing a one-year, two-way contract with the Columbus Blue Jackets on July 30, 2021.\n\nInternational play\n\nGaunce made his international debut at the 2011 World U-17 Hockey Challenge representing team Ontario.", "After winning their first two games Team Ontario was leading Team West 3–2 early in the third when Gaunce assisted on an insurance goal by Matia Marcantuoni.", "Ontario eventually won the game 4–3 to remain unbeaten and clinch a spot in the semi-final.", "In Ontario's final preliminary game Gaunce scored two second period goals helping Ontario to the 4–2 win over team Pacific.", "Gaunce was named player of the game for Ontario.", "Ontario defeated Quebec 2–1 in overtime to advance to the gold medal game.", "In the gold medal game Gaunce scored the third goal in a 5–3 victory.", "Later in the year Gaunce represented Canada at the 2011 Ivan Hlinka Memorial Tournament.", "Team Canada lost its opening game to Sweden 5–1, but finished the preliminary round with a 2–1 record and received a spot in the semi-finals.", "In the semi-final game Gaunce assisted on Team Canada's third goal in a 5–0 victory of the Russians.", "Canada re-matched Sweden in the Final with Gaunce scoring early in the third to give the Canadians a two-goal advantage then assisting on another goal mid-way through the period.", "Canada defeated Sweden 4–1 winning the gold medal, Canada's fourth straight at the tournament.", "Gaunce again played for Team Canada the following year at the 2012 IIHF World U18 Championships.", "After Canada started the tournament with split decisions Gaunce scored two first period goals and added an assist in a 6–2 win over the Czech Republic.", "For his performance Gaunce was named player of the game for Team Canada.", "Canada lost its next game finishing the preliminary round with a 2–2–0 record, third place in their pool.", "Canada qualified for the quarterfinals where they defeated the Russians 4–2.", "In the Semi-final game Canada lost to the United States 2–1.", "Despite not registering a point Gaunce was named player of the game for the Canadians.", "With the loss Canada faced Finland in the bronze medal game.", "In the first period Gaunce was hooked by Ville Pokka resulting in a penalty shot opportunity.", "Gaunce failed to score on the penalty shot, but registered a shorthanded goal in the second period.", "Canada defeated Finland 5–4 capturing the bronze medal.", "Career statistics\n\nRegular season and playoffs\n\nInternational\n\nAwards and honours\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n1994 births\nBelleville Bulls players\nBoston Bruins players\nCanadian expatriate ice hockey players in Sweden\nCanadian ice hockey centres\nCleveland Monsters players\nColumbus Blue Jackets players\nIce hockey people from Ontario\nLiving people\nNational Hockey League first round draft picks\nProvidence Bruins players\nSportspeople from Greater Sudbury\nUtica Comets players\nVancouver Canucks draft picks\nVancouver Canucks players\nVäxjö Lakers players" ]

[ "Brendan Gaunce is a Canadian professional ice hockey forward who is currently playing in the National Hockey League.", "He was the 26th overall pick in the 2012 NHL Entry Draft.", "Gaunce has represented Canada before.", "He won a gold medal at the Ivan Hlinka Memorial Tournament in 2011.", "He won a gold medal at the World U17 Hockey Challenge in 2011.", "Brendan was born to Stephen and Julie Gaunce in Ontario, but grew up in Ontario.", "He has two siblings.", "His older brother, who was drafted in the second round of the 2008 NHL Entry Draft, is currently playing for the Ontario Reign in the American Hockey League.", "Gaunce was on the ice hockey team at the high school where he scored 21 points in 17 games.", "He was named to the Toronto Star High School Hockey All-Star First Team despite playing on the defence.", "He scored 55 goals and had 148 points in 86 games for the Waxers.", "Gaunce was the highest scoring minor hockey player in Ontario in 2010 and was taken second in the Ontario Hockey League Priority Draft.", "Gaunce made his major junior debut in the 2010–11 Ontario Hockey League season and recorded a four assist game in his second game.", "Gaunce scored his first career goal.", "He had a second 4-point game and added a 5-game point streak, finishing the season with 11 goals and 36 points.", "Gaunce was named an alternate captain at the beginning of his second season.", "He won the Player of the Week award.", "He scored five goals and had an assist in three wins.", "Gaunce was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "Gaunce Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet", "Gaunce was ranked 13th among North American skaters by the NHL's scouting department, and the top-ranked Canadian forward.", "He was projected to be a mid first round pick, but fell to 26th.", "If Gaunce hadn't been available, the Canucks would have traded down to add picks.", "Brendan Gaunce was traded from the Bulls to Erie.", "Gaunce played in the American Hockey League for the entire season.", "Gaunce was sent to Utica to start the season after being cut from the training camp.", "On October 28, 2015, he was recalled by the Canucks.", "Gaunce made his NHL debut in a 4–3 overtime loss to the Dallas Stars.", "Gaunce scored his first NHL goal against Lindback in a 4–3 win.", "He was sent to Utica on November 5.", "Gaunce was recalled by the Canucks again on March 1.", "He played in the rest of the games for the Canuck before returning to the team for the last game of the season.", "Gaunce made the team out of training camp for the first time in his career.", "He assisted on a goal by Ben Hutton in a 4–3 overtime win against the Carolina Hurricanes.", "Gaunce was re-signed by the team for a two-year contract worth $750,000 annually.", "Gaunce was going to be out for 2–4 weeks after breaking his foot.", "Gaunce left the organization after not being offered a new contract.", "Gaunce signed a one-year, two-way deal with the Boston Bruins on July 1, 2019.", "Gaunce played one game for the Bruins and recorded an assist.", "Gaunce had 18 goals and 19 assists in 52 games for the Providence Bruins.", "Gaunce signed with the Vxj Lakers of the Swedish Hockey League on January 2, 2021.", "Gaunce had 5 goals and 12 points in 18 contests for the larger European ice.", "He scored 7 points in 12 playoff games to help the club win the SHL Championship.", "Gaunce signed a one-year, two-way contract with the Columbus Blue Jackets on July 30, 2021, after returning to North America as a free agent.", "After winning their first two games, Team Ontario was leading Team West 3–2 early in the third when Gaunce assisted on an insurance goal.", "Ontario won the game 4–3 to remain perfect and advance to the semi-finals.", "Gaunce scored two goals in Ontario's 4–2 win over Pacific in the final preliminary game.", "The player of the game was Gaunce.", "The gold medal game will be played between Ontario and Quebec.", "Gaunce scored three goals in the gold medal game.", "Gaunce was representing Canada at the Ivan Hlinka Memorial Tournament.", "Team Canada lost its opening game to Sweden, but finished the preliminary round with a 2–1 record and got a spot in the semi-finals.", "Gaunce assisted on Team Canada's third goal in a 5–0 victory of the Russians.", "Gaunce scored early in the third to give Canada a two-goal lead and later assisted on another goal.", "Canada won the gold medal for the fourth time at the tournament.", "At the 2012 IIHF World U18 Championships, Gaunce played for Team Canada.", "After Canada started the tournament with split decisions, Gaunce scored two first period goals and added an assist in a 6–2 win over the Czech Republic.", "Gaunce was named the player of the game.", "Canada finished third in their pool with a 2–2–0 record after losing their next game.", "Canada defeated the Russians in the quarterfinals.", "Canada lost to the United States in the semifinals.", "Gaunce was the player of the game for the Canadians.", "Canada played in the bronze medal game.", "Gaunce had a penalty shot opportunity in the first period.", "Gaunce registered a shorthanded goal in the second period, but failed to score on the penalty shot.", "Canada won the bronze medal.", "There are links to External links to Career statistics Regular season and playoffs International Awards and honours." ]

[ "Brendan Gaunce", "Brendan", "Julie Gaunce", "Brendan Gaunce", "Gaunce", "Gaunce", "Gaunce", "Gaunce", "Gaunce", "Gaunce", "Gaunce" ]

[ "Brendan Gaunce", "Gauncelink", "Brendan", "Julie Gaunce", "Brendan Gaunce", "Gaunce", "Gaunce", "Gaunce", "Gaunce" ]

[ "Soren Johnson (born May 23, 1976) is an American video game designer and programmer.", "Johnson's games primarily belong to 4X strategy, with a number of his titles having been critically acclaimed.", "He is best known for his work as a lead designer on Civilization IV, Offworld Trading Company, and Old World.", "He also worked on Civilization III as a co-lead designer.", "In 2013, Johnson founded Mohawk Games, an indie studio in the suburbs of Baltimore, Maryland.", "They later moved to Alexandria, VA during the 2020 Coronavirus Pandemic.", "The studio brings together people he has worked with in the past, along with new talent, to create new intellectual properties.", "Their first game, Offworld Trading Company, was released to moderate critical acclaim.", "Johnson is known for being one of the earliest developers who involved the internet gaming community in game design, testing, and discussion.", "Biography\n\nEarly life \nSoren Johnson was born in Olympia, Washington to Kenneth and Ruth Johnson.", "He grew up in Centralia, Washington with his one sibling, Bjorn Johnson, and his cousins Kjell, Erik, and Sonja.", "At age 13, Johnson was offered the opportunity to go to college early, but his parents thought that he would benefit more from being around friends.", "In hindsight he has stated that he thinks his parents made the right decision.", "His first ever notable gaming platform was a Commodore 64, which his parents bought for the family, when he was 7 years old .", "He grew up on mid 80's games, and electronic card games of the period, playing a wide variety of game genres, ranging from board games to strategy to shooter games and racing.", "Eventually he developed a particular interest in games that involved history and war.", "In particular he loved games made by renowned strategy game developer Sid Meier.", "His mother recalls him saying, “One day, I'm going to go work with Sid Meier!” This eventually came to pass when he joined Firaxis Games in 2000.", "College and EA \nJohnson did not play a lot of games in college, choosing to fully embrace the college experience, resulting in him largely missing the experience of playing Civilization II at that time.", "Prior to college, Johnson was not aware that computer science consisted of learning programming until he first enrolled at Stanford University, where he started by acquiring a BA in History, and eventually a MS in Computer Science.", "After college, Johnson started an internship with Electronic Arts, when a friend interning there got him an interview.", "During his internship at EA Johnson worked on Knockout Kings, developing its AI.", "Johnson returned to school for a semester at Oxford with his college roommate Christopher Tin.", "Tin would eventually be hired to work on Johnson's game Civilization IV, where he composed the Grammy winning song Baba Yetu.", "Johnson played the cello in the Stanford Orchestra, and at one point traveled to China to perform with his fellow Stanford musicians.", "While in college, one of Johnson's friends, Ratha Harntha, won a bet he made with Johnson.", "The bet required Johnson to shave his head to give himself a mohawk.", "Johnson cites this as proving that while he might lose some challenges, he will honor his word.", "It ended up being the inspiration for the name of his current game development studio: Mohawk Games.", "Firaxis Games \nAfter finishing his internship at Electronic Arts, Johnson started employment at Firaxis Games.", "Johnson followed the Civilization III development externally and jumped at the chance to join his idol Sid Meier.", "At the time he joined, much of the previous development team were abandoning Civ III, which was still early in its development.", "He considered the exodus an opportunity to help his idol and save the franchise from collapse.", "Johnson joined Firaxis in April 2000 and, along with Jake Solomon, started mid-development on Civilization III with director Sid Meier and designer Jeff Briggs.", "By this time only two engineers remained on the team: the intern and audio programmer.", "Johnson was offered his lowest salary to date, but persevered with an intention to use the experience to launch his career.", "Eventually Johnson's talent and work ethic brought him to the position of co-lead designer alongside Jeff Briggs.", "Johnson had a lot of freedom to work on Civilization III and rewrote a lot of the code from scratch, even with only 16 months left to complete the work before launch.", "Johnson simplified Civilization III's code base so that a lot of new mechanics could be added, without having to simply keep building on top of the previous game.", "This was in contrast to the way Civilization II's code was on top of the original.", "Johnson's hardcore resource features in Civilization III created scarcity in economic terms, becoming a catalyst for diplomacy system.", "Resource and economics systems would continue to be a key feature in his later games.", "Johnson's main role during Civilization III's development, however, was its Artificial Intelligence.", "His success in this field eventually earned him a reputation as one of the best AI developers in the industry.", "Johnson's ideas, however, were not all well received.", "One infamous mechanic involved domesticated animals, such as horses, being limited to certain in-game continents - just like in real history.", "Rather than leaving these poorly received mechanics untouched however, Johnson headed one of the earliest examples of post release support in gaming, using the feedback from the gaming community to further update the game post release.", "Johnson further highlighted his community support by making the game modder friendly; designing the AI to adapt and continue to function with changes to game design, even during community modding post game release.", "Johnson provided updates and patches to Civilization III for a year after the initial release, spending plenty of time immersed in the game's community, judging and absorbing feedback.", "Many of the lessons he and the team learned from this exercise were later applied to Civilization IV, leading to great success.", "Johnson's decision to join Firaxis at this time has been described as a \"strategic gamer's move applied to real life\", and is today seen as one of the factors that saved Civilization III and the future of the Civilization franchise.", "Due to his success in Civilization III, Soren Johnson became the sole lead designer of Civilization IV, once again writing all of the AI.", "For Civ IV Johnson brought in Civilization fans and members of the gaming community to test the game ahead of release, which proved highly effective in making the game stable and balanced before release.", "This set the precedent for his future development process, and continues to be part of the formula for developing his games.", "According to Johnson, there are generally 2 types of AI in video games, 'good AI' and 'fun' AI.", "Good AI competes to beat the player and win, whereas fun AI does not necessarily try to win a game but tries to give the human an enjoyable gameplay experience.", "A game like Civilization IV would have an AI that has features from both, their balance dependent on the difficulty setting.", "According to Johnson, building a successful AI for gameplay is not based on any novel technique, but requires a lot of hard work and coding.", "Johnson also had a considerable role in the development of the main theme music: Baba-Yetu, by working with his old classmate and composer, Christopher Tin.", "Christopher and Johnson, wanted to capture the essence of the view of earth from outer space in a musical piece, but also giving a deeper feel to the song with an extra layer of lyrical meaning.", "The result was hailed as a masterpiece, being the first game soundtrack to win a Grammy.", "Some fans of Civilization IV reportedly ended up leaving the menu screen open just to hear the global beat on repeat.", "When Johnson was asked if Tin was 'as cool in real life as he is on Reddit' Johnson answered simply, \"Yes.\"", "Civilization IV earned arguably the most critical acclaim of any Civilization game, with many fans believing it to be the best version of Civilization to date, even after two sequels.", "EA and Zynga \nOn April 17, 2007, it was announced that Johnson had left Firaxis to rejoin Electronic Arts (Maxis) to start mid-development on the genre bending game based on evolution, Spore.", "The game simulated 5 phases of evolution, starting the player as single cell and ending as an intergalactic civilization.", "Johnson was hired to help with the 4th stage: \"Civilization\" which saw your the player's procedural generated organism begin a primitive civilization on its home world.", "Spore would end up to be a disappointment for Johnson due to the game's mixed reception from critics and fans.", "He later attributed its failure to a lack of a clear binding vision across all the teams, and the lack of outside player feedback.", "At EA, Johnson also worked on the design of Dragon Age Legends, a Flash game released for Facebook and Google+ in March 2011.", "Johnson left EA in September 2011 to join the social network game development company Zynga on an unnamed project that was never published.", "Mohawk Games \nIn 2013, Johnson co-founded his own game development studio, Mohawk Games, in the suburbs of Baltimore, Maryland.", "Their first video game launched April 28, 2016 titled Offworld Trading Company: an economic real-time strategy game for Microsoft Windows and OS X using an extended and more detailed version of his signature resource system first seen in his earlier Civilization titles.", "This game would be Soren Johnson's first use of Early Access, making changes to the game based on player feedback, even before its full release.", "Offworld Trading Company is a unique game in the genre, as it is an economy-based RTS.", "When commenting on the creation of Mohawk games Johnson said, \"Mohawk puts gameplay first,\" \"Our goal is to make games that will be played for years, based on elegant, replayable systems that are not limited by finite content creation.", "Our development process emphasizes rapid iteration above all else, requiring our games to be playable as soon as possible so that we have time to find the fun.\"", "Christopher Tin has again contributed musical pieces to Offworld Trading Company, including the theme 'Red Planet Nocturne'.", "Once again Johnson and Christopher shared ideas on how to make the music sound \"other worldly\", with Christopher heavily synthesizing his music for the game.", "Offworld Trading Company would end up being a commercial success, selling over 600,000 copies, and achieved a broadly positive critical reception.", "After the development of Offworld Trading Company, Mohawk started work on a new historical based Civilization-inspired strategy game initially called Ten Crowns.", "Due to financial complications with their publisher Starbreeze (who originally financed Offworld Trading Company), Mohawk Games was offered a deal by Epic Games.", "The title received a name change to Old World after the switch in publisher, and the game is in current development.", "It entered Early Access on May 5, 2020.", "Johnson was a bi-monthly design columnist for Game Developer and is on the advisory board of the Game Developers Conference.", "He also runs the game design blog Designer Notes and hosts the game designer interview podcast of the same name.", "Personal life \n\nJohnson is married to Leyla Johnson, who works with him at Mohawk Games in a number of senior roles.", "They have three children (Sebastian, Connor, and Catherine Johnson) as well as a cat called Oliver.", "Works\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nSoren Johnson's profile at MobyGames\n www.designer-notes.com Soren Johnson's game design blog\nInterview with Soren Johnson at CVG\nInterview with Soren Johnson about social gaming at gamesindustry international\n\nPlace of birth missing (living people)\nAmerican video game designers\nLiving people\nStanford University alumni\nVideo game programmers\n1976 births" ]

[ "Soren Johnson is an American video game designer.", "A number of Johnson's titles have been critically acclaimed.", "Civilization IV, Offworld Trading Company, and Old World were all designed by him.", "He was a co-lead designer on Civilization III.", "Johnson founded Mohawk Games in the suburbs of Baltimore, Maryland.", "During the 2020 Coronaviruses Pandemic, they moved to Alexandria, VA.", "The studio brings together people he has worked with in the past, along with new talent, to create new intellectual properties.", "Their first game, Offworld Trading Company, was well received.", "One of the earliest developers to involve the internet gaming community in game design, testing, and discussion is Johnson.", "Soren Johnson was born to Kenneth and Ruth Johnson.", "He was born in Centralia, Washington to Bjorn Johnson and his siblings.", "Johnson was offered the chance to go to college early, but his parents thought he would benefit from being around friends.", "He thinks his parents made the right decision.", "His parents bought him his first gaming platform when he was 7 years old, a Commodore 64.", "He grew up playing a wide variety of games, from board games to strategy to shooter games and racing.", "He developed an interest in games about war and history.", "He loved games made by Sid Meier.", "His mother remembers him saying, \"One day, I'm going to go work with Sid Meier!\" when he joined Firaxis Games in 2000.", "College andEA Johnson did not play a lot of games in college, choosing to fully embrace the college experience, which resulted in him missing the experience of playing Civilization II at that time.", "Prior to college, Johnson didn't know that computer science consisted of learning programming and that he would eventually get a masters degree in computer science.", "A friend of Johnson's got him an interview for an internship at Electronic Arts.", "During his internship, Johnson worked on Knockout Kings.", "Johnson and Christopher Tin were roommates at Oxford.", "The song Baba Yetu was composed by Tin for Johnson's game Civilization IV.", "At one point, Johnson traveled to China to perform with his fellow musicians.", "One of Johnson's friends won a bet with Johnson.", "Johnson had to shave his head in order to win the bet.", "While he might lose some challenges, Johnson will honor his word.", "His current game development studio is called Mohawk Games.", "Johnson started working at Firaxis Games after finishing his internship at Electronic Arts.", "After following the Civilization III development, Johnson jumped at the chance to join his idols.", "Many of the previous development team were abandoning Civ III at the time he joined.", "The exodus was an opportunity for him to help his idol and save the franchise.", "Civilization III was started by Johnson and Jake Solomon while they were at Firaxis.", "The intern and audio programmer remained on the team.", "Johnson was offered the lowest salary to date, but used the experience to launch his career.", "Johnson's talent and work ethic brought him to the position of co-lead designer.", "Even with only 16 months left to complete the work before launch, Johnson had a lot of freedom to work on Civilization III.", "Johnson simplified Civilization III's code base so that a lot of new mechanics could be added, without having to keep building on top of the previous game.", "Civilization II's code was on top of the original.", "The scarcity in economic terms created by Johnson's hardcore resource features in Civilization III became a catalyst for diplomacy system.", "Resource and economics systems are important features in his later games.", "Artificial Intelligence was Johnson's main role in Civilization III.", "His success in this field earned him a reputation as one of the best artificial intelligence developers in the industry.", "Johnson's ideas were not well received.", "Horses, for example, were limited to certain in-game continents, just like in real history.", "Johnson headed one of the earliest examples of post release support in gaming, using the feedback from the gaming community to further update the game post release.", "Johnson highlighted his community support by making the game mod friendly, as well as designing the AI to adapt and continue to function with changes to game design, even during community mod post game release.", "For a year after the initial release, Johnson provided updates and patches to Civilization III, spending a lot of time in the game's community, judging and absorbing feedback.", "Civilization IV was the result of many of the lessons he and the team learned from this exercise.", "One of the factors that saved Civilization III and the future of the franchise was Johnson's decision to join Firaxis.", "Soren Johnson was the sole lead designer of Civilization IV because of his success in Civilization III.", "In order to make the game stable and balanced before it was released, Johnson brought in Civilization fans and members of the gaming community.", "This set the precedent for his future development process, and continues to be part of the formula for developing his games.", "There are two types of artificial intelligence in video games, good and fun.", "Good artificial intelligence tries to beat the player and win the game, while fun artificial intelligence tries to give the human an enjoyable experience.", "Civilization IV's balance is dependent on the difficulty setting and features from both.", "A successful artificial intelligence is not based on any novel technique, but requires a lot of hard work and coding.", "The main theme music, Baba- Yetu, was developed by Johnson and Christopher Tin.", "Christopher and Johnson wanted to capture the essence of the view of earth from outer space in a musical piece, but also give a deeper feel to the song with an extra layer of meaning.", "The first game soundtrack to win a grammy was hailed as a masterpiece.", "Some fans of Civilization IV left the menu screen open so they could hear the global beat on repeat.", "Tin was asked if he was as cool in real life as he is on the internet.", "Civilization IV earned the most critical praise of any Civilization game, with many fans believing it to be the best version of Civilization to date, even after two sequels.", "On April 17, 2007, it was announced that Johnson had left Firaxis to rejoin Electronic Arts to start development on the game based on evolution, Spore.", "The game started the player as a single cell and ended as a civilization.", "Johnson was hired to help with the 4th stage, \"Civilization\", which saw the player's procedural organisms begin a primitive civilization on its home world.", "The game's mixed reception from critics and fans would be a disappointment for Johnson.", "He blamed it on a lack of binding vision across all the teams and lack of outside player feedback.", "In March of 2011, Johnson worked on the design of Dragon Age Legends, a flash game for Facebook and Google+.", "The project that Johnson joined the social network game development company on was never published.", "Johnson co-founded his own game development studio, Mohawk Games, in the suburbs of Baltimore, Maryland.", "Offworld Trading Company: an economic real-time strategy game for Microsoft Windows and OS X uses an extended and more detailed version of his signature resource system first seen in his earlier Civilization titles.", "This game would be Soren Johnson's first use of Early Access, making changes to the game based on player feedback, even before its full release.", "Offworld Trading Company is an economy-based real time strategy game.", "\"Our goal is to make games that will be played for years, based on elegant, replayable systems that are not limited by finite content creation,\" said Johnson when commenting on the creation of Mohawk games.", "Our development process requires our games to be available as soon as possible so that we can find the fun.", "The theme of Christopher Tin's musical pieces is 'Red Planet Nocturne'.", "Christopher and Johnson shared ideas on how to make the music sound different in the game.", "Offworld Trading Company sold over 600,000 copies and achieved a positive critical reception.", "After the development of Offworld Trading Company, Mohawk started work on a new strategy game called Ten Crowns.", "Mohawk Games was offered a deal by Epic Games due to financial problems with their publisher Starbreeze.", "The title was changed to Old World after a publisher switch, and the game is currently being developed.", "On May 5, 2020, it entered Early Access.", "Johnson is a member of the advisory board of the Game Developers Conference.", "He also hosts a game designer interview show on the same name.", "Leyla Johnson works at Mohawk Games and is married to Johnson.", "They have three children and a cat.", "Soren Johnson's profile can be found at www.designer-notes.com Soren Johnson's interview with CVG can be found at www. CVG Interview with Soren Johnson can be found at www. CVG Interview with Soren Johnson can be found at www." ]

[ "Soren Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Soren", "Johnson", "Ruth Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Soren", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Soren", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Catherine Johnson", "Soren", "Johnson", "Soren", "Johnson", "Soren", "Johnson", "Soren", "Johnson" ]

[ "Soren Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Soren", "Johnson", "Ruth Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Soren", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Soren", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Johnson", "Soren", "Johnson", "Soren", "Johnson", "Soren", "Johnson", "Soren", "Johnson" ]

[ "Brad Laner (born November 6, 1966 in Los Angeles, California) is an American musician and record producer best known for his work with the shoegaze band Medicine, which he founded and led.", "Prior to Medicine, he was involved in avant-improv bands such as Debt of Nature (at the age of 15), Steaming Coils (at the age of 18)—which also featured members of Los Angeles Free Music Society—and most notably the experimental tribal post-punk outfit Savage Republic, which, according to Pitchfork Media, foreshadowed many ideas later explored in the post-rock genre.", "He has also been active as a solo artist, recording under the moniker Electric Company as well as releasing numerous albums under his own name.", "His work has been sampled by artists such as Brian Eno (Eno extensively sampled Electric Company's songs on several tracks from Another Day on Earth), and Caribou.", "He has collaborated with, among many others, M83 on its 2011 album Hurry Up, We're Dreaming.", "Career\n\nLaner founded his first band, Debt of Nature, at the age of 15 (in 1981).", "He then continued his musical endeavours with Steaming Coils, an experimental avant-rock band that he also founded in 1984.", "It released two full-length albums before disbanding in 1989, but its last record was released two years after the break-up.", "In the meantime, Laner joined Savage Republic as a percussionist and a keyboard player, and took part in recording two of its albums.", "In 1990 he founded shoegaze-noise pop band called Medicine, in which he applied a do-it-yourself ethos to create his signature sound by running his guitar through a 4-track recorder.", "In 1992 Medicine released its debut album, Shot Forth Self Living.", "In 1994 the band contributed one track to the soundtrack of the movie The Crow and appeared in the movie itself.", "The band ceased to exist in 1995, briefly reuniting in 2003 as a duo (with Laner and Shannon Lee).", "In 1995 he started his solo project Electric Company, which was devoted to IDM, glitch, and avant-garde electronics with some elements of ambient and drone.", "As Electric Company, he released ten full-length albums in nine years (before ceasing activity in 2004).", "The same year, he also founded psychedelic supergroup Lusk with the members of Tool and Failure, with whom he released one album, Free Mars.", "It received a Grammy Award nomination.", "In 1996, he collaborated (under his own name) with Dallas-based musical collective Vas Deferens Organization on the album Transcontinental Conspiracy.", "Laner co-wrote and co-produced the album; several Mercury Rev members were also involved in the recording and producing process.", "They collaborated again in 1999, this time under his Electric Company moniker, on the album More Pelvis Wick for the Baloney Boners.", "In 2007, Laner released his first album under his own name, Neighbor Singing, with the input of Thom Monahan.", "He then followed it up in 2010 with his second solo release, Natural Selections.", "Discography\n\nwith Debt of Nature \n Order: Spoil The Entire State (Harbinger Sound 2013)\n\ncassette releases\n Pets Have Fears Too (Real Big Dog tapes 1981)\n Robin Diamond's Lungs (A.R.P.H.", "tapes 1982)\n Idiot Stick (Party Sound Tapes 1983)\n Pets Have Fears Two (Party Sound Tapes 1983)\n Food Music (Gleet Audio 1983)\n 1981 Vol.", "1 (Jookie Thrills 1983)\n Debt of Nature (Goodall Tapes 1986)\n Order: Spoil The Entire State (VHS) (Goodall Tapes 1986)\n \"San Salvador Day\" (Goodall Tapes 2014)\n \"Salt Meadows\" (Lal Lal Lal 2015)\n \"Come Flying\" (Goodall Tapes 2015)\n \"Spring Training\" (Goodall Tapes 2015)\n \"Small Silver Car\" (Lal Lal Lal 2015)\n \"The Helix Of Repair\" (Lal Lal Lal 2016)\n\ncompilation appearances\n Feeble Efforts (New Alliance 1981)\n Mighty Feeble (New Alliance 1982)\n Life is Boring So Why Not Steal This Record (New Underground 1983)\n L.A. Mantra (Trance Port Tapes 1983)\n Live at the Trance Port (Trance Port Tapes 1983)\n Phantom Takes (Trance Port Tapes 1983)\n Give Me That Dog Penis Popsicle (Gleet Audio 1983)\n Sex and Bestiality (DF Sadist School 1984)\n Perpetual State of Oracular Dream (Anomalous 1991)\n \"L'Incoronazione\" (Hyster Tapes 2015)\n\nwith Earth Dies Burning \n Songs From The Valley of the Bored Teenager 1981-84 (Captured Tracks 2013)\n\nwith Stahlbau \n\ncassette releases\n\n Todlich Verungluckt (A.R.P.H.", "tapes 1982)\n Die Macht Der Reichen (Aeon 1983)\n\nwith Pilgrim State \n\n Effective Spiritual Warfare (New Underground, 1984)\n\nwith Severed Head In A Bag \n\ncassette releases\n\n \"Live\" (Goodall Tapes 2014)\n \"Delayed Implantation\" (Goodall Tapes 2014)\n\nwith Steaming Coils \n Never Creak (Rotary Totem 1986)\n The Tarkington Table (Motiv 1987)\n Breaded (Nate Starkman & Sons CD 1991; reissued Quaquaversal Vinyl 1994; re-reissued Medical Records with bonus \"Unfinished 1989\" 7\" E.P.", "2016)\n Never Were (Tarkington Table cassette 1987)\n Studio Cassette (Medical Records 2016)\n\ncompilation appearances\n\n Bad Alchemy #9 (No Man's Land 1987)\n LAFMS-The Lowest Form of Music Box Set (Cortical 1997)\n LAFMS-Unboxed (Cortical 1997)\nnote: the song \"Blathering Hemispheres\" from the \"Never Creak\" LP appears on both of the above LAFMS comps credited solely to Rick Potts\n\nwith To Nije Sala \n A Bitter Kermit Haven (split Lp with What Makes Donna Twirl) (Ralph 1990)\n\nwith Savage Republic \n Jamahiriya Democratique et Populaire de Sauvage (Fundamental 1988)\n Viva La Rock and Roll 7\" (IPR 1988)\n Customs (Fundamental 1989)\n Live in Europe 1988 (Nate Starkman & Sons 1989)\n Box Set (Mobilization 2002)\n Procession: An Aural History (LTM 2010)\n\nother 1980s releases as Brad Laner \n\ncassette releases\n\n SEP/8363 vols 1-5 (Party Sound Tapes 1982-1984)\n Blind Force (Goodall Tapes 1985)\n\ncompilation appearances\n\n Omniana/Audio Arm 3 cassette magazine (A.R.P.H.", "1982)\n L.A. Mantra 2 (Trance Port Tapes 1984)\n Neighborhood Rhythms (Freeway/Rhino 1984)\n Re Records Quarterly vol.", "2 (with James Grigsby) (Recommended 1989)\n Hollyword cassette (Freeway/Rhino 1990)\n\nwith Medicine (1990s and 2012-present version) \nShot Forth Self Living (Def American/Warner Bros. 1992; Reissued with bonus material by Captured Tracks 2012)\nThe Buried Life (American Recordings/Warner Bros. 1993; Reissued with bonus material by Captured Tracks 2012)\nHer Highness (American Recordings/Warner Bros. 1995)\n Medicine Box Set (Captured Tracks 2012)\n Always Starting To Stop (live cassette) (Captured Tracks 2012)\n To the Happy Few (Captured Tracks 2013)\n In Session (Captured Tracks 2014)\n Home Everywhere (Captured Tracks 2014)\n Medicine x Barcides (Bandcamp 2018)\n Scarred For Life (Drawing Room 2019)\n\nSingles and EPs\n\"Aruca\" (Creation 1992)\n\"5ive\" (a.k.a.", "\"Come Here To Drink Milk\") (Creation 1993)\n\"Never Click\" (Beggars Banquet, 1993)\n\"Sounds Of Medicine\" (American 1994; Reissued with bonus material by Captured Tracks 2012)\n\"Time Baby 3\" (Beggars Banquet, 1994)\n\"Off The Vine\" (double 7\") (Ectoplasm, 1995)\n Time Baby 2 (7\") (Captured Tracks 2012)\n\nCompilation appearances\nThe Crow OST (Atlantic, 1994)\nThe Doom Generation OST (American Recordings/Warner Bros., 1994)\nTigerbeat6 Inc. (Tigerbeat6, 2001)\n Musique Dessinee 01 - Just A Groove !", "You Love Me (Mille Plateaux, 2000)\n Cex - Oops I Did It Again (Tigerbeat6, 2001)\n Attitude (Tigerbeat6, 2000)\n The Cosmic Forces of Mu (Planet Mu, 2001)\n Tigerbeat6 Inc. (Tigerbeat6, 2001)\n Criminal 2 (Planet Mu, 2002)\n $ Vol.2 (Tigerbeat6, 2001)\n $ Vol.6 (Tigerbeat6, 2001)\n Marumari The Remixes (Carpark, 2002)\n 45 Seconds Of (Simballrec, 2002 )\n Lowercase 2 (Bremsstrahlung, 2002)\n Ellen Allien- Weiss.mix (B Pitch Control, 2002)\n American Breakbeat : Rebuilt (Klangkreig, 2002)\n Wrong Application (Tigerbeat6, 2001)\n And The Beat Goes Off (Tigerbeat6, 2002)\n Paws Across America (Tigerbeat6, 2002)\n Good Night (Music To Sleep To) (Tigerbeat6, 2003)\n Stars As Eyes-Loud New Shit (Tigerbeat6, 2003)\n Open up and Say ...@+%_|^{!}", "Dobson - A Halo of Affectation (777 Was 666 2016)\nWild Nothing - Life of Pause (Captured Tracks 2016)\nTülips - Doom And Bloom (Lollipop 2015)\nDigital Noise Academy - Synemy (Echo Field 2013)\nM83 - Hurry Up, We're Dreaming (Mute 2011)\nBlinker The Star - We Draw Lines (Nile River 2012)\nThe Caribbean - Discontinued Perfume (Hometapes 2011)\nLauren Kinney - Wail (Bandcamp 2013)\nLauren Kinney - Riddled (Bandcamp 2011)\nChristopher Willits - Tiger Flower Circle Sun (Ghostly 2010)\nBlinker The Star w/ Lindsey Buckingham - Catch And Release O.S.T.", "(Sony 2007)\nChristopher Willits - Surf Boundaries (Ghostly 2006)\nVetiver - To Find Me Gone (DiChristina 2006)\nBrian Eno - Another Day On Earth (Opal 2005)\nCaribou - The Milk Of Human Kindness (Leaf 2005)\nCaribou - Barnowl 12\" (Leaf 2005)\nCaribou - Marino DVD (Leaf 2005)\nμ-ziq - Bilious Paths (Planet Mu, 2003)\nKid606 - Down With The Scene (Ipecac 2000)\nFurry Things - Moments Away (Trance Syndicate 1999)\nBlinker The Star - August Everywhere (DreamWorks 1999)\nOn - Shifting Skin (Epic 1999)\nSpectacle -Glow In The Dark Soul (Supreme/Island 1998)\nVentilator - Reseda Spleen (Delmore 1997)\nV3 - Photograph Burns (Onion/American 1996)\nEenie Meenie EP (Krown Pocket 1996)\nVas Deferens Organization - Saturation (Aether 1996)\nPatio Collection vol.", "2 (w/ Sweetcream USA) (Smilex 1997)\nSolid Eye - Electromagnetic Field and Stream of Consciousness (Senseworks 1994)\nThe Black Watch - Amphetamines (Gotta Go 1994)\nMotor Totemist Guild - Shapuno Zoo ( No Man's Land 1988)\nMotor Totemist Guild - Homaggio a Futi (Auf Dem Nil 1988)\n17 Pygmies- Welcome (Island 1988)\n17 Pygmies- Missyfish (Nate Starkman and Sons 1991)\nFourwaycross - On The Other Hand (Nate Starkman and Sons 1989)\nFourwaycross - Pendulum (Independent Project Records 1993)\nWhat Slender Young Leaders !", "7\" (New Alliance 1986)\nBlue Daisies - Wilt (Iridescence 1985)\nGary Kail / Zurich 1916 - Creative Nihilism (Iridescence 1984)\nJohn Trubee - Beyond Eternity/Lavender Flesh (Cordelia 1984)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Official Web site\n Official profile on Hometapes record label Web site\n \n \n \n\n1966 births\nLiving people\nMusicians from Los Angeles\nAmerican Recordings (record label) artists\nIsland Records artists\nTrance Syndicate artists\nPlanet Mu artists" ]

[ "Brad Laner is an American musician and record producer best known for his work with the shoegaze band Medicine.", "Prior to Medicine, he was involved in avant-improv bands such as Debt of Nature, which was formed at the age of 15 and Steaming Coils, which was formed at the age of 18.", "He has released albums under his own name as well as recording under the name Electric Company.", "His work has been used by artists such as Brian Eno, who used Electric Company's songs on several tracks from Another Day on Earth.", "He collaborated with M83 on its album Hurry Up, We're Dreaming.", "Debt of Nature was founded by Career Laner at the age of 15.", "In 1984 he founded Steaming Coils, an experimental avant-rock band.", "Two full-length albums were released before the band broke up, but the last one was released two years after the break-up.", "Laner joined the band as a percussionist and keyboard player, and recorded two of the band's albums.", "He used a do-it-yourself ethos to create his signature sound by running his guitar through a 4-track recorder.", "Shot Forth Self Living was Medicine's debut album.", "The band contributed a track to the soundtrack of the movie The Crow in 1994.", "Laner and Shannon Lee formed a duo in 2003 after the band ceased to exist in 1995.", "In 1995 he started his solo project Electric Company, which was devoted to IDM, glitch, and avant-garde electronics with some elements of ambient and drone.", "In nine years, he released ten full-length albums for Electric Company.", "He formed a supergroup with the members of Tool and Failure and released one album, Free Mars.", "It received a nomination.", "On the album Transcontinental Conspiracy, he collaborated with Dallas-based musical collective Vas Deferens Organization.", "Several Mercury Rev members were involved in the recording and producing of the album.", "They collaborated again in 1999, this time under his Electric Company name.", "Laner's first album under his own name, Neighbor Singing, was released in 2007.", "His second solo release was Natural Selections.", "Discography with Debt of Nature Order: Spoil The Entire State, Pets Have Fears Too, and Robin Diamond's Lungs are all cassette releases.", "The Idiot Stick, Pets Have Fears Two, and Food Music were tapes.", "Debt of Nature (Goodall Tapes 1986) Order: Spoil The Entire State.", "The cassette releases \"Live\" and \"Delayed Implantation\" are from Goodall Tapes.", "The album Never Were (Tarkington Table cassette 1987) and the LAFMS-The Lowest Form of Music Box Set (Cortical 1997) are included.", "Neighborhood Rhythms (Freeway/Rhino 1984) Re Records Quarterly vol.", "Shot Forth Self Living was re-released with bonus material by Captured Tracks.", "\"Come Here To Drink Milk\" (Creation 1993), \"Never Click\" (Beggars Banquet 1993), and \"Sounds Of Medicine\" (American 1994) have been re-released.", "The Cosmic Forces of Mu (Planet Mu, 2001) Tigerbeat6 Inc.", "Dobson - A Halo of Affectation and Wild Nothing - Life of Pause.", "Christopher Willits - Surf Boundaries, Vetiver - To Find Me Gone, Brian Eno - Another Day On Earth, and Caribou - Marino DVD.", "The Black Watch - Amphetamines, Solid Eye - Electromagnetic Field and Stream of Consciousness, and Motor Totemist Guild - Hom.", "Blue Daisies - Wilt, Gary Kail, and John Trubee are references." ]

[ "Brad Laner", "Laner", "Laner", "Laner" ]

[ "Brad Laner", "Career Laner", "Laner", "Laner" ]

[ "(born Kiyoharu Matsumoto) was a Japanese writer, credited with popularizing detective fiction in Japan.", "Matsumoto's works broke new ground by incorporating elements of human psychology and ordinary life.", "His works often reflect a wider social context and postwar nihilism that expanded the scope and further darkened the atmosphere of the genre.", "His exposé of corruption among police officials and criminals was a new addition to the field.", "The subject of investigation was not just the crime but also the society affected.", "Although Matsumoto was a self-educated prolific author, his first book was not printed until he was in his forties.", "In the following 40 years, he published more than 450 works.", "Matsumoto's work included historical novels and non-fiction, but it was his mystery and detective fiction that solidified his reputation as a writer internationally.", "Credited with popularizing the genre among readers in his country, Matsumoto became Japan's best-selling and highest earning author in the 1960s.", "His most acclaimed detective novels, including Ten to sen (1958; Points and Lines, 1970); Suna no utsuwa (1961; Inspector Imanishi Investigates, 1989) and Kiri no hata (1961; Pro Bono, 2012), have been translated into a number of languages, including English.", "He received the Akutagawa Prize in 1952, the Kikuchi Kan Prize in 1970, and the Mystery Writers of Japan Award in 1957.", "He served as president of the Mystery Writers of Japan from 1963 to 1971.", "Matsumoto also collaborated with film director Yoshitarō Nomura on adaptations of eight of his novels to film, including Castle of Sand.", "Early life\n\nMatsumoto was born in the city of Kokura, now Kokura Kita ward, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka prefecture, Kyushu, in 1909.", "His real name was Kiyoharu Matsumoto before he adopted the pen name Seichō Matsumoto; \"Seichō\" is the Sino-Japanese reading of the characters of his given name.", "He was an only child.", "After graduating from elementary school, Seichō was hired at a utility company.", "As an adult he designed layouts for the Asahi Shimbun in Kyushu.", "His work in the advertising department was interrupted by serving in World War II as a medical corpsman.", "He spent much of the war in Korea before resuming work at the Asahi Shimbun after the war.", "He transferred to the Tokyo office in 1950.", "Although Matsumoto attended neither secondary school nor university, he was well-educated.", "As a rebellious teenager, he read banned revolutionary texts as part of a political protest, which enraged Seichō's father, causing him to destroy his son's collection of literature.", "Matsumoto sought award-winning works of fiction and studied them.", "His official foray into literature occurred in 1950 when the magazine Shukan Asahi hosted a fiction contest.", "He submitted his short story \"Saigō satsu\" (Saigō's Currency) and placed third in the competition.", "Within six years he had retired from his post at the newspaper to pursue a full-time career as a writer.", "Writing career\n\nMatsumoto wrote short fiction while simultaneously producing multiple novels, at one point as many as five concurrently, in the form of magazine serials.", "Many of his crime stories debuted in periodicals, among them \"Harikomi\" (The Chase), in which a woman reunites with her fugitive lover while police close in on them.", "For his literary accomplishments, Matsumoto received the Mystery Writers of Japan Prize, Kikuchi Kan Prize, and the Yoshikawa Eiji Prize for Literature.", "In 1952 he was awarded the Akutagawa Prize for \"Aru 'Kokura-nikki' den\" (The Legend of the Kokura-Diary).", "As a lifelong activist, Matsumoto voiced both anti-American and anti-Japanese sentiments in some of his writings.", "For example at the height of the 1960 Anpo protests, Matsumoto tapped into the anti-American mood with his notorious work of \"non-fiction\" Black Fog over Japan (日本の黒い霧, Nihon no kuroi kiri), in which an enterprising detective uncovers a vast conspiracy by American secret agents that ties together many famous incidents and unsolved crimes of the postwar period.", "Likewse, many of Matsumoto's works of fiction and nonfiction revealed various aspects of home-grown corruption in the Japanese system.", "In 1968 he traveled to communist Cuba as a delegate of the World Cultural Congress and ventured to North Vietnam to meet with its president later that same year.", "Matsumoto was also interested in archeology and ancient history.", "He made his ideas public in his fiction and in many essays.", "His interest extended to Northeast Asia, the Western Regions, and the Celts.", "International recognition\n\nIn 1977, Matsumoto met Ellery Queen when they visited Japan.", "In 1987, he was invited by French mystery writers to talk about his sense of mystery at Grenoble.", "Matsumoto died from cancer at the age of 82.", "Andrew Clare (Vertical, 2012)\nA Quiet Place (original title: Kikanakatta Basho), trans.", "Louise Heal Kawai (Bitter Lemon Press, 2016)\n\nShort story collection\nThe Voice and Other Stories\n\"The Accomplice\" (original title: Kyōhansha)\t\n\"The Face\" (original title: Kao)\n\"The Serial\" (original title: Chihōshi o Kau Onna)\t\n\"Beyond All Suspicion\" (original title: Sōsa Kengai no Jōken)\n\"The Voice\" (original title: Koe)\n\"The Woman Who Wrote Haiku\" (original title: Kantō-ku no Onna)\n\nShort Stories\n\"The Cooperative Defendant\" (original title: Kimyō na Hikoku)\nEllery Queen's Japanese Golden Dozen: The Detective Story World in Japan (Edited by Ellery Queen." ]

[ "The writer was credited with popularizing detective fiction in Japan.", "Human psychology and ordinary life were incorporated into Matsumoto's works.", "His works reflect a wider social context and postwar nihilism that darkened the atmosphere of the genre.", "A new addition to the field was his expose of corruption among police officials and criminals.", "The society was affected by the crime and the subject of investigation.", "Matsumoto's first book was not printed until he was in his forties.", "He published more than 450 works in 40 years.", "His mystery and detective fiction solidified his reputation as a writer, even though his work included historical novels and non-fiction.", "Matsumoto became Japan's best-selling and highest earning author in the 1960s, thanks to popularizing the genre among readers in his country.", "His detective novels Ten to sen, Suna no utsuwa, Inspector Imanishi Investigates, and Kiri no hata have been translated into a number of languages.", "The Mystery Writers of Japan Award was given to him in 1957.", "He was president of the Mystery Writers of Japan from 1963 to 1971.", "Castle of Sand is one of the eight novels that were adapted for the film.", "Matsumoto was born in Kokura, now Kokura Kita ward, in 1909.", "The Sino-Japanese reading of the characters of his given name is what distinguishes him from his real name.", "He was the only child.", "After graduating from elementary school, Seich was hired by a utility company.", "He designed layout for the Asahi Shimbun when he was a child.", "His work in the advertising department was interrupted by his service in World War II.", "He spent most of the war in Korea before returning to work after the war.", "He moved to the Tokyo office in 1950.", "He was well-educated despite not attending secondary school or university.", "When he was a teenager, he read banned texts as part of a political protest, causing his father to destroy his collection of literature.", "He studied award-winning works of fiction.", "The magazine Shukan Asahi hosted a fiction contest in 1950.", "He placed third in the competition with his short story \"Saig satsu\".", "He retired from his job at the newspaper after six years to pursue a career as a writer.", "Matsumoto wrote short fiction while simultaneously producing multiple novels, at one point as many as five concurrently, in the form of magazine serials.", "\"Harikomi\" is one of his crime stories that was published in periodicals.", "He received the Mystery Writers of Japan Prize, the Kikuchi Kan Prize, and the Yoshikawa Eiji Prize for Literature.", "The Legend of the Kokura-Diary was 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780", "In some of his writings, Matsumoto voiced anti-American and anti-Japanese feelings.", "At the height of the 1960 Anpo protests, the author of \"Black Fog over Japan\" tapped into the anti-American sentiment with his work.", "Many of Matsumoto's works of fiction and nonfiction revealed aspects of home-grown corruption in the Japanese system.", "He traveled to Cuba as a delegate of the World Cultural Congress and later went to North Vietnam to meet its president.", "He was interested in archeology and ancient history.", "His ideas were made public in his writings.", "He was interested in Northeast Asia, the Western Regions, and the Celts.", "Matsumoto and Queen met in Japan in 1977.", "He was invited to speak about his sense of mystery by French mystery writers.", "Matsumoto died from cancer.", "The original title of A Quiet Place was Kikanakatta Basho.", "The Voice and Other Stories is a collection of short stories by Louise Heal Kawai." ]

[ "Kiyoharu Matsumoto", "Matsumoto", "Matsumoto", "Matsumoto", "Matsumoto", "Matsumoto", "Matsumoto", "Matsumoto", "Matsumoto", "Matsumoto", "Matsumoto", "Matsumoto", "Matsumoto", "Matsumoto", "Matsumoto", "Matsumoto", "Matsumoto" ]

[ "Matsumoto", "Matsumoto", "Matsumoto", "Matsumoto", "Matsumoto", "Matsumoto" ]

[ "Hilda Yank Sing Yen () or sometimes Yan, was one of the leading figures of Chinese American society for some decades.", "Coming from a high-profile family traditionally serving Chinese governments and society, she left the East while continuing to be a bridge of cultures.", "Initially proving herself in university, she worked in diplomatic circles leading to the League of Nations for some years and then, inspired by aviator Li Xiaqing, she embarked on extended flights across the United States, speaking on international peace, pointing to the needs of China against the looming aggressions of the era, and then working with the United Nations.", "A major transition was her conversion to the Baháʼí Faith in 1944 and she was centrally involved in the religion achieving its registration as a non-governmental organization with the United Nations, where she then continued her work for several years.", "Ultimately she was disappointed in the international community's lack of embrace of a spiritual-religious commitment as the basis of an international peace and withdrew due to these concerns.", "Along the way, she married twice, with two children from the first marriage though she died divorced.", "Early years and family \nHer date of birth is conjectured from conversion from eastern calendars.", "Late in life she adopted the date of January 17 though most of her life she used November 29 as her date of birth.", "The year is similarly a matter of conjecture: around 1904 to 1906, however her father's paperwork has listed her birth year as 1902.", "Her parents were Fu Ching Yen and Siu Ying Chow, the extended family being prominent under Sun Yat-sen.", "Her baptismal name was Hilda.", "Her sister was similarly named Dorothy.", "Her family had adopted Christianity; her grandfather and his brother were among the earliest converts to Christianity as Episcopalians; they also volunteered to fight for the Union North in the American Civil War while in school at Ohio's Kenyon College.", "Her father became a doctor in China and served in South Africa.", "Her family moved while at an age of about 8 years to New Haven, Connecticut, where her father entered Yale School of Medicine followed by Harvard Medical School in public health while she attended elementary school.", "Her family returned to China and then back in the States again for more work in public health, when at the age of about 16 she took the university entrance exam as a cultural exchange student without permission of her parents and won entry into Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts.", "She majored in history but then her family returned to Shanghai abruptly, before she finished her degree, in 1924.", "Back in China, she majored in psychology and while there she participated in foiling an anti-foreigner uprising at her school and worked in a hospital.", "She had an arranged marriage to P.T.", "Chen, a Chinese banker, and had two children, William Kuo Wei Chen and Doreen Kuo Feng Chen.", "In the meantime she devoted her time to local child and women's advocacy institutions as well as at the YWCA.", "Internationalist, diplomat and aviator \n\nThe year before her family returned to China, in 1923, an uncle, Dr. Y. S. Tsao, then president of Tsinghua University of Beijing, had heard of the Baháʼí Faith through Martha Root and then joined the religion.", "He translated Baha'u'llah and the New Era and Yen first heard of the religion through him.", "She accepted the invitation of another uncle, Yan Huiqing, then Ambassador to the USSR, to serve as his hostess for events at the embassy.", "She had some chance to address committees of the League of Nations through her diplomatic status – such as the status of women.", "Through her extended activities away from her husband and children, the marriage was mutually ended.", "At the end of their service, there was a party which included meeting Li Xiaqing and together they worked to make a presentation promoting Chinese women in flight.", "She then served formally at the League of Nations for three years including working with committees addressing issues of trafficking in women and children in 1937.", "Then she moved to the United States, took flying lessons and earned her aviator license.", "With Li Xiaqing back in the States, they conceived a plan of flying from city to city from 1938 speaking about the spread of war and the need of assistance for China and boycotting Japan's aggression.", "In 1939, a plane was donated – \"The Spirit of New China\" – which could use a copilot with Li and then Yen acquired her own plane also named \"The Spirit of New China\".", "Yen's plane crashed May 1, 1939 outside of Montgomery Alabama.", "Her injuries were severe but not life threatening.", "Considering her situation miraculous considering the plane crash suggested the beginnings of a change in path for her life later to be realized.", "Li finished their scheduled presence.", "Yen was discharged May 11 and she continued her advocacy on land for a time before returning to air travel in another plane.", "Her involvement in peace activities brought her into contact with Julia Goldman -she credits meeting Julia Goldman with re-introducing her to the Baháʼí Faith though it did not take her attention centrally for some years yet.", "Events in China soon led to a return to China where her father served in the cabinet of Chiang Kai-shek.", "In December 1941, she witnessed the marshaling of Americans after the attack at Pearl Harbor and as the Japanese arrived at Hong Kong while performing at a party for diplomats and Chinese leaders.", "However, she made it out of Hong Kong on a cargo plane and eventually reached the United States.", "Disappointed in politics and war, she was still passionate about peace and began flying again.", "Through her increasing contacts with the Baháʼís, she asked to attend the 1944 Baháʼí Annual convention as an observer.", "She was moved by the spontaneous gestures of welcome and care shown between individuals society normally kept apart as the material demonstration of the ideals of a worldwide unity across all humanity.", "Then she requested to enroll as a Baháʼí.", "She then asked to address the convention as a Baháʼí: \"Fellow Baha'is, this is more than a pleasure.", "It is a miracle that I am participating with you in discussing such important matters.", "I contacted two denominations and a parliament of religions before I met Julia Goldman, Baha'i, who sowed this seed in my heart.", "While convalescent from a flying crash, my life was given me for service to God.", "Julia took me under her wing.", "I saw God vaguely; then more clearly, through the Baha'i Faith.", "Then came the battle of Hongkong(sic) where all shared in a common danger and hunger - forced to live the oneness of mankind.", "At length I secured a priority to fly to America and how do I rejoice to be in this free country!", "Conferring with Americans I have found this country the best to execute the message of peace.", "I have been blessed in meeting other Baha'is.", "I have been deeply impressed by the love and affection among Baha'is.", "China is well prepared by its sages for the Baha'i Faith.", "…\"\n\nHer conversion was marked as a significant moment summarizing the religion in 1944 following on that of her uncle.", "And she dwelt on the turning point of her plane crash more during a radio interview later published in World Order (see Baháʼí literature#Periodicals).", "She then attended the Bretton Woods Conference on world economics, and the Dumbarton Oaks Conference and the formation of the United Nations initially in San Francisco with a mixture of optimism in the steps being taken and disappointment the spiritual essence of unity was not being recognized more strongly: \"We cannot have lasting peace without first turning to God.\"", "She joined the UN Department of Public Information and traveled increasingly for the Baháʼí Faith and comparing the peace plans then proposed.", "and served related interests for the advocacy for women.", "She was credited with playing a major role for the recognition of the Baháʼí Faith as a non-governmental organization.", "She soon met and married John Gifford Male on May 15, 1948; in 1946, he had secured a job in the United Nations Secretariat in the Human Rights division following being Eleanor Roosevelt's private secretary.", "Standards at the time required a wife to not work in the UN however she was able to continue work in the UN through the NGO status of the Baháʼí Faith.", "She was also able to retrieve her children, Doreen and William, from now communist China though her family had managed to serve that government as well.", "Doreen would take up medicine and return to China and while Yen continued to tour often speaking at Baháʼí events.", "William married and had two sons, one of whom, Ronald Chen, was the Public Advocate of New Jersey and is a law professor and former dean of Rutgers Law School.", "She helped celebrate achievements like the banquet in honor of the Xth volume of the Baháʼí World with Baháʼí notables Firuz Kazemzadeh and Helen Elsie Austin in 1950, continued giving talks, as well as trying to further the importance of the awareness of religion as a force for peace inside the UN.", "Yen was disappointed in the UN and the general efforts towards international peace – its lack of putting religious motivation at the heart of international peace seemed to result in much lack of progress.", "Later life \nYen shifted away from working in international diplomacy and public view - she began by volunteering at a hospital.", "Into the 1950s, her husband was looking to retire in New Zealand while Yen continued to seek ways of being of service and they both fell in love with other people.", "They divorced December 18, 1959.", "Male married three days later.", "Yen's further relationships never formed another marriage.", "She went to school at Columbia University, getting a degree and experience as a science librarian and gained employment in the field in the Brooklyn Library.", "In the 1960s she suffered from breast cancer and outlived doctor's expectations a number of years and she developed an interest in the I Ching.", "Finally she died March 18, 1970 and was buried at Ferncliff Cemetery in Ardsley, New York.", "Her longtime colleague at the Baháʼí International Community, the name of the religion's NGO, Mildred Mottahedeh, underscored her service: \"This noble lady played an important role in the development of the Baha'i Faith in the international field, and it was through her efforts that the Baha'is began their work with the United Nations\", and wrote a memorial.", "See also \n Baháʼí International Community\n Baháʼí Faith in Taiwan\n Baháʼí Faith in China\n\nFurther reading\n\nReferences \n\n1906 births\n1970 deaths\n20th-century Bahá'ís\nChinese Bahá'ís\nConverts to the Bahá'í Faith\nAmerican women aviators\nAmerican aviators of Chinese descent\n20th-century American women\n20th-century American people" ]

[ "One of the leading figures of Chinese American society was sometimes called \"Yan\" or \"Hilda\".", "She left the East and continued to be a bridge of cultures from her high-profile family.", "After graduating from university, she worked in diplomatic circles leading to the League of Nations for a few years and then began speaking about international peace, pointing to the needs of China against the looming aggressions of the United States.", "After converting to the Bah Faith in 1944, she worked for several years for the United Nations and achieved its registration as a non-governmental organization.", "She withdrew due to the international community's lack of embrace of a spiritual-religious commitment as the basis of an international peace.", "She married twice and had two children from the first marriage.", "She was born in the early years of her family.", "She used to use November 29 as her birth date, but she adopted the date of January 17 late in life.", "She was born in 1904 to 1906, however her father's paperwork says she was born in 1901.", "The extended family was prominent under Sun Yat-sen.", "Her name was Hilda.", "Her sister had the same name.", "Her family DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch", "Her father was a doctor in China and South Africa.", "At the age of 8 years old, her family moved to New Haven, Connecticut, where her father attended Yale School of Medicine and she attended Harvard Medical School.", "She took the university entrance exam as a cultural exchange student without her parents' permission at the age of 16 and got into Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts.", "She majored in history, but her family returned to Shanghai before she finished her degree.", "She majored in psychology and worked in a hospital in China after foiling an anti-foreigner uprising at her school.", "She was married to P.T.", "The Chen's had two children, William and Doreen.", "She devoted her time to local child and women's advocacy institutions.", "In 1923, the year before her family returned to China, her uncle joined the Bah Faith.", "The New Era and the religion of Baha'u'llah were translated by him.", "She was invited by another uncle, the Ambassador to the USSR, to serve as his hostess for events at the embassy.", "She could address committees of the League of Nations through her diplomatic status.", "She spent a lot of time away from her husband and children.", "At the end of their service there was a party and they worked together to promote Chinese women in flight.", "She worked with committees at the League of Nations to address issues of trafficking in women and children.", "She was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "The plan was to fly from city to city to speak about the spread of war and the need for assistance for China and boycotting Japan.", "The plane that was donated in 1939 was named \"The Spirit of New China\" and was used for a copilot with Li.", "On May 1, 1939, Yen's plane crashed outside of Montgomery Alabama.", "Her injuries were not life threatening.", "Considering her situation, the beginnings of a change in path for her life were suggested.", "They finished their presence.", "After she was discharged, she went back to air travel in another plane.", "Her involvement in peace activities brought her into contact with Julia Goldman, who reintroduced her to the Bah Faith.", "The events in China led to her father's return to China.", "She witnessed the marshaling of Americans after the attack at Pearl Harbor and as the Japanese arrived at Hong Kong.", "She reached the United States on a cargo plane after leaving Hong Kong.", "She was still passionate about peace despite her disappointment in politics and war.", "She asked to attend the 1944 Bah Annual convention as an observer because of her increasing contacts with the Bahs.", "She was moved by the gestures of welcome and care shown between individuals society normally kept apart as a demonstration of the ideals of a worldwide unity across all humanity.", "She wanted to enroll as a Bah.", "She asked to address the convention as a Bah.", "I am participating with you in discussing important matters.", "Julia Goldman, a Baha'i, sowed this seed in my heart after I contacted two denominations and a parliament of religions.", "My life was given to me while I was convalescent from the crash.", "Julia took me under her wing.", "I saw God through the faith.", "After the battle of Hongkong, all of them were forced to live the oneness of mankind.", "I secured a priority to fly to America and how do I feel about being in this free country?", "The best place to execute the message of peace is this country.", "I have met other Baha'is.", "I have been impressed by the love and affection of the Baha'is.", "China is prepared for the Baha'i Faith.", "Following on that of her uncle, her conversion was marked as a significant moment in the religion.", "During a radio interview later published in World Order, she talked about the turning point of her plane crash.", "She attended the Dumbarton Oaks Conference and the formation of the United Nations initially in San Francisco with a mixture of optimism and disappointment that the spiritual essence of unity was not being recognized more strongly.", "She joined the UN Department of Public Information and traveled for the Bah Faith.", "The interests were related to the advocacy for women.", "She played a major role in the recognition of the Bah Faith as a non-governmental organization.", "On May 15, 1948, she met and married John Gifford Male, who had been Eleanor Roosevelt's private secretary.", "Standards at the time required a wife to not work in the UN, however she was able to continue her work in the UN through the Bah Faith.", "She was able to get her children out of China because her family had served that government as well.", "While Yen continued to tour and speak at Bah events, Doreen took up medicine and returned to China.", "Ronald Chen was the Public Advocate of New Jersey and is a law professor at Rutgers Law School.", "She helped celebrate achievements like the banquet in honor of the Xth volume of the Bah World with Bah notables Firuz Kazemzadeh and Helen Austin in 1950, continued giving talks, as well as trying to further the importance of the awareness of religion as a force for peace inside", "The lack of religious motivation at the heart of international peace seemed to result in much lack of progress.", "After volunteering at a hospital, she shifted away from working in international diplomacy and public view.", "While her husband was looking to retire in New Zealand, she continued to seek ways of being of service and they both fell in love with other people.", "December 18, 1959 is when they divorced.", "A man married three days later.", "It was never possible for Yen's relationships to form another marriage.", "She obtained a degree and experience as a science librarian at Columbia University and went on to work in the Brooklyn Library.", "She was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "She died in 1970 and was buried in New York.", "\"This noble lady played an important role in the development of the Baha'i Faith in the international field, and it was through her efforts that it happened,\" said her colleague at the Bah International Community.", "The 20th century saw the conversion of the Chinese Bah's to the Bah' Faith." ]

[ "Hilda Yank Sing Ye", "Hilda" ]

[ "Hilda", "Hilda" ]

[ "Tubal Claude Ryan (January 3, 1898 – September 11, 1982) was an American aviator born in Parsons, Kansas.", "Ryan was best known for founding several airlines and aviation factories.", "Early years\nRyan began his flying career in 1917 when he enrolled in the American School of Aviation at Venice, California.", "After making his first solo flight, he was accepted into the Army Air Service with an under-age waiver.", "The day that he was to report, the armistice was signed, ending his prospects for a military flying career.", "Instead, Ryan went to Oregon State College and studied Engineering, then was accepted into the Aeronautical Division of the U.S. Army (later known as the United States Army Air Corps).", "While in the Army, Ryan learned to fly at March Field, California, from where he graduated in 1921.", "Ryan flew forestry patrol duty until his enlistment ended in 1922.", "Ryan then went to San Diego and sold barnstorming rides to pay for a military surplus Curtiss JN-4 Jenny.", "Business career\n\nBeginnings\n\nRyan's first employee was Hawley Bowlus, who had been the mechanic at the first flying school Ryan attended.", "One of his students was a wealthy young stock broker and real-estate developer named Benjamin Franklin Mahoney.", "Ryan sold half of the Ryan Flying Company to B. F. Mahoney on April 25, 1925.", "With Mahoney's funding, they bought a Douglas Cloudster, which Douglas had built for an attempt on the first non-stop transcontinental flight.", "A broken engine part grounded it in El Paso, Texas and by the time the repairs were completed, a pair of military pilots had accomplished the feat in a Fokker T-2.", "Bowlus modified the Cloudster to carry 10 passengers.", "With the Ryan-Cloudster and three Ryan-Standards that Bowlus had modified to carry four passengers each, they founded The San Diego - Los Angeles Airlines.", "It began operations on March 1, 1925 ferrying passengers on a regular schedule between San Diego, California and Los Angeles, California.", "Ryan Airlines\n\nThe company's first production aircraft was the Ryan M-1 monoplane mail plane, which flew in 1926.", "The Ryan M-1's development was begun by William J. Waterhouse at Glendale, California's Grand Central Airport in 1924 with assistance from the Ryan Mechanics Monoplane Co., as the Waterhouse and Royer Cruzair.", "In 1925, Ryan purchased the incomplete project and a partial set of blueprints and Hawley Bowlus completed it in a San Diego waterfront cannery building, with substantial internal redesign.", "Ryan marketed it as the Ryan M-1, at one point displaying it on an elevated platform in San Diego, sporting a large banner saying \"Built in San Diego\".", "An improved version, the M-2 was also developed, which differed primarily in having a much better wing spar.", "Ryan sold his half interest in all three companies, the 'Ryan Flying Company', 'The San Diego - Los Angeles Airlines', and 'Ryan Airlines' to his business partner, Benjamin Franklin \"Frank\" Mahoney on November 23, 1926, but was still on the payroll at the end of that year.", "Ryan's role after this point is disputed, but it is known that he was not present for the planning and development of Charles Lindbergh's Spirit of St. Louis or the related Ryan Brougham, although they were enclosed and enlarged developments of the M-1.", "The Ryan Aeronautical Corporation\nRyan used the money to buy the US distribution rights for the German Siemens-Halske Sh 12 radial engine.", "He took delivery of the first examples in December 1926 and mounted one on the Ryan M-2 he had received from Mahoney as a part of their agreement.", "In late January 1927, he began touring the country to drum up sales of the engines with the Siemens-Halske powered M-2, marketing them as the Ryan-Siemens 9.", "Returning to San Diego that summer, he formed the T. C. Ryan Flying School and in October of that year, he formed the first Ryan Aeronautical Corporation to sell the engines.", "Soon after, he was sued for using the Ryan name without the letters \"T. C.\" attached to distinguish it from Mahoney-Ryan Aircraft Corporation, which had subsequently moved to Lambert-St. Louis Flying Field in Missouri, while his failure to manufacture the Siemens & Halske engines stateside forced the German-based Siemens & Halske company to buy him out in 1928.", "Ryan then took a hiatus, during which time little is known of his activities but Ryan may have been buying up new land created between Dutch Flats and the factory where the Spirit of St. Louis was built from material dredged from San Diego Harbor.", "The \"new\" Ryan Aeronautical Corporation\n\nIn 1931, Ryan opened a flying school in San Diego, which he named the 'Ryan School of Aeronautics'.", "This company was one of many around the country that served the government's need for pilot training through the Civilian Pilot Training Program as they were increasing their readiness prior to World War II.", "Ryan decided to produce his own trainer aircraft, and returned to manufacturing.", "In 1932, he formed the 'new' Ryan Aeronautical Corporation, the second incarnation of the Ryan Aeronautical Company, which became known as \"Ryan Aircraft\".", "It was the fourth and last company to bear his name.", "The aircraft it was to manufacture took two years to complete, and in 1934 the S-T Sports Trainer flew for the first time.", "The ST was a very successful design which was widely used by civilian and military organizations worldwide and over 1500 were built.", "The ST was followed by S-C Sports Coupe, with an enclosed side-by-side cabin, although this didn't sell as widely and only 13 were built before the war, and the focus on the ST ended production.", "Immediately prior to the start of the war, Ryan developed the YO-51 Dragonfly for observation and liaison, but were unable to interest the military who preferred the Stinson O-49 instead, and only built three.", "Later, during World War II, Ryan developed the FR-1 Fireball mixed jet/piston power carrier-based fighter of which 71 were built, and one prototype for the improved XF2R-1 Dark Shark, which replaced the piston engine in the nose with a turboprop.", "After the war, Ryan bought the North American Navion design and built it as the Ryan Navion.", "They also developed and produced the Firebee and related drones, which saw extensive use during the Vietnam War and for which they became well known.", "They also developed a series of experimental vertical take off and landing aircraft exploring different ideas, including the X-13 Vertijet tailsitter, the VZ-3 Vertiplane, the XV-5 Vertifan and the XV-8 Flexible Wing Aerial Utility Vehicle although none of these led to a production aircraft.", "Ryan sold Ryan Aeronautical to the Teledyne Corporation in 1969 which then rebranded as Teledyne-Ryan and which continued to produce a variety of pilotless drones as well as airframes for the AH-64 Apache helicopter.", "Despite there being no connection beyond T. Claude Ryan having founded both, Teledyne-Ryan continues to be claimed as the successor of the company that built the Spirit of St. Louis.", "Teledyne later sold off the drone division to Northrop Grumman.", "Later years\nAfter his retirement Ryan formed a new company with his son Jerome to develop and market the Ryan ST-100 Cloudster, a motor glider the elder Ryan had designed.", "The aircraft was type certified as both a light aircraft and powered glider, but Ryan died before production was commenced and only one was completed.", "Ryan died September 11, 1982, in San Diego, California.", "He his wife, Zeta Gladys Bowen Ryan, outlived him, but passed away in 1997.", "Honors \n 1948 - Presidential Certificate of Merit, given by President Harry S. Truman in recognition of Ryan Aeronautical's contribution to the Allied war effort\n 1958 - Horatio Alger Award\n 1965 - International Aerospace Hall of Fame inductee\n 1966 - Mr. San Diego, awarded annually by Civic Leaders of San Diego\n 1970 - Fellow of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics\n 1971 - Service to Aviation Award, awarded by the National Business Aircraft Show\n 1974 - National Aviation Hall of Fame inductee\n 1975 - Honorary Fellow of the Society of Experimental Test Pilots\n 1981 - Aerospace Life Achievement Award, awarded by AIAA San Diego to a living aerospace pioneer with more than fifty years' experience advancing the frontiers of aeronautics\n 1982 - Honorary Fellow of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics\n\nReferences\n\nCitations\n\nBibliography\n\n Bowers, Peter M. \"The Many Splendid Spirits of St.", "Louis.\"", "Air Progress, Volume 20, No.", "6, June 1967.", "Cassagneres, Ev.", "The Untold Story of the Spirit of St. Louis: From the Drawing Board to the Smithsonian.", "New Brighton, Minnesota: Flying Book International, 2002. .\n Hall, Nova.", "Spirit and Creator: The Mysterious Man Behind Lindbergh's Flight to Paris.", "Sheffield, Massachusetts: Safe Goods Publishing, 2003. .\n Sprekelmeyer, Linda, editor.", "These We Honor: The International Aerospace Hall of Fame.", "Donning Co. Publishers, 2006. .", "External links\nAerospace Memorial Biography\nHoratio Alger Association Membership Profile\n\n \n\nAviators from California\nAviators from Kansas\nPeople from Parsons, Kansas\nBusinesspeople from San Diego\nHistory of San Diego\n1898 births\n1982 deaths\nAmerican people of Irish descent\nAmerican aerospace engineers\nEngineers from California\n20th-century American engineers\n20th-century American businesspeople" ]

[ "Tubal Claude Ryan was born in Kansas in 1898.", "Ryan founded several airlines and aviation factories.", "Ryan began his flying career in 1917 when he attended the American School of Aviation in Venice, California.", "He was accepted into the Army Air Service after making his first solo flight.", "The armistice was signed on the day that he was to report.", "Ryan was accepted into the Aeronautical Division of the U.S. Army after studying Engineering at Oregon State College.", "In 1921, Ryan graduated from March Field, California, where he learned to fly.", "Ryan was on patrol until 1922.", "Ryan sold barnstorming rides in San Diego to raise money for a military surplus.", "Ryan's first employee was the mechanic at the first flying school.", "Benjamin Franklin Mahoney was a stock broker and real-estate developer who was one of his students.", "The Ryan Flying Company was sold by Ryan on April 25, 1925.", "They bought a Douglas Cloudster, which Douglas had built for an attempt on the first non-stop transcontinental flight.", "By the time the repairs were completed, a pair of military pilots had accomplished the feat in a Fokker T-2.", "The Cloudster was modified to carry 10 passengers.", "The San Diego - Los Angeles Airlines was founded with the Ryan-Cloudster and three Ryan-Standards that Bowlus had modified to carry four passengers.", "On March 1, 1925, it began ferrying passengers between San Diego, California and Los Angeles, California.", "The Ryan M-1 monoplane mail plane was the company's first production aircraft.", "The development of the Ryan M-1 began at the Grand Central Airport in California in 1924 with the assistance of the Ryan Mechanics Monoplane Co.", "Ryan purchased the incomplete project and a partial set of blueprints and Bowlus completed it in a San Diego waterfront cannery building.", "Ryan marketed it as the Ryan M-1, at one point displaying it on an elevated platform in San Diego, with a large banner saying \"Built in San Diego\".", "The improved version of the M-2 had a better wing spar.", "The 'Ryan Flying Company', 'The San Diego - Los Angeles Airlines', and 'Ryan Airlines' were all sold by Ryan to his business partner, Benjamin Franklin \"Frank\" Mahoney.", "Ryan's role after this point is disputed, but it is known that he was not present for the planning and development of the M-1.", "The Ryan Aeronautical Corporation used the money to buy distribution rights for a German radial engine.", "He mounted one of the first examples on the Ryan M-2 as part of their agreement after taking delivery of the first examples.", "He began touring the country in January 1927 to promote the Ryan-Siemens 9 engines.", "After returning to San Diego, he formed the T. C. Ryan Flying School and the first Ryan Aeronautical Corporation.", "He was sued for using the Ryan name without the letters \"T. C.\" attached to distinguish it from the other company.", "During his hiatus, Ryan may have been buying up land between Dutch Flats and the factory where the Spirit of St. Louis was built from material dredged from San Diego Harbor.", "In 1931, Ryan opened a flying school in San Diego and named it the Ryan School of Aeronautics.", "The company served the government's need for pilot training through the Civilian Pilot Training Program as they were increasing their readiness prior to World War II.", "Ryan decided to make his own trainer aircraft.", "The second incarnation of the Ryan Aeronautical Company became known as \"Ryan Aircraft\" after he formed the \"new\" Ryan Aeronautical Corporation.", "He was the last company to have his name on it.", "The S-T Sports Trainer flew for the first time in 1934, after taking two years to complete.", "Over 1500 were built because of the success of the design, which was widely used by civilian and military organizations.", "The S-C Sports Coupe, with an enclosed side-by-side cabin, didn't sell as well as the ST, but 13 were built before the war, and the focus on the ST ended production.", "Ryan was unable to interest the military who preferred the Stinson O 49 instead of the YO 51, so he developed the YO 51 Dragonfly for observation and liaison.", "During World War II, Ryan developed the FR-1 Fireball mixed jet/piston power carrier-based fighter of which 71 were built, and one prototype for the improved XF2R-1 Dark Shark, which replaced the piston engine in the nose with a turboprop.", "Ryan built the Ryan Navion after buying the North American design.", "The Firebee and related drones saw extensive use during the Vietnam War and became well known.", "None of the experimental vertical take off and landing aircraft that they developed led to a production aircraft.", "Ryan Aeronautical was sold to the Teledyne Corporation in 1969 and they continued to produce a variety of pilotless drones as well as airframes for the Apache helicopter.", "Teledyne-Ryan is believed to be the successor of the company that built the Spirit of St. Louis.", "The drone division was sold by Teledyne.", "Ryan formed a new company with his son to develop and market the Ryan ST-100 Cloudster, a motor glider the elder Ryan had designed.", "The aircraft was type certified as both a light aircraft and powered glider, but Ryan died before production began and only one was completed.", "Ryan died in San Diego.", "He outlived his wife, but she passed away in 1997.", "The Presidential Certificate of Merit was given by President Harry S. Truman in recognition of Ryan Aeronautical's contribution to the Allied war effort.", "\"Louis.\"", "Volume 20 of Air Progress.", "June 1967.", "The name of the person is Cassagneres.", "The story of the spirit of St. Louis goes from the drawing board to the museum.", "Flying Book International is located in New Brighton, Minnesota.", "There is a mysterious man behind the flight to Paris.", "Linda Sprekelmeyer is the editor of Safe Goods Publishing.", "The International Aerospace Hall of Fame is Honored by These We Honor.", "Donning Co. Publishers was founded in 2006", "History of San Diego 1898 births 1982 deaths American people of Irish descent are included in the profile of the Horatio Alger Association." ]

[ "Tubal Claude Ryan", "Ryan", "Ryan", "Ryan", "Ryan", "Ryan", "Ryan", "Ryan", "Ryan", "Ryan", "Ryan", "Ryan", "Ryan", "Ryan", "Ryan", "Ryan", "Ryan", "Ryan", "Ryan", "Ryan", "Claude Ryan", "Ryan", "Ryan", "Ryan", "Ryan", "Ryan", ". Trumanger" ]

[ "Tubal Claude Ryan", "Ryan", "Ryan", "Ryan", "Ryan", "Ryan", "Ryan", "Ryan", "Ryan", "Ryan", "Ryan", "Ryan", "Ryan", "Ryan", "Ryan", "Ryan", "Ryan", "Ryan", "Ryan", "Ryan", "Ryan", ". Truman" ]

[ "Kristine Zhenie Lobrigas Tandingan-Monterde (born March 11, 1992), mononymously known as KZ, is a Filipina singer and rapper hailed as Asia's Soul Supreme.", "She rose to prominence following her win on the first season of The X Factor Philippines in 2012.", "That same year, she won Aliw Award for Best New Artist.", "She has released notable songs in the Philippines such as \"Darating Din\", \"Mahal Ko o Mahal Ako\" and \"Two Less Lonely People in the World\", which peaked at number 2 on the Philippine Hot 100 in 2017.", "Tandingan is one of the members of the Filipino girl group DIVAS along with Yeng Constantino, Kyla, and Angeline Quinto.", "She became known internationally when she joined Singer 2018, a popular singing competition aired on HBS.", "Life and career\n\nEarly life\nKZ Tandingan started singing as a child but had to stop when she was in her junior year in high school after suffering from a throat problem.", "She is an alumna of University of Southeastern Philippines in Davao City and had graduated with a degree of Bachelor of Science in Biology.", "Before she joined The X Factor Philippines, Tandingan was part of a local acoustic band.", "2012: The X Factor Philippines\nTandingan was considered an early favorite after she performed a jazzy version of \"Somewhere Over the Rainbow\" in the fourth week of the Judges' auditions.", "After receiving a standing ovation from all the judges, she was requested to sing again.", "Tandingan obliged and sang \"Ready or Not\" by American hip-hop group, The Fugees.", "With her second song, she also showed her rapping skills.", "Tandingan was greatly praised by all of the judges.", "Nievera even shouted, \"A star is born in Digos!\".", "The video of Tandingan's audition went viral online after it was uploaded in YouTube.", "The video reached nearly 1 million views before it was removed due to copyright issues.", "During the Bootcamp stage, she sang \"Mahirap Magmahal ng Syota ng Iba\" by the APO Hiking Society and cried after she made the cut for the Top 20.", "Tandingan sang \"Killing Me Softly with His Song\" by Roberta Flack during the Judges' home visit.", "On week 9, she landed on the bottom 2 for the first time with teammate Allen Sta.", "Maria, but she survived elimination.", "Tandingan was Charice's last remaining act after Allen Sta.", "Maria was eliminated on week 9.", "She reached the grand finals on October 7, 2012, and was proclaimed the winner of The X Factor Philippines.", "Performances and results\n\n2012–present: post The X Factor\nOn January 7, 2013, Tandingan entered the Himig Handog contest with the song entry called \"Scared To Death\", written by Domingo Rosco Jr.", "The song was accompanied with a music video that was assigned as a project to be directed by University of Santo Tomas and premiered on February 2 in Myx Philippines.", "She performed the song in the grand finals on February 24, 2013 at the SM Mall of Asia Arena.", "Overall, the song finished in 4th place and was the third runner-up for Best P-pop Love Song thus rewarding the writer of Tandingan's song one hundred thousand pesos in cash.", "On April 21, 2013, she toured across North America as a supporting act for pop band Side A.", "On May 2, 2013, Tandingan released her self-titled debut album.", "The album was produced by Jonathan Manalo and consists of mainly original songs with some covers.", "On June 27, 2013, she officially launched the album on Makati City.", "On January 11, 2014, Tandingan won ₱1,000,000 in The Singing Bee where she accumulated 4 straight songs correctly.", "In the show, she did not make a single error in the first 2 rounds and eventually won a tie-breaker against co-contestants Frenchie Dy and Sitti, who also did not commit any errors throughout the game.", "The following year, she was announced as one of the eight contestants for the second season of Your Face Sounds Familiar along with Myrtle Sarrosa, Sam Concepcion, Cacai Bautista, Kean Cipriano, Denise Laurel, Michael Pangilinan and Eric Nicolas.", "The show ran from September 12, 2015 to December 13, 2015. and she was the 3rd runner-up.", "Tandingan was then announced as one of the celebrity mentors in We Love OPM in 2016, being the mentor of Team O Diva.", "The show ran from May 14, 2016 to July 17, 2016.", "She is currently seen in ASAP, as one of the ASAP Soul Sessions with Jason Dy, Daryl Ong, Jay R and Kyla.", "The Soul Sessions formed on May 15, 2016, and disbanded in late 2017.", "Singer 2018\nOn February 9, 2018, Tandingan competed as a weekly challenger on China's Singer 2018 wherein she placed first on her debut round on week five.", "She sang her own rendition of Adele's \"Rolling in the Deep\".", "She remained as a contestant on the show until her elimination on week nine.", "On February 16, 2018, Tandingan sang the Mandopop song in her own rendition, \"The Hurts You Never Knew\" (Chinese: 你不知道的痛), a combination of three pieces of songs \"What Else Do You Want From Me\"(Chinese:你還要我怎樣) by Joker Xue, \"All The Things You Never Knew\" (Chinese:你不知道的事) by Wang Leehom and \"Still Aching\" (Chinese:還隱隱作痛) by Power Station.", "She was allowed to remain in the competition for ranking third in the top four, per the competition rules for a challenger.", "On March 16, 2018, Tandingan sang \"Royals\" where she was the third person to perform.", "That week was a double elimination (after one contestant was too ill to perform and was given bye that week), and per the competition rules the two singers receiving the lowest count of overall votes would be eliminated.", "She finished last on the overall votes, which resulted in her elimination of Singer 2018 (another contestant, James Li, was also eliminated for finishing 7th on the overall count after a challenger of the week successfully placed in the top four).", "Tandingan's stint in the show had made international music fans noticed her unique and creative musical artistry in the different music genre.", "Her eventual elimination created a flurry of criticism from social media commentators and the Chinese fans she has built during her short stint in the show.", "On Weibo, China's equivalent of Twitter, KZ Tandingan became the second most talked about a topic after her elimination.", "As a rule, however, all eliminated singers except singers who withdrew and singer in the first round returned for the breakout episode (aired April 6, 2018) for a chance to re-enter Singer 2018 and qualify for the grand finals.", "Tandingan performed a Tagalog/Mandarin rendition of Anak and finished 7th, and was unable to advance to the finals.", "Despite her elimination, she later returned as a guest singer (along with former winner Coco Lee) for a performance from Jessie J (who was the series winner) in the grand finals aired April 13, 2018.", "DIVAS\nOn April 27, 2016, KZ was announced to be part of the DIVAS girl group along with Kyla, Yeng Constantino, and Angeline Quinto (Rachelle Ann Go was originally planned to be part of the group, but left due to international commitments).", "The group staged their first concert titled DIVAS Live in Manila on November 11, 2016 at the Smart Araneta Coliseum.", "On December 15, 2018, the group staged their second major concert at the Smart Araneta Coliseum with Boyz II Men titled Boyz II Men with DIVAS.", "Concerts & Tours\n\n2016\nOn April 27, 2016, it was announced that a girl group named DIVAS, composed of Tandingan, Yeng Constantino, Kyla, Rachelle Ann Go and Angeline Quinto would debut with their first concert at the Smart Araneta Coliseum titled DIVAS: Live in Manila on November 11, 2016.", "However, Go left the group due to scheduling problems.", "2018\nKZ held her first major solo concert Supreme: KZ Tandingan at Mall of Asia Arena on June 22, 2018.", "She shared the stage with some of the biggest artists in Philippines, including fellow ASAP Soul Sessionists Kyla, Jason Dy and Daryl Ong, her biggest rap influence Gloc-9, Malaya hitmaker Moira Dela Torre, singer Iñigo Pascual, and rapper Shanti Dope.", "Shen then embarked on her first world tour, the \"Supreme: World Tour\".", "On October 31, 2018, KZ returned to the MOA Arena Stage, this time performing alongside Chinese singers Fish Leong, A-Lin, Faye at the PDMN \"To Youth Nice To Meet You\" Phil-Chi Star Concert.", "On December 15, DIVAS returned to the Araneta Coliseum, staging a collaboration concert with the international R&B vocal trio Boyz II Men.", "Discography\n\nStudio albums\n\nSingles\n\nFilmography\n\nTelevision\n\nFilms\n\nNotes\n\n The table above only includes Tandingan's significant appearances, therefore guest appearances are not included.", "Awards\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nLiving people\n1992 births\n21st-century Filipino singers\n21st-century Filipino women singers\nFilipino women pop singers\nMandarin-language singers\nSingers from Davao del Sur\nStar Magic\nStar Music artists\nThe X Factor Philippines\nThe X Factor winners" ]

[ "The Filipina singer and rapper known as KZ is hailed as Asia's Soul Supreme.", "She won the first season of The X Factor Philippines.", "She won the Aliw Award for Best New Artist.", "In the Philippines, she has released songs such as \"Darating din\", \"Mahal Ko o Mahal Ako\" and \"Two Less Lonely People in the World\", which all peaked at number 2 on the Philippine Hot 100.", "One of the members of the group is Tandingan.", "She became known internationally when she joined a singing competition.", "KZ Tandingan was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "She graduated from the University of Southeastern Philippines with a degree in biology.", "Tandingan was in an acoustic band before she joined The X Factor Philippines.", "The X Factor Philippines Tandingan was considered an early favorite after she performed a song in the fourth week.", "She was asked to sing again after receiving a standing ovation from the judges.", "Tandingan sang \"Ready or Not\" by The Fugees.", "She showed her rap skills with her second song.", "All of the judges praised Tandingan.", "A star is born in Digos.", "Tandingan's video went online after it was uploaded.", "The video had more than one million views before it was taken down.", "She cried when she made the cut for the Top 20 after singing a song by the APO Hiking Society.", "During the Judges' home visit, Tandingan sang \"Killing Me Softly with His Song\" by Roberta Flack.", "She and Allen Sta were 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "Maria survived elimination.", "Charice's last act was Tandingan.", "Maria was savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay", "She was the winner of The X Factor Philippines.", "On January 7, 2013, Tandingan entered the Himig Handog contest with a song called \"Scared To Death\".", "The song was accompanied by a music video that was to be directed by the University of Santo Tomas.", "The grand finals of the song was held at the SM Mall of Asia Arena.", "The writer of Tandingan's song was given one hundred thousand pesos for being the third runner-up for Best P-pop Love Song.", "She was a supporting act for pop band Side A.", "On May 2, Tandingan released her debut album.", "The album was produced by Jonathan Manalo.", "She launched the album on June 27th.", "Tandingan won 1,000,000 in The Singing Bee on January 11th.", "In the show, she did not make a single error in the first 2 rounds and eventually won a tie-breaker against Frenchie Dy and Sitti, who also did not commit any errors throughout the game.", "She was one of the eight contestants for the second season of Your Face Sounds Familiar.", "She was the 3rd runner-up in the show.", "One of the celebrity mentors in We Love OPM was Tandingan, who was the mentor of Team O Diva.", "The show ran from May to July.", "She is a part of the ASAP Soul Session with Jay R and Kyla.", "The Soul Session was formed on May 15, 2016", "On February 9, 2018, Tandingan competed as a weekly challenger on China's Singer 2018, and she placed first on her debut round.", "She performed her own version of \"Rolling in the Deep\".", "She was eliminated from the show on week nine.", "The Mandopop song \"The Hurts You Never Knew\" was sung by Tandingan on February 16, 2018.", "She was allowed to stay in the competition because she was third in the top four.", "Tandingan was the third person to perform when she sang \"Royals\" on March 16.", "The two singers with the lowest count of overall votes would be eliminated after one contestant was too ill to perform.", "James Li was eliminated for finishing 7th on the overall count after a challenger of the week successfully placed in the top four.", "Tandingan's stint in the show made international music fans notice her unique and creative musical artistry in the different music genre.", "Her elimination caused a backlash from social media commentators and her fans in China.", "KZ Tandingan became the second most talked about topic after she was eliminated.", "All singers who were eliminated in the first round returned to the show for a chance to compete in the grand finals.", "Tandingan was unable to advance to the finals after performing a Tagalog/Mandarin rendition of Anak.", "Even though she was eliminated, she returned as a guest singer for a performance from the series winner in the grand finals.", "Rachelle Ann Go was supposed to be part of the group, but she left due to international commitments.", "The group performed their first concert in Manila on November 11, 2016 at the Smart Araneta Coliseum.", "On December 15, 2018, the group staged their second major concert at the Smart Araneta Coliseum.", "On April 27, 2016 it was announced that a girl group composed of Tandingan, Yeng Constantino, Kyla, Rachelle Ann Go and Angeline Quinto would debut with their first concert at the Smart Araneta Coliseum.", "Go left the group due to scheduling issues.", "Supreme: KZ Tandingan was KZ's first major solo concert.", "She shared the stage with some of the biggest artists in the Philippines, including fellow ASAP Soul Sessionists Kyla, Jason Dy and Daryl Ong, her biggest rap influence Gloc-9, and singer Iigo Pascual.", "Her first world tour was called the \"Supreme: World Tour\".", "On October 31, KZ returned to the MOA Arena Stage, this time performing alongside Chinese singers Fish Leong, A-Lin, and Faye at the \"To Youth Nice To Meet You\" Phil-Chi Star Concert.", "The international R&B vocal trio Boyz II Men performed at the Araneta Coliseum on December 15.", "The table above only shows Tandingan's significant appearances, so guest appearances are not included.", "There are links to Awards References External links." ]

[ "Kristine Zhenie Lobrigas Tandingan Monterde", "KZ", "Tandingan", "KZ Tanding", "Tandingan", "Tandingan", "Tandingan", "Tandingan", "Tandingan", "Tandingan", "KZ", "KZ", "KZ" ]

[ "KZ", "KZ Tanan", "Tandingan", "Tandingan", "Tandingan", "Tandingan", "KZ", "Tandingan", "KZ", "KZ", "Tandingan" ]

[ "Karl Ludwig Lorenz Binding (4 June 1841 – 7 April 1920) was a German jurist known as a promoter of the theory of retributive justice.", "His influential book, Die Freigabe der Vernichtung lebensunwerten Lebens (\"Allowing the Destruction of Life Unworthy of Living\"), written together with the psychiatrist Alfred Hoche, was used by the Nazis to justify their T-4 Euthanasia Program.", "Life \nBinding was born in Frankfurt am Main, the third child of Georg Christoph Binding and Dorothea Binding.", "In 1860 Binding moved to Göttingen where he studied history and jurisprudence.", "After a short stay in Heidelberg, where he won a law prize, he moved back to Göttingen to finish his studies.", "In 1864 he completed his habilitation paper in Latin about Roman criminal law and lectured in criminal law at Heidelberg University.", "Two years later he was appointed professor of law of state and criminal law and procedure in Basel, Switzerland.", "In the same year he married Marie Luise Wirsing and published Das burgundisch-romanische Königreich and Entwurf eines Strafgesetzbuches für den Norddeutschen Bund.", "At this time he also became friends with Johann Jacob Bernoulli - an archaeologist, Jakob Burckhardt - an art historian, and Friedrich Nietzsche - a philosopher.", "In August 1867 his first son, Rudolf Georg, was born, followed two years later by his second son.", "Rudolf G Binding later became a famous writer.", "Karl Binding and his wife were to have one more son and two daughters.", "In 1869 his family moved to Freiburg, and Binding volunteered to fight in the Franco-Prussian War.", "Although his lack of military training meant he was unable to serve as a soldier, he was accepted as an orderly and posted to the front, serving in a field hospital.", "In 1872 he took on a post at the Reichs University in Straßburg.", "In the same year he moved to Leipzig University, where he was to continue to work for the next 40 years.", "From 1879 until 1900 Binding worked in the district court of Leipzig.", "After becoming Leipzig University's rector and receiving his emeritus, he moved to Freiburg, where his wife died only a few days later at 71 years old.", "In 1918, during the First World War, Binding left Germany to lecture German soldiers in Macedonia and Bulgarian intellectuals in Sofia.", "Ideas\n\nAllowing the destruction of life unworthy of living: Die Freigabe der Vernichtung lebensunwerten Lebens\n\nThis was the title of one of Binding's most infamous books, co-written by the psychiatrist, Alfred Hoche.", "The book was divided into two parts, the first written by Binding, the second by Hoche.", "Binding discussed the consequences that the legal status of suicide would have on euthanasia and the legality of killing the mentally ill. Hoche concentrated on the relationship of doctors to their patients and the seriously ill. (See Alfred Hoche.)", "Binding and Hoche are noted for the influence their work had on the Nazis and especially the Aktion T4 Euthanasia Program.", "Two possible interpretations of German law\n\nIn Binding's own interpretation of the law in 1920s Germany, suicide or attempting suicide was not illegal and should be treated as being within the law.", "This would mean that no-one would have the right to stop a person from killing themselves and that a person who wants to die would even have the right to defend themselves against such an attempt.", "Binding goes on to assume that the right to suicide would then also have to be transferable to another person; meaning that a person also has the right to let someone else cause their death if they so wish.", "In this case, anyone that has killed a seriously ill person, acting on the behalf of that person, has acted within the law.", "Binding's second possible interpretation of German law meant that suicide was neither legal nor illegal.", "He argued that the law concerning murder only referred to the killing of other people and not to suicide.", "In this case suicide would be perfectly legal, but euthanasia, involving the killing of another person, even with their permission, would have to be treated as murder.", "Again, if suicide is not illegal, then no one can stop another person from killing themselves.", "Binding noted that in reality, the majority of people who prevent a suicide attempt are not usually prosecuted and that most people who are prevented from killing themselves do not make a second attempt.", "He was of the opinion that in a case of prosecution due to euthanasia, the court should differentiate between the taking of a healthy life and a terminally ill person.", "Definition of euthanasia\n\nBinding defined euthanasia as occurring when a person gives a terminally ill person, with the intention of reducing pain, a medicine which either immediately or eventually leads to that person's painless death.", "For a case of euthanasia to stay within the law, the medicine must enable the person to die painlessly at or around the same time as they would have otherwise died.", "In this way the doctor is simply exchanging the cause of death, from a painful one caused by illness to a painless one caused by a medicament.", "Any killing which involves the shortening of a life was seen as unlawful.", "Binding claimed the killing of the terminally ill was not an exception to the law against murder but was a lawful act in the interests of the patient.", "It put an end to their terrible suffering and should not be seen as a killing but as a reduction in their suffering.", "Binding did not think it necessary to obtain permission from a person who was to be killed, but if they were able to and expressed the wish to live, that wish must be respected.", "Binding split the group of people which he wanted to be considered for killing into three groups, \"two larger ones and a middle group\".", "1 A person who has been mortally wounded or is terminally ill and has somehow communicated their wish to die.", "The person does not have to be in pain, it is enough that they are in a helpless condition and that their condition is incurable.", "It is also irrelevant if the person could be saved in another situation.", "2 A person that is incurably mentally ill.", "Binding describes these people as having neither the will to die, nor the will to live.", "They are \"living pointless lives and are a burden for society and their families\".", "He also believed it to be unfair on carers to keep such “lives unworthy of living” alive.", "3 The people belonging to the middle group, were “mentally healthy” people, which having suffered a serious injury are now unconscious.", "If they ever awake, they \"will awake to a nameless suffering\".", "\"Their killing should not be seen as a killing as such but as saving the person from a terrible end.\"", "Binding could not work out a general rule for the killing of this group.", "Importantly he accepted that many killings of these people would actually be unjustifiable, although this would only be evident after death.", "He believed that the law would treat such killings as manslaughter.", "This led him to argue for a new law to allow for such killings which according with his views would have been \"justifiable\".", "Binding wanted a committee to decide on a killing on a case-by-case basis.", "The committee was to consist of a doctor, a psychiatrist or other doctor and a jurist to check that the committee was acting within the law.", "The committee would be able to call witnesses and was also to have a chairperson - without voting rights - to run the proceedings.", "Neither the applicant nor their doctor could be members of the committee.", "An applicant could represent themselves, be represented by their doctor, family or anyone they had asked.", "Binding was of the opinion \"that it is quite possible for a person under the age of 18 or for the mentally ill\" to decide whether they want to live or die.", "After a committee had checked that a person fulfils the criteria, it could make a decision.", "For a decision to be final, it would have to be agreed upon by all three parties and must be made purely out of pity and the killing must be done painlessly.", "Any person could withdraw their application to be killed at any time, including after the decision had been finalised.", "In the case of an unconscious person or the mentally ill, Binding allowed the final decision to be made by the mother.", "If the family were willing to take on the person themselves or pay the costs of hospitalisation, the person would not be killed.", "In the case of a conscious person the person's wishes were to be respected regardless of the interests or requests of the family.", "Killings without the jurisdiction of a committee\n\nBinding also wanted to allow for killings that were not controlled by a committee.", "Such a killing would only be legal if the person killing had either acted with permission, or on the assumption that an unconscious person wanted to die.", "After the death a committee must be able to be satisfied that the killing fulfilled all of the usual requirements.", "Binding argued that although there is always a possibility of killing the wrong person, \"that which is good and reasonable must take place irrespective of any possibility of error\".", "He saw the risk of losing a life as unimportant because \"humanity constantly loses so many lives by mistake, that just one more would hardly make a difference\".", "Publications by Binding \n\nDas burgundisch-romanische Königreich: Geschichte des burgundisch-romanischen Königreichs\nEntwurf eines Strafgesetzbuches für den Norddeutschen Bund\nDie Normen und ihre Übertretung.", "Eine Untersuchung über die rechtmäßige Handlung und die Arten des Delikts\nDie Freigabe der Vernichtung lebensunwerten Lebens, Hoche A, Binding, K. Felix Meiner Verlag, Leipzig, 1920 (2nd Edition 1922)\n\nPublications about Binding \n\n Kaufmann, Arnim: Lebendiges und Totes in Bindings Normentheorie, Schwartz 1954\n Klaus-Peter Drechsel: Beurteilt Vermessen Ermordet.", "Praxis der Euthanasie bis zum Ende des deutschen Faschismus.", "Duisburg 1993, \n Ernst Klee, «Euthanasie» im NS-Staat.", "Die «Vernichtung lebensunwerten Lebens», Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, Frankfurt a.M. 1985\n Rezension mit dem Titel „Vernichtung lebensunwerten Lebens“, verfaßt von Dr.F.", "Limacher aus Bern, Internationales Ärztliches Bulletin, Dezember 1934, Nummer 12 (Erscheinungsort: Prag), 181–183, hier 183, neu erschienen in Beiträge zur nationalsozialistischen Gesundheits- und Sozialpolitik, Band 7, Internationales Ärztliches Bulletin, Jahrgang I-VI (1934-1939), Reprint, Rotbuch Verlag, Berlin 1989.", "See also \nEugen Fischer\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n \n Allowing the Destruction of Life Unworthy of Life - English translation\n Die Freigabe der Vernichtung lebensunwerten Lebens - Original version\n\nGerman eugenicists\n1841 births\n1920 deaths\nJurists from Hesse\nEuthanasia activists\nWriters from Frankfurt\nAktion T4" ]

[ "Karl Ludwig Lorenz Binding was a German jurist who promoted the theory of retributive justice.", "The Nazis used his book to justify their T-4 Euthanasia Program.", "Life Binding was the third child of Georg Christoph and Dorothea Binding.", "He studied history and jurisprudence in Gttingen.", "He moved back to Gttingen to finish his studies after winning a law prize.", "He lectured in criminal law at the university in the late 19th century.", "He was appointed professor of law of state and criminal law and procedure in Switzerland two years later.", "He married Marie Luise Wirsing in the same year that he published his first book.", "He became friends with several people at this time, including an archaeologist, an art historian, and a philosopher.", "Two years after his first son was born, his second son was born.", "A famous writer is Rudolf G Binding.", "Karl and his wife were going to have more children.", "In 1869 he volunteered to fight in the Franco-Prussian War.", "Although he was unable to serve as a soldier because of his lack of military training, he was accepted as an orderly and posted to the front, serving in a field hospital.", "He was posted at the Reichs University in 1872.", "He was to stay at the university for the next 40 years.", "In the 19th century, Binding worked in the district court of Leipzig.", "His wife died a few days later at 71 years old, after he moved to Freiburg.", "During the First World War, Binding lectured German soldiers in Macedonia and Bulgaria.", "The book was co-written by the psychiatrist, Alfred Hoche.", "The first part was written by Binding and the second by Hoche.", "The legal status of suicide and the legality of killing the mentally ill were discussed.", "The influence their work had on the Nazis and the Aktion T4 Euthanasia Program is noted.", "In Binding's interpretation of the law in 1920s Germany, suicide or attempting suicide was not illegal and should be treated as being within the law.", "No-one would have the right to stop a person from killing themselves and a person who wants to die would have the right to defend themselves.", "It is assumed that a person also has the right to let someone else kill them if they so choose.", "Anyone who has killed a seriously ill person, acting on the behalf of that person, has acted within the law.", "According to the second interpretation of German law, suicide was neither legal nor illegal.", "He argued that the law only referred to the killing of other people and not to suicide.", "Euthanasia would have to be treated as murder in this case, even though suicide would be perfectly legal.", "No one can stop someone from killing themselves if suicide is not illegal.", "Most people who are prevented from killing themselves do not make a second attempt, and in reality, the majority of people who prevent a suicide attempt are not prosecuted.", "He thought that the court should differentiate between a healthy life and a dying person in a case of prosecution.", "Euthanasia is when a person gives a dying person a medicine that will cause them to die painlessly.", "To stay within the law, the medicine must enable the person to die painlessly at or around the same time as they would have otherwise died.", "The doctor is exchanging the cause of death, from a painful one caused by illness to a painless one caused by a drug.", "Any killing that shortens a life was seen as illegal.", "The killing of the dying was a lawful act in the interests of the patient, according to Binding.", "It put an end to their terrible suffering and should not be seen as a killing.", "If a person were able to express their wish to live, that wish must be respected.", "The group of people which he wanted to be considered for killing were split into two larger ones and a middle group.", "A person who is mortally wounded or dying has communicated their wish to die.", "The person doesn't have to be in pain, they are in a helpless condition and their condition is irreversible.", "It's irrelevant if the person can be saved in another situation.", "A person is mentally ill.", "These people don't have the will to live or die.", "They are a burden to society and their families.", "He believed that it was unfair on the people who cared for them to keep them alive.", "The middle group of people, who have suffered a serious injury, are now unconscious.", "They will awake to a suffering if they ever awake.", "The killing should not be seen as a killing but as saving the person from a terrible end.", "There was no general rule for the killing of this group.", "He accepted that many killings of these people would be unjustifiable.", "The law would treat such killings as manslaughter, he thought.", "According to his views, it would have been \"justifiable\" for him to argue for a new law to allow such killings.", "A committee would decide on a killing on a case-by-case basis.", "The committee was to consist of a doctor, a psychiatrist, and a jurist to make sure the committee was following the law.", "The committee would be able to call witnesses and have a chairperson without voting rights to run the proceedings.", "The doctor could not be a member of the committee.", "An application could be represented by their doctor, family or anyone they wanted.", "It is possible for a person under the age of 18 to decide if they want to live or die, according to Binding.", "A committee could make a decision after checking that a person met the criteria.", "For a decision to be final, it would have to be agreed upon by all three parties and must be done painlessly.", "After the decision had been made, anyone could withdraw their application to be killed.", "In the case of an unconscious person or the mentally ill, Binding allowed the final decision to be made by the mother.", "The person would not be killed if the family paid the costs of hospitalisation.", "In the case of a conscious person, their wishes were to be respected regardless of the interests of the family.", "Killings that were not controlled by a committee would be allowed.", "If the person killing acted with permission or assumed that an unconscious person wanted to die, it would be legal.", "The committee must be satisfied that the killing fulfilled all of the usual requirements after the death.", "\"That which is good and reasonable must take place regardless of any possibility of error, even if there is a chance of killing the wrong person,\" said Binding.", "He saw the risk of losing a life as unimportant because \"humanity constantly loses so many lives by mistake, that just one more would hardly make a difference\".", "There are publications about the burgundisch-romanischen Knigreich.", "Eine Untersuchung ber die rechtmige Handlung und die Arten des Delikts.", "Euthanasie ist zum Ende des deutschen Faschismus.", "Euthanasie im NS-Staat was written in Duisburg in 1993.", "The Vernichtung lebensunwerten Lebens was written in 1985 by Dr.F.", "The Internationales rztliches Bulletin was published in 1934.", "There are External links to Allowing the Destruction of Life Unworthy of Life." ]

[ "Karl Ludwig Lorenz Binding", "Georg Christoph Binding", "Dorothea Binding", "Binding", "Karl Binding", "Binding" ]

[ "Karl Ludwig Lorenz Binding", "Dorothea Binding", "Binding", "Karl", "Binding", "Binding", "Binding" ]

[ "Joyce Renee Cobb (born June 2, 1945) is an American singer specializing in jazz and R&B.", "She is closely associated with traditional blues and jazz in the style of Memphis Minnie, Bessie Smith, Billie Holiday, and Sarah Vaughan.", "She has had a wide-ranging career as a solo artist and vocalist, having charted several country, pop, and R&B singles in the 1970s and early 1980s, later recording as a jazz vocalist.", "Biography\n\nEarly years (1945-71)\nJoyce Cobb was born on June 2, 1945 in Okmulgee, Oklahoma and first sang in her grandmother's church.", "In 1955 her family moved to Nashville, Tennessee, when her father was hired at Tennessee State University as the head of the Health and physical education department.", "Her parents owned a large record collection of music that was influential on her at a young age.", "Her first vocal training during that time was at Cathedral of the Incarnation, during grade and high school.", "This mainly consisted of singing requiems and pontifical high masses.", "She sang in the girls' glee club and choir during that time; also; Cobb had 14 years of private piano training.", "From 1963 to 1967 she attended Central State University and acquired an undergraduate degree in Social Welfare.", "Her professional music career started in Dayton, Ohio singing with different blues and jazz bands.", "While pursuing a master's degree at Wright State University in social work by day, she was singing in clubs at night.", "She was offered a road gig singing in duo with Bill Temme for Ramada Inn hotels and quit pursuing a vocation as a social worker to become a professional singer and songwriter.", "Between 1969 and 1971 Cobb was on Ramada Inn's Midwest circuit for entertainment, performing in duo under the title Joyce and William [Temme] Duo both singing and playing guitars.", "Nashville (1971–75)\nAfter two and a half years working for the Ramada hotel chain she returned to Nashville in 1971 and worked in a variety of musical genres appearing at Opryland, on radio, and on television.", "She was one of the first acts at Opryland USA in 1972 and was voted \"Best Performer\" in 1974.", "She became a regular fixture on WSM-AM radio's The Waking Crew with Ralph Emery, in addition to the Ralph Emery Show on NBC affiliate WSMV-TV, broadcasting out of Nashville.", "She also was a regular guest on Teddy Bart's The Noon Show, also on WSM-TV.", "During that time she had cut her first single for the Truth Records label and was first nationally recognized in the May 1975 edition of Billboard with her single \"He Just Loved You Out Of Me\" in the \"Best potential hit\" list.", "This first country music single was to launch her career, it was the last time she would record in that genre.", "Memphis (1976–91)\nDue to her earlier success in country music with a promising hit single, in 1976 she was signed with Stax Records and put under contract.", "Unfortunately the label was in decline at this time: Cobb in fact would be the last artist signed to Stax as the label went out of business shortly after she moved to Memphis.", "She stayed in the city due to the difference and diversity in musical styles she was now exposed to as compared to her initial professional work in Nashville, \"...everything was Black---Black music, Black bands.", "I said, 'Oh, I want to stay here.'\"", "Shortly after her move to Memphis Al Bennett acquired Hi Records in 1977; Cobb then become an artist for Bennett's Cream Records.", "Cream produced a different set of artists than Cobb started with in Nashville, they had a solid reputation making soul, R&B, and disco recordings.", "With Cream, she first recorded a Top 40 hit single in 1979 with her original tune Dig The Gold.", "It was distributed in North America under for the Cream label and sold in Europe under the Polydor label.", "The single showed her versatility as both a performer and writer; a reggae style song that was put to a funk/disco beat.", "Dig The Gold charted to #42 for Billboard and #10 for Cashbox giving her a first real success as an internationally recognized pop artist.", "With her reputation growing as a contemporary pop singer and writer who could handle a variety of styles, she was contracted by Atlantic Records to record with the Toronto-based disco group T.H.P.", "Orchestra.", "She recorded as the lead, solo vocalist on T.H.P.", "'s last studio album: Good To Me.", "The LP would end up charting at #16 in the dance category for Billboard.", "The next year she had another release which charted for 6 weeks with Billboard topping out at #90 for Cream in the R&B category: How Glad I Am.<ref>'{{YouTube|75UM9uJLPo4|'How Glad I Am single}}</ref> She was honored as being #4 in the December edition (for 1980) Billboard End of the Year Awards list for New Female Single Pop Artist in the company of singers Irene Cara (#1), Charlie Dore (#2), and Bernadette Peters (#3).", "She was the opening act for Al Jarreau and The Temptations during this time.", "During the 1980s she recorded a number of records under contract with Willie Mitchell on his Waylo Records label.", "From 1984-1987 she recorded several singles, one of which made it to #3 on the British R&B charts: her earlier success with Dig The Gold paved the way for that single to chart well overseas.", "She toured internationally in the Netherlands with Waylo artist Otis Clay to promote the label and current releases for both artists.", "It was even rumored in Nashville and Memphis that she would return to her earlier successes recording country music but that never materialized with either the Cream or Waylo record labels.", "Joyce Cobb's club, Beale Street, and more (1992-present)\n1992 through 1996 she was honored with a music venue/jazz club on Beale Street under her name, Joyce Cobb's.", "She is the only woman to have a club named after her on the street while also honored by having a brass note on the Beale Street Walk of Fame.", "The club had a measure of success when starting out featuring musical acts such as George Coleman, Jimmy McGriff, Herb Ellis, Marvin Stamm, James Williams, and Maria Muldaur.", "Unfortunately the venue only lasted four years due to the financial viability being less than expected, ending up getting bought out by another club owner.", "It was then in 1996 she was honored with the installment of her brass note on the Beale Street Walk of Fame.", "She also toured the United States and Europe with the highly acclaimed Beale Street Jazz Band, recording two CDs with the group during this time.", "Starting in 1997 Cobb served as the co-host with Sam the Sham on the nationally syndicated radio program Beale Street Caravan broadcasting on over 260 stations in North America and worldwide over the Armed Forces Radio Network.", "Since 1983 she has had her own radio show on WEVL Memphis presenting blues, jazz, and cutting edge American jazz vocalists.", "The TV show Sounds of Memphis was premiered on WKNO (PBS) in 1995 and was modeled after Austin City Limits; Cobb was featured on this show and it brought her back into a national spotlight.", "Though the show did not go past four episodes it did propel her into further musical prominence.", "In the late 1990s she forwarded the concept of Sounds of Memphis to help write the script for the show Beale Street Saturday Night which it has had success as a live show in the mid-part of the country.", "This was her first in-road to what has been an acting career later in her professional life.", "In 2006 she recorded on the soundtrack of Black Diamonds: The Story of Negro League Baseball as part of the internationally recognized exhibit presented at the Memphis Pink Palace Museum.", "In the last 16 years Cobb has been the lead actress and singer for numerous award-winning live productions to include Ain’t Misbehavin, Lady Day at the Emerson Bar and Grill and The Devil's Music: The Life and Times of Bessie Smith.Christopher Blank, \"Bessie's blues, straight up -- Joyce Cobb is impressive in portrayal of legendary singer's final performance\", The Commercial Appeal, April 14, 2006.", "Cobb was contacted by Ward Archer in 2009 to record a CD for his recently formed Memphis record label, Archer Records.", "It was her first solo recording as a jazz artist and again showed her versility and artistry as a recording artist.", "In 2010 she toured Europe with the Michael Jefry Stevens Trio promoting the CD release for Archer Records.", "Presently she continues to perform every Sunday in Memphis, Tennessee at Bosco's as well as playing many other engagements internationally.", "She has also seen the re-issue on CD (digital re-master) of her earlier successes with How Glad I Am on a compilation in 2012 and T.H.P.", "'s album in 2013.", "Musical style and music educator\nCobb's musical style is derived from but does not mimick blues and jazz singers such as Bessie Smith, Billie Holiday, Ella Fitzgerald, and Sarah Vaughan (among others).", "She is a fluent and adept scat singer and improvisor who has a wide range of timbre and emotion in her presentation of songs.", "Her musical background has been diverse having sung country, disco, R&B, soul and jazz.", "This diversity has created a unique sound that does not really directly mimick any other singer; she has her own signature style.", "\"Joyce Cobb's big, vivacious voice can interpret everything from pop to country to classical to her truest love, jazz.\"", "She is a very pro-active advocate of music education and the history of singing style in American pop and jazz music.", "Cobb has served for close 20 years as adjunct vocal professor at the University of Memphis School of Music.", "She has worked with younger jazz vocalists and musicians at the Stax Music Academy helping aspiring younger artists.", "Awards and honors \n New Female Single Pop Artist, End of the Year Awards list, Billboard magazine, 1980\n Best Female Singer, Memphis Chapter of NARAS, 1986, 1988, 1997\n Best Female Entertainer, Beale Street Merchants Association, 1995\n Honorary doctorate in music, Grand Valley State University, 1995\n Music Pioneer, United Music Heritage, 2000\n Initiative award, Women of Achievement, 2000\n Emissary of Music, Memphis and Shelby County Music Commission, 2009\n HEBE Award, Memphis Symphony League, 2009\n Best Vocalist, Memphis Flyer readers' poll, 2011 and 2012\n\nDiscography\n\nReferences\n\n External links \n \n \n Joyce Cobb, Wikipedia DE\n Joyce Cobb, Resource Entertainment\n Joyce Cobb, The University of Memphis\n Joyce Cobb, Herschel Freeman Agency\n\nBibliography\n DeCosta-Willis, Miriam.", "Notable Black Memphians (2008), Cambria Press, Amherst, NY, .", "pp.", "90–92.", "Elkington, John.", "Beale Street: Resurrecting the Home of the Blues, History Press.", ", pp.", "89\n Geran, Paul.", "Woman with Guitar: Memphis Minnie's Blues (1992), Da Capo Press, p. 86\n Handy, D. Antoinette.", "Black Women in American Bands and Orchestras, (1998), Scarecrow Press, , pp.", "123–24.", "Herzhaft, Gérard.", "Encyclopedia of the Blues (1997), University of Arkansas Press, , pp.", "137, 235.", "Lisle, Andria.", "Evans, Mike.", "Waking up in Memphis (2003), Sanctuary Publishing.", ", pp.", "82–84\n Joyce Cobb: Deeply rooted in the blues, jazz and gospel'' Jazzpodium, 10 (2010), pp.", "9\n\n1945 births\nAfrican-American women singer-songwriters\nAmerican women jazz singers\nAmerican jazz singers\nAmerican rhythm and blues singer-songwriters\nAmerican soul musicians\nJazz songwriters\nSinger-songwriters from Oklahoma\nSoul-jazz musicians\nTorch singers\nLiving people\nMemphis blues musicians\nScat singers\nTraditional pop music singers\nVocal jazz musicians\nSoul-blues musicians\nMusicians from Memphis, Tennessee\nSinger-songwriters from Tennessee\nJazz musicians from Tennessee\nJazz musicians from Oklahoma\n21st-century African-American women singers\n20th-century African-American women singers" ]

[ "Joyce Renee Cobb is an American singer specializing in jazz and R&B.", "She is associated with traditional blues and jazz in the style of Memphis Minnie and others.", "She has had a wide-ranging career as a solo artist and vocalist, having charted several country, pop, and R&B singles in the 1970s and early 1980s, later recording as a jazz vocalist.", "Joyce was born on June 2, 1945 in Okmulgee, Oklahoma and first sang in her grandmother's church.", "When her father was hired at Tennessee State University as the head of the health and physical education department, her family moved to Nashville, Tennessee.", "At a young age, her parents owned a large collection of records.", "During grade and high school, she had her first vocal training at the Cathedral of the Incarnation.", "The majority of this was singing requiems and pontifical high mass.", "She was a member of the glee club and choir and had 14 years of private piano training.", "She obtained an undergraduate degree in Social Welfare from Central State University.", "She started singing with different bands in Dayton, Ohio.", "She was studying for a master's degree in social work at Wright State University and singing in clubs at night.", "She quit her job as a social worker to become a professional singer and songwriter after being offered a road gig singing in duo with Bill Temme.", "Joyce and William Temme Duo were a duo that performed at the Ramada Inn's Midwest circuit from 1969 to 1971 and were known for singing and playing guitars.", "After two and a half years working for the Ramada hotel chain she returned to Nashville in 1971 and worked in a variety of musical genres appearing at Opryland, on radio, and on television.", "She was the \"best performer\" in 1974 when she was one of the first acts at Opryland USA.", "She was a regular on WSM-AM radio's The Waking Crew with Ralph Emery, as well as on NBC affiliate WSMV-TV, broadcasting out of Nashville.", "She was a regular guest on Teddy Bart's show.", "She had cut her first single for the Truth Records label and was the first person in the country to appear on the \"best potential hit\" list.", "It was the last time she would record in that genre as she was about to release her first country music single.", "Due to her success in country music with a hit single, she was signed by Stax Records and put under contract.", "The Stax label went out of business shortly after Cobb moved to Memphis, and she was the last artist signed to the label.", "She stayed in the city due to the difference and diversity in musical styles she was now exposed to as compared to her initial professional work in Nashville.", "I want to stay here.", "After moving to Memphis, she became an artist for Bennett's Cream Records.", "Cream had a reputation for making soul, R&B, and disco recordings.", "She recorded her first Top 40 hit in 1979 with her song Dig The Gold.", "It was sold in Europe under the Polydor label and in North America under the Cream label.", "The single showed her ability as both a performer and writer, with a song that was put to a disco beat.", "She achieved her first real success as a pop artist when she was ranked in the top 10 on Cashbox.", "With her reputation growing as a contemporary pop singer and writer who could handle a variety of styles, she was contracted by Atlantic Records to record with the Toronto-based disco group T.H.P.", "There is an orchestra.", "She was the lead vocalist on T.H.P.", "Good To Me is his last studio album.", "The album was #16 in the dance category.", "She had a single called \"How Glad I Am\" which went to the top of the charts in the R&B category.", "She opened for Al Jarreau and The Temptations.", "She recorded many records for Willie Mitchell on his Waylo Records label.", "She recorded several singles, one of which made it to #3 on the British R&B charts: her earlier success with Dig The Gold paved the way for that single to chart well overseas.", "She toured internationally with Waylo artist Otis Clay to promote the label and current releases.", "It was rumored in Nashville and Memphis that she would record country music again, but that never happened with either the Cream or Waylo record labels.", "She was honored with a music venue/jazz club on Beale Street under her name, Joyce Cobb's.", "She is the only woman to have a club named after her on the street and also have a brass note on the Walk of Fame.", "George Coleman, Jimmy McGriff,Herb Ellis, Marvin Stamm, James Williams, and Maria Muldaur were some of the musical acts that started out at the club.", "The venue ended up being bought out by another club owner due to the financial viability being less than expected.", "She was honored with a brass note on the Walk of Fame in 1996.", "She recorded two CDs with the group while they toured the United States and Europe.", "The co-hosting of the nationally syndicated radio program \"Beale Street Caravan\" with Sam the Sham on over 260 stations in North America and worldwide began in 1997.", "Since 1983, she has hosted her own radio show on WEVL Memphis.", "The TV show Sounds of Memphis was on PBS in 1995 and was modeled after Austin City Limits, which brought her back into the national spotlight.", "The show did not go past four episodes, but it did propel her into further musical prominence.", "In the late 1990s she forwarded the idea of Sounds of Memphis to help write the script for the show which has had success as a live show in the mid-part of the country.", "This was the beginning of her acting career.", "She recorded the soundtrack of Black Diamonds: The Story of Negro League Baseball as part of the exhibit at the Memphis Pink Palace Museum.", "In the last 16 years, Cobb has been the lead actress and singer for numerous award-winning live productions to include Ain't Misbehavin, Lady Day at the Emerson Bar and Grill and The Devil's Music: The Life and Times of Bessie Smith.", "He was contacted by WardArcher to record a CD for his label.", "It was her first solo recording as a jazz artist and she showed her talent as a recording artist.", "She toured Europe in 2010 with the Michael Jefry Stevens trio.", "She performs every Sunday in Memphis, Tennessee at Bosco's as well as playing many other engagements around the world.", "How Glad I Am was re-released on CD in 2012 and T.H.P. was also re-released.", "The album was released in 2013).", "There is a musical style that is derived from but does not mimick blues and jazz singers.", "She has a wide range of timbre and emotion in her presentation of songs.", "She has sung country, disco, R&B, soul and jazz.", "This diversity has created a unique sound that doesn't really mimic any other singer; she has her own signature style.", "Joyce Cobb's big, vibrant voice can interpret anything from pop to classical to jazz.", "She is an advocate of music education and the history of singing in American pop and jazz music.", "The University of Memphis School of Music has employed Cobb as a vocal professor for 20 years.", "She helps aspiring younger artists at the Stax Music Academy.", "The End of the Year Awards list includes the Best Female Singer, Memphis Chapter of NARAS, and the Best Female Entertainer.", "The Notable Black Memphians was published by Cambria Press.", "pp.", "90–2.", "John Elkington.", "The Home of the Blues is being resurrected.", "pp.", "Paul Geran.", "Woman with Guitar: Memphis Minnie's Blues was published in 1992.", "Black Women in American Bands and Orchestras was published in 1998.", "12–4.", "Gérard Herzhaft.", "The Encyclopedia of the Blues was published by the University of Arkansas.", "137, 235.", "Andria, Lisle.", "Evans, Mike.", "Sanctuary Publishing was Waking up in Memphis.", "pp.", "The Jazzpodium, 10, pp., shows Joyce Cobb's deep roots in the blues, jazz and gospel.", "9 1945 births African-American women singer-songwriters American women jazz singers American rhythm and blues singer-songwriters American soul musicians Jazz songwriters from Oklahoma" ]

[ "Joyce Renee Cobb", "Joyce Cobb", "Cobb", "Cobb", "Joyce", "Cobb", "Cobb", "Cobb", "Joyce Cobb", "Joyce Cobb", "Cobb", "Cobb", "Cobb", "Joyce Cobb", "Cobb", "Cobb", "Joyce Cobb", "Cobb", "Joyce Cobb", "Joyce Cobb", "Joyce Cobb", "Joyce Cobb", "Joyce Cobb" ]

[ "Joyce Renee Cobb", "Joyce", "Joyce", "Cobb", "Joyce Cobb", "Cobb", "Joyce Cobb", "Cobb", "Joyce Cobb" ]

[ "John Joseph O'Kelly (; known as Sceilg; 7 July 1872 – 26 March 1957) was an Irish republican politician, author and publisher who served as President of Sinn Féin from 1926 to 1931, Minister for Education from 1921 to 1922, Minister for Irish from 1920 to 1921 and Leas-Cheann Comhairle of Dáil Éireann from 1919 to 1921.", "He served as a Teachta Dála from 1918 to 1921 and 1922 to 1923.", "Early years\nO'Kelly was born in Coramore, on Valentia Island off the County Kerry coast, he was the son of Patrick Kelly, a farmer, and Ellen Sullivan.", "While his birth date is recorded as 7 July 1872, his family gave it as 4 July.", "Political career\nHe joined Sinn Féin at its inaugural meeting on 5 November 1905.", "Following the 1916 Easter Rising, O'Kelly joined the Irish Nation League and became treasurer of the Irish National Aid and Volunteers' Dependants' Fund for the relief of prisoners and their families.", "In February 1917, he was arrested and deported to England where he was interned without trial for several months.", "On his release O'Kelly was elected to the Provisional Committee of the newly merged Irish Nation League and Sinn Féin, thereafter called Sinn Féin.", "He was appointed editor of the influential \"Catholic Bulletin\".", "In the 1918 general election he was elected as a Sinn Féin MP for Louth by 255 votes in what was the closest contest in Ireland in that election.", "The closeness of the contest was due to the strong AOH organisation in the county that campaigned for outgoing North Galway MP Richard Hazleton of the Irish Parliamentary Party.", "O'Kelly took his seat in Dáil Éireann as a Sinn Féin TD and was Leas-Cheann Comhairle (Deputy chairman) from 1919–21.", "He was appointed Minister for Irish in the Government of the 2nd Dáil.", "This position that was expanded as the Minister for Education in the Government of the 2nd Dáil.", "From 1919 to 1923, he was President of the Gaelic League.", "He opposed the Anglo-Irish Treaty that was ratified by the Dáil in January 1922, and refused to accept the legitimacy of the Irish Free State established in December 1922.", "He and others maintained that the Irish Republic continued to exist and that the rump of the Second Dáil, composed of those anti-Treaty TDs who had refused to take their seats in what became the Free State parliament, was the only legitimate government for the whole of Ireland.", "In June 1922, he was elected to the Third Dáil for the constituency of Louth-Meath but abstained from taking his seat.", "In August 1923, standing as a Republican for the Meath constituency, he was defeated for an abstentionist seat in the 4th Dáil.", "He was again defeated in the Roscommon by-election of 1925, his last election attempt.", "After the resignation of Éamon de Valera as president of Sinn Féin in 1926, O'Kelly, who maintained an abstentionist policy towards Dáil Éireann, was elected in his place and remained in this position until 1931 when Brian O'Higgins took over the leadership.", "O'Kelly was hostile towards the 1937 Constitution of Ireland, claiming it was insufficiently supportive of Irish Republicanism and that the Constitution also did not require the President of Ireland to be of Irish birth.", "Sceilg was unusual among Irish Republicans in that he regarded Daniel O'Connell and T.M.", "Healy as political heroes.", "This apparently reflected local patriotism (both men came from south-western Ireland near to Sceilg's own birthplace) and Sceilg's own devout Catholicism, which led him to exalt O'Connell's achievement of Catholic Emancipation and Healy's claims that the adultery of Charles Stewart Parnell with Katharine O'Shea made Parnell unfit for political leadership.", "Sceilg was also explicitly hostile to the Spanish Republic declared in 1931, believing it to be anti-Catholic and supported by pro-British Freemasons.", "Literary interests\nHe was a prolific author on Irish language and history topics, editing Banba, The Catholic Bulletin and An Camán.", "He was intensely religious and an active Catholic.", "O'Kelly opposed members of the IRA fighting against Franco in the Spanish Civil War.", "In 1938, he was one of seven remaining abstentionist Second Dáil TDs who transferred what they believed was their authority as the Government of the Irish Republic to the IRA Army Council (see Irish republican legitimatism).", "In 1938, he visited Germany, later publishing his impressions in the Irish Independent.", "Anti-Semitism\nMany of O'Kelly's speeches and writings contained content critical of Freemasons and Jews.", "In 1916, members of Ireland's Jewish community protested after the Catholic Bulletin published a series of articles by Fr.", "T.H.", "Burbage accusing the Jewish community of carrying out ritual murders; O'Kelly refused to apologise for the articles.", "O'Kelly also featured the anti-semitic writings of Denis Fahey in the Bulletin.", "In 1930, O'Kelly, speaking as Sinn Féin President to its members, said, \"In the signs of the Anti-Christ, England is today the prey of rival groups of unscrupulous Jews fighting for their lands.\"", "In 1939 O'Kelly spoke at Cork City Hall and praised Nazi Germany's treatment of Jews, saying: \"England's difficulty is Ireland's opportunity...its seems to me that England prefers to plant the Jews in Ireland, as she planted the Cromwellians, The Orangemen...How many people in Ireland reflect that the Treaty of Versailles placed Germany...with the heel of Jews on her neck...while Jewish usury emaciated and the Jewish White Slave Trade sought to corrupt the whole land\".", "Death\nO'Kelly died in Our Lady's Hospice, Harold's Cross, on 26 March 1957, and was buried in Glasnevin Cemetery on 28 March.", "Bibliography\n Cathal Brugha, 1942\n Taistealuidheacht, nó Cúrsa na Cruinne (\"Travelling, or A World Tour\"), 1931\n Spelling Made Easy, 1946\n A Trinity of Martyrs (biographies of Terence McSwiney, Cathal Brugha and Austin Stack), 1947\n Ireland's Spiritual Empire: Saint Patrick as a World Figure, 1952\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\nDr. Brian P. Murphy, The Catholic Bulletin and Republican Ireland 1898–1926: with special reference to J. J. O'Kelly (Athol Books: Belfast, 2005)\n\"County Louth: the Irish political revolution and the 1918 general election\" by Oisín S. Kelly (MA thesis, 2006, UCD)\n\nExternal links\n\n \n\n \n\n1872 births\n1957 deaths\nAntisemitism in Ireland\nEarly Sinn Féin TDs\nIrish nationalists\nIrish republicans\nLeaders of Sinn Féin\nMembers of the 1st Dáil\nMembers of the 2nd Dáil\nMembers of the 3rd Dáil\nMembers of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for County Louth constituencies (1801–1922)\nMinisters for Education (Ireland)\nPoliticians from County Kerry\nUK MPs 1918–1922" ]

[ "John Joseph O'Kelly was an Irish republican politician, author and publisher who served as President of Sinn Féin from 1926 to 1931, Minister for Education from 1921 to 1922, and Minister for Irish from 1920 to 1921.", "He was a Teachta Dla from 1918 to 1923.", "Patrick Kelly was a farmer and Ellen Sullivan was his wife when O'Kelly was born.", "His birth date was recorded as 7 July 1872, but his family gave it to him as 4 July.", "He joined Sinn Féin at its first meeting.", "O'Kelly became treasurer of the Irish National Aid and Volunteers' Dependants' Fund after joining the Irish Nation League.", "He was arrested and deported to England in February 1917, where he was held without trial for several months.", "O'Kelly was elected to the Provisional Committee of the newly merged Irish Nation League and Sinn Féin.", "The \"Catholic Bulletin\" was edited by him.", "He was elected as a Sinn Féin MP for Louth in the 1918 general election, which was the closest election in Ireland.", "The close contest was due to the strong AOH organisation in the county that supported Richard Hazleton.", "From 1919–21, O'Kelly was the deputy chairman of Dil ireann.", "He was appointed Minister for Irish in the 2nd Dil.", "In the Government of the 2nd Dil, the position of Minister for Education was expanded.", "He was the President of the Gaelic League from 1919 to 1923.", "He opposed the Anglo-Irish Treaty and refused to accept the legitimacy of the Irish Free State.", "The rump of the Second Dil, composed of those anti-Treaty politicians who refused to take their seats in what became the Free State parliament, was the only legitimate government for the whole of Ireland.", "He was elected to the Third Dil but did not take his seat.", "He was defeated for an abstentionist seat in the 4th Dil in 1923.", "He was defeated in the by- election in 1925.", "After the resignation of amon de Valera as president of Sinn Féin in 1926, O'Kelly, who maintained an abstentionist policy towards Dil ireann, was elected in his place and remained in this position until 1931 when Brian O'Higgins took over the leadership", "The 1937 Constitution of Ireland was hostile to Irish Republicanism and did not require the President of Ireland to be of Irish birth, according to O'Kelly.", "Sceilg was one of the few Irish Republicans who respected Daniel O'Connell and T.M.", "He was a political hero.", "Sceilg's own devotion to Catholicism and O'Connell's achievement of Catholic Emancipation led him to exalt O'Connell's claims that the adultery of Charles Stewart was a lie.", "Sceilg believed that the Spanish Republic was anti-Catholic and supported by the British Freemasons.", "He was a prolific author on Irish language and history.", "He was a catholic and intensely religious.", "The IRA fought against Franco in the Spanish Civil War.", "The Government of the Irish Republic was transferred to the IRA Army Council by seven abstentionists of the Second Dil.", "He published his impressions in the Irish Independent after visiting Germany.", "O'Kelly's speeches and writings had anti-Semitic content.", "In 1916, members of Ireland's Jewish community protested after the Catholic Bulletin published a series of articles.", "T.H.", "O'Kelly refused to apologize for accusing the Jewish community of carrying out ritual murders.", "Denis Fahey's anti-semitic writings were in the Bulletin.", "In 1930, O'Kelly, speaking as Sinn Féin President to its members, said, \"In the signs of the Anti-Christ, England is today the prey of rival groups of unscrupulous Jews fighting for their lands.\"", "\"England's difficulty is Ireland's opportunity, it seems to me that England prefers to plant the Jews in Ireland, as she planted the Cromwellians, The Orangemen,\" O'Kelly said in 1939.", "On March 26, 1957, Death O'Kelly died in Our Lady's Hospice, Harold's Cross, and was buried in Glasnevin Cemetery.", "\"Travelling, or A World Tour\", \"Spelling Made Easy\", and \"A Trinity of Martyrs\" are included." ]

[ "John Joseph O" ]

[ "John Joseph O" ]

[ "Kenneth Edward Jordan Berry (17 November 1925 – 22 November 1992) was a British seaman who was taken as a prisoner of war in 1940 when his ship was sunk.", "While in prison camp he was persuaded to join the British Free Corps of the Waffen-SS as an SS-Mann during the Second World War.", "He was associated with the unit until 29 April 1945, when he could not be found when the Corps were leaving Neustrelitz, and was left behind.", "He received a nine-month sentence after the war, 'the lightest sentence passed on any traitor'.", "Early life\nKenneth Berry was born in November 1925 at Devonport in Devon the son of Samuel Jordan Berry, an Admiralty police constable and Beatrice Amy (née Collins).", "He went to school in Penryn and Falmouth but ran away from home aged 13 after a conviction for stealing from a vehicle and one for stealing a golf ball.", "He worked for some months as a kitchen boy at the Pontargen Hotel in Falmouth.", "Service at sea and capture\nAt the age of 14, Berry claimed to be fifteen years old in order to join the Merchant Navy and after an initial engagement at sea he sailed aboard the oil tanker Cymbeline on 27 May 1940 as a Boy Seaman.", "Sailing on behalf of the British Admiralty from Gibraltar to Trinidad, Cymbeline was attacked on 2 September 1940 by the German commerce raider , a merchant vessel converted into a heavily armed cruiser.", "The tanker was sunk with loss of seven of the crew, although 26 survivors, including Berry, were rescued and taken prisoner of war being held aboard for 6 weeks before going into captivity in occupied France.", "Berry was held prisoner of war at Besançon and later Ilag St. Denis in France, during which time he reportedly escaped from captivity and became a black marketer in Paris until recaptured.", "Questioned by the Gestapo he betrayed people who had helped him escape and as a result was not spoken to by any other prisoner on his return to prison camp.", "British Free Corps\nIn 1943 British fascist John Amery who was touring camps in Germany and occupied France and Poland where British prisoners were held persuaded Berry to join his British Free Corps with the stated objective of fighting beside the German Army against communist forces on the eastern front.", "Berry and three other recruits were moved to accommodation in Paris (Avenue Exelmanns) before an expected move to Berlin.", "Berry had little education and had been convinced that Amery was the British Foreign Secretary Leo Amery who was actually John Amery's father.", "Berry was arrested in Paris by the Gestapo and held for 8 weeks until he was sent to Berlin in August 1943 and lodged in a boarding house.", "Unable to speak German he spent most of his time at the zoo although he claimed to have been frequently arrested for signalling to the bombers which were targeting Berlin by night.", "He was severely beaten on one occasion.", "Reportedly twenty-nine US seamen volunteered to join a similar \"American Free Corps\" and left the MILAG camp, some going into the service of the German radio broadcasting service.", "Berry was not involved in radio broadcasting.", "Berry was enlisted into the British Free Corps in November 1943, by which time it had moved from control of the German Army to the Waffen-SS.", "He was transported to Genshagen where he joined the other recruits Roy Courlander, Lewis, William Brittain, Frank McLardy, Martin and Alfred Minchin.", "In February 1944 the unit moved to Hildesheim at the base of the SS Nordic Study Centre, it numbered 8 men and from here the New Zealander Roy Courlander began visiting prison camps to try to recruit more members.", "From late April 1944 he wore SS uniform with rank and national insignia and a British flag emblem on his sleeve.", "In June 1944 Berry was sent with Alfred Minchin to recruit new members from prison camps.", "Having been recognized as their naive former Boy Seaman by ex-members of the crew of the Cymbeline who were on a prison working party in Westertimke, Berry was advised that contrary to what he had been told Germany was losing the war and that he should return to the prison camp.", "He spoke to the senior officer of the British prison camp Captain Robert Finlay-Notman and other officers asking for advice on how to get out of the British Free Corps and placed in writing a plea for help.", "He was advised to visit the Swiss Embassy in Berlin, which one source states he did in July 1944, although another states that he did not do this; Berry received no real help despite Captain Finlay-Notman's written request to the Swiss.", "Still undergoing training, he moved to Dresden with the British Free Corps on 11 October 1944 where combat-engineer training commenced after they were issued with weapons and expected to carry out military duties for the first time.", "The performance of the thirteen British, Australian, New Zealand, South African and Canadian recruits was poor.", "Following the heavy bombing of Dresden by Allied Air Forces in 1945 they were all arrested, prior to being moved to Berlin ready to move to the Eastern Front and into action.", "On 22 March 1945 he was assigned with a handful of the recruits to join the 3rd Company of 11th SS Armoured Reconnaissance Unit which consisted of Germans, Dutch, Danish, Norwegians, Flemings, Swedes, Swiss and various foreign volunteers.", "Before being put into the frontline on the River Oder the men of the British Free Corps were removed.", "During evacuation of the units in late April-early May 1945 Berry could not be found and the remaining members left him behind.", "Berry was captured out of uniform by the Red Army who believed that he was a British prisoner of war and handed him to nearby US Army units.", "The Americans flew him back to England on 12 May 1945 when he returned home to Penryn, Cornwall.", "Evidence\nFrom September 1944 when Roy Courlander was captured in Belgium by Allied forces and subsequently interrogated, Berry had been identified as a member of the British Free Corps.", "Seamen prisoners repatriated on medical grounds from prison camps had reported his name and he was added to a list of men to be arrested.", "On 3 July 1945 and 3 November 1945 Berry was formally interviewed and gave full statements concerning his life, his capture and his time with the British Free Corps.", "These are preserved at the National Archives, London.", "On 3 September 1945 reporting of the Farnborough, Hampshire court-martial of Canadian soldier Edward Bernard Martin (26) of the Canadian Essex Scottish Regiment who had served in the British Free Corps stated that during his trial he had named about 40 other men who had served with the unit, amongst those named was Seaman Kenneth Berry.", "Trial\nBerry was one of the members of the British Free Corps identified post-war and, as such having been remanded in custody on 20 December 1945, he faced trial commencing 2 January 1946.", "Newspapers reported that he was aged 20, from Glasny Road, Penryn, Cornwall.", "He was charged specifically that \"with others not presently in custody and with others unknown, to do acts with intent to assist the enemy, namely to join the British Free Corps\", Appearing at Bow Street Magistrates Court, he was charged under the Defence Regulations Act.", "Captain Notman appeared as a witness in his defence, and Berry received a nine-month hard labour prison sentence.", "The formal assessment of him during the interrogation of Wilhelm Roessler, one of the German military advisers with the British Free Corps, can only have helped Berry at trial, when he was regarded as \"a young fool who did not know what he was doing\", an opinion echoed by Director of Public Prosecutions, who placed on record that he considered Berry to be \"an irresponsible youth who was easily led\".", "Post-war\nBerry returned to the sea as a merchant seaman in 1946.", "On 10 May 1947 he married his German girlfriend Carola Schwarz; they had six children.", "During 1947 he was one of several former members of the British Free Corps who sailed to South Africa after subpoena to testify at the trial of three South Africans who had been members of the unit.", "Death\nBerry died in November 1992 at Oakfield Road in Falmouth, Cornwall; his wife died in April 2004 at Truro, Cornwall.", "Official records\nThe National Archives holds the depositions for his trial at the Central Criminal Court under reference CRIM 1/485, a Home Office file on him under reference HO 45/25820 and a Security Service file on him under reference KV 2/255.", "See also\nList of members of the British Free Corps\n\nExternal links\n \"Clerk For Trial On Treason Charge.\"", "The Times, London, England, 21 December 1945: 2.", "The Times Digital Archive.", "Web.", "16 April 2015.", "– remand hearing\n \"Seamen Committed For Trial.\"", "The Times, London, England, 3 January 1946: 2.", "The Times Digital Archive.", "Web.", "18 February 2015.", "Bibliography\n \n Ronald Seth.", "Jackals of the Reich.", "The Story of the British Free Corps.", "PP 30–32, P 44, Chapter 4 (PP 49–54), P58.", "(New English Library, 1972).", "This book was effectively a re-writing by the British spy writer Ronald Seth of The Yeomen of Valhalla (Behind the Siegfried Line).", "Seth also chose to use the same pseudonyms.", "Neither of these books included references or a bibliography and, as a result, some subsequent writers have taken the pseudonyms to be real names.", "Sean Murphy.", "Letting the Side Down: British Traitors of the Second World War, PP119–20.", "London: The History Press Ltd, 2005.", "References\n\n1925 births\n1992 deaths\nBritish collaborators with Nazi Germany\nEnglish members of the British Free Corps\nPeople from Devonport, Plymouth\nWaffen-SS personnel\nBritish Merchant Navy personnel of World War II\nBritish World War II prisoners of war\nMilitary personnel from Devon" ]

[ "Kenneth Edward Jordan Berry was a British seaman who was taken as a prisoner of war in 1940.", "During the Second World War, he was persuaded to join the British Free Corps of the Waffen-SS.", "When the Corps left Neustrelitz on April 29, 1945, he was left behind.", "The lightest sentence passed on a traitor was nine months.", "The son of a police officer and a woman, Kenneth Berry was born in November 1925.", "He ran away from home at the age of 13 because of convictions for stealing from a vehicle and a golf ball.", "He was a kitchen boy at the Pontargen Hotel.", "Berry claimed to be fifteen years old when he sailed aboard the oil tanker Cymbeline as a Boy Seaman on May 27, 1940, in order to join the Merchant Navy.", "Cymbeline was attacked on September 2, 1940 by the German commerce raider, a merchant vessel converted into a heavily armed cruiser, while sailing on behalf of the British Admiralty from Gibraltar to Trinidad.", "The tanker was sunk with loss of seven of the crew, but 26 survivors, including Berry, were rescued and taken prisoner of war for 6 weeks before going into captivity in France.", "Berry escaped from captivity at Besanon and Ilag St. Denis in France and became a black marketer in Paris.", "He betrayed people who helped him escape after being questioned by the Gestapo, so he didn't speak to any other prisoners on his return to prison camp.", "Berry was persuaded to join the British Free Corps by John Amery, a British fascist who was touring camps in Germany and occupied France and Poland where British prisoners were held.", "Berry and three other recruits were moved to Paris before moving to Berlin.", "Berry thought that Amery was the British Foreign Secretary who was actually John Amery's father.", "Berry was sent to Berlin in August 1943 after being arrested in Paris for 8 weeks.", "He was unable to speak German and spent most of his time at the zoo.", "He was severely beaten.", "Twenty-nine US seamen volunteered to join a similar \"American Free Corps\" and left the MILAG camp, some going into the service of the German radio broadcasting service.", "Berry wasn't involved in radio broadcasting.", "The British Free Corps moved from control of the German Army to the Waffen-SS after Berry was enlisted in November 1943.", "He joined the other recruits at Genshagen.", "Roy Courlander, a New Zealander, began visiting prison camps to try to recruit more members after the unit moved to Hildesheim.", "He wore a British flag emblem on his sleeve while he was in uniform.", "Berry and Alfred Minchin were sent to recruit new members from prison camps.", "Berry was told that he should return to the prison despite being told that Germany was losing the war.", "He spoke to the senior officer of the British prison camp and asked for advice on how to get out of the British Free Corps and then wrote a plea for help.", "One source states that Berry went to the Swiss Embassy in Berlin in July 1944, but another states that he didn't, and Berry didn't get any help despite Captain Finlay-Notman's written request to the Swiss.", "After being issued with weapons and expected to carry out military duties for the first time, he moved to Dresden with the British Free Corps on 11 October 1944, still undergoing training.", "The thirteen British, Australian, New Zealand, South African and Canadian recruits performed poorly.", "After the Allied Air Force bombed Dresden in 1945, they were all arrested and taken to Berlin, where they were ready to move to the Eastern Front.", "On March 22, 1945 he was assigned with a few other recruits to join the 3rd Company of 11thSS armoured reconstitution unit which was made up of Germans, Dutch, Danish, Norwegians, Flemings, Swedes, Swiss and various foreign volunteers.", "The men of the British Free Corps were removed before they were put into the frontline.", "When the units were evacuated in late April- early May 1945, Berry was not found and the remaining members left him behind.", "Berry was captured by the Red Army who thought he was a British prisoner of war and handed him to nearby US Army units.", "He was flown back to England by the Americans in May 1945.", "Berry was identified as a member of the British Free Corps after Roy Courlander was captured in Belgium in 1944.", "He was added to a list of men to be arrested after he reported his name.", "On 3 July 1945 and 3 November 1945 Berry gave full statements about his life, his capture and his time with the British Free Corps.", "The National Archives is in London.", "According to the report of the court-martial of Edward Bernard Martin, a Canadian soldier who had served in the British Free Corps, he had named about 40 other men who had served with the unit.", "Trial Berry was one of the members of the British Free Corps who were arrested after the war and were held in custody until January 1946, when he faced trial.", "He was reported to be 20 years old from Penryn, Cornwall.", "He was charged with \"with others not currently in custody and with others unknown, to do acts with intent to assist the enemy, namely to join the British Free Corps\".", "Berry received a nine-month hard labour prison sentence and Captain Notman was a witness in his defence.", "Director of Public believes that the formal assessment of him during the interrogation of Roessler, one of the German military advisers with the British Free Corps, can only have helped Berry at trial, when he was regarded as a young fool who did not know what he was doing.", "Berry was a merchant seaman after the war.", "He married Carola Schwarz on May 10, 1947, and they had six children.", "He was subpoenaed to testify in the trial of three South Africans who had been members of the British Free Corps.", "Death Berry died in 1992 at Oakfield Road in Cornwall, and his wife died in 2004.", "The depositions for his trial at the Central Criminal Court are held by the National Archives.", "The British Free Corps External links include \"Clerk For Trial On Treason Charge.\"", "The Times, London, England, was published on 21 December 1945.", "The Times has a digital archive.", "There is a website.", "16 April 2015.", "The men were committed for trial.", "3 January 1946, The Times, London, England.", "The Times has a digital archive.", "There is a website.", "The date of 18 February 2015.", "The author is Ronald Seth.", "There were jackals of the Reich.", "The story of the British Free Corps.", "PP 30–32, P 44, Chapter 4 (PP 49–54), P58.", "The New English Library was established in 1972", "The book was re-written by a British spy writer.", "The same pseudonyms were used by both of them.", "Some subsequent writers have taken the pseudonyms to be real names because neither of the books included references or a bibliography.", "Sean Murphy is a person.", "The British during the Second World War.", "The History Press was founded in London in 2005.", "British World War II prisoners of war, as well as English members of the British Free Corps, died in 1992." ]

[ "Kenneth Edward Jordan Berry", "Kenneth Berry", "Samuel Jordan Berry", "Berry", "Berry", "Berry", "Berry", "Berry", "Berry", "Berry", "Berry", "Berry", "Berry", "Berry", "Berry", "Berry", "Berry", "Berry", "Berry", "Kenneth Berry", "Berry", "Berry", "Berry", "Berry", "Berry", "Berry" ]

[ "Kenneth Edward Jordan Berry", "Kenneth Berry", "Berry", "Berry", "Berry", "Berry", "Berry", "Berry", "Berry", "Berry", "Berry", "Berry", "Berry", "Berry", "Berry", "Berry", "Berry", "Berry", "Berry", "Berry", "Berry", "Berry", "Berry", "Berry" ]

[ "Norma Cole (born May 12, 1945) is a Canadian poet, visual artist, translator, and curator.", "An Anglophone Canadian by birth, Cole learned French at an early age, and went on to translate the works of French poets Emmanuel Hocquard, Danielle Collobert, , Jean Daive, and others with whom she is intellectually allied.", "In the late 1970s and 1980s Cole was a member of the San Francisco-based circle of poets congregating around Robert Duncan.", "Her papers are collected at the Archive for New Poetry at the Mandeville Special Collections Library, University of California San Diego.", "Early life and career\nShe was born in Toronto, Canada to an Anglophone family, Norma Cole began learning French in middle school.", "Cole studied at the University of Toronto, where she received a B.A.", "in Modern Languages and Literature (French and Italian) in 1967 and an M.A.", "in French Language and Literature in 1969.", "After university, Cole moved to France in time to absorb the revolutionary atmosphere of the aftermath of the May '68 general strike.", "She spent several years living in a small village in the foothills of the Alpes-Maritimes near Nice.", "During this period in France, Cole began drawing, sculpting, and establishing relationships with many contemporary French poets.", "In the early 1970s Cole returned to Toronto, before migrating to San Francisco in 1977, where she has lived ever since.", "Upon her arrival to the Bay Area, Cole got a job in the public school system, but it was through her association with New College of California that she met her core community of poets, including Robert Duncan, Michael Palmer, David Levi Strauss, Susan Thackrey, Aaron Shurin, and Laura Moriarty.", "However she continued to spend time in France, and her association with French poets has been crucial to her work.", "Important French connections have included Claude Royet-Journoud, Emmanuel Hocquard, and Joseph Simas, who published her first book, Mace Hill Remap.", "Norma Cole is the recipient of the Gerbode Poetry Prize and a grant from the Fund for Poetry.", "In 2006 she was awarded a grant from the Foundation for Contemporary Arts Grants to Artists Award.", "\"The Poetics of Vertigo\" — delivered as the 1998 \"George Oppen Memorial Lecture\" for The Poetry Center, SFSU — won the Robert D. Richardson Non-Fiction Award.", "With Boston photographer Ben E. Watkins she won the Purchase Award for their photo/text collaboration, \"They Flatter Almost Recognize.\"", "Recent projects\nNorma Cole's work has received great acclaim for her: \"openness to traditions and practices, artists and writings, radically divergent from her own\".", "Recently, she collaborated with The Poetry Center & American Poetry Archives at SFSU in honor of their fiftieth anniversary.", "There she helped to create a site-specific gallery installation titled Collective Memory which opened on December 11, 2004 and ran through April 16, 2005.", "The project was described as:\n\n\"...a departure from her earlier work, extending what has been primarily a written, literary practice to the expanded dimensions of a public space....", "Aimed at exploring and embodying the creative process involved in making poetry, Cole...worked both on site and off, inviting, responding to, and incorporating into her text the comments, perceptions, and contributions of visitors...opening the possibilities for more active exchange with others....", "Aspects of the installation [were changed] over time, providing an evolving and adaptable creative space, altered by the objects and people moving through it.... [T]he project...openly demonstrate[s] that poetry making is not an insular and isolated activity, acceptable as long as it's on the perimeter of society, but an integrated art form based in communal exchange, from which we need to learn.\"", "Selected works\n\nPoetry, prose, books, and chapbooks\nMace Hill Remap (Paris: Moving Letters, 1988).", "[ e-text version available: see External links below ]\nMetamorphopsia (Poets & Poets, 1988).", "My Bird Book (Littoral, 1991).", "Mars (Listening Chamber, Berkeley, California 1994).", "Moira (O Books, 1995).", "Contrafact (Poets & Poets, 1996).", "Quotable Gestures, (CREAPHIS/un bureau sur l'Atlantique, France, 1998)\nDesire & its Double (Instress, 1998).", "The Vulgar Tongue (a+bend, 2000).", "Spinoza in Her Youth (Omnidawn Publishing, Richmond, CA, 2002) .", "A little a & a (Seeing Eye Books, Los Angeles, 2002).", "Burns (Belladonna Books, 2002).", "Do the Monkey (Zasterle, 2006) .", "Natural Light (Libellum, 2009) \nWhere Shadows Will: Selected Poems 1988-2008 (City Lights Books, San Francisco, 2009) .", "14000 Facts (A+Bend Press, 2009)\nTo Be At Music: Essays & Talks (Omnidawn Publishing, Richmond, CA, 2010) \n Win These Posters and Other Unrelated Prizes Inside .", "(Omnidawn Publishing, Richmond, CA, 2010)\n\nText and image\nScout, text/image work in CD ROM format, (Krupskaya, 2004).", "At All: Tom Raworth & His Collages (Hooke Press, 2006).", "Collective Memory (Granary Books, 2006), poetry/photos, with book design by Emily McVarish; based on Cole's extended installation/performance for the exhibition \"Poetry and its Arts: Bay Area Interactions 1954-2004\" (California Historical Society, San Francisco, CA, 2004–05).", "Translations\nIt Then by Danielle Collobert (O Books, 1989).", "The Surrealists Look at Art, essays by Aragon, Breton, Eluard, Soupault, Tzara, edited and translated with Michael Palmer, (Lapis Press, Venice, California, 1990).", "This Story is Mine: Little Autobiographical Dictionary of Elegy by Emmanuel Hocquard, (Instress, 1999).", "A Discursive Space: Interviews with Jean Daive by Anne-Marie Albiach, (Duration Press, Sausalito, California, 1999.", "(editor and translator) Crosscut Universe, an anthology of poetry / poetics by contemporary French writers, (Burning Deck, 2000).", "Nude by Anne Portugal [Le Plus simple appareil], (Kelsey Street Press, Berkeley, California, 2001)\nDistant Noise by Jean Frémon, (with Lydia Davis, Serge Gavronsky, Cole Swensen), (Avec Books, Penngrove, California, 2003).", "Notebooks 1956-1978 by Danielle Collobert, (Litmus Press, 2003) \nThe Spirit God and the Properties of Nitrogen by Fouad Gabriel Naffah (Post-Apollo Press, Sausalito, California, 2004).", "References\n\nExternal links\nNorma Cole Papers MSS 0766.", "Special Collections & Archives, UC San Diego Library.", "Norma Cole @durationpress.com includes e-book text of Cole's Mace Hill Remap archived here\nCollective Memory Cole's site-specific installation for \"The Poetry Center\"\nCorrespondence between Wendy Tronrud and Norma Cole\n\"Speech Production: Themes and Variations\" poem by Cole at Shampoo website\n\"Yellow and...: A Response to the Poetry of Marjorie Welish.", "\": talk on the U.S. poet and painter Marjorie Welish, recorded 5 April 2002; Slought Foundation Online Content; access/download recorded audio\nContemplating Table(t)s Marjorie Welish reviews Spinoza in Her Youth by Norma Cole on-line at Jacket Magazine\nNorma Cole, Writing as Luminousness (Part 1) essay by poet and publisher Laura Hinton\n\n1945 births\nLiving people\nCanadian women poets\nUniversity of Toronto alumni\nCanadian expatriate academics in the United States\nCanadian expatriate writers in the United States\n20th-century Canadian poets\n20th-century Canadian women writers\n21st-century Canadian poets\n21st-century Canadian women writers\nCanadian translators" ]

[ "She is a Canadian poet, visual artist, translator, and curator.", "Cole is an Anglophone Canadian who learned French at an early age and went on to translate the works of French poets.", "Cole was a member of the circle of poets congregating around Robert Duncan.", "Her papers are in the Mandeville Special Collections Library at the University of California San Diego.", "She was born in Toronto, Canada to an Anglophone family and began learning French in middle school.", "Cole received her B.A. at the University of Toronto.", "In 1967, I received an M.A. in Modern Languages and Literature.", "In 1969 I received a degree in French Language and Literature.", "Cole moved to France after the May '68 general strike to absorb the revolutionary atmosphere.", "She lived in a small village in the foothills of the Alpes-Mari times.", "Cole began drawing, sculpting, and establishing relationships with French poets during this time.", "Cole moved to San Francisco in 1977 after returning to Toronto in the early 1970s.", "Cole got a job in the public school system, but it was through her association with New College of California that she met her core community of poets.", "Her association with French poets has been crucial to her work.", "Her first book, Mace Hill Remap, was published by Joseph Simas.", "The Gerbode Poetry Prize was awarded to Norma Cole.", "She received a grant from the Foundation for Contemporary Arts Grants to Artists Award.", "\"The Poetics of Vertigo\" won the Robert D. Richardson Non-Fiction Award.", "She won the Purchase Award for her photo/text collaboration with Ben E. Watkins.", "\"openness to traditions and practices, artists and writings, fundamentally different from her own\" is how the work of Norma Cole is being described.", "She collaborated with the American Poetry Archives at SFSU in honor of their fiftieth anniversary.", "Collective Memory, a site-specific gallery installation, opened on December 11, 2004 and ran through April 16, 2005.", "A departure from her earlier work extended what has been primarily a written, literary practice to the expanded dimensions of a public space.", "Cole worked both on site and off, inviting, responding to, and incorporating into her text the comments, perceptions, and contributions of visitors, opening the possibilities for more active exchange with others.", "The installation was changed over time, providing an evolving and adaptable creative space, altered by the objects and people moving through it.", "Mace Hill Remap is a collection of poetry, prose, books, and chapbooks.", "External links are available for the e-text version of Metamorphopsia.", "The book is called My Bird Book.", "Mars is located in Berkeley, California.", "O Books published the book \"Moira\" in 1995.", "There is a fact in Poetics & Poets.", "Quotable Gestures, (CREAPHIS/un bureau sur l'Atlantique, France, 1998).", "The Vulgar Tongue was written in 2000.", "Spinoza in Her Youth was published in 2002.", "There is a book called Seeing Eye Books in Los Angeles.", "The book was written by Burns.", "Do the Monkey was written by Zasterle.", "Where Shadows Will: Selected Poems 1988-2008 was published in 2009.", "To Be At Music: Essays & Talks, Win These Posters and Other Unrelated Prizes, was published by A+Bend Press.", "Text and image Scout can be worked on in CD ROM format.", "Tom Raworth & His Collages is a book.", "Collective Memory is based on Cole's performance for the exhibition \"Poetry and its Arts: Bay Area Interactions 1954-2004\" at the California Historical Society.", "Danielle Collobert wrote Translations It Then.", "The essays by Aragon, Breton, Eluard, Soupault, Tzara were edited and translated by Michael Palmer.", "This Story is Mine is an autobiographical Dictionary of Elegy.", "Anne-Marie Albiach interviews Jean Daive in A Discursive Space.", "Crosscut Universe is an anthology of poetry and poetics by contemporary French writers.", "Nude by Anne Portugal [Le Plus simple appareil], was published in 2001.", "The Spirit God and the Properties of Nitrogen by Fouad Gabriel Naffah was published in 2004.", "There are external links to the papers.", "The UC San Diego Library has special collections.", "The e-book text of Cole's Mace Hill Remap can be found here.", "The talk on the U.S. poet and painter Marjorie Welish was recorded in April 2002." ]

[ "Norma Cole", "Cole", "Cole", "Norma Cole", "Cole", "Cole", "Cole", "Cole", "Cole", "Norma Cole", "Norma Cole", "Cole", "Cole Swen", "Norma Cole", "Cole", "Norma Cole", "Cole", "Norma Cole", "Norma Cole" ]

[ "Cole", "Cole", "Cole", "Cole", "Cole", "Cole", "Cole", "Norma Cole", "Norma Cole", "Cole", "Cole", "Cole" ]

[ "Ali Abu Nuwar (surname also spelled Abu Nuwwar, Abu Nawar or Abu Nowar; 1925 – 15 August 1991) was a Jordanian army officer, serving as chief of staff in May 1956 – April 1957.", "He participated in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War as an artillery officer in the Jordanian army's predecessor, the Arab Legion, but his vocal opposition to British influence in Jordan led to his virtual exile to Paris as military attaché in 1952.", "There, he forged close ties with Jordanian crown prince Hussein, who promoted Abu Nuwar after his accession to the throne.", "Abu Nuwar's enmity with Glubb Pasha, the Arab Legion's powerful British chief of staff, his insistence on establishing Arab command over the army and his influence with Hussein led the latter to dismiss Glubb Pasha and appoint Abu Nuwar in his place.", "However, Abu Nuwar's ardent support for the pan-Arabist policies of Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser contributed to Jordan's increasing isolation from the UK and the US, which were major sources of foreign aid to Jordan.", "At the same time, existing dissatisfaction with Abu Nuwar's leadership by palace officials and veteran Bedouin army units culminated into violent confrontations at the large army barracks in Zarqa between royalist and Arab nationalist units.", "Two principal accounts emerged regarding the events at Zarqa, with the royalist version holding that the incident was an abortive coup by Abu Nuwar against Hussein, and the dissident version asserting that it was a staged, American-backed counter-coup by Hussein against the pan-Arabist movement in Jordan.", "In any case, Abu Nuwar resigned and was allowed to leave Jordan for Syria.", "He was subsequently sentenced to 15 years in absentia.", "Abu Nuwar spent much of his time in exile between Syria and Egypt organizing opposition to Hussein and the monarchy, all the while maintaining his innocence in the Zarqa incident.", "He returned to Jordan in 1964 after being pardoned by Hussein as part of the latter's broader reconciliation efforts with his exiled opposition.", "In 1971, Abu Nuwar was made ambassador to France and he was later appointed to the Senate of Jordan's parliament in 1989.", "He died from blood cancer at a London hospital at age 66, one year after the publication of his memoirs, A Time of Arab Decline: Memoirs of Arab Politics (1948–1964).", "Early life\nAli Abu Nuwar was born in 1925 in al-Salt, Transjordan, which was then under British control.", "His father's family, the Abu Nuwar, was a prominent Arab clan in al-Salt.", "His mother was of Circassian descent.", "In his youth, Abu Nuwar was influenced by the discussions that his father and relatives held about the effects of the 1916 Arab Revolt, the 1917 Balfour Declaration and the 1920 Syrian Arab defeat at the Battle of Maysalun had on the fate of the Middle East.", "During the closing years of World War I, the Ottomans had been driven out of their Arab territories by an alliance of Hashemite-led Arab rebels and British forces, and were thereafter replaced by the British and French, who effectively occupied the Arab territories.", "Revolts and popular opposition against European rule in Palestine, Transjordan and elsewhere in the region emerged in the 1920s and 1930s.", "In his memoirs, Abu Nuwar recalled that his teachers in al-Salt would tell him and his classmates that the \"Arab Nation was colonized and fragmented and that it was on the shoulders of our generation to take responsibility for freedom and unity\".", "Military career\n\nAbu Nuwar joined the Arab Legion and was made an artillery officer in 1946, during the reign of Emir Abdullah I.", "During the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, he served as a lieutenant.", "Afterward, he received training in the British staff college of Camberly for two years before returning to Jordan, which was formed out of Transjordan and the West Bank as a result of the 1948 war.", "Israeli gains during the war had caused an upswing in anti-colonialist and Arab nationalist militancy among numerous officers in the Arab armies who blamed their political and military leadership for the Israeli victories.", "They considered the old guard incompetent, corrupt and beholden to the colonial powers.", "Among these incensed officers was Abu Nuwar.", "Although he was not a founder of the \"Free Officers\", a Baathist-affiliated underground organization of anti-British Jordanian officers, he joined the group after being invited in 1950, following his return to Jordan.", "Abu Nuwar became a vociferous critic of British aid to Jordan, viewing it as a form of dependency on Jordan's former colonial ruler, and of Glubb Pasha, the influential British officer in charge of the Arab Legion who was derided by Arab nationalists as a symbol of lingering British colonialism in Jordan.", "When Abdullah I was assassinated in 1951, Glubb and Prime Minister Tawfik Abu al-Huda's government discussed preventing Abdullah's son and heir apparent, Emir Talal, a sympathizer of the Free Officers, from being enthroned; Talal had been checked into a mental institution in Switzerland, but many Free Officers believed the British were fabricating Talal's mental illness to keep him out of Jordan.", "In response, Abu Nuwar sought to install Talal on the throne by force, and to that end he appealed for support from the Free Officers and sent Awni Hannun, a Jordanian military doctor, to bring Talal to Jordan.", "However, Hannun was forbidden from meeting Talal due to visitation restrictions and was dismissed by Glubb for alleged incitement against British interests.", "Nonetheless, Talal was enthroned, and Abu Nuwar subsequently urged him to dismiss Glubb.", "The latter feared Abu Nuwar's efforts posed a threat to British interests in Jordan, and thus directed Abu al-Huda's government to effectively exile Abu Nuwar from the country.", "The government complied, dispatching Abu Nuwar to Paris to serve as Jordan's military attaché in September 1952.", "Talal was later dethroned by parliamentary decision on the basis of his mental incapacity.", "During his assignment in Paris, Abu Nuwar met King Talal's son and successor, Crown Prince Hussein, who frequently visited the city during weekend breaks from his training at the Sandhurst Military Academy.", "Abu Nuwar was keen to gain Hussein's favor and disseminate to him Arab nationalist ideas calling for an end to British influence in the Jordanian military.", "Hussein was enthused by Abu Nuwar, and after his enthronement in May 1953, Hussein attempted to have Abu Nuwar return to Jordan despite Glubb's reservations.", "In August, Hussein visited London where he invited Abu Nuwar and other like-minded officers, including Free Officer Shahir Abu Shahut, to meet with him.", "There, Abu Shahut informed Abu Nuwar of the Free Officers' plans to \"Arabize\" the Arab Legion, i.e.", "remove the force's British leadership, including Glubb.", "Afterward, Abu Nuwar informed Hussein at a party celebrating his enthronement that he was a leading member of the Free Officers (though he was not) and communicated the group's desire to assert Arab command over the Arab Legion, an aim to which Hussein was receptive.", "Hussein was impressed by Abu Nuwar who vocally condemned the British presence in Jordan during the party, which earned Abu Nuwar cheers by Jordanian officers.", "Aide-de-camp\nAfter Hussein returned to Amman, he continued to press for Abu Nuwar's return to Jordan, but Glubb consistently stalled efforts to reassign Abu Nuwar.", "Later in 1953, Hussein sent Abu Nuwar to confer with the strongman of Egypt, Gamal Abdel Nasser, who had recently toppled his country's pro-British monarchy.", "In 1954, Abu Nuwar was briefly brought to Amman for consultations with Hussein.", "Hussein ultimately bypassed Glubb and had Abu Nuwar permanently reassigned to Jordan in November 1955.", "Abu Nuwar arrived amid growing anti-British upheaval.", "In a meeting between Glubb and Abu Nuwar, Glubb made clear his displeasure with Hussein's decision and threatened \"shorten his [Abu Nuwar's] life\" if he incited against British interests in the country.", "After being informed of the meeting, Hussein appointed Abu Nuwar as his senior aide-de-camp (ADC).", "Abu Nuwar was also promoted to lieutenant-colonel.", "As ADC, Abu Nuwar was a major influence over then-20 year old Hussein and was constantly at his side, advising Hussein to dismiss Glubb and sever ties with the British.", "Hussein was also influenced by other Arab nationalist officers and personalities, including his cousin Zaid ibn Shaker, and the increasingly anti-imperialist and Arab nationalist political atmosphere in the country.", "As a sign of his increasing nationalism and as a means to quiet political opposition to his rule, Hussein decided to dismiss Glubb.", "He coordinated with Abu Nuwar and other Free Officers to ensure that his impending dismissal of Glubb would not result in a revolt by the latter's supporters within the Arab Legion.", "Thus, on 28 February 1956, Abu Nuwar was instructed to ready his troops, and he subsequently posted Free Officers at the Amman Airport, the major army base at Zarqa and in the vicinity of Glubb Pasha's Amman residence.", "After Abu Nuwar's positions were confirmed to him, Hussein conferred with his cabinet and dismissed Glubb on 1 March.", "Glubb complied with the order and departed Jordan the following day.", "Hussein then promoted Abu Nuwar to major-colonel and appointed Major General Radi Annab to Glubb's former position as chief of staff of the Arab Legion, which was concurrently renamed the Jordanian Armed Forces.", "Chief of staff\n\nOn 24 May, Abu Nuwar was appointed as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff following Annab's retirement.", "Glubb's dismissal was met with great enthusiasm among Jordan's inhabitants and Arab nationalists in and outside of the country.", "However, Abu Nuwar's ascendancy as head of the army was resented by its veteran Bedouin units; he was generally regarded as a competent staff officer, but did not have experience as a commander.", "As part of his efforts to modernize the army, he mandated that education was a prerequisite for advancement, an act which disproportionately affected Bedouin officers, many of whom lacked formal education.", "As a result of Abu Nuwar's measure, several senior Bedouin officers were retired or reassigned to non-command posts.", "To counterbalance opposition to him within the army's ranks, Abu Nuwar established the Fourth Infantry Brigade, which mostly consisted of Palestinians, who he believed would form an integral part of his power base within the military.", "Abu Nuwar's appointment also contributed to the increasing deterioration of ties between Jordan and the British government.", "As chief of staff, Abu Nuwar embraced many of the pan-Arabist and anti-imperialist ideas of Nasser, who became president of Egypt in 1956.", "Abu Nuwar communicated his support for Nasser and the Arab nationalist Ba'ath Party, which was active in Syria and Jordan, during a meeting with Lebanese president and Nasser opponent, Camille Chamoun, in 1956.", "An American embassy official in Jordan remarked that during a discussion with Abu Nuwar, the latter \"out-Nassered Nasser\".", "He was regarded as an \"ultranationalist\" by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA).", "According to historian Ivan Pearson, American diplomatic and intelligence views were colored by the negative perceptions of Abu Nuwar in Israel and Abu Nuwar's role in the dismissal of Prime Minister Samir al-Rifai in May; Rifai was seen by the Israelis as a counterbalance to Hussein's Arab nationalist advisers, and Abu Nuwar maneuvered to sideline Rifai soon after Glubb's dismissal.", "Abu Nuwar was a major opponent of Iraq's Hashemite rulers (relatives of Hussein) and that country's pro-British prime minister, Nuri al-Said.", "Abu Nuwar's opposition was driven by suspicions that the Iraqis sought to oust him from his military post, while King Abd al-Ilah and al-Said mutually regarded Abu Nuwar with suspicion.", "Abu Nuwar's influence with Hussein was likely a major reason Jordan resisted Iraqi attempts to merge the two Hashemite-ruled countries.", "Suez Crisis\n\nIn late 1956, parliamentary elections in Jordan resulted in major victories for Arab nationalist and other left-leaning parties.", "Hussein subsequently appointed Suleiman Nabulsi, an Arab nationalist, socialist and one of the leading pro-Nasser MP-elects, as prime minister in October.", "Roughly coinciding with Nabulsi's appointment, the British, French and Israelis launched a tripartite invasion of the Suez Canal and the Sinai Peninsula of Egypt, mainly in response to Nasser's nationalization of the Suez Canal Company among other reasons.", "Hussein declared a state of emergency and his opposition against the invasion and agreed to Egyptian chief of staff Abdel Hakim Amer's request for Jordanian military intervention.", "To that end, Hussein instructed Abu Nuwar to immediately execute Amer's order to launch Operation Beisan, which entailed a Jordanian-Syrian armored invasion of the Israeli coastal plain, which was seen as Israel's most vulnerable region due to the short length between the coast and the Jordanian-held West Bank.", "However, Abu Nuwar viewed the operation as far too risky for the Jordanian army and advised Hussein to await Syria's adherence to the plan; Egypt, Syria and Jordan had formed a defense pact days before the Israeli occupation of Sinai on 29 October.", "Nabulsi also hesitated to abide by Hussein's orders, prompting a meeting of Hussein, Abu Nuwar and the Jordanian cabinet to assess the situation.", "According to then-Public Works Minister Anwar al-Khatib's recollections, Abu Nuwar argued that his troops would quickly lose control of the Hebron and Nablus regions to Israel, but would \"defend Jerusalem to the last man and the last drop of blood\".", "Hussein's eagerness to aid Egypt was tempered by Abu Nuwar's assessment, but he only relented in his attempted intervention after Nasser communicated to Hussein appreciation of his genuine support and a warning not to risk losing the Jordanian army to the far stronger Israeli military.", "Later in his life, Abu Nuwar had stated that he had been ready \"to give the Israelis a very rough time\" in 1956, but only dissuaded Hussein when Nasser counseled the king against intervention, after which Abu Nuwar told Hussein that attacking Israel while the Egyptians had withdrawn from Sinai \"would be suicide\".", "During the Suez Crisis, Hussein requested that Syria, Saudi Arabia and Iraq send troops to Jordan as a precautionary measure to prevent a potential invasion of the country by the tripartite allies.", "Prime Minister al-Said was reticent to put Iraqi troops under Abu Nuwar's command and suggested that Abu Nuwar be dismissed as a prerequisite to any deployment of troops to Jordan.", "This did not occur, but the Iraqis nonetheless sent troops to Jordan.", "However, their deployment was opposed by Nabulsi on the grounds that Iraq was a member of the Baghdad Pact, an alliance of Middle Eastern countries with the UK that was condemned by Arab nationalists as a British-led attempt to stifle pan-Arab unity, instead of the Egyptian-Jordanian-Syrian-Saudi alliance known as the \"Amman Pact\".", "Despite Hussein's protestations, Nabulsi, using his prerogative as head of the government, succeeded in forcing the Iraqis' withdrawal by the end of November.", "Support for pan-Arab unity\nOn 19 January 1957, Jordan signed the Arab Solidarity Agreement (ASA) with Saudi Arabia, Egypt and Syria which entailed those countries' financial assistance to replace the annual British aid to Jordan that ended with the abrogation of the Anglo-Jordanian Treaty in November 1956 (the treaty was officially and mutually abrogated in March 1957).", "However, implementation of the ASA was hindered by Egypt and Syria's inability or unwillingness to subsidize the Jordanian army, whose budget rivaled that of their own armies.", "Furthermore, by then, Abu Nuwar was steadily losing Hussein's confidence due to dissatisfaction with Abu Nuwar among the army brass and the negative effects that his anti-Western hostility was having on relations with Jordan's principal Western allies, the UK and US; Hussein viewed the latter two as much-needed alternatives of financial support to Jordan in lieu of his disappointment with the ASA.", "Meanwhile, serious divisions emerged in the Jordanian state over reactions to the Eisenhower Doctrine, which ostensibly aimed to stem Soviet expansion in the Middle East, but was viewed by Arab nationalists as a neo-colonialist ploy to control the region.", "Nabulsi and Foreign Minister Abdullah Rimawi, a Baathist, led the camp opposing the doctrine as a threat to Arab sovereignty and as means to control the region's oil assets and support Israel, while Hussein publicly embraced the doctrine as a preventive measure against growing communist influence in the country.", "Prior to these disagreements, Nabulsi had been clamping down on communist literature and influence in the press (the communists were generally opposed by Arab nationalists), whilst attempting to establish diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union (USSR) without Hussein's knowledge.", "To that end, he dispatched Abu Nuwar to Moscow in February 1957 to serve as an initial contact with the Soviets.", "Later, Nabulsi publicly declared his intention to establish relations with the USSR and pursue a political union with Egypt and Syria, and requested from Hussein a confirmation of his dismissal of several royalist officials.", "Hussein responded by forcing Nabulsi to resign on 10 April 1957.", "Alleged coup attempt and resignation\n\nAmid the political chaos in Jordan and two days before Nabulsi's resignation, an army unit from the First Armoured Brigade commanded by Captain Nadhir Rashid engaged in a maneuver, named Operation Hashem in honor of the Hashemite royal family, at the major intersections of Amman.", "The move raised Hussein's suspicions and prompted him to order Abu Nuwar to withdraw the unit, which he did.", "Hussein believed the move was a presage to an impending coup.", "Abu Nuwar sought to allay Hussein's concerns and told him it was a routine exercise executed numerous times in the preceding years to monitor the traffic into and out of the city, while Rashid later claimed it was part of a broader contingency plan to move troops to the West Bank in the event of an Israeli invasion.", "According to Pearson, Rashid's maneuver was meant to intimidate Hussein, while historian Betty Anderson has speculated that the \"officers could have been testing the waters to see what they could achieve militarily\".", "Whatever the actual reason for the maneuver, it heightened Hussein's suspicions of a coup by Abu Nuwar and the Arab nationalists, and it prompted warnings from veteran royalist officials, namely Bahjat al-Talhouni and Sharif Naser, that such a coup was impending.", "On 13 April, rioting broke out at the army barracks in Zarqa, which contained the largest concentration of troops in the country, between mostly hadari (non-Bedouin) units loyal to Abu Nuwar and Bedouin-dominated units loyal to Hussein.", "Two main accounts emerged regarding this incident, known as the \"Zarqa uprising\" among other names, with one account having been advanced by Hussein and Western historiographers and the other by political dissidents and many in the Jordanian and Arab press.", "Pearson has said the \"incident is steeped in mystery and persistent controversy\", and Anderson likewise has written that \"questions abound about whether this coup attempt originated with the military, led by Abu Nuwar and the Free Officers, or with the king and the Americans, who wanted an excuse to remove\" the Arab nationalist movement \"from Jordan's political scene\".", "According to Hussein's account of the events, Abu Nuwar and the Free Officers had planned for the Bedouin-dominated First Infantry Regiment in Zarqa to participate in a training exercise in the desert without ammunition to render it unavailable for Hussein to use against a planned anti-government demonstration scheduled to be held by Nabulsi on 14 April.", "Hussein was still wary of Nabulsi due to an alleged intercept of a message from Nasser imploring Nabulsi to resist his dismissal from the premiership.", "Hussein was informed of the Free Officers' alleged plot by Sharif Naser and Bedouin officers from Zarqa on the evening of 13 April.", "The incident coincided with a delivery by Abu Nuwar of an ultimatum to Prime Minister Said al-Mufti (Nabulsi's successor) warning Hussein to appoint a government reflecting the will of the elected parliament or face an army revolt.", "Al-Mufti apparently broke down emotionally in Hussein's presence, prompting the latter to inquire from Abu Nuwar about the ultimatum, to which Abu Nuwar professed his surprise.", "Hussein then brought Abu Nuwar along with him to inspect the scene at Zarqa, where Hussein was told by loyalist officers from Zarqa that rumors of his death had provoked heavy clashes between his loyalists and those of Abu Nuwar and that only the physical presence of Hussein would put an end to the fighting.", "Moreover, Hussein was told that Rashid and Ma'an Abu Nuwar (a distant cousin of Abu Nuwar) had been ordered to Amman to besiege the royal palace and arrest Hussein.", "Both accounts agree that the during the fighting in al-Zarqa, numerous Free Officers were rounded up and arrested by loyalist Bedouin officers.", "Both accounts also agree that as Hussein made his way into Zarqa, he was cheered on by loyalist soldiers and he intervened in the middle of the clashes at his own risk and was emotionally embraced by his supporters, who chanted \"Death to Abu Nuwar and all the traitors!\"", "Abu Nuwar remained in the car, fearful for his life by Hussein's loyalist troops and he then apparently begged Hussein to protect him and allow him to return to Amman, which Hussein agreed to.", "By nightfall, Abu Nuwar persuaded Hussein to allow him to leave the country and on the morning of 14 March, he officially resigned and departed for Damascus, Syria with his family.", "Major-General Ali al-Hiyari, Abu Nuwar's chief rival in the Jordanian army, was appointed as Abu Nuwar's replacement, but on 20 April, he defected to Syria.", "Al-Hiyari claimed that prior to the incident at Zarqa and shortly after the forced resignation of al-Nabulsi's cabinet, palace officials had canvassed the army general staff to inquire about the officers' opinions regarding a change in direction of the new government away from the pan-Arabist policies of Egypt and Syria.", "Accordingly, when Abu Nuwar and the Free Officers voiced their refusal \"to use the army against\" the popular will in the country, palace officials laid out plans to royalist officers, including al-Hiyari, for a false flag operation at Zarqa.", "Al-Hiyari's account was widely reported throughout Jordan and the Arab world, and despite dismissal of the account by palace officials, it led to further public skepticism toward the official version of events regarding the alleged coup plot.", "Abu Nuwar consistently denied any betrayal of Hussein and claimed he was a \"fall man\", the victim of political intrigue in the kingdom in which his rivals sought to discredit him.", "At a press conference in Damascus, he stated that the entire incident was an overreaction by Hussein to sensational and false reports of a coup plot and that the incident was likely a preemptive coup by Hussein and the old guard, supported or engineered by US intelligence, against the main proponents of pan-Arab unity in Jordan.", "Rashid and Ma'an Abu Nuwar likewise strongly denied any kind of coup plot on their end.", "According to Pearson, the accounts of the Free Officers and al-Hiyari were lent further credence by the lack of evidence in the military trials against the alleged conspirators who were arrested, the light sentences that they were given and the eventual rehabilitation of the alleged conspirators, including Abu Nuwar, who were later reassigned to high-ranking posts in the state and military.", "Later career\nOn 22 April, Abu Nuwar issued a radio statement from the Cairo-based Voice of the Arabs radio station denouncing Hussein.", "In coordination with Abu Nuwar, the following day, a Patriotic Congress composed of Hussein's opposition was held in Nablus in the West Bank demanding major palace officials be dismissed, expulsion of the American ambassador and military attaché, rejection of the Eisenhower Doctrine, federal unity with Egypt and Syria and reinstatement of the dismissed army officers, including Abu Nuwar.", "As a result of the congress, Hussein put Nablus, Jerusalem and Amman under military curfew, dissolved political parties, imposed press censorship, dismissed municipal councils in the West Bank in favor of military governors, disbanded Palestinian-dominated army units, arrested al-Nabulsi (who had since been made foreign minister) and dismissed the cabinet of Prime Minister Fakhri al-Khalidi.", "Although he eventually relaxed some of these measures, namely military curfews and severe press censorship, Hussein's moves significantly curtailed the constitutional democracy that existed in Jordan in the mid-1950s.", "On 26 September 1957, Abu Nuwar, Rimawi and al-Hiyari were sentenced to 15 years imprisonment in absentia.", "During his exile from Jordan, Abu Nuwar initially resided in Damascus, along with other Jordanian dissidents, including al-Hiyari and Rimawi.", "However, in 1958, Abu Nuwar moved to Egypt following that country's union with Syria forming the United Arab Republic (UAR) under Nasser's presidency (Syria seceded in 1961).", "Thenceforth, Abu Nuwar lived much of the remainder of his exile in Cairo.", "In 1958, under the aegis of the UAR and with assistance from the head of Syrian intelligence, Abd al-Hamid al-Sarraj, the Jordanian dissidents in exile formed the Jordanian Revolutionary Council.", "It consisted of Jordanian Baathists, left-leaning politicians and dissident army officers, including Abu Nuwar, al-Hiyari and Abdullah al-Tal, a friend of Abu Nuwar who had been exiled by Hussein before him.", "The group attempted to recruit university students in Jordan to form the vanguard of the nationalist movement in the country, funded the smuggling of weapons to Palestinian dissidents in the West Bank and the refugee camps around Amman, financially assisted Jordanian officers and politicians dismissed by Hussein, and organized assassination attempts against leading royalist politicians, including al-Rifai, Talhouni and Hazza al-Majali.", "There were disputes between al-Tal and Abu Nuwar over leadership of the group.", "In April 1963, Abu Nuwar declared a government in exile in the name of the Jordanian Republic and disseminated propaganda through his own radio station.", "The following year, or in 1965, Abu Nuwar returned to Jordan after being pardoned by Hussein as part of a broader reconciliation with exiled dissidents in a bid to co-opt opposition to his rule.", "In February 1971, Abu Nuwar was appointed Jordan's ambassador to France.", "In the 1989 Jordanian parliamentary election, Abu Nuwar was appointed by Hussein to the senate, the Jordanian Parliament's upper house.", "Abu Nuwar's memoirs, A Time of Arab Decline: Memoirs of Arab Politics (1948–1964), were published in London in 1990.", "Abu Nuwar suffered from blood cancer in his later years, and he died in a London hospital on 15 August 1991, at the age of 66.", "He was still in office when he died.", "References\n\nBibliography\n\nExternal links\n\n1925 births\n1991 deaths\nAmbassadors of Jordan to France\nDeaths from cancer in Jordan\nJordanian Arab nationalists\nJordanian military personnel\nJordanian people of Circassian descent\nJordanian people of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War\nMembers of the Senate of Jordan\nNasserists\nPeople from Al-Salt\nRepublicans" ]

[ "Ali Abu Nuwar was a Jordanian army officer who served as chief of staff in 1957.", "His vocal opposition to British influence in Jordan led to his virtual exile to Paris as a military attache in 1952.", "He forged close ties with Jordanian crown prince Hussein, who promoted Abu Nuwar after his accession to the throne.", "The British chief of staff of the Arab Legion was dismissed due to Abu Nuwar's insistence on establishing Arab command over the army and his influence with Hussein.", "Jordan's isolation from the UK and the US was due to Abu Nuwar's support for the policies of the Egyptian president.", "There were violent confrontations at the large army barracks in Zarqa between royalist and Arab nationalist units after palace officials and veteran Bedouin army units dissatisfied with Abu Nuwar's leadership.", "The royalist version of the events at Zarqa held that the incident was a coup by Abu Nuwar against Hussein, and the dissident version held that it was a staged, American-backed counter-coup by Hussein against the pan-Arabist movement.", "Abu Nuwar was allowed to leave Jordan for Syria after he resigned.", "He was sentenced to 15 years in absentia.", "In exile between Syria and Egypt, Abu Nuwar organized opposition to Hussein and the monarchy, while maintaining his innocence in the Zarqa incident.", "After being pardoned by Hussein, he returned to Jordan in 1964.", "In 1971 Abu Nuwar was made ambassador to France and in 1989 he was appointed to the Senate of Jordan's parliament.", "One year after the publication of his memoirs, A Time of Arab Decline: Memoirs of Arab Politics, he died of blood cancer at the age of 66.", "In 1925, Ali Abu Nuwar was born in al-Salt, Transjordan, which was under British control.", "The Abu Nuwar were a prominent Arab clan in al-Salt.", "His mother was a Circassian.", "The effects of the 1916 Arab Revolt, the 1917 Balfour Declaration and the 1920 Syrian Arab defeat at the Battle of Maysalun influenced Abu Nuwar in his youth.", "The British and French occupied the Arab territories after the Ottomans were driven out of them during the closing years of World War I.", "There were uprisings against European rule in Palestine in the 1920s and 1930s.", "In his memoirs, Abu Nuwar said that his teachers in al-Salt told him and his classmates that the Arabs were \" colonized and fragmented and that it was on the shoulders of our generation to take responsibility for freedom and unity\".", "During the reign of Emir Abdullah I, Abu Nuwar was made an officer in the Arab Legion.", "He was a lieutenant during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War.", "He received training in the British staff college of Camberly for two years before returning to Jordan, which was formed out of Transjordan and the West Bank as a result of the 1948 war.", "Several officers in the Arab armies blamed their political and military leadership for the Israeli victories in the war, which resulted in an increase in anti-colonialist and Arab nationalist militancy.", "The old guard was considered incompetent, corrupt and beholden to the colonial powers.", "Abu Nuwar was incensed.", "He joined the \"Free Officers\" after being invited in 1950, even though he wasn't a founding member.", "Abu Nuwar became a vociferous critic of British aid to Jordan, viewing it as a form of dependency on Jordan's former colonial ruler, and of the influential British officer in charge of the Arab Legion who was derided by Arab nationalists as a symbol of British colonialism.", "When Abdullah I was assassinated in 1951, Glubb and Prime Minister Tawfik Abu al-Huda's government discussed preventing Talal, a sympathizer of the Free Officers, from being enthroned.", "Abu Nuwar sent a military doctor to Jordan to bring Talal to Jordan after he tried to install him on the throne.", "Hannun was kicked out of Talal due to alleged insinuation against British interests.", "Abu Nuwar urged Talal to dismiss Glubb after he was enthroned.", "The latter directed Abu al-Huda's government to exile Abu Nuwar from the country because they thought his efforts posed a threat to British interests in Jordan.", "In September 1952 Abu Nuwar was dispatched to Paris to serve as Jordan's military attache.", "The parliamentary decision to dethrone Talal was based on his mental incapacity.", "During his assignment in Paris, Abu Nuwar met King Talal's son and successor, Crown Prince Hussein, who frequently visited the city during weekend breaks from his training at the Sandhurst Military Academy.", "Abu Nuwar wanted to gain Hussein's favor and spread Arab nationalist ideas that called for an end to British influence in the Jordanian military.", "Hussein tried to get Abu Nuwar back to Jordan despite his reservations.", "Hussein invited Abu Nuwar and other like minded officers, including Free Officer Shahir Abu Shahut, to meet with him in London in August.", "Abu Shahut informed Abu Nuwar of the Free Officers' plan to \"Arabize\" the Arab Legion.", "The force's British leadership should be removed.", "At a party celebrating Hussein's enthronement, Abu Nuwar informed him that he was a leading member of the Free Officers and that they wanted to assert Arab command over the Arab Legion.", "Abu Nuwar was applauded by Jordanian officers for condemning the British presence in Jordan during the party.", "After Hussein returned to Amman, he continued to push for Abu Nuwar's return to Jordan.", "Hussein sent Abu Nuwar to Egypt to confer with the strongman of Egypt, who had recently overthrown his country's pro-British monarchy.", "Abu Nuwar was brought to Amman in 1954.", "Hussein permanently assigned Abu Nuwar to Jordan in 1955.", "The anti-British upheaval brought Abu Nuwar here.", "In a meeting with Abu Nuwar, Glubb made clear his displeasure with Hussein's decision and threatened to shorten his life if he incited against British interests in the country.", "Hussein appointed Abu Nuwar as his senior aide-de-camp after being informed of the meeting.", "Abu Nuwar was promoted to lieutenant-colonel.", "Abu Nuwar was a major influence over Hussein when he was a young man and advised him to sever ties with the British.", "The anti-imperialist and Arab nationalist political atmosphere in the country influenced Hussein.", "Hussein decided to dismiss Glubb as a sign of his increasing nationalism and as a way to quiet political opposition to his rule.", "He worked with Abu Nuwar and other Free Officers to make sure that Glubb's supporters wouldn't revolt against him.", "On February 28, 1956, Abu Nuwar was told to prepare his troops and he subsequently posted Free Officers at the Amman Airport, the major army base at Zarqa and in the vicinity of the Amman residence.", "After Abu Nuwar's positions were confirmed to him, Hussein dismissed his cabinet.", "The following day, Glubb left Jordan.", "Hussein promoted Abu Nuwar to major-colonel and appointed Major General Radi Annab to the position of chief of staff of the Arab Legion.", "Following Annab's retirement, Abu Nuwar was appointed as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.", "The dismissal of Glubb was met with great enthusiasm by Jordan's inhabitants and Arab nationalists.", "Veteran Bedouin units resented Abu Nuwar's ascendancy as head of the army because he did not have experience as a commander.", "Bedouin officers, many of whom lacked formal education, were disproportionately affected by his requirement that education be a precondition for advancement.", "Several senior Bedouin officers were retired or moved to non-command posts as a result of Abu Nuwar's measure.", "The Fourth Infantry brigade was established to counterbalance the opposition to him within the army's ranks.", "Ties between Jordan and the British government deteriorated after Abu Nuwar's appointment.", "The pan-Arabist and anti-imperialist ideas of Nasser were embraced by Abu Nuwar as chief of staff.", "During a meeting with the president of Lebanon, Abu Nuwar voiced his support for the Ba'ath Party, which was active in Syria and Jordan.", "During a discussion with Abu Nuwar, an American embassy official remarked that he was \"out-Nassered\"", "He was thought to be an \"ultranationalist\" by the CIA.", "The dismissal of Prime Minister Rifai in May was seen by the Israelis as a counterbalance to Hussein, according to historian Ivan Pearson.", "Iraq's pro-British prime minister, Nuri al-Said, was an opponent of Abu Nuwar.", "Abu Nuwar's opposition was driven by suspicions that the Iraqis wanted to oust him from his military post, while King Abd al-Ilah and al-Said mutually regarded Abu Nuwar with suspicion.", "Jordan resisted Iraqi attempts to merge the two countries because of Abu Nuwar's influence with Hussein.", "The parliamentary elections in Jordan resulted in major victories for the Arab nationalists.", "In October, Hussein appointed Suleiman Nabulsi, an Arab nationalist, socialist and one of the leading pro-Nasser MP-elects, as prime minister.", "The British, French and Israelis invaded the Sinai Peninsula of Egypt in response to the nationalization of the Suez Canal Company.", "Hussein agreed to Egyptian chief of staff Abdel Hakim Amer's request for Jordanian military intervention after declaring a state of emergency and opposition to the invasion.", "Hussein instructed Abu Nuwar to execute Amer's order to launch Operation Beisan, which involved a Jordanian-Syrian armored invasion of the Israeli coastal plain, which was seen as Israel's most vulnerable region due to the short length between the coast and the Jordanian-held.", "Hussein was advised by Abu Nuwar to wait for Syria's adherence to the plan because it was too risky for the Jordanian army.", "Hussein, Abu Nuwar and the Jordanian cabinet met to assess the situation after Nabulsi hesitated to follow Hussein's orders.", "Abu Nuwar argued that his troops would \"defend Jerusalem to the last man and the last drop of blood\" if they lost control of the Hebron and Nablus regions to Israel.", "Hussein relented in his attempt to aid Egypt after being warned not to lose the Jordanian army to the Israelis.", "Later in his life, Abu Nuwar had stated that he had been ready to give the Israelis a very rough time, but only dissuaded Hussein when the Egyptians withdrew from Sinai, after which Abu Nuwar told Hussein that attacking Israel while the Egyptians had withdrawn from Sinai was a bad idea.", "Hussein requested that Syria, Saudi Arabia and Iraq send troops to Jordan to prevent an invasion by the allies.", "Prime Minister al-Said suggested that Abu Nuwar be dismissed as a precondition to any deployment of troops to Jordan because he was reticent to put Iraqi troops under Abu Nuwar's command.", "The Iraqis sent troops to Jordan.", "The deployment was opposed by Nabulsi due to the fact that Iraq was a member of the Baghdad Pact, an alliance of Middle Eastern countries with the UK that was condemned by Arab nationalists as a British-led attempt to stifle pan-Arab unity.", "The Iraqis were forced to withdraw by the end of November despite Hussein's protestations.", "Jordan signed the Arab Solidarity Agreement with Saudi Arabia, Egypt and Syria in January 1957 to replace the annual British aid that ended in November of 1956.", "The implementation of the ASA was hampered by Egypt and Syria's inability or unwillingness to subsidize the Jordanian army, whose budget rivaled that of their own armies.", "Hussein lost his confidence in Abu Nuwar due to his anti-Western hostility and the negative effects that it was having on Jordan's relations with the UK and US.", "The Eisenhower Doctrine, which was supposed to stem Soviet expansion in the Middle East but was viewed by Arab nationalists as a neo-colonialist ploy to control the region, caused serious divisions in the Jordanian state.", "The doctrine was opposed by Nabulsi and the Foreign Minister, as well as Hussein, who embraced it as a preventative measure against communist influence in the country.", "Prior to these disagreements, Nabulsi had been trying to establish diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union without Hussein's knowledge.", "Abu Nuwar was dispatched to Moscow in February 1957 to serve as an initial contact with the Soviets.", "After publicly declaring his intention to establish relations with the USSR and pursue a political union with Egypt and Syria, Nabulsi requested from Hussein a confirmation of his dismissal of several royalist officials.", "Nabulsi was forced to resign on April 10, 1957.", "There was a coup attempt and resignation in Jordan two days before Nabulsi's resignation.", "Hussein ordered Abu Nuwar to withdraw the unit after he became suspicious of the move.", "Hussein thought the move was preparation for a coup.", "In an effort to allay Hussein's concerns, Abu Nuwar told him that it was a routine exercise that had been done many times before and that it was part of a larger plan to move troops to the West Bank.", "According to Pearson, the officers could have been testing the waters to see what they could achieve.", "The maneuver heightened Hussein's suspicions of a coup by Abu Nuwar and the Arab nationalists, and it prompted warnings from veteran royalist officials that such a coup was imminent.", "The army barracks in Zarqa contained the largest concentration of troops in the country, with mostly hadari units loyal to Abu Nuwar and Bedouin-dominated units loyal to Hussein.", "There are two main accounts of the \"Zarqa uprising\", one of which was advanced by Hussein and Western historiographers and the other by political dissidents and many in the Jordanian and Arab press.", "The \"incident is steeped in mystery and persistent controversy\" and \"questions abound about whether this coup attempt originated with the military, led by Abu Nuwar and the Free Officers, or with the king and the Americans, who wanted an excuse to remove\" according to Pearson and Anderson.", "According to Hussein's account of the events, Abu Nuwar and the Free Officers had planned for the Bedouin-dominated First Infantry Regiment in Zarqa to participate in a training exercise in the desert without ammunition to render it unavailable for Hussein to use against a planned anti-government demonstration.", "Hussein was wary of Nabulsi due to an alleged intercept of a message from Nasser imploring Nabulsi to resist his dismissal.", "On the evening of 13 April, Hussein was informed of the alleged plot by the Free Officers.", "Abu Nuwar delivered an ultimatum to Prime Minister Said al-Mufti to appoint a government reflecting the will of the elected parliament or face an army revolt.", "Hussein inquired from Abu Nuwar about the ultimatum after Al-Mufti broke down in his presence.", "Hussein was told by loyalist officers from Zarqa that rumors of his death had provoked a lot of fighting between his loyalists and those of Abu Nuwar and that only the physical presence of Hussein would put an end to it.", "A distant cousin of Abu Nuwar was ordered to Amman to besiege the royal palace and arrest Hussein.", "Several Free Officers were rounded up and arrested by Bedouin officers during the fighting in al-Zarqa.", "Both accounts agree that as Hussein made his way into Zarqa, he was cheered on by loyalist soldiers and he was emotionally embraced by his supporters, who chanted \"Death to Abu Nuwar and all the traitors!\"", "Hussein agreed to allow Abu Nuwar to return to Amman after he begged him to protect him from Hussein's troops.", "By nightfall, Abu Nuwar persuaded Hussein to allow him to leave the country and on the morning of 14 March, he officially resigned and departed for Damascus, Syria with his family.", "Major-General Ali al-Hiyari, Abu Nuwar's chief rival in the Jordanian army, defected to Syria on April 20.", "After the forced resignation of al-Nabulsi's cabinet, palace officials canvassed the army general staff to inquire about the officers' opinions regarding a change in direction of the new government.", "When Abu Nuwar and the Free Officers voiced their refusal to use the army against the popular will in the country, palace officials laid out plans to royalist officers, including al-Hiyari, for a false flag operation at Zarqa.", "Despite being dismissed by palace officials, Al-Hiyari's account was widely reported throughout Jordan and the Arab world, and INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals", "Abu Nuwar denied any betrayal of Hussein and claimed that he was the victim of political intrigue in the kingdom in which his rivals sought to undermine him.", "At a press conference in Damascus, he stated that the entire incident was an overreaction by Hussein to sensational and false reports of a coup plot and that the incident was likely a preemptive coup by Hussein and the old guard, supported or engineered by US intelligence, against the main proponents of pan-", "The Abu Nuwars denied any kind of coup plot.", "The accounts of the Free Officers and al-Hiyari were given credence by the lack of evidence in the military trials against the alleged conspirators who were arrested, the light sentences that they were given and the eventual rehabilitation of the alleged conspirators, including Abu.", "On 22 April, Abu Nuwar issued a radio statement from the Voice of the Arabs radio station.", "In coordination with Abu Nuwar, a Patriotic Congress composed of Hussein's opposition held in Nablus in the West Bank demanding major palace officials be dismissed, expulsion of the American ambassador and rejection of the Eisenhower Doctrine.", "As a result of the congress, Hussein put Nablus, Jerusalem and Amman under military curfew, dissolved political parties, imposed press censorship, and arrested al-Nabulsi.", "The constitutional democracy that existed in Jordan in the mid-1950s was greatly affected by Hussein's moves.", "On September 26, 1957, Abu Nuwar, Rimawi and al-Hiyari were sentenced to 15 years imprisonment in absentia.", "Abu Nuwar was one of the Jordanian dissidents who resided in Damascus.", "In 1958, Abu Nuwar moved to Egypt after Syria became part of the United Arab Republic.", "Thenceforth, Abu Nuwar lived in Cairo.", "The Jordanian dissidents in exile formed the Jordanian Revolutionary Council under the auspices of the UAR.", "It had left-leaning politicians and dissident army officers, including Abu Nuwar, who had been exiled by Hussein before him.", "The group tried to recruit university students in Jordan to form the vanguard of the nationalist movement in the country, funded the smuggling of weapons to Palestinian dissidents in the West Bank and the refugee camps around Amman, and organized assassination attempts against leading royalist.", "There were disagreements between al-Tal and Abu Nuwar.", "In April 1963, Abu Nuwar declared a government in exile and used his own radio station to spread his propaganda.", "In 1965, Abu Nuwar returned to Jordan after being pardoned by Hussein in a bid to co-opt opposition to his rule.", "In 1971 Abu Nuwar was appointed Jordan's ambassador to France.", "Hussein appointed Abu Nuwar to the senate in the 1989 Jordanian parliamentary election.", "A Time of Arab Decline: Memoirs of Arab Politics was published in 1990.", "Abu Nuwar died of blood cancer at the age of 66 on August 15, 1991, in a London hospital.", "He was still in office when he died.", "There are external links to 1925 births and 1991 deaths of ambassadors of Jordan to France." ]

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[ "Ali Abu Nuwar", "Abu Nuwar", "Abu Nuwar", "Abu Nuwar", "Abu Nuwar", "Abu Nuwar", "Abu Nuwar", "Abu Nuwar", "Abu Nuwar", "Ali Abu", "Nuwar", "Abu", "Abu Nuwar", "Abu Nuwar", "Abu Nuwar", "Abu Nuwar", "Abu Nuwar", "Abu al", "Abu Nuwar", "Abu Nuwar", "Abu al", "Abu Nuwar", "Abu Nuwar", "Abu Nuwar", "Abu Nuwar", "Abu Nuwar", "Abu Nuwar", "Abu Shahut", "Abu Shahut", "Abu Nuwar", "Abu Nuwar", "Abu Nuwar", "Abu Nuwar", "Abu Nuwar", "Abu Nuwar", "Abu Nuwar", "Abu Nuwar", "Abu Nuwar", "Abu Nuwar", "Abu Nuwar", "Abu Nuwar", "Abu Nuwar", "Abu Nuwar", "Abu Nuwar", "Abu Nuwar", "Abu Nuwar", "Abu Nuwar", "Abu Nuwar", "Abu Nuwar", "Abu Nuwar", "Abu Nuwar", "Abu Nuwar", "Abu Nuwar", "Abu Nuwar", "Abu Nuwar", "Abu Nuwar", "Abu Nuwar", "Abu Nuwar", "Abu Nuwar", "Abu Nuwar", "Abu Nuwar", "Abu Nuwar", "Abu Nuwar", "Abu Nuwar", "Abu Nuwar", "Abu Nuwar", "Abu Nuwar", "Abu Nuwar", "Abu Nuwar", "Abu Nuwar", "Abu Nuwar", "Abu Nuwar", "Abu Nu", "Abu Nuwar", "Abu Nuwar", "Abu Nuwar", "Abu Nuwar", "Abu Nuwar", "Abu Nuwar", "Ali al", "Abu Nuwar", "Abu Nuwar", "Abu N", "Abu Nu", "Abu", "Abu Nuwar", "Abu Nuwar", "Abu Nuwar", "Abu Nuwar", "Abu Nuwar", "Abu Nuwar", "Abu Nuwar", "Abu Nuwar", "Abu Nuwar", "Abu Nuwar", "Abu Nuwar", "Abu Nuwar", "Abu Nuwar" ]

[ "Marilyn Ferguson (April 5, 1938 in Grand Junction, Colorado – October 19, 2008) was an American author, editor and public speaker known for her 1980 book The Aquarian Conspiracy which is connected with the New Age Movement.", "A founding member of the Association of Humanistic Psychology, Ferguson published and edited the well-regarded science newsletter Brain/Mind Bulletin from 1975 to 1996.", "She eventually earned numerous honorary degrees, served on the board of directors of the Institute of Noetic Sciences, and befriended such diverse figures of influence as inventor and theorist Buckminster Fuller, spiritual author Ram Dass, Nobel Prize-winning chemist Ilya Prigogine and billionaire Ted Turner.", "Ferguson's work also influenced Vice President Al Gore, who participated in her informal network while a senator and later met with her in the White House.", "Youth and early writing career\nFerguson was born Marilyn Louise Grasso in Grand Junction, Colorado.", "After graduation from high school she earned an associate of arts degree at Mesa College (now Colorado Mesa University) and later attended the University of Colorado.", "During her first marriage, to Don Renzelman, she worked as a legal secretary and became a published author of short stories and poetry in such national magazines as Cosmopolitan.", "Later she wrote freelance articles for Time and other publications.", "After living briefly in Houston, Texas, she moved to California with her second husband, Mike Ferguson, in 1968.", "That year, she published her first book, on home economics, with her husband as co-author.", "The Brain Revolution and Brain/Mind Bulletin\nFerguson soon developed an enduring interest in what came to be known as the \"human potential\" movement, and particularly the latest research on the potential of the human brain, with its implications for learning, creativity and wellness.", "This inspired her to write The Brain Revolution: The Frontiers of Mind Research (Taplinger, 1973), a successful and broadly hailed popular summary of these discoveries.", "Two years later Ferguson launched Brain/Mind Bulletin, a newsletter that served as an ongoing forum for her interest in cutting-edge scientific ideas.", "At its peak in the 1980s the publication had a worldwide base of some 10,000 subscribers, ranging from academics and intellectuals to schoolteachers and storekeepers, and helped to popularize the ideas of such notables as Prigogine, neuroscientists Karl Pribram and Candace Pert, physicists Fritjof Capra and David Bohm, psychologist Jean Houston and many others.", "The Aquarian Conspiracy\nIn an early commentary in the newsletter Ferguson described her first glimmers of what she called \"the movement that has no name\" - a loose, enthusiastic network of innovators from almost every discipline, united by their apparent desire to create real and lasting change in society and its institutions.", "Her attempt to compile and synthesize the patterns she was seeing eventually led her to develop a second newsletter, Leading Edge Bulletin, and found its culmination in The Aquarian Conspiracy (J.P. Tarcher, 1980), the seminal work that earned her a lasting global reputation.", "The book's title led to some confusion, having to do with astrology only to the extent of drawing from the popular conception of the \"Age of Aquarius\" succeeding a dark \"Piscean\" age.", "The word conspiracy she used in its literal sense of \"breathing together,\" as one of her great influences, the philosopher Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, had done before her.", "Unabashedly positive in its outlook, the book was praised by such diverse figures as philosophical writer Arthur Koestler, who called it \"stunning and provocative,\" commentator Max Lerner, who found it \"drenched in sunlight,\" and United Nations Assistant Secretary-General Robert Muller, who described it as \"remarkable\" and \"epoch-making.\"", "Psychologist Carl Rogers credited her with having \"etched, in unforgettable vividness, the intricate web of changes shaping the inevitable revolution in our culture,\" and said the book \"gives the pioneering spirit the courage to go forward.\"", "Philosopher and religious scholar Jacob Needleman predicted that the book would help to make \"New Age\" thinking \"more understandable and less threatening\" to the general public in America.", "This was borne out by its success, as The Aquarian Conspiracy steadily climbed to the best-seller list and its viewpoint began seeping into the popular culture.", "Before long the book was being credited as \"the handbook of the New Age\" (USA Today) and a guidepost to a philosophy \"working its way increasingly into the nation's cultural, religious, social, economic and political life\" (New York Times).", "Although the book was not explicitly political, it expressed early enthusiasm for the radical centrist perspective.", "In the \"Right Power\" chapter Ferguson writes, \"Radical Center ... is not neutral, not middle-of-the-road, but a view of the whole road.", "From this vantage point, we can see that the various schools of thought on any one issue - political or otherwise - include valuable contributions along with error and exaggeration.\"", "The book was eventually translated into some 16 foreign languages, and Ferguson became a sought-after speaker across North America and around the world, eventually traveling as far as Brazil, Sweden and India to convey her hopeful message.", "In 1985 she was featured as a keynote speaker at the United Nations-sponsored \"Spirit of Peace\" conference, where she appeared along with Mother Teresa and the Dalai Lama of Tibet.", "Religious and other criticism\nSuch validation did not come without a price.", "Ferguson was attacked in some quarters for excessive optimism.", "Others alleged that her \"new\" ideas were merely a repackaging of old notions of positive thinking, and some saw the \"New Age\" (a term Ferguson herself seldom used) as merely extending the self-absorption that had marked much of the 1970s.", "Most persistently, some religious groups contended that the \"conspiracy\" was an attempt to subvert Christian views.", "This view, most notably expressed by author Constance Cumbey in her 1983 book The Hidden Dangers of the Rainbow, was restated as recently as 2007, when one online essayist wrote that the Christian church “rightly discerned the New Age movement, as outlined in Ferguson’s book, to be demonically inspired in anticipation of the ultimate unveiling of .", ". . the antichrist.” It was inaccurately alleged that Ferguson, herself raised and confirmed a Lutheran, had written the book at the behest of the Stanford Research Institute with the goal of overtaking western culture with Eastern mysticism.", "Impact and reissue\nIndirectly supporting both Ferguson and her critics, the New Age movement, as popularly understood, did thrive in the 1980s and into the 1990s, though this was partially through such pop-cultural manifestations as the autobiographical works of actress Shirley MacLaine and the “Harmonic Convergence” festival of 1987.", "While the period was marked by undeniable evolution in the fields of politics, education and medicine, many other ideas and practices were transitory.", "Through it all Ferguson remained an optimist, albeit one who did not ignore the depth of society's chronic problems.", "Commenting in advance of the 1988 presidential election, she noted that “there is no panacea for our social maladies” – but there remained the power of belief.", "“Our ‘foolish illusion’ that we can effect change fosters in us the capacity to act – and therefore to bring about change.” (\"The Great Depression .", ". .", "The Great Schizophrenia,\" Brain/Mind Bulletin, October 1988.)", "In 1987 The Aquarian Conspiracy was reissued, featuring a new introduction by another of her allies, futurist-author John Naisbitt (Megatrends).", "While slowly developing a follow-up work, Ferguson returned her primary focus to reporting on scientific research in Brain-Mind Bulletin.", "There she continued to explore the links between body and mind and new theoretical models in neuroscience, physics, psychology, education and health until the newsletter ceased publication in 1996.", "Aquarius Now\nThe long-planned Aquarius Now, after near-publication in several previous forms, appeared in 2005.", "The book, published by Red Wheel/Weiser, was well-received, though less commercially successful.", "Following its release Ferguson continued to develop projects, share ideas and advise other authors.", "In 2007 she moved to Banning, California, near her son and his family.", "Death and reaction\nFerguson died unexpectedly of an apparent heart attack on October 19, 2008.", "The Los Angeles Times described her as a \"galvanizing influence,\" and quoted her U.S. publisher, Jeremy Tarcher, who described his own personal epiphany when he first met with Ferguson and recognized the potential of the information she had collected.", "The New York Times called The Aquarian Conspiracy \"the Bible of the New Age,\" and mused that the once-radical ideas of her \"benign conspiracy\" may now seem commonplace.", "Offering a tribute on the website beliefnet.com (also on The Huffington Posts website), author Deepak Chopra described Ferguson as \"a one-woman movement for hope.\"", "He recalled being a young doctor who was studying meditation when he came across The Aquarian Conspiracy in the early 1980s, and realized the book had instantly unified a movement that otherwise seemed to be resigned to the fringes.", "At her death, Chopra wrote, Ferguson could rest in the knowledge that \"a watershed had been crossed,\" and that her \"leaderless revolution\" had steadily gained force around the world in the generation since the book was written.", "The Aquarian Conspiracy was re-issued in a \"Tarcher Cornerstone\" edition in August 2009, featuring a new introduction by Jeremy Tarcher.", "In October 2009, Ferguson received a posthumous Distinguished Alumna award from Mesa State College.", "Divorced in 1978, Ferguson was subsequently married to Ray Gottlieb from 1983 to 1991.", "She retained the last name of her first husband who remains unnamed, with whom she had three children: Eric Ferguson (born 1964), Kristin Ferguson Smith (born 1967) and Lynn Ferguson Lewis (born 1969).", "Books\nThe Brain Revolution: The Frontiers of Mind Research (Taplinger Publishing, 1973) , , , \nThe Aquarian Conspiracy: Personal and Social Transformation in Our Time (J.P. Tarcher, 1980; 1987) , , , , , , \nPragMagic: Ten Years of Scientific Breakthroughs, Exciting Ideas, and Personal Experiments That Can Profoundly Change Your Life (Pocket Books, 1990) , , , \nAquarius Now: Radical Common Sense and Reclaiming Our Personal Sovereignty (Red Wheel/Weiser, 2005) \n\"Brain/Mind Bulletin\"\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nAuthorized Website for Marilyn Ferguson\nBiographical information\nInterview by Daniel Redwood\nQuotations 1\nQuotations 2\nExcerpt\nAdditional links\n\n1938 births\n2008 deaths\nAmerican social sciences writers\nHuman Potential Movement\nNew Age writers\nRadical centrist writers\nWriters from Colorado\nColorado Mesa University alumni\nUniversity of Colorado alumni\nPeople from Grand Junction, Colorado\nPeople from Banning, California" ]

[ "Marilyn Ferguson was an American author, editor and public speaker, known for her 1980 book The Aquarian Conspiracy which is connected with the New Age movement.", "Ferguson was a founding member of the Association of Humanistic Psychology.", "She befriended a lot of people, including inventor and theorist Buckminster Fuller, spiritual author Ram Dass, and billionaire Ted Turner.", "Vice President Al Gore met with her in the White House after Ferguson's work influenced him.", "Ferguson was born in Colorado and was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "She attended the University of Colorado after earning an associate of arts degree from Mesa College.", "She was a published author of short stories and poetry when she was married to Don Renzelman.", "She was a writer for Time and other publications.", "She moved to California with her second husband, Mike Ferguson, in 1968.", "She published her first book with her husband.", "Ferguson developed an enduring interest in what came to be known as the \"human potential\" movement, and particularly the latest research on the potential of the human brain, with its implications for learning, creativity and wellbeing.", "This inspired her to write The Brain Revolution: The Frontiers of Mind Research, a successful and broadly hailed popular summary of these discoveries.", "Two years later Ferguson launched Brain/Mind Bulletin, a newsletter that served as an ongoing forum for her interest in cutting-edge scientific ideas.", "The publication had a worldwide base of 10,000 subscribers at its peak in the 1980s and helped to popularize the ideas of such notables as Prigogine and Karl Pribram.", "Ferguson described the Aquarian Conspiracy as a loose, enthusiastic network of innovators from almost every discipline united by their apparent desire to create real and lasting change in society and its institutions.", "The Aquarian Conspiracy was the seminal work that earned her a lasting global reputation.", "The title of the book led to some confusion because it had to do with astrology only to the extent of drawing from the popular conception of the \"Age of Aquarius\" succeeding a dark \"Piscean\" age.", "One of her great influences was the philosopher Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, who had done something similar with the word conspiracy.", "The book was praised by a variety of people, including a philosopher who called it \"stunning and provocative\" and a UN assistant secretary-general who described it as \"drenched in sunlight.\"", "Carl Rogers credited her with having \"etched, in unforgettable vividness, the intricate web of changes shaping the inevitable revolution in our culture,\" and said the book gave the pioneer spirit the courage to go forward.", "Jacob Needleman predicted that the book would make \"New Age\" thinking more understandable and less threatening to the general public.", "The Aquarian Conspiracy climbed to the top of the best-seller list due to its success.", "The book was called the \"Handbook of the New Age\" and a guidepost to a philosophy \"working its way increasingly into the nation's cultural, religious, social, economic and political life\" before long.", "Early enthusiasm for the radical centrist perspective was expressed in the book.", "\"Radical Center is not neutral, not middle-of-the-road, but a view of the whole road,\" Ferguson wrote in the \" Right Power\" chapter.", "From this vantage point, we can see that the various schools of thought on any one issue include valuable contributions along with error and exaggeration.", "Ferguson became a sought-after speaker across North America and around the world after her book was translated into 16 foreign languages.", "She spoke at the United Nations-sponsored \"Spirit of Peace\" conference in 1985 along with Mother Teresa and the Dalai Lama.", "validation did not come without a price.", "Ferguson was attacked for being too optimistic.", "Ferguson's \"new\" ideas were accused of being a repackaging of old notions of positive thinking, and some saw the \"New Age\" as merely extending the self-absorption that had marked much of the 1970s.", "The \"conspiracy\" was argued to be an attempt to subvert Christian views.", "In 2007, an online essayist wrote that the Christian church \"rightly discerned the New Age movement, as outlined in Ferguson's book, to be.\"", "It was said that Ferguson wrote the book at the request of the research institute in order to overtake western culture with Eastern mysticism.", "The New Age movement, which supported both Ferguson and her critics, flourished in the 1980s and 1990s through such pop-cultural manifestations as the autobiographical works of actress Shirley MacLaine.", "The period was marked by evolution in the fields of politics, education and medicine, but many other ideas and practices were not permanent.", "Ferguson was an optimist even though he did not ignore the depth of society's chronic problems.", "She noted in advance of the 1988 presidential election that there was no panacea for our social maladies, but there remained the power of belief.", "\"Our foolish illusion that we can effect change fosters in us the capacity to act and therefore to bring about change.\"", ".", "The Great Schizophrenia was in the Brain/Mind Bulletin.", "The Aquarian Conspiracy was re-released in 1987 with a new introduction by John Naisbitt.", "Ferguson returned to reporting on scientific research in Brain-Mind Bulletin while slowly developing a follow-up work.", "The newsletter ceased publication in 1996 after she continued to explore the links between body and mind.", "In 2005, the long-planned Aquarius Now appeared.", "The book was published by Red Wheel/Weiser.", "Ferguson continued to share ideas and advise other authors after its release.", "She moved to Banning to be near her son and his family.", "Ferguson died of a heart attack on October 19, 2008.", "She was described by the Los Angeles Times as a \"galvanizing influence\" by her U.S. publisher, Jeremy Tarcher.", "The New York Times called The Aquarian Conspiracy the \"Bible of the New Age\" and mused that the once radical ideas of herbenign conspiracy may now seem commonplace.", "Ferguson was described as a one-woman movement for hope by author Deepak Chopra on the website beliefnet.com.", "He remembered being a young doctor who was studying meditation when he came across The Aquarian Conspiracy in the early 1980s, and realized it had instantly unified a movement that otherwise seemed to be resigned to the fringes.", "Ferguson could rest in the knowledge that her \"leaderless revolution\" had gained force around the world since the book was written.", "A new introduction by Jeremy Tarcher was included in the \"Tarcher Cornerstone\" edition of The Aquarian Conspiracy.", "Ferguson received an award from Mesa State College.", "Ferguson was married to Ray Gottlieb from 1983 to 1991.", "She had three children with her first husband, with whom she had the last name Ferguson.", "The Aquarian Conspiracy: Personal and Social Transformation in Our Time was written by J.P. Tarcher." ]

[ "Marilyn Ferguson", "Ferguson", "Ferguson", "Ferguson", "Marilyn Louise Grasso", "Mike Ferguson", "Ferguson", "Ferguson", "Ferguson", "Ferguson", "Ferguson", "Ferguson", "Ferguson", "Ferguson", "Ferguson", "Ferguson", "Ferguson", "Ferguson", "Ferguson", "Ferguson", "Ferguson", "Ferguson", "Ferguson", "Ferguson", "Ferguson", "Eric Ferguson", "Ferguson Smith", "Lynn Ferguson", "Marilyn Ferguson" ]

[ "Marilyn Ferguson", "Ferguson", "Ferguson", "Ferguson", "Mike Ferguson", "Ferguson", "Ferguson", "Ferguson", "Ferguson", "Ferguson", "Ferguson", "Ferguson", "Ferguson", "Ferguson", "Ferguson", "Ferguson", "Ferguson", "Ferguson", "Ferguson", "Ferguson", "Ferguson", "Ferguson", "Ferguson", "Ferguson" ]

[ "Carlos María \"Rhod\" Rothfuss (1920–December 31, 1969) was a Uruguayan-Argentine artist who specialized in painting and sculpture.", "He was considered a key theoretician for the development of the concrete art movement in Argentina in the 1940s and was a founding member of the international Latin American abstract art movement, Grupo Madí.", "Early life and education \nRothfuss was born in Montevideo, Uruguay.", "In 1938, Rothfuss studied art at Círculo de Bellas Artes in Montevideo.", "He studied with the artists Guillermo Laborde and José Cúneo.", "In the early 1940s, he studied at the Academia de Bellas Artes in Montevideo.", "Career \nIn 1939 while at an Emilio Pettoruti art show, Rothfuss met and became friends with the artist, Carmelo Arden Quin.", "In 1942, Rothfuss moved from Uruguay to Buenos Aires, Argentina, where he lived until 1945.", "Rothfuss soon became friends with fellow artists, Gyula Kosice, Tomás Maldonado, Carmelo Arden Quin.", "In 1944, Rothfuss was part of the group of artists who created and edited the magazine called Arturo, which existed for only one issue, and included fellow artists, Carmelo Arden Quin, Edgar Bailey, Gyula Kosice, Raúl Lozza, Tomas Maldonado, and Lidy Prati.", "Rothfuss contributed an article called: \"El marco.", "un problema de la plástica actual (The frame: A Problem of Plastic Arts Today),\" which became an important text on the theory and movement of art towards geometry.", "Rothfuss was stating what was then a revolutionary idea, that he was advocation for the removal of the frame of the painting, saying that it got in the way of the art.", "In 1945, Rothfuss participated in two seminal concrete art exhibitions called Arte Concreto-Invención in Buenos Aires.", "In 1945, Rothfuss participated in Asociación Arte Concreto-Invención's first two concrete art exhibitions organized at the homes of Swiss born psychoanalyst, Enrique Pichon-Rivière, and German-Argentinian photographer, Grete Stern.", "Rothfuss also participated in the group's third exhibition organized in October 1946 at the Argentinian Society of Plastic Arts.", "During this time, to illustrate the concrete nature of his work, Rothfuss used nontraditional materials like diamonds and employed notched and irregular shapes in his artwork.", "From 1945 to 1950, Rothfuss created sculptures that had moving parts.", "In 1946, Rothfuss joined the Asociación Arte Concreto-Invención, a concrete art group founded by Tomás Maldonado in 1944.", "Other artists in the group included Alfredo Hlito, Lidy Prati, Manuel Espinosa, Enio Iommi, Raul Lozza among others.", "In 1946, Gyula Kosice, Carmelo Arden Quin, and Rothfuss founded the Grupo Madí.", "Selected exhibitions \nGroup exhibitions\n 1945: \"Arte Concreto-Invención.\"", "Buenos Aires – two exhibitions\n 1976: \"Homenaje a la vanguardia argentina: Dècada del 40.\"", "Galeria Arte Nuevo (Buenos Aires)\n 1980: \"Vanguardias de la década del 40.", "Arte Concreto-Invención, Arte Madí, Perceptismo.\"", "Museo de Artes Plásticas Eduardo Sívori (Buenos Aires)\n 1992–93: \"Artistas latinoamericanos del siglo XX.\"", "Estación Plaza de Armas (Seville); Musée national d’art moderne, Centre national d’art et de culture Georges Pompidou (Paris); Josef-Haubrich-Kunsthalle, Cologne; The Museum of Modern Art (New York)\n 1994–95: \"Art from Argentina 1920–1994.\"", "Museum of Modern Art (Oxford) [traveling exhibition]\n 1997–98: \"Arte Madí.\"", "Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía (Madrid); Museo Extremeño e Iberoamericano de Arte Contemporáneo (Badajoz) – Exhibition held at the Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofia, July 1-October 27, 1997, and at the Museo Extremeño Iberoamericano de Arte Contemporaneo, November 7, 1997 – January 11, 1998\n 2000: \"Heterotopías.", "Medio siglo sin lugar.", "1918–1968.\"", "Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía (Madrid)\n 2001: \"Abstract Art from Río de la Plata.", "Buenos Aires and Montevideo, 1933–1953.\"", "The Americas Society (New York)\n 2002: \"Madí.", "L’art sud-américain.\"", "Musée de Grenoble (Grenoble)\n 2003–4: \"Arte abstracto argentino, Galleria d’arte moderna e contemporanea.\"", "Bergamo; Fundación Proa (Buenos Aires)\n 2004: \"Inverted Utopias.", "Avant-Garde Art in Latin America.\"", "Museum of Fine Arts, (Houston Texas)\n 2007: \"The Geometry of Hope.", "Latin American Abstract Art from the Patricia Phelps de Cisneros Collection.\"", "Blanton Museum of Art, The University of Texas at Austin (Austin, Texas); Grey Art Gallery, New York University (New York)\n\nSelected works \n Composición Madí at Museum of Fine Arts, Houston (1946)\n Pintura Madí o persistencia de un contorno Madí at Fundación Proa (1946)\n Composición Madí at Museum of Fine Arts, Houston (1948)\n (1955)\n\nWorks and publications \n \n \n \n \n \n – Catalog of an exhibition held at the Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofia, July 1-October 27, 1997, and at the Museo Extreme~no e Iberoamericano de Arte Contemporaneo, November 7, 1997 – January 11, 1998\n – Exhibition catalog of Cold America, Geometric Abstraction in Latin America (1934–1973), Fundación Juan March, Madrid, February 11-May 15, 2011\n – Folleto de la expoción celebrada América fría.", "La abstracción geométrica en Latinoamerica (1934–1973) en la Fundación Juan March en Madrid del 11 de febrero al 15 de mayo de 2011\n \"Regarding the Frame\" (1950) by Rhod Rothfuss p. 432\n\nSee also \n Concrete art\n Grupo Madí\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading \n – Exhibition at the Fogg Art Museum, Cambridge, MA, 3 March-4 November 2001\n – exhibition organized by the Americas Society and presented from September 11-December 9, 2001\n – Exhibition catalog of Cold America, Geometric Abstraction in Latin America (1934–1973), Fundación Juan March, Madrid, February 11-May 15, 2011\n – Folleto de la expoción celebrada América fría.", "La abstracción geométrica en Latinoamerica (1934–1973) en la Fundación Juan March en Madrid del 11 de febrero al 15 de mayo de 2011\n\nExternal links \n \n Rhod Rothfuss (artist file) at the Museum of Modern Art\n Rhod Rothfuss at the Museum of Geometric and MADI Art\n Rhod Rothfuss at the Enciclopédia Itaú Cultural\n\n1920 births\n1969 deaths\nConcrete art\nUruguayan painters\nArgentine painters\nArgentine male painters\nArgentine sculptors\nUruguayan sculptors\nUruguayan emigrants to Argentina" ]

[ "Carlos Mara \"Rhod\" Rothfuss was a Uruguayan-Argentine artist who specialized in painting and sculpture.", "He was a founding member of the international Latin American abstract art movement and was considered a key theoretician for the development of the concrete art movement in Argentina in the 1940s.", "Early life and education was where Rothfuss was born.", "In 1938, he studied art at the Crculo de Bellas Artes.", "He studied with two artists.", "He studied at the academy in the early 1940s.", "In 1939 at an art show, he met and became friends with the artist.", "In 1942, he moved to Argentina, where he lived until 1945.", "They became friends with other artists.", "The group of artists who created and edited the magazine called Arturo, which existed for only one issue, included fellow artists, Ral Lozza and Tomas Maldonado.", "The article was called \"El marco\".", "The frame: A Problem of Plastic Arts Today is an important text on the theory and movement of art towards geometry.", "He said that the frame of the painting got in the way of the art and that he wanted to remove it.", "Two seminal concrete art exhibitions were held in Buenos Aires in 1945.", "The first two concrete art exhibitions organized by Asociacin Arte Concreto-Invencin were held at the homes of Swiss and German-Argentinian photographers.", "The third exhibition of the group was held at the Argentinian Society of Plastic Arts.", "During this time, he used diamonds and irregular shapes in his artwork to show the concrete nature of his work.", "The sculptures that were created from 1945 to 1950 had moving parts.", "The concrete art group Asociacin Arte Concreto-Invencin was founded in 1944.", "Other artists in the group were Alfredo Hlito and Enio Iommi.", "The Grupo Mad was founded in 1946, by Gyula Kosice and others.", "Group exhibitions in 1945 were \"Arte Concreto-Invencin\".", "\"Homenaje a la vanguardia argentina: Dcada del 40\" is an exhibition from 1976.", "\"Vanguardias de la década del 40\".", "\"Arte Concreto-Invencin, Arte Mad, Perceptismo.\"", "\"Artistas latinoamericanos del siglo XX\" is a collection of works by Eduardo Svori.", "The Museum of Modern Art is in New York.", "The Museum of Modern Art has a traveling exhibition.", "The exhibition was held at the Museo Extremeo e Iberoamericano de Arte Contemporneo in Badajoz from July 1- October 27, 1997.", "Medio siglo.", "The year 1918–1968.", "There is art from Ro de la Plata.", "Buenos Aires and Montevideo were in the early 20th century.", "The Americas Society was founded in New York.", "L'art sud-américain.", "The Galleria d'arte moderna e contemporanea is from the Musée de Grenoble.", "\"Inverted Utopias\" was written by Fundacin Proa in 2004.", "There is art in Latin America.", "The Museum of Fine Arts is in Houston Texas.", "There is a collection of art from Latin America.", "The Blanton Museum of Art, The University of Texas at Austin; Grey Art Gallery, New York University.", "The Fundacin Juan March was in Madrid on the 11 de febrero and the 15 de mayo of 2011.", "The Museum of Modern Art has links to the artist file." ]

[ "Rhod", "\" Rothfuss", "Rhod", "Rhod", "Rhod" ]

[ "Rhod", "Rothfuss" ]

[ "Othman bin Wok (Jawi: عثمان بن ووك; b.", "8 October 1924 – d. 17 April 2017), often known as Othman Wok, was a Singaporean politician.", "He was a minister in the Cabinet for 14 years.", "He was the Minister of Social Affairs from 19 October 1963 to 30 June 1977.", "After retiring from active politics, he was Singapore's ambassador to Indonesia and served on the boards of the Singapore Tourism Board and Sentosa Development Corporation.", "For his political, economic and social contributions to the nation building of Singapore, he was awarded the Order of Nila Utama (2nd Class) in 1983 by President Devan Nair.", "Othman was born on 8 October 1924 in the then British colony of Singapore, to a family of Orang Laut origins.", "His father, Wok Ahmad, had been a school teacher and principal.", "During the Japanese occupation of Singapore in the Second World War from 1942-1945, Wok Ahmad enrolled Othman in a Japanese school in the belief that doing so would prevent Othman from being conscripted into the Japanese Imperial Army.", "As a result, Othman would come to learn the Japanese language.", "Following the end of the occupation, Othman would go on to continue his education in Sekolah Melayu Telok Saga before proceeding to Raffles Institution for his secondary education.", "Othman's grandfather, a religious teacher, objected to Wok Ahmad’s decision to send Othman to Radin Mas and later Raffles Institution, both of which are English-medium schools.", "He was afraid that Othman would waver in his religious beliefs in the course of his English-language education, converting him to Christianity.", "However, not only did Othman stay faithful to his religion, he became an important bridge between the Malay/Muslim community and the new People's Action Party Government from the 1950s.", "This affirmed Wok Ahmad’s beliefs that an English-language and mainstream education is essential for a brighter future ahead.", "Othman, on the other hand, did not hold the same worries as his grandfather.", "He sent one of his daughters to a Catholic school, CHIJ Katong Convent.", "His daughter received religious education outside school hours, and remains a Muslim today.", "Early career\nOthman joined the local Utusan Melayu Malay-language newspaper as a clerk after finishing his education, and was offered a reporter position in 1946 by Yusof Ishak (founder of the newspaper who would also go on to become Singapore’s first president).", "In 1950, Othman pursued a Diploma in Journalism in London on a Colonial Development Scholarship, and rejoined Utusan Melayu as a news editor in 1951.", "Upon his return, Othman was also elected as Honorary Secretary of the Singapore Printing Employees Union (SPEU), which sought to secure better wages and working conditions for its members.", "This was a significant period in Othman’s early years as it marked the time when he would become acquainted with Lee Kuan Yew, who had been the legal adviser to Utusan Melayu as well as SPEU.", "This would mark the beginning of a long and enduring friendship between the two.", "He would stay in his role of news editor for 6 more years until his promotion to deputy editor of the newspaper in 1957.", "Political career\nDays after the formation of the PAP in 1954, Othman joined the political party as his ideology of a national policy of multi-racialism was aligned with what the PAP sought to achieve.", "He took on the role of producing the party’s Petir publication, and was a member of the bulletin’s editorial board.", "In 1959, he was asked by the then legislative assembly member Ahmad Ibrahim to be the elected chairman of the PAP Geylang Serai/Tampines branch.", "Minister \nOthman became Singapore’s first Minister for Social Affairs after his successful election in the General Elections of 1963, and was at that time the only Malay member in the Cabinet.", "Othman.", "He also held the concurrent role of Director of the Malay Affairs Bureau, and has been credited with implementing policies that continue to impact the Malay community today.", "Under his tenure, he oversaw the setting up of Singapore’s Pilgrimage Office, which was Singapore’s first formal system of registration for hajj activities.", "The system remains today, and continues to be built upon the foundations set in place by him then.", "The Singapore Pilgrimage Office would eventually evolve the Majlis Ugama Islam Singapura (MUIS) entity, which continue to regulate and oversee hajj-related as well as other Muslim affairs.", "The Ministry for Social Affairs would also go on to implement the Administration of Muslim Law Act (AMLA) and Mosque Building Fund (MBF) under his leadership.", "Othman was branded a traitor to the Malay community for joining the PAP.", "At the time, they were being courted by the Kuala Lumpur-based United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) to fight for Malay racial favouritism.", "As a result, Othman lost in the 1959 elections when he was contesting as a PAP candidate for the electoral ward of Kampong Kembangan.", "He would go on to contest once more in the 1963 General Elections, when he would then succeed and become the elected representative of the Pasir Panjang constituency.", "Following his successful election, Othman would go on to leave his job at the Utusan Melayu to focus on developing his political career full-time.", "On 7 August 1965, the Parliament of Malaysia successful voted for the expulsion of Singapore from Malaysia.", "On 9 August, Othman, along with 8 other Singapore ministers, signed the document of separation.", "On this day, Othman highlighted his concern regarding the communists to Lee Kuan Yew, and only upon assurance did he put pen to paper.", "Othman was also known for his active involvement in the development of sports and recreation in Singapore.", "He was also once a famous tennis player, ranked number 28 in the world.", "Othman was responsible for setting up a Sports Department within the purview of the Ministry of Social Affairs in 1966, and officiated the groundbreaking ceremony of the first National Stadium.", "Ambassador\nHaving served 14 years as Minister for Social Affairs, Othman was appointed to serve as Singapore’s ambassador to Indonesia in 1977.", "His term would last three and a half years.", "He served as Member of Legislative Assembly (1963-1965) and Member of Parliament (1963 to 1980) for the Pasir Panjang Constituency retiring on 5 December 1980 when parliament dissolved on the same day for the 23 December 1980 general election.", "Post political career\nOthman continued to be active and served in the Presidential Council of Minority Rights as a permanent member.", "He was also appointed as a member of several companies' board of directors.", "Personal life\nOthman grew up in a humble family.", "In the first four years of his life, Othman lived with his Uncle, together with his grandparents and parents, in a kampong area dominated by Malays.", "He recounted that as a boy, different races lived together harmoniously, and he would have Chinese and Indian playmates whom he conversed with in Malay.", "In his mid-twenties, Othman went to London to receive further education in a polytechnic.", "Othman was married with four children.", "His hobbies included reading and writing ghost stories, one of his books being Malayan Horror: Macabre Tales of Singapore and Malaysia in the 50s, a compilation of stories written by him.", "Othman has also penned a biography titled: \" Never in my Wildest Dreams\", as a memoir of his life experiences.", "Othman was considered as one of the 'Old Guard' - the first generation of leaders of independent Singapore.", "Othman completed military service (called National Service in Singapore) with the People's Defence Force in 1980, holding the rank of major.", "He also retired from politics in the same year.", "On 17 April 2017, he died at 12.22pm local time at the Singapore General Hospital due to poor health.", "He was buried at Choa Chu Kang Muslim Cemetery the next day.", "References\n\nExternal links\n Othman Wok on ourstory.asia1.com.sg\n\n1924 births\n2017 deaths\nMembers of the Cabinet of Singapore\nPeople's Action Party politicians\nSingaporean diplomats\nAmbassadors of Singapore to Indonesia\nSingaporean Muslims\nSingaporean people of Malay descent\nMembers of the Dewan Rakyat\nMembers of the Legislative Assembly of Singapore\nRecipients of the Darjah Utama Nila Utama\nMembers of the Parliament of Singapore" ]

[ "Othman bin Wok (Jawi: ); b.", "Othman Wok was a Singaporean politician.", "He was a minister for 14 years.", "He was the Minister of Social Affairs from October to June 1977.", "He served on the boards of the Singapore Tourism Board and the Sentosa Development Corporation after retiring from politics.", "He was awarded the Order of Nila Utama (2nd Class) in 1983 for his contributions to the nation building of Singapore.", "Othman was born in Singapore to a family of Orang Laut origins.", "Wok Ahmad was a school teacher and principal.", "Wok Ahmad enrolls Othman in a Japanese school in order to prevent him from being conscripted into the Japanese Imperial Army during the Second World War.", "Othman wanted to learn the Japanese language.", "After the end of the occupation, Othman would continue his education in Sekolah Melayu Telok Saga and then attend Raffles Institution for his secondary education.", "Othman's grandfather objected to Wok Ahmad's decision to send Othman to two English-medium schools.", "He was worried that Othman would abandon his religious beliefs and convert to Christianity during his English-language education.", "Othman became an important bridge between the Malay/Muslim community and the new People's Action Party Government because he stayed faithful to his religion.", "Wok Ahmad believes that an English-language and mainstream education is essential for a brighter future.", "Othman did not have the same worries as his grandfather.", "He sent one of his daughters to school.", "His daughter is a Muslim and received religious education outside of school hours.", "After finishing his education, Othman joined the local Utusan Melayu Malay-language newspaper as a clerk and was offered a reporter position by the founder of the newspaper who would go on to become Singapore's first president.", "In 1951, Othman returned to Utusan Melayu as a news editor after taking adiploma in journalism in London.", "Othman was elected as the Secretary of the Singapore Printing Employees Union, which sought to secure better wages and working conditions for its members.", "During this time, Othman would become acquainted with Lee Kuan Yew, who was the legal adviser to Utusan Melayu.", "This would be the beginning of a friendship between the two.", "After 6 more years as news editor, he would be promoted to deputy editor.", "Othman joined the PAP as his ideology of a national policy of multi-racialism was aligned with what the PAP wanted to achieve.", "He was a member of the bulletin's editorial board and produced the party's Petir publication.", "He was asked to be the chairman of the PAP Geylang Serai/Tampines branch in 1959 by Ahmad Ibrahim.", "The Malay member of the Cabinet at that time was Minister Othman, who became Singapore's first Minister for Social Affairs after his election in 1963.", "Othman.", "The Director of the Malay Affairs Bureau has been credited with implementing policies that continue to impact the Malay community today.", "He oversaw the setting up of Singapore's Pilgrimage Office, which was Singapore's first formal system of registration for hajj activities.", "The system continues to be built upon the foundations set in place by him.", "The Singapore Pilgrimage Office would eventually evolve the Majlis Ugama Islam Singapura (MUIS) entity, which continue to regulate and oversee hajj-related as well as other Muslim affairs.", "The Administration of Muslim Law Act would be implemented by the Ministry for Social Affairs under his leadership.", "Othman was branded a traitor by the Malay community for joining the PAP.", "They were being courted by the UMNO to fight for Malay racial favouritism.", "Othman lost in the 1959 elections when he was a PAP candidate for the electoral ward of Kampong Kembangan.", "He would become the elected representative of the Pasir Panjang constituency when he was elected in the 1963 General Elections.", "Othman left his job at the Utusan Melayu to focus on his political career after his election.", "On August 7, 1965, the Parliament of Malaysia voted to expel Singapore from Malaysia.", "The document of separation was signed by Othman along with 8 other Singapore ministers.", "On this day, Othman highlighted his concern regarding the communists to Lee Kuan Yew, and only after assurance did he put pen to paper.", "Othman was involved in the development of sports and recreation in Singapore.", "He was ranked 28 in the world for tennis.", "Othman was responsible for setting up a Sports Department within the Ministry of Social Affairs in 1966 and was the one who broke the first National Stadium's ground.", "Othman served as Singapore's ambassador to Indonesia in 1977.", "His term was three and a half years.", "When parliament dissolved on the same day for the general election in 1980, he retired as Member of Legislative Assembly and Member of Parliament.", "Othman was a permanent member of the Presidential Council of Minority Rights after his political career.", "He was appointed to the board of directors of several companies.", "Othman was raised in a modest family.", "The area where Othman lived in the first four years of his life was dominated by Malays.", "He said that when he was a boy, he had Chinese and Indian playmates who he conversed with in Malay.", "Othman went to London in the mid-twenties to get further education.", "Othman had four children.", "One of his books was Malayan Horror: Macabre Tales of Singapore and Malaysia in the 50s, a collection of stories written by him.", "\"Never in my Wildest Dreams\" is a memoir of Othman's life experiences.", "One of the first generation of leaders of Singapore was considered to be Othman.", "Othman held the rank of major after completing military service with the People's Defence Force.", "He retired from politics in the same year.", "He died at the Singapore General Hospital due to poor health.", "He was buried the next day.", "Members of the Cabinet of Singapore People's Action Party politicians Singaporean diplomats to Indonesia Singaporean Muslims Singaporean people of Malay descent Members of the Legislative Assembly" ]

[ "Othman bin Wok", "Othman Wok", "Othman", "Wok", "Wok", "Othman", "Wok", "Wok", "Othman", "Othman", "Othman", "Othman", "Othman", "Othman", "Othman", "Othman", "Othman", "Othman", "Othman", "Othman", "Othman", "Othman", "Othman", "Othman", "Othman", "Othman", "Othman" ]

[ "Othman bin Wok", "Othman Wok", "Othman", "Wok", "Wok", "Othman", "Othman", "Wok", "Wok", "Othman", "Othman", "Othman", "Othman", "Othman", "Othman", "Othman", "Othman", "Othman", "Othman", "Othman", "Othman", "Othman", "Othman", "Othman", "Othman" ]

[ "Richard J. Stern (September 26, 1913 – December 31, 2001) was a Kansas City businessman and philanthropist.", "Family history \nStern was the son of Sybil Cohen Stern and Sigmund Stern.", "His mother was a graduate of Wellesley College.", "Stern's maternal grandparents were Belle Lehman Cohen and Jacob M. Cohen, who resided in Sioux City, Iowa, before coming to Kansas City in the early 1900s.", "Sigmund Stern, who was born in Bavaria, was the son of Rosa Feldenheimer Stern and Jacob Stern.", "With his brothers Morris and Henry, he immigrated to the United States in the late 19th century.", "Sigmund and Morris worked for a department store in Sioux City prior to founding their own business.", "Sybil and Sigmund were married in Sioux City in June 1904.", "Following a honeymoon in Europe, they took up residence in Kansas City, where Sigmund was employed with the real estate firm of Wise & Stern.", "Sigmund and Morris founded Stern Brothers in 1917.", "Early life and education \nStern was born on September 26, 1913, in Kansas City, Missouri.", "His sister, Judith, who was born on December 25, 1905, was more than seven years his senior.", "(Years later, she would be a second-generation graduate of Wellesley College.)", "The Stern family was Jewish, and Sigmund served as a member of the board of trustees of Congregation B’nai Jehudah from 1914 until 1929.", "According to the 1920 federal census, the family was then living at 3717 Harrison Street in Kansas City.", "The three-story house featured a front entrance with columns rising above the second story.", "By 1930, the Sterns had moved to 236 West 54th Street, a three-story red brick house that was built in 1918.", "Stern graduated from the Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts, in 1930.", "Fencing was his sport both at Andover, (as it was known), and at Yale University.", "During his junior year at Yale University, Stern was inducted into Phi Beta Kappa.", "He graduated with honors in 1934.", "Two years later, Stern earned a master’s degree in business administration from Harvard University.", "Career \nAs a young man, Stern joined Stern Brothers.", "His work there was interrupted by World War II.", "Stern served as a captain in the intelligence branch of the Army Air Corps.", "For a brief period, he wrote the daily newsletter for the U.S.S.", "Button Gwinnett.", "Following the war, he returned to the family business.", "His father died on December 31, 1955.", "Stern then became president of Stern Brothers, with his uncle, Morris, as chairman.", "Morris died on June 7, 1958.", "Stern succeeded him as chairman.", "The list of companies for which the firm completed securities offerings during Stern’s years at the helm includes Rival Manufacturing, Russell Stover Candies, Cook Paint & Varnish, Employers Reinsurance, Gas Service, and Frank Paxton Lumber.", "In addition, municipal bonds formed a significant part of Stern Brothers business.", "The Kansas City International Airport, the Harry S Truman Sports Complex (which houses both Arrowhead Stadium, where the Kansas City Chiefs play football, and Kauffman Stadium, where the Kansas City Royals play baseball) and Kemper Arena were among the entities that the firm helped make possible.", "(Kemper Arena is now the Hy-Vee Arena.)", "In 1983, Stern gave an interview to The Independent magazine, in which he stated, “I was always good at arithmetic and I always liked to play games, and this is one big game.", "I started out working summers as a kid, doing whatever … probably annoying others.", "Now I make the decisions.” Stern Brothers was sold in 1986.", "Stern retained the title of chairman emeritus until his death in 2001.", "In its obituary of Stern, The Bond Buyer reported, “Local market participants described Mr. Stern as both generous personally, and tough and demanding professionally.", "When Kansas City was planning to build an overhaul base for TransWorld [sic; Trans World] Airlines, which would have entailed a complex financial transaction, it began by going to Wall Street.", "As the story goes, the ‘large Eastern bond firms got weak knees,’ [Leonard] Noah [a retired vice president of operations at Stern Brothers] said.", "‘Stern Brothers stepped up and did the deal.’” As the Kansas City Star noted, “Although Stern is remembered for working quietly, delegating authority adroitly and seldom closing the double doors to his downtown offices when working on key projects, he also was recalled as [a] forceful man when the occasion required.”\n\nCivic and Philanthropic Activities \nMany organizations in Kansas City benefited from Stern’s time and talents.", "He was also extremely generous financially.", "In 1937, not long after he completed his studies, Stern was listed as a committee member for the Beaux Arts Ball, a benefit for the Kansas City Art Institute.", "He became a trustee in 1964 and a life trustee in 1988.", "Stern received an honorary doctorate in fine arts from KCAI at the 1998 commencement ceremony.", "Stern’s father was a trustee of Kansas City University prior to his death.", "Stern was elected to that position in 1958.", "(Kansas City University is now the University of Missouri – Kansas City.)", "He also served as a member of the board of directors of the Friends of the Library at UMKC when it was founded in the mid-1960s.", "In July 1967, there were concerns that Charlie O. Finley was planning to move the Kansas City Athletics to Milwaukee.", "Stern announced that Stern Brothers was prepared to buy the team.", "The Kansas City Times quoted him as saying, “We would hope to have broad-based ownership of the club in Kansas City.", "The purpose of this would be to make sure that the Athletics remain permanently in Kansas City.” Nothing came of this offer.", "Finley moved the Athletics to Oakland, California, in 1968.", "A new baseball team, the Kansas City Royals, owned by Ewing Kauffman, began playing that year.", "“In a cultural vein, Stern goes all out for the Philharmonic,” The Independent magazine noted in a 1967 profile.", "At that time, he was the chairman of the board.", "In March 1985, it became necessary to make difficult decisions about the Kansas City Philharmonic, which was then 49 years old.", "Stern was on that committee.", "After the Philharmonic disbanded, the Kansas City Symphony was created.", "It was clear that the organization needed to be properly capitalized to avoid the woes that befell its predecessor.", "A list of pledges and donations from October 1985 included $250,000 from Stern.", "His was one of the largest gifts.", "Stern served as one of the 10 founding board members of the Kansas City Symphony, and the only one to have been a board member of the Philharmonic.", "During three decades on the board the Lyric Opera of Kansas City, Stern served as vice chairman, president, and treasurer.", "According to its newsletter, Lyrical Notes, “When the Lyric Opera purchased the Lyric Theatre building in 1991, Stern and foundations under his control provided a majority of the financial support for the purchase.” The Lyric Opera had been a tenant in the building, which was then owned by the Hearst Corporation, until structural issues forced the organization to move to the Music Hall, which proved to be a temporary solution.", "The Kansas City Star reported that the building cost $2.65 million dollars, with an additional $406,000 for roof repair.", "The newspaper listed the donors as “Richard J. Stern, the Hall Family Foundation of Kansas, Yellow Freight Systems, the William T. Kemper Foundation-Commerce Bank Trustee, Jules and Doris Stein Foundation, H. Tony Oppenheimer, and United Telecommunications Foundation.” Stern’s interests ranged far beyond finance and management; he also had a tremendous fondness for the operettas of Gilbert & Sullivan.", "His preferred seat was in the middle of the third row, and he generally attended the Monday and Wednesday performances.", "In 1992, Stern was honored, along with Adele Hall, Estelle Sosland, Jerry Berkowitz, and Robert P. Lyons, for service to the Kansas City chapter of Young Audiences.", "At that time, the organization was celebrating its 30th anniversary.", "Additional honors \nStern received a Missouri Arts Award from the Missouri Arts Council in 1992.", "According to the council’s website, “[the] annual Missouri Arts Awards celebrate people, organizations, and communities that have made profound and lasting contributions to the cultural and artistic climate of the state.”\n\nIn 2001, Stern was one of the 175 people whose contributions to the area were recognized on the Legacy List for Jackson County, Missouri.", "The number 175 was chosen because Jackson County had been founded in 1826, which was 175 years earlier.", "The honorees included men and women who were prominent in many different fields and who made a difference in the community in the 19th and 20th centuries.", "Among them were Lucille Bluford, the publisher of the Kansas City Call; Walt Disney, the creator of Mickey Mouse; George Kessler, who designed the parks and boulevards system for Kansas City; Charlie Parker, the jazz musician; and Harry S. Truman, former president.", "Personal life \nStern’s interests included modern architecture.", "His parents were still living at the house on West 54th Street at the time of his father’s death.", "By then, Stern was residing at 725 West 49th Terrace.", "The house, which had been built for him, was notable for the use of aluminum in its exterior and for its many windows.", "He sold it in 1963 and purchased the Sondern House at 3600 Belleview Avenue, which had been designed by Frank Lloyd Wright in the late 1930s, with a substantial addition by the architect circa 1950.", "Stern was the third owner.", "He did some renovations, and occupied the house until his death.", "Near the end of Stern’s life, Jim Blair, a friend and former bond trader at Stern Brothers, lived in the house with him.", "Stern had donated the house to The Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, but maintained a life interest in it.", "After his death, the museum sold the house to Blair.", "Travel was an important part of Stern’s life, with Europe and the Caribbean Islands as preferred destinations.", "He spent much time in Venice, Italy, and on the island of Capri in the summers and in St. Martin in the winter.", "Just as he returned often to places he loved, he had several restaurants where he was a regular: the Savoy, in Kansas City, and Harry’s Bar, in Venice.", "Stern died on December 31, 2001, at his home in Kansas City.", "He was 88 years old.", "His death occurred 46 years to the day after the death of his father.", "Legacy \n\nStern was predeceased by both of his parents, (his mother died in 1961), and by his sister, who died in May 2001.", "His survivors included a niece and a nephew.", "The Richard J. Stern Foundation for the Arts has continued his charitable giving in the years since his death.", "At the time of his death, Stern had been a Lyric Opera board member for approximately two-thirds of its 44-year history.", "On Stern’s death, Evan Luskin, then the general director of the Lyric Opera, was quoted as saying, “In so many ways, he’s been Mr.", "Lyric Opera.” The production of Don Pasquale in the spring of 2002 was dedicated to him, as was the entire 2002-2003 season.", "Nearly a decade after Stern’s death, the Richard J. Stern Opera Center, the headquarters of the Lyric Opera, opened in the Crossroads District.", "In 2021, the center includes the Beth Ingram Administration Building and the Ginger and Michael Frost Production Arts Building.", "The Richard J. Stern Ceramics Building at the Kansas City Art Institute received an award from the American Institute of Architects in 2002.", "The building was designed by Gould Evans Goodman Associates and erected by McCown Gordon Construction.", "The University of Missouri – Kansas City has a Richard J. Stern Foundation for the Arts Scholarship for Theatre, which is awarded to graduate students who are majoring in costume design.", "Faculty members at Phillips Academy Andover are eligible to receive the Richard J. Stern Instructorship.", "In recent years, the Richard J. Stern Foundation for the Arts has been a catalyst for the projects of a variety of organizations, in addition to the ones with which he was associated.", "These include (but are not limited to) ArtsKC Regional Arts Council, Charlotte Street Foundation, The Folly Theater, the Kansas City Ballet, Kansas City PBS, the Kansas City Repertory Theatre, the Mid-America Arts Alliance, The Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Spinning Tree Theatre, the Spire Chamber Ensemble, and the Unicorn Theatre.", "The foundation’s current assets are reported to be in excess of $64 million dollars.", "References \n\nAmerican patrons of the arts\nPeople from the Kansas City metropolitan area\n2001 deaths\nPhilanthropists from the Kansas City metropolitan area\n1913 births\nYale College alumni\nHarvard Business School alumni\n20th-century American philanthropists\nUnited States Army Air Forces personnel of World War II\nUnited States Army Air Forces officers" ]

[ "Richard J. Stern was a Kansas City businessman and philanthropist.", "He was the son of two people.", "His mother attended Wellesley College.", "Jacob M. Cohen came to Kansas City in the early 1900s to be with his maternal grandparents.", "Sigmund Stern was the son of Jacob andRosa Feldenheimer Stern.", "He came to the United States with his brothers in the late 19th century.", "Prior to founding their own business, Sigmund and Morris worked for a department store.", "In June 1904, Sybil and Sigmund were married.", "After a honeymoon in Europe, they moved to Kansas City, where Sigmund was employed with the real estate firm.", "Sigmund and Morris founded the company.", "On September 26, 1913, Stern was born in Kansas City, Missouri.", "His sister, Judith, was seven years older than him.", "She was a second generation graduate of Wellesley College.", "Sigmund was a member of the board of trustees of the synagogue from 1914 until 1929.", "The family lived at 3717 Harrison Street in Kansas City in the 1920 federal census.", "The house had columns above the second story and a front entrance.", "The red brick house at 236 West 54th Street was built in 1918.", "In 1930, he graduated from thePhillips Academy.", "His sport was fencing and he was a student at Yale University.", "During his junior year at Yale University, he was accepted into a prestigious honor society.", "He graduated with honors.", "Two years later, he earned a master's degree in business administration from Harvard University.", "As a young man, he joined the family business.", "World War II interrupted his work.", "He was a captain in the intelligence branch of the Army Air Corps.", "He wrote a daily newsletter for the U.S.S.", "There is a button.", "He returned to the family business after the war.", "On December 31, 1955, his father died.", "His uncle, Morris, became the chairman of the company.", "Morris died on June 7, 1958.", "He was succeeded as chairman by Stern.", "Rival Manufacturing, Russell Stover, Cook Paint & Varnish, Employers Reinsurance, Gas Service, and Frank Paxton Lumber are some of the companies that the firm completed securities offerings for.", "Municipal bonds were a significant part of the business.", "The Harry S Truman Sports Complex, where the Kansas City Chiefs play football, and the Kansas City Royals play baseball, are among the entities that the firm helped make possible.", "The arena is now called the hy-vee arena.", "In 1983, in an interview with The Independent magazine, he stated, \"I was always good at arithmetic and I always liked to play games, and this is one big game.\"", "I started out working summers when I was a kid.", "In 1986 the company was sold.", "The title of chairman emeritus was held by Stern until his death in 2001.", "Local market participants described Mr. Stern as both generous and demanding.", "When Kansas City was planning to build an overhaul base for Trans World Airlines, which would have involved a complex financial transaction, it began by going to Wall Street.", "Leonard Noah, a retired vice president of operations at Stern Brothers, said that large Eastern bond firms got weak knees.", "According to the Kansas City Star, \"Stern Brothers stepped up and did the deal, although he was remembered for working quietly, delegating authority adroitly and rarely closing the double doors to his downtown offices when working on key projects.\"", "He was generous with his money.", "The Beaux Arts Ball was a benefit for the Kansas City Art Institute and was held in 1937.", "He became a life Trustee in 1988.", "At the 1998 graduation ceremony, he received a doctorate in fine arts.", "His father was a Trustee of Kansas City University.", "In 1958, he was elected to that position.", "The University of Missouri is now called Kansas City University.", "He was a member of the board of directors of the Friends of the Library at UMKC.", "There were concerns in July of 1967, that the Kansas City Athletics would be moving to Milwaukee.", "The team was going to be bought by the Stern Brothers.", "The Kansas City Times quoted him as saying, \"We would hope to have broad-based ownership of the club in Kansas City.\"", "The purpose of this was to make sure that the Athletics stayed in Kansas City.", "The Athletics moved to Oakland in 1968.", "The Kansas City Royals started playing in that year.", "In 1967, The Independent magazine noted that Stern went all out for the Philharmonic.", "He was the chairman at that time.", "The Kansas City Philharmonic was 49 years old when it became necessary to make difficult decisions.", "He was a member of that committee.", "The Kansas City Symphony was created after the Philharmonic ended.", "It was clear that the organization needed to be capitalized to avoid the problems that befell its predecessor.", "$250,000 was included in a list of pledges and donations from October 1985.", "One of the largest gifts was his.", "One of the founding board members of the Kansas City Symphony was also a board member of the Philharmonic.", "He was on the board of the Lyric Opera of Kansas City for three decades.", "A majority of the financial support for the purchase was provided by the foundations under his control, according to the newsletter.", "The Kansas City Star reported that the building cost more than three million dollars.", "The donors were listed as the Hall Family Foundation of Kansas, Yellow Freight Systems, the William T. Kemper Foundation-Commerce Bank Trustee, and the United Telecommunications Foundation.", "He sat in the middle of the third row and usually attended the Monday and Wednesday performances.", "The Kansas City chapter of Young Audiences honored several people in 1992.", "The organization was celebrating its 30th anniversary.", "The Missouri Arts Council gave Stern an award in 1992.", "The Missouri Arts Awards celebrate people, organizations, and communities that have made profound and lasting contributions to the cultural and artistic climate of the state.", "Jackson County was founded 175 years earlier than the number 175.", "Men and women who were prominent in many different fields and who made a difference in the community in the 19th and 20th centuries were honored.", "George Kessler, who designed the parks and boulevards system for Kansas City, was one of them.", "Modern architecture was one of Stern's interests.", "His father died while his parents were still living at the house on West 54th Street.", "By that time, he was at 725 West 49th Terrace.", "The house that was built for him was notable for its use of aluminum and its many windows.", "The Sondern House, which was designed by Frank Lloyd Wright in the late 1930s, was purchased by him in 1963.", "He was the third owner.", "He lived in the house until his death.", "Jim Blair, a former bond trader at Stern Brothers, lived in the house with the man at the end of his life.", "The house was donated to The Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art by Stern.", "The museum sold the house after his death to Blair.", "Europe and the Caribbean Islands were preferred destinations for Stern.", "He spent a lot of time in Italy and St. Martin in the winter.", "He was a regular at the Savoy in Kansas City and Harry's Bar in Venice.", "On December 31, 2001, he died at his home in Kansas City.", "He passed away at the age of 88 years old.", "His father died the day after his death.", "His mother died in 1961, and his sister died in 2001.", "His survivors were his niece and nephew.", "Since his death, the Richard J. Stern Foundation for the Arts has continued its charitable giving.", "At the time of his death, he was a board member of the opera.", "Evan Luskin, the general director of the Lyric Opera, was quoted as saying, \"In so many ways, he's been Mr.", "The entire 2002-2003 season was dedicated to Don Pasquale, as was the spring of 2002.", "The Richard J. Stern Opera Center opened nearly a decade after his death.", "The Ginger and Michael Frost Production Arts Building will be part of the center in 2021.", "The Kansas City Art Institute received an award from the American Institute of Architects in 2002.", "The building was designed and built by two companies.", "The University of Missouri Kansas City has a scholarship for graduate students in costume design.", "Faculty members at the academy can apply for the instructorship.", "In recent years, the Richard J. Stern Foundation for the Arts has been a catalyst for the projects of a variety of organizations, in addition to the ones with which he was associated.", "The ArtsKC Regional Arts Council, Charlotte Street Foundation, The Folly Theater, the Kansas City Ballet, Kansas City PBS, the Kansas City Repertory Theatre, the Mid-America Arts Alliance, and the Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art are included.", "The current assets of the foundation are over $60 million dollars.", "People from the Kansas City metropolitan area 2001 deaths Philanthropists from the Kansas City metropolitan area 1913 births Yale College alumni 20th century American philanthropists" ]

[ "Richard J", ". Stern", "Stern", "Sybil Cohen Stern", "Sigmund Stern", "Stern", "Jacob M", "Sigmund Stern", "Rosa Feldenheimer Stern", "Jacob Stern", "Stern", "Judith", "Stern", "Stern", "Stern", "Stern", "Stern", "Stern", "Stern", "Stern", "Stern", "Stern", "Stern", "Stern", "Stern", "Stern", "Stern", "Stern", "Stern", "Stern", "Stern", "Stern", "Stern", "Stern", "Stern", "Stern", "Stern", "Stern", "Stern", "Richard J", ". Stern", "” Stern", "Stern", "Jerry Berkowitz", "Stern", "Stern", "Stern", "Stern", "Stern", "Stern", "Jim Blair", "Stern", "Stern", "Stern", "Stern", "Stern", "Stern", "Stern", "Richard", "Stern" ]

[ "Richard J", ". Stern", "Jacob M", "Sigmund Stern", "JacobRosa Feldenheimer Stern", "Stern", "Judith", "Stern", "Stern", "Stern", "Stern", "Stern", "Stern", "Jim Blair", "Stern", "Stern" ]

[ "Gérard Chaliand (born 1934) is a French expert in geopolitics who has published widely on irregular warfare and military strategy.", "Chaliand analyses of insurgencies in Asia, Africa, Latin America, and the Middle East, mostly based on his field experience with insurgent forces, have appeared in more than 20 books and in numerous newspaper articles.", "He has worked autonomously throughout his career, unconstrained by the perspectives of national governments and policy institutes.", "As a result, his work provides an independent perspective on many of the major conflicts characterized the 20th and 21st centuries.", "He is also a published poet.", "Early life and education\nBorn in Brussels to Armenian parents and raised in Paris, Chaliand attended the Lycée Henri IV in the Latin Quarter and spent nearly a year in London and the United Kingdom.", "He travelled North Africa before entering the School of Oriental Languages and Civilisations (INALCO) in Paris, where his studies focused on the history and culture of non-western societies.", "During his youth he hitchhiked across North Africa, Turkey, Iran, Pakistan and India.", "He published his first book of poetry (La Marche Têtue, Gallimard) in 1959.", "In 1960 he joined the clandestine struggle for Algerian Independence.", "After the Algerian independence, he worked during 1963-64 as an editor at the Revolution Africaine, a weekly in Algiers where he met many of the leaders of the national liberation movements of Asia, Africa, Latin America, and the Middle East.", "He received his PhD from Sorbonne University in Paris in 1975.", "His dissertation Mythes révolutionnaires du tiers monde, was published in 1976 and quickly translated into English: Revolution in the Third World, Myths and Propects, Viking Press, Penguin Books, New York, 1977.", "Chaliand has been a participant-observer in various guerrilla conflicts:\n Guinea Bissau, 1966\n North Vietnam, 1967\n Colombia, 1968/91\n Palestine/Israel, 1969/70/75/ 98/99\n Eritrea, 1977/91\n Afghanistan, 1980/82/2006-2012\n Iranian Kurdistan, 1980\n Salvador, 1982\n Angola, 1985\n Peru, 1985\n Philippines, 1987\n Nagorno-Karabakh, 1993\n Georgia (Ossetia), 1994/2006/08\n Burma, 1990/95\n Kashmir, 1999\n Sri Lanka, 1987/99/2007\n Iraqi Kurdistan, 1999-2008/2012-2015\n Iraq, 2003-2008\n Syria, 2014\nHe has conducted field studies for over four decades in:\n Asia/Pacific \n Caucasus and Central Asia\n Central and South America\n Middle East\n Northern Africa\n Russia\n South and South East Asia\n West, East and Southern Africa\n\nTeaching \nHe taught in Paris, France, at the École nationale d'administration (1980-1987) and at Ecole de Guerre (War College) from 1990 to 1995.", "Chaliand has spent more than five years as a visiting professor in the United States at Harvard, U.C.L.A.", "and U.C.", "Berkeley.", "He delivered over five hundred lectures in major Universities and research centers, including the Rand Corporation and the US Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California.", "(1969-2009).", "He was also a visiting professor at the military academy, Bogota (Colombia), and Universities of Cape Town (South Africa), Montreal (Canada), Salamanca (Spain), Sussex and Manchester (United Kingdom), Vladikavkaz (Northern Ossetia), Sulaymaniyah (Iraq), and Ilia Chavchavadze (Georgia).", "He was senior visiting fellow at the centre for Conflicts and Peace Studies, Kabul (Afghanistan) from 2005 to 2011.", "He taught a summer course at Nanyang University (Singapore) from 2004 to 2014 and Hawler University (Erbil, Iraqi Kurdistan, since 2012).", "He has also lectured at Strategic Institutes in Washington D.C., London, Canberra, Beijing, Madrid, and Tokyo.", "Miscellaneous \nHe was Director of the European Centre for the Studies of Conflicts (Foundation for Strategic Research), Paris from 1997 to 2000.", "He was an independent adviser to the Centre for Analysis and Planning of the French Foreign Ministry from 1983 to 1994.", "He founded and was the Director of Minority Rights Group (France), from 1978 to 1987.", "He was the initiator of the cession of the Permanent People’s Tribunal that was dedicated to the genocide of the Armenian people whose jury comprised three Nobel Prize winners, including Mr. Sean Mc Bride, Founder of Amnesty International, and which took place at Sorbonne and saw the sentence towards the Turkish state delivered to the National Assembly.", "In addition, Chaliand has undertaken several maritime expeditions aboard La Boudeuse, a three mast.", "Selected bibliography \nChaliand is the author, the co-author or the editor of more than 50 books, over 20 of which have been translated into English.", "Books in English \n A World History of War, UC Press Berkeley, 2014.", "History of Terrorism: From Antiquity to al Qaïda (with Arnaud Blin), Berkeley, 2007.", "Mirrors of a Disaster.", "The Spanish conquest of America, Transaction, Rutgers University Press.", "N.J. 2005\n Nomadic Empires, From Mongolia to the Danube, Transaction, Rutgers University Press, N.J. 2003.", "The Penguin Atlas of Diasporas, New York, 1995.", "The Art of War in World History, Berkeley, 1994.", "The Kurdish Tragedy, Zed Press, London, 1994, Report to the sub-commission on Human Rights (UN) on the situation of the Kurds in the Middle East.", "Strategic Atlas: A Comparative Geopolitics of the World's Powers, with J.P. Rageau, Harper & Row, New York 1987, 1990, updated edition 1992.", "Minorities at the Age of Nation-States (ed) Pluto Press, London, 1988.", "Terrorism, Saqi Books, London: 1987.", "The Genocide of the Armenians, Zoryan Institute, Boston, Mass, 1986\n Guerrilla Strategy.", "A Historical Anthology From the Long March to Afghanistan, ed.", "Berkeley, 1982.", "The Struggle for Africa.", "Great Power Strategies, Macmillan, London 1982.", "Report from Afghanistan, Penguin Books, Baltimore, 1982.", "A People without a country, The Kurds and Kurdistan, (Ed), Zed Books 1980, Olive Branch Press, 1993 \n Revolution in the Third World: Myths and Prospects, Viking, New York 1977; updated edition, Penguin Books, 1989.", "The Palestinian Resistance, Penguin Books, Baltimore 1972.", "Peasants of North Vietnam, Penguin Books, Baltimore 1970.", "Armed Struggle in Africa: With the guerrillas in Portuguese Guinea, Monthly Review Press, New York 1969.", "Chaliand has also written a cookbook, Food without Frontiers, Pluto Press, London 1981 and two books of poems The Stubborn March, Crane Books, Watercrown, MA.", "1990, and Lone Rider, bilingual edition, translated by André Demir, Paris, 2015.", "Many of his books have been translated in more than twelve languages.", "Mémoires, Robert Laffont, 2011\n\nTravel \n Los Angeles, Naissance d’un Mythe, Stock, 1991.", "Aux confins de l’Eldorado, Le Seuil, 2006\n Le Guide du voyageur autour du monde (avec S. Mousset) Odile Jacob, 2007\n\nGerard Chaliand has also published three plays, four books for children and translations of Kautiliya’s Arthashastra (book seven), Guevara's La guerra de Guerillas, and a book of popular Turkish poetry (bilingual)." ]

[ "Gérard Chaliand is a French expert in warfare and military strategy.", "His analyses of insurgencies in Asia, Africa, Latin America, and the Middle East have appeared in more than 20 books and newspaper articles.", "He has been able to work autonomously throughout his career because of the perspectives of national governments.", "His work gives an independent perspective on many of the major conflicts of the 20th and 21st century.", "He is a published poet.", "After growing up in Paris and Brussels, Chaliand attended the Lycée Henri IV in the Latin Quarter and spent a year in the United Kingdom.", "He studied the history and culture of non-western societies while in the School of Oriental Languages and Civilisations in Paris.", "He traveled across North Africa, Turkey, Iran, Pakistan and India.", "His first book of poetry was published in 1959.", "He joined the Algerian Independence struggle in 1960.", "He met many of the leaders of the national liberation movements of Asia, Africa, Latin America, and the Middle East while he was an editor at the Revolution Africaine.", "He received his PhD from Sorbonne University.", "His thesis, Mythes révolutionnaires du tiers monde, was published in 1976 and quickly translated into English: Revolution in the Third World, Myths and Propects, Viking Press, New York, 1977.", "In various guerrilla conflicts, Chaliand has been a participant-observer.", "He has been a visiting professor at Harvard for more than five years.", "They are both U.C.", "Berkeley.", "He lectured at major universities and research centers, including the US Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California.", "The year 1969", "He was a visiting professor at several universities, including the University of Cape Town, the University of Montreal, and the University of Spain.", "He was a visiting fellow at the centre for Conflicts and Peace Studies.", "He taught a summer course at Nanyang University in Singapore.", "He lectured in Washington D.C., London, Beijing, Madrid, and Tokyo.", "He was Director of the European Centre for the Studies of Conflicts in Paris from 1997 to 2000.", "From 1983 to 1994 he was an adviser to the Centre for Analysis and Planning of the French Foreign Ministry.", "From 1978 to 1987 he was the Director of the Minority Rights Group.", "He was the creator of the Permanent People's Tribunal, which was dedicated to the genocide of the Armenia people, and which was presided over by Mr. Sean Mc Bride, founder of Amnesty International.", "The three masted vessel La Boudeuse has been the site of several maritime expeditions.", "The author, co-author or editor of more than 50 books have had their books translated into English.", "The books in A World History of War are in Berkeley.", "The history of terrorism from antiquity to al Qada.", "There are mirrors of a disaster.", "The Spanish conquest of America was published by Rutgers University Press.", "Rutgers University Press published \"Nomadic Empires, From Mongolia to the Danube\" in 2005.", "The New York edition of The Penguin Atlas of Diasporas was published in 1995.", "The Art of War in World History was published in 1994.", "The report on the situation of the Kurds in the Middle East was published in 1994.", "The updated edition of Strategic Atlas was published in 1992.", "Minorities at the Age of Nation-States was published in 1988.", "Saqi Books was in London in 1987.", "The Zoryan Institute is located in Boston, Massachusetts.", "From the Long March to Afghanistan is a historical anthology.", "Berkeley in 1982.", "The struggle for Africa.", "Great Power Strategies was published in 1982.", "The report from Afghanistan was published in 1982.", "Revolution in the Third World: Myths and Prospects, Viking, New York 1977; updated edition, Penguin Books, 1989.", "The Palestinian Resistance was published in Baltimore in 1972.", "The Peasants of North Vietnam was published in 1970.", "The Monthly Review Press published \"Armed Struggle in Africa\" in 1969.", "A cookbook, Food without Frontiers, and two books of poems, The Stubborn March, Crane Books, Watercrown, MA, were written by Chaliand.", "Lone Rider is a bilingual edition.", "Many of his books have been translated.", "Travel Los Angeles, a novel by Robert Laffont, was published in 1991.", "Le guide du voyageur autour du monde was published in 2006 by Aux confins de l'Eldorado, Le Seuil, and Odile Jacob." ]

[ "Gérard Chaliand", "Chaliandia", "Gerard Chaliand" ]

[ "Gérard Chaliand" ]

[ "Fernand Lopez Owonyebe (Born November 12, 1978) is a former Cameroonian mixed martial artist (MMA) and current MMA coach.", "He is best known for establishing MMA Factory, the biggest MMA gym in France, as well as being the former trainer of UFC Heavyweight Champion Francis Ngannou and current trainer of former UFC Interim Heavyweight Champion Ciryl Gane.", "Early life \n\nLopez was born in 1978 in a small village in Lekié and grew up in Yaoundé.", "His father was a college professor and his mother was a high school teacher.", "In his youth his father signed him up for lessons in combat sports such as Taekwondo, Boxing, Judo and Wrestling to defend himself from bullies.", "In 1997, Lopez immigrated to France where he worked as an Electrical Engineer.", "On the side he would attend sports science classes at INSEP while playing Rugby in the Pro D2 league.", "However a neck injury sidelined him in Rugby and he had to have surgery to treat it, rendering him unable to move his neck for three years.", "During this period, Lopez discover to Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu (BJJ) leading him to gain an interest in mixed martial arts.", "Mixed martial arts career \nLopez joined Mathieu Nicourt’s Free Fight Academy where he initially trained in BJJ.", "Once his neck recovered, he resumed training in other combat sports like Wrestling and Boxing.", "On 11 March 2006, Lopez made his professional MMA debut after a year of training.", "The bout took place at Xtreme Gladiators 2 where he submitted Cedric Deschamps via choke in the first round.", "Lopez's professional MMA career lasted for four years from 2006 to 2010.", "He fought in various promotions such as M1 Global and Shooto, where his final record was ten wins and seven losses.", "Coaching career \n\nAfter retiring as a professional fighter, Lopez became an MMA coach at Free Fight Academy for a few years before deciding to establish his own gym.", "In 2013 Lopez and his business partner, a police officer, opened a gym called 'Cross Fight' which was later renamed 'MMA Factory'.", "Initially this academy had two students, but grew very fast to become the biggest gym in France with over 600 students.", "MMA Factory was one of only three gyms to receive sponsorship from Reebok, with the other two being AKA and SBG.", "His most notable student was Francis Ngannou, who became the UFC Heavyweight champion in 2021 after defeating Stipe Miocic in a rematch at UFC 260.", "When Ngannou was 26, he moved from Cameroon to France in order pursue his dream of becoming a professional boxer.", "Didier Carmont met Ngannou and then introduced him to Lopez and the MMA factory.", "Lopez saw the potential of Ngannou and convinced him to try MMA even though Ngannou originally wanted to do boxing.", "Lopez gave Ngannou some MMA gear and allowed him to train and sleep at the gym at no cost.", "Lopez and Ngannou worked very well together, with Ngannou having a successful winning streak in the UFC and eventually getting his first title shot.", "However Lopez was criticized after Ngannou lost to Stipe Miocic in a title bout at UFC 220.", "Since then the relationship between Lopez and Ngannou has deteriorated, with Lopez stating that Ngannou has ego problems and had refused to pay gym membership fees after he had achieved success.", "Ngannou moved to the United states to train at Xtreme Couture.", "Lopez has trained Ciryl Gane who won the Interim UFC Heavyweight Championship after defeating Derrick Lewis on August 7, 2021 at UFC 265." ]

[ "Fernand Lopez Owonyebe was born in 1978 and is a former MMA and MMA coach.", "He is best known for establishing MMA Factory, the biggest MMA gym in France, as well as being the former trainer of Francis Ngannou, who won the UFC title.", "Lopez was born in a small village in Lekié in 1978 and grew up in Yaoundé.", "His mother was a high school teacher and his father was a college professor.", "His father signed him up for martial arts lessons when he was young to defend himself against bullies.", "Lopez moved to France in 1997 to work as an electrical engineer.", "He attended sports science classes at INSEP while playing Rugby in the Pro D2 league.", "He was unable to move his neck for three years because of a neck injury he sustained in Rugby.", "Lopez discovered to BJJ and gained an interest in mixed martial arts.", "Lopez initially trained in BJJ at the Free Fight Academy.", "He resumed training in combat sports after his neck healed.", "After a year of training, Lopez made his professional MMA debut.", "The bout was held at theXtreme Gladiators 2 where he submitted Deschamps via choke in the first round.", "Lopez was a professional MMA fighter for four years.", "His final record was ten wins and seven losses in Shooto and M1 Global.", "Lopez was an MMA coach at Free Fight Academy for a few years before establishing his own gym.", "Lopez and his business partner opened a gym called 'Cross Fight' which was later renamed 'MMA Factory'.", "Initially the academy had two students, but quickly became the biggest gym in France with over 600 students.", "MMA Factory was one of three gyms that received sponsorship from Reebok.", "Francis Ngannou was one of his students and he became the UFC Heavyweight champion in 2021.", "Ngannou moved to France in order to become a professional boxer.", "Carmont introduced Ngannou to Lopez and the MMA factory.", "Lopez convinced Ngannou to try MMA even though he originally wanted to do boxing.", "Lopez allowed Ngannou to train and sleep at the gym at no cost after giving him some MMA gear.", "Lopez and Ngannou worked well together, with Ngannou having a successful winning streak in the UFC and eventually getting his first title shot.", "Lopez was criticized after Ngannou lost a title bout.", "Lopez stated that Ngannou has ego problems and had refused to pay gym membership fees after he had achieved success.", "Ngannou moved to the United States to train.", "Lopez has trained the winner of the Interim UFC Heavyweight Championship." ]

[ "Fernand Lopez Owonyebe", "Lopez", "Lopez", "Lopez", "Lopez", "Lopez", "Lopez", "Lopez", "Lopez", "Lopez", "Lopez", "Lopez", "Lopez", "Lopez", "Lopez", "Lopez", "Lopez" ]

[ "Fernand Lopez Owonyebe", "Lopez", "Lopez", "Lopez", "Lopez", "Lopez", "Lopez", "Lopez", "Lopez", "Lopez", "Lopez", "Lopez", "Lopez", "Lopez", "Lopez", "Lopez" ]

[ "Iván Patricio Eugenio Manns de Folliot (3 August 1937 – 25 September 2021) was a Chilean singer, composer, author, poet, novelist, essayist, play writer and journalist.", "Life and career\n\nInfancy and youth\n\nPatricio Manns was born in the rural town of Nacimiento, in central Chile, on 3 August 1937.", "He is the son of a primary school teacher of French descent and an agricultural engineer of German descent.", "Both of his parents played the piano: his father was a jazz aficionado but his mother studied classical piano.", "His mother was also central in cultivating his interest in literature.", "In his youth he took up a broad range of occupations: from coal miner in Lota to reporter for the daily newspaper La patria in Concepción.", "At the beginning of 1963 he moved to Santiago where he continued his journalistic work.", "Early music career\n\nManns was initiated in the field of music when he composed Bandido in 1959, which was recorded in Argentina in 1962 by the folk group Los Travadores del Norte and in Chile by Los Cuatro Cuartos.", "But it was with the composition Arriba en la cordillera (Up in the Cordillera) in 1965 that he achieved national fame – especially when it was released in the album, Entre Mar y Cordillera (Between Sea and Cordillera) in 1966 on Vinyl format by the label \"Demon\" under the number LPD-021, all songs are credited to Manns, the song \"Ya no canto tu nombre\" is credited to Edmundo Vásquez, on track n ° 8 of the album, \"Sirilla de la Candelaria\" featured Rolando Alarcón, a singer-songwriter Chilean.", "The album was a massive success, other singles were added to the album, such as \"Bandido\" or \"Vai Peti Nehe Nehe\", a song with a title and lyrics in Pascuense language.", "Manns was a founding member (1965) of the New Chilean Song, with Rolando Alarcón and the Parras (the children of Violeta Parra: Isabel and Ángel Parra) and of the Peña of Carmen 340 (later known as the Peña of the Parras), Víctor Jara joined the Peña and the movement a few months later.", "Nueva Canción Chilena (New Chilean Song) movement – for some a folkloric renaissance which led to a revolution in the popular music of the country.", "At the time of the 1973 Chilean coup d'état - which toppled the democratically elected socialist government of Salvador Allende - the Nueva Canción Chilena had acquired a nationwide mass following with Nueva Canción Chilena artists touring the world as cultural ambassadors.", "Manns would go on to actively participate in the extensive production of a series of travelling shows called Chile Rie y Canta (Chile Laughs and Sings) which were organized throughout Chile by René Largo Farías.", "In this early period of his career Manns also composed the cantata El Sueño Americano (The American Dream) (1965), which he recorded with the folk group Voces Andina and that amalgamates distinctive rhythmic elements from different regions of the sub-continent.", "In this song, which has been traced as one of the firsts cantatas to be heard in Latin America, the historical birth of Latin America is told.", "Song XII of the cantata América Novia Mia (America My Bride) has been recorded by himself and Inti-illimani several times.", "During this period he also recorded ¡El Folclore No Ha Muerto, Mierda!", "(Folklore Hasn't Died, Dammit!)", "(1968) with Silvia Urbina which revived folkloric forms which were disappearing under the influence of foreign musical trends that were being popularized in Chile.", "From his multi-faceted role as singer, composer, writer and journalist he actively collaborated in the presidential campaigns of Dr. Salvador Allende in 1964 and in 1970, the latter being the campaign that led Salvador Allende to the presidency as the leader of the Unidad Popular government.", "During this time he recorded the album Patricio Manns (1971) which included one of his best-known compositions Valdivia en la niebla (Valdivia in the fog) and the prophetic No Cierres los Ojos (Don't Close Your Eyes).", "In this recording, which was accompanied by Inti-illimani, the Symphony Orchestra of Chile and the Philharmonic Orchestra of Santiago, the musical arrangements were done by Luis Advis.", "Life in exile\n\nThe military coup of 11 September 1973 found him in Chile and it was only due to international diplomatic mediation that he was able to safely leave his country.", "Late in 1973, Manns settled in Cuba where he began a life in exile that was to last decades.", "During his period in the Caribbean island he composed and recorded accompanied by the Symphony Orchestra of Cuba Cuando Me Acuerdo de Mi País (When I Remember My Country, some years later recorded by Mercedes Sosa) and other songs that were featured in his LP Canción sin Limites (Songs with out limits).", "He collaborated with Humberto Solás with the script for the movie La Cantata de Chile (Cantata of Chile) (1976) and also wrote the text for the musical work of Leo Brouwer which the movie was named after.", "From Cuba he travelled to France where he settled and formed the ensemble Karaxú in 1974 with which he continued to musically collaborate with Cuban artists.", "From exile Manns launched his \"struggle against the Pinochet dictatorship\" becoming a spokesman of the Chilean resistance.", "This was also reflected in almost all his musical productions: Chansons de la Résistence Chilienne (Songs of the Chilean Resistance) (1974).", "Canción sin limites (Songs without limits) (1977).", "In this stage of exile he met Alejandra Lastra (1979) to whom he composed the famous Balada de los Amantes del Camino de Tavernay (Ballad of the Lovers of Tavernay Road) (1981) – Manns had moved and settled with his partner in Chemin de Tavernay in Geneva in the course of 1979.", "As the musicologist Juan Pablo González has stated: \"… in his 27 years of exile, Manns established with Horacio Salinas one of the most fruitful creative collaborations in the history of Chilean music\".", "This collaboration began to take form in the works of Inti-illimani, in compositions such as Retrato (Portrait) or Vuelvo (I Return) – both from 1979.", "From this period of work with Salinas and Inti-illimani we find the grains of songs which with time would grow to become true emblems of the Latin America folk/popular music repertoire: such as El Equipaje del Destierro (The Baggage of Exile), Palimpsesto (Palimpsest) (1981), Cantiga de la Memoria Rota (Verses for a Shattered Memory) and Samba Landó (1985).", "Subsequently, other songs of this collaborative period included Medianoche (Midnight), Arriesgare mi piel (I'll Risk My Skin) (1996) and La Fiesta Eres Tú (You Are the Party) (1998).", "In 1984 he moved to Trez Vella in Échenevex, close to the French-Swiss border.", "In this stage of exile Manns reached a high point in his creativity with the Concert of Trez Vella (1986), a piece that was arranged by Alejandro Guarello, also dedicated to Alejandra.", "He recorded it in Rome accompanied by Inti-Illimani in 1985 and was released in 1986 in Europe.", "This work with Inti-illimani appeared in his third album with them: La muerte no va conmigo.", "He had previously recorded in Rome with them Con la Razón y la Fuerza in early 1980.", "The re-encounter\n\nAfter 17 years of exile in 1990 Manns was allowed to enter Chile and began his return to Chile in August that year, touring and performing throughout the country.", "The tour started on 23 August in the Teatro Teletón and on the 24th in the Estadio Chile (now renamed Estadio Víctor Jara).", "On TVN, he performed for the first time in Chile his emotionally charged Cuando Me Acuerdo de Mi País (When I Remember My Country) before an anxious public in the studio and before a nationwide audience.", "From this tour of Chile, which included Santiago, Concepción, Valparaíso and Viña del Mar, Manns would comment: \"… for now I have accomplished the basic priority of setting foot in my country again\".", "However, since there were pending political trials against him he returned to Trez Vella in September the same year.", "The second step, the definitive return was only to be in 2000, when he decided to return and settle in Chile in the area of Concón.", "21st century\nThe creative and artistic collaboration between Manns and Horacio Salinas continued with works interpreted by Inti-illimani such as La Rosa de los Vientos (Rose of the Winds) (1999) and Cantares del Mito Americano (Songs on the American Myth) an unrecorded work that was performed in the Teatro Municipal of Viña del Mar in 2001.", "Horacio Salinas collaborated with Patricio Manns in the production of his first record as a soloist Remos en el Agua (Oars on the Water) released in November 2003.", "Manns also participated in Inti-Illimani's DVD Lugares Comunes (Common Places) recorded live in the Estadio Nacional de Chile.", "Manuel Meriño put music to Manns now famous poem Vino del Mar (She Came from the Sea) dedicated to Marta Ugarte one of the victims of the Chilean military dictatorship, song which was recorded by Inti-Illimani's Lugares Comunes (Common Places) in 2003.", "During the four century celebration of the city of Nacimiento in December 2003, Manns was named an \"illustrious son\" of this city.", "In September 2003 he launched his work Allende: la Dignidad Se Convierte en Costumbre (Allende: When Dignity Becomes a Custom) in the Estadio Nacional in homage to President Salvador Allende.", "In 2005 he recorded with the Ulli Simon Ensemble in Germany; in 2006 he collaborated in composing songs for Inti-Illimani's album Pequeño Mundo (Small World) and Esencial (Essential).", "He also recorded a CD with Mexican rancheras and corridos for a musical production of the Banco del Estado (Chile's State Bank).", "He also recorded a CD of ballads and boleros titled Porque Te Amé (Because I Loved You) which was highly received in countries like Mexico and Peru.", "In 2010 he released La tierra entera.", "In 2011 La tierra entera won the Altazor Award as the best record of popular music of 2010.", "In 2011, his song The Pascua Lama won the Viña del Mar Music Festival as the best song of folk-roots.", "Manns lived in Central Chile where he has focused on the development of his literary career while he continued performing and creating music.", "Death\nManns died of heart failure at the Clínica Bupa de Reñaca in Viña del Mar on 25 September 2021, at the age of 84.", "Discography\n\nStudio albums \n 1965: Entre Mar y Cordillera\n 1966: El Sueño Americano (with Voces Andinas)\n 1967: ¡El Folclore No Ha Muerto, Mierda!", "(with Silvia Urbina)\n 1968: La Hora Final\n 1971: Patricio Manns\n 1974: Chants de la Résistance Populaire Chilienne (with Karaxú)\n 1977: Canción Sin Límites (with the EGREM Orchestra of Cuba)\n 1983: Con la Razón y la Fuerza o la Araucana (with Inti Illimani)\n 1986: La Muerte No Va Conmigo (with Inti Illimani)\n 1998: Porque Te Amé\n 2003: Allende: La Dignidad Se Convierte en Costumbre\n 2010: La tierra entera\n 2016: La emoción de vivir\n\nLive albums \n 1975: Karaxú Live (live with Karaxú)\n 1983: Itinerario de un Retorno (in Mexico)\n 1990: Patricio Manns en Chile (in Chile)\n 2000: América, Novia Mía\n\nCompilation albums \n 1983: Cuando Me Acuerdo de Mi País\n 1999: Arriba en la Cordillera\n 2015: Legado de Trovadores (Arriba en la Cordillera, 50 años)\n\nLiterature\n\nManns is one of the most prolific writers in Chile.", "His literary creations embrace various genres, from novels with historical themes to essays and plays and he has published more than 30 works.", "The unique structures of his textual constructs and the seamless conductive literary technique he uniquely employs have made him the subject of scholarly study in various European and Latin American schools of literature and universities.", "Bibliography\n\nFiction\n De noche sobre el rastro (1967)\n Buenas noches los pastores (Goodnight shepherds) (1973)\n Actas de Marusia (1974)\n Actas del alto Bío Bío (1985)\n Actas de muerteputa (1988)\n De repente los lugares desaparecen (Suddenly places disappear) (1991)\n El corazón a contraluz (Cavalier seul in France) (1996)\n Memorial de la noche (Night Memorial) (1998)\n El desorden en un cuerno de niebla (1999)\n A traveller's Literary Companion (2003, several authors).", "La vida privada de Emile Dubois (The private life of Emile Dubois) (2004)\n Diversos instantes del reino (Diverse instants of the kingdom) (2006)\n El lento silbido de los sables, Editorial Catalonia (2010)\n\"La conjetura escita\" Editorial Catalonia, (2013).", "\"Música prohibida\" Editorial El Tabo, (2014).", "Plays\n 2000 - La lámpara en la tierra (The Lamp on Earth) (France).", "Puesta en escena por Esequiel García Romeu.", "2011 - Memorial de la noche (Chile).", "Puesta en escena por Adrian Montealegre, grupo de teatro Manos a la obra.", "2011 - La matanza (Chile).", "Puesta en escena por Iván Insuza, grupo de teatro Kapital.", "Poetry\n Memorial de Bonampak (Bonampak Memorial) (2003) (Brosquil, Spain).", "Cantología (2004) (updated in April 2012), Editorial Catalonia, Chile.", "\"Los dolores del miembro fantasma\" LOM 2014.", "Film\nThe 1975 movie Letters from Marusia directed by Miguel Littin was based on a novel by the same name that Manns published in 1974.", "The movie – which featured Gian Maria Volonté in the principal role - caused great controversy and unease among conservative circles in Chile at the time of its release.", "This movie won several awards and was also nominated for an Oscar in 1976 in the Best Foreign Language Film category.www.manns.cl \n\nAwards and recognition\n\nManns is broadly recognized for his multi-faceted prolific career as a musician and literary figure.", "He is a founder of the movement of neo-folkloric popular music that emerged in Chile in the 1960s and constituted a fundamental nexus between the Nueva Canción Chilena (New Chilean Song) movement and more current musical developments.", "As a literary figure he has developed in the field of poetry, as a non-fiction writer, in novels and in theatre.", "Manns has been awarded numerous prizes - both national and international – for recognition in his fields, among them are: \n His first song \"Bandido\", written in 1956 and interpreted by the Chilean group from Concepción \"Los Andinos\", won the Cosquin Festival, Argentina in 1959 and it was one of the first awards Manns received.", "(Alerce Prize) from the SECH (Society of Chilean Writers) organization and the University of Chile (1967)\n Santiago Municipal Literature Award (1973).", "This prize was officially awarded 25 years later in 1998.", "Guggenheim Fellowship (1988)\n Prix Rhône-Alpes: The French edition of his novel El Corazón a Contraluz (Cavalier Seul) was selected as one of the best novels published in France in 1996.", "Premio del Consejo Nacional del Libro y la Lectura (2001) for the anthology of short stories in his Corre Hasta los Arboles (Run to the trees), which was published by Editorial Sudamericana as La Tumba del Zambullidor.", "Premio Municipal de Literatura de Valparaíso (2003).", "Prize given to him for the sum of his literary work.", "The Chilean Society of Writers (SCD) officially recognizes him as a Fundamental Figure of Chilean music (2006).", "In 2009 his song \"Arriba en la cordillera\" was awarded as the best popular song ever made, and Manns was awarded as the best interpreter of the Olmue Musical Festival competing for the best song of all time.", "In 2011 his song De Pascua Lama won the Viña del Mar International Music Festival as the best song of popular music.", "In 2011 he obtained the Altazor Award given by his peers for La tierra entera considered the best record of popular music recorded in 2010.", "References\n\nExternal links\n \nSongs and Discographie in CANCIONEROS.COM\n \n \n Arriba en la Cordillera''\n\n1937 births\n2021 deaths\n21st-century Chilean poets\n21st-century Chilean male writers\nChilean male poets\nChilean communists\nChilean male composers\nChilean singer-songwriters\nChilean folk singers\n20th-century Chilean male singers\nChilean people of German descent\nChilean people of French descent\nNueva canción musicians\nPeople from Bío Bío Province\n21st-century Chilean male singers\nChilean expatriates in Cuba\nChilean expatriates in France" ]

[ "Ivn Patricio Eugenio Manns de Folliot was a singer, composer, author, poet, novelist, essayist, play writer and journalist.", "On August 3, 1937, Patricio Manns was born in the rural town of Nacimiento in central Chile.", "He is the son of a primary school teacher from France and an agricultural engineer from Germany.", "His mother studied classical piano while his father was a jazz musician.", "His interest in literature was nurtured by his mother.", "He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "He moved to Santiago at the beginning of 1963.", "Bandido was composed by Manns in 1959 and was recorded in Argentina in 1962, as well as in Chile by Los Cuatro Cuartos.", "He achieved national fame with the composition Arriba en la cordillera (Up in the Cordillera) in 1965, which was released in the album Entre Mar y Cordillera (Between Sea and Cordillera) in 1966.", "\"Bandido\" or \"Vai Peti Nehe Nehe\", a song with a title and lyrics in Pascuense language, was added to the album.", "One of the founding members of the New Chilean Song was Manns.", "The Nueva Cancin Chilena movement was started by a folkloric renaissance which led to a revolution in the popular music of the country.", "At the time of the 1973 coup d'état, the Nueva Cancin Chilena had acquired a nationwide mass following and was touring the world as cultural ambassadors.", "Manns would go on to participate in the extensive production of a series of travelling shows calledChile Rie y Canta (Chile Laughs and Sings) which were organized throughout Chile by René Largo Faras.", "The cantata El Sueo Americano (The American Dream) was composed by Manns and he recorded it with the folk group Voces Andina.", "The historical birth of Latin America is told in this song, which is one of the first cantatas to be heard in the region.", "Song XII of the cantata América Novia Mia (America My Bride) has been recorded several times by himself and Inti-illimani.", "He also recorded El Folclore No Ha Muerto, Mierda!", "Folklore hasn't died, Dammit!", "The revival of folkloric forms which were disappearing under the influence of foreign musical trends was a result of this.", "He collaborated in the presidential campaigns of Dr. Salvador Allende in 1964 and 1970, the latter being the campaign that led to him becoming the leader of the Unidad Popular government.", "One of his best-known compositions, Valdivia en la niebla (Valdivia in the fog), was recorded during this time, as was the prophetic No Cierres los Ojos (Don't Close Your Eyes).", "Luis Advis did the musical arrangements for this recording, which was performed by the Philharmonic Orchestra of Santiago.", "He was able to leave his country due to international diplomatic mediation after the military coup of 11 September 1973.", "Manns began a life in exile in Cuba in the late 70's.", "During his time in Cuba, he composed and recorded a number of songs, including Cuando Me Acuerdo de Mi Pas (When I Remember My Country), which was later recorded by Mercedes Sosa.", "He collaborated with Humberto Sols on the script for the movie and also wrote the text for the musical work.", "He settled in France in 1974 and formed the ensemble Karax, which he continued to collaborate with Cuban artists.", "Manns began his struggle against the Pinochet dictatorship from exile.", "Chansons de la Résistence Chilienne was one of his musical productions.", "Cancin sin limites was written in 1977.", "Manns moved and settled with his partner in Chemin de Tavernay, where he met and composed the famous Balada de los Amantes del Camino de Tavernay (Ballad of the Lovers of Tavernay Road) (1981).", "In his 27 years of exile, Manns established with Horacio Salinas one of the most fruitful creative collaborations in the history of Chilean music.", "The collaboration began in the works of Inti-illimani, in compositions such as Retrato (Portrait) or Vuelvo (I Return) from 1979.", "We found the grains of songs which would grow to become true emblems of the Latin America folk/popular music repertoire, from this period of work with Salinas and Inti-illimani.", "Medianoche, Arriesgare Mi piel, and La Fiesta Eres T were songs of this collaborative period.", "In 1984 he moved to chenevex, close to the French-Swiss border.", "Manns reached a high point in his creativity with the Concert of Trez Vella, a piece that was arranged by Alejandro Guarello.", "He recorded it in Rome in 1985 with Inti-Illimani.", "La muerte no va conmigo was his third album with Inti-illimani.", "He had recorded in Rome with Con la Razn y la Fuerza.", "After 17 years of exile, Manns was allowed to enter the country in 1990 and began touring and performing.", "The tour began in the Teatro Teletn on the 23rd and in the Estadio Vctor Jara on the 24th.", "He performed before an anxious public in the studio and before a nationwide audience on TVN.", "Manns said that he had accomplished the basic priority of setting foot in his country again, after a tour of Santiago, Concepcin, Valparaso and Via del Mar.", "There were pending political trials against him when he returned to Trez Vella.", "The definitive return was in 2000 when he decided to settle in the area of Concn.", "The creative and artistic collaboration between Manns and Salinas continued in the 21st century with works such as LaRosa de los Vientos and Cantares del Mito Americano.", "Remos en el Agua (Oars on the Water) was released in November of 2003 as a soloist by Horacio Salinas.", "Manns participated in the live recording of Inti-Illimani's DVD.", "Mann's famous poem Vino del Mar (She Came from the Sea) was dedicated to Marta Ugarte, one of the victims of the Chilean military dictatorship, and was recorded by Inti-Illimani.", "Manns was named an \"illustrious son\" of the city during the four century celebration.", "In September of 2003 he launched his work in honor of President Allende.", "In 2005 he recorded with the Ulli Simon ensemble in Germany, and in 2006 he collaborated with Inti-Illimani on two songs.", "He recorded a CD with Mexican rancheras and corridos for a musical production.", "He recorded a CD called \"Porque Te Amé (Because I loved you)\" which was very popular in countries like Mexico.", "La tierra entera was released in 2010.", "The best record of popular music in 2010 was La tierra entera.", "The Pascua Lama was the best song of folk-roots in 2011.", "Manns lived in Central Chile where he focused on the development of his literary career while he continued to perform and create music.", "Death Manns passed away of heart failure at the age of 84.", "1966: El Sueo Americano (with Voces Andinas) is a studio album.", "Cancin Sin Lmites was recorded with the EGREM Orchestra of Cuba.", "He has published more than 30 works, from novels with historical themes to essays and plays.", "He is the subject of scholarly study in various European and Latin American schools of literature and universities because of his unique structures and literary technique.", "There is a fiction about a rastro and a novel about a rastro and a novel about a novel about a novel about a novel about a novel about a novel about a novel about a novel about a novel about a novel about a novel about a novel about a novel about a novel about", "\"La conjetura escita\" is an editorial from Catalonia.", "\"Msica prohibida\" is an editorial by El Tabo.", "2000 - La lmpara en la tierra (The Lamp on Earth)", "Puesta en escena por Esequiel.", "Memorial de la noche was held in 2011.", "Adrian Montealegre, grupo de teatro Manos a la obra.", "La matanza (Chile) took place in 2011.", "Puesta en escena por Ivn Insuza.", "The Poetry Memorial de Bonampak is located in Spain.", "In April 2012 the editorial Catalonia was updated.", "\"Los dolores del miembro fantasma\"", "The 1975 movie Letters from Marusia was based on a novel by Manns.", "At the time of its release, the movie caused great controversy and unease among conservative circles in the country.", "Manns' movie was nominated for an Oscar in the Best Foreign Language Film category.", "He is a founder of the movement of neo-folkloric popular music that emerged in Chile in the 1960s and constituted a fundamental link between the Nueva Cancin Chilena movement and more current musical developments.", "He has become a literary figure due to his work in poetry, non-fiction, novels and theatre.", "The first song written by Manns, \"Bandido\", was interpreted by the group from Concepcin \"Los Andinos\" and won the Cosquin Festival.", "The University of Chile received the Santiago Municipal Literature Award in 1973.", "The prize was awarded in 1998.", "The French edition of his novel El Corazn aContraluz (Cavalier Seul) was selected as one of the best novels published in France in 1996.", "The anthology of short stories in his Corre Hasta los Arboles (Run to the trees) was published by Editorial Sudamericana.", "There is a municipal de literatura in Valparaso.", "He received a prize for his literary work.", "He is a Fundamental Figure of Chilean music according to the Santiago Society of Writers.", "His song \"Arriba en la cordillera\" was the best popular song of all time, and Manns was the best interpreter of the Olmue Musical Festival competing for the best song of all time.", "De Pascua Lama was the best song of popular music in 2011.", "The best record of popular music in 2010 was considered by his peers to be the Altazor Award.", "Songs and Discographie can be found in CANCIONEROS.COM." ]

[ "Iván Patricio Eugenio Manns de Folliot", "Patricio Manns", "Manns", "Patricio", "Manns", "Manns", "Manns", "Patricio", "Manns", "Patricio", "Patricio" ]

[ "Patricio Eugenio Manns de Folliot", "Patricio Manns", "Manns", "Manns", "Manns" ]

[ "Helmud Hontong (9 November 1962 – 9 June 2021) was an Indonesian politician and the vice-regent of the Sangihe Islands Regency from 2017 until his sudden death on 9 June 2021 during a flight from Denpasar to Makassar.", "He had previously served two terms as representative in the regency's parliament from 2009 to 2017.", "He opposed a plan to develop a gold mine in the regency and issued a formal letter to the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources to lift the license of the mining company on 21 April 2021.", "Helmund travelled with his adjutant on a Lion Air transit flight between Denpasar to Makassar on his way to Manado.", "After taking off, he coughed and started bleeding from his mouth and nose.", "When the plane arrived in Makassar, he was declared dead by a medical team at the airport.", "Early life \nHelmud Hontong was born on the island of Mahengetang in the Sangihe Islands on 9 November 1962.", "He spent most of his childhood and education in Tahuna.", "He finished senior high school in 1982 and continued his education, earning a Bachelor of Economics in Manado in 2004.", "Helmud worked as a barber; he opened a small barbershop that he later expanded to become his primary business.", "Political career \nHelmud started to take an interest in politics when he was recruited as a hairdresser for the wife of a member of the provincial parliament in Manado, who encouraged him to run in the legislative election.", "In 2009, he was elected as a representative in the Sangihe Islands' parliament and re-elected in 2014 for a second term, both times for the Golkar Party.", "When his second term ended, Helmud decided to run as a vice-regent in 2017.", "Vice Regency\nIn 2017, Helmud was elected vice-regent of the Sangihe Islands Regency.", "Opposition to gold mine \nHelmud was strongly opposed to a proposed gold mine in the islands that was proposed by PT Tambang Mas Sangihe.", "According to government mapping of the potential mineral resource, the mine would cover of the Sangihe Islands, more than half of their area.", "An exploration permit had been granted in 1987 using karya () contract, which was a product of Suharto's New Order.", "On 29 January 2021, the company was granted a 33-year-long permit for production in the region.", "Jabes Gaghana, however, said the mine would only cover around of land.", "According to the Save Sangihe Islands Movement, which Indonesians organized to oppose the mining permit, Helmud delivered a letter to the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources arguing the mine was against Law Number 1 of 2014 regarding mining permits in small islands and coastal regions.", "Jabes stated he had never seen the letter himself while confirming he was opposed to the mining permit.", "In an interview on 21 April 2021, Helmud stated he strongly rejected any mining activity in the region for any reason.", "Two days after Helmund's death, the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources confirmed to the public his rejection letter but stated they would continue to permit the mine with government surveillance.", "Death \n\nAccording to an official statement from Lion Air, Helmud and his adjutant boarded transit flight JT-740 from Denpasar to Makassar en route to Manado at 15:08 Central Indonesian Time on 9 June 2021.", "Previously, he attended an annual meeting between all regents and vice-regents in Indonesia.", "He was tested negative for COVID-19 and boarded the plane.", "At 15:40, not long after the take-off, the flight crew were told Helmud needed emergency medical help.", "Helmud suddenly coughed and bled from both his mouth and nose; having earlier asked for a drink of water after feeling discomfort in his neck, The crew obtained assistance from a licensed doctor on the flight.", "Helmud was given a portable oxygen tube while the crew loosened his clothes and cleaned his face, which had blood on it.", "The pilot was instructed to land at the nearest airport, which was the original destination Sultan Hasanuddin International Airport.", "At 16:17, the plane landed and he was quickly evacuated to a waiting medical team, who declared him dead.", "Investigation \nHelmud's adjutant refused to allow an autopsy and asked for the vice-regent's body to be taken into a nearby hospital and put into a coffin.", "The medical team stated, according to Suara.com, while he may have died from a heart attack, the cause of death was not clear yet and it was possible other factors were involved.", "Police said Helmud's family also rejected a request for autopsy in Makassar and instead asked that his body be taken right away to Manado.", "According to Helmud's nephew Engel Hontong, Helmud had no history of illness and routinely checked his health; he described Helmud's death as \"very sudden\".", "Police eventually stated the suspected cause of death was a sudden heart attack.", "Helmud's body arrived in Manado a day later and was returned to Tahuna by ship.", "The Sangihe Islands' regency government ordered the national flag to be flown at half mast a day after his death.", "According to CNN Indonesia, the police did not explain the process conducted to conclude he died because of a heart attack.", "Indonesian netizens quickly speculated about Helmud's sudden death in relation to his opposition to the gold mine.", "Mining Advocation Network, an Indonesian NGO that advocates for the effects of the mining industry and communities and the environment, pleaded with the Indonesian government to investigate his death.", "The organization described his death as \"unusual and suspicious\".", "Helmud's death became a trending topic on Indonesian Twitter, with many netizens comparing his death to that of Munir Said Thalib, an Indonesian human rights activist who was poisoned during a flight.", "Following Helmud's death, issues regarding the mining permit also trended with Indonesian netizens.", "Commission II of the People's Representative Council also urged police to investigate his death.", "On 12 June 2021, North Sulawesi Regional Police and the Sangihe Islands Regency Resort Police formed a special team to investigate Helmud's death.", "Police chief of Sangihe Islands Regency said according to his early investigation, Helmud had a history of diabetes and asthma but stated further investigation was needed.", "The National Commission on Human Rights urged the police to investigate his death to clear up speculation.", "Greenpeace declared support for Helmud's initiative to reject the mine and offered condolences.", "On 13 June 2021, police announced an autopsy team would arrive at Tahuna and would start work the next day.", "The following day, police announced the autopsy found Helmud had died from disease complications but refused to comment any further, saying the forensic team would explain in a press conference.", "Later, according to Kompas.tv and Liputan6, the forensic team said they found no trace of toxic substances in Helmud's body.", "References \n\n1962 births\n2021 deaths\nPeople from Sangihe Islands Regency\nIndonesian politicians" ]

[ "Helmud Hontong, an Indonesian politician and the vice-regent of the Sangihe Islands Regency, died during a flight from Denpasar to Makassar.", "He served two terms in the parliament.", "He wrote a letter to the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources to remove the license of the mining company on April 21, 2021.", "Helmund and his adjutant traveled on a Lion Air flight from Denpasar to Makassar.", "He started bleeding from his mouth and nose after taking off.", "He was declared dead when the plane arrived in Makassar.", "On November 9, 1962, Helmud Hontong was born in the Sangihe Islands.", "He spent most of his formative years in Tahuna.", "He earned a Bachelor of Economics in Manado in 2004, after graduating from senior high school.", "Helmud was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "Helmud was recruited as a hairdresser for the wife of a member of the provincial parliament in Manado, who encouraged him to run in the legislative election.", "He was re-elected for a second term in the Sangihe Islands' parliament twice, once for the Golkar Party and once for another.", "Helmud decided to run as a vice-regent after his second term ended.", "Helmud was elected vice-regent of the Sangihe Islands Regency.", "The proposed gold mine in the islands was strongly opposed by Helmud.", "The mine would cover more than half of the Sangihe Islands.", "Suharto's New Order resulted in an exploration permit being granted in 1987.", "The company was granted a permit for production in the region for 33 years.", "The mine would only cover the land.", "According to the Save Sangihe Islands Movement, Helmud delivered a letter to the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources arguing that the mine was against the law.", "He confirmed that he was opposed to the mining permit and stated that he had never seen the letter himself.", "Helmud stated in an interview that he strongly rejected any mining activity in the region.", "Helmund's rejection letter was confirmed to the public by the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources two days after his death.", "Helmud and his adjutant boarded a Lion Air flight from Denpasar to Makassar on June 9, 2021.", "He attended an annual meeting between regents and vice-regents.", "He boarded the plane after being tested negative for the disease.", "The flight crew was told at 15:40 that Helmud needed help.", "Helmud suddenly coughed and bled from his mouth and nose, after asking for a drink of water, and the crew got assistance from a licensed doctor on the flight.", "Helmud was given a portable oxygen tube while the crew loosened his clothes and cleaned his face, which had blood on it.", "The pilot was told to land at the nearest airport, which was Sultan Hasanuddin International Airport.", "A medical team declared him dead after he was quickly evacuated from the plane.", "Investigation Helmud's adjutant refused to allow an autopsy and asked for the vice-regent's body to be taken into a nearby hospital and put into a coffin.", "According to Suara.com, the cause of death was not clear and it was possible that other factors were involved.", "Helmud's family rejected a request for an autopsy in Makassar and instead requested that his body be taken to Manado.", "According to Helmud's nephew, Helmud had no history of illness and regularly checked his health; he described Helmud's death as sudden.", "The suspected cause of death was a sudden heart attack.", "The body of Helmud arrived in Manado a day later.", "The national flag was to be flown at half mast a day after his death.", "According to CNN Indonesia, the police did not explain the process used to conclude he died of a heart attack.", "Helmud's sudden death was linked to his opposition to the gold mine.", "The Indonesian government was urged to investigate his death by the Mining Advocation Network.", "His death was described as suspicious by the organization.", "Helmud's death became a topic on Indonesian social media, with many people comparing his death to that of a human rights activist who was poisoned on a flight.", "Issues regarding the mining permit trended with Indonesian netizens after Helmud's death.", "Police were urged to investigate his death.", "The Sangihe Islands Regency Resort Police formed a special team to investigate Helmud's death.", "Helmud had a history of diabetes and asthma according to the police chief of Sangihe Islands Regency.", "The police should investigate his death to clear up speculation.", "Helmud's initiative to reject the mine was supported by Greenpeace.", "On June 13, 2021, police announced an autopsy team would arrive at Tahuna and begin work the next day.", "The forensic team would explain in a press conference the cause of Helmud's death.", "The forensic team found no toxic substances in Helmud's body.", "The births and deaths of people from the Sangihe Islands." ]

[ "Helmud Hontong", "Helmud Hontong", "Helmud", "Helmud", "Helmud", "Helmud", "Helmud", "Helmud", "Helmud", "Helmud", "Helmud", "Helmud", "Helmud", "Helmud", "Helmud", "Helmud", "Helmud", "Helmud", "Helmud", "Helmud", "Helmud", "Helmud", "Helmud", "Helmud", "Helmud" ]

[ "Helmud Hontong", "Helmud Hontong", "Helmud", "Helmud", "Helmud", "Helmud", "Helmud", "Helmud", "Helmud", "Helmud", "Helmud", "Helmud", "Helmud", "Helmud", "Helmud", "Helmud", "Helmud", "Helmud", "Helmud" ]

[ "George Henry Corliss (June 2, 1817 – February 21, 1888) was an American mechanical engineer and inventor, who developed the Corliss steam engine, which was a great improvement over any other stationary steam engine of its time.", "The Corliss engine is widely considered one of the more notable engineering achievements of the 19th century.", "It provided a reliable, efficient source of industrial power, enabling the expansion of new factories to areas which did not readily possess reliable or abundant water power.", "Corliss gained international acclaim for his achievements during the late 19th century and is perhaps best known for the Centennial Engine, which was the centerpiece of the 1876 Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia.", "Early life\n\nGeorge Henry Corliss was born June 2, 1817, the second child of Dr. Hiram and Susan (Sheldon) Corliss, at Easton, New York, near the Vermont border.", "The son of a physician, he attended local schools until age 14, when he began working in a general store in the town of Greenwich, New York.", "In 1834 he entered the academy at Castleton, Vermont and graduated in 1838.", "Corliss displayed early signs of his mechanical abilities in 1837, after a flood washed away a bridge over the Batten Kill in Greenwich.", "He organized other local builders in erection of a replacement structure.", "After graduating from Castleton in 1838, he established his own general store in town of Greenwich where he remained for three years.", "In January 1839 he married Phebe F. Frost, a native of Canterbury, Connecticut.", "Together they had two children, Maria and George, Jr.\n\nDuring this time, Corliss became more interested in mechanical endeavors.", "Around 1841, he decided to give his whole attention to these new tasks, and in 1842 obtained a patent on a machine for sewing boots, shoes and heavy leather.", "Corliss moved to Providence, Rhode Island in 1844 with hopes of finding funding to perfect his sewing machine.", "In Providence, he found work in the shop of Fairbanks, Bancroft & Company as a draftsman.", "However, he soon abandoned work on sewing machines to focus on a new endeavor, improving the stationary steam engine, which at the time was an innefficient or supplemental alternative to water power.", "Career\n\nIn 1848, Corliss entered into a partnership with John Barstow and E.J.", "Nightingale under the name Corliss, Nightingale & Company.", "During the same year, the company built the first engine utilizing Corliss' improvements, which except for various technical improvements later on, was essentially the Corliss steam engine of years later.", "Corliss and his associates erected a new factory at the junction of Charles Street and the railroad in Providence, where the company would expand greatly in the years to follow.", "By the time of Corliss' death in 1888, the plant would cover about and the company would employ over 1,000 people.", "On March 10, 1849, Corliss was granted US Patent #6162 for his valve gear.", "In 1856 the Corliss Steam Engine Company was incorporated with George Corliss as president, and his younger brother, William, as treasurer.", "By 1859, Corliss engines were being exported to Scotland for use in cotton mills.", "By 1864, valves for the engines were being made at B. Hick and Son, Bolton, England.", "Corliss directed both the business and research sides of this company, and over the years invented many assembly line improvements such as a bevel-gear cutter.", "Europe eventually became a great purchaser of the Corliss engine and it was copied by the engine builders who placed upon their imitations the name of the American builder.", "The dramatic improvement in fuel efficiency of the Corliss engine was a major selling point to manufacturers, particularly during the early years.", "Similar to other engine makers of the day, the Corliss Steam Engine Company often negotiated the selling price of their machines on the projected savings in coal.", "Corliss' first wife Phebe died on March 5, 1859.", "In December, 1866, he married Emily Shaw.", "The Corliss Steam Engine Company supplied the United States Government with machinery during the Civil War.", "When Monitor was being constructed in 1861, it was found a large ring must be made, upon which the turret of Monitor would revolve, and the Corliss Engine Works was one of the very few plants in the country with the necessary machinery to 'turn' up the large ring.", "When Corliss found out what the tooling was for, he put aside other business and worked his plant day and night to get this important ring completed and on time and delivered to New York.", "By the late 1860s, Corliss began to be recognized internationally for his accomplishments.", "At the 1867 World's Fair held at Paris, he won the first prize in a competition of the one hundred most famous engine builders in the world.", "One of its commissioners to the exposition, John Scott Russell, proclaimed of the Corliss valve gear, \"A mechanism as beautiful as the human hand.", "It releases or retains its grasp on the feeding valve, and gives a greater or less dose of steam in nice proportion to each varying want.", "The American engine of Corliss everywhere tells of wise forethought, judicious proportions and execution and exquisite contrivance.\"", "On January 11, 1870, one hundred years after James Watt patented his first steam engine, Corliss was awarded the Rumford Prize by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.", "It was on this occasion Dr. Asa Gray, the president of the academy, remarked, \"No invention since Watt's time has so enhanced the efficiency of the steam engine as this for which the Rumford medal is now presented.\"", "Centennial Exposition\n\nIn 1872 the State of Rhode Island appointed Corliss its commissioner to take charge of the Centennial Exposition at Philadelphia, and he was chosen one of the executive committee appointed to look after the preliminaries.", "Upon the great task of arranging the exposition, he worked with his usual indefatigable energy and it was his suggestion that the Centennial Board of Finance be organized, a body which had no little to do with the insurance of the financial success of the exhibition.", "It was also in his own department as engineer that Corliss contributed largely to the success of the great fair, and it was he that supplied, after the plans of all other competitors proved inadequate, the great fourteen hundred horsepower engine which supplied the power used in Machinery Hall.", "This engine, unequaled in size at that time, was installed by Corliss at a cost of one hundred thousand dollars to himself and without additional expenditure to the exposition.", "The great engine was afterwards used to operate the Pullman Car Works at Chicago until 1910, when it was sold for scrap.", "Late career and legacy\n\nCorliss was also active within the community.", "He was elected three consecutive times to the Rhode Island General Assembly as the Representative from North Providence, his term of service including the three years 1868-69-70.", "In 1876 he was chosen presidential elector, casting his vote for President Hayes.", "In the matter of his religious belief he was a Congregationalist.", "He attended Central Congregational Church in Providence until he joined the Charles Street Church at its founding in 1865.", "He was keenly interested in the cause of religion and gave liberally both to his own and to other churches.", "Corliss' 1849 patent expired in 1870 after it was extended by U.S. Patent reissue 200 on May 13, 1851 and U.S. Patent reissues 758 and 763 on July 12, 1859.", "After 1870, numerous other companies began to manufacture Corliss engines.", "Among them, the William A. Harris Steam Engine Company, the Worthington Pump and Machinery Company, and the E.P.", "Allis Company, which eventually became Allis-Chalmers.", "In general, these machines were referred to as \"Corliss\" engines regardless of who made them.", "The \"Corliss-type\" engine became particularly popular in Europe.", "Amusingly, Corliss received the Grand Diploma of Honor by the Vienna Exposition at Vienna in 1873, although he was not even an exhibitor.", "Another honor, perhaps the greatest of all was given to him by the Institute of France by public proclamation, March 10, 1879, of the Montyon prize for the year 1878, the most coveted prize for mechanical achievement awarded in Europe.", "He received this honor by a peculiar coincidence, on the thirtieth anniversary of the granting of his first patent.", "In 1886, the King of Belgium made Corliss an officer in the Order of Leopold.", "Despite the competition, Corliss would continue to remain active within his company, directing changes to his basic design as market or customer needs dictated.", "Corliss died on February 21, 1888 at the age of 70.", "He is buried at Swan Point Cemetery in Providence, with his second wife Emily.", "The Corliss Steam Engine Company was purchased by the International Power Company in 1900.", "In 1905 it was purchased by the American and British Manufacturing Company.", "In 1925 the company merged into Franklin Machine Company.", "The house he built in 1875 on the east side of Providence, is now known as the Corliss-Brackett House and is part of Brown University.", "Corliss Street in Providence, located near the former site of the Corliss factory, is also named in his honor, as is Corliss High School in Chicago, Illinois.", "Corliss was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 2006.", "See also\n\nCorliss-Brackett House\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n The Corliss engine at the New England Wireless and Steam Museum\n Corliss Steam Engine Info\n 1918 Biographical Sketch\n \n\n1817 births\n1888 deaths\nAmerican Civil War industrialists\nAmerican steam engine engineers\nPeople from Easton, New York\nBurials at Swan Point Cemetery\n19th-century American inventors\nEngineers from New York (state)" ]

[ "George Henry Corliss was an American mechanical engineer and inventor who developed the Corliss steam engine, which was a great improvement over any other stationary steam engine of its time.", "One of the more notable engineering achievements of the 19th century was the Corliss engine.", "It provided a reliable, efficient source of industrial power that enabled the expansion of new factories to areas that did not have reliable or abundant water power.", "Corliss gained international renown for his achievements during the late 19th century and is perhaps best known for his work on the Centennial Engine, which was the centerpiece of the 1876 exposition in Philadelphia.", "George Henry Corliss was the second child of Dr. Hiram and Susan (Sheldon) Corliss.", "He began working in a general store at the age of 14 after attending local schools.", "He graduated from the academy at Castleton, Vermont in 1838.", "After a flood washed away a bridge over the Batten Kill, Corliss showed signs of his mechanical abilities.", "He organized other builders to build a new structure.", "After graduating from Castleton, he established a general store in the town of Greenwich.", "He married a native of Connecticut.", "They had two children, Maria and George, Jr.", "He obtained a patent on a machine for sewing boots, shoes and heavy leather in 1842, after giving his attention to these new tasks.", "Corliss moved to Providence, Rhode Island to find funding for his sewing machine.", "He worked as a draftsman in Providence.", "He abandoned work on sewing machines to focus on improving the stationary steam engine, which at the time was an innefficient or supplemental alternative to water power.", "Corliss formed a partnership with John and E.J.", "Corliss, Nightingale & Company is also known as Nightingale.", "The Corliss steam engine of years later was essentially the first engine built using Corliss' improvements.", "The company was founded by Corliss and his associates at the junction of Charles Street and the railroad in Providence.", "The company would employ over 1,000 people by the time of Corliss' death.", "On March 10, 1849, Corliss was granted a US Patent for his valve gear.", "George Corliss was the president of the Corliss Steam Engine Company in 1856.", "In the 19th century, Corliss engines were exported to Scotland for use in cotton mills.", "The valves for the engines were made at B. Hick and Son.", "Corliss directed both the business and research sides of the company, and over the years invented many assembly line improvements.", "The Corliss engine was copied by the engine builders who put upon their imitations the name of the American builder.", "The improvement in fuel efficiency of the Corliss engine was a major selling point.", "Similar to other engine makers of the day, the Corliss Steam Engine Company negotiated the selling price of their machines on the projected savings in coal.", "On March 5, 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266", "He married Emily Shaw in December of 1866.", "The United States Government was supplied with machinery during the Civil War by the Corliss Steam Engine Company.", "The Corliss Engine Works was one of the few plants in the country that could make the large ring needed for the turret of Monitor.", "When Corliss found out what the tooling was for, he put aside other business and worked his plant day and night to get this important ring completed and delivered to New York.", "Corliss began to be recognized internationally for his accomplishments in the late 1860s.", "He won the first prize in a competition of the most famous engine builders in the world at the 1867 World's Fair.", "The Corliss valve gear was proclaimed by John Scott Russell as a mechanism as beautiful as the human hand.", "It releases or retains its grasp on the feeding valve, and gives a greater or less dose of steam in proportion to each different want.", "The American engine of Corliss tells of good planning, good proportions and good execution.", "One hundred years after James Watt patented his first steam engine, Corliss was awarded the Rumford Prize by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.", "The president of the academy remarked, \"No invention since Watt's time has so enhanced the efficiency of the steam engine as this for which the Rumford medal is now presented.\"", "Corliss was appointed commissioner by the State of Rhode Island in 1872 and was one of the executive committee that looked after the preliminaries.", "After the great task of arranging the exposition, he worked with his usual indefatigable energy and suggested that the Board of Finance be formed, a body which had nothing to do with the financial success of the exhibition.", "After the plans of all other competitors proved inadequate, Corliss supplied the power used in Machinery Hall, and it was in his own department as engineer that he contributed largely to the success of the great fair.", "The engine was installed by Corliss at a cost of one hundred thousand dollars and without additional expenditure to the exposition.", "The Pullman Car Works at Chicago used the great engine until 1910, when it was sold for scrap.", "Corliss was active in the community.", "He served three years as a Representative from North Providence in the Rhode Island General Assembly.", "He cast his vote for the president in 1876.", "He was a Congregationalist in his religious beliefs.", "He was a member of the Charles Street Church when it was founded in 1865.", "He gave liberally both to his own and to other churches because he was interested in the cause of religion.", "The 1849 patent expired in 1870 after being extended by the U.S. Patent.", "Several other companies began to make Corliss engines after 1870.", "The William A. Harris Steam Engine Company is one of them.", "The Allis Company eventually became Allis-Chalmers.", "The machines were referred to as \"Corliss\" engines regardless of who made them.", "The \"Corliss-type\" engine was popular in Europe.", "Corliss was awarded the Grand Diploma of Honor by the Vienna Exposition at Vienna in 1873, even though he was not an exhibitor.", "The most coveted prize for mechanical achievement awarded in Europe, the Montyon prize, was given to him by the Institute of France on March 10, 1879.", "He received this honor on the anniversary of his first patent being granted.", "Corliss was made an officer in the Order of Leopold in 1886.", "Corliss continued to be active within his company despite the competition, directing changes to his basic design as market or customer needs dictated.", "Corliss died at the age of 70.", "He is buried in Providence with his second wife.", "The International Power Company bought the Corliss Steam Engine Company in 1900.", "The American and British Manufacturing Company bought it in 1905.", "Franklin Machine Company was formed in 1925.", "The Corliss-Brackett House is located on the east side of Providence and is part of Brown University.", "Corliss Street in Providence is named after him, as is Corliss High School in Chicago, Illinois.", "In 2006 Corliss was in the National Inventors Hall of Fame.", "The Corliss steam engine is at the New England Wireless and Steam Museum." ]

[ "George Henry Corliss", "Corliss", "George Henry Corliss", ") Corliss", "Corliss", "George", "Corliss", "Corliss", "Corliss", "Corliss", "Corliss", "Corliss", "George Corliss", "Corliss", "Corliss", "Corliss", "Corliss", "Corliss", "Corliss", "Corliss", "Corliss", "Corliss", "Corliss", "Corliss", "Corliss", "Corliss", "Corliss" ]

[ "George Henry Corliss", "Corliss", "George Henry Corliss", ") Corliss", "Corliss", "George", "Corliss", "Corliss", "Corliss", "Corliss", "Corliss", "Corliss", "George Corliss", "Corliss", "Corliss", "Corliss", "Corliss", "Corliss", "Corliss", "Corliss", "Corliss", "Corliss", "Corliss", "Corliss" ]

[ "Nellallitea \"Nella\" Larsen (born Nellie Walker; April 13, 1891 – March 30, 1964) was an American novelist.", "Working as a nurse and a librarian, she published two novels, Quicksand (1928) and Passing (1929), and a few short stories.", "Though her literary output was scant, she earned recognition by her contemporaries.", "A revival of interest in her writing has occurred since the late 20th century, when issues of racial and sexual identity have been studied.", "Her works have been the subjects of numerous academic studies, and she is now widely lauded as \"not only the premier novelist of the Harlem Renaissance, but also an important figure in American modernism.\"", "Early life\nLarsen was born Nellie Walker, in a poor district of south Chicago known as the Levee, on April 13, 1891.", "Her mother was Pederline Marie Hansen, a Danish immigrant, born 1868 in Brahetrolleborg parish on the island of Fyn (Funen).", "Her mother, who went by Mary Larsen (sometimes misspelled Larson) in the U.S., worked as a seamstress and domestic worker in Chicago.", "She would die in 1951 in Santa Monica, Los Angeles County.", "Her father was Peter Walker, believed to be a mixed-race Afro-Caribbean immigrant from the Danish West Indies.", "He was probably a descendant on his paternal side of Henry or George Walker, white men from Albany, New York who were known to have settled in the Danish West Indies in about 1840.", "In that Danish colonial society, racial lines were more fluid than in the former slave states of the United States.", "Walker may never have identified as \"Negro.\"", "He soon disappeared from the lives of Nella and her mother; she said he had died when she was very young.", "At this time, Chicago was filled with immigrants, but the Great Migration of blacks from the South had not begun.", "Near the end of Walker's childhood, the black population of the city was 1.3% in 1890 and 2% in 1910.", "Marie married again, to Peter Larsen aka Peter Larson (b.", "1867), a fellow Danish immigrant.", "In 1892 the couple had a daughter Anna Elizabeth aka Lizzie (married name Gardner) together.", "Nellie took her stepfather's surname, sometimes using versions spelled Nellye Larson and Nellie Larsen, before settling finally on Nella Larsen.", "The mixed family moved west to a mostly white neighborhood of German and Scandinavian immigrants, but encountered discrimination because of Nella.", "When Nella was eight, they moved a few blocks back east.", "The American author and critic Darryl Pinckney wrote of her anomalous situation:\nas a member of a white immigrant family, she [Larsen] had no entrée into the world of the blues or of the black church.", "If she could never be white like her mother and sister, neither could she ever be black in quite the same way that Langston Hughes and his characters were black.", "Hers was a netherworld, unrecognizable historically and too painful to dredge up.", "From 1895 to 1898 Larsen visited Denmark with her mother and her half-sister.", "While she was unusual in Denmark because of being of mixed race, she had some good memories from that time, including playing Danish children’s games, which she later wrote about in English.", "After returning to Chicago in 1898, she attended a large public school.", "At the same time as the migration of Southern blacks increased to the city, so had European immigration.", "Racial segregation and tensions had increased in the immigrant neighborhoods, where both groups competed for jobs and housing.", "Her mother believed that education could give Larsen an opportunity and supported her in attending Fisk University, a historically black university in Nashville, Tennessee.", "A student there in 1907-08, for the first time Larsen was living within an African-American community, but she was still separated by her own background and life experiences from most of the students, who were primarily from the South, with most descended from former slaves.", "Biographer George B. Hutchinson found that Larsen was expelled for some violation of Fisk's strict dress or conduct codes for women.", "Larsen went on her own to Denmark, where she lived for a total of three years between 1909 and 1912.", "After returning to the United States, she continued to struggle to find a place where she could belong.", "Nursing career\nIn 1914, Larsen enrolled in the nursing school at New York City's Lincoln Hospital and Nursing Home.", "The institution was founded in the 19th century in Manhattan as a nursing home to serve black people, but the hospital elements had grown in importance.", "The total operation had been relocated to a newly constructed campus in the South Bronx.", "At the time, the hospital patients were primarily white; the nursing home patients were primarily black; the doctors were white males; and the nurses and nursing students were black females.", "As Pinckney writes: \"No matter what situation Larsen found herself in, racial irony of one kind or another invariably wrapped itself around her.\"", "Upon graduating in 1915, Larsen went South to work at the Tuskegee Institute in Tuskegee, Alabama, where she soon became head nurse at its hospital and training school.", "While at Tuskegee, she was introduced to Booker T. Washington's model of education and became disillusioned with it.", "As it was combined with poor working conditions for nurses at Tuskegee, Larsen decided to leave after a year or so.", "She returned to New York in 1916, where she worked for two years as a nurse at Lincoln Hospital.", "After earning the second-highest score on a civil service exam, Larsen was hired by the city Bureau of Public Health as a nurse.", "She worked for them in the Bronx through the 1918 flu pandemic, in \"mostly white neighborhoods\" and with white colleagues.", "Afterwards she continued with the city as a nurse.", "Marriage and family\nIn 1919, Larsen married Elmer Imes, a prominent physicist; he was the second African American to earn a PhD in physics.", "After her marriage, she sometimes used the name Nella Larsen Imes in her writing.", "A year after her marriage, she published her first short stories.", "The couple moved to Harlem in the 1920s, where their marriage and life together had contradictions of class.", "As Pinckney writes:\n\nBy virtue of her marriage, she was a member of Harlem's black professional class, many of them people of color with partially European ancestry.", "She and her husband knew the NAACP leadership: W.E.B.", "Du Bois, Walter White, James Weldon Johnson.", "However, because of her low birth and mixed parentage, and because she did not have a college degree, Larsen was alienated from the black middle class, whose members emphasized college and family ties, and black fraternities and sororities.", "Her mixed racial ancestry was not itself unusual in the black middle class.", "But many of these individuals, such as Langston Hughes, had more distant European ancestors.", "He and others formed an elite of mixed race or people of color, some of whom had ancestors who had been free people of color well before the American Civil War.", "This had given many families an advantage in establishing themselves and gaining educations in the North.", "In the 1920s, most African Americans in Harlem were exploring and emphasizing their black heritage.", "Imes's scientific studies and achievement placed him in a different class than Larsen.", "The Imes couple had difficulties by the late 1920s, when he had an affair with a white woman at Fisk University, where he was a professor.", "Imes and Larsen would divorce in 1933.", "Librarian and literary career\n\nIn 1921 Larsen worked nights and weekends as a volunteer with librarian Ernestine Rose, to help prepare for the first exhibit of \"Negro art\" at the New York Public Library (NYPL).", "Encouraged by Rose, she became the first black woman to graduate from the NYPL Library School.", "It was run by Columbia University and opened the way for integration of library staff.", "Larsen passed her certification exam in 1923.", "She worked her first year as a librarian at the Seward Park Branch on the Lower East Side, which was predominantly Jewish.", "There she had strong support from her white supervisor Alice Keats O'Connor, as she had from Rose.", "They, and another branch supervisor where she worked, supported Larsen and helped integrate the staff of the branches.", "Larsen transferred to the Harlem branch, as she was interested in the cultural excitement in the African-American neighborhood, a destination for migrants from across the country.", "In October 1925, Larsen took a sabbatical from her job for health reasons and began to write her first novel.", "In 1926, having made friends with important figures in the Negro Awakening (which became known as the Harlem Renaissance), Larsen gave up her work as a librarian.", "She became a writer active in Harlem's interracial literary and arts community, where she became friends with Carl Van Vechten, a white photographer and writer.", "In 1928, Larsen published Quicksand, a largely autobiographical novel.", "It received significant critical acclaim, if not great financial success.", "In 1929, she published Passing, her second novel, which was also critically successful.", "It dealt with issues of two mixed-race African-American women who were childhood friends and had taken different paths of racial identification and marriage.", "One identified as black and married a black doctor; the other passed as white and married a white man, without revealing her African ancestry.", "The book explored their experiences of coming together again as adults.", "In 1930, Larsen published \"Sanctuary\", a short story for which she was accused of plagiarism.", "\"Sanctuary\" was said to resemble the British writer Sheila Kaye-Smith's short story, \"Mrs. Adis\", first published in the United Kingdom in 1919.", "Kaye-Smith wrote on rural themes, and was very popular in the US.", "Some critics thought the basic plot of \"Sanctuary,\" and some of the descriptions and dialogue, were virtually identical to Kaye-Smith's work.", "The scholar H. Pearce has disputed this assessment, writing that, compared to Kaye-Smith's tale, \"Sanctuary\" is ' ... longer, better written and more explicitly political, specifically around issues of race - rather than class as in \"Mrs Adis\".\"", "Pearce thinks that Larsen reworked and updated the tale into a modern American black context.", "Pearce also notes that in Kaye-Smith's 1956 book, All the Books of My Life, the author said she had based \"Mrs Adis\" on a 17th-century story by St Francis de Sales, Catholic bishop of Geneva.", "It is unknown whether she knew of the Larsen controversy in the United States.", "Larsen herself said the story came to her as \"almost folk-lore,\" recounted to her by a patient when she was a nurse.", "No plagiarism charges were proved.", "Larsen received a Guggenheim Fellowship even in the aftermath of the controversy, worth roughly $2,500 at the time, and was the first African-American woman to do so.", "She used it to travel to Europe for several years, spending time in Mallorca and Paris, where she worked on a novel about a love triangle in which all the protagonists were white.", "She never published the book or any other works.", "Later life\n\nLarsen returned to New York in 1937, when her divorce had been completed.", "She was given a generous alimony in the divorce, which gave her the financial security she needed until Imes's death in 1941.", "Struggling with depression, Larsen stopped writing.", "After her ex-husband's death, Larsen returned to nursing and became an administrator.", "She disappeared from literary circles.", "She lived on the Lower East Side and did not venture to Harlem.", "Many of her old acquaintances speculated that she, like some of the characters in her fiction, had crossed the color line to \"pass\" into the white community.", "Biographer George Hutchinson has demonstrated in his 2006 work that she remained in New York, working as a nurse.", "Some literary scholars have engaged in speculation and interpretation of Larsen's decision to return to nursing, viewing her decision to take time off from writing as \"an act of self-burial, or a \"retreat\" motivated by a lack of courage and dedication.\".", "What they overlooked is that during that time period, it was difficult for a woman of color to find a stable job that would also provide financial stability.", "For Larsen, nursing was a \"labor market that welcomed an African American as a domestic servant\".", "Nursing had been something that came naturally to Larsen as it was \"one respectable option for support during the process of learning about the work.\"", "During her work as a nurse, Larsen was noticed by Adah Thoms, an African-American nurse who co-founded the National Association of Colored Graduate Nurses.", "Thoms had seen potential in Larsen's nursing career and helped strengthen Larsen's skills.", "Once Larsen graduated in 1915, it was Adah Thoms who had made arrangements for Larsen to work at Tuskegee Institute's John A. Andrew Memorial Hospital.", "Larsen draws from her medical background in Passing to create the character of Brian, a doctor and husband of the main character.", "Larsen describes Brian as being ambivalent about his work in the medical field.", "Brian's character may also be partially modeled on Larsen's husband Elmer Imes, a physicist.", "After Imes divorced Larsen, he was closely associated with Ethel Gilbert, Fisk Director of public relations and manager of the Fisk Jubilee Singers, although it is unclear if the two married.", "Larsen died in her Brooklyn apartment in 1964, at the age of 72.", "Legacy \nIn 2018, the New York Times published a belated obituary for her.", "Nella Larsen was an acclaimed novelist, who wrote stories in the midst on the Harlem Renaissance.", "Larsen is most known for her two novels, Passing and Quicksand; these two pieces of work got much recognition with positive reviews.", "Many believed that Larsen was a rising star as an African American novelist, until she soon after left Harlem, her fame, and writing behind.", "Larsen is often compared to other authors who also wrote about cultural and racial conflict such as Claude Mckay and Jean Toomer.", "Nella Larsen’s works are viewed as strong pieces that well represent mixed-race individuals and the struggles with identity that some inevitably face.", "There have been some arguments that Larsen’s work did not well represent the “New Negro” movement because of the main characters in her novels being confused and struggling with their race.", "However, others argue that her work was a raw and important representation of how life was for many people, especially females, during the Harlem Renaissance.", "Larsen’s novel Passing was adapted as a 2021 film of the same name by Rebecca Hall.", "Works\n\n1928: Quicksand\n\nHelga Crane is a fictional character loosely based on Larsen's experiences in her early life.", "Crane is the lovely and refined mixed-race daughter of a Danish white mother and a West Indian black father.", "Her father died soon after she was born.", "Unable to feel comfortable with her maternal European-American relatives, Crane lives in various places in the United States and visits Denmark, searching for people among whom she feels at home.", "As writer Amina Gautier points out, \"in a mere 135 pages, Larsen details five different geographical spaces and each space Helga Crane moves to or through alludes to a different stage in her emotional and psychological growth.\"", "Nella Larsen's early life is similar to Helga's in that she was distant from the African-American community, including her African-American family members.", "Larsen and Helga did not have father figures.", "Both of their mothers decided to marry a white man with the hope of having a higher social status.", "Larsen wanted to learn more about her background so she continued to go to school during the Harlem Renaissance.", "Even though Larsen's early life parallels Helga's, in adulthood, their life choices end up being very different.", "Nella Larsen pursued a career in nursing while Helga married a preacher and stayed in a very unhappy marriage.", "In her travels she encounters many of the communities which Larsen knew.", "For example, Crane teaches at Naxos, a Southern Negro boarding school (based on Tuskegee University), where she becomes dissatisfied with its philosophy.", "She criticizes a sermon by a white preacher, who advocates the segregation of blacks into separate schools and says their striving for social equality would lead blacks to become avaricious.", "Crane quits teaching and moves to Chicago.", "Her white maternal uncle, now married to a bigoted woman, shuns her.", "Crane moves to Harlem, New York, where she finds a refined but often hypocritical black middle class obsessed with the \"race problem.\"", "Taking her uncle's legacy, Crane visits her maternal aunt in Copenhagen.", "There she is treated as an attractive racial exotic.", "Missing black people, she returns to New York City.", "Close to a mental breakdown, Crane happens onto a store-front revival and has a charismatic religious experience.", "After marrying the preacher who converted her, she moves with him to the rural Deep South.", "There she is disillusioned by the people's adherence to religion.", "In each of her moves, Crane fails to find fulfillment.", "She is looking for more than how to integrate her mixed ancestry.", "She expresses complex feelings about what she and her friends consider genetic differences between races.", "The novel develops Crane's search for a marriage partner.", "As it opens, she has become engaged to marry a prominent Southern Negro man, whom she does not really love, but with whom she can gain social benefits.", "In Denmark she turns down the proposal of a famous white Danish artist for similar reasons, for lack of feeling.", "By the final chapters, Crane has married a black Southern preacher.", "The novel's close is deeply pessimistic.", "Crane had hoped to find sexual fulfillment in marriage and some success in helping the poor Southern blacks she lives among, but instead she has frequent pregnancies and suffering.", "Disillusioned with religion, her husband, and her life, Crane fantasizes about leaving her husband, but never does.", "\"She sinks into a slough of disillusionment and indifference.", "She tries to fight her way back to her own world, but she is too weak, and circumstances are too strong.\"", "The critics were impressed with the novel.", "They appreciated her more indirect take on important topics such as race, class, sexuality, and other issues important to the African-American community rather than the explicit or obvious take of other Harlem Renaissance writers.", "For example, the New York Times reviewer found it \"an articulate, sympathetic first novel\" which demonstrated an understanding that \"a novelist's business is primarily with individuals and not with classes.\"", "The novel also won Larsen a bronze prize (second place) for literature in 1928 from the William E. Harmon Foundation.", "1929: Passing\n Larsen's novel Passing  begins with Irene receiving a mysterious letter from her childhood friend Clare, following their encounter at the Drayton Hotel, after twelve years with no communication.", "Irene and Clare lost contact with each other after the death of Clare's father Bob Kendry, when Clare was sent to live with her white aunts.", "Both Irene and Clare are of mixed African-European ancestry, with features that enable them to pass racially as \"white\" if they choose.", "Clare chose to pass into white society and married John Bellew, a white man described as a racist.", "Unlike Clare, Irene passes as white only on occasion, for her convenience in negotiating some segregated spaces.", "Irene identifies as a black woman, and married an African-American doctor named Brian; together they have two sons.", "After Irene and Clare reconnect, they become fascinated with the differences in their lives.", "One day Irene meets with Clare and Gertrude, another of their childhood African-American friends; during that meeting Mr. Bellew meets Irene and Gertrude.", "Bellew greets his wife with a racial comment as if he did not know she was half black.", "Irene becomes furious that Clare did not tell her husband about her full ancestry.", "Irene believes Clare has put herself in a dangerous situation by lying to a person who hates blacks.", "After meeting Clare's husband, Irene does not want anything more to do with Clare but still keeps in touch with her.", "Clare begins to join Irene and Brian for their events in Harlem, New York while her husband is traveling out of town.", "Because Irene has some jealousy of Clare, she begins to suspect her friend is having an affair with her husband Brian.", "The novel ends with John Bellew learning that Clare is mixed race.", "At a party in Harlem, she falls out of a window from a high floor of a multi-story building, to her death, under ambiguous circumstances.", "Larsen ends the novel without revealing if Clare committed suicide, if Irene or John pushed her, or if it was an accident.", "The novel was well received by the few critics who reviewed it.", "Writer and scholar W. E. B.", "Du Bois hailed it as the \"one of the finest novels of the year.\"", "Some later critics described the novel as an example of the genre of the tragic mulatto, a common figure in early African-American literature after the American Civil War.", "In such works, it is usually a woman of mixed race who is portrayed as tragic, as she has difficulty marrying and finding a place to fit into society.", "Others suggest that this novel complicates that plot by playing with the duality of the figures of Irene and Clare, who are of similar mixed-race background but have taken different paths in life.", "The novel also suggests attraction between them and erotic undertones in the two women's relationship.", "Irene's husband is also portrayed as potentially bisexual, as if the characters are passing in their sexual as well as social identities.", "Some read the novel as one of repression.", "Others argue that through its attention to the way \"passing\" unhinges ideas of race, class, and gender, the novel opens spaces for the creation of new, self-generated identities.", "Since the late 20th century, Passing has received renewed attention from scholars because of its close examination of racial and sexual ambiguities and liminal spaces.", "It has achieved canonical status in many American universities.", "Bibliography\n\nBooks\n Quicksand (1928)\n Passing (1929)\n\nShort stories\n \"Freedom\" (1926)\n \"The Wrong Man\" (1926)\n\"Playtime: Three Scandinavian Games,\" The Brownies' Book, 1 (June 1920): 191–192.", "\"Playtime: Danish Fun,\" The Brownies' Book, 1 (July 1920): 219.", "\"Correspondence,\" Opportunity, 4 (September 1926): 295.", "\"Review of Black Spade,\" Opportunity, 7 (January 1929): 24.", "\"Sanctuary,\" Forum, 83 (January 1930): 15–18.", "\"The Author's Explanation\", Forum, Supplement 4, 83 (April 1930): 41–42.", "Notes\n\nReferences\n Hutchinson, George (2006), In Search of Nella Larsen: A Biography of the Color Line, Harvard University Press.", "Pearce, H. (2003), \"Mrs Adis & Sanctuary\", The Gleam: Journal of the Sheila Kaye-Smith Society, No.", "16.", "Pinckney, Darryl, \"Shadows\", The Nation, July 17/24, 2006, pp.", "26–30.", "Review: Hutchinson's In Search of Nella Larsen: A Biography of the Color Line.", "Further reading\n\n Thadious M. Davis (1994), Nella Larsen, Novelist of the Harlem Renaissance: A Woman's Life Unveiled.", "(Baton Rouge : Louisiana State University Press).", "George Hutchinson, In Search of Nella Larsen: A Biography of the Color Line (Cambridge, Massachusetts; London, England: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2006).", "Deborah E. McDowell, \"Introduction\" in Deborah E. McDowell (ed.", "), Quicksand and Passing: Nella Larsen, (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1986).", "ix-xxxv.", "Martha J. Cutter, \"Sliding Significations: Passing as a Narrative and Textual Strategy in Nella Larsen's Fiction,\" in Elaine Ginsberg (ed.", "), Passing and the Fictions of Identity, Duke University Press, 1996, pp.", "75–100.", "Nikki Hall, \"Passing, Present, Future: The Intersectional Prescience of Nella Larsen's 1929 Classic,\" in B*tch magazine, (Re)Vision issue, Winter 2015.", "Sheila Kaye-Smith (1956), All the Books of My Life, London: Cassell, 1956.", "Charles R. Larson (1993), Invisible Darkness: Jean Toomer and Nella Larsen.", "Bonnie Wertheim, \"Nella Larsen, 1891-1964,\" New York Times, March 8, 2018.", "External links\n\n Quicksand, Public domain audiobook, Librivox \n Quicksand, scanned original edition at Hathi Trust \nPassing at the Internet Archive (scanned book original edition)\n \"Nella Larsen\", links, secondary bibliography, Washington State University\n\n1891 births\n1964 deaths\n20th-century American novelists\nAfrican-American novelists\nAfrican-American women writers\nAfrican-American librarians\nAfrican-American nurses\nAmerican nurses\nAmerican women nurses\nAmerican people of Danish descent\nAmerican women novelists\nAmerican women short story writers\nAmerican librarians\nAmerican women librarians\nFisk University alumni\nHarlem Renaissance\nWriters from Brooklyn\nWriters from Chicago\n20th-century American women writers\n20th-century American short story writers\nNovelists from New York (state)\nNovelists from Illinois\nPeople involved in plagiarism controversies\n20th-century African-American women\n20th-century African-American writers" ]

[ "\"Nella\" was an American novelist who died on March 30, 1964.", "She published two novels and a few short stories while working as a nurse and a librarian.", "She was recognized by her peers for her literary output.", "There has been a revival of interest in her writing since the late 20th century.", "She is the premier novelist of the Harlem Renaissance, but also an important figure in American modernism, and her works have been the subject of numerous academic studies.", "On April 13, 1891, Nellie Walker was born in a poor district of south Chicago known as the Levee.", "Her mother was born in 1868 on the island of Fyn.", "In the U.S., her mother worked as a domestic worker in Chicago.", "She died in Santa Monica in 1951.", "Peter Walker is thought to be a mixed-race Afro-Caribbean immigrant from the West Indies.", "He is thought to be a descendant of Henry or George Walker, white men from Albany, New York who settled in the West Indies in about 1840.", "The former slave states of the United States had more fluid racial lines than the Danes.", "Walker might never have identified as Negro.", "Nella's mother said that he had died when she was young.", "The Great Migration of blacks from the South had not begun at this time.", "The black population of the city was 2% in 1910 and 1.3% in 1890.", "Peter was married to Marie again.", "He was a fellow Danish immigrant.", "The couple had a daughter named Anna Elizabeth in 1892.", "After taking her stepfather's name, she used different spellings of it and settled on Nella Larsen.", "The mixed family moved to a mostly white neighborhood because of discrimination.", "They moved a few blocks back east when Nella was eight.", "As a member of a white immigrant family, Larsen had no entree into the world of the blues or of the black church according to the American author and critic, Darryl Pinckney.", "She wouldn't be able to be black like her mother and sister because she wouldn't be able to be white like them.", "Hers was a netherworld that was too painful to be dredged up.", "Her mother and half- sister were with her in 1895 to 1898.", "She had a lot of good memories from that time, including playing children's games, which she later wrote about in English.", "She attended a large public school after returning to Chicago.", "As the migration of Southern blacks increased to the city, so did European immigration.", "In the immigrant neighborhoods, both groups competed for jobs and housing.", "She was supported by her mother to attend Fisk University, a historically black university in Nashville, Tennessee.", "For the first time in her life, a student there in 1907-08 was living within an African-American community, but she was still separated by her own background and life experiences from most of the students, who were mostly from the South.", "According to George B. Hutchinson, Larsen was expelled for violating Fisk's dress or conduct codes for women.", "Between 1909 and 1912, she lived on her own in Denmark.", "She was unable to find a place where she could belong after returning to the United States.", "There was a nursing school at New York City's Lincoln Hospital and Nursing Home.", "The institution was founded in the 19th century as a nursing home to serve black people, but the hospital elements have grown more important.", "The entire operation was relocated to the South Bronx.", "The hospital patients were mostly white, the nursing home patients were mostly black, the doctors were white, and the nurses and nursing students were black.", "\"No matter what situation she found herself in, racial irony of one kind or another invariably wrapped itself around her,\" wrote Pinckney.", "After graduating in 1915, she went to work at the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama, where she became the hospital and training school's head nurse.", "She was introduced to Booker T. Washington's model of education and became dissatisfied with it.", "After a year or so, he decided to leave because of the poor working conditions for nurses.", "She worked as a nurse at Lincoln Hospital in New York for two years in 1916.", "After earning the second-highest score on a civil service exam, Larsen was hired by the Bureau of Public Health as a nurse.", "She worked for them in the Bronx during the 1918 flu epidemic in mostly white neighborhoods.", "She worked as a nurse in the city.", "The second African American to earn a PhD in physics was married to a prominent physicist.", "She used to use the name Nella Imes in her writing.", "Her first short stories were published a year after she married.", "There were contradictions of class in the marriage and life of the couple who moved to Harlem in the 1920s.", "She was a member of Harlem's black professional class, many of them people of color with partially European ancestry, because of her marriage.", "She and her husband were familiar with the leadership of the NAACP.", "James Weldon Johnson, Walter White, and Du Bois.", "She was excluded from the black middle class because of her low birth and mixed parentage and because she did not have a college degree.", "In the black middle class, her mixed racial ancestry was not unusual.", "Many of these individuals, such as Langston Hughes, had European ancestors.", "He and others formed an elite of mixed race or people of color, some of whom had ancestors who were free people of color before the American Civil War.", "Many families had an advantage in establishing themselves in the North because of this.", "Most African Americans in Harlem in the 1920s explored and emphasized their black heritage.", "Imes's scientific studies placed him in a different class.", "He had an affair with a white woman while he was a professor at Fisk University.", "They would divorce in 1933.", "The first exhibit of \" Negro art\" at the New York Public Library was prepared by Larsen as a volunteer with Ernestine Rose.", "She was the first black woman to graduate from the NYPL Library School.", "The way for integration of library staff was opened when it was run by Columbia University.", "She passed the exam in 1923.", "She worked at the Lower East Side branch of the library which was mostly Jewish.", "She had the same support from her white supervisor as she had from Rose.", "They supported and helped integrate the staff of the branches where she worked.", "She was interested in the cultural excitement of the African-American neighborhood and moved to the Harlem branch.", "In October 1925, Larsen took a sabbatical from her job and began to write her first novel.", "After befriending important figures in the Negro Awakening, she gave up her job as a librarian.", "She became friends with Carl Van Vechten, a white photographer and writer, after becoming active in Harlem's interracial literary and arts community.", "Quicksand, a autobiographical novel, was published in 1928.", "It received a lot of critical praise, but not a lot of financial success.", "Her second novel, Passing, was critically successful.", "It dealt with issues of two mixed-race African-American women who were childhood friends and had different paths of racial identification and marriage.", "One was identified as black and married a black doctor, the other was white and married a white man.", "The experience of coming together again as adults was explored in the book.", "\"Sanctuary\", a short story for which she was accused of plagiarizing, was published in 1930.", "The short story \"Mrs. Adis\" was published in the United Kingdom in 1919.", "Kaye-Smith was very popular in the US.", "The basic plot of \"Sanctuary,\" and some of the descriptions and dialogue, were almost identical to Kaye-Smith's work.", "\"Sanctuary\" is better written and more political than \"Mrs. Adis\", according to the scholar H.Pearce.", "The tale was updated into a modern American black context.", "In Kaye-Smith's 1956 book, All the Books of My Life, the author said she had based Mrs. Adis on a 17th-century story by St Francis de Sales.", "It is not known if she knew about the controversy in the US.", "The story was told to her by a patient when she was a nurse.", "There were no plagiarism charges.", "In the aftermath of the controversy, she was the first African-American woman to receive a Guggenheim fellowship worth $2,500.", "She spent a lot of time in Mallorca and Paris, working on a novel about a love triangle in which all the protagonists were white.", "She did not publish the book or any other works.", "When her divorce was complete in 1937, she returned to New York.", "She had financial security until Imes's death in 1941, thanks to the generous alimony she received in the divorce.", "He stopped writing because of depression.", "After her husband's death, she returned to nursing and became an administrator.", "She left the literary circles.", "She lived on the Lower East Side.", "She was thought to have crossed the color line to enter the white community by many of her old acquaintances.", "George Hutchinson showed in his 2006 work that she was a nurse in New York.", "Some literary scholars view her decision to take time off from writing as an act of self-burial or a \"retreat\" motivated by a lack of courage and dedication.", "It was difficult for a woman of color to find a stable job that would provide financial stability during that time period.", "The nursing market welcomed an African American as a domestic servant.", "One respectable option for support during the process of learning about the work was nursing.", "Adah Thoms, an African-American nurse who co-founded the National Association of Colored Graduate Nurses, noticed Larsen while she was a nurse.", "Larsen's nursing career was helped by the help of Thoms.", "After graduating in 1915, Adah Thoms made arrangements for Larsen to work at the John A. Andrew Memorial Hospital.", "She used her medical background to create the character of Brian, a doctor and husband of the main character.", "Brian is ambivalence about his work in the medical field.", "Brian's character may be similar to that of the physicist's husband.", "Although it is unclear if the two married, Imes was close to the Fisk Director of public relations and manager of the Fisk Jubilee Singers.", "She died in her Brooklyn apartment at the age of 72.", "Her obituary was published by the New York Times.", "Nella Larsen wrote stories in the midst of the Harlem Renaissance.", "Two of her novels, Quicksand and Passing, got a lot of attention because of their positive reviews.", "After leaving Harlem, her fame, and writing behind, many believed that she was a rising star as an African American novelist.", "Claude Mckay and Jean Toomer are two other authors who wrote about cultural and racial conflict.", "Mixed-race individuals and the struggles with identity that some inevitably face are depicted in Nella Larsen's works.", "Some argue that the main characters in her novels are confused and struggling with their race, which does not represent the New Negro movement.", "Some argue that her work was an important representation of how life was for women during the Harlem Renaissance.", "The film of the same name was adapted by Rebecca Hall.", "Quicksand Helga Crane is a fictional character that is based on early life experiences.", "Crane is a mixed race daughter of a white mother and a black father.", "After she was born, her father died.", "Unable to feel comfortable with her maternal European-American relatives, Crane lives in various places in the United States, searching for people who she feels at home.", "\"In a mere 135 pages, Larsen details five different geographical spaces and each space Helga Crane moves to or through alludes to a different stage in her emotional and psychological growth.\"", "Helga's early life was similar to Nella's because she was distant from the African-American community.", "They didn't have father figures.", "The mothers of both of them decided to marry a white man in order to get a higher social status.", "She continued to go to school during the Harlem Renaissance because she wanted to learn more about her background.", "Helga's life choices end up being very different even though their early lives are similar.", "Helga married a preacher and stayed in a very unhappy marriage while Nella pursued a career in nursing.", "She encounters many of the communities she knew from her travels.", "Crane teaches at Naxos, a Southern Negro boarding school, where she becomes dissatisfied with its philosophy.", "She criticized a sermon by a white preacher who advocated the segregation of blacks into separate schools and said their quest for social equality would lead blacks to become avaricious.", "Crane is moving to Chicago.", "Her white maternal uncle doesn't like her.", "Harlem, New York, where Crane moved, is home to a refined but hypocritical black middle class.", "Crane takes her uncle's legacy and visits her maternal aunt.", "She is seen as an exotic.", "She returns to New York City.", "Crane is close to a mental breakdown and has a charismatic religious experience.", "She moved with the preacher to the rural Deep South after he converted her.", "She is not happy with the people's adherence to religion.", "Crane doesn't find fulfillment in her moves.", "She is looking for more.", "She and her friends consider genetic differences between races.", "Crane searches for a marriage partner in the novel.", "She has become engaged to a prominent Southern Negro man, whom she does not really love, but with whom she can gain social benefits.", "For lack of feeling, she turned down the proposal of a famous white Danes artist.", "Crane married a black preacher by the end of the chapter.", "The novel's close is very pessimistic.", "Crane wanted to find sexual fulfillment in marriage and help the poor Southern blacks she lives among, but instead she has frequent pregnancies and suffering.", "Crane fantasizes about leaving her husband, but never does.", "She sinks into a state of indifference.", "She tries to fight her way back to her world, but she is too weak and the circumstances are too strong.", "The critics liked the novel.", "They appreciated her more indirect take on important topics such as race, class, sexuality, and other issues important to the African-American community rather than the explicit or obvious take of other Harlem Renaissance writers.", "The New York Times reviewer found it to be an articulate, sympathetic first novel which demonstrated an understanding that a novelist's business is primarily with individuals and not with classes.", "The novel won a bronze prize for literature in 1928.", "After twelve years with no communication, a childhood friend sent a letter to an old friend in the novel Passing.", "After the death of Bob Kendry, the two lost contact with each other.", "Both of them have features that allow them to pass themselves off as white if they choose to do so.", "John was a white man who was described as a racist.", "For convenience, she passes as white on occasion.", "An African-American doctor named Brian was married to a black woman who identified as a black woman.", "They became fascinated with the differences in their lives after they reconnected.", "One day, Mr. Bellew and his friends meet with another group of childhood African-American friends.", "As if he didn't know she was half black, Bellew greeted his wife with a racial comment.", "She didn't tell her husband about her full ancestry.", "A person who hates blacks has put herself in a dangerous situation by lying to her.", "After meeting her husband, she doesn't want to have any more contact with him, but she still keeps in touch with her.", "While her husband is out of town, she starts to join them for their events in Harlem, New York.", "She begins to suspect her friend is having an affair with her husband because of her jealousy.", "The novel ends with John learning that he is mixed race.", "She fell out of a window at a party in Harlem to her death.", "The end of the novel doesn't reveal if she committed suicide, if John pushed her, or if it was an accident.", "Only a few critics reviewed the novel.", "W. E. B. is a writer and scholar.", "It was hailed as one of the best novels of the year by Du Bois.", "The tragic mulatto, a common figure in early African-American literature after the American Civil War, was described by some critics as an example of the novel.", "It is usually a woman of mixed race who is portrayed as tragic, as she has difficulty marrying and finding a place to fit into society.", "Some suggest that the novel complicates the plot by showing the different paths taken by the two figures of the same mixed-race background.", "The two women's relationship is suggested to be erotic by the novel.", "As if the characters are passing in their sexual as well as social identities, the husband is portrayed as potentially bisexual.", "The novel was read as a form of oppression.", "The novel opens spaces for the creation of new, self-generated identities through its attention to the way \"passing\" unhinges ideas of race, class, and gender.", "Since the late 20th century, passing has received renewed attention from scholars because of its close examination of racial and sexual ambiguities.", "It's achieved status in many American universities.", "\"Freedom\", \"The Wrong Man\", and \"Playtime: Three Scandinavian Games\" are short stories.", "The Brownies' Book, 1 (July 1920): 219.", "\"Correspondence,\" Opportunity, 4 (September 1926): 295.", "The \"Review of Black Spade\" was published in January 1929.", "\"Sanctuary,\" Forum, 83, was published in January 1930.", "Forum, Supplement 4, 83, \"The Author's Explanation\", was published in April 1930.", "In Search of Nella Larsen: A Biography of the Color Line was written by George Hutchinson.", "\"Mrs Adis & Sanctuary\" was published in The Gleam: Journal of the Sheila Kaye-Smith Society.", "16.", "\"Shadows\", The Nation, July 17th, 2006 pp.", "26–30.", "Hutchinson's In Search of Nella Larsen: A Biography of the Color Line was reviewed.", "Nella Larsen is a Novelist of the Harlem Renaissance: A Woman's Life Unveiled.", "The Louisiana State University Press is inBaton Rouge.", "In Search of Nella Larsen: A Biography of the Color Line was written by George Hutchinson.", "The introduction is written by Deborah E. McDowell.", "Nella Larsen wrote Quicksand and passing.", "It's ix-xxxv.", "\"Sliding Significations: passing as a narrative and textual strategy in Nella Larsen's fiction\" was written by Martha J. Cutter.", "The Duke University Press published passing and the fictions of identity in 1996.", "75 to 100.", "\"Passing, Present, Future: The Intersectional Prescience of Nella Larsen's 1929 Classic\" was published in B*tch magazine.", "All the Books of My Life was written by Kaye- Smith.", "The book \"Insane Darkness: Jean Toomer and Nella Larsen\" was written by Charles R. Larson.", "\"Nella Larsen, 1891-1964,\" Bonnie Wertheim wrote in the New York Times.", "There are External links Quicksand, Public domain audiobook, Librivox Quicksand, scanned original edition at Hathi Trust passing at the Internet Archive." ]

[ "Nellallitea", "Nella", "\" Larsen", "Larsen", "Mary Larsen", "Peter Larsen", "Larsen", "Nella", "Larsen", "Larsen", "Larsen", "Larsen", "Larsen", "Larsen", "Larsen", "Larsen", "Larsen", "Larsen", "Larsen", "Larsen", "Larsen", "Nella", "Larsen Imes", "Larsen", "Larsen", "Larsen", "Larsen", "Larsen", "Larsen", "Larsen", "Larsen", "Larsen", "Larsen", "Larsen", "Larsen", "Larsen", "Larsen", "Larsen", "Larsen", "Larsen", "Larsen", "Larsen", "Larsen", "Larsen", "Larsen", "Larsen", "Larsen", "Larsen", "Larsen", "Larsen", "Larsen", "Larsen", "Larsen", "Larsen", "Nella", "Larsen", "Larsen", "Larsen", "Larsen", "Nella", "Larsen", "Larsen", "Larsen", "Larsen", "Larsen", "Nella", "Larsen", "Larsen", "Larsen", "Larsen", "Nella", "Larsen", "Larsen", "Larsen", "Larsen", "Larsen", "Nella", "Larsen", "Nella", "Larsen", "Nella", "Larsen", "Nella", "Larsen", "Nella", "Larsen", "Nella", "Larsen", "Nella", "Larsen", "Nella", "Larsen", "Nella", "Larsen", "Larsen" ]

[ "Nella", "Nella", "Larsen", "Larsen", "Larsen", "Larsen", "Nella", "Larsen", "Larsen", "Larsen", "Larsen", "Larsen", "Nella", "Larsen", "Nella", "Larsen", "Larsen", "Nella", "Larsen", "Nella", "Larsen", "Nella", "Larsen", "Nella", "Larsen", "Nella", "Larsen", "Nella", "Larsen", "Nella", "Larsen", "Nella", "Larsen", "Nella", "Larsen" ]

[ "Dorothy, Lady Dunnett (née Halliday, 25 August 1923 – 9 November 2001) was a Scottish novelist best known for her historical fiction.", "Dunnett is most famous for her six novel series set during the 16th century, which concern the fictitious adventurer Francis Crawford of Lymond.", "This was followed by the eight novel prequel series The House of Niccolò.", "Her other work include a novel concerning the historical Macbeth called King Hereafter (1982), and a series of mystery novels centered upon Johnson Johnson, a portrait painter and spy.", "Life and work\nDunnett was educated at James Gillespie's High School for Girls in Edinburgh.", "She started her career as a press officer in the civil service, where she met her husband.", "A leading light in the Scottish arts world and a renaissance woman, she was a professional portrait painter and exhibited at the Royal Scottish Academy on many occasions.", "She had portraits commissioned by a number of prominent public figures in Scotland.", "She had a keen interest in opera, was a trustee of the National Library of Scotland, a board member of the Edinburgh International Book Festival, a trustee of the Scottish National War Memorial, and a non-executive director of Scottish Television.", "In 1992 she was awarded an OBE for her services to literature.", "Writing in The Times Literary Supplement, Alexander Fiske-Harrison reviewed her final novel in 2000, Gemini, and through that her entire oeuvre of historical fiction: \"Although Dunnett’s writing style is not the neutral prose of genre fiction and it can be opaque and hard to read, especially in the early works, at times, this works with the almost melodramatic content to produce a powerful, operatic mixture...", "It is neither as a literary novelist nor as a historian, but as a writer of historical fiction that Dorothy Dunnett deserves recognition...", "The publication of Gemini completes an ambitious literary circle.\"", "In 2001 she founded the Dorothy Dunnett Society to promote interest in the historical periods about which she wrote and communication between her readers.", "Dorothy Dunnett's archive was left to the National Library of Scotland and articles from it appear in Whispering Gallery, the magazine of the Dorothy Dunnett Society.", "Dorothy Dunnett was married in 1946 to Sir Alastair Dunnett, editor of The Scotsman newspaper, and appears in his autobiography, Among Friends, 1984.", "By virtue of his knighthood in 1995, she became Lady Dunnett.", "She died in Edinburgh, and was survived by her sons Ninian and Mungo Dunnett.", "Historical fiction\n\nLymond Chronicles\nThe manuscript for the first book in the Lymond Chronicles, The Game of Kings, was rejected by five British publishers before being published by U.S. publisher Putnam in 1961.", "It was written in response to her husband's suggestion that she write something herself, when she complained of having run out of reading material.", "The Lymond Chronicles is a series of six novels, set in mid-sixteenth-century Europe and the Mediterranean, which follows the life and career of a Scottish nobleman, Francis Crawford of Lymond, from 1547 through 1558.", "Meticulously researched, the series takes place in a wide variety of locations, including France, the Ottoman Empire, Malta, England, Scotland and Russia.", "In addition to a compelling cast of original characters, the novels feature many historical figures, often in important roles.", "The House of Niccolò\nThe House of Niccolò is a series of eight historical novels set in the late-fifteenth-century European Renaissance.", "The protagonist of the series is Nicholas de Fleury (Niccolò, Nicholas van der Poele, or Claes), a talented boy of uncertain birth who rises to the heights of European merchant banking and international political intrigue.", "The series shares most of the locations in Dunnett's earlier series, the Lymond Chronicles, but it extends much further geographically to take in the important urban centres of Bruges, Venice, Florence, Geneva, and the Hanseatic League; Burgundy, Flanders, and Poland; Iceland; the Iberian Peninsula and Madeira; the Black Sea cities of Trebizond and Caffa; Persia; the Mediterranean islands of Cyprus and Rhodes; Egypt and the Sinai Peninsula; and West Africa and the city of Timbuktu.", "Nicholas's progress is intertwined with such historical characters as Anselm Adornes, James III of Scotland and James II of Cyprus.", "As with the Lymond Chronicles, the series features a number of historical persons, many as important characters.", "Both the historical and fictional characters are, however, taken from a wider variety of occupations and social classes than in the Lymond Chronicles.", "There are significant differences in narrative approach and writing style between the series, reflecting in part the very different personal journey taken by the central character in each.", "King Hereafter\nKing Hereafter (1982), her long novel set in Orkney and Scotland in the years just before the invasion of England by William the Conqueror, was in Dorothy Dunnett's eyes her masterpiece.", "It is about an Earl of Orkney uniting the people of Alba (Scotland) and becoming its king, and is based on the author's premise that the central character Thorfinn, Earl of Orkney and the historical Macbeth, Scottish King, were one and the same person (Thorfinn is his birth name and Macbeth his baptismal name).", "The Dorothy Dunnett Companion and Companion II\nDunnett assisted in the compilation of The Dorothy Dunnett Companion (1994) and The Dorothy Dunnett Companion II (2002), which were written by Elspeth Morrison.", "These books provide background information to historical characters and events featured in the Lymond Chronicles and The House of Niccolò, as well as explanations of classical allusions and literary and other quotations used in the two series, notes to sources of these citations, and many maps.", "The second volume, which was written after the Niccolò series was completed,contains a bibliography of many of the hundreds of primary and secondary sources Dunnett used in her historical research.", "Dunnett contributed more to the second volume than the first and wrote many of the entries.", "The Johnson Johnson series\n\nThis series of mystery thrillers was written over a long period, starting when she was writing the Lymond Chronicles.", "The final entry was published prior to the first House of Niccolò book.", "Other works\n\n\"The Proving Climb\"\nA contemporary short story, \"The Proving Climb\", set on the Scottish Isle of St. Kilda, was published in the 1973 anthology Scottish Short Stories (Scottish Arts Council, published by Collins, ).", "It was republished by the Dorothy Dunnett Society and distributed to its members in 2008 with issue 100 of Whispering Gallery.", "The Lymond Poetry\nThe Lymond Poetry, contains her versions and translations of some of the poems that appeared in The Lymond Chronicles.", "This was finalised after her death by Elspeth Morrison and edited by Richenda Todd ( published in 2003 by Penguin).", "The Scottish Highlands\nIn collaboration with her husband, Alastair Dunnett, she wrote the text for the photography book The Scottish Highlands (Photographs: David Patterson), published in 1988.", "Adaptations\nIn December 2016, it was announced that the rights to the Lymond Chronicles had been obtained by Mammoth Screen with a view to making a TV series.", "Additional information\n\nDorothy Dunnett Society\nDorothy Dunnett founded the Dorothy Dunnett Society.", "Membership of this registered charity is open to all Dunnett readers, and aims to promote interest in the periods of history about which Dunnett wrote, to preserve her writings, and to promote appreciation of the literary merit of her works.", "It also encourages discussion and meetings between readers.", "Prior to 1 September 2011, the Society was known as the Dorothy Dunnett Readers' Association.", "Memorial\nOn 22 April 2006, a memorial stone to Lady Dunnett was laid by her grandchildren, Hal and Bella Dunnett, alongside those for Robert Louis Stevenson, Robert Burns and Sir Walter Scott in the Makars' Court in Lady Stair's Close on the Royal Mile in Edinburgh.", "The Lord Provost of Edinburgh was in attendance, and gave a speech, as did the Edinburgh Makar (Valerie Gillies), and the Ross Herald (Charles Burnett).", "The initiative to lay the stone, and the main funding for it, came from the members of the Dorothy Dunnett Society.", "The Stone contains Dorothy Dunnett's name, her coat of arms, and a brief quote from one of her books \"Where are the links of the chain ... joining us to the past\".", "Edinburgh home\nDunnett's long-term home at 87 Colinton Road, Edinburgh was at an Edwardian era semi-detached villa in the Merchiston area, designed by Edward Calvert.", "Gatherings\nDorothy Dunnett readers are devoted and active, and have held gatherings in Edinburgh in 1990, 1994, and in 2000 with over 300 people in attendance.", "Similar events were held in Boston, and in Philadelphia in 2000.", "Since her death smaller international gatherings of between 50 and 115 people have been held in Dublin (November 2001), New Orleans (November 2003), Malta (October 2005), Saddell in South West Scotland (April 2007), Orkney (September 2007), and Paris (2010).", "A gathering, 'The Dunnett Siege of Constantinople', took place in Istanbul in September 2012.", "Places visited by the 115 Siegers focused on Pawn in Frankincense and also on John Grant in the Niccolὸ series, in which historical character John Grant had taken part in the 1453 Siege of Constantinople, this was followed by the 'Dunnett Carnival of Venice' in Venice in 2016 focusing primarily on the 'House of Niccolò'.", "There are several meetings of readers in the UK each year, in locations such as Oxford, Bath, London, York, Warwick, Harrogate and Stamford.", "Also the formal Annual General Meeting (AGM) of the Dorothy Dunnett Society is held each spring in Edinburgh as part of its Dorothy Dunnett Weekend.", "Occasional meetings are held in Australia and Canada, as well, with one SworDDplay held in Vancouver in April 2006 and another in Alexandria, Virginia in the United States in March 2008 and the Dunnett Confluence of Pittsburgh took place in Pennsylvania in October 2013.", "Smaller meetings also occur locally in several other countries, such as Germany (notably the annual meeting in Darmstadt) and Italy.", "Readers also get together more informally to go on holiday to various Dunnett locations.", "In 2007 some readers visited Timbuktu and others Venice.", "International Dorothy Dunnett Day (IDDD)\nIn 2011, the first International Dorothy Dunnett Day was announced by the Dorothy Dunnett Society to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the publication of The Game of Kings.", "It was held on Saturday 15 October 2011, with readers gathering in locations around the world at 13:00 (1pm) local time to toast the author.", "Meetings were held in Edinburgh, London, Vancouver, San Francisco, the Costa Del Sol, Boston, and other locations.", "The second IDDD was held on Saturday 10 November 2012, to commemorate the 11th anniversary of the death of Dorothy Dunnett on 9 November 2001.", "The last pre-COVID-19 event was held on 9 November 2019.", "References\n\nExternal links\n Random House - Dorothy Dunnett\n Dorothy Dunnett Society\n Bill Marshall's Dunnett Site\n New York Times obituary\n Dorothy Dunnett - A Personal Perspective\n Obituary by Guy Gavriel Kay\n Desert Island Discs radio programme from 1982\n\n1923 births\n2001 deaths\nOfficers of the Order of the British Empire\nPeople associated with Edinburgh\nScottish historical novelists\nScottish women novelists\nWriters of historical fiction set in the early modern period\nWriters of historical romances\nPeople educated at James Gillespie's High School\n20th-century British novelists\n20th-century British women writers\n20th-century Scottish writers\nWomen romantic fiction writers\nWomen historical novelists\nPeople from Dunfermline\n20th-century Scottish women\nWives of knights" ]

[ "She was a Scottish novelist best known for her historical fiction.", "The six novel series were set in the 16th century and concern a fictional adventurer named Francis Crawford.", "The eight novel series The House of Niccol followed.", "A series of mystery novels centered upon Johnson Johnson, a portrait painter and spy, is one of her other works.", "James Gillespie's High School for Girls in Edinburgh was where life and workett was educated.", "She met her husband while working as a press officer in the civil service.", "She was a professional portrait painter and exhibited at the Royal Scottish Academy many times.", "A number of prominent public figures in Scotland were portraits commissioned by her.", "She was a Trustee of the National Library of Scotland, a board member of the Edinburgh International Book Festival, and a non-executive director of Scottish Television.", "She was honoured for her services to literature.", "Alexander Fiske-Harrison reviewed her entire oeuvre of historical fiction in The Times Literary Supplement, although her writing style is not the neutral prose of genre fiction and it can be opaque and hard to read.", "It is not a literary novelist or a historian, but a writer of historical fiction.", "The literary circle has been completed by the publication of Gemini.", "She started a society to promote interest in the historical periods about which she wrote.", "The National Library of Scotland has an archive of articles that were left by the woman.", "According to his book, Among Friends, 1984, the wife of the editor of The Scotsman newspaper was a woman.", "She became Lady Dunnett because of his knighthood.", "Her sons Ninian and Mungo were by her side when she died.", "The Game of Kings was rejected by five British publishers before being published by Putnam in 1961.", "It was written in response to her husband's suggestion that she write something of her own.", "The life and career of a Scottish nobleman, Francis Crawford of Lymond, is the subject of a series of six novels.", "France, the Ottoman Empire, Malta, England, Scotland and Russia are just a few of the locations where the series takes place.", "Many historical figures are featured in the novels, often in important roles.", "The House of Niccol is a series of historical novels set in the late-fifteenth-century European Renaissance.", "The main character of the series is Nicholas de Fleury, a talented boy of uncertain birth who rises to the heights of European merchant banking and international political intrigue.", "The series takes place in cities like Venice, Florence, and the Hanseatic League, but it also takes place in cities like Burgundy, Flanders, and Poland.", "James III of Scotland and James II of Cyprus are historical characters that are intertwined with Nicholas's progress.", "The series has a number of important characters.", "The historical and fictional characters are taken from a variety of occupations and social classes.", "There are significant differences in narrative approach and writing style between the series, reflecting in part the personal journey taken by the central character in each.", "King Hereafter King Hereafter, her long novel set in Orkney and Scotland in the years just before the invasion of England by William the Conqueror, was her masterpiece.", "It is about an Earl of Orkney unifying the people of Alba and becoming its king, and is based on the idea that the central character is the same person as the Scottish King.", "Two books written by Elspeth Morrison were assisted in by the Companion and Companion II Dunnett.", "These books give background information to historical characters and events, as well as explanations of classical allusions and literary and other quotations used in the two series, notes to sources of these citations, and many maps.", "The second volume, which was written after the Niccol series was completed, contains a bibliography of many of the hundreds of primary and secondary sources used in her historical research.", "Many of the entries were written by Dunnett, who contributed more to the second volume than the first.", "The Johnson Johnson series was written over a long period of time.", "The first House of Niccol book was published before the final entry.", "The Proving Climb is a contemporary short story that was published in 1973.", "It was distributed to its members by issue 100 of Whispering Gallery.", "The versions and translations of some of the poems that appeared in The Lymond Chronicles can be found in The Lymond Poetry.", "After her death, this was edited by Richenda Todd.", "The Scottish Highlands was published in 1988 and was written by her and her husband.", "In December of 2016 it was announced that the rights to the LYMOND CHRONICLES had been obtained by Mammoth Screen with a view to making a TV series.", "The Dorothy Dunnett Society was founded by a woman.", "Membership of this registered charity is open to all Dunnett readers, and aims to promote interest in the periods of history about which she wrote, to preserve her writings, and to promote appreciation of the literary merit of her works.", "Discussion and meetings between readers are encouraged by it.", "The Society was formerly known as the Readers' Association.", "On April 22, 2006 a memorial stone was laid for Lady Dunnett, along with those for Robert Louis Stevenson, Robert Burns and Sir Walter Scott in the Makars' Court in Lady Stair's Close on the Royal Mile in Edinburgh.", "The Lord Provost of Edinburgh gave a speech, as did the Edinburgh Makar and the Ross Herald.", "The main funding for the project came from the members of the society.", "There is a name, coat of arms, and quote from a book on the subject of \"Where are the links of the chain joining us to the past\".", "Edward Calvert designed a semi-detached villa in the Merchiston area that was the long-term home of Dunnett.", "Gatherings have been held in Edinburgh in 1990, 1994, and 2000 with over 300 people in attendance.", "In Boston and Philadelphia, similar events were held.", "Smaller international gatherings of between 50 and 115 people have been held in Dublin, New Orleans, Malta, Saddell, and Paris since her death.", "There was a gathering in Istanbul in September of 2012 called 'The Dunnett Siege of Constantinople'.", "The 'Dunnett Carnival of Venice' in Venice in 2016 was one of the places visited by the 115 Siegers who focused on Pawn in Frankincense and John Grant in the Niccol series.", "There are several meetings of readers in the UK each year.", "The Annual General Meeting of the Society is held in Edinburgh in the spring.", "Occasional meetings are held in Australia and Canada, as well as in Alexandria, Virginia in the United States in March 2008 and in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in October 2013).", "The annual meeting in Darmstadt is one of the smaller meetings that occur in Germany.", "Readers go on holiday together more informally.", "Timbuktu and Venice were visited by some readers in 2007.", "In celebration of the 50th anniversary of the publication of The Game of Kings, the first International Dorothy Dunnett Day was announced in 2011.", "It was held on Saturday 15 October 2011, with readers gathering in locations around the world to toast the author.", "In Edinburgh, London, San Francisco, Costa Del Sol, Boston, and other locations, meetings were held.", "The second IDDD was held to remember the 11th anniversary of the death of the woman.", "The last event was held in November.", "There are External links to Random House, the New York Times obituary, and the Desert Island Discs radio programme." ]

[ "Dorothy", "Dunnett", "Dunnett", "Dunnett", "Dunnett", "Dorothy Dunnett", "Dorothy Dunnett", "Dorothy Dunnett", "Dunnett", "Dunnett", "Dunnett", "Dunnett", "Dorothy Dunnett", "Dunnett", "Dunnett", "Dunnett", "Dunnett", "Dorothy Dunnett", "Dunnett", "Lady Dunnett", "Bella Dunnett", "Dorothy Dunnett", "Dunnett", "Dorothy Dunnett", "Dorothy Dunnett", "Dorothy Dunnett" ]

[ "Dunnett", "Dunnett", "Dunnett", "Dunnett", "Dunnett" ]

[ "Karim Adil Ansarifard (; born 3 April 1990) is an Iranian professional footballer who plays as a forward for Greek Super League club AEK Athens and the Iran national team.", "His playing style and ability have drawn comparisons to Ali Daei (the coach who scouted him) and he has been named Daei's \"successor\".", "World Soccer selected Ansarifard as one of the best young talents in the world alongside Javier Hernández and Jack Wilshere.", "In January 2012, FIFA.com selected him as one of the players to watch in 2012.", "Goal.com also chose him as one of the hottest 100 young football players in the world.", "Also in 2012, FIFA ranked him as the 48th best goalscorer in the world and second best in Asia.", "Club career\n\nSaipa\nDuring one of Saipa's training camps in Ardabil, Karim's home city, he was taken on a training trial by then-coach Ali Daei and was accepted into the club's youth academy and reserves.", "In the 2007 season Saipa the Iranian reigning champions encountered problems in scoring after the departure of Mohsen Khalili and retirement of then-coach Ali Daei.", "After 12 weeks Ali Daei moved Ansarifard to the first team from the reserves and the young starlet answered the coach's faith with good games including the only goal against a strong Sepahan team.", "Ansarifard scored 13 goals during the 2009–10 season.", "After strong performances, Karim became fast one of the best players of Saipa and targeted by European clubs such as Borussia Dortmund and Celtic.", "Later, Steaua București made a €200,000 bid for a half season loan.", "In May 2011, it was suggested that Everton are interested in signing Ansarifard.", "Despite major interest from European clubs, conscription problems made the prospect of Ansarifard moving to a foreign club unlikely.", "Ansarifard renewed his contract with Saipa for another two years on 14 July 2011.", "In the 2011–12 Iranian Pro League season, Ansarifard scored 21 goals and made 5 assists for Saipa, becoming the league's top scorer.", "Persepolis\nThere was much speculation during the 2011–12 Iranian Pro League season that Ansarifard would be leaving Saipa.", "On 17 June 2012 he signed a three-years contract with Persepolis.", "He was given the number 9 shirt.", "He scored his first goal in a pre-season match against Aluminium.", "He made his debut for Persepolis in an official match against Sanat Naft and scored his first goal for Persepolis against Gahar Zagros.", "He scored his first Hat-trick as a Persepolis player (and second in his career) against Paykan.", "He scored another hat-trick in the Round of 32 of Hazfi Cup at Malavan.", "He also scored the Persepolis' first goal in the Hazfi Cup final.", "His team would go on to lose on penalties.", "At the start of the season, Ansarifard initially decided to stay at Persepolis despite bids from Sepahan, Tractor and two UAE Pro League sides.", "However, he fell out with club head coach Ali Daei during pre-season.", "He was out listed and was eventually transferred to Tractor on 14 July 2013.", "Tractor\nAfter Persepolis listed him in the out of the squad, he decided to play another season in Iran and joined Tractor.", "He signed a one-year contract with the option of a transfer to the European leagues in the case of bids.", "He made his debut on 1 August 2013 in a 1–1 draw in Tabriz derby over Gostaresh Foolad.", "He won Hazfi Cup title with Tractor and was named as the tournament's Most Valuable Player.", "Ansarifard scored seventeen goals for Tabriz's reds during his spell at the team, fourteen goals was in the league, making him the season's top scorer for the second time in his professional career.", "In July 2014 Ansarifard was released by Tractor and was allowed to sign with a European club.", "Osasuna\nOn 29 August 2014, Ansarifard signed a two-year deal with Segunda División's CA Osasuna.", "He made his league debut on 4 October 2014, coming on as a substitute for Roberto Torres in the 61st minute against Racing de Santander.", "He made his first start on 18 October in a 3–2 win against CD Tenerife.", "Panionios\nIn the summer of 2015, Ansarifard signed with Panionios in the Superleague Greece.", "He scored his first goal for the club in a 5–1 win over Panetolikos on 3 October 2015.", "He scored the winning goal on 7 November 2015 in a match against Platanias.", "On 28 November 2015, Ansarifard scored a brace and helped Panionios win against PAS Giannina 2–0.", "His solo goal in April 2016 during matchday 28 in a victory against PAOK earned him goal of the week honours.", "In May 2016, Ansarifard, whose contract was due to run out at the end of next season, was offered to PAOK but the 26-year old international was not on top of Eagles' shortlist at the time.", "He started the 2016–17 season as the indisputable leader of club's offence.", "On 10 September 2016, he scored his first goal for the season in a 3–0 home win against rivals Asteras Tripolis.", "Olympiacos\nOn 13 January 2017, Ansarifard signed a 3.5-year contract with Greek giants Olympiacos for a transfer fee of €400,000, Panionios held a 10% sell-on clause.", "He was assigned the number 17.", "On 24 January 2017, he made his first appearance for the club in a Greek Cup 1–1 away draw against Aris, scoring his first goal to equalise the game.", "Ansarifard made his league debut on 11 February 2017 in a 2–0 win against AEL, coming on as a late second-half substitute.", "On 23 February 2017, Karim scored a brace in his second Europa League game against Osmanlıspor.", "With Karim's goals Olympiacos advanced to the Round of 16 for the first time since 2012.", "Karim won the UEFA Europa League Player of the week due to his performance against Osmanlıspor.", "Ansarifard scored his first league goal for Olympiacos on 12 March 2017 in a 2–0 victory against Atromitos.", "On 19 August 2017, on the first match day of the Greece Super League Ansarifard scored and assisted a goal in his team's 4–1 victory.", "After helping the Greek giants to a league title, he was unexpectedly left off the UEFA Champions League squad by new manager Besnik Hasi, who put the forward up for sale.", "On 14 October 2017, he scored a brace against his old club, in an Olympiacos 4–3 away win.", "On 2 December 2017, he scored a brace sealing a 3–1 home win against Apollon Smyrnis.", "On 9 December 2017, he bagged a goal and giving an assist to Kostas Fortounis for his second goal in the game, in a glorious 4–1 away Superleague win against Panetolikos.", "On 24 December 2017, Ansarifard's exceptional performance with Olympiacos sparked what has arguably become the best year of his career.", "The Albanian manager was fired in late September for poor results and Ansarifard has been able to work himself back into the starting lineup, becoming the league's top scorer thus far with seven goals from 11 matches, being the 6th best Asian player in Europe for the season according to Football Tribe Asia.", "On 7 January 2018, he scored in a 3–0 away win game against AEL, helping his club to achieve the 7th successive win in his rally to gain the 8th consecutive title.", "On 15 January 2018, he scored after an assist from Guillaume Gillet sealing a 2–0 home win game against Lamia.", "On 21 January 2018,\nAnsarifard was on target in the 26th and 57th minutes for Óscar García’s Superleague leaders, chalked up their ninth win in a row with a straightforward 3–0 home victory over 10-man Xanthi at the Georgios Karaiskakis Stadium.", "He was named MVP of the game.", "On 28 January 2018, equalised a 1–1 away game against Asteras Tripolis with a penalty kick, when Asteras Tripolis’ former Panathinaikos defender Kostas Triantafyllopoulos brought him down in the box.", "On 4 February 2018, he opened the score in a frustrating 2–1 home loss against rivals AEK Athens stayed behind in the rally for the 2017–18 title.", "On 31 March 2018, he scored with a cool finish from an exquisite Leonardo Koutris pass in a 1–1 away draw against Levadiakos.", "On 16 April 2018, opened the score in an emphatic 5–1 home win against Kerkyra.", "On 29 April, he scored a brace in a 4–0 home win game against Panetolikos, struggling with PAOK's forward Aleksandar Prijović for the title of top scorer.", "Ansarifard's contract was cancelled by Olympiacos after their 2017–18 season.", "Nottingham Forest\nOn 3 November 2018, it was announced that Ansarifard had signed for Nottingham Forest in the Sky Bet Championship after delays obtaining a work permit.", "The Iranian international penned a one-and-a-half-year contract at the City Ground.", "He made his debut for the club coming on as a substitute in a 1–0 win over Sheffield United on 3 November.", "Ansarifard scored his first goal in a 3–0 win at home to Hull City, also assisting the first goal.", "Al-Sailiya\nOn 12 July 2019, Ansarifard made the move to Al-Sailiya in the Qatar Stars League.", "AEK Athens\nOn 25 August 2020, Ansarifard signed a three-year contract with Greek Super League club AEK Athens.", "On 1 October 2020, he scored the winning goal in the 90+4 minute, to achieve a 2–1 win against Wolfsburg in the 2020–21 UEFA Europa League play-off round.", "On 22 November 2020, Ansarifard came in as a substitute and helped to a 4–1 home win against AEL.", "The following week, he scored in a 2–1 away win against Asteras Tripolis.", "On 13 December 2020, he scored a brace in a dramatic 4–3 away win against Apollon Smyrnis.", "On 11 January 2021, he scored the only goal in a 1–0 away win against Lamia.", "On 8 March 2021, he scored a brace in a 2–0 home win against Apollon Smyrnis.", "On 11 April 2021, he scored with a penalty in a 3–1 away win against Aris Thessaloniki.", "On 22 July 2021, he opened the score for the club in the UEFA Europa Conference League, but AEK faced a frustrated away loss with 2–1 against FK Velež Mostar.", "On 24 October 2021, he opened the score in a 3–1 away win against Volos.", "International career\n\nAnsarifard was Invited to the Iran U17 national team in 2005.", "In 2006 AFC U-17 Championship, he wore number 14 and was a benchwarmer.", "Ansarifard played as a substitute in two matches against Tajikistan and Yemen.", "Ansarifard made his debut for the senior Iran national team in a match against Iceland in November 2009 under Afshin Ghotbi and scored his first international goal and the only goal of the game.", "He was given the number 10 previously worn by Ali Daei and scored on 15 January 2011 his third international goal against North Korea, so Ansarifard became Iran's youngest ever goalscorer in the AFC Asian Cup.", "In 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification, Ansarifard scored a double against Maldives at Azadi Stadium.", "He came on as a late substitute against Uzbekistan in the World Cup Qualifiers and assisted with a pass for Mohammad Reza Khalatbari as a 94th-minute winner.", "On 1 June 2014, he was called into Iran's 2014 FIFA World Cup squad by Carlos Queiroz.", "He played his first World Cup match against Bosnia and Herzegovina, coming on as a substitute for Ashkan Dejagah in the 68th minute.", "He was called into Iran's 2015 AFC Asian Cup squad on 30 December 2014 by Carlos Queiroz.", "He provided an assist to Sardar Azmoun in their Asian Cup preparation match against Iraq.", "In May 2018 he was named in Iran's preliminary squad for the 2018 World Cup in Russia.", "He scored a penalty against Portugal with a 1–1 as the result.", "Style of play\nHe has been compared to Iranian legend Ali Daei and German forward Thomas Müller by his fans.", "His favourite player is Fernando Torres.", "He is a centre forward with great energy and impressive in both air and ground.", "He played as a right winger in first season for Saipa but in next seasons returned to his main position.", "Personal life\nAnsarifard is the last child of an Iranian Azerbaijani family and has three brothers and three sisters.", "He studied physical education at Islamic Azad University Central Tehran Branch.", "In August 2018, Ansarifard married Greek businesswoman Alexandra Sofia Kalouli at a ceremony held in Vouliagmeni.", "Kalouli is the managing director of the Innovative Maritime Emotional Intelligence Center (IMEQ Center), a mental health research center with offices in Cyprus and Greece.", "Career statistics\n\nClub\n\nInternational\n\nScores and results list Iran's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Ansarifard goal.", "Honours\nTractor\nHazfi Cup: 2013–14\n\nOlympiacos\nSuper League Greece: 2016–17\n\nIndividual\nPersian Gulf Pro League Top goalscorer: 2011–12 (21 goals), 2013–14 (14 goals)\nPersian Gulf Pro League Team of the Season: 2011–12 , 2013–14\nSuper League Greece Team of the Year: 2017–18\n\nSee also\nIranians in Spain\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nKarim Ansarifard at PersianLeague.com\nKarim Ansarifard at TeamMelli.com\nKarim Ansarifard's Profile in 18ghadam.ir\n\n1990 births\nLiving people\nPeople from Ardabil\nIranian footballers\nIranian Azerbaijani sportspeople\nIslamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch alumni\nAssociation football forwards\nSaipa F.C.", "players\nPersepolis F.C.", "players\nTractor S.C. players\nCA Osasuna players\nPanionios F.C.", "players\nOlympiacos F.C.", "players\nNottingham Forest F.C.", "players\nAl-Sailiya SC players\nAEK Athens F.C.", "players\nPersian Gulf Pro League players\nSegunda División players\nSuper League Greece players\nEnglish Football League players\nQatar Stars League players\nIran international footballers\n2011 AFC Asian Cup players\n2015 AFC Asian Cup players\n2014 FIFA World Cup players\nIranian expatriate footballers\nIranian expatriate sportspeople in Spain\nIranian expatriate sportspeople in Greece\nIranian expatriate sportspeople in England\nIranian expatriate sportspeople in Qatar\nExpatriate footballers in Spain\nExpatriate footballers in Greece\nExpatriate footballers in England\nExpatriate footballers in Qatar\nFootballers at the 2010 Asian Games\n2018 FIFA World Cup players\n2019 AFC Asian Cup players\nAsian Games competitors for Iran" ]

[ "An Iranian professional footballer who plays for AEK Athens and is a member of the Iran national team, was born on April 3, 1990.", "His playing style and ability have drawn comparisons to Ali Daei and he has been named the successor to him.", "Ansarifard was one of the best young talents in the world along with Jack Wilshere.", "In January of 2012 he was one of the players to watch.", "He is one of the hottest young football players in the world.", "In 2012 he was ranked as the 48th best scorer in the world and second best in Asia.", "Saipa was accepted into the club's youth academy and reserves after he was taken on a training trial by Ali Daei.", "After the departure of Mohsen Khalili and the retirement of Ali Daei, the scoring was not as good as it was in the previous season.", "The coach of the first team moved the young player from the reserves to the first team after 12 weeks and he responded by scoring the only goal against a strong Sepahan team.", "Ansarifard scored 13 goals.", "After strong performances, Karim became one of the best players of Saipa and was targeted by European clubs.", "Steaua Bucureti made a bid for a half season loan.", "In May of last year, it was suggested thatEverton were interested in signing Ansarifard.", "Despite major interest from European clubs, the prospect of Ansarifard moving to a foreign club was unlikely.", "On July 14, 2011, Ansarifard renewed his contract with Saipa.", "In the Iranian Pro League, Ansarifard was the league's top scorer with 21 goals and 5 assists.", "There was a lot of speculation that Ansarifard would be leaving Saipa.", "He signed a three-year contract with the company.", "The number 9 shirt was given to him.", "He scored his first goal in a match.", "He made his debut for Persepolis in an official match against Sanat Naft and scored his first goal.", "He scored his first hat-trick in his career against Paykan.", "He scored three times in the Hazfi Cup at Malavan.", "He scored the first goal in the Hazfi Cup final.", "His team lost on penalties.", "At the beginning of the season, Ansarifard decided to stay at Persepolis despite offers from Sepahan, Tractor and two other teams.", "He had a falling out with the club head coach.", "He was transferred to Tractor on July 14, 2013, after being out listed.", "He joined Tractor after being left out of the squad by Persepolis.", "He signed a one-year contract with the option of a transfer to the European leagues.", "He made his debut in the Tabriz derby on August 1st.", "He was named the Most Valuable Player of the Hazfi Cup.", "During his time with Tabriz's reds, he scored seventeen goals, fourteen of which were in the league, making him the season's top scorer for the second time in his career.", "Ansarifard was allowed to sign with a European club after being released by Tractor.", "Ansarifard signed a two-year deal with CA Osasuna.", "He made his league debut as a substitute in the 61st minute against Racing de Santander.", "He made his first start on October 18th.", "In the summer of 2015, Ansarifard signed with Panionios.", "He scored his first goal for the club in a 5–1 win over Panetolikos.", "He scored the winning goal in a match against Platanias.", "Panionios defeated PAS Giannina 2–0 on November 28, 2015.", "His solo goal on matchday 28 in a victory against PAOK earned him the goal of the week.", "In May of 2016 Ansarifard was offered to PAOK but he wasn't on the Eagles' radar at the time.", "He was the leader of the offence at the start of the season.", "He scored his first goal of the season in a 3–0 win against his rival.", "Panionios held a 10% sell-on clause after Ansarifard signed a 3.5 year contract with the Greek giants.", "The number 17 was assigned to him.", "He scored his first goal for the club in a Greek Cup 1–1 away draw against Aris.", "On February 11, 2017, he made his league debut in a 2–0 win against AEL, coming on as a late second-half substitute.", "In his second game of the season, Karim scored a pair of goals.", "It was the first time since 2012 that Olympiacos advanced to the Round of 16.", "The player of the week is decided by the performance of a player.", "In March of last year, Ansarifard scored his first league goal for Olympiacos in a 2–0 victory against Atromitos.", "On the first match day of the Greece Super League, Ansarifard scored and assisted a goal for his team.", "He was put up for sale by Besnik Hasi, the new manager, after helping the Greek giants to a league title.", "He scored a pair of goals against his old club in an away win.", "He scored two goals in a 3–1 home win against Apollon Smyrnis.", "He scored a goal and gave an assist to Kostas Fortounis for his second goal in a Superleague win against Panetolikos.", "What has become the best year of his career was sparked by his performance with Olympiacos on 24 December.", "The Albanian manager was fired in late September for poor results and the 6th best Asian player in Europe is now the league's top scorer with seven goals from 11 matches.", "He scored in a 3–0 away win game against AEL, helping his club to achieve the 7th successive win in his rally to gain the 8th consecutive title.", "He scored after an assist from Guillaume Gillet in a 2–0 home win game.", "The Superleague leaders won their ninth game in a row with a 3–0 victory over Xanthi at the Georgios Karaisk.", "He was the most valuable player of the game.", "In the away game against Asteras Tripolis on January 28, he scored a penalty kick after being brought down in the box.", "He opened the score in a 2–1 home loss to AEK Athens in February of last year.", "In a 1–1 away draw against Levadiakos on 31 March, he scored with a cool finish from an exquisite Leonardo Koutris pass.", "On 16 April, the score was 5–1 in favor of the home team.", "In a 4–0 home win game against Panetolikos on April 29th, he scored a pair of goals, but it wasn't enough to beat PAOK's Aleksandar Prijovi for the title of top scorer.", "The contract of Ansarifard was not renewed by Olympiacos.", "On November 3, 2018, it was announced that Ansarifard had signed forNottingham Forest in the Sky Bet Championship after delays obtaining a work permit.", "The Iranian international signed a one-and-a-half-year contract at the City Ground.", "He made his debut as a substitute in the club's 1–0 win over Sheffield United.", "In a 3–0 win at home to Hull City, Ansarifard scored his first goal and assisted the first goal.", "The move to Al-Sailiya was made on July 12th, 2019.", "On August 25, 2020, Ansarifard signed a three-year contract with AEK Athens.", "He scored the winning goal in the 90+4 minute to give him a 2–1 win against Wolfsburg in the 2020–21 play-off round.", "On November 22, 2020, Ansarifard came in as a substitute and helped to win the game against AEL.", "He scored in an away win.", "He scored a pair of goals in a 4–3 away win against Apollon Smyrnis.", "He scored the only goal in an away win.", "He scored a pair in a home win against Apollon Smyrnis.", "He scored with a penalty in the away win against Aris.", "He opened the score for the club on July 22nd, but they faced a frustrating away loss.", "He opened the score in an away win.", "In 2005 he was invited to the Iran U17 national team.", "He wore the number 14 and was a benchwarmer.", "In the two matches against Yemen and Tajikistan, Ansarifard was a substitute.", "Ansarifard made his debut for the senior Iran national team in a match against Iceland in November 2009, scoring his first international goal and the only goal of the game.", "He became Iran's youngest ever goal scorer in the Asian Cup when he scored his third goal against North Korea on January 15, 2011.", "In the qualification for the World Cup, Ansarifard scored a double.", "He came on as a substitute in the 94th minute and assisted on the winning goal.", "He was called into Iran's World Cup squad on June 1st.", "He came on as a substitute for Ashkan Dejagah in the World Cup match against Bosnia and Herzegovina.", "He was called into Iran's squad for the Asian Cup on December 30th.", "In the Asian Cup preparation match against Iraq, he provided an assist to Azmoun.", "He was named to Iran's preliminary squad for the World Cup in Russia.", "He scored a penalty against Portugal.", "His fans have compared him to Iranian legend Ali Daei and German forward Thomas Mller.", "Fernando Torres is his favourite player.", "He is an impressive centre forward with great energy.", "In the first season, he played as a right wing, but in the next season he moved to his main position.", "The last child of an Iranian Azerbaijani family, Ansarifard has three brothers and three sisters.", "He studied physical education.", "In August of last year, Ansarifard married Kalouli at a ceremony in Vouliagmeni.", "The Innovative Maritime Emotional Intelligence Center is a mental health research center with offices in Cyprus and Greece.", "Iran's goal tally is listed first in Club International Scores and results.", "The Persian Gulf Pro League Team of the Season was 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780", "The players are from Persepolis F.C.", "CA Osasuna players Panionios F.C.", "The players are from Olympiacos F.C.", "The players are from the Forest F.C.", "players AEK Athens F.C.", "Persian Gulf Pro League players, Super League Greece players, English Football League players, and Iranian expatriates in Spain." ]

[ "Karim Adil Ansarifard", "Ansarifard", "Karim", "Karim", "Ansarifard", "Ansarifard", "Ansarifard", "Ansarifard", "Ansarifard", "Ansarifard", "Ansarifard", "Ansarifard", "Ansarifard", "Ansarifard", "Ansarifard", "Ansarifard", "Karim", "Karim", "Karimsman", "Ansarifard", "Ansarifard", "Ansarifard", "Ansarifard", "Ansarifard", "Ansarifard", "Ansarifard", "Ansarifard", "Ansarifard", "Ansarifard", "Ansarifard", "Ansarifard", "Ansarifard", "Ansarifard", "Ansarifard", "Ansarifard", "Ansarifard", "Ansarifard", "Karim", "Ansarifard", "Karim", "Ansarifard", "Karim", "Ansarifard" ]

[ "Ansarifard", "Karim", "Ansarifard", "Ansarifard", "Ansarifard", "Ansarifard", "Ansarifard", "Ansarifard", "Ansarifard", "Ansarifard", "Ansarifard", "Ansarifard", "Karim", "Ansarifard", "Ansarifard", "Ansarifard", "Ansarifard", "Ansarifard", "Ansarifard", "Ansarifard", "Ansarifard", "Ansarifard", "Ansarifard", "Ansarifard" ]

[ "Bethuel Pakalitha Mosisili (born 14 March 1945) is a former Mosotho politician who was the fourth prime minister of Lesotho from May 1998 to June 2012 and again from March 2015 to June 2017.", "He led the Lesotho Congress for Democracy (LCD) to a near-total victory in the 1998 election, and under his leadership the party also won majorities in the 2002 and 2007 elections.", "While serving as Prime Minister, Mosisili was also Minister of Defence.", "Following the snap election held on 28 February 2015, he formed and led a coalition government.", "He was sworn in on 17 March 2015.", "Early life and career\nMosisili was born at Waterfall in Qacha's Nek on March 14, 1945.", "He was educated at the Eagle's Peak High School, where he attained his Cambridge Overseas School Certificate in 1965.", "He did his primary schooling at Tebellong, Souru and Tsoelike and then pursued his higher education at the University of Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland and graduated with a BA in Education.", "Upon graduation in July 1970, he was imprisoned because of his political activism and was released the next year in November.", "He was a member of the Basotho Congress Party.", "In 1976, he attained his MA from the University of Wisconsin in the United States and then completed a BA honours program via distance education from the University of South Africa.", "In 1982, he graduated from Simon Fraser University in Canada with a Master of Education degree.", "Political career\nIn 1993, Mosisili was elected to parliament from the Qacha's Nek Constituency and became Minister of Education.", "On April 14, 1994, he was briefly kidnapped along with three other ministers by soldiers; a fifth minister, Deputy Prime Minister Selometsi Baholo, was killed in this incident.", "Mosisili was appointed Deputy Prime Minister in late January 1995, while remaining Minister of Education; on July 20, 1995, he was named Minister of Home Affairs and Local Government instead, while remaining Deputy Prime Minister.", "A new ruling party, the LCD, was formed in 1997 under the leadership of Prime Minister Ntsu Mokhehle as a split from the Basutoland Congress Party.", "On February 21, 1998, Mosisili was elected leader of the LCD after Mokhehle chose to step down due to poor health.", "After his party's victory in 1998 there were accusations of vote rigging and mass protests from the opposition parties, which culminated with their occupation of the grounds to the palace.", "In the ensuing debacle which saw the army, police and king complicit in an attempt to unseat his government, Mosisili had to resort to asking the regional grouping, Southern African Development Community (SADC), for an intervention to stem the imminent coup.", "New elections were eventually held in May 2002, which his party won, this after a major split led by his former deputy, Kelebone Maope, and Shakhane Mokhehle, the brother of the late founder of his party.", "On this occasion, Mosisili himself was elected to a seat from the Tsoelike constituency, receiving 79.2% of the vote; in his previous constituency, Qacha's Nek, Pontso Sekatle was the LCD candidate.", "In October 2006, Tom Thabane left the LCD and formed a new party, the All Basotho Convention (ABC), and 17 other members of parliament joined him; this left the LCD with a narrow majority of 61 out of 120 seats.", "On Mosisili's advice, King Letsie III dissolved parliament on November 24, 2006, and a new election was scheduled for February 17, 2007; they had previously been expected in April or May.", "The LCD won this election, taking 61 seats; the National Independent Party, allied with the LCD, won an additional 21 seats.", "Whilst attending a funeral in his home district of Qacha's Nek in late 2006, Mosisili gave a speech which quoted a Basotho idiom, \"Se sa feleng sea hlola\", meaning \"anything that does not finish/end is not good\".", "Some believed that he was referring to his term in office and his embattled political party.", "Armed men attacked Mosisili's residence on April 22, 2009, apparently intending to kill him; three of the attackers, one of whom was reportedly a soldier, were killed by police, and Mosisili was unharmed.", "Six people appeared before a South African court in July 2009 on charges of helping in the attempt.", "The Lesotho Communications Minister described the attack as a plot by South African and Mozambican mercenaries to stage a coup in Lesotho.", "Following the snap election held on 28 February 2015, he managed to form and lead a coalition government.", "Two years later, on 1 March 2017, he was defeated in a parliamentary vote of confidence, and an early election was expected to be held, although the opposition wanted Mosisili to step aside and allow Monyane Moleleki, Mosisili's former deputy turned rival, to take over.", "Mosisili then advised King Letsie III to dissolve Parliament, and the King did so on 7 March, despite an opposition effort to obstruct the move.", "The election was held on 3 June 2017 and resulted in a victory for Tom Thabane and his party, the ABC, which won 48 seats against 30 for Mosisili's Democratic Congress.", "A government statement on 8 June said that Mosisili had submitted his resignation to King Letsie but would continue in a caretaker capacity.", "Thabane succeeded Mosisili as Prime Minister on 16 June.", "In November 2018, Mosisili announced his retirement from politics.", "The Democratic Congress held its elective conference in January 2019 and Mathibeli Mokhothu was elected as his successor.", "Mokhothu had served as a government minister in Mosisili's last cabinet.", "Personal life\nHe is married to Mathato Mosisili.", "See also\nSouth African intervention in Lesotho\nPolitics of Lesotho\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nProfile at EISA\nAlumni Profile: Pakalitha Mosisili , Simon Fraser University.", "|-\n\n1945 births\nDemocratic Congress politicians\nGovernment ministers of Lesotho\nLiving people\nMembers of the National Assembly (Lesotho)\nNational University of Lesotho alumni\nPeople from Qacha's Nek District\nPrime Ministers of Lesotho\nSimon Fraser University alumni\nUniversity of South Africa alumni\nUniversity of Wisconsin–Madison alumni" ]

[ "From May 1998 to June 2012 and again from March 2015 to June 2017, Bethuel Mosisili was the fourth prime minister of Lesotho.", "He led the Lesotho Congress for Democracy to a near-total victory in the 1998 election, and the party also won majorities in the 2002 and 2007 elections.", "Mosisili was the Minister of Defence while he was the Prime Minister.", "He formed a coalition government after the election.", "On 17 March 2015, he was sworn in.", "Mosisili was born on March 14, 1945.", "He obtained his Cambridge Overseas School Certificate in 1965, after graduating from Eagle's Peak High School.", "He graduated with a BA in Education from the University of Botswana after completing his primary education at Tebellong, Souru and Tsoelike.", "He was imprisoned for political activism after graduating and was released the next year.", "He belonged to the Basotho Congress Party.", "He obtained his MA from the University of Wisconsin in the United States in 1976, and then completed a BA honours program from the University of South Africa.", "He received a Master of Education degree from Simon Fraser University in 1982.", "Mosisili became the Minister of Education in 1993 after being elected to parliament.", "On April 14, 1994, he was briefly kidnapped along with three other ministers by soldiers; a fifth minister, Selometsi Baholo, was killed in this incident.", "Mosisili became the Minister of Home Affairs and Local Government on July 20, 1995 instead of remaining the Minister of Education.", "A new ruling party was formed in 1997 under the leadership of the Prime Minister.", "Mosisili was elected leader of the LCD after Mokhehle stepped down due to poor health.", "After his party's victory in 1998 there were accusations of vote rigging and mass protests from the opposition parties, which culminated with their occupation of the grounds to the palace.", "The army, police and king were involved in an attempt to oust Mosisili's government.", "The new elections were held in May 2002 and his party won after a major split led by his former deputy, Kelebone Maope, and the brother of the late founder of his party.", "Mosisili was elected to a seat from the Tsoelike constituency, receiving 79.2% of the vote, while Pontso Sekatle was the LCD candidate.", "The All Basotho Convention and 17 other members of parliament joined Tom Thabane in forming a new party, the All Basotho Convention, which left the LCD with a narrow majority of 61 out of 120 seats.", "On Mosisili's advice, King Letsie III dissolved parliament on November 24, 2006 and a new election was scheduled for February 17, 2007; they had previously been expected in April or May.", "The National Independent Party allied with the LCD won 21 seats in the election.", "\"Anything that does not finish/end is not good\" was the meaning of Mosisili's speech at the funeral.", "He was referring to his term in office and his party.", "Three of the men who attacked Mosisili's residence on April 22, 2009, were killed by police, and Mosisili was unharmed.", "Six people appeared before a South African court in July of 2009.", "The Communications Minister of Lesotho said that the attack was a plot by South African mercenaries to stage a coup.", "He formed and led a coalition government after the snap election.", "Mosisili was defeated in a parliamentary vote of confidence two years later and an early election was expected, although the opposition wanted him to step aside and allow Monyane Moleleki to take his place.", "King Letsie III dissolved Parliament on 7 March despite opposition attempts to block the move.", "Tom Thabane's ABC won 48 seats against 30 for Mosisili's Democratic Congress in the June election.", "According to a government statement on 8 June, Mosisili had submitted his resignation to King Letsie but would continue in a caretaker capacity.", "Thabane became Prime Minister on June 16.", "Mosisili retired from politics in November.", "Mokhothu was elected as the new leader of the Democratic Congress.", "Mokhothu was a government minister in Mosisili's last cabinet.", "He is married to a woman.", "There are External links to the Alumni Profile at Simon Fraser University.", "Members of the National Assembly (Lesotho) are members of the Democratic Congress, as well as Simon Fraser University alumni and the University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni." ]

[ "Bethuel Pakalitha Mosisili", "Mosisili", "Mosisili", "Mosisili", "Mosisili", "Mosisili", "Mosisili", "Mosisili", "Mosisili", "Mosisili", "Mosisili", "Mosisili", "Mosisili", "Mosisili", "Mosisili", "Mosisili", "Mosisili", "Mosisili", "Mosisili", "Mosisili", "Mosisili", "Pakalitha", "Mosisili" ]

[ "Bethuel Mosisili", "Mosisili", "Mosisili", "Mosisili", "Mosisili", "Mosisili", "Mosisili", "Mosisili", "Mosisili", "Mosisili", "Mosisili", "Mosisili", "Mosisili", "Mosisili", "Mosisili", "Mosisili", "Mosisili" ]

[ "Dom Afonso (23 February 1845 – 11 June 1847) was the Prince Imperial and heir apparent to the throne of the Empire of Brazil.", "Born in Rio de Janeiro, he was the eldest child of Emperor Dom Pedro II and Dona Teresa Cristina of the Two Sicilies, and thus a member of the Brazilian branch of the House of Braganza.", "Afonso died from epilepsy at the age of two, devastating the emperor.", "The following year, Pedro and Teresa Cristina had another son, Pedro Afonso, but he too died in infancy.", "After the loss of his second son, doubts grew in Pedro II's mind that the imperial system could be viable.", "He still had an heir in his daughter Isabel, but he was unconvinced that a female would prove to be a suitable successor.", "He showed less concern about the effects his policies had on the monarchy, provided his daughter Isabel with no training for her role as potential empress, and failed to cultivate her acceptance within the country's political class.", "Pedro II's lack of interest in protecting the imperial system ultimately led to its downfall.", "Birth \n\nAfonso was born at 13:35 on 23 February 1845 in the Palace of São Cristóvão, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.", "He was named after his ancestor Afonso, Duke of Braganza, son of King João I of Portugal and founder of the House of Braganza (Portuguese: Bragança).", "His full name was Afonso Pedro de Alcântara Cristiano Leopoldo Filipe Eugênio Miguel Gabriel Rafael Gonzaga.", "Through his father, Emperor Pedro II, he was a member of the Brazilian branch of the House of Braganza (Portuguese: Bragança) and was referred to using the honorific \"Dom\" (Lord) from birth.", "Afonso was the grandson of Emperor Pedro I of Brazil and nephew of Queen Maria II of Portugal.", "Through his mother, Teresa Cristina, he was a grandson of Francis I and nephew to Ferdinand II, who ruled as kings of the Two Sicilies in turn.", "The U.S. minister in Brazil reported that his birth was heralded \"by rockets and artillery, and was followed by a grand fête day at court... and by illuminations and displays of various sorts and public rejoicings\".", "As was customary within the House of Braganza, Afonso's birth was a formal event attended by the imperial court.", "Pedro II immediately presented the newborn baby to the throng gathered in the palace, announcing \"Gentlemen, it is a prince whom God ...\"—here he was overcome with emotion and was unable to continue.", "The birth of a much needed male heir—thus regarded by contemporaries—was met with joy throughout the empire.", "Luís Alves de Lima e Silva (then Baron and later Duke of Caxias) wrote to his father: \"No one was happier than I with the news [of the prince's birth]\".", "Life and impact \n\nThe birth of an heir produced changes in Pedro II's character.", "Previously isolated and shy, he became more outgoing and confident as monarch.", "His strained relationship with his wife, the product of a disappointing arranged marriage, also improved, and with children came shared domestic interests that developed into an affectionate friendship.", "Afonso was healthy, and as the eldest son of Pedro II, was heir to the throne and styled \"Prince Imperial\".", "The young prince resembled his father, particularly in his face, hair and eyes.", "Because of his gender and position as heir apparent, he became the center of attention, particularly for Pedro II.", "A letter written by Pedro II to his elder sister Maria II a few months after the birth of his second child—a daughter named Isabel—displayed his happiness: \"No news here save the good state of health of myself, of the empress, and of the little ones, who are becoming increasingly cute, principally little Afonso, who is already walking and who says many words, still half incomprehensible, the which increases their charm.\"", "Death \nOn 11 June 1847, the young prince was playing in the library of the palace when he experienced a series of strong convulsions and died, not quite two and a half years old.", "His death revealed that Afonso suffered from epilepsy, as did his father.", "The grief of Pedro II and his wife was enormous.", "It was feared that the shock might affect Teresa Cristina's health, as she was pregnant at the time with her third child.", "She later gave birth without complications on 13 July to a girl, who was christened Leopoldina.", "The devastated emperor wrote a letter to his stepmother, the Empress Amélia, dated 11 July 1847, telling her of Afonso's death: \"With the most piercing grief I tell you that my little Afonso, your godson, unfortunately died of convulsions, which he suffered during five hours on the 4th of last month; and a few days ago little Isabel was put at risk by a strong attack of convulsions that greatly frightened me.\"", "A grand state funeral—not seen since the death of Pedro II's sister Paula in 1833—was held for the Prince Imperial at 7 p.m. three days after his death.", "He was buried in the Convento da Ajuda (Convent of Aid) in Rio de Janeiro.", "When the convent was demolished in 1911 his remains were moved to the mausoleum of the Convento de Santo Antônio (Convent of Saint Anthony) in Rio de Janeiro, where other members of the Brazilian House of Braganza (including his younger brother Pedro, his uncle João and his aunt Paula) are also located.", "Legacy \n\nThe prince's early death (and the later demise of his younger brother) had an enormous impact on Pedro II: on a personal level, on his future conduct as monarch, and on the empire.", "In his eyes, the deaths of his only sons seemed to presage the end of the imperial system.", "Although the emperor still had a legal successor in his daughter Isabel, in the male-dominated society of the time he had little confidence that a woman could rule Brazil.", "He was fond and respectful of the women in his life, but he did not consider it feasible that Isabel could survive as monarch.", "He did nothing to prepare Isabel for the responsibilities of ascending the throne, nor did he attempt to encourage acceptance of a female ruler among the political class.", "Pedro II began his rule as a figurehead who held together a realm on the verge of disintegration.", "He quickly matured and successfully navigated the empire through repeated and serious crises.", "By the time of Afonso's death, the nation was entering an unprecedented era of prosperity, development and tranquility.", "Even as the emperor's political successes and policies began to bear fruit, the lack of a male heir caused him to lose motivation to promote the imperial office as a position to be carried on by his descendants.", "The emperor turned away from personal and family ties, and focused on upholding the constitution while directing Brazil toward policies that furthered modernization and social advancement.", "The future of the monarchy as an institution no longer mattered to him, and in 1889, he was deposed in a coup, marking the end of the Empire of Brazil.", "Titles, styles and honors\n\nTitles and styles \n 23 February 1845 – 11 June 1847: His Imperial Highness The Prince Imperial\n\nThe prince's full style and title was \"His Imperial Highness Dom Afonso, Prince Imperial of Brazil\".", "Appointments \n\n Honorary President of the Brazilian Historic and Geographic Institute.", "Honors \nPrince Afonso was a recipient of the following Brazilian Orders:\n\n Major Commander of the Order of Christ\n Major Commander of the Order of Saint Benedict of Aviz\n Major Commander of the Order of Saint James of the Sword\n Grand Cross of the Order of Pedro I\n Grand Cross and Grand Major Dignitary of the Order of the Rose\n\nAncestry\n\nEndnotes\n\nFootnotes\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n\n1845 births\n1847 deaths\nPeople from Rio de Janeiro (city)\nBrazilian people of Austrian descent\nBrazilian people of Italian descent\nBrazilian people of Portuguese descent\nNeurological disease deaths in Rio de Janeiro (state)\nPrinces Imperial of Brazil\nHeirs apparent who never acceded\nHouse of Braganza\nDeaths from epilepsy" ]

[ "The heir apparent to the throne of the Empire of Brazil was Dom Afonso.", "He was the oldest child of Emperor Dom Pedro II and Dona Teresa of the Two Sicilies and was a member of the Brazilian branch of the House of Braganza.", "The emperor was devastated by Afonso's death at the age of two.", "Pedro and Teresa had a second son, Pedro Afonso, who died in infancy.", "Pedro II had doubts about the viability of the imperial system after the loss of his second son.", "He was unconvinced that a female would be a good successor to his daughter Isabel.", "He showed less concern about the effects of his policies on the monarchy, provided his daughter with no training for her role as potential empress, and failed to cultivate her acceptance within the country's political class.", "The downfall of the imperial system was caused by Pedro II's lack of interest in protecting it.", "On February 23, 1845, Afonso was born in the Palace of So Cristvo.", "The Duke of Braganza was the son of King Joo I of Portugal.", "His full name was Afonso Pedro de Alcntara.", "The honorific \"Dom\" (Lord) was given to him by his father, Emperor Pedro II, who was a member of the Brazilian branch of the House of Braganza.", "Afonso was the nephew of Queen Maria II of Portugal and the grandson of Emperor Pedro I of Brazil.", "He was a grandson of Francis I and nephew to Ferdinand II, who ruled as kings of the Two Sicilies.", "He was heralded by rockets and cannons, followed by a grand fte day at court, and illuminations and displays of various sorts and public rejoicings.", "The imperial court attended the formal event of Afonso's birth.", "Pedro II presented the newborn baby to the crowd gathered in the palace, but he was overcome with emotion and was unable to continue.", "The birth of a male heir was met with joy throughout the empire.", "\"No one was happier than I with the news of the prince's birth\", wrote Lus de Lima e Silva in a letter to his father.", "Pedro II's character was affected by the birth of an heir.", "As monarch, he became more outgoing and confident.", "His strained relationship with his wife, the product of a disappointing arranged marriage, also improved, and with children came shared domestic interests that developed into an affectionate friendship.", "As the eldest son of Pedro II, Afonso was heir to the throne and styled \"Prince Imperial\".", "The young prince looked a lot like his father.", "He became the center of attention for Pedro II because of his gender and position as heir apparent.", "A letter written by Pedro II to his sister Maria II a few months after the birth of his second child showed his happiness: \"No news here save the good state of health of myself, of the empress, and of the little ones, who are.\"", "The young prince died not quite two and a half years old when he experienced convulsions while playing in the library of the palace.", "His death showed that Afonso had the same condition as his father.", "The grief of Pedro II and his wife was enormous.", "Teresa was pregnant with her third child at the time and it was feared that the shock might affect her health.", "She gave birth to a girl on July 13th.", "The emperor wrote a letter to his stepmother, Amélia, on July 11, 1847, telling her that his godson, Afonso, died of convulsions.", "Three days after Pedro II's death, a grand state funeral was held for the Prince Imperial.", "He was buried in the Convento da Ajuda.", "His remains were moved from the convent to the mausoleum of the Convento de Santo Antnio, where his brother Pedro and uncle Joo were also buried.", "The prince's early death had an enormous impact on Pedro II: on a personal level, on his future conduct as monarch, and on the empire.", "His only sons' deaths seemed to presage the end of the imperial system.", "Although the emperor still had a legal successor in his daughter Isabel, in the male-dominated society of the time he had little confidence that a woman could rule Brazil.", "He was fond of the women in his life, but he didn't think it was possible for Isabel to survive as monarch.", "He did not attempt to encourage acceptance of a female ruler among the political class, nor did he prepare Isabel for the responsibilities of ascending the throne.", "Pedro II was a figurehead who held the realm together on the verge of collapse.", "He was able to navigate the empire through many crises.", "The nation was entering an era of prosperity, development and tranquility by the time of Afonso's death.", "The emperor lost motivation to promote the imperial office as a position to be carried on by his descendants because of the lack of a male heir.", "The emperor turned away from personal and family ties and focused on Brazil's policies that furthered modernization and social advancement.", "He was deposed in a coup in 1889, marking the end of the Empire of Brazil, because he no longer cared about the future of the monarchy.", "The prince's full style and title was \" His Imperial Highness Dom Afonso, Prince Imperial of Brazil\".", "The Brazilian Historic and Geographic Institute has a president.", "Prince Afonso received the following Brazilian orders: Major Commander of the Order of Christ Major Commander of the Order of Saint Benedict of Aviz Major Commander of the Order of Saint James of the Sword Grand Cross of the Order of Pedro I Grand Cross." ]

[ "Prince Imperial", "Prince Imperial", "Imperial", "Prince Imperial" ]

[ "Prince", "Prince Imperial", "Imperial" ]

[ "Jean-Marie Faustin Godefroid \"João\" de Havelange (, ; 8 May 1916 – 16 August 2016) was a Brazilian lawyer, businessman, athlete and centenarian who served as the seventh president of FIFA from 1974 to 1998.", "His tenure as president is the second longest in FIFA's history, behind only that of Jules Rimet.", "He received the title of Honorary President when leaving office, but resigned in April 2013.", "He succeeded Stanley Rous and was succeeded by Sepp Blatter.", "João Havelange served as a member of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) from 1963 to 2011.", "He was the longest-serving active member upon his resignation.", "In July 2012 a Swiss prosecutor's report revealed that, during his tenure on FIFA's Executive Committee, he and his son-in-law Ricardo Teixeira took more than 41 million Swiss francs (£21m) in bribes in connection with the award of World Cup marketing rights.", "Early life, professional and Olympic career\nHavelange was born on 8 May 1916, in Rio de Janeiro, to an affluent family; his father, Faustin Havelange, had immigrated to Brazil from Belgium, worked as an arms dealer, and owned a large estate that stretched along the present-day districts of Laranjeiras, Cosme Velho and Santa Teresa.", "An excellent student at school, Havelange was accepted to the prestigious Law School of Fluminense Federal University, from which he graduated at the age of 24 with a BA in Law.", "He worked as a legal advisor for bus company Auto Viação Jabaquara, and became president-director of another bus company, Viação Cometa S/A.", "He was also senior partner at chemical and metallurgical company Orwec Química e Metallurgia Ltda.", "Interested in sports since his childhood years, at the age of 20 Havelange competed as a swimmer at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin, but failed to go beyond the heats of the 400m freestyle and 1500m freestyle events.", "He was also part of the Brazilian team that tied for 13th in water polo at the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki.", "He was the chef de mission of the Brazilian delegation at the 1956 Summer Olympic Games in Melbourne.", "Sports administrator\nAs President of the Metropolitan Swimming Federation in Brazil, Havelange became a member of the Brazilian Olympic Committee and joined the Union Cycliste Internationale in 1958.", "After becoming vice-president of the Brazilian Sports Confederation, he served as President of the Confederation from 1958 to 1973.", "President of FIFA (1974–98)\n\nIn 1974 Havelange defeated Englishman Stanley Rous for the presidency of FIFA, the governing body of world association football.", "Havelange became the first (and, to date, only) non-European to hold the post.", "He lobbied in 86 different countries for the presidency, often accompanied by Pelé.", "Sports marketer Patrick Nally said that \"Havelange had seen the future...he knew that if he became the president of the only federation already running its own high-profile world championship then he would enjoy huge economic power\".", "Appealing to developing nations, Havelange promised an expanded World Cup, and a youth World Cup that they might be able to host.", "Threatened by Havelange's international campaign for the presidency, Rous asked Horst Dassler, then managing Adidas' French subsidiary to help his campaign.", "Dassler engaged in intense lobbying of the delegates at the 39th FIFA Congress, where the vote was to be held.", "The election went to a second round, and Havelange won by sixteen votes.", "Havelange did not have sufficient money to fund his programme for FIFA, so he sought financial support from Dassler, who wished to supply Adidas branded equipment to the national federations.", "Supported by sports marketer Patrick Nally, Havelange enlisted Adidas and Coca-Cola as primary sponsors of FIFA tournaments.", "The support of commercial organizations was crucial to the future of Havelange and FIFA, and provided a model for global sporting federations.", "Nally stated that:\n\nThe sale of television rights increased greatly under Havelange's leadership.", "In 1987 the European rights to the next three FIFA World Cups were sold for $440 million, the non-United States rights for the three tournaments from 1998 sold for $2.2 billion.", "Under Havelange's presidency the FIFA World Cup expanded from 16 to 32 teams, with Havelange overseeing six world cups during his time in office.", "The FIFA U-17 World Cup, FIFA U-20 World Cup, FIFA Confederations Cup and FIFA Women's World Cup were all introduced under his tenure.", "Associates Lacoste and de Andrade\nThe head of the Argentina's 1978 FIFA World Cup organizing committee, Omar Actis, was assassinated in August 1976.", "Awarded the World Cup in 1966, Argentina did little to prepare for the event before the 1976 Argentine coup d'état that saw a military junta rule the country.", "In 1982 Carlos Lacoste, former de facto President of Argentina during the junta, became vice-president of FIFA.", "Lacoste had previously been head of the organising committee for the 1978 FIFA World Cup in Argentina and was cousin of de facto President Jorge Rafael Videla.", "Democratic rule was restored to Argentina in 1983 and Lacoste was investigated for corruption.", "Havelange was also an associate of Brazilian criminal Castor de Andrade, head of an illegal gambling association.", "Andrade was sentenced to six years in prison in 1994 for racketeering.", "Havelange wrote a character reference for Andrade in 1987 as \"amiable and pleasant ... predominant feature .. loyalty .. good family man, a devoted friend, and is admired as a sports administrator\".", "\"I authorize Castor de Andrade to use this statement as he deems appropriate\".", "Police investigating Andrade found this reference and evidence that Andrade had provided Havelange with a box at the Rio Carnival.", "Associates Pelé and Teixeira\nHavelange's daughter, Lucia, was married to the Brazilian football administrator Ricardo Teixeira for 30 years.", "They divorced in 1997.", "Teixeira was President of the Brazilian Football Confederation (CBF) between 1989 and 2012.", "A financier, Teixeira had no previous experience of sports administration.", "In 1993, angry when his television company was rejected in a contest for domestic rights, Brazilian footballer Pelé accused Teixeira of corruption, resulting in an eight-year feud between Pelé and Havelange.", "Consequently, Havelange banned Pelé from the draw for the 1994 FIFA World Cup in Las Vegas.", "Criticisms over the ban were perceived to have negatively affected Havelange's chances of re-election as FIFA President in 1994.", "As in 1974, Havelange embarked on an intense lobbying mission, with the aim of securing votes from the Confederation of African Football (CAF), Asian Football Confederation (AFC) and the Central American, North American and Caribbean Football Confederation (CONCACAF).", "The loyalty of these \"third world\" football federations was rewarded by the expansion of the World Cup from 24 to 32 teams for the 1998 FIFA World Cup.", "As a result of the expansion and allocation of places, tension grew between the governing body of European football (UEFA) and the FIFA leadership.", "As Brazilian Minister for Sports, Pelé drafted legislation approved as the Pelé Law in December 1997 by the lower house of the Brazilian congress.", "Football clubs had to become companies within two years, giving players greater freedom of contract and limiting the power of the Brazilian Football Confederation.", "Havelange threatened to ban Brazil from the 1998 FIFA World Cup if the law passed.", "FIFA Presidential elections\nAt the 1994 meeting of the FIFA Executive Committee in New York, Havelange was criticized for his allocation of appointments to FIFA's standing committees.", "Havelange postponed a discussion on the appointments, distributed a list with the new composition of the committees, and declared the list passed without a vote.", "In 1998 Havelange announced that he would stand down as FIFA president after 24 years in charge.", "He told British Prime Minister Tony Blair he wanted England to host the 2006 FIFA World Cup.", "The English Football Association had pledged support to Lennart Johansson in the forthcoming FIFA Presidential election, whereas Havelange supported FIFA General Secretary Sepp Blatter.", "Johansson was in favour of honouring a \"gentleman's agreement\" between the English and German football associations, that Germany would not oppose England's bid for the 1996 European Football Championship, and England would not oppose Germany's bid for the 2006 World Cup.", "Johansson said \"The dumbest thing about breaking the agreement is that we're faced with an expensive competition.", "We would be better off spending the money on real soccer.\"", "Johansson criticized Havelange's financial decisions and \"undemocratic behaviour.\"", "At a meeting of the FIFA Executive Committee, Johansson demanded Sepp Blatter resign as FIFA General Secretary if he planned to run for the presidency of FIFA.", "Havelange rejected the demand and ended the meeting before a vote could be taken, described as \"a defeat for democracy\" by Johansson.", "If elected, Johansson planned that an independent accountant would examine FIFA's business practices under Havelange.", "Blatter was elected by 111 to 80 votes, amid claims of bribery.", "Corruption allegations\nIn 1999 De Telegraaf reported that Havelange accepted gifts of diamonds, bicycles, sports articles, Delft blue porcelain, paintings and art books, in connection with Amsterdam's failed bid for the 1992 Summer Olympic Games.", "\"I remember it very well because he had special wishes, wishes which were in conflict with the IOC laws,\" said Peter Kronenberg, who headed the press office of the Amsterdam Olympic Games 1992 Foundation.", "Collapse of ISL\nDisagreements between Nally and Dassler led to the foundation of International Sport and Leisure (ISL) in 1982.", "Dassler, French businessman Andre Guelfi, and Japanese advertising firm Dentsu established ISL to help market the rights for the 1986 FIFA World Cup in Mexico.", "Dassler's proximity to Havelange, and his support for Juan Antonio Samaranch, the President of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) enabled ISL to win lucrative future World Cup and Olympic contracts.", "Following Dassler's death in 1987, and the departure of key executives, ISL overpaid for sports rights in the 1990s, and was declared bankrupt in 2001.", "From 1989 to 2001, ISL paid 185 million Swiss francs (CHF) in \"personal commissions\" to sports officials and other people involved in the marketing of sports rights.", "In the 2008 fraud trial that arose from the collapse of ISL, a judge referred to the commissions as \"schmiergeld\", a German word for bribery.", "In May 2006 British investigative reporter Andrew Jennings' book Foul!", "The Secret World of FIFA: Bribes, Vote-Rigging and Ticket Scandals implicated Havelange in the collapse of ISL, and revealed that some football officials were urged to secretly repay the commissions they received.", "In 2011 Jennings told Brazil's Senate that Havelange may have amassed $50 million or more in bribes, through a front company called Sicuretta.", "An IOC ethics committee was announced in June 2011 to investigate claims that Havelange received a bribe of $1 million in connection with ISL.", "The investigation was prompted by Jennings' claims in FIFA's Shame, an episode of Panorama broadcast on BBC One in May 2011.", "Days before the ethics committee was set to happen, Havelange resigned as a member of the IOC, citing health concerns.", "The investigation was closed, with reports that it would have suspended the membership of Havelange for two years.", "In November 2011 Jennings accused Havelange of being one of the people who collectively paid 5.5 million CHF to close the 2008 ISL fraud trial.", "In July 2012, after protracted court proceedings, Havelange and Teixeira were named as beneficiaries of bribes from ISL.", "A prosecutor in the canton of Zug revealed a document saying that, from 1992 to 2000, Havelange and Teixeira were paid 41m CHF by ISL.", "Teixeira had resigned from FIFA in March 2012.", "In 2012 Sepp Blatter said that at the time of this payment, commercial bribery was not a crime in Switzerland.", "In 1997, as President of FIFA, Havelange had granted ISL FIFA's exclusive marketing rights, and exclusive TV and radio rights to the 2002 and 2006 World Cups in 1998.", "ISL paid FIFA 200m CHF for the marketing rights and $1.4 billion for the TV rights.", "After ISL's bankruptcy, its liquidators examined all payments made by the company.", "FIFA involvement\nFIFA, under the presidency of Sepp Blatter, was found to have known about the bribes, yet argued it did not need to have the money repaid.", "Prosecutions were mounted for alleged embezzlement against Havelange and Teixeira, but were stopped in May 2010, after Havelange and Texeira repaid CHF500,000 and CHF2.5m respectively.", "The repayments were considered reasonable, because bribes paid before 1995 were outside the statute of limitations and Havelange was now over 90 years old.", "The prosecutor also believed that Havelange and Teixeira were guilty of criminal breaches of their duties to serve FIFA as senior executives.", "Following the release of the report, Blatter vowed to strip Havelange of his honorary presidency at the next FIFA Congress.", "Health issues and death\nIn March and April 2012 Havelange was hospitalized for a seriously infected right ankle in Rio de Janeiro, which necessitated a period in intensive care.", "In April 2013 he resigned from his position as FIFA's Honorary President for \"health and personal reasons\".", "Havelange was again admitted to hospital in June 2014, for a lung infection, and in November 2015 with respiratory problems.", "He died on 16 August 2016 at the age of 100 in Rio de Janeiro during the 2016 Summer Olympics which were being held there.", "Assessment\nWriting in June 1998, as Havelange was leaving FIFA, and before the eruption of most of the controversies surrounding him, The New York Times commented on Havelange's leadership:\n\nHonors\nHavelange was elected honorary president of FIFA in 1998, but resigned in 2013.", "On August 24, 2006, Havelange was named honorary Vice President of the Brazilian Ice Sports Federation (CBDG) for his support in the development of winter sports in Brazil.", "Awards\n Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur (France)\n Order of Special Merit in Sports (Brazil)\n Commander of the Cavaliers of the Order of Infante D. Henrique (Portugal)\n Grand Cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic (Spain)\n\nEponyms\n\nThe following have been named after Havelange in his honor for his important contributions.", "The 2000 Brazilian Championship, won by Vasco da Gama, and organized by Clube dos 13 (an association of the Brazilian most traditional clubs), was called Copa João Havelange.", "A stadium built for the 2007 Pan American Games was named Estádio Olímpico João Havelange.", "The stadium hosted the athletics competitions at the 2016 Summer Olympics and the 2016 Summer Paralympics.", "On 10 February 2017, the stadium was renamed Estádio Olímpico Nilton Santos.", "The Estádio Parque do Sabiá's former name\n Trinidad's Dr. João Havelange Centre of Excellence\n\nReferences\n\n1916 births\n2016 deaths\nBrazilian centenarians\nBrazilian male freestyle swimmers\nBrazilian people of Belgian descent\nBrazilian male water polo players\nFootball people in Brazil\nGrand Officiers of the Légion d'honneur\nInternational Olympic Committee members\nOlympic swimmers of Brazil\nOlympic water polo players of Brazil\nPan American Games silver medalists for Brazil\nPan American Games water polo players of Brazil\nBrazilian sports executives and administrators\nPresidents of the Brazilian Football Confederation\nPresidents of FIFA\nSportspeople from Rio de Janeiro (city)\nSwimmers at the 1936 Summer Olympics\nWater polo players at the 1951 Pan American Games\nWater polo players at the 1952 Summer Olympics\nPan American Games medalists in water polo\nMedalists at the 1951 Pan American Games\nMen centenarians" ]

[ "Jean-Marie Faustin Godefroid \"Joo\" de Havelange was a Brazilian lawyer, businessman, athlete and centenarian who served as the seventh president of FIFA from 1974 to 1998.", "His tenure as president is the second longest in the history of the organization.", "When he left office, he was given the title of Honorary President.", "He was succeeded by Sepp Blatter.", "Joo Havelange was a member of the IOC from 1963 to 2011.", "After his resignation, he was the longest-serving active member.", "In July 2012 a Swiss prosecutor's report revealed that during his tenure on the Executive Committee, he and his son-in-law took more than 41 million Swiss Francs in bribes in connection with the award of World Cup marketing rights.", "His father, Faustin Havelange, was an arms dealer and owned a large estate that stretched along the present-day.", "Havelange was accepted to the prestigious Law School of Fluminense Federal University at the age of 24 and graduated with a BA in Law.", "He was a legal advisor for two bus companies, Viao Cometa S/A and Auto Viao Jabaquara.", "He was a partner at Orwec Qumica e Metallurgia.", "At the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin, Havelange competed in the 400m freestyle and 1500m freestyle but failed to go beyond the heats.", "He was on the Brazilian team that tied for 13th in water polo at the 1952 Summer Olympics.", "He was the chef de mission at the Olympics.", "Havelange was the President of the Metropolitan Swimming Federation in Brazil and became a member of the Brazilian Olympic Committee.", "He was the President of the Confederation from 1959 to 1973.", "In 1974 Havelange defeated Englishman Stanley Rous for the presidency of the governing body of world association football.", "Havelange was the first non-European to hold the post.", "He worked for the presidency in 86 different countries.", "Patrick Nally said that Havelange knew that if he became the president of the only federation already running its own high-profile world championship, he would enjoy huge economic power.", "Havelange promised to expand the World Cup and host a youth World Cup.", "Rous was threatened by Havelange's international campaign for the presidency so he asked the manager of Adidas' French subsidiary to help him.", "The vote was to be held at the 39th congress.", "Havelange won the election by sixteen votes.", "Havelange didn't have enough money to fund his programme for the sport's governing body, so he sought financial support from Dassler, who wanted to supply Adidas branded equipment to the national federations.", "Adidas and Coca-Cola were enlisted as primary sponsors by Havelange.", "The model for global sporting federations was provided by the support of commercial organizations.", "The sale of television rights increased under Havelange.", "In 1987 the European rights to the next three World Cups were sold for $440 million, while the non- United States rights for the three tournaments from 1998 sold for $2.2 billion.", "Havelange oversaw six world cups during his time in office and oversaw the expansion of the World Cup from 16 to 32 teams.", "He introduced the U-20 World Cup and the Women's World Cup.", "The head of the Argentina's 1978 World Cup organizing committee was assassinated in August 1976.", "Before the 1976 Argentine coup d'état, Argentina did little to prepare for the 1966 World Cup.", "The former President of Argentina became a vice-president of the sport's governing body in 1982.", "The head of the organizing committee for the 1978 World Cup in Argentina was the cousin of the defacto President.", "In 1983 Democratic rule was restored to Argentina.", "Havelange was an associate of a Brazilian criminal.", "In 1994 he was sentenced to six years in prison.", "Havelange wrote a character reference for Andrade that said he was \"amiable and pleasant, good family man, a devoted friend, and is admired as a sports administrator\".", "\"I allow him to use this statement as he sees fit\".", "There is evidence that Havelange received a box from Andrade at the Rio Carnival.", "Lucia was married to the Brazilian football administrator for 30 years.", "They divorced in 1997.", "Between 1989 and 2012 he was the President of the Brazilian Football Confederation.", "He had no experience with sports administration.", "The feud between Pel and Havelange began in 1993 when Pel accused Havelange of corruption after his television company was rejected for domestic rights.", "The draw for the 1994 World Cup was banned by Havelange.", "Havelange's chances of being re-elected as FIFA President in 1994 were negatively affected by the criticism of the ban.", "Havelange embarked on an intense lobbying mission in 1974 to get votes from the Confederation of African Football, Asian Football Confederation, and the Central American, North American and Caribbean Football Confederation.", "The expansion of the World Cup from 24 to 32 teams was a reward for the loyalty of these \"third world\" football federations.", "As a result of the expansion and allocation of places, tension grew between the governing body of European football.", "The Pelé Law was approved by the lower house of the Brazilian congress in 1997.", "Football clubs had to become companies within two years to give players more freedom of contract and limit the power of the Brazilian Football Confederation.", "If the law passed, Havelange threatened to ban Brazil from the 1998 World Cup.", "The allocation of appointments to the standing committees was criticized by Havelange at the time.", "The list was passed without a vote after Havelange postponed a discussion on the appointments.", "After 24 years in charge, Havelange announced in 1998 that he would step down.", "He told Tony Blair that he wanted England to host the World Cup.", "The English Football Association and Havelange supported different candidates in the upcoming election.", "Germany would not oppose England's bid for the 1996 European Football Championship, and England would not oppose Germany's bid for the 2006 World Cup, according to a \"gentleman's agreement\" between the English and German football associations.", "The dumbest thing about breaking the agreement is that we face an expensive competition.", "Spending money on soccer would be better.", "Havelange's financial decisions were criticized by Johansson.", "At the meeting of the Executive Committee, Sepp Blatter was asked to resign as General Secretary if he were to run for the presidency.", "Havelange ended the meeting before a vote could be taken after rejecting the demand.", "An independent accountant would look into the business practices of football's governing body.", "The president was elected by a wide margin.", "Havelange accepted gifts of diamonds, bicycles, sports articles, Delft blue porcelain, paintings and art books in connection with Amsterdam's failed bid for the 1992 Summer Olympic Games.", "\"I remember it very well because he had special wishes, wishes which were in conflict with the IOC laws,\" said Peter Kronenberg, who headed the press office of the Amsterdam Olympic Games 1992 Foundation.", "The collapse of ISL Disagreements between Nally and Dassler led to the foundation of ISL in 1982.", "ISL was established by Dassler, Guelfi, and Dentsu to help market the rights for the 1986 World Cup in Mexico.", "ISL won lucrative future World Cup and Olympic contracts because of Dassler's proximity to Havelange and his support for Juan Antonio Samaranch, the President of the International Olympic Committee.", "The ISL overpaid for sports rights in the 1990s and was declared bankrupt in 2001.", "ISL paid 185 million Swiss Francs to sports officials and other people involved in the marketing of sports rights.", "The commission was referred to as \"schmiergeld\", a German word for bribe, by the judge in the 2008 fraud trial.", "The book Foul! was written by British investigative reporter Andrew Jennings.", "Havelange was implicated in the collapse of ISL and some football officials were urged to repay their commission.", "According to Brazil's Senate, Havelange may have amassed $50 million or more in bribes through a company called Sicuretta.", "Havelange received a bribe of $1 million in connection with ISL, according to an IOC ethics committee.", "The investigation was prompted by the claims in the episode of \"FIFA's Shame\".", "Havelange resigned from the IOC due to health concerns days before the ethics committee was set to start.", "There were reports that the membership of Havelange would be suspended for two years.", "Havelange was accused of being one of the people who paid millions of dollars to close the ISL fraud trial.", "Havelange and Teixeira were named as beneficiaries of bribes from ISL.", "Havelange and Teixeira were paid 41 million Swiss Francs by ISL from 1992 to 2000, according to a document revealed by a prosecutor.", "In March 2012 he resigned from football's governing body.", "At the time of the payment, Sepp Blatter said that it was not a crime in Switzerland.", "The 2002 and 2006 World Cup were granted exclusive TV and radio rights by Havelange when he was President of FIFA.", "ISL paid over a billion dollars for the TV rights.", "All payments made by the company were examined by the liquidators.", "Under the presidency of Sepp Blatter, FIFA was found to have known about the bribes, but argued that it did not need to repay the money.", "The prosecutions were stopped in May 2010 after Havelange and Texeira repaid their money.", "Havelange was over 90 years old when the bribes were paid and the repayments were considered reasonable.", "The prosecutor believed that Havelange and Teixeira were guilty of violating their duties to serve as senior executives.", "Havelange will be stripped of his presidency at the next congress after the release of the report.", "In March and April 2012 Havelange was hospitalized for a serious ankle injury and had to spend a period in intensive care.", "He resigned from his position as FIFA's Honorary President due to health and personal reasons.", "Havelange was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "He died at the age of 100 in Rio de Brazil during the 2016 Summer Olympics.", "The New York Times commented on Havelange's leadership prior to the eruption of most of the controversies surrounding him.", "Havelange was named a vice president of the Brazilian Ice Sports Federation for his support in the development of winter sports in Brazil.", "The Commander of the Cavaliers of the Order of Infante D. Henrique was given the award of the Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur.", "The 2000 Brazilian Championship was organized by Clube dos 13, an association of the Brazilian most traditional clubs.", "Estdio Olmpico Joo Havelange was built for the Pan American Games.", "The 2016 Summer Olympics and the 2016 Summer Paralympics were held at the stadium.", "On February 10, 2017, the stadium was renamed Estdio Olmpico.", "Trinidad's Dr. Joo Havelange Centre of excellence used to be called the Estdio Parque do Sabi." ]

[ "João", "\" de Havelange", "João Havelang", "Havelange", "Havelange", "Havelange", "João Have" ]

[ "\" de Havelange", "Joo Havelange", "Havelange" ]

[ "Edmond Dyonnet was a painter and photographer, born French and a naturalised Canadian.", "He taught numerous students in Quebec province and was an academician and secretary of the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts (1910-1947), author of a history of the Academy with Hugh Jones in 1934, and a charter member of Montreal’s Arts Club in 1912.", "Biography \nHe was born on 25 June 1859 in Crest, Drôme, France, to Ulysses-Alexandre Dyonnet, industrialist, and Goullioud Albine.", "The real family name is Guyonnet de Pivat but due to an error of births during the French Revolution, the surname became Dyonnet.", "Edmond died in Montreal on 7 July 1954, at age 95.", "He was buried with his family in the cemetery of Notre-Dame-des-Neiges, in Montreal.", "Edmond had two younger sisters, Emma Dyonnet, wife Lorin (1866–1947) and Clémence Dyonnet, wife Chabot (18?", "-1905).", "Ulysses, the father of Edmond, had an older brother Leon Dyonnet Goullioud who married Helen, the sister of Albine.", "Leon Dyonnet made a fortune in corsets for women in association with Amyot from 1886 to 1891 and set up the Dominion Corset company, rue de la Couronne in Quebec City.", "The couple had a daughter artist, cousin of Edmond Dyonnet: Eugénie Dyonnet, who immigrated to Canada in 1872 and died in 1875 in Montreal.", "Edmond Dyonnet was born in Drôme in 1859, and at 9 years old, he followed his father and immigrated to Italy, he continued his primary education in Turin, from 1868 to 1873, in municipal schools and then returned to France with his family in the Drôme.", "He studied at Crest high school from 1873 to 1875.", "His father Ulysses met in Paris the brother of Judge George Baby who convinced him to emigrate to Quebec.", "On May 16, 1875, the family emigrated to Canada.", "In 1882, Dyonnet moved to Labelle, Quebec in the Laurentian mountains.", "The village was founded by Father Antoine Labelle.", "Ulysses Dyonnet was a pioneer; he cleared land and resumed two mills, a sawmill and a flour mill.", "The timber industry was thriving.", "Using the north Rouge River (Quebec) for transportation of the wood, it was then sawed at the family business in Labelle, located near the Iroquois Falls.", "The trade was intense and the family expanded.", "The young Edmond stayed in Montreal, where he studied drawing at the National Institute of Fine Arts from 1875 to 1881.", "One of his teachers was Abbé Joseph Chabert (1831–1894).", "In 1882, he returned to Italy and studied painting at the Accademia Albertina in Turin with Andrea Gastaldi and Pier Celestino Gilardi.", "After Turin, he did a complete tour of Italy and then went to Naples in 1883 and to Rome at the Villa Medici in 1884.", "When he returned to Canada in 1890, Edmond settled in Montreal and taught in the school founded by Abbé Joseph Chabert.", "In 1899, he went to paint in the Gaspé, in the Laurentians and in Berthier-sur-Mer.", "Not much is known about his personal life.", "Edmond Dyonnet never married and had no children.", "At the turn of the century, he supported his sister Emma, widow of Ernest Lorin who died in February 1899.", "His father Ulysses died the following year in 1900.", "Edmond raised his three nephews and nieces, Alice Lorin (1886–1907), Gabrielle Lorin (1897–1985) and Louis Gustave Lorin (1898–1956).", "Dyonnet was interested in many things and never stopped reading books.", "The nonagenarian was said to go outside daily, only prevented by the worst of the winter storms in Montreal.", "At his death, his niece Gabrielle Lorin inherited and donated all the archives in 1967 to the University of Ottawa.", "Activities \n\nEdmond Dyonnet was famous as a landscape painter and portraitist, especially among the wealthy and cultivated citizens of Montreal.", "Judges, doctors, and community leaders all ordered their portraits.", "He was one of the founders of the School of Fine Arts with Alfred Laliberté and Marc-Aurèle de Foy Suzor-Coté.", "He taught there from 1922 to 1925, and also became professor of drawing at the Ecole Polytechnique de Montréal, at the Conseil des Arts et Métiers of Quebec, and at McGill University (1920–1936).", "He trained thousands of students including Narcisse Poirier, Clarence Gagnon, Thomas Garside, Alexander Young Jackson, Marc-Aurèle Fortin and Jack Bush.", "He never tolerated mediocrity, nor half finished work.", "He frequently used to say \"Rub it out and do it over again.\"", "He was a member of the Art Association of Montreal.", "In 1893 he became a member of the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts and became its Secretary from 1910 to 1947.", "He was also a member of the Pen and Pencil Club, and a member of the Arts Club.", "He lived a long time in Montreal at 1207 Bleury Street.", "Although he was French by birth, he didn't want to stay only in the French-Canadian community so he learned and spoke perfect English.", "His reputation expanded in the English-speaking environment.", "Most of his friends were on the English side.", "He never painted religious paintings, although Quebec was very influenced by Catholicism.", "Dyonnet's work is varied and numerous, distributed in many private collections and museums.", "There is yet no inventory of his work.", "He preferred the portraits to landscapes.", "His inspirations were Nicolas Poussin and Claude Gellée (also known under the name Le Lorrain), two great painters of the seventeenth century.", "He never really appreciated Impressionism and criticized Vincent van Gogh at the end of his life.", "He received a silver medal at the Buffalo exposition in 1901 and also at the Canadian exhibition at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition in 1904.", "France made him an Officier d'académie Ordre des Palmes Académiques in 1910.", "In 1968, the University of Ottawa published his autobiography, Memoirs of a Canadian artist.", "Works in museums \nSeveral Canadian museums own his paintings and drawings.", "In Montréal they can be seen in the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts, the Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec and in the collection of the Power Corporation of Canada.", "In Ottawa the National Gallery of Art and the Canadian War Museum both own works by Dyonnet.", "In Toronto (Ontario) his works can be seen in the Art Gallery of Ontario, as well as in Kingston, Ontario at the Agnes Etherington Art Centre, and in Victoria (British Columbia) in the Art Gallery of Greater Victoria.", "Notes\n\nExternal links \n List of Canadian painters\n Charles Ignace Adélard Gill\n George Horne Russell\n\nBibliography \n Edmond Dyonnet, Mémoires d'un artiste canadien, 1968, Éditions de l'Université d'Ottawa\n Noël E. Lanoix, « Edmond Dyonnet », dans Les biographies françaises d'Amérique, Montréal, Les journalistes associés éditeurs, 1942, 640 p., p. 583.", "Canadian male painters\n20th-century Canadian painters\n1859 births\n1954 deaths\nBurials at Notre Dame des Neiges Cemetery\n19th-century Canadian painters\n19th-century Canadian photographers\n20th-century Canadian photographers" ]

[ "A naturalised Canadian, Dyonnet was a painter and photographer.", "He was an academician and secretary of the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts and wrote a history of the Academy with Hugh Jones in 1934.", "He was born in Crest, Drme, France, on June 25, 1859.", "Due to an error of births during the French Revolution, the family name was changed to Dyonnet.", "He died in Montreal at the age of 95.", "He was buried with his family in Montreal.", "There were two younger sisters, Emma Dyonnet and Clémence Dyonnet.", "The year 1905.", "Leon Dyonnet Goullioud married Helen, the sister of Albine, the brother of Ulysses.", "Leon Dyonnet made a fortune in corsets for women in association with Amyot from 1886 to 1891 and set up the Dominion Corset company in Quebec City.", "Eugénie Dyonnet, a daughter artist of the couple, died in Montreal in 1875.", "He followed in his father's footsteps and moved to Italy at 9 years old, but then returned to France with his family in the Drme.", "He was a student at Crest high school.", "The brother of Judge George Baby convinced his father to emigrate to Quebec.", "The family moved to Canada on May 16, 1875.", "Dyonnet moved to Quebec in the late 19th century.", "Father Labelle founded the village.", "He cleared land and started two mills, a flour mill and a sawmill.", "The timber industry was doing well.", "The wood was sawed at the family business in Labelle, which is near the Iroquois Falls.", "The family grew as a result of the trade.", "The young man studied drawing at the National Institute of Fine Arts in Montreal.", "One of his teachers was Joseph Chabert.", "He studied painting at the Accademia Albertina in Torino in the late 19th century.", "He went to Rome at the Villa Medici in 1884 after a complete tour of Italy.", "When he returned to Canada in 1890, he settled in Montreal and taught at the school founded by Joseph Chabert.", "He went to paint in the Gaspé in 1899.", "He doesn't have much information about his personal life.", "Dyonnet had no children.", "He supported his sister Emma at the turn of the century.", "His father died in 1900.", "His three nephews and nieces were all raised by him.", "Dyonnet read a lot and was interested in many things.", "The worst of the winter storms in Montreal prevented the nonagenarian from going outside daily.", "His niece gave the archives to the University of Ottawa after he died.", "Among the wealthy and cultivated citizens of Montreal, there was a famous landscape painter named Edmond Dyonnet.", "Judges, doctors, and community leaders all had their portraits taken.", "He was a founding member of the School of Fine Arts.", "He was a professor of drawing at the Ecole Polytechnique de Montréal from 1922 to 1925, as well as at the Conseil des Arts et Métiers of Quebec.", "Thousands of students have been trained by him.", "He didn't tolerate mediocrity or half finished work.", "He used to say, \"Rub it out and do it again.\"", "He belonged to the Art Association of Montreal.", "He was the Secretary of the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts from 1910 to 1947.", "He was a member of both the Pen and Pencil Club and the Arts Club.", "He lived in Montreal for a long time.", "He learned English because he didn't want to stay in the French-Canadian community only.", "His reputation grew in the English-speaking environment.", "The majority of his friends were in England.", "Quebec was influenced by Catholicism, but he never painted religious paintings.", "Many private collections and museums have Dyonnet's work.", "There is no inventory of his work.", "The portraits were preferred by him.", "The two great painters of the 17th century were Nicolas Poussin and Claude Gellée.", "At the end of his life, he criticized van Gogh.", "He received a silver medal at the Buffalo exposition in 1901 and the Canadian exhibition at the Louisiana Purchase exposition in 1904.", "He was made an Officier d'académie in 1910 by France.", "His memoir, Memoirs of a Canadian artist, was published in 1968.", "His paintings and drawings are in several Canadian museums.", "They can be seen in the collection of the Power Corporation of Canada in Montréal.", "The Canadian War Museum and the National Gallery of Art both have works by Dyonnet.", "His works can be seen in the Art Gallery of Ontario, Kingston, Ontario, and the Art Gallery of Greater Victoria in British Columbia.", "There are external links to the list of Canadian painters.", "19th-century Canadian painters and 19th-century Canadian photographers are buried at Notre Dame des Neiges Cemetery." ]

[ "Edmond Dyonnet", "Ulysses Alexandre Dyonnet", "Edmond", "Edmond", "Emma Dyonnet", "Cce Dyonnet", "Edmond", "Leon Dyonnet", "Leon Dyonnet", "Edmond Dyonnet", "Dyonnet", "Edmond Dyonnet", "Ulysses Dyonnet", "Edmond", "Edmond", "Edmond Dyonnet", "Edmond", "Edmond Dyonnet", "Dyonnet", "Edmond Dyonnet", "Edmond Dyonnet" ]

[ "Emma Dyonnet", "Cmence Dyonnet", "Leon Dyonnet", "Leon Dyonnet", "Dyonnet", "Dyonnet", "Edmond Dyonnet" ]

[ "Lieutenant Colonel Charles Groves Wright Anderson, VC, MC (12 February 1897 – 11 November 1988) was a South African-born soldier, Australian recipient of the Victoria Cross, a member of the Australian House of Representatives, and a farmer.", "After growing up in Africa and being schooled in England, Anderson served as an officer during the East African campaign against the Germans during the First World War, reaching the rank of captain and being awarded the Military Cross.", "After the war, Anderson settled as a farmer in Kenya.", "In the early 1930s, he married an Australian woman and later moved to Australia, where he became a grazier.", "In 1939, he joined the Militia, Australia's part-time military force, before volunteering for overseas service after the outbreak of the Second World War.", "In early 1941, he was deployed to Malaya as part of the 8th Division, where he rose to command the 2/19th Battalion against the Japanese following their invasion of Malaya in December of that year.", "For his actions around Muar in January 1942, he was awarded the Victoria Cross before being captured at the end of the fighting on Singapore.", "He spent over three years in Japanese captivity, before being released at the end of the war.", "In the post war years, Anderson returned to farming and served as a federal parliamentarian, representing the Division of Hume twice between 1949 and 1961, before retiring.", "He died in Canberra at the age of 91.", "Early life\nAnderson was born on 12 February 1897 in Cape Town, South Africa, to Scottish parents.", "His father, Alfred Gerald Wright Anderson, an auditor and newspaper editor, had been born in England, while his mother, Emma (Maïa) Louise Antoinette, née Trossaert had been born in Belgium.", "The middle child of five, when Anderson was three the family moved to Nairobi in Kenya, where his father began farming.", "He attended a local school until 1907, when his parents sent him to England.", "He lived with family members until 1910, when he was accepted to attend St Brendan's College in Bristol as a boarder.", "He remained in England until the outbreak of the First World War.", "Returning to Kenya, in November 1914, Anderson enlisted as a soldier in the local forces, before later being allocated to the Calcutta Volunteer Battalion as a gunner.", "On 13 October 1916, he was commissioned as a lieutenant in the King's African Rifles.", "He fought with the regiment's 3rd Battalion in the East African campaign against the Askari soldiers of the German colonial forces.", "Anderson was awarded the Military Cross for his service in this campaign.", "Following the war, having reached the rank of temporary captain, Anderson was demobilised in February 1919 and lived the life of a gentleman farmer in Kenya, marrying Edith Tout, an Australian, in February 1931.", "He remained active as a part-time soldier and was promoted to substantive captain in 1932.", "Two years later the couple moved to Australia where they purchased a grazing property near Young, New South Wales.", "He joined the Citizens Military Forces in March 1939, being appointed to the 56th Infantry Battalion as a captain.", "Following the outbreak of the Second World War, Anderson was temporarily promoted to the rank of major in October 1939.", "In June 1940, he volunteered for overseas service by joining the Second Australian Imperial Force.", "Second World War\n\nIn July 1940, Anderson was assigned to the newly formed 2/19th Infantry Battalion, part of the 22nd Brigade, of the 8th Division.", "Recruited from New South Wales, after training around Ingleburn and then Bathurst, in February 1941 the 22nd Brigade was deployed to Malaya to bolster the garrison there amidst concerns about Japanese intentions in the region.", "Holding the rank of major, Anderson was appointed second-in-command of the battalion and due to his experience in jungle warfare, he was placed in charge of training the battalion's soldiers to use the jungle as a \"friend\".", "In August he was promoted to lieutenant colonel and took over as commanding officer of the 2/19th.", "The war in the Pacific began on 7 December 1941 when Japanese landed on the north-east coast of Malaya around Kota Bahru and launched thrusts along the western coast of the Malay Peninsula from Thailand.", "Initially the 2/19th was not committed to the fighting, but in mid-January, after the Japanese advance had pushed the British Commonwealth troops back to Johore, the 2/19th was detached from the 22nd Brigade and sent to the west coast to support the hard-pressed battalions of 'Westforce', an ad hoc formation consisting of Australian and Indian troops.", "During the period of 18–22 January 1942 in the Battle of Muar near the Muar River, the 44-year-old Anderson was in command of a small force which destroyed ten enemy tanks.", "When they were later cut off, Anderson led his force through fifteen miles (24 km) of enemy-occupied territory, being attacked by air and ground forces all the way.", "Many times in the journey from Muar to Parit Sulong, Anderson had to lead bayonet charges and hand-to-hand combat against the Japanese.", "Anderson is famous for leading the Allied attack in Parit Sulong against the Japanese when the Allies were retreating to Yong Peng to meet up with the main force heading for Singapore.", "Upon reaching the small town of Parit Sulong on the way, they discovered their way blocked because the main bridge was already in Japanese hands with a Japanese machine gun defending the bridge.", "They were surrounded and a heavy battle ensued for several days in Parit Sulong.", "The Allied troops at Yong Peng under Gordon Bennett unsuccessfully attempted to break through the Japanese lines to reinforce Anderson's men, but without reinforcements, Anderson and his troops had to try many times to recapture the bridge but was unable to do so.", "Heavily outnumbered, Anderson's Australian and Indian troops were attacked and harassed continuously by Japanese tanks, machine gun, mortar and air attacks and suffered heavy casualties.", "Yet they held their position for several days and refused to surrender.", "During the battle, Anderson had tried to evacuate the wounded by using an ambulance, but the Japanese would not let the vehicles pass the bridge.", "Although the detachment attempted to fight its way through another eight miles (13 km) of enemy-occupied territory to Yong Peng, this proved impossible, and Anderson had to destroy his equipment and attempted to work his way around the enemy.", "Anderson then ordered every able man to escape through the jungle to link up with the retreating main force in Yong Peng heading for Singapore.", "They had no choice but to leave the wounded to be cared for by the enemy, assuming the Japanese would take care of the wounded.", "But unfortunately, the Japanese unit at Parit Sulong later executed the approximately 150 wounded Australian and Indian soldiers next to the bridge of Parit Sulong, in the Parit Sulong Massacre.", "For his brave actions and leadership in Muar and the difficult retreat from Muar to Parit Sulong and the subsequent difficult battle at Parit Sulong led by Anderson, he was awarded the highest and most prestigious decoration for gallantry in the face of the enemy that could be awarded to British Commonwealth forces.", "His VC citation, as listed in the London Gazette on 13 February 1942, states: \"...for setting a magnificent example of brave leadership, determination and outstanding courage.", "He not only showed fighting qualities of very high order but throughout exposed himself to danger without any regard for his own personal safety\".", "Following the action around Muar and Parit Sulong, Anderson went to Singapore, as the Allies withdrew across the Causeway to prepare a line of defence.", "Shortly afterwards he was hospitalised and, as a result, missed the majority of the fighting following the Japanese landings on 8 February 1942.", "As the situation became desperate, on 13 February, Anderson discharged himself and returned to the heavily-mauled 2/19th, by then down to just 180 men from its authorised strength of 900.", "He led them until the surrender was announced two days later.", "Anderson was captured and for the next three years was held as a prisoner of war.", "He was the chief staff officer under Brigadier Arthur Varley of the 22nd Brigade in A Force – the first contingent of POWs at Changi to voluntarily avail themselves of a Japanese \"offer\" to move to a new location where they were told there would be abundant food and a healthy climate.", "In reality the group of 3,000 were shipped to Burma and were used as slave labour to build the 415 km railway link between Nong Pladuk in Thailand and Thanbyuzayat in Burma.", "Throughout his time in captivity, Anderson worked to mitigate the hardships of other prisoners, leading by personal example and maintaining morale.", "At the end of the war, Anderson was repatriated back to Australia.", "His appointment in the army was terminated on 21 December 1945 and he returned to his property in New South Wales.", "Later life\nCharles Anderson entered politics in 1949, winning the Division of Hume in the House of Representatives for the Country Party, with an 18.8% swing.", "He lost his seat in the 1951 federal election and unsuccessfully stood for Hume at the subsequent 1954 election.", "However, he regained the seat at the 1955 election and remained in parliament until his defeat at the 1961 election.", "While in parliament Anderson served as a member of both the joint committee on the Australian Capital Territory and the joint committee on foreign affairs.", "Between 1957 and 1960, although he was retired from active military service, Anderson fulfilled the role of honorary colonel of the 4th and 56th Battalions.", "Anderson owned farming properties around Young, New South Wales, and following his retirement from politics in 1961, moved permanently to Red Hill in Canberra, where he died in 1988.", "He was survived by three of his four children.", "There is a memorial stone and plaque for Anderson at Norwood Crematorium, Australian Capital Territory.", "His Victoria Cross is displayed at the Australian War Memorial, Canberra, Australia.", "Honours and awards\n\nIn common with other Victoria Cross and George Cross recipients living at the time, after his service in the two world wars Anderson also received both the Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal (1953) and the Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal (1977).", "Both of these medals form part of his medal set, which is held by the Australian War Memorial.", "Notes\n\nExternal links\nCharles Groves Wright Anderson VC, 1942, www.thevictoriacross.net\nC W G Anderson VC, 1949, portrait, nla.gov.au (Catalogue entry)\nART31764 – Lieutenant Colonel Charles Anderson, painting by John Barclay Godson, 1956, Australian War Memorial\nCharles Anderson, Fifty Australians, Australian War Memorial\n\n1897 births\n1988 deaths\nAustralian colonels\nAustralian World War II recipients of the Victoria Cross\nMembers of the Australian House of Representatives\nMembers of the Australian House of Representatives for Hume\nKing's African Rifles officers\nRecipients of the Military Cross\nAustralian prisoners of war\nWorld War II prisoners of war held by Japan\nAustralian people of Scottish descent\nPeople from Cape Town\nBritish Army personnel of World War I\nSouth African emigrants to Australia\nPeople from Young, New South Wales\nNational Party of Australia members of the Parliament of Australia\nAustralian people of Belgian descent\nSouth African people of Scottish descent\nSouth African people of Belgian descent\nBurma Railway prisoners\n20th-century Australian politicians\nAustralian Army personnel of World War II" ]

[ "A South African-born soldier, an Australian recipient of the Victoria Cross, a member of the Australian House of Representatives, and a farmer are some of the things that Lieutenant Colonel Charles Groves Wright Anderson, VC, MC, was.", "Anderson was awarded the Military Cross after serving as an officer in the East African campaign against the Germans during the First World War.", "Anderson settled as a farmer after the war.", "He married an Australian woman in the early 1930s and then moved to Australia, where he became a grazier.", "After volunteering for overseas service after the Second World War, he joined the Militia, Australia's part-time military force.", "He rose to command the 2/19th Battalion against the Japanese after they invaded Malaya in December of 1941.", "He was awarded the Victoria Cross for his actions around Muar in January 1942.", "He was held in Japanese captivity for three years before being released at the end of the war.", "After the war, Anderson returned to farming and served as a federal parliamentarian for two years before retiring.", "He passed away at the age of 91.", "Anderson was born to Scottish parents in South Africa in 1897.", "His mother, Emma Trossaert, was born in Belgium, while his father, Alfred Gerald Wright Anderson, was born in England.", "Anderson's father began farming when Anderson was three years old, and the family moved to Africa.", "His parents sent him to England in 1907.", "He was accepted to attend St Brendan's College in Bristol as a boarder in 1910.", "He was in England when the First World War broke out.", "Anderson enlisted as a soldier in the local forces in November 1914 and later was assigned to the Calcutta Volunteer Battalion as a gunner.", "He was commissioned as a lieutenant in the King's African Rifles.", "He fought in the East African campaign against the Germans.", "Anderson received the Military Cross for his service.", "After reaching the rank of temporary captain, Anderson was demobilised in February 1919 and lived the life of a gentleman farmer in Africa, marrying Edith Tout, an Australian, in February 1931.", "He was promoted to substantive captain in 1932 after being a part-time soldier.", "Two years after moving to Australia, the couple bought a property near Young, New South Wales.", "He was appointed to the 56th Infantry Battalion as a captain after joining the Citizens Military Forces.", "Anderson was promoted to the rank of major in October 1939 after the Second World War.", "He joined the Second Australian Imperial Force in June 1940.", "In July 1940, Anderson was assigned to the newly formed 2/19th Infantry Battalion, part of the 22nd brigade, of the 8th Division.", "In February 1941 the 22nd brigade was deployed to Malaya to bolster the garrison there amidst concerns about Japanese intentions in the region.", "Anderson was placed in charge of training the battalion's soldiers to use the jungle as a friend after he was appointed second-in-command of the battalion.", "He became the commanding officer of the 2/19th in August after being promoted to lieutenant colonel.", "On December 7, 1941, the war in the Pacific began when the Japanese landed on the north-eastern coast of Malaya.", "After the Japanese advance pushed the British Commonwealth troops back to Johore, the 2/19th was detached from the 22nd brigade and sent to the west coast to support the hard-pressed battalions.", "During the period of 18–22 January 1942 in the Battle of Muar near the Muar River, the 44-year-old Anderson was in command of a small force which destroyed ten enemy tanks.", "Anderson's force was attacked by air and ground forces all the way after they were cut off.", "Anderson had to lead bayonet charges and hand-to-hand combat against the Japanese many times on the journey from Muar to Parit Sulong.", "Anderson was the leader of the Allied attack on the Japanese when the Allies were going to meet up with the main force heading for Singapore.", "The main bridge was already in the hands of the Japanese when they reached the small town of Parit Sulong.", "They were surrounded and engaged in a battle for several days.", "Anderson's men were unable to regain the bridge because the Allied troops were unable to break through the Japanese lines.", "Anderson's Australian and Indian troops were attacked and harassed by Japanese tanks, machine gun, mortar and air attacks and suffered heavy casualties.", "They refused to surrender and held their position for several days.", "Anderson tried to get the wounded out of the battle by using an ambulance, but the Japanese wouldn't let the vehicles cross the bridge.", "Anderson had to destroy his equipment and work his way around the enemy in order to fight his way through another eight miles of enemy-occupied territory.", "Anderson ordered everyone to escape through the jungle to link up with the retreating main force.", "They assumed the Japanese would take care of the wounded, so they left them to be cared for by the enemy.", "The Japanese unit at Parit Sulong executed approximately 150 wounded Australian and Indian soldiers next to the bridge.", "He was awarded the highest and most prestigious decoration for bravery in the face of the enemy that could be awarded to the British Commonwealth for his actions in Muar.", "His citation states that he set a magnificent example of brave leadership, determination and outstanding courage.", "He exposed himself to danger without any regard for his own safety.", "Anderson went to Singapore as the Allies withdrew across the Causeway to prepare a line of defence.", "He missed most of the fighting following the Japanese landings because he was hospitalized.", "As the situation became desperate, Anderson discharged himself and returned to the heavily-mauled 2/19th, by then down to just 180 men from its authorized strength of 900.", "The surrender was announced two days later.", "Anderson was held as a prisoner of war for three years after he was captured.", "The first contingent of POWs at Changi to voluntarily avail themselves of a Japanese \"offer\" to move to a new location where they were told there would be abundant food and a healthy climate was led by the chief staff officer.", "The group of 3,000 were used as slave labour to build the 415 km railway link between Nong Pladuk in Thailand and Thanbyuzayat in Burma.", "Anderson worked to mitigate the hardship of other prisoners and lead by example.", "Anderson was returned to Australia at the end of the war.", "He returned to his property in New South Wales after his appointment in the army was terminated.", "In 1949, Charles Anderson was elected to the House of Representatives for the Country Party with an 18.8% swing.", "He lost his seat in the 1951 federal election and then stood for the seat again in 1954.", "He lost his seat in parliament at the 1961 election, but regained it at the 1955 election.", "Anderson was a member of both the joint committee on the Australian Capital Territory and the joint committee on foreign affairs.", "Anderson was an officer in the 4th and 56th battalions from 1957 to 1960.", "After retiring from politics in 1961, Anderson moved to Red Hill, where he died in 1988, and owned farming properties around Young, New South Wales.", "He had four children.", "There is a memorial stone and plaque in the Australian Capital Territory.", "The Victoria Cross is displayed at the Australian War Memorial.", "The Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee medal was one of the awards Anderson received after his service in the two world wars.", "His medal set is held by the Australian War Memorial.", "C W G Anderson VC, 1949, portrait, nla.gov.au, is one of the External links." ]

[ "Charles Groves Wright Anderson", "Anderson", "Anderson", "Anderson", "Anderson", "Wright Anderson", "Anderson", "Anderson", "Anderson", "Anderson", "Anderson", "Anderson", "Anderson", "Anderson", "Anderson", "Anderson", "Anderson", "Anderson", "Anderson", "Anderson", "Anderson", "Anderson", "Anderson", "Anderson", "Anderson", "Anderson", "Anderson", "Anderson", "Anderson", "Charles Anderson", "Anderson", "Anderson", "Anderson", "Anderson", "Anderson", "Charles Groves", "Wright Anderson", "G Anderson", "Charles Anderson", "Charles Anderson" ]

[ "Charles Groves Wright Anderson", "Anderson", "Anderson", "Anderson", "Anderson", "Wright Anderson", "Anderson", "Anderson", "Anderson", "Anderson", "Anderson", "Anderson", "Anderson", "Anderson", "Anderson", "Anderson", "Anderson", "Anderson", "Anderson", "Anderson", "Anderson", "Anderson", "Anderson", "Anderson", "Anderson", "Anderson", "Anderson", "Anderson", "Charles Anderson", "Anderson", "Anderson", "Anderson", "Anderson", "G Anderson" ]

[ "Ramón Dionisio José de la Sagra y Peris (8 April 179823 May 1871) was a Spanish anarchist, politician, writer, and botanist who founded the world's first anarchist journal, El Porvenir (Spanish for \"The Future\").", "Biography\nRamón de la Sagra was born on 8 April 1798 in A Coruña, a province of Spain.", "His father Lorenzo Martínez de la Sagra came from a noble merchant family, which became wealthy through trade with the Spanish colonies in America.", "His mother was Antonia Rodríguez Perís, who met his father in Saint Augustine.", "His brother migrated to Uruguay to start a business there, when Sagra was three years old.", "Ramón de la Sagra studied physics for one year in Nautical School of A Coruña.", "Afterwards he attended the military college of Santiago de Compostela until reaching adulthood.", "Afterwards he joined the local university, where he studied anatomy, medicine, mathematics and pharmaceuticals.", "There he started spreading liberal ideas.", "For these actions the Inquisition started threatening him, until he was transferred at the University of Madrid.", "There he contributed to the liberal newspaper El Conservador, the name being a case of antiphrasis.", "In 1821 he migrated to Cuba as an assistant of Agustìn Rodriguez.", "One year later he was appointed to the position of Professor of Natural History of Cuba.", "In 1822 he married Manuela Turnes del Rìo.", "For the next ten years he would travel in the Americas, until settling in Paris in 1835.", "He traveled to the United States from April 20 to September 23 of 1835 and the following year published Five Monthes in the United States of North America in Paris based on his experiences there.", "He also accumulated several volumes of pamphlets and economic and scientific reports while traveling in the United States.", "In Paris he became a disciple of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon.", "He returned to Spain in 1837 and was elected a member of the parliament four times (1838, 1840, 1845, 1854) as a representative of the Liberal Party.", "At the same time he began publishing a thirteen volume history on the political and natural history of Cuba which he would complete in 1857.", "In 1939 he published Voyage en Hollande et en Belgique sous le rapport de l’instruction primaire, des établissements de bien faisance et des prisons, dans les deux pays (published in Paris, 1939 in French and in Spanish in 1844).", "In 1845 he founded the world's first anarchist journal El Porvenir, which was closed by Ramón María Narváez, Duke of Galicia.", "After the French Revolution of 1848, he created with Proudhon the Peoples' Bank of France.", "In Brussels he met Heinrich Ahrens, disciple of Krause, whose doctrines he proclaimed in Spain before Julian Sanz del Rio.", "He continued to publish economic, geographic, political, social, and prison reform studies.", "In 1849 he was expelled from France, because he was spreading Socialist ideas.", "In 1856 he was expelled from Spain to France by Ramón María Narváez, because he was spreading radical ideas.", "In Paris he met Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.", "There he worked as the consul of Uruguay.", "He returned to Cuba between 1859 and 1860 and published numerous studies and essays there.", "At the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War in 1870 he went to Switzerland, where he died on 23 May 1871 at the age of seventy-three.", "Legacy\nRamón de la Sagra is commemorated in the scientific name of two species of Cuban lizards, Anolis sagrei and Diploglossus delasagra.", "Also, in 1828 botanist DC.", "published Sagraea, a genus of flowering plants from the Caribbean belonging to the family Melastomataceae, and named in Ramón de la Sagra's honor.", "Théorie et pratique de cette institution, fondée sur la théorie rationelle\nLecciones de economía social, Madrid, 1840\nInvestigaciones para enriquecer las fincas del Real Patrimonio, Madrid, 1841\nÁlbum de aves cubanas, París, 1842\nInforme sobre el estado actual de la industria belga con aplicación a España, Madrid, 1842\nLa industria algodonera y los obreros en Cataluña, Madrid, 1842\nReflexiones sobre la industria española, Madrid, 1842\nMapa geográfico de la Isla de Cuba, 1842\nCarta a Don Carlos Groizard, s.a.\nAnálisis del censo de la población de la Isla de Cuba en 1841, id.", "1843\nAtlas carcelario, id.", "1843\nDiscurso... para la mejora del sistema carcelario, correccional y penal de España, Barcelona, 1843?", "Informe sobre el estado de la industria fabril en Alemania, Madrid, 1843\nLa reforma de la Constitución de 1837, innecesaria, inoportuna y peligrosa, Madrid, 1844\nEstudios estadísticos sobre Madrid, Madrid, 1844\nIndustria algodonera, Madrid, 1844\nNotas de viaje escritas durante una corta excursión a Francia, Bélgica y Alemania en el otoño de 1843, Madrid, 1844\nRevista de los intereses materiales y morales.", "Periódico de doctrinas progresivas en favor la Humanidad, id.", "id, dos tomos\nRelación de los viajes hechos en Europa bajo el punto de vista de la instrucción y beneficencia pública, la represión, el castigo y la reforma de los delincuentes, los progresos agrícolas e industriales y su influencia en la moralidad, id.", "íd.", "Noticia sobre el estado actual de la Economía política en España, id, id.", "Estudios coloniales con aplicación a la Isla de Cuba (De los efectos de la supresión en el tráfico negrero), id.", "1845.", "Empresa del Canal Dalias.. entre Adra y Almería, id.", "id.", "Carta a M. Blanqui, id.", "id.", "Informe sobre el cultivo de la caña y fabricación del azúcar en las costas de Andalucía, id.", "id.", "El Azucarero.", "Periódico industrial, Madrid-Málaga, noviembre de 1846 a marzo de 1847\nSur l’inexactitude des principes economiques... dans les colleges, París, 1848\nLe probléme de l’organisation du Travail devant le Congrés des Economistes de Bruxelles, id.", "id.", "Aforismos sociales, Madrid, 1848\nMon contingent á l’Academie, Paris, 1849\nUtopie de la Paix, id.", "id.", "Apuntes para una Biblioteca de escritores económicos españoles, Madrid, 1849\nMis debates contra la anarquía de la época y en favor del orden social racional, id.", "id.", "Révolution économique, causes et moyens, París, 1849\nSur les conditions de l’ordre et des reformes sociales, París, 1849\nNotas para la historia de la prostitución en España, Madrid, 1850\nSur les produits espagnoles envoyés á l’exposition de Londres, London, 1851\nMemoria sobre los objetos estudiados en la Exposición Universal de Londres, London, 1853\nEl problema de los bosques bajo el doble punto de vista, físico y social, London, 1854\nCatálogo de escritores económicos españoles, London, 1855\nVindicación de una apreciación injusta de un proyecto de ley, id.", "id.", "Remedio contra los efectos funestos de las crisis políticas y de las paralizaciones comerciales, id.", "íd.", "Relación de los trabajos físicos y meteorológicos hechos por Don Andrés Poey, París, 1858\nArtículos varios sobre las malas doctrinas, comunicadas a la verdad católica, La Habana, 1859\nLe mal et le remède, París, 1859\nEl guano del Perú, La Habana, 1860\nNoción del poder, Madrid, 1861\nLettres á M. Sainte-Beuve au sujet de ses idées philosophiques, París, 1867\nL’Ame.", "Démonstration de la realité deduite de l’etude des effets du chioroforme et du curare sur l’economie animale, París, 1868\nLes partis d'Espagne, París, s. a.\n\nReferences\n\n1798 births\n1871 deaths\nSpanish anarchists\nSpanish botanists\nMutualists\nPeople from A Coruña\nPeople from Galicia (Spain)" ]

[ "The world's first anarchist journal was founded by Ramn Dionisio José de la Sagra y Peris.", "Ramn de la Sagra was born in A Corua in 1798.", "Lorenzo Martnez de la Sagra's family became wealthy through trade with the Spanish colonies in America.", "Antonia Rodrguez Pers was his mother.", "Sagra's brother started a business there when he was three years old.", "Ramn de la Sagra studied physics for a year.", "He attended the military college for a while.", "He studied medicine, mathematics, and pharmaceuticals at the local university.", "He began to spread liberal ideas.", "He was transferred to the University of Madrid after being threatened by the Inquisition.", "The name of the newspaper El Conservador was a case of antiphrasis.", "He moved to Cuba as an assistant to Rodriguez.", "He was appointed to the position of Professor of Natural History of Cuba one year later.", "He married a woman named Manuela Turnes del Ro.", "After ten years in the Americas, he settled in Paris in 1835.", "He traveled to the United States from April 20 to September 23 of 1835 and wrote Five Monthes in the United States of North America in Paris.", "He had many volumes of pamphlets and economic and scientific reports while in the United States.", "He was a follower of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon.", "He was elected to the parliament four times as a member of the Liberal Party.", "He began publishing a thirteen volume history on the political and natural history of Cuba at the same time.", "He published the book in 1939 in French and Spanish.", "Ramn Mara Narvez, Duke of Galicia, closed the world's first anarchist journal in 1845.", "The Peoples' Bank of France was created after the French Revolution.", "He met the man who preached the doctrine in Spain before Sanz del Rio.", "He published economic, geographic, political, social, and prison reform studies.", "He was kicked out of France in 1849 for spreading Socialist ideas.", "Ramn Mara Narvez expelled him from Spain because he was spreading radical ideas.", "He met Karl Marx in Paris.", "There he worked as a diplomat.", "Between 1859 and 1860, he published many studies and essays in Cuba.", "He died in Switzerland at the age of 73 at the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War in 1870.", "The scientific name of two species of Cuban lizards is Legacy Ramn de la Sagra.", "Also, in the year 1824.", "Sagraea, a group of flowering plants from the Caribbean, was named in honor of Ramn de la Sagra.", "The théorie rationelle Lecciones de economa social, Madrid, was founded in 1840.", "Atlas carcelario, id.", "1843 Discurso... para el sistema carcelario, correccional y de Espaa.", "Informe about the reforma de la Constitucin de 1836.", "De doctrinas progresivas favor la Humanidad, id.", "Is tomos el punto de vista de la instruccin y beneficencia pblica, la represin, el castigo y la reforma de los delincu.", "d.", "Noticias de la Economa poltica en Espaa, id.", "Estudios coloniales con aplicacin a la Isla de Cuba.", "1845.", "The canal is located between Adra y Almera.", "I.", "A M. Blanqui, id.", "I.", "Informe about the cultivo de la caa.", "I.", "El Azucarero.", "In 1847, a marzo de 1847 sur l'inexactitude des principes economiques...", "I.", "Aforismos sociales, Madrid, Mon contingent l'Academie, Paris, 1849 Utopie de la Paix, id.", "I.", "Apuntes para una Biblioteca de escritores econmicos espaoles.", "I.", "Pars, 1849, Notas para la historia de la prostitucin en Espaa, Madrid, 1850.", "I.", "Remedio por los efectos funestos de las crisis polticas.", "d.", "Artculos varios sur las malas doctrinas, comunicadas a la verdad cat.", "Les partis d'Espagne, Pars, 1868, was the site of the realité de la realité." ]

[ "Ramón Dionisio José de la Sagra y Peris", "Ramón de la Sagra", "Lorenzo Martínez de la Sagra", "Sagra", "Ramón de la Sagra", "del Rì", "Ramón María", "del Rio", "Ramón María", "Ramón de", "la Sagra", "delasa", "Ramón de", "la Sagra" ]

[ "Dionisio José de la Sagra", "Ramn de la Sagra", "Lorenzo Martnez de la Sagra", "Sagra", "Ramn de la Sagra", "Manuela", "del", "de la", "Blanqui" ]

[ "Louisa Ulrika of Prussia (; ) (24 July 1720 – 16 July 1782) was Queen of Sweden from 1751 to 1771 as the consort of King Adolf Frederick.", "She was queen mother during the reign of King Gustav III.", "Background\nLouisa Ulrika was born in Berlin as the daughter of Frederick William I of Prussia and his wife Sophia Dorothea of Hanover, and was thus a younger sister of both Wilhelmine of Bayreuth and Frederick the Great.", "She was given the Swedish name Ulrika because Queen Ulrika Eleonora of Sweden had been her god mother.", "She exchanged letters with her godmother, and it was thought that she would marry a future son by Ulrika Eleonora, as Ulrika Eleonora herself had once been considered as a consort for Louisa Ulrika's father.", "However, Ulrika Eleonora remained childless.", "Louisa Ulrika was described as beautiful, intelligent, with a fierce temperament and a strong will.", "She was given an advanced education in accordance with the French age of enlightenment by the governess Marthe de Roucoulle and the governor Maturin Veyssiére la Croze, both French Huguenots.", "Her intellectual interests were not opposed by her father who, while disapproving in her brothers interest for learning, did not do so in the case of Louisa Ulrika, who was reportedly a favorite of her father.", "She and her eldest brother, the future Frederick the Great, had a reasonably good relationship, sharing their interest in science and culture.", "Her favorites among her siblings were her younger brother Prince Augustus William of Prussia and her sister Princess Sophia Dorothea of Prussia.", "At the court of her mother, she was introduced to Voltaire, with whom she engaged in a lifelong correspondence, and Maupertuis.", "Several dynastic marriages were considered for her from 1732 onward, including Frederick Lewis, Prince of Wales, Charles III of Spain and Louis of Hesse-Darmstadt, but none came to fruition.", "She was appointed co-adjutrix of Quedlinburg Abbey with the prospect of becoming a reigning princess-abbess in 1743, a future of which she did not approve.", "In 1743, an election was held to appoint a crown prince to the Swedish throne, as Frederick I of Sweden was childless, and the French de facto regent, Cardinal Fleury, suggested a marriage between Louisa Ulrika and the French candidate: Christian IV, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken.", "This plans discontinued when Christian lost the election to the Russian candidate, Adolf Frederick of Holstein-Gottorp.", "When negotiations were made to arrange a marriage for the newly elected crown prince Adolf Frederick of Sweden, the first candidate for the match was Princess Louise of Denmark.", "These plans were revoked when a decision was made to create a triple alliance between Sweden, Russia and Prussia through dynastic marriage.", "The heir to the Swedish throne was therefore to marry a member of the Prussian royal house, while the heir to the Russian throne was to marry Sophie of Anhalt-Zerbst (the future Catherine the Great) who had been selected by Prussia.", "In accordance with this agreement, Louisa Ulrika or her sister Princess Anna Amalia of Prussia were to be selected for the Swedish match.", "The Swedish envoy in Berlin, Carl Rudenschöld, inspected them and recommended that the proposal be made to Louisa Ulrika.", "Frederick the Great himself preferred Anna Amalia for the Swedish marriage: he described Anna Amalia for the Swedish representatives as goodhearted and more suitable for Sweden, while Louisa Ulrika was arrogant, temperamental and a plotting intriguer.", "It has been suggested that Fredrick's judgment was given because he believed that Anna Amalia would be easier to control as a Prussian agent in Sweden than the strong willed and dominant Louisa Ulrika.", "After having consulted Adolf Frederick, however, the Swedes chose Louisa Ulrika, and her brother gave his consent on 1 March 1744.", "She was given tuition about Sweden, was advised not to get involved in politics, and converted to Lutheranism 28 June.", "Crown Princess\n\nOn 17 July 1744, Louisa Ulrika and Adolf Frederick were married per procura in Berlin, with her favorite brother August Wilhelm as proxy for the absent groom.", "She was escorted from Berlin to Swedish Pomerania by the Swedish envoy count Carl Gustaf Tessin, his spouse Ulla Tessin and his wife's niece Charlotta Sparre, who was appointed her maid of honor.", "In Swedish Pomerania, the entourage was welcomed by the Swedish General Governor of the province and the court of the late queen under the leadership of her Mistress of the Robes, countess Hedvig Elisabet Strömfelt: she kept only her lady-in-waiting Wilhelmine von der Knesebeck and a couple of footmen of her Prussian entourage.", "The entourage left from Rügen and arrived in Sweden in Karlskrona, where she was officially welcomed by her spouse, Crown Prince Adolf Frederick of Sweden.", "On 18 August 1744, they were welcomed by King Frederick I at Drottningholm Palace, where their second wedding ceremony was performed the same day, followed by a ball, a court reception and the consummation of the marriage.", "Louisa Ulrika and Adolf Frederick reportedly had a mutually good impression of each other at their first meeting, and their personal relationship is described as mutually happy and harmonious.", "Adolf Frederick is described as introverted, gentle, and submissive.", "Reportedly, Louisa Ulrika was pleased with him because she immediately felt secure in the fact that she was his superior.", "Already during their first day together, she informed him that her brother Frederick the Great had plans for the alliance between Sweden, Russia and Prussia, and asked him to raise the subject with the Prussian envoy, which he also agreed to.", "Louisa Ulrika was received with enthusiasm in Sweden as the hope for the salvation of succession crisis.", "At the birth of her first child in 1745, no children had been born in the Swedish royal house in over 50 years and she gained initial popularity with her beauty, wit and interest in science and culture.", "Carl Gustaf Tessin described her as \"the wisdom of a god in the image of an angel\",.", "Despite French being her native language, she was tutored in Swedish by Carl Jesper Benzelius and mastered it well after only two years.", "She studied Swedish literature and gathered a Swedish language library, she corresponded with the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and created a nature scientific collection.", "Her arrogant and haughty demeanor, however, eventually made her less popular outside of the royal court.", "Upon her arrival, she was granted Drottningholm Palace as her summer residence, where the \"Young Court\", as it was called, amused themselves with picnics, masquerades and French language amateur theater.", "The Crown Prince's court was dominated by Carl Gustaf Tessin, who escorted Louisa Ulrika to Sweden and remained an influential favorite during her years as Crown Princess.", "Adolf Frederick never cared much for Tessin, but Louisa Ulrika had him appointed marshal at court and eventually royal governor of her son Prince Gustav.", "Tessin was behind many amusements in the circle of the Crown Princess, and it was said that he was only too eager to please Louisa Ulrika in any way possible.", "There were unconfirmed rumors that Tessin was the lover of Louisa Ulrika during her tenure as Crown Princess.", "Her son Gustav III later addressed these rumors, that although Count Tessin had been in love with her, his feelings were one-sided and not answered by his mother, as a love affair with a noble contradicted the \"natural contempt\" which Louisa Ulrika herself as a royal felt for every subject, noble or not.", "Her circle at court included Henrika Juliana von Liewen, who immediately became her favorite among her ladies-in-waiting; the intellectual Cathérine Charlotte De la Gardie, the scientist Eva Ekeblad, and the witty Anders Johan von Höpken.", "From the moment she arrived in Sweden, Louisa Ulrika engaged in political activity.", "Her political ideal was absolute monarchy, and she disliked the Swedish constitutional monarchy from the moment it was explained to her.", "She also disliked the system of legal justice.", "When she, at one point, thought herself exposed to a plot, she wrote: \"The laws are so strange, and one does not dare to arrest someone on mere suspicion without proof, which benefit the individual more than the Kingdom.\"", "She respected the political ability of Carl Gustaf Tessin, and identified him as an ally in her wish to increase royal power.", "At Christmas 1744, she visited Tessin and gave him a lantern in the guise of the goddess Diana with the inscription: \"Made only to shed light on the political system of the day\".", "In the circle of her own court, she was surrounded by sympathizers of the Hats.", "Her favorite Henrika Juliana von Liewen was a prominent sympathizer of the Hats, as was Claes Ekeblad, Hans Henrik von Liewen, Anders Johan von Höpken and other members of her personal circle of friends, and through her court connections, she made an alliance with the Hats (party).", "Her strategy was to affect the votes in the parliament of the Riksdag through bribes.", "After the birth of her eldest son in 1746, she accompanied the Crown Prince on an official tour through the country, during which she gathered agents among members of the Caps through bribes.", "At the visit of the Cap's parliamentary Kalsenius, she described him as: \"The biggest villain in the world, but I will not leave until I have bribed him.", "That is the only means by which one can reach the goal one has in mind.\"", "Kalsenius is also confirmed to have voted with the Hats party in the exactly the issues interesting to Louisa Ulrika during the votes in the Riksdag.", "Her goal was to overthrow the constitution and reintroduce the system of absolute monarchy with enlightened absolutism in Sweden.", "Her plans were internationally noted already by her creation of the L'Ordre de l'Harmonie, with the motto of unity.", "Her plans were opposed by Russia and Great Britain, who in 1746, allied with the Caps (party), attempted to stage a coup through their agents in Sweden against the royal house.", "In February 1748, Louisa Ulrika prepared her first coup d'état to deposed parliamentary rule in favor of absolute monarchy.", "At that point, the king had taken ill and Russia was engaged in the War of the Austrian Succession.", "With the support of Tessin and Frederick the Great, Louisa Ulrika and the Hats party agreed to change the constitution in favor of more royal power, should the king die when the Russians were engaged in the war and unable to react.", "Louisa Ulrika agreed to let the Riksdag keep their power over the laws, while the monarch should be given power of the army, treasury and the foreign policy.", "The coup was aborted with the peace of the war and the recovery of Frederick I.", "In foreign policy, she was loyal to Prussia.", "Her brother Frederick the Great had given her the task to break the alliance between Sweden and Russia in favor of an alliance with Prussia: she made an alliance with Tessin, the Prussian ambassador and the Hats party, convinced Adolf Frederick to state his support for a Prussian alliance, and though she failed in the 1745 vote, the parliament voted for an alliance between Sweden, Prussia and France in 1747.", "Queen \n \n\nIn 1751, the night before the death of King Frederick I, Louisa Ulrika prepared a coup d'état with Crown Prince Adolf Frederick and Hans Henrik von Liewen.", "The plan was, that rather than being confirmed as monarch by the Riksdag of the Estates after having made the royal oath to respect the constitution, Adolf Frederick was to take the initiative and, immediately after the King's death, take control of the royal council and declare himself monarch by inheritance rather than to be elected as such by the Riksdag.", "To investigate the preparations of the royal council, Louisa Ulrika personally contacted her favorite, Councillor Carl Gustaf Tessin, in his bed chamber that night.", "However, Tessin refused to inform her of the plans of the council, and further refused to support her plans of a coup.", "Upon the moment of the King's death on 25 March, Tessin instead presented Adolf Frederick with a statement of a royal oath to sign before being acknowledged as king.", "On 26 March 1751, Adolf Frederick made an oath to the Riksdag of the Estates to respect the constitution before being acknowledged as king, in the presence of Louisa Ulrika.", "Prior to their coronation, Louisa Ulrika, in collaboration with her brother Frederick the Great, tried to prove that the constitution allowed the monarch more power than what the Riksdag had stated, and made clear that she was considering to refuse to allow Adolf Frederick sign the oath.", "On the day before the coronation, she was eventually forced to allow Adolf Frederick to sign it.", "Adolf Frederick and Louisa Ulrika were crowned King and Queen of Sweden at Storkyrkan in Stockholm 26 November 1751.", "As Queen, Louisa Ulrika had some significance as a patron of culture and science.", "In 1753, she founded the Royal Swedish Academy of Letters, History and Antiquities, and acted as patron of Carl von Linné, who was given the responsibility for the nature scientific collection at Drottningholm Palace.", "Her \"adoption\" of Gustav Badin was, in fact, intended as a form of scientific experiment.", "She also acted as patron for artists such as Hedvig Charlotta Nordenflycht, Olof von Dalin, Jean Erik Rehn and Johan Pasch.", "She also had the Drottningholm Palace Theater and the Confidencen theater built: however, being a Francophile, as was the fashion, she did not benefit but rather interrupted the development of the Swedish theater, as she evicted the newly founded Swedish language theater at Bollhuset and replaced it with a French Theatre, the Du Londel Troupe, which was only a benefit for those who could speak French.", "Immediately after the coronation, Louisa Ulrika prepared a new coup in favor of absolute monarchy.", "Queen Louisa Ulrika strongly dominated her husband and the court, and she would likely had been the real ruler during her spouse's reign had Sweden been an absolute monarchy: at this point, however, the King was a mere decoration.", "This greatly displeased the Queen, herself born in an absolute monarchy.", "She could not understand nor condone the Swedish parliament, the Riksdag.", "For her, it was not acceptable for a royal person to have to receive peasants in the royal salons, as she was forced to do with the peasant's representatives from the Riksdag.", "She was further enraged when the Riksdag forced the King to give up his claims on the throne of Holstein-Gottorp.", "To display her contempt, she humiliated the representatives of the Riksdag by using the etiquette of the royal court: she stopped their carriages at the Palace gates, forced them to wait for hours while she let those who arrived after them be received, and let them sit on smaller chairs to humiliate them.", "In the court theatres, the French theatre troupe and the Italian opera company performed plays encouraging hinting that the King to take control of his kingdom.", "Tessin was no longer in her favor as a political ally, as he wrote in his diary that she no longer discussed politics with him and \"claimed that she took no part in politics\".", "She also broke her earlier alliance with the Hats, which opposed her plans of an absolute monarchy.", "Instead, she formed a new party among the opposition in the Riksdag by promising rewards to her followers in case of a successful coup in favor of royal power.", "This group was called Hovpartiet (English: 'The Royal Court Party'), the leading members being Carl Gustaf Löwenhielm, Adam Horn, Nils Adam Bielke, Erik Brahe, Eric Wrangel and Gustaf Jacob Horn.", "In 1753, she planned to stage a coup against the royal council to overthrow the constitution in collaboration with Anders Johan von Höpken, Carl Fredrik Scheffer and Claes Ekeblad, but the plan was aborted when Ekeblad refused.", "She unsuccessfully tried to convince France to retract their support of the Hats to deprive them of French support in the future conflict she and the Hovpartiet expected with the Hats in the constitution issue by claiming that she did not wish to change the constitution, merely attempting to prove that it did in fact allow for greater royal power than the Riksdag was willing to admit.", "The year 1754 was the year of the alienation of Tessin.", "His favor with the Queen had deteriorated since 1750-51: first, when he used the Riksdag to force her to agree to the engagement between Crown Prince Gustav and Sophia Magdalena of Denmark, when she herself had wished to engage her son to Margravine Philippine of Brandenburg-Schwedt; and second, when he had betrayed her plans of a coup at the accession of her spouse.", "The relation between Louisa Ulrika and Tessin was never well seen by Adolf Frederick.", "Contemporary witnesses state the Tessin was in love with her and \"was not always able to conceal his feelings for the Crown Princess\".", "It is unknown whether there was ever any physical relationship between the Queen and Tessin, but Louisa Ulrika herself mention in her memoirs that she had been offended somehow in that aspect.", "According to Crown Prince Gustav wrote in 1769, that Tessin had made Louisa Ulrika \"suggestions far from the reverence one is expected to show toward a sovereign.\"", "The Queen felt her pride offended and informed the King, who surprised Tessin on his knees before the Queen.", "This incident led to the King's animosity toward Tessin and the exile of Count and Countess Tessin from court.", "The queen only remarked that she missed Countess Tessin.", "The question on the replacement of Tessin as the governor of the Crown Prince placed the Queen in conflict with the Riksdag.", "Tessin was replaced as governor of the Crown Prince with Carl Fredrik Scheffer, a candidate selected by the Riksdag, an appointment which was enforced even after the candidate had been refused by the Queen.", "In 1755, the Riksdag presented their decision to rectify the loop holes in the constitution which Louisa Ulrika had used to claim that the King had greater constitutional power than the Riksdag had allowed him to practice.", "They stated that the loop holes in the constitution allowing for royal power would be removed, and that the monarch would no longer be allowed to refuse his signature: if he did so, a stamp with his name would be used.", "At the same time, a commission of the state begun to investigate political crimes.", "This resulted in a persecution of the followers of Louisa Ulrika within the Hovpartiet, one of whom, Eric Wrangel, fled to Norway to avoid arrest.", "Reportedly, this provocation triggered the Queen's plan of a coup d'état, known in history as Coup of 1756.", "The first plan was for the royal couple to travel to Uppsala under the pretext of a visit to Drottningholm Palace.", "In Uppsala, they would summon the regiments of Närke, Värmland and potentially Uppland as well as the Life Guards and march toward the capital.", "This plan was aborted because of the King's illness in April 1755.", "To finance the coup, the Queen pawned parts of the Crown Jewels in Berlin.", "In the three months following her coronation, Louisa Ulrika removed 44 diamonds from the Queen's Crown and replaced them with glass, which she pawned in Berlin as security for a loan by the help of her brother August.", "At this point, rumors reached the Riksdag.", "A lady-in-waiting of the Queen, Ulrika Strömfelt, who was a loyal follower of the Hats and not a supporter of absolute monarchy, reportedly informed the Riksdag that parts of the Crown Jewels were missing.", "In April 1756, the Riksdag demanded to inventory the Crown Jewels.", "The queen replied that she refused to allow them to see the Crown Jewels as she regarded them as her private property.", "At this point, the King was taken ill, and she was thereby given the time to send for the jewels from Berlin.", "She was finally forced to agree to present them to inventory on 22 June.", "To prevent this, she and her followers within the Hovpartiet, Hård, Horn and Brahe, planned to stage the coup before that day, despite the protests of king Adolf Frederick.", "The plan was to bribe members of the public to create riots in the capital.", "The supporters of Hovpartiet would then take control of the Stockholm guard and garrison, which were also to be prepared through bribes.", "When the military was called out to deal with the riots, it would seize control over the capital's military headquarters: the Riksdag would be closed and the opposition arrested and a new Riksdag would be summoned, which would be made to approve of a new constitution, reintroducing absolute monarchy.", "The 21 June 1756, the royalist Ernst Angel was overheard talking about the plans of a royal revolution while drunk at a tavern.", "In parallel, one of the royalist officers, Christiernin, attempted to enlist Corporal Schedvin of the garrison in the coup who, however, informed the Hats.", "On 22 June 1756, the King and Queen left the capital for Ulriksdal Palace to avoid being present during the inventory of the Crown Jewels.", "That same day, Ernst Angel, Christiernin, Stålsvärd, Puke, Angel and a number of others were arrested.", "During the interrogation, Ernst Angel revealed the whole plot.", "When the King and Queen returned to the capital that night, the streets were patrolled by militia.", "The members of Hovpartiet were arrested or fled to avoid arrest.", "In July 1756, seven members of the Queen's followers were executed.", "The Riksdag of the Estates was well aware that Queen Louisa Ulrika was responsible for the attempted coup d'état, and there were discussions as how to deal with the Queen's guilt.", "In the end, however, no action was taken against her, possibly with consideration to foreign powers.", "On 4 August 1756, a delegation from the Riksdag, led by the Archbishop of Uppsala Samuel Troilius, presented Louisa Ulrika with an note, which she was made to reply with a letter of regret.", "The declaration stated that \"she had forgotten her duty to God, her consort and the Kingdom of Sweden and that she was responsible for the blood of the recently executed\".", "She officially replied to the note from the Riksdag with gratitude for the reprimands on the behalf of the good of the nation and herself, and assured \"that she had wished no evil upon the Kingdom\": Troilius reported that \"only God knows if it was said by heart, though one should hope for the best\".", "The Archbishop reported, that he observed \"tears of rage and sorrow\" in her eyes.", "In private, Louisa Ulrika regarded the reprimand as a humiliating insult, and wrote to her brother Frederick the Great, that during the interview she attempted to display \"all the coldness, all the contempt possible to make in a demonstration [...] In my hardest moments I remind myself that I am the sister of Frederick the Great\", and that she regretted nothing but that her revolution had failed.", "At the same time the King also had a statement read for him by a delegation from the Riksdag, stating that he would be deposed if such an incident was ever to occur again.", "In 1757, Sweden entered the Seven Years' War and declared war on Prussia, the birth country of Louisa Ulrika.", "The Queen opposed the act and regarded is as an insult, especially since she assumed that a Swedish victory over Prussia would result in the deposition of Adolf Frederick in favor of Christian of Zweibrucken-Birkenfeld.", "However, a potential Swedish defeat was seen by her as a good opportunity for a coup d'état in favor of absolute monarchy, as a defeat would discredit the Riksdag.", "Therefore, she successfully asked her brother Frederick the Great to ask for her as a mediator in future peace negotiations.", "When the moment arose in 1760, she could not use it as she lacked necessary funds for bribes.", "In 1761, however, she managed to secure funds from Great Britain and Prussia, and made an alliance through bribes with the Caps (party) to affect the Riksdag in favor of peace with Prussia.", "In January 1762, her suggestion of peace with Prussia was accepted in the Riksdag through her bought parliamentarians there, in exchange for a promise not to take revenge on the Hats (party).", "She was given the official assignment from the Riksdag to handle the peace negotiations with Prussia and secure that Sweden could keep Swedish Pomerania, a task she performed successfully, and she was officially thanked by the Riksdag for her service to the state in May.", "As a sign of gratitude for this act, the government paid her debts, which made it possible for her to use her money to affect the voting in the Riksdag through bribes.", "In exchange for her service during the war, she demanded the 1756 reform of the constitution be retracted.", "It was decided that a special Riksdag of the states should be summoned to discuss a revised constitution: it was eventually set to take place in 1764.", "During the two years prior, Louisa Ulrika negotiated with members of both the Caps and the Hats to prepare for a successful reform in favor of absolute monarchy.", "She took the part of a mediator between to the two parties to unite them on which constitution to agree upon before the Riksdag was summoned.", "To prepare foreign powers for a new political system in Sweden, she founded a secret cabinet, Secret de la Reine, to handle her private foreign policy, appointing first Carl Wilhelm von Düben and then Nils Filip Gyldenstolpe in the position of her \"foreign minister\".", "She appointed Anders Rudolf Du Rietz as her informal ambassador to Catherine the Great in Russia, and she also had Carl Julius von Bohlen appointed official ambassador of Sweden in Prussia.", "She secured the support of Russia, France and Great Britain, but failed in securing the necessary funds for bribes to the coming Riksdag.", "In November 1764, the unity between the Caps and Hats parties was broken due to the suspicions of France (who supported the Hats) and Great Britain (who supported the Caps), which deprived Louisa Ulrika of her alliance with the Hats party.", "During the Riksdag of 1765, the Queen attempted to balance the Caps and the Hats by creating a third party of her followers from both parties under her follower Malmstein, which she managed to have elected vice speaker.", "The election to the Riksdag of 1765 was won by the Caps party.", "By demonstrating how she could affect the votes in the parliament through her third party, she was able to secure her alliance with the Caps.", "She also summoned the Ambassador of Russia to Kina Slott to secure support from Russia and its ally Denmark.", "When the question of the Constitution was finally raised in the Riksdag in August, however, the Caps refused to accept an increased royal power and instead limited the power of the Crown even more.", "With this, her efforts failed once again.", "The powerful position of Queen Louisa Ulrika deteriorated with the declining health of her spouse, King Adolf Frederick, and the growing maturity of her son, Crown Prince Gustav.", "She recognized this threat, and when her son was declared an adult in 1762, she unsuccessfully opposed him taking a seat in the royal council.", "The tense relationship between her and her son, whom she viewed as a political rival, grew when he opposed her will by insisting to honor his engagement to Sophia Magdalena of Denmark, whom he finally married in 1766, instead of marrying a Prussian bride selected by her, which he viewed as a way for her to keep her influence over him and the family.", "This was illustrated by the Queen's harassment of the Crown Princess when she arrived in Sweden.", "After the Riksdag of 1766, it was no longer her, but her son the Crown Prince, who became the leader of the followers of absolute monarchy.", "In 1767, when the French ambassador sketched a suggestion of a Swedish coup d'état, it was, for the first time, the Crown Prince rather than the Queen who was regarded as the natural center figure of the coup.", "During the December Crisis of 1768, the King refused to sign a state document, and a Riksdag was summoned to handle the situation.The royalists discussed a coup d'état to deposed the Riksdag and reintroduce absolute monarchy.", "Louisa Ulrika did not support a coup at that point, but her view was disregarded and the Crown Prince was instead seen as the leader of the opposition: the coup d'état was aborted because the Hats party broke an agreement rather than because of the Queen's opposition to it.", "Her arrogance, her political views and her conflicts with the Riksdag made her less and less liked during her tenure as Queen.", "Carl Gustaf Tessin once said about her: \"It seems undeniable, that our Queen would have been the most staunch of republicans, had she been born a subject; but God has let her be born in a position, were one is wary of one's power\".", "Queen Dowager\n\nIn 1771, the King died and she became Queen Dowager.", "By this time Louisa Ulrika was immensely unpopular in Sweden.", "When the news of the old King's death reached her son, the new King Gustav III of Sweden, who was then in Paris, he wrote that the Queen Mother be protected, as \"I know how little loved my mother is\".", "In the Revolution of 1772, her son succeeded where she had failed in 1756 by overthrowing the democracy and reinstating absolute monarchy, His revolution was a great satisfaction to her.", "Louisa Ulrika wrote to Gustav III to gratulate him to the coup upon which she said: \"Yes, you are my son, and you deserve to be\".", "At the time of the coup, she was in Berlin with her daughter.", "She was present in Swedish Pomerania when the Province gave their allegiance to the new constitution.", "When her brother, the King of Prussia, told her that the neighboring countries would now attack Sweden, she wrote to him that she would defend the province of Pomerania against him with her own blood.", "Louisa Ulrika could, however, never settle with the position of Queen Dowager.", "She had expected to be the real ruler behind the throne, and when her son made it clear that he would rule independently from her, their relationship worsened.", "In 1772, he prevented her plans to marry off her second son Charles to Philippine of Brandenburg-Schwedt, and in 1774, Charles was married to Hedwig Elizabeth Charlotte of Holstein-Gottorp instead.", "Gustav III paid her debts with the condition that she established her own separate court at Fredrikshof Palace.", "In 1777, she was forced to sell Drottningholm Palace to her son Gustav.", "In 1777–78, the conflict with her son erupted and she was a central figure in the great succession scandal regarding the legitimacy of the Crown Prince.", "In 1777, her two younger sons, Charles and Frederick Adolf, visited her.", "They claimed all women at court had lovers, and that with the exception of their mother, they could not think of even one who did not.", "Louisa Ulrika suggested that surely the Queen must also be an exception.", "In reply, her sons laughed and asked her if she had not heard of the rumors that Sophia Magdalena had an affair with Fredrik Munck.", "She became very upset and ordered Prince Charles to investigate if this were true, as his inheritance to the throne would be endangered by \"the common offspred of a common nobleman\".", "Charles talked to Munck, Munck talked to King Gustav, Gustav talked to Charles who claimed the whole thing was the fault of the Queen Mother, which resulted in a great conflict between mother and son.", "When the son of the King was born in 1778, rumours circulated that he was the son of Munck.", "Louisa Ulrika accused the King of having another man father his child.", "A great scandal erupted, during which the King even threatened to exile her to Pomerania.", "In the following conflict, her youngest children, Sofia Albertina and Frederick, who had always been her favourites, took her side against the King.", "Louisa Ulrika was forced to make a formal statement, during which she withdrew her accusation.", "The statement was signed by the entire adult royal family except the royal couple; two princes, the princess, the Duchess, and six members of parliament.", "The relationship with Gustav was not repaired until she was on her deathbed.", "She died in Svartsjö.", "Children\nShe had the following children:\n(Stillborn) (1745)\nGustav III of Sweden (1746–1792)\nCharles XIII of Sweden (1748–1818)\nFrederick Adolf (1750–1803)\nSophia Albertine (1753–1829)\n\nAncestry\n\nNotes\n\nFurther reading\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n\n \n\nLouise 1751\nHouse of Hohenzollern\nHouse of Holstein-Gottorp\nSwedish people of German descent\nCrown Princesses of Sweden\n1720 births\n1782 deaths\nQueen mothers\nPrussian princesses\nPeople from Berlin\nBurials at Riddarholmen Church\nAge of Liberty people\nConservatism in Sweden" ]

[ "The consort of King Adolf Frederick was Louisa Ulrika of Prussia.", "She was the queen mother of King Gustav III.", "As the daughter of Frederick William I of Prussia and his wife Sophia Dorothea, Louisa Ulrika was a younger sister of both Frederick the Great and Wilhelmine of Bayreuth.", "Queen Ulrika Eleonora of Sweden was her god mother.", "It was thought that she would marry a future son by Ulrika Eleonora, as she was once considered a consort for Louisa Ulrika's father.", "Ulrika Eleonora was childless.", "Louisa Ulrika was described as beautiful, intelligent, with a fierce temperament and a strong will.", "She was given an advanced education by the governess Marthe de Roucoulle and the governor Maturin Veyssiére la Croze, both French Huguenots.", "Her intellectual interests were not opposed by her father who disapproved of her brothers interest for learning, but he did not object to Louisa Ulrika, who was a favorite of her father.", "She and Frederick the Great shared an interest in science and culture.", "Her favorite siblings were her brothers Prince Augustus William of Prussia and Princess Sophia Dorothea of Prussia.", "She was introduced to a number of people at the court of her mother.", "From 1732 onward, Frederick Lewis, Prince of Wales, Charles III of Spain and Louis of Hesse-Darmstadt were considered for her, but none came to fruition.", "She didn't like the idea of becoming a reigning princess-abbess in 1743 and didn't approve of her appointment as co-adjutrix.", "As Frederick I of Sweden was childless, and the French de facto regent suggested a marriage between Louisa Ulrika and the French candidate, Christian IV, Count of Zweibr, an election was held to appoint a crown prince to the Swedish throne.", "Christian lost the election to the Russian candidate.", "Princess Louise ofDenmark was the first candidate to be considered for a marriage to the newly elected crown prince of Sweden.", "When a decision was made to create a triple alliance between Sweden, Russia and Prussia, these plans were revoked.", "The heir to the Swedish throne was to marry a member of the royal house, while the heir to the Russian throne was to marry a member of the royal house.", "Louisa Ulrika or her sister Princess Anna Amalia of Prussia were to be selected for the Swedish match.", "The proposal to make to Louisa Ulrika was recommended by the Swedish envoy in Berlin.", "Frederick the Great preferred Anna Amalia for the Swedish marriage because he said she was more suitable for Sweden than Louisa Ulrika.", "Fredrick thought that Anna Amalia would be easier to control as a Prussian agent in Sweden than Louisa Ulrika was.", "Louisa Ulrika was chosen by the Swedes after they consulted Adolf Frederick.", "She was told not to get involved in politics and converted to Lutheranism on June 28.", "August Wilhelm was the proxy for the absent groom at the wedding of Louisa Ulrika and Adolf Frederick.", "She was escorted from Berlin to Swedish Pomerania by the Swedish envoy count, his spouse, and niece, who was appointed her maid of honor.", "In Swedish Pomerania, the delegation was welcomed by the Swedish General Governor of the province and the court of the late queen under the leadership of her Mistress of the Robes.", "Her spouse, Crown Prince Adolf Frederick of Sweden, welcomed her when she arrived in Karlskrona.", "They were welcomed by King Frederick I at Drottningholm Palace, where their second wedding ceremony was performed the same day, followed by a ball, a court reception and the consummation of the marriage.", "At their first meeting, Louisa Ulrika and Adolf Frederick had a good impression of each other, and their relationship is described as happy and harmonious.", "Adolf Frederick is described as submissive.", "Louisa Ulrika was pleased with him because she felt secure in the fact that she was his superior.", "During their first day together, she informed him that her brother Frederick the Great had plans for an alliance between Sweden, Russia and Prussia, and asked him to raise the subject with the envoy from Prussia.", "The hope for the salvation of succession crisis was given to Louisa Ulrika by the people of Sweden.", "At the birth of her first child in 1745, no children had been born in the Swedish royal house in over 50 years and she gained initial popularity with her beauty, wit and interest in science and culture.", "She was described as the wisdom of a god in the image of an angel.", "After only two years, she mastered Swedish, despite her native language being French.", "She studied Swedish literature, gathered a Swedish language library, and created a nature scientific collection.", "Her arrogant and haughty demeanor made her less popular outside of the royal court.", "The \"Young Court\", as it was called, was amused with picnics, masquerades and French language amateur theater when she was there.", "During Louisa Ulrika's time as Crown Princess, the Crown Prince's court was dominated by the man who escorted her to Sweden.", "Louisa Ulrika had Adolf Frederick appointed marshal at court and eventually royal governor of her son Prince Gustav.", "It was said that he was too eager to please Louisa Ulrika that he was behind many amusements in the circle of the Crown Princess.", "There were rumors that Tessin was the lover of Louisa Ulrika.", "Louisa Ulrika's son Gustav III addressed the rumors that his mother didn't respond to his feelings for her because he was in love with her.", "Among her ladies-in-waiting were the intellectual Charlotte De la Gardie, the scientist Eva Ekeblad, and the witty Anders Hpken.", "Louisa Ulrika was involved in political activity from the moment she arrived in Sweden.", "She disliked the Swedish constitutional monarchy from the moment she heard about it.", "She didn't like the system of legal justice.", "She wrote that the laws are so strange and one does not dare to arrest someone on suspicion without proof, which benefits the individual more than the Kingdom.", "She was an ally in her wish to increase royal power, and she respected the political ability of Carl.", "She gave a lantern with the inscription \"made only to shed light on the political system of the day\" to Tessin at Christmas.", "She was surrounded by sympathizers of the Hats in the circle of her own court.", "Claes Ekeblad, Hans Henrik von Liewen, and other members of her circle of friends were sympathizers of the Hats, and through her court connections, she made an alliance with them.", "She had a plan to change the votes in the Riksdag's parliament.", "After the birth of her eldest son in 1746, she accompanied the Crown Prince on an official tour through the country, during which she gathered agents among members of the Caps through bribes.", "She described him as the biggest villain in the world, but she would not leave until she bribed him.", "That is the only way to reach the goal one has in mind.", "During the votes in the Riksdag, Kalsenius voted with the Hats party on issues that were interesting to Louisa Ulrika.", "She wanted to bring back the system of absolute monarchy in Sweden.", "She created the L'Ordre de l'Harmonie with the motto of unity.", "In 1746, Russia and Great Britain attempted to stage a coup against the royal house.", "Louisa Ulrika prepared her first coup in favor of absolute monarchy.", "Russia was engaged in the War of the Austrian Succession because the king had taken ill.", "When the Russians were engaged in the war, Louisa Ulrika and the Hats party agreed to change the constitution to give the king more power if he died.", "The Riksdag should be given power of the army, treasury, and foreign policy according to Louisa Ulrika.", "The coup was aborted because of the peace of the war and the recovery of Frederick I.", "She was loyal to Prussia.", "She was given a task by her brother Frederick the Great to break the alliance between Sweden and Russia in favor of an alliance with Prussia, but she failed.", "The night before the death of King Frederick I, Louisa Ulrika prepared a coup.", "The plan was for Adolf Frederick to take control of the royal council immediately after the King's death, rather than being confirmed as monarch by the Riksdag of the Estates.", "On the night of the royal council's preparation, Louisa Ulrika contacted her favorite councilman, Carl Gustaf Tessin, in his bed chamber.", "Tessin refused to support her plans of a coup and refused to inform her of the plans of the council.", "On the day of the King's death, Adolf Frederick was presented with a statement of a royal oath to sign before being acknowledged as king.", "In the presence of Louisa Ulrika, Adolf Frederick made an oath to the Riksdag of the Estates to respect the constitution before being acknowledged as king.", "Louisa Ulrika and her brother Frederick the Great tried to prove that the constitution allowed the monarch more power than the Riksdag had stated.", "She was forced to allow Adolf Frederick to sign it.", "On November 26, 1751, Adolf Frederick and Louisa Ulrika were crowned King and Queen of Sweden.", "Louisa Ulrika was a patron of culture and science as Queen.", "She founded the Royal Swedish Academy of Letters, History and Antiquities in 1753 and was the patron of Carl von Linné.", "She intended her \"adoption\" of Gustav Badin to be a scientific experiment.", "She acted as a patron for many artists.", "She interrupted the development of the Swedish theater as she evicted the newly founded Swedish language theater at Bollhuset and replaced it with her own theater.", "There was a new coup in favor of absolute monarchy immediately after the coronation.", "If Sweden had been an absolute monarchy, Queen Louisa Ulrika would have been the real ruler because she dominated her husband and the court.", "The Queen was born in an absolute monarchy.", "She couldn't understand the Riksdag.", "She didn't think it was right for a royal person to have to receive peasants in the royal salon.", "She was angry when the Riksdag forced the King to give up his claim to the throne.", "The representatives of the Riksdag were humiliated when she stopped their carriages at the Palace gates, forced them to wait for hours, and let those who arrived after them sit on smaller chairs to humiliate them.", "The French theatre troupe and the Italian opera company performed plays that encouraged the King to take control of his kingdom.", "He wrote in his diary that she no longer discussed politics with him and claimed that she took no part in politics.", "The earlier alliance with the Hats was against her plans of an absolute monarchy.", "She formed a new party in the Riksdag that promised rewards to her followers in the event of a coup.", "The leading members of this group were Carl Lwenhielm, Adam Horn, Nils Adam Bielke, Eric Wrangel and Gustaf Jacob Horn.", "The plan to overthrow the constitution was aborted when Claes Ekeblad refused to join the coup.", "She tried to convince France to withdraw their support for the Hats in order to deprive them of French support in the future.", "The year 1754 was the year of the disappearance of Tessin.", "His favor with the Queen deteriorated when he used the Riksdag to force her to agree to the engagement between Crown Prince Gustav and Sophia ofDenmark.", "Adolf Frederick never saw the relation between Louisa Ulrika and Tessin.", "According to contemporary witnesses, the Tessin was in love with her and was able to hide his feelings for the crown princess.", "Louisa Ulrika mentioned in her memoirs that she had been offended by the idea of a physical relationship between the Queen and Tessin.", "In 1769, Crown Prince Gustav wrote that Tessin had made Louisa Ulrika \"suggestions far from the reverence one is expected to show toward a sovereign.\"", "The Queen was offended by her pride and told the King.", "The exile of Count and Countess Tessin from court was caused by this incident.", "The queen said that she missed her.", "The Queen was in conflict with the Riksdag because of the question on the replacement of Tessin as the governor of the Crown Prince.", "The Riksdag was able to make an appointment even after the candidate had been refused by the Queen.", "In 1755, the Riksdag decided to correct the loop holes in the constitution which Louisa Ulrika had used to claim that the King had more power than the Riksdag had allowed him to practice.", "If the monarch refused to sign the constitution, a stamp with his name on it would be used.", "A commission of the state began to investigate political crimes.", "Eric Wrangel, one of Louisa Ulrika's followers, fled to Norway to avoid arrest.", "The Queen's plan of a coup d'état was triggered by this provocation.", "The first plan was for the royal couple to visit Drottningholm Palace.", "The Life Guards and possibly the Nrke, Vrmland and Uppland would march toward the capital.", "The plan was aborted because of the King's illness.", "The Crown Jewels were pawned to finance the coup.", "In the three months following her coronation, Louisa Ulrika removed 44 diamonds from the Queen's Crown and replaced them with glass, which she pawned in Berlin as security for a loan by her brother August.", "Rumors reached the Riksdag.", "The Riksdag was told that parts of the Crown Jewels were missing by a lady-in-waiting of the Queen.", "The Riksdag demanded to inventory the crown jewels.", "The queen didn't allow them to see the crown jewels because she thought they were her private property.", "After the King was taken ill, she was given the time to send the jewels from Berlin.", "She was forced to give them the inventory on June 22.", "Despite the protests of king Adolf Frederick, she and her followers planned to stage a coup before that day.", "The plan was to bribe members of the public.", "The supporters of Hovpartiet would take control of the garrison through bribes.", "The Riksdag would be closed and the opposition arrested when the military took over the capital's military headquarters to deal with the riots.", "The royalist was overheard talking about the plans of a royal revolution while he was drunk.", "One of the royalist officers, Christiernin, tried to get the officer of the garrison, Schedvin, involved in the coup.", "The King and Queen left the capital for Ulriksdal Palace to avoid being present during the inventory of the Crown Jewels.", "On the same day, a number of people were arrested.", "The whole plot was revealed during the interrogation.", "The streets were guarded by militia when the King and Queen returned to the capital.", "The members fled to avoid arrest.", "The Queen's followers were executed in July of 1756.", "There were discussions about how to deal with Queen Louisa Ulrika's guilt, as she was responsible for the attempted coup d'état.", "In the end, no action was taken against her.", "On August 4, 1756, a delegation from the Riksdag presented Louisa Ulrika with a note, which she was made to reply with a letter of regret.", "She was responsible for the blood of the recently executed because she forgot her duty to God, her consort and the Kingdom of Sweden.", "She replied to the note from the Riksdag with gratitude for the reprimands on behalf of the good of the nation and herself, and assured that she had wished no evil upon the Kingdom.", "She had tears of rage and sorrow in her eyes.", "In private, Louisa Ulrika regarded the reprimand as a humiliation, and wrote to her brother Frederick the Great that she tried to show contempt during the interview.", "A statement was read for the King by a delegation from the Riksdag, stating that he would be deposed if such an incident occurred again.", "Prussia was the birth country of Louisa Ulrika when Sweden entered the Seven Years' War.", "Since she assumed that a Swedish victory over Prussia would result in the deposition of Christian of Zweibrucken-Birkenfeld, the Queen opposed the act.", "She thought a Swedish defeat would be a good opportunity for a coup d'état in favor of absolute monarchy.", "She asked her brother Frederick the Great to ask her to be a peace broker.", "She couldn't use the moment because she didn't have enough money for bribes.", "She was able to get funds from Great Britain and Prussia and make an alliance with the Caps to affect the Riksdag in favor of peace with Prussia.", "Her suggestion of peace with Prussia was accepted in the Riksdag in exchange for a promise not to take revenge on the Hats.", "She was given the official assignment from the Riksdag to handle the peace negotiations with Prussia and secure that Sweden could keep Swedish Pomerania, and she was officially thanked by the Riksdag for her service to the state in May.", "The government paid her debts, which made it possible for her to use her money to influence the voting in the Riksdag.", "She demanded that the reform of the constitution be withdrawn in exchange for her service during the war.", "It was decided that a special Riksdag of the states should be summoned to discuss a revised constitution.", "In order to prepare for a successful reform in favor of absolute monarchy, Louisa Ulrika negotiated with members of both the Caps and the Hats.", "She worked with the two parties to get them to agree on a constitution before the Riksdag was summoned.", "To prepare foreign powers for a new political system in Sweden, she founded a secret cabinet, Secret de la Reine, to handle her private foreign policy.", "She had Carl Julius von Bohlen appointed official ambassador to Sweden in Prussia, as well as appointing an informal ambassador to Catherine the Great in Russia.", "She was able to get the support of Russia, France and Great Britain, but not the funds to bribe the Riksdag.", "In 1764, the unity between the Caps and Hats parties was broken due to the suspicions of France and Great Britain, which deprived Louisa Ulrika of her alliance with the Hats party.", "During the Riksdag of 1765, the Queen attempted to balance the Caps and the Hats by creating a third party of her followers from both parties, which she managed to have elected vice speaker.", "The Caps party won the election to the Riksdag.", "She was able to secure her alliance with the Caps by demonstrating how she could affect the votes in the parliament through her third party.", "Kina Slott was summoned by the Ambassador of Russia to get support from Russia and its allies.", "When the question of the Constitution was raised in the Riksdag in August, the Caps refused to accept an increased royal power and instead limited the power of the Crown even more.", "Her efforts failed once again.", "Queen Louisa Ulrika's position deteriorated due to the declining health of her spouse, King Adolf Frederick, and the growing maturity of her son, Crown Prince Gustav.", "She tried to prevent her son from taking a seat in the royal council when he was declared an adult.", "The tense relationship between her and her son, whom she viewed as a political rival, grew when he opposed her will by insistence to honor his engagement to Sophia Magdalena ofDenmark, instead of marrying a Prussian bride selected by her, which he viewed as a way.", "The Queen harassed the Crown Princess when she arrived in Sweden.", "Her son, the Crown Prince, became the leader of the followers of absolute monarchy after the Riksdag.", "When the French ambassador sketched a suggestion of a Swedish coup d'état, it was the Crown Prince rather than the Queen who was seen as the natural center figure.", "The Riksdag was summoned to handle the December Crisis after the King refused to sign a state document.", "The coup d'état was aborted because the Hats party broke an agreement rather than because of the Queen's opposition to it, despite the fact that Louisa Ulrika did not support it.", "Her arrogance, political views and conflicts with the Riksdag made her less and less liked as Queen.", "\"It seems obvious that our Queen would have been the most ardent of republicans, had she been born a subject, but God has allowed her to be born in a position, were one wary of one's power\".", "The King died in 1741.", "Louisa Ulrika was unpopular in Sweden.", "When the news of the old King's death reached her son, the new King Gustav III of Sweden, he wrote that the Queen Mother be protected, as \"I know how little loved my mother is\".", "Her son succeeded in overthrowing the democracy and reinstating absolute monarchy in the Revolution of 1772, which was a great satisfaction to her.", "\"Yes, you are my son, and you deserve to be\", Louisa Ulrika wrote to Gustav III after the coup.", "She and her daughter were in Berlin at the time of the coup.", "The Province of Swedish Pomerania gave their support to the new constitution.", "She wrote to her brother that she would defend the province of Pomerania against him after he told her that the neighboring countries would attack Sweden.", "Louisa Ulrika could not settle for the position of Queen Dowager.", "When her son made it clear that he would rule independently from her, their relationship deteriorated.", "Her second son Charles was married to Hedwig Elizabeth Charlotte of Holstein-Gottorp instead of marrying Philippine of Brandenburg-Schwedt.", "She established her own court at the palace after Gustav III paid her debts.", "She was forced to sell the palace to her son.", "She was a central figure in the great succession scandal regarding the legitimacy of the Crown Prince after the conflict with her son erupted.", "Charles and Frederick Adolf visited her in 1777.", "They claimed that all women at court had lovers, and that their mother was the only one who did not.", "The Queen must be an exception according to Louisa Ulrika.", "Her sons asked her if she had heard of the rumors that Sophia had an affair with Munck.", "Prince Charles was ordered to investigate if this was true, as his inheritance to the throne would be jeopardized by a common nobleman.", "Charles talked to Munck, Munck talked to King Gustav, and Charles claimed that the Queen Mother was to blame for the conflict between mother and son.", "The son of the King was rumored to be the son of Munck.", "The King was accused of having another man father his child.", "The King threatened to exile her to Pomerania.", "Her children, who had always been her favorites, took her side against the King.", "Louisa Ulrika withdrew her accusation after being forced to make a formal statement.", "The statement was signed by the entire adult royal family except the royal couple.", "She was on her deathbed when the relationship with Gustav was repaired.", "She passed away in Svartsj.", "The children she had were Gustav III of Sweden, Charles XIII of Sweden, Frederick Adolf, and Sophia Albertine." ]

[ "Louisa Ulrika", "Louisa Ulrika", "Louisa Ulrika", "Louisa Urika", "Louisa Ulrika", "Louisa Urika", "Louisa Ulrika", "Louisa U", "Louisa Ulrika", "Louisa Ulrika", "Louisa Ulrika", "Louisa Ulrika", "Louisa Ulrika", "Louisa Ulrika", "Louisa U", "Louisa U", "Louisa Ul", "Louisa Ul", "Louisa Ul", "Louisa Ulrika", "Louisa Ulrika", "Louisa Ulrika", "Louisa Ulrika", "Louisa Ulrika", "Louisa Ulrika", "Louisa U", "Louisa Ulrika", "Louisa Ul", "Louisa Ulrika", "Louisa Urika", "Louisa Ulrika", "Olof", "Louisa Urika", "Louisa Ulrika", "Louisa Ul", "Louisa Ulrika", "Louisa Ul", "Louisa Ulrika", "Louisa Urika", "Louisa Ulrika", "Ulrika", "Louisa Urika", "Louisa Urika", "Louisa Urika", "Louisa U", "Louisa Ulrika", "Louisa Urika", "Louisa Urika", "Louisa Ulrika", "Louisa Ulrika", "Louisa Ulrika", "Louisa Urika", "Louisa Ulrika", "Louisa Ulrika", "Sofia Albertina", "Louisa Ulrika" ]

[ "Louisa Urika", "Louisa Urika", "Louisa Ulrika", "Louisa Urika", "Louisa Urika", "Louisa Ulrika", "Louisa Ulrika", "Louisa Ulrika", "Louisa U", "Louisa Ulrika", "Louisa Ulrika", "Louisa Ulrika", "Louisa Ulrika", "Louisa Ulrika", "Louisa U", "Louisa Urika", "Louisa Ulrika", "Louisa Ul", "Louisa Ulrika", "Louisa Ulrika", "Louisa Ulrika", "Louisa Ulrika", "Louisa Ulrika", "Louisa Ulrika", "Louisa Ulrika", "Louisa Ulrika", "Louisa Ulrika", "Louisa Ulrika", "Louisa Ulrika", "Louisa Ulrika", "Louisa Ulrika", "Louisa Urika", "Louisa Urika", "Louisa Ulrika", "Louisa U", "Louisa Urika", "Louisa Ulrika", "Louisa Ulrika", "Louisa Ulrika", "Louisa Ulrika", "Louisa Ulrika", "Louisa U", "Louisa Ulrika", "Louisa Urika", "Louisa Urika", "Louisa Ulrika", "Louisa Ulrika", "Louisa U", "Louisa Ulrika", "Louisa Urika", "Louisa Ulrika" ]

[ "David Ashton (born David Scott on 10 November 1941, in Greenock) is a Scottish actor and writer.", "Trained at the Central School of Speech and Drama in London, 1964–67, he has acted in a wide variety of film, television, theatre and radio roles.", "He has also developed a parallel career as a writer of fiction, film and television screenplays and plays for theatre and radio.", "His radio play The Old Ladies at the Zoo, which starred Peggy Mount and Liz Smith, won the Radio Times Drama Award in 1985.", "Acting\n\nTheatre\nAshton started his professional career at Worcester Repertory theatre, playing roles such as Marco in A View from the Bridge, Jerry in Two for the Seesaw, Harold Gorringe in Black Comedy, and Charlie in Staircase.", "At Ipswich Rep, he played Bluntschli in Arms and the Man and Seamas Shields in The Shadow of a Gunman.", "Other roles included Grigory Smirnov in Chekhov’s The Bear at the Orange Tree Theatre, London; The Tramp in Synge’s In the Shadow of the Glen, Joxer in Juno and the Paycock, Torvald in Ibsen’s A Doll's House at the Crucible Theatre, Sheffield, the lead in Jean-Claude Carrière’s The File at the Liverpool Playhouse; Gayev in The Cherry Orchard and then Kulyegin in The Three Sisters at the Royal Exchange Theatre, Manchester.", "At the Royal Court Theatre, London, he played John in Christopher Hampton's The Philanthropist with Alec McCowan, and also appeared in the West End musical Happy as a Sandbag at the Ambassadors Theatre and portrayed Mister Mulleady in Behan’s The Hostage at Greenwich Theatre.", "Most recently, he appeared as Sandy Sheridan in Uncle Varick, John Byrne’s version of Chekhov’s Uncle Vanya, at the Royal Lyceum Theatre, Edinburgh.", "He has also taught, directed and lectured at the Central School of Speech and Drama, Rose Bruford College, the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art and the Mountview Academy of Theatre Arts.", "Films\n1981: Eye of the Needle - Oban Radio Operator\n1986: Just Us - Parramatta Warder\n1992: Freddie as F.R.O.7 - Additional Voices\n1996: Indian Summer - Paris Mourner\n1997: Tomorrow Never Dies - First Sea Lord\n1998: Stiff Upper Lips - Dr. Henry\n2000: The House of Mirth - Lawyer\n2003: Winter Solstice\n2006: The Last King of Scotland - Dr. Garrigan - Senior\n2009: The Silent Cormorant\n\nTelevision\nAshton made his acting debut on television in Z-Cars (1969) and took the lead role as Aeneas MacMaster in The New Road (1973).", "Other main roles include Lieutenant Wickham in The Voyage of Charles Darwin (1978); Doctor MacDuff in Brass, a social comedy series, set in 1930s Northern England (1982-1984 & 1990); Major Lennox in Sharpe’s Eagle (1993); Major Roddy Maclean in Hamish Macbeth (1995–97); Harold Xavier in Monarch of the Glen (2000); Alex Gemmell in Glasgow Kiss (2000) and Professor MacManus in Vital Signs (2006).", "He has also had featured roles in New Tricks (2008); Waking the Dead (2002); Waterfront Beat (1991); All Creatures Great and Small (1990); The Bill (1989); Ever Decreasing Circles (1986); Doctor Who (as Kendron in the 1985 story Timelash); Coronation Street (1985); and Juliet Bravo (1980 - Series 1, ep.6 'The Runner').", "Writing\n\nFilm\n\n 1989 Duck: commissioned and broadcast by Channel 4 for its Short and Curlies series, starring Jim Carter and Frances Barber.", "1990 God on the Rocks: an adaptation of the novel by Jane Gardam starring Minnie Driver and Bill Paterson, commissioned and broadcast by Channel 4 and made by Skreba Productions.", "1992 Freddie as F.R.O.7: an animated musical fantasy adventure made by Hollywood Road productions and featuring the voices of Ben Kingsley, Jenny Agutter, Brian Blessed and Billie Whitelaw.", "In addition, Ashton has written five commissioned scripts that have yet to go into full production:\n Taj: the love story behind the Taj Mahal commissioned by Sir Ben Kingsley’s Lavender Films.", "Tale: a modern reworking of Shakespeare’s The Winter's Tale, commissioned by film director Peter Chelsom (Hear My Song, Funnybones).", "Donal Q: a contemporary reinterpretation of Don Quixote, with Billy Connolly and Brian Cox, commissioned by Left Bank Pictures.", "Cousin Bazilio: Based on the novel by Portuguese author José Maria de Eça de Queirós, a tale of adultery, blackmail and lust set in 19th-century Lisbon.", "The script was commissioned by Lavender Films and is now with Trademark Films.", "Django: a drama about the dangers faced by Django Reinhardt, the great gypsy jazz guitarist, in occupied Paris during the Second World War.", "Television\nAshton was one of the early scriptwriters for EastEnders, the long-running BBC soap opera that first aired in February 1985.", "He wrote for series two of BBC hospital drama Casualty, becoming main writer for series three (1987–88).", "His monologue Stations (1988), broadcast as part of the BBC’s Play for One series, provided actor Andrew Keir with \"a tour de force solo role\" according to The Independent newspaper.", "Another one-off drama for BBC2 was The Other Side (1992), starring Frank Finlay and Richard E. Grant.", "He wrote four episodes for series two of the BBC1 comedy-drama The Hello Girls (1996–98), as well as individual episodes of Badger (1999) , which featured Jerome Flynn as a police wildlife liaison officer, and Murder Rooms: The Dark Beginnings of Sherlock Holmes (2001), both for BBC1.", "A television series based on his McLevy radio series and novels is currently under development.", "Radio\nAshton is best known as creator of the ongoing BBC Radio 4 drama series McLevy, based on the career of 19th-century Edinburgh detective James McLevy.", "A pilot episode was first broadcast in 1999 and twelve series of the Scottish thief-taker’s exploits have followed up to 2016.", "The dramas star Brian Cox as McLevy, Siobhan Redmond as Jean Brash, Michael Perceval-Maxwell as Mulholland, and Ashton himself as Lieutenant Roach.", "In addition, Ashton has written more than 15 other radio plays, including The Old Ladies at the Zoo (1985), starring Peggy Mount and Liz Smith, which won the Radio Times Drama Award that year, and three Sherlock Holmes adaptations: The Naval Treaty, Black Peter and The Three Garridebs for BBC Radio 4.", "These were part of the complete recording of the Sherlock Holmes canon broadcast by the BBC between 1989 and 1998 and starring Clive Merrison as Holmes and Michael Williams as Watson.", "Recent plays have included The White Hart and Me… Dancing for RTÉ in Dublin; No Help When Dead (2010) for BBC Scotland; Maidens' Trip (2010) for BBC Radio 4 and The Quest of Donal Q (2011), starring Billy Connolly and Brian Cox, for BBC Scotland and Radio 4.", "Theatre\n 1988 Passing By: a trilogy at the Old Red Lion Theatre, Islington, directed by Dominic Dromgoole and starring Julie Covington.", "The Eagle: Traverse Theatre, Edinburgh.", "Stations: Traverse Theatre, Edinburgh and Tron Theatre, Glasgow.", "1991 A Bright Light Shining: Bush Theatre, London, directed by Dominic Dromgoole, with John Hannah, Ewen Bremner and Joanna Roth.", "1992-93 The Chinese Wolf: Bush Theatre, London, directed by Dominic Dromgoole, with Maureen Beattie and Desmond Barrit.", "1994 The Mark: Cockpit Theatre, London.", "1996 Buried Treasure: The Lyric Theatre (Hammersmith), directed by Robin Lefevre, with Alexander Morton and Jennifer Black.", "1997 The Golden Door: a children’s play performed at The National Theatre, London.", "1998 Me Dancing: The Other Place, Stratford-upon-Avon.", "His latest piece Couchsong, in which a therapist hauls her couch out into the garden and the story takes off from there, is yet to be performed.", "Books\nAshton has chronicled further exploits of McLevy, the character first introduced on the radio, in a series of novels.", "2006 The Shadow of the Serpent\n 2007 Fall from Grace\n 2009 A Trick of the Light\n 2013 Nor Will He Sleep\nAll are published by Polygon/Birlinn.", "References\n\nExternal links\n\nPolygon/Birlinn\n\nScottish male television actors\nLiving people\nScottish dramatists and playwrights\n1941 births\n20th-century Scottish writers" ]

[ "David Scott was born in Greenock on November 10, 1941.", "He was trained at the Central School of Speech and Drama in London and has acted in a wide variety of roles.", "He is a writer of fiction, film and television screenplays and plays for theatre and radio.", "The Old Ladies at the Zoo won the Radio Times Drama Award in 1985.", "As an actor, he played roles such as Marco in A View from the Bridge, Jerry in Two for the Seesaw, Harold Gorringe in Black Comedy, and Charlie in Staircase.", "He played Seamas Shields in The Shadow of a Gunman, as well as in Arms and the Man.", "Other roles included Grigory Smirnov in Chekhov's The Bear at the Orange Tree Theatre, London, The Tramp in Synge's In the Shadow of the Glen, Joxer in Juno and the Paycock, and Torvald in Ibsen's A", "He was in Happy as a Sandbag at the Ambassadors Theatre and played Mister Mulleady in Behan's The Hostage.", "He was in Uncle Varick at the Royal Lyceum Theatre, Edinburgh.", "He taught at the Central School of Speech and Drama, Rose Bruford College, the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art, and the Mountview Academy of Theatre Arts.", "In 1981: Eye of the Needle, and in 1986: Just Us, and in 1996: Freddie as F.R.O.7 and First Sea Lord.", "Doctor MacDuff in Brass, a social comedy series set in 1930s Northern England, is one of the main roles.", "He had roles in New Tricks, Waking the Dead, Waterfront Beat, All Creatures Great and Small, The Bill, and Ever Decreasing Circles.", "Writing Film 1989 Duck was commissioned and broadcast by Channel 4.", "Channel 4 commissioned and broadcast an adaptation of the novel God on the Rocks starring Minnie Driver and Bill Paterson.", "Freddie as F.R.O.7: an animated musical fantasy adventure made by Hollywood Road productions and featuring the voices of Ben Kingsley, Jenny Agutter, Brian Blessed and Billie Whitelaw.", "Taj: the love story behind the Taj Mahal is one of the five commissioned scripts that have yet to go into full production.", "The Winter's Tale is a modern version of Shakespeare's play.", "Left Bank Pictures commissioned Billy Connolly and Brian Cox to perform in Donal Q.", "A tale of adultery, blackmail and lust is set in Lisbon in the 19th century.", "The script was commissioned by Lavender Films.", "During the Second World War, Paris was occupied by the great gypsies jazz guitarist, Django Reinhardt.", "The first episode of EastEnders aired in February 1985 and Television Ashton was one of the early scriptwriters.", "He was the main writer for series three of Casualty.", "Andrew Keir was given a tour de force solo role as a result of his monologue Stations (1988), according to The Independent newspaper.", "The Other Side starred Frank Finlay and Richard E. Grant.", "He wrote four episodes for the second series of The Hello Girls, as well as individual episodes of Badger and Murder Rooms: The Dark Beginnings of Sherlock Holmes, both for the British Broadcasting Corporation.", "The McLevy radio series and novels are being developed into a television series.", "The ongoing series McLevy is based on the career of 19th-century Edinburgh detective James McLevy.", "The first pilot episode of the Scottish thief-taker's exploits was broadcast in 1999.", "The dramas feature Brian Cox as McLevy, Michael Perceval-Maxwell as Mulholland, and Lieutenant Roach.", "The Old Ladies at the Zoo won the Radio Times Drama Award in 1985 and is one of the plays written by Ashton.", "They were part of the complete recording of the canon broadcast by the British Broadcasting Corporation between 1989 and 1998 and starred Clive Merrison and Michael Williams.", "The White Hart and Me... Dancing forRT in Dublin was one of the recent plays.", "Dominic Dromgoole directed a trilogy at the Old Red Lion Theatre.", "The theatre is in Edinburgh.", "There are stations in Edinburgh and Glasgow.", "Dominic Dromgoole directed A Bright Light Shining: Bush Theatre.", "The Chinese Wolf: Bush Theatre was directed by Dominic Dromgoole.", "The Cockpit Theatre is in London.", "Robin Lefevre directed Buried Treasure: The Lyric Theatre.", "The National Theatre in London hosted a performance of The Golden Door in 1997.", "Me Dancing: The Other Place was filmed in 1998.", "His latest piece, in which a therapist hauls her couch out into the garden and the story takes off from there, is yet to be performed.", "McLevy, the character first introduced on the radio, has been chronicled in a series of novels.", "The Shadow of the Serpent was published in 2006 and the Fall from Grace was published in 2009.", "Scottish male television actors Living people Scottish dramatists and playwrights were born in 1941." ]

[ "David Ashton", "David Scott", "Ashton", "Ashton", "Ashton", "Ashton", "Ashton", "Ashton", "Ashton" ]

[ "David Scott", "Ashton" ]

[ "Michael Musto (born December 3, 1955) is an American journalist who has long been a prevalent presence in entertainment-related publications, as well as on websites and television shows.", "Musto is a former columnist for The Village Voice, where he wrote the La Dolce Musto column of gossip, nightlife, reviews, interviews, and political observations.", "In 2021, he started writing for the revived Village Voice, which returned as a quarterly print publication, with accompanying website.", "He is the author of the books Downtown and Manhattan on the Rocks, as well as a compilation of selected columns published as La Dolce Musto: Writings By The World's Most Outrageous Columnist and a subsequent collection, Fork on the Left, Knife in the Back.", "He currently writes about pop cultural and sociopolitical issues for the Daily Beast and pens a monthly gossip column called \"Read Now, Cry Later\" for Queerty.com.", "Early life\nMusto was born in Manhattan to an Italian American family.", "He was raised in Bensonhurst, Brooklyn, and graduated from Columbia University in 1976.", "During his studies, he was a theater critic for the Columbia Spectator.", "Career\n\nMusto is gay and has been published regularly in several LGBT publications, including Out and The Advocate.", "He contributes to Huffington Post, has written the weekly, entertainment-related Musto Unfiltered column for NewNowNext.com, and has had bylines in The New York Times, W, and Vanity Fair.", "Among Musto's first journalistic jobs were assignments covering culture for Circus magazine, SoHo Weekly News, and After Dark magazine, as well as becoming the music critic for Us magazine in the 1980s.", "In 1982, he began writing for Details, then a downtown style-and-nightlife magazine, and in 1984, Musto began his Village Voice column, after having already written features for the publication.", "Musto's breathlessly dishy and opinionated first-person column celebrated nightlife and LGBT personalities, described outlandish New York club fetes, and gave vital early coverage to up-and-coming performers like John Sex, RuPaul, Kiki and Herb, Bridget Everett, Jackie Hoffman, Bianca Del Rio and Peppermint.", "A 1989 appearance in Slaves of New York—based on Tama Janowitz's book centered on the New York nightlife scene—was called the film's only moment of credibility by critic J. Hoberman of The Village Voice.", "Other cameos through the years were made in Garbo Talks (1984), Day of the Dead (1985), Jeffrey (1995), Death of a Dynasty (2003), The Big Gay Musical (2009), Violet Tendencies (2010), and The Smurfs (2011).", "Larger film roles awaited for more recent films like Vamp Bikers, Japanese Borscht, The Duke of New York, and Mister Sister.", "Musto was a great personal friend with the videographer, Nelson Sullivan who filmed much of the footage we have today of the \"Club Kids\".", "Musto also used his column to lambast homophobia and to demand attention to the growing AIDS crisis, Musto joining the activist group ACT UP and engaging in their highly influential rallies and protests.", "In 2011, The Advocate magazine referred to Musto's \"legendary gossip column\" and said, \"Since 1984, shrewd and self-deprecating humorist Michael Musto has written his 'La Dolce Musto' column, tirelessly chronicling nightlife and celebrity culture.", "The bridge-burning blogger and baron of blind items has earned a position as both historian and spokesman for the gay community.\"", "In the 1980s, Musto did nightlife-related segments for MTV, where his un-self-conscious gayness seemed radical.", "Videotographer Nelson Sullivan chose Musto as one of his favorite subjects and relentlessly followed the writer through clubs, appearances, and family get-togethers, many of the videos later surfacing on YouTube.", "From 1993 to 2000, he was one of the most prominent columnists on The Gossip Show, an E!", "program which featured colorful reporters relaying celebrity dish, and again, Musto was out and flamboyant on the show.", "He was featured on the cover of New York magazine in a 1994 \"Gossip Mafia\" story that spanned New York's most influential tattlers, including Richard Johnson, George Rush, and Jeannette Walls.", "In 1999, he cohosted \"New York Central,\" a nightly magazine-format show on the Metro Channel.", "He appeared in drag in a blue dress in the all drag queen music video for Cyndi Lauper's remake of her single \"(Hey Now) Girls Just Want To Have Fun\" (1994).", "He has also done cameos in videos by TV on the Radio, Sherry Vine, Sharon Needles, Jinkx Monsoon, Larry Tee, and Gorgon City featuring Jennifer Hudson, among many others.", "He penned several writeups in The Village Voice about the 1996 murder of Andre \"Angel\" Melendez, helping bring national attention to a case that resulted in the trial and conviction of Michael Alig and Robert \"Freeze\" Riggs.", "He was the first to report Alig's firing from The Limelight club by owner Peter Gatien and to allude to talk about a missing person from Alig's sphere.", "When his blind item describing the buzz on the details of the crime got picked up by The New York Posts Page Six gossip column, the story took on even more prominence.", "A later Village Voice feature story acknowledged Musto's breaking item.", "The movie \"Party Monster\" (2003) includes reference to a Musto item, and Musto has appeared in many related documentaries, including \"Disco Bloodbath\" and A&E's \"American Justice\", as well as several Geraldo Rivera shows, where he had long been the expert on club kids.", "Discussing topics like gossip and nightlife, Musto also appeared on daytime talk shows hosted by Sally Jessy Raphael, Joan Rivers, Ricki Lake, Richard Bey, Gordon Elliott, and Mark L. Walberg.", "In 2001, Musto appeared in a groundbreaking ad campaign for Fortunoff in which he sported a wedding veil, campily promoting the possibility of same-sex marriage.", "In 2010, he made a cameo appearance in Erasure's re-release of A Little Respect (HMI Redux)'; the proceeds of this release were donated to help students attending the Harvey Milk Institute.", "Also in 2010, LCD Soundsystem mentioned Musto in the song \"Pow Pow\" playfully urging him to \"Eat it\" (wacky retaliation for banter between Musto and the group's James Murphy at a Paper Nightlife Awards ceremony).", "That year, Musto also added \"Theater Producer\" to his resume, when he produced the musical comedy Perfect Harmony about the search for truth, love, and high school a cappella championship glory, which played Off-Broadway in New York City.", "In 2011, Musto was named one of the \"Out 100\" as one of the country's most influential LGBT personalities.", "In 2013, he played himself in a scene on the NBC series \"Smash\", having also previously figured in a plot line involving his gossip writing.", "In May 2013, Musto was laid off from The Village Voice, but in 2016, he was back as an entertainment correspondent, writing three cover stories that year.", "The Village Voice folded, but then it came back in 2021 as a quarterly print publication.", "Musto was writing for the paper (and the accompanying website) again.", "Musto was a regular commentator on MSNBC's Countdown With Keith Olbermann, where he sardonically skewered the antics of Paris Hilton, Lindsay Lohan, and other scandalous celebrities du jour.", "Starting in 2015, Musto became a recurring panelist on Logo TV's \"Cocktails and Classics,\" which involved showing well known films and offering campy commentary on them.", "He has moderated Broadway talkbacks for shows like \"Talk Radio\" and \"End of the Rainbow,\" and in 2016, was the celebrity guest star one night in the off-Broadway production of \"Oh, Hello.\"", "Musto has also dabbled in acting and singing.", "In 1980, he became lead singer of a Motown cover band called the Must, and once shared a bill with rising star Madonna.", "He played a lead role and received rave reviews from Eileen Shapiro of Huffington Post, for the film Vamp Bikers Tres by Eric Rivas, as a head doctor named Hedda Hopper alongside Lillo Brancato and Angel Salazar.", "The film premiered in 2016 at Anthology Film Archives and in 2018 was released by the Orchard.", "Musto sang a pop/reggae/dance ditty, \"I Got Ur Back,\" written and produced by Tyler Stone, based on Musto's idea, for Trax Records, released in 2017.", "A celebrity roast of Musto at Actors Temple on May 22, 2017—kicked off by Rosie O'Donnell and hosted by Bruce Vilanch-raised significant money for the Callen-Lorde clinic.", "In addition to doubling the take of the benefit, O'Donnell—after aiming some barbs at Musto's closet-busting mania—thanked him for pulling her into the community; in the 1990s, he'd urged her and Ellen DeGeneres in print to come out of the closet.", "He has won seven Glam Awards for Best Nightlife Writer/Blogger.", "Published worksMusto has authored four books:Musto has contributed to four works published by others:'\n Contributed foreword.", "Contributed as an author.", "Contributed as an author.", "Provided afterword.", "See also\n LGBT culture in New York City\n List of LGBT people from New York City\n New Yorkers in journalism\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nMusto's writings at The Village Voice\nMusto's writings at Out.com\n\n1955 births\n20th-century American non-fiction writers\n21st-century American non-fiction writers\nAmerican writers of Italian descent\nColumbia College (New York) alumni\nAmerican gay writers\nAmerican gossip columnists\nLGBT journalists from the United States\nLGBT people from New York (state)\nLiving people\nWriters from Brooklyn\nThe Village Voice people\n20th-century American male writers\nPeople from Bensonhurst, Brooklyn\nAmerican male non-fiction writers\n21st-century American male writers" ]

[ "Michael Musto (born December 3, 1955) is an American journalist who has long been a prevalent presence in entertainment-related publications, as well as on websites and television shows.", "Musto was a columnist for The Village Voice where he wrote gossip, nightlife, reviews, interviews, and political observations.", "He started writing for the revived Village Voice in 2021.", "He is the author of the books Downtown and Manhattan on the Rocks, as well as a collection of columns called La Dolce Musto: Writings By The World's Most Outrageous Columnist.", "He writes a gossip column called \"Read Now, Cry Later\" each month for Queerty.com.", "Musto was born to an Italian American family.", "He graduated from Columbia University in 1976.", "He was a critic for the Columbia Spectator.", "Out and The Advocate have published Career Musto in the past.", "He contributes to Huffington Post, has written a weekly entertainment column for NewNowNext.com, and has had bylines in The New York Times, W, and Vanity Fair.", "Musto's first journalistic jobs were covering culture for Circus magazine, SoHo Weekly News, and After Dark magazine, as well as being the music critic for Us magazine in the 1980s.", "In 1982, he began writing for Details, then a downtown style-and-nightlife magazine, and in 1984 he began writing for the Village Voice.", "Musto's first-person column gave vital early coverage to up-and-coming performers like John Sex, and described outrageous New York club fetes.", "J. Hoberman of The Village Voice called the 1989 appearance in Slaves of New York the film's only moment of credibility.", "In addition to Garbo Talks, Day of the Dead, Jeffrey, Death of a Dynasty, The Big Gay Musical, and The Smurfs, there were other appearances through the years.", "Larger film roles await for more recent films like Vamp Bikers, Japanese Borscht, The Duke of New York, and Mister Sister.", "Nelson Sullivan filmed a lot of the footage we have today of the \"Club Kids\".", "Musto used his column to demand attention to the AIDS crisis, as well as lambasting homophobia and joining the activist group ACT UP.", "The Advocate magazine referred to Musto's \"legendary gossip column\" in 2011.", "The bridge-burning blogger and baron of blind items has earned a position as both historian and spokesman for the gay community.", "Musto did nightlife-related segments for MTV in the 1980s, where his un-self-conscious gayness seemed radical.", "Nelson Sullivan followed Musto through clubs, appearances, and family get-togethers as he was one of his favorite subjects.", "He was one of the most prominent columnists on The Gossip Show from 1993 to 2000.", "Musto was out and flamboyant on the show, which featured colorful reporters relaying celebrity dish.", "New York's most influential tattlers, including Richard Johnson, George Rush, and Jeannette Walls, were covered in a 1994 \"Gossip Mafia\" story.", "He cohosted \"New York Central\" in 1999 on the Metro Channel.", "In the all drag queen music video for \"(Hey Now) Girls Just Want To Have Fun\", he wore a blue dress.", "He has appeared in videos by TV on the Radio, Sharon Needles, Jinkx Monsoon, Larry Tee, and many others.", "The trial and conviction of Michael Alig and Robert \"Freeze\" Riggs was the result of several writeups he wrote for The Village Voice.", "He reported Alig's firing from The Limelight club and talked about a missing person from Alig's sphere.", "His blind item describing the buzz on the details of the crime was picked up by The New York Posts Page Six gossip column.", "Musto's breaking item was acknowledged in a Village Voice feature story.", "The movie \"Party Monster\" includes a reference to a Musto item, as well as several Geraldo Rivera shows, where he had been the expert.", "Musto appeared on daytime talk shows hosted by Sally Jessy Raphael, Joan Rivers, Ricki Lake, Richard Bey, and Mark L. Walberg.", "In 2001, Musto wore a wedding veil in an ad campaign for Fortunoff that promoted the possibility of same-sex marriage.", "The proceeds of the re-release of A Little Respect were donated to the Harvey Milk Institute.", "There was a joke in the song \"Pow Pow\" that Musto should \"Eat it\", a reference to the banter between Musto and the group's James Murphy at the Paper Nightlife Awards ceremony.", "The musical comedy Perfect Harmony was produced by Musto and played Off-Broadway in New York City.", "Musto was named one of the \"out 100\" in 2011.", "He played himself in a scene on the NBC series \"Smash\" in 2013).", "In May of 2013, Musto was laid off from The Village Voice, but in 2016 he was back as an entertainment correspondent.", "The Village Voice came back as a quarterly publication in 2021.", "Musto was writing again.", "Musto was a regular commentator on MSNBC, where he skewered the antics of Paris, Lindsay, and other scandalous celebrities.", "In 2015, Musto became a recurring panelist on Logo TV's \"Cocktails and Classics,\" which involved showing well known films and offering campy commentary on them.", "In 2016 he was the celebrity guest star in the off-Broadway production of \"Oh, Hello.\" He has moderated Broadway talkbacks for shows like \"Talk Radio\" and \"End of the Rainbow.\"", "Musto sings and acts.", "He shared a bill with Madonna when he was lead singer of a cover band called the Must.", "He played a lead role in the film Vamp Bikers Tres, which was written and directed by Eric Rivas, and received rave reviews from Eileen Shapiro of Huffington Post.", "The film was released by the Orchard.", "Tyler Stone wrote and produced a pop/reggae/dance song based on Musto's idea for the song.", "Rosie O'Donnell and Bruce Vilanch hosted a celebrity roast of Musto at Actors Temple on May 22, 2017, raising money for the Callen-Lorde clinic.", "In addition to doubling the take of the benefit, O'Donnell thanked him for pulling her into the community; in the 1990s, he urged her and Ellen to come out.", "He has won seven awards.", "Musto has contributed to four works that have been published.", "As an author, I contributed.", "As an author, I contributed.", "It was provided afterword.", "External links Musto's writings at Out.com 1955 births 20th-century American non-fiction writers 21st-century American non-fiction" ]

[ "Michael Musto", "Musto", "Musto", "Michael Musto", "Michael Alig", "Musto", "Musto", "Musto", "Musto", "Musto", "Musto", "Musto", "Musto" ]

[ "Michael Musto", "Musto", "Musto", "Musto", "Michael Alig", "Musto", "Musto", "Musto", "Musto", "Musto", "Musto" ]

[ "Slobodan \"Bodo\" Kovačević (29 December 1946 – 22 March 2004) was one of the greatest rock guitarists in former Yugoslavia, with unprecedented virtuosity even to these days.", "He began his musical career in early sixties with the Sarajevo band \"Wanderers\" and few years later in the mid sixties joined Indexi, where Davorin Popović was already a singer.", "Biography\n\nHis birth certificate is registered as Slobodan A. Kovačević, with the middle initial representing the name of his father Adem.", "During his musical career, he became widely known by his nickname \"Bodo\".", "He graduated with a degree in architecture from the University of Sarajevo, but his love for music won him over.", "He started his musical career in the early 1960s, first as a guitarist of Lutalice (\"The Wanderers\"), and from 1965 in the band Indexi, where he spent most of his career.", "In his spare time, he liked to paint, and watercolors were his favorite technique of expression.", "In 1978, together with other members of Indexi, he received the prestigious April 6th Award from the city of Sarajevo.", "That same year, he won the JRT (Yugoslav Radio and Television) award for his thematic masterpiece concept album \"Dark-Blue River\", which was declared album of the year in Yugoslavia.", "In 2004, he received the Davorin Award for best instrumentalist in Bosnia and Herzegovina.", "Music career\n\nHe took his first musical steps as a high school student auditioning as a singer with well-known Yugoslavian composer-musician Kornelije Kovač (later a member of Indexi and leader of Korni Grupa).", "Only when he began taking guitar lessons with professor Mile Praljak was his true talent for guitar playing discovered.", "He founded the group Lutalice (\"The Wanderers\") in 1963, which also included rhythmic guitarist Slobodan M. Kovačević (who later founded the group More), bassist Duško Čorlija, drummer Vojo Šimšić and vocalist Zoran Vidović - Cojo.", "Additional members were singers Selma Koluder and Gordana Magaš, who later became a well-known Sarajevo ballerina and choreographer.", "The second lineup consisted of bassist Fadil Redžić and drummer Miroslav Šaranović, both of whom later joined Indexi.", "A recording from this period is Slobodan Kovačević's first instrumental composition \"Snježni kristali\" (Snow Crystals), which was recorded in the studios of Radio Sarajevo on 16 April 1965.", "Kovačević joined Indexi in the summer of 1965, and Fadil Redžić, his Lutalice bandmate, joined soon after.", "Both of them, along with the singer Davorin Popović, stayed in the band as core members until Popović's death 2001.", "The first major composition Bodo Kovačević made for Indexi was titled \"Pružam ruke\" (I Reach Out), with lyrics by Nikola Borota.", "It was written in late 1966 and was recorded at Radio Sarajevo on 13 February 1967.", "With this composition, Indexi took part in the Yugoslav selection for the Eurovision Song Contest, which was organized in Ljubljana (the winner was Slovenian singer Lado Leskovar with Vse rože sveta).", "The composition \"Pružam ruke\" (I Reach Out) is significant in Yugoslavia's pop-rock scene because it is considered to be the first domestically copyrighted pop/rock composition, and the first authentic pop/rock composition that has been played in their native language.", "Slobodan Kovačević was the most prolific author in Indexi, having written and produced many of their most significant songs, and led the group toward constant innovation and experimentation.", "Some of Indexi's biggest successes were written by Bodo himself (\"Somewhere at the End of the Lull\" with lyrics by Želimir Altarac Čičak, \"Tide\", \"Dark-Blue River\") or in cooperation with Fadil Redžić (\"The World in Which I Live\" with lyrics by Želimir Altarac Čičak, \"Ballad\").", "Their most successful album was the 1978 concept album \"Modra Rijeka\" (The Dark-Blue River), based on the eponymous poem by Mak Dizdar.", "It was conceived by Slobodan Kovačević, who was also the author of almost all of the songs on the album.", "The album was co-produced by Nikola Borota, who became one of the most important music producers of the region.", "Slobodan Kovačević had worked extensively for other artists and participated in various projects outside of pop and rock music .", "Among other things, he played guitar and participated in the arrangement of Josipa Lisac's first album, \"Dnevnik jedne ljubavi\" (Diary of a Love) in 1973.", "He composed the theme music for the ceremony of the 1984 Winter Olympics in Sarajevo, collaborated with Esad Arnautalić on his project \"Muzika razpoloženja\" (Mood Music), wrote the music for the play \"Mandragola\" for \"Chamber Theatre 55\" in Sarajevo and \"Posljednja potraga za zlatom\" (Last Quest for Gold) for the National Theatre in Sarajevo.", "In the last two years of his life, he was the music producer of BH Eurosong.", "At the beginning of the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina, he moved to Prague and returned to Sarajevo after the Dayton Agreement in 1995.", "In late March 1998, Indexi performed in Podgorica and Belgrade.", "After the death of Davorin Popović in 2001, he devoted himself to jazz music and joined the Sinan Alimanović Quintet.", "He also played in the Dance Orchestra of Bosnia and Herzegovina.", "Slobodan Kovačević wrote a total of more than 300 compositions.", "Most of these opuses are associated with Indexi, but also with theater performances and songs for other artists.", "Slobodan Kovačević died on 22 March 2004 in the Bare Cemetery in Sarajevo and was buried in the \"Alley of Greats\" close to his bandmate and singer Davorin Popović.", "From 2006, in his honor, the Bodo Kovačević Award was founded for the best guitarist.", "He had been married to Edina Filipović since July 1981 and had a daughter, Hana." ]

[ "Slobodan \"Bodo\" Kovaevi was one of the greatest rock guitarists in Yugoslavia.", "He started his musical career with the Sarajevo band \"Wanderers\" in the early sixties and then joined Indexi in the mid sixties, where Davorin Popovi was already a singer.", "His father's name is represented on his birth certificate by the middle initial.", "He was known as \"Bodo\" during his musical career.", "His love for music won him over after he graduated from the University of Sarajevo with a degree in architecture.", "He spent most of his career in the band Indexi, but he started his musical career in the early 1960s as a guitarist.", "watercolors were his favorite technique of expression and he liked to paint in his spare time.", "The April 6th Award was given to him in 1978 by the city of Sarajevo.", "He won the JRT award for his album \"Dark-Blue River\", which was declared the album of the year in Yugoslavia.", "The Davorin Award was given to him in 2004.", "As a high school student, he was auditioning to be a singer with a well-known Yugoslavian composer-musician.", "His true talent for guitar playing was discovered when he began taking guitar lessons.", "The group was founded in 1963, and included Slobodan M. Kovaevi, bassist Duko orlija and drummer Vojo imi.", "Gordana Maga was a well-known Sarajevo ballerina and also a singer.", "The second lineup had bassist Fadil Redi and drummer Miroslav aranovi.", "The first instrumental composition by Slobodan Kovaevi was recorded in the studios of Radio Sarajevo.", "In the summer of 1965, Fadil Redi joined Indexi.", "Both of them, along with the singer Davorin Popovi, stayed in the band as core members.", "\"Pruam ruke\" (I Reach Out) was the first major composition made for Indexi.", "It was recorded at Radio Sarajevo in 1967.", "The winner of the contest was a singer named Lado Leskovar with Vse roe sveta.", "In Yugoslavia's pop-rock scene, \"Pruam ruke\" is considered to be the first domestically copyrighted pop/rock composition and the first authentic pop/rock composition that has been played in their native language.", "Slobodan Kovaevi was the most prolific author in Indexi, having written and produced many of their most significant songs.", "Bodo himself wrote \"Somewhere at the End of the Lull\", \"Tide\", and \"Dark-Blue River\", as well as lyrics by elimir Altarac iak and Fadil Redi.", "The 1978 concept album \"Modra Rijeka\" was based on a poem by Mak Dizdar.", "Slobodan Kovaevi was the author of almost all of the songs on the album.", "The album was produced by one of the most important music producers in the region.", "Slobodan had worked for other artists and participated in various projects outside of pop and rock music.", "He played guitar in the arrangement of \"Dnevnik jedne ljubavi\" (Diary of a Love) in 1973.", "He wrote the music for the play \"Mandragola\" and the theme music for the Winter Olympics in Sarajevo.", "He was the music producer of BH Eurosong in the last two years of his life.", "After the Dayton Agreement was signed in 1995, he moved back to Sarajevo.", "Indexi performed in Podgorica and Belgrade.", "He devoted himself to jazz music after the death of Davorin Popovi.", "He played in the Dance Orchestra.", "More than 300 compositions were written by Slobodan Kovaevi.", "Most of these opuses are associated with Indexi, but also with other artists.", "On March 22, 2004, Slobodan Kovaevi died in the Bare Cemetery in Sarajevo and was buried in the \"Alley of Greats\" close to his bandmate and singer Davorin Popovi.", "The Bodo Kovaevi Award was established in 2006 to honor the best guitarist.", "He had a daughter with his wife, Hana." ]

[ "Kovačević", ". Kovačević", "Slobodan", ". Kovačević", "Kovačević", "Kovačević", "Kovačević", "Slobodan", "Kovačević", "Slobodan", "Kovačević", "Slobodan", "Kovačević", "Slobodan", "Kovačević", "Slobodan", "Kovačević" ]

[ "Slobodan", "Slobodan", "Slobodan", "Slobodan", "Slobodan" ]

[ "Howard Gerald \"Jerry\" Clower (September 28, 1926 – August 24, 1998) was an American stand-up comedian.", "Born and raised in the state of Mississippi, Clower was best known for his stories of the rural South and was given the nickname \"The Mouth of Mississippi\".", "Life\nClower was born in Liberty, Mississippi and began a two-year stint in the Navy after graduating from high school in 1944.", "Upon his discharge, in 1946, he was a Radioman Third Class (RMN3) and had earned the American Campaign Medal, the Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal (with two bronze service stars), and the World War II Victory Medal.", "He studied agriculture at Mississippi State University, where he played college football and was a member of Phi Kappa Tau fraternity.", "After finishing school in 1951, Clower worked as a county agent and later as a seed salesman.", "He became a fertilizer salesman for Mississippi Chemical in 1954.", "Career\nBy 1954, Clower had developed a reputation for telling funny stories to boost his sales.", "Tapes of Clower's speaking engagements wound up in the hands of Edwin \"Big Ed\" Wilkes and Bud Andrews in Lubbock, Texas, who had him make a better-quality recording which they promoted.", "MCA Records later awarded The Coon Hunt a platinum record for sales in excess of $1 million at the retail level.", "At first, Clower took orders at his speaking engagements, selling 8000 copies on the Lemon record label.", "In time, Wilkes sent a copy to Grant Turner at WSM radio in Nashville, and when Turner played it on the air, Clower said \"that thing busted loose.\"", "MCA was soon knocking on Clower's door, offering him a contract.", "Once MCA began distribution in 1971, Jerry Clower from Yazoo City, Mississippi Talkin''' retailed more than a million dollars over 10 months and stayed in the top 20 on the country charts for 30 weeks.", "Clower's first on-stage engagement occurred in the early 1970s when country radio station owner and show promoter, Marshall Rowland (WQIK, Jacksonville; WDEN, Macon; WQYK, Tampa), received an early Clower recording (\"The Coon Huntin' Story\") which was met with rave reviews by his station's listeners in Jacksonville.", "Rowland contacted Clower and offered him an airplane ticket and a few hundred dollars to come open for an upcoming tour Rowland had booked with Charley Pride.", "Clower arrived back-stage for the Saturday night show at the Jacksonville Coliseum, but Pride's manager Jack Johnson refused to allow it because Clower was non-union.", "Rowland averted the situation by putting Clower on stage while the lights were up and people were still entering the Coliseum.", "Clower performed for about 30 minutes.", "Pride, who watched from backstage, is said to have then taken Clower under his wing and introduced him at the next of Rowland's shows as his \"new friend.\"", "Clower and Rowland remained very close friends for the years that followed, connecting for events, and working shows together.", "Clower was a frequent face at Rowland's radio stations over the remaining years of his life, and the music was known to be interrupted with Clower's comedy recordings from time to time, especially at WQIK in Jacksonville, where his career can be said to have been launched in earnest.", "His stories often featured the Ledbetters, a quintessential Southern, country folk.", "Clower made 27 full-length recordings in his 27-year career as a professional entertainer (not counting \"best of\" compilations).", "With one exception, all the recordings were released by MCA.", "The exception was Ain't God Good, which Clower recorded with MCA's blessing at a worship service.", "Word Records promoted and distributed this title in 1977.", "This recording gave Clower, always a staunch Christian, an opportunity to present his personal testimony in a comfortable church setting.", "Clower was well known for his faith and often makes references to God in his stories.", "He spoke at many Southern Baptist Convention events.", "He said his faith kept him happy and able to make others laugh.", "In 1973, Clower became a member of the Grand Ole Opry, and continued to perform there regularly until his death.", "He also co-hosted a radio show called Country Crossroads with Bill Mack and Leroy Van Dyke, which has aired in syndication for 40 years and a television version of the program was produced, as well, starting in 1993.", "Clower's involvement began in 1973 and lasted well over 20 years.", "This show was produced and distributed by the Southern Baptist Convention.", "Clower also taped segments of Nashville On the Road, which included comedic performances and interviews with other country artists featured on the show.", "Jim Ed Brown hosted the series with Clower during the program's first season, 1975–76, and they were joined by Helen Cornelius in 1976.", "Their involvement in the series lasted until 1981.", "The show continued to air with new host Jim Stafford through 1983.", "Clower's last album was Peaches and Possums, released posthumously in October 1998.", "He was the author of four books.", "The book Ain't God Good became the basis for an inspirational documentary film of the same title that won an award from the New York International Independent Film and Video Festival.", "His other three books include 1978's Let the Hammer Down; 1987's Life Everlaughter, and 1993's Stories From Home''.", "Death\nClower died in August 1998 following heart bypass surgery; he was 71 years old.", "He had been married to Homerline (née Wells) Clower (1926–2018) since August 1947.", "He was survived by a son, Ray (1953–2011), three daughters, Amy, Sue, and Katy, and seven grandchildren.", "Discography\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n \n Jerry Clower discography, musicscribe.com; accessed August 31, 2014.", "1926 births\n1998 deaths\nAmerican male singer-songwriters\nAmerican country singer-songwriters\nAmerican radio personalities\nAmerican stand-up comedians\nAmerican religious writers\nBaptists from Mississippi\nGrand Ole Opry members\nMississippi State University alumni\nPeople from Liberty, Mississippi\nPeople from Yazoo City, Mississippi\nWriters from Mississippi\nUnited States Navy personnel of World War II\n20th-century American singers\n20th-century American non-fiction writers\nSinger-songwriters from Mississippi\nSouthern Baptists\n20th-century American comedians\nCountry musicians from Mississippi\n20th-century American male singers\nUnited States Navy sailors\nMilitary personnel from Mississippi\n20th-century Baptists\n20th-century American male writers" ]

[ "Howard Gerald \"Jerry\" Clower was an American stand-up comedian.", "Clower was best known for his stories of the rural South and was given the nickname \"The Mouth of Mississippi\".", "After graduating from high school in 1944, Life Clower joined the Navy and served for two years.", "He earned the American Campaign medal, the Asiatic-Pacific campaign medal, and the World War II Victory medal after his discharge.", "At Mississippi State University, he was a member of the football team and studied agriculture.", "Clower was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "He was a salesman for Mississippi Chemical.", "Clower had a reputation for telling funny stories to boost his sales.", "Tapes of Clower's speaking engagements ended up in the hands of Big Ed and Bud Andrews in Lubbock, Texas, who had him make a better-quality recording which they promoted.", "The Coon Hunt was given a Platinum record for sales in excess of $1 million.", "8000 copies of the Lemon record label were sold by Clower at first.", "Clower said \"that thing busted loose\" when Turner played it on the air.", "The MCA knocked on Clower's door and offered him a contract.", "Jerry Clower from Yazoo City, Mississippi Talkin'' retailed more than a million dollars over 10 months and stayed in the top 20 on the country charts for 30 weeks.", "Clower's first on-stage engagement occurred in the early 1970s when country radio station owner and show promoter, Marshall Rowland, received an early Clower recording.", "Clower was offered an airplane ticket and a few hundred dollars by Rowland to go on a tour with him.", "Pride's manager Jack Johnson refused to allow Clower to return to the stage because he was non-union.", "The people were still entering the Coliseum when Clower was put on stage.", "Clower performed for 30 minutes.", "Clower is said to have been introduced to Pride at the next show by the man who watched from backstage.", "Clower and Rowland were close friends for many years, connecting for events and working shows together.", "The music was interrupted with Clower's comedy recordings from time to time, especially at WQIK in Jacksonville, where his career can be said to have been launched.", "The Ledbetters were often featured in his stories.", "In 27 years as a professional entertainer, Clower made 27 full-length recordings.", "All the recordings were released by the same company.", "Ain't God Good was the only exception.", "Word Records distributed this title in 1977.", "The opportunity to present his testimony in a comfortable church setting was given to Clower by this recording.", "Clower's faith was well known and he made references to God in his stories.", "He spoke at the convention.", "He said his faith made him happy.", "Clower was a member of the Grand Ole Opry until his death.", "A television version of the radio show co-hosted by him and Bill Mack was produced in 1993 and has aired in syndication for 40 years.", "Clower's involvement began in 1973.", "The show was distributed by the Southern Baptist Convention.", "The segments of Nashville On the Road were taped and included interviews with other country artists featured on the show.", "The first season of the program was hosted by Jim Ed Brown and Clower, and they were joined by Helen Cornelius in 1976.", "Their involvement in the series ended in 1981.", "Jim Stafford hosted the show through 1983.", "Clower's last album was called Peaches and Possums.", "He wrote four books.", "A film based on the book Ain't God Good won an award at the New York International Independent Film and Video Festival.", "Let the Hammer Down, 1987's Life Everlaughter, and 1993's Stories From Home are his other books.", "Death Clower was 71 years old when he died.", "He married Homerline Clower in August 1947.", "He had a son, Ray, three daughters, Amy, and Sue, and seven grandchildren.", "Musicscribe.com has links to Jerry Clower's discography.", "People from Liberty, Mississippi, people from Yazoo City, Mississippi, and people from the United States Navy are from Mississippi." ]

[ "Jerry", "Clower", "Life Clower", "Jerry Clower", "Clower", "Jerry Clow" ]

[ "Jerry", "Clower", "Life Clower", "Jerry Clower", "Death Clower", "Clower", "Jerry Clower" ]

[ "Dominic Shellard is a British academic who has served as Head of the School of English and Pro-Vice-Chancellor at the University of Sheffield and Vice-Chancellor of De Montfort University.", "A former Rotherham Councillor, he is a recipient of the Mahatma Gandhi Seva Medal, awarded by the United Nations NGO, the Gandhi Global Family, for his 'social good work' in the UK and India.", "Early life\nDominic Shellard was born in Orpington, Greater London in 1966.", "He went to school at Crofton Junior School and then Dulwich College, before going on to read English and German at St Peter's College, Oxford, where he also obtained a DPhil in English Literature on the theatre criticism of Harold Hobson.", "He is a former councillor for Boston Ward on Rotherham Metropolitan Borough Council, serving from 1999 until 2003.", "Academic career\nShellard began his academic career as a lecturer in English at the University of Salford in 1993.", "He moved to the University of Sheffield in 1996, and was awarded a Readership in 1999 and a Personal Chair in 2003.", "In 2004, he became the Head of the Department of English, before being appointed Pro Vice-Chancellor for External Affairs in 2008.", "He served as Vice-Chancellor of De Montfort University (DMU) in Leicester in 2010 from 2010-2019.", "Shellard is an expert in post-war British theatre and an active Shakespeare scholar.", "He has authored ten books, including British Theatre Since The War, (Yale University Press, 1999), Shakespeare: A Writer’s Life (British Library/Oxford University Press, 2000), and a biography of the critic Kenneth Tynan, Kenneth Tynan: A Life (Yale University Press, 2003) with the most recent monograph being Shakespeare's Culture Capital, which he edited with Siobhan Keenan in 2016.", "He also founded and led the Theatre Archive Project, a joint venture with the British Library to reinvestigate British theatre history from 1945 to 1968.", "The Theatre Archive Project contains a very large number of interviews with practitioners, actors, playwrights and audience members about this formative period of British Theatre history.", "Shellard is also a former chairman of Sheffield Theatres Trust, responsible for the Crucible Theatre and the Lyceum Theatre.", "Square Mile India \nDuring his time as Vice-Chancellor Shellard conceived and oversaw the launch of Square Mile India, an initiative created to “help improve the lives of thousands of India’s poorest and most vulnerable families”.", "To do this, students from the university would travel to Ahmedebad, Gujarat, to work with the community in the city’s largest slum, home to 160,000 people.", "Whilst they were there, the students focussed on improving the infrastructure of the slum sustainably, by introducing the use of solar power and intelligent electricity systems to ensure energy would be used efficiently.", "They also worked closely with these communities to “help people needing treatment for eyesight and hearing problems, and to use art, education and psychology training to improve community life”, as well as building homes for families affected by leprosy, work on projects to improve sanitation, design anti-microbial pillows for children to sleep on and help improve literacy and numeracy skills.", "In 2013, the Gandhi Global Family, a United Nations NGO, presented Prof Shellard with the Mahatma Gandhi Seva Medal for services to society.", "As a result of the university’s commitment to social good, its efforts were recognised by Mahatma Gandhi’s grandson in a visit to the campus later that year.", "In 2017, Shellard was appointed special representative to the United Nations Civil Society Unit for the Gandhi Global Family and in August 2019, he delivered an address, together with Baroness Doreen Lawrence of Clarendon and Padmashri Dr S. P. Varma, the Vice-President of the Gandhi Global Family, on his 'social good work' in India to the 68th United Nations Civil Society Conference in Salt Lake City, Utah.", "In November 2019, Shellard initiated new 'social good' projects in the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir.", "The royal visit to De Montfort University \nThe very first visit of Her Majesty, Queen Elizabeth’s, Diamond Jubilee tour in 2012 was to De Montfort University.", "The Queen was accompanied by Prince Philip and the Duchess of Cambridge.", "Hosted by Lord Waheed Alli, De Montfort University put on a fashion show for the Queen.", "The Queen also met with the university’s Bollywood Dance Society.", "Charity work \nShellard conducted charity activity whilst working at De Montfort University.", "This included a 'Holding out for a Hero' flash mob which took place on 7th November, 2012, raising £5,000 for a local hospice and prostate cancer charity.", "The video though, cost £22,000 to stage and due to the discrepancy between the cost and the money raised was criticised by some media.", "International work \nDuring Shellard's term in office DMU also founded the DMU Global scheme, an international student mobility project, which enabled DMU students to travel abroad to destinations such as the United Nations in New York and refugee centres in Berlin.", "Campus transformation of DMU \nDuring Shellard's term in office De Montfort University developed a new campus, following a £136m investment in facilities for students.", "The new campus included the new Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Leisure Centre, a new complex for the Faculty of Art and Design, the Vijay Patel Building, a conference centre, a new sportsground and a new ‘green lung’, a large series of landscaped open spaces at the heart of the university.", "Pay and benefits\nIn January 2019, Shellard came under public scrutiny regarding a 22.3 percent increase in his remuneration over that of the previous year, following the award to DMU of TEF Gold status for the university.", "His remuneration for the academic year 2017-18 consisted of a £350,000 salary (2016–17; £286,000), £1,000 in health benefits, and £6,000 in pension contributions.", "Other benefits included Ivy Club membership.", "In 2018 it emerged that Shellard had business links with the Chair of The Remuneration Committee of the Board of Governors who had awarded him a £64,000 pay rise.", "Shellard was paid an additional £270,000, the equivalent of 9 months pay, when he resigned from the university in 2019.", "The Office for Students launched a formal investigation of De Montfort University following the resignation; the report concluded that there had been serious failings in governance, including oversight of The Vice-Chancellor.", "Business interests \nShellard is a Director of Theseus Global Limited, Theseus Global (Education) Limited, and Acetute Limited.", "Each of these companies has made applications to the Registrar of Companies to be struck off having amassed losses in excess of £260,000 since their incorporation in 2020.", "Personal life\nShellard was one of the very few openly gay Vice-Chancellors.", "He is also a fan of QPR, an English Football League club.", "References\n\nYear of birth missing (living people)\nAcademics of De Montfort University\nAcademics of the University of Salford\nAcademics of the University of Sheffield\nAlumni of St Peter's College, Oxford\nPeople educated at Dulwich College\nEnglish educational theorists\nGay academics\nLiving people\n21st-century LGBT people" ]

[ "Dominic Shellard is a British academic who has served as Head of the School of English and Pro-Vice-Chancellor at the University ofSheffield.", "The Mahatma Gandhi Seva Medal was awarded to him by the Gandhi Global Family for his'social good work' in the UK and India.", "Dominic Shellard was born in 1966.", "He obtained a DPhil in English Literature at St Peter's College in Oxford after studying English and German at school.", "He served on the council for Boston Ward from 1999 to 2003", "Shellard began his academic career in 1993 as a lecturer at the University of Salford.", "He was awarded a Readership in 1999 and a Personal Chair in 2003 after moving to the University ofSheffield in 1996.", "He was appointed Pro Vice-Chancellor for External Affairs in 2008.", "He was the Vice-Chancellor of De Montfort University from 2010 to 2019.", "An active Shakespeare scholar, Shellard is an expert in post-war British theatre.", "He has written ten books, including British Theatre Since The War, Shakespeare: A Writer's Life, and a biography of the critic Kenneth Tynan.", "He founded and led the Theatre Archive Project, which was a joint venture between the British Library and the Theatre Archive Project.", "There are many interviews with people about the formative period of British Theatre history contained in the Theatre Archive Project.", "Shellard was a former chairman of theSheffield Theatres Trust.", "Square Mile India was created by Vice-Chancellor Shellard to help improve the lives of thousands of India's poorest and most vulnerable families.", "Students from the university would travel to Gujarat to work with the community in the largest slum in the city.", "The students focused on improving the infrastructure of the slum by introducing the use of solar power and intelligent electricity systems.", "They worked closely with these communities to help people needing treatment for eyesight and hearing problems, and to use art, education and psychology training to improve community life.", "Prof Shellard was presented with the Mahatma Gandhi Seva Medal by the Gandhi Global Family.", "Mahatma Gandhi's grandson recognised the university's commitment to social good when he visited the campus later that year.", "Shellard was appointed special representative to the United Nations Civil Society Unit for the Gandhi Global Family and delivered an address in August 2019.", "Shellard started new social good projects in the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir.", "The first visit of Queen Elizabeth to De Montfort University was in 2012 during her Diamond Jubilee tour.", "Prince Philip and the Duke of Cambridge were with the Queen.", "The fashion show was hosted by Lord Waheed Alli.", "The Queen met with the Bollywood Dance Society.", "Shellard worked at De Montfort University.", "A flash mob raising money for a local charity took place on November 7, 2012", "The discrepancy between the cost and the money raised was criticized by some media.", "DMU founded the DMU Global scheme, an international student mobility project, which allowed students to travel to destinations such as the United Nations in New York and refugee centers in Berlin, during Shellard's term in office.", "A new campus was developed during Shellard's term in office.", "The new campus included the new Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Leisure Centre, a new complex for the Faculty of Art and Design, a conference centre, a new sportsground, and a large series of landscaped open spaces at the heart of the university.", "Following the award to DMU of TEF Gold status for the university, Shellard received a 22.3 percent increase in his remuneration over that of the previous year.", "His remuneration for the academic year was made up of a salary, health benefits, and pension contributions.", "Ivy Club membership was one of the benefits.", "Shellard had business links with the Chair of the Remuneration Committee of the Board of Governors who had awarded him a pay rise.", "The equivalent of 9 months pay was paid to Shellard when he resigned from the university.", "The Office for Students launched a formal investigation after the resignation of the Vice-Chancellor.", "Shellard is a director of three companies.", "Each of these companies have made applications to the Registrar of Companies to be struck off due to their large losses.", "One of the few openly gay Vice-Chancellors was Shellard.", "He is a fan of Queens Park Rangers.", "People who are missing a year of birth are referred to as living people." ]

[ "Dominic Shellard", "Dominic Shellard", "Shellard", "Shellard", "Shellard", "Shellard", "Shellard", "Shellard", "Shellard", "Shellard", "Shellard", "Shellard", "Shellard", "Shellard", "Shellard", "Shellard", "Shellard" ]

[ "Dominic Shellard", "Dominic Shellard", "Shellard", "Shellard", "Shellard", "Shellard", "Shellardma", "Shellard", "Shellard", "Shellard", "Shellard", "Shellard", "Shellard", "Shellard", "Shellard", "Shellard", "Shellard" ]

[ "Donald Southam Lawrence (17 November 1928 – 29 December 2003) was a British comic book artist and author.", "Lawrence is best known for his comic strips The Rise and Fall of the Trigan Empire in the British weeklies Ranger and Look and Learn, and the Storm series, first published in the Dutch weekly Eppo (later relaunched as Sjors & Sjimmie) and subsequently in album form.", "Famous for his realistic and detailed style, he was an inspiration for later UK comic-book artists such as Brian Bolland, Dave Gibbons and Chris Weston (indeed, Weston was taught by Lawrence), and influenced Indonesian artist Apri Kusbiantoro.", "Early life\nBorn in East Sheen, a suburb of London, Lawrence was educated at St. Paul's School, Hammersmith.", "After joining the Army for his National Service, Lawrence used his gratuity to study art at Borough Polytechnic Institute (now the London South Bank University) but failed his final exams.", "Shortly before, a former student had visited the school to show students the work he was doing as a letterer on comic strips.", "Lawrence was inspired to take some samples to an editor at Amalgamated Press who suggested he try showing them to Mick Anglo, who ran a studio packaging comic strips for a London publisher and magazine distributor, Len Miller.", "Career\nLawrence worked for Anglo for four years, drawing the adventures of superhero Marvelman and various Western comic strips.", "After an argument with Anglo over pay rates, he found work with Odhams Press, drawing Wells Fargo for Zip, and with the Amalgamated Press (now renamed Fleetway Publications), contributing episodes of Billy the Kid to the comic Sun.", "When the ailing Sun merged with Lion, Lawrence switched to swashbuckling historical strips, Olac the Gladiator, Karl the Viking and Maroc the Mighty (written by Michael Moorcock).", "A colour strip produced for Lion Annual 1965 ('Karl the Viking and the Tideless Sea') led to Lawrence being offered colour work in Bible Story magazine and the sprawling science fantasy The Rise and Fall of the Trigan Empire which debuted in Ranger in 1965.", "Lawrence was to draw the strip in the pages of Ranger and Look and Learn until 1976.", "In 1976 Lawrence attended the London comic book convention called Comics 101, the first convention dedicated to British comic book creators.", "There he learned that The Trigan Empire was syndicated all over Europe.", "When his publisher refused to give him any form of royalties or compensation, he departed from his old employer and was immediately offered work on a new Dutch comic magazine called Eppo.", "After an abortive start on a strip entitled Commander Grek written by his friend Vince Wernham, Lawrence found success with Storm.", "The first volume, The Deep World, was based on a concept by Martin Lodewijk but written by Philip Dunn.", "A further 22 volumes followed.", "Lawrence did not limit himself solely to Trigan Empire and Storm; other strips he drew include Fireball XL5 and The Adventures of Tarzan for TV Century 21, Carrie for the men's magazine Mayfair and a number of one-off strips for various Dutch publishers.", "A number of partly completed and unpublished comic strips appeared in the series Don Lawrence Collection, published in the Netherlands.", "The final Storm serial (completed by Lawrence's former assistant Liam Sharp) appeared in the magazine Pandarve published by the Don Lawrence Fanclub in 1999–2001.", "One of his last illustrations was the cover of volume 6 of the Storm -the collection- from 2002.", "In the mid 1980s he was looking for an assistant and accepted then 17-years old Liam Sharp as his apprentice, but after realizing he did not want to step back as much as he had thought he would, he helped Sharp develop his own style.", "Later life\nIn 1995, he lost sight of his right eye, caused by an infection after an unsuccessful cataract operation.", "With his depth perception gone, he could no longer see when the tip of his pen and brush touched the paper's surface, forcing him to teach himself an alternative drawing technique.", "He went through a new cataract operation in 1999, this time without medical complications.", "But his general health was starting to decline, and when he was diagnosed with emphysema and put on medication, he permanently retired from comics and art.", "Lawrence died in December 2003 of emphysema at the age of 75." ]

[ "Donald Southam Lawrence was a British comic book artist and author.", "Lawrence is best known for his comic strips The Rise and Fall of the Trigan Empire in the British weeklies Ranger and Look and Learn, and the Storm series, first published in the Dutch weekly Eppo.", "He was an inspiration for later UK comic-book artists such as Brian Bolland, Dave Gibbons and Chris Weston, as well as Indonesian artist Apri Kusbiantoro.", "Lawrence was educated at St. Paul's School in Hammersmith, a suburb of London.", "Lawrence failed his final exams after he joined the Army and used his gratuity to study art at the London South Bank University.", "A former student visited the school to show students the work he was doing as a letterer on comic strips.", "Lawrence was inspired to take some samples to an editor at Amalgamated Press who suggested he try showing them to Mick Anglo, who ran a studio packaging comic strips for a London publisher and magazine distributor.", "Lawrence worked for four years for Anglo, drawing the adventures of superhero Marvelman and various Western comic strips.", "After an argument with Anglo over pay rates, he found work with Odhams Press, drawing Wells Fargo for Zip, and contributing episodes of Billy the Kid to the comic Sun.", "Lawrence switched to swashbuckling historical strips when the Sun merged with Lion.", "A colour strip produced for Lion Annual 1965, 'Karl the Viking and the Tideless Sea', led to Lawrence being offered colour work in Bible Story magazine and The Rise and Fall of the Trigan Empire.", "The strip was to be drawn in the pages of Ranger and Look and Learn.", "The first convention dedicated to British comic book creators was held in London in 1976.", "The Trigan Empire was syndicated all over Europe.", "When his publisher refused to give him any form of compensation, he left his old employer and was immediately offered work on a new Dutch comic magazine called Eppo.", "Lawrence found success with Storm after an unsuccessful start to a strip called Commander Grek written by his friend Vince Wernham.", "The Deep World was written by Philip Dunn but was based on a concept by Martin Lodewijk.", "There were 22 volumes after that.", "In addition to drawing Trigan Empire and Storm, Lawrence did other strips for TV Century 21, Carrie for the men's magazine Mayfair and a number of one-off strips for various Dutch publishers.", "A number of partly completed and unpublished comic strips appeared in the Don Lawrence Collection.", "The final Storm serial was written by Lawrence's former assistant Liam Sharp and was published by the Don Lawrence Fanclub.", "The cover of volume 6 of the Storm was one of his last illustrations.", "After accepting Liam Sharp as his apprentice, he realized he didn't want to step back as much as he had thought he would and helped him develop his own style.", "In 1995 he lost sight in his right eye after an unsuccessful cataract operation.", "He could no longer see when the tip of his pen and brush touched the paper's surface, forcing him to teach himself an alternative drawing technique.", "He had a new cataracts operation in 1999.", "He retired from comics and art when he was diagnosed with emphysema and put on medication.", "Lawrence died of emphysema at the age of 75." ]

[ "Donald Southam Lawrence", "Lawrence", "Lawrence", "Lawrence", "Lawrence", "Lawrence", "Lawrence", "Lawrence", "Lawrence", "Lawrence", "Lawrence", "Lawrence", "Lawrence", "Lawrence", "Lawrence", "Lawrence" ]

[ "Donald Southam Lawrence", "Lawrence", "Lawrence", "Lawrence", "Lawrence", "Lawrence", "Lawrence", "Lawrence", "Lawrence", "Lawrence", "Don Lawrence", "Lawrence", "Lawrence" ]

[ "Baron Charles Frédéric Chassériau du Chiron (29 January 1802 – 11 January 1896) was a French architect and painter, who served as chief architect of the cities of Marseille, Algiers, in Algeria; and Cairo, in Egypt.", "He is particularly known for having designed the seafront of the city of Algiers.", "Biography \nHis parents, owners in Santo Domingo, then a French colony, had to leave Port-au-Prince in 1802, only a few months after he was born.", "After his studies at the Lycée Henri-IV and in memory of his father, the General of the Empire, Victor Frédéric Chassériau, he was first destined for a career in arms and was received at the Schools of Saint-Cyr Coëtquidan in 1819.", "However, he was unable to attend the School because his family was ruined by the Haitian Revolution and the revolt in Saint-Domingue, and did not have enough resources to pay his board.", "After the death of his father, who had already lost his mother, he was taken in by his uncle Benoît Chassériau, father of the painter Théodore Chassériau.", "The generals Jean-Baptiste Milhaud and Augustin-Daniel Belliard, as a token of their affection for General Chassériau, offered Charles-Frédéric, who had just been admitted to the Saint-Cyr, to pay him the pension that the State refused him.", "Out of pride and although grateful, he did not believe he had to accept and did not become a soldier.", "He first entered a notary's office in 1821 but decided to become an architect, he stayed 10 months in the workshop of Jean-François-Julien Mesnager in 1823.", "On 3 April 1824, he was received as a pupil-titular of the Ecole des beaux-arts de Paris<ref name=\"beaux-arts\">Louis Thérèse David de Pénanrun, Edmond Augustin Delaire, Louis François Roux, Les Architectes élèves de l'École des beaux-arts 1793–1907, Librairie de la construction moderne, 1907.</ref> He began the same year with Jacques Lacornée and François Édouard Picot and then in the office of his relative François Mazois, inspector of civil buildings, who had him collaborate in his work on the construction of the Cour des comptes that was to be decorated twenty years later by his cousin Théodore Chassériau, as well as in his work on the ruins of Pompeii.", "A watercolor by Frédéric Chassériau painted on the ruins of Pompeii is kept at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York and is included in the book \"Les Ruines de Pompéi\" (The Ruins of Pompeii) by Mazois (\"Triclinium discovered from the House of Actaeon\").", "In 1830, taken up by his military ambitions, he campaigned in the Spanish republican army as aide-de-camp to General Antonio Quiroga, thanks to Felix Lepeletier de Saint Fargeau, who had been the intermediary between him and Quiroga.", "Architect in Cairo from 1830 to 1833\nIn Egypt from 1830 to 1833, he was architect of the Lazaret of Alexandria and drew up the plans for the consulate in Alexandria at the request of the vice-consul Ferdinand de Lesseps, then returned to France.", "The Consulate of France, located on the famous Place des Consuls, was completely destroyed during the bombing of Alexandria by the British in July 1882.", "Chief Architect of the City of Marseille from 1833 to 1839\nIn 1833, he became assistant architect for the city of Marseille and then quickly chief architect until 1839.", "He built the Timone Hospital, the Capuchin Hall, the Friuli Archipelago, the Friuliangars of Friuli, and the small white triumphal arch of the Place Jules-Guesde at the Porte d'Aix.", "In 1840, Charles-Frédéric Chassériau as well as his cousin the painter Théodore Chassériau.", "(for a sculpture project), proposed his project for the tomb of the Emperor Napoleon at the Hôtel des Invalides, a project inspired by the work of Horace.", "At the same time, Charles-Frédéric Chassériau was close to King Joseph Bonaparte, who lived on Rue Provence in Paris and with whom he visited the studios of neighboring artists, including that of Eugène Delacroix and François-Édouard Picot, according to notes left by his son Baron Arthur Chassériau.", "Chief architect of the city of Algiers from 1849\n\nAppointed chief architect of Algiers in 1849, Chassériau gave up his functions to build, on his plans, in this city, with the assistance of Mr. Sarlin and Mr. Ponsard, the theater which rises on the Bresson square.", "In 1869. he resumed his job as chief architect, and kept it until 1870, when he was dismissed, with part of his service, as a result of a new organization.", "He was appointed in August 1870, Adjutant Major Captain of the Legion of Algiers (Militia of the Commune of Algiers).", "In Algiers, he was appointed three times chief architect of the city of Algiers (1849, 1859 and 1874) and retired in 1882.", "Charles-Frédéric Chassériau died at the age of 94 years.", "He is then the dean of the Saint Cyrians.", "Charles-Frédéric Chassériau is mainly known as the author of the Boulevard de l'Impératrice and the seafront of Algiers which were inaugurated in 1865 by the emperor Napoleon III and the impératrice Eugénie.", "Family \nSon of the Napoleonic general and baron Victor Frédéric Chassériau, he was the father of three children, including the art collector Arthur Chassériau.", "His other relatives included the painter Théodore Chassériau, whose 1846 portrait of Charles Frédéric's wife Joséphine is now in the Art Institute of Chicago.", "Drawings in museums \n Triclinium découvert de la maison dite d'Actéon á Pompéi - Pen and black ink; watercolor, New York City, The Metropolitan Museum of Art\n Projet d'établissement d'un marché aux fleurs et aux fruits, quai aux Fleurs, près le palais de Justice, adressé à monsieur le comte de Chabrol de Volvic, préfet du département de la Seine – Pen and black ink; watercolor (1828), Paris, Musée Carnavalet\n Plans du Palais de justice d'Alger présentée à l'Empereur Napoléon III – Pen and black ink (1865), Algiers, National Museum of Fine Arts of Algiers\n Fragments des haut reliefs de l'arc de Triomphe de Marseille – 3 drawings, Musée du Vieux Marseille\n\nGallery\n\n Awards \n The Rampe Frédéric Chassériau'' in Algiers in homage to the architect: street in Algiers parallel to the port and close to the Agha train station.", "Member of the Academie de Marseille, chair n°33 – 1839\n Dean of the École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr at his death in 1896.", "Corresponding member of the Institut historique de Paris- 1834 (5 class – History of Fine Arts under the presidency of Louis-Pierre Baltard).", "Perpetual member in 1854 of the Taylor Foundation.", "Member of the Society for the Exploration of Carthage, founded in 1837 by Adolphe Dureau de la Malle.", "Member of the National Society for the Protection of Nature (1859)\n Donor of the National Museum of Fine Arts of Algiers: in May 1860, donation of a large bronze statue of the Emperor Commodus\n\nReferences\n\n1802 births\n1896 deaths\nCharles\nÉcole Spéciale Militaire de Saint-Cyr alumni\nLycée Henri-IV alumni\nAlumni of the École des Beaux-Arts\nPeople from Port-au-Prince\nHaitian people of French descent\nPeople of Saint-Domingue\n19th-century French architects\nFrench urban planners\n19th-century French painters" ]

[ "The chief architect of the cities of Marseille, Algiers, in Algeria, and Cairo, in Egypt, was a French architect and painter named Baron Charles Frédéric Chassériau du Chiron.", "The seafront of the city of Algiers was designed by him.", "His parents had to leave Port-au-Prince in 1802, only a few months after he was born.", "In memory of his father, the General of the Empire, Victor Frédéric Chassériau, he was received at the Schools of Saint-Cyr Cotquidan.", "He couldn't attend the school because his family was ruined by the Haitian Revolution and he didn't have enough money to pay his board.", "He was taken in by his uncle after the death of his father.", "The generals offered Charles-Frédéric the pension that the State had given him as a token of their affection for General Chassériau.", "He was out of pride and grateful, but he didn't believe he had to become a soldier.", "He decided to become an architect after 10 months in the workshop of Jean-Franois-Julien Mesnager.", "He was a student at the Ecole des beaux-arts de Paris on April 3, 1824.", "The Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York has a watercolor by Frédéric Chassériau that was painted on the ruins of Pompeii.", "He was an aide-de-camp to General Antonio Quiroga in the Spanish republican army after he was taken up by his military ambitions.", "He was an architect in Egypt from 1830 to 1833 and drew up the plans for the Alexandria consulate at the request of the vice-consul Ferdinand de Lesseps.", "During the bombing of Alexandria by the British in July of 1882, the Consulate of France was completely destroyed.", "He was the Chief Architect of the City of Marseille from 1836 to 1839.", "He built the Timone Hospital, the Capuchin Hall, the Friuli Archipelago, the Friuliangars of Friuli, and the small white triumphal arch at the Porte d'Aix.", "Charles- Frédéric Chassériau was a cousin of the painter Théodore Chassériau.", "He proposed a sculpture project for the tomb of the Emperor Napoleon at the Htel des Invalides.", "The studios of Eugne Delacroix and Franois-douard Pico were visited by Charles- Frédéric Chassériau, who was close to King Joseph Bonaparte.", "The chief architect of the city of Algiers from 1849 to 1849 gave up his functions to build the theater in this city with the help of Mr. Ponsard and Mr. Sarlin.", "He kept his job as chief architect until 1870, when he was dismissed as a result of a new organization.", "The Adjutant Major Captain of the Legion of Algiers was appointed in August 1870.", "He was the chief architect of the city of Algiers three times and retired in 1882.", "Charles-Frédéric died at the age of 94.", "He was the dean at the time.", "Napoleon III and the impératrice Eugénie inaugurated the Boulevard de l'Impératrice and the seafront of Algiers in 1865.", "The son of the general and baron Victor Frédéric Chassériau was the father of three children.", "The painting of Charles Frédéric's wife Joséphine is in the Art Institute of Chicago.", "The Metropolitan Museum of Art has drawings in its collection.", "The Dean of the cole spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr died in 1896.", "The president of theInstitut historique de Paris- 1834 was Louis-Pierre Baltard.", "A member of the Taylor Foundation.", "The Society for the Exploration of Carthage was founded in 1836 by Adolphe Dureau de la Malle.", "In May 1860, a large bronze statue of the Emperor Commodus was donated to the National Museum of Fine Arts of Algiers by a member of the National Society for the Protection of Nature." ]

[ "Baron Charles Frédéric Chassériau du Chiron", "Victor Frédéric Chassériau", "Benoît Chassériau", "Charles Frédéric", "Frédéric", "Charles Frédéric", "Charles Frédéric", "Chassériau", "Chassériau", "Charles Frédéric", "Charles", "Frédéric", "Chassériau", "Victor Frédéric", "Chassériau", "Arthur Chassériau", "Chassériau", "Charles Frééric" ]

[ "Charles Frédéric Chassériau du Chi", "Victor Frédéric Chasséria", "Charles Frédéric", "Frédéric", "Chassériau", "Charles", "Frédéric", "Chassériau", "Chassériau", "Charles", "Frédéric", "Chassériau", "Charles", "Frédéric", "Victor Frédéric", "Chassériau", "Charles Frééric" ]

[ "David Platt Rall (August 3, 1926 – September 28, 1999) was a cancer specialist and a leader in environmental health studies, whose work in environmental health helped turn it into a scientific discipline.", "Rall also advanced public health and prevention.", "He directed the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences from 1971 to 1990, year in which he retired.", "His work on toxicology and carcinogenesis was recognized by his appointment as the first director of the National Toxicology Program in 1978.", "He held the rank of Assistant Surgeon General in the United States Public Health Service.", "He also chaired the World Health Organization's Program on Chemical Safety.", "Early life and education\nBorn in Naperville, Illinois, Rall attended North Central College and received his BS degree in 1946 where his father was president; his MS in Pharmacology from Northwestern University in 1948; his M.D.", "and Ph.D. in Pharmacology from Northwestern University School of Medicine in 1951.", "Rall interned at Bellevue Hospital in New York City from 1952 – 1953 when he joined the National Cancer Institute in 1954.", "He began his research career as a scientist at NCI, where he served in a variety of research and administrative positions until 1971.", "Rall also served as a surgeon (1955–1959), a senior surgeon (1959–1960), medical director (1963–1971), and assistant surgeon general (1971–1990) in the United States Public Health Services.", "He pioneered the effort to identify and understand the elements that make up the human environment and their consequences for human health.", "Rall was devoted in educating scientists, governments, and the world community to the critical need to address the existence of environmental agents and their consequences for human health.", "Academic career\nRall's early work on the blood brain barrier led to modern treatment to prevent the spread of leukemia cells to the brain.", "Much of Rall's work focused on reducing the side effects of anticancer drugs, which are often toxic in patients when administered in large enough doses to destroy cancer cells.", "He also researched the effects of prolonged exposure to chemicals in the environments of people in certain occupations.", "In March 1971, he left the left the established world of research and clinical treatment at the National Institutes of Health's (NIH) main campus in Bethesda armed with a desire to reach beyond the treatment of chronic disease to seek its underlying causes and, through research, to learn how to prevent such diseases caused by environmental agents.", "Rall arrived in the newly established Research Triangle Park in North Carolina, where he set about the work of conceptualizing and then actualizing a state-of- the-art research facility among the pine forest and pastureland of the area, a prescient move that would situate the Institute at the epicenter of what would become an internationally renowned research commons.", "He created the NIEHS journal, Environmental Health Perspectives, in 1972.", "Rall developed the NIEHS Extramural Program to administer an expanding portfolio of PHS grants and awards in environmental health science to researchers at colleges and universities throughout the United States.", "Rall served as the U.S. coordinator of cooperative environmental health programs between the United States and the U.S.S.R., the United Kingdom, Egypt, Japan, the People's Republic of China, Taiwan, Italy, Finland, and Spain.", "As a result of his work in attempting to strengthen international scientific cooperation, in 1975 the NIEHS was designated by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a Collaborating Center for Environmental Health Effects.", "In 1980, Rall played a leading role in an effort to establish the WHO's International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS), the goal of which is to provide an internationally evaluated scientific basis for the assessment of the risks to human health and the environment of chemicals.", "In 1978, the NIEHS was designated as the focal point for the establishment of the NTP, a cooperative effort to coordinate toxicological testing programs within the Department of Health and Human Services, and Rall was appointed its director.", "Also, during that NTP-formative era, Rall helped establish the 1978 Public Law that initiated the innovative Report on Carcinogens.", "He was the author of some 200 scientific publications and was awarded the DHEW Distinguished Service Medal of the PHS and the Arnold J. Lehman Award of the Society of Toxicology.", "In addition to numerous awards he received an honorary Doctorate from the University of Ohio School of Medicine.", "In 1988, Rall received a Merit Award from the Northwestern Alumni Association for his professional accomplishments.", "Recognitions\nRall received many recognitions for his lifetime commitment to public service and scientific research including the PHS's Distinguished Service Medal, which he received in 1975 and again in 1990 for sustained leadership in the development of the field of environmental health science.", "In 1979 he was accepted as a Member of the National Academy of Sciences' Institute of Medicine (IOM), whose membership consists of the preeminent physicians of the United States.", "In 1988 the WHO presented Rall with the Health for All 2000 Medal.", "He was recognized in 1989 by the Institute of Occupational Health in Helsinki, which awarded to him its Distinguished Service Medal.", "Rall was also honored in 1989 by the Collegium Ramazzini, an international academic society that examines critical issues in occupational and environmental medicine with the goal of preventing disease and promoting health around the world.", "Also, the National Academy of Medicine created the David Rall Award, honoring him, given to a member of the Institute of Medicine who has demonstrated particularly distinguished leadership as a chair of a study committee or other such activities in a manner that was particularly exemplary, demonstrating a commitment substantially above and beyond the usual expectations of a committee chair.", "Retirement\nIn 1990, Rall retired from the NIEHS but remained extremely active in the environmental health arena.", "He chaired the IPCS and held a variety of other positions including foreign secretary of the IOM, board member of the Environmental Defense Fund, chairman of the Scientific Advisory Council of the Hawaii Heptachlor Research and Education Foundation, and member of the Board of Scientific Counselors of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.", "Following his retirement, he chaired the program of chemical safety for the World Health Organization, served as foreign secretary of the Institute of Medicine at the National Academy of Sciences and was a board member of the Environmental Defense Fund.", "Rall also was a scientific counselor at the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.", "The American Public Health Association established a permanent honor in recognition of Dr. Rall's life and work: the David P. Rall Award for Advocacy.", "The David P. Rall Building, the main edifice on the NIEHS's Research Triangle Park campus, was dedicated to his memory in 2000.", "Rall died in Bordeaux, France as a result of injuries suffered in an automobile accident.", "References\n\n1926 births\n1999 deaths\nAmerican toxicologists\nAmerican pharmacologists\nNorth Central College alumni" ]

[ "David Rall was a cancer specialist and leader in environmental health studies who helped turn it into a scientific discipline.", "Public health and prevention were advanced by Rall.", "He was the director of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences from 1971 to 1990.", "He was the first director of the National Toxicology Program in 1978.", "He was an assistant surgeon general in the public health service.", "The World Health Organization's Program on Chemical Safety was chaired by him.", "Rall's father was the president of North Central College, where Rall received his BS degree in 1946, followed by his M.D. degree in 1948.", "In 1951, they received their degrees from the school of medicine.", "Rall joined the National Cancer Institute in 1954.", "He began his research career in 1971 as a scientist at the National Cancer Institute.", "In the United States Public Health Services, Rall worked as a surgeon, senior surgeon, medical director, and assistant surgeon general.", "The effort to identify and understand the elements that make up the human environment and their consequences for human health was pioneered by him.", "Rall was devoted to educating scientists, governments, and the world community to the critical need to address the existence of environmental agents and their consequences for human health.", "Rall's early work on the blood brain barrier led to modern treatment to prevent the spread of leukemia cells to the brain.", "Many of Rall's work focused on reducing the side effects of drugs that are used to destroy cancer cells.", "He studied the effects of exposure to chemicals in certain occupations.", "He left the established world of research and clinical treatment at the National Institutes of Health's main campus in Bethesda in March 1971 with a desire to reach beyond the treatment of chronic disease to seek its underlying causes and, through research, to learn how to prevent such diseases.", "Rall arrived in the Research Triangle Park in North Carolina, where he set about the work of establishing a state-of- the-art research facility among the pine forest and pastureland of the area.", "The journal Environmental Health Perspectives was created by him.", "Rall developed the NIEHS Extramural Program to administer an expanding portfolio of PHS grants and awards in environmental health science to researchers at colleges and universities throughout the United States.", "Rall was the U.S. coordinator of cooperative environmental health programs between the United States and the U.S.R., as well as the United Kingdom, Egypt, Japan, the People's Republic of China, Taiwan, Italy, and Spain.", "As a result of his work in trying to strengthen international scientific cooperation, in 1975 the NIEHS was designated by the World Health Organization as a Collaborating Center for Environmental Health Effects.", "The goal of the WHO's International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) is to provide an internationally evaluated scientific basis for the assessment of the risks to human health and the environment of chemicals.", "In 1978 the NIEHS was designated as the focal point for the establishment of the NTP, a cooperative effort to coordinate toxicological testing programs within the Department of Health and Human Services, and Rall was appointed its director.", "The Report on Carcinogens was initiated by the 1978 Public Law that Rall helped establish.", "The Arnold J. Lehman Award of the Society of Toxicology was one of the awards he received.", "The University of Ohio School of Medicine gave him an honorary doctorate.", "Rall received a Merit Award from the Alumni Association.", "In 1975, Rall received the PHS's distinguished service medal for his lifetime commitment to public service and scientific research, and again in 1990 for his leadership in the field of environmental health science.", "He became a member of the National Academy of Sciences' Institute of Medicine in 1979.", "Rall received the Health for All 2000 medal from the WHO.", "He received the Institute of Occupational Health's distinguished service medal in 1989.", "The Collegium Ramazzini, an international academic society that examines critical issues in occupational and environmental medicine with the goal of preventing disease and promoting health around the world, honored Rall in 1989.", "The David Rall Award was created by the National Academy of Medicine to honor a member of the Institute of Medicine who has demonstrated particularly distinguished leadership as a chair of a study committee or other such activities in a manner that was particularly exemplary.", "Rall was very active in the environmental health arena after he retired from the NIEHS.", "He was a board member of the Environmental Defense Fund, chairman of the Scientific Advisory Council of the Hawaii Heptachlor Research and Education Foundation, and member of the Board of Scientific Counselors of the National Institute for Occupational Safety.", "He was a board member of the Environmental Defense Fund and served as foreign secretary of the Institute of Medicine at the National Academy of Sciences.", "Rall worked at the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.", "The David P. Rall Award for Advocacy was established by the American Public Health Association.", "The David P. Rall Building was dedicated to him in 2000.", "Rall died as a result of injuries suffered in an automobile accident.", "There were deaths of American toxicologists and North Central College alumni." ]

[ "David Platt Rall", "Rall", "Rall", "Rall", "Rall", "Rall", "Rall", "Rall", "Rall", "Rall", "Rall", "Rall", "Rall", "Rall", "Rall", "Rall", "Rall", "David Ra", "Rall", "Rall", "Rall", "David", "Rall" ]

[ "David Rall", "Rall", "Rall", "Rall", "Rall", "Rall", "Rall", "Rall", "Rall", "Rall", "Rall", "Rall", "Rall", "Rall", "Rall", "Rall", "Rall", "Rall", "David Rall", "Rall", "Rall", "David", "Rall" ]

[ "Saul Katz (born February 17, 1939) is a real estate developer, former president of the New York Mets and accused Bernie Madoff co-conspirator.", "Biography\nKatz was born to a Jewish family in Brooklyn.", "He graduated from Brooklyn College in 1960 with a degree in accounting.", "Sterling Equities\nKatz is a co-founder of Sterling Equities.", "In 1972, he cofounded Sterling Equities, a commercial real estate development company, with his brother-in-law Fred Wilpon.", "They built a development of townhouses in Tarrytown, a suburb in Westchester County which was very successful.", "Seeking to minimize their tax obligations, they purchased real estate throughout the country that had favorable tax treatment which turned out to be a boon since they were unknowingly buying property at the bottom of the market.", "Sterling Equities was a significant investor in Bernie Madoff's fraudulent investment fund with 483 accounts.", "Merrill Lynch warned Saul Katz on several occasions about Madoff's operation, as did numerous other financial professionals.", "Sterling Equities ignored these warnings collectively receiving $300 million dollars via the Madoff operation ultimately revealed as a fraud.", "The Madoff fraud collapsed and Sterling Equities owners were sued by the trustee representing the victims of Bernard L. Madoff’s Ponzi scheme who claimed they \"knew or should have known Madoff was operating a fraud.\"", "In 2012, it was reported that Sterling Equities was to receive a gift of 23 acres of land from New York City with the intention of developing the land into a shopping mall.", "The city had recently spent almost $500 million acquiring and improving that same land.", "The Attorney General of New York, Eric Schneiderman reached a settlement agreement regarding illegal lobbying on behalf of Sterling Equities.", "In 2015, a New York state court ruled that the because part of the plan involved private development of public parkland it was illegal.", "By 2018, the plans for a shopping mall had been shelved and the De Blasio administration was supporting a plan centered around affordable housing.", "The deal was approved by the Queens Borough Board.", "It will include an acre of open space, an elementary school, and 1100 affordable apartments.", "New York Mets\nSaul Katz first bought an ownership stake in the New York Mets in 1980.", "In addition, he serves as the President of the Brooklyn Cyclones, a Mets minor league affiliate.", "During Katz's time as president of the Mets, it has been reported that sexual harassment was rampant.", "The culture was described as \"rotten.\"", "This included bullying a pregnant woman and sending a reporter harassing text messages including photos of an erect penis.", "Allegedly, the \"behavior was widely known in the Mets front office.\"", "New owner Steve Cohen hired a law firm to look into the accusations of harassment, misconduct, and discrimination during Katz's tenure.", "The Mets rarely made money under Katz's leadership.", "Nearly every dollar the Mets earned passed through Bernie Madoff's investment funds.", "The collapse of Madoff's fraudulent investment scheme came close to bankrupting the Mets.", "It also likely contributed to their dreadful record on the field.", "The team was terrible, failing to reach the .500 mark for many years.", "In 2014, Katz was rumored to be interested in selling his ownership stake in the Mets.", "Katz and his fellow owners sold a minority stake and, eventually, total ownership in the team.", "When the 2020 MLB season was delayed and later shortened due to the COVID-19 pandemic, employees complained about not being paid and not hearing anything from the Mets owners.", "By comparison, Nets owner Joseph Tsai announced he would be paying non-salaried Barclays Center employees within one day after the NBA season was canceled.", "In 2020, a deal to sell the team to hedge fund billionaire Steve Cohen fell through over issues of team control.", "A similar deal with David Einhorn fell through in 2011.", "In February 2020, it was reported that Katz and his partners were willing to sell the team without maintaining control.", "In August, Cohen again entered into exclusive negotiations to buy the Mets.", "In September a deal was reached for Cohen to purchase 95% of the franchise from Katz and the Wilpons for approximately $2.4 billion and on October 30, he was approved by MLB's owners.", "Katz was then succeeded as president by Sandy Alderson.", "Madoff Ponzi Scheme\nSaul Katz, Fred Wilpon, and Jeff Wilpon were portrayed as co-conspirators in the Bernie Madoff Ponzi scheme.", "Sterling Equities and individuals affiliated with Katz and Wilpon received $300 million in respect of investments in the Bernard Madoff Ponzi scheme.", "Lawyers for the Madoff Trustee cited evidence that Sterling partners shopped for fraud insurance as evidence they were \"well aware\" that Madoff was carrying out a Ponzi scheme.", "Wilpon and Katz \"categorically reject[ed]\" the charge that they \"ignored warning signs\" about Madoff's fraud.", "Irving H. Picard, the Madoff Trustee, has alleged that Katz's relationship with Mr. Madoff was extensive and longstanding and that they continued even after suspicions were raised.", "Picard sued Katz, his partner Fred Wilpon, and Sterling Equities for 1 billion in illegal profits from the scheme.", "In 2012, Saul Katz, Gregory Katz, Fred Wilpon, Jeff Wilpon and other Sterling Equities partners settled with Picard for $162 million.", "Bayou Hedge Fund Group Ponzi Scheme\nSaul Katz and his partner and brother-in-law Fred Wilpon were involved in another Ponzi scheme which was orchestrated by Samuel Israel III and they were forced to pay $13 million to investors when Israel's hedge fund collapsed.", "Through their partnership with Peter Stamos, Sterling Stamos, Wilpon and Katz were accused of withdrawing nearly all of their $30 million investment from the fund immediately before it collapsed.", "They settled in 2009 for $12.9 million.", "Personal life\nKatz is married to Iris Katz, sister of the Mets managing partner Fred Wilpon.", "They have three children: Heather Katz Knopf, Natalie Katz O’Brien, and David M. Katz.", "The Katzes live in Glen Cove, New York and have a winter home in Boca Raton, Florida.", "Saul Katz was personally close with Bernie Madoff describing him as \"a man who we were friends with for 35 years.\"", "References\n\n1939 births\nLiving people\nBrooklyn College alumni\nMajor League Baseball team presidents\nNew York Mets executives\nStuyvesant High School alumni\nAmerican chief operating officers\nJewish American baseball people\nAmerican real estate businesspeople\nPeople associated with the Madoff investment scandal\nWilpon family\n21st-century American Jews" ]

[ "Saul Katz is a real estate developer, former president of the New York Mets and accused of co-conspirator.", "There was a Jewish family in Brooklyn.", "He graduated from Brooklyn College with a degree in accounting.", "There is a co- founder of the company.", "He and his brother-in-law founded a commercial real estate development company.", "Tarrytown is a suburb in Westchester County which was very successful.", "Wanting to minimize their tax obligations, they purchased real estate throughout the country that had favorable tax treatment which turned out to be a boon since they were buying property at the bottom of the market.", "There were 483 accounts in the fraudulent investment fund.", "Numerous other financial professionals were warned about the operation by Merrill Lynch.", "The $300 million dollars received by the company via the Ponzi scheme was eventually revealed to be a fraud.", "The owners of the company were sued by the victims of the Ponzi scheme who claimed they should have known about it.", "In 2012 it was reported that a gift of 23 acres of land from New York City would be used to build a shopping mall.", "The city spent a half a billion dollars acquiring and improving that land.", "The Attorney General of New York reached a settlement regarding illegal lobbying.", "In 2015, a New York state court ruled that part of the plan was illegal because it involved private development of public parkland.", "The plans for a shopping mall had been put on hold by the De Blasio administration.", "The deal was approved by the Queens Board.", "It will have anacre of open space, an elementary school, and 1100 affordable apartments.", "The New York Mets have an ownership stake in them.", "He is also the President of the Brooklyn Cyclones, a Mets minor league affiliate.", "During his time as president of the Mets, it has been reported that sexual harassment was rampant.", "The culture was described as rotten.", "A pregnant woman was bullied and a reporter sent harassing text messages with pictures of an erect penis.", "The behavior was well known in the Mets front office.", "New owner Steve Cohen hired a law firm to look into the accusations of harassment, misconduct, and discrimination.", "The Mets didn't make a lot of money.", "The Mets earned a lot of money.", "The Mets were close to being bankrupted by the collapse of the Ponzi scheme.", "They had a terrible record on the field.", "The team failed to reach the.500 mark for many years.", "The Mets ownership stake was rumored to be up for sale.", "The owners of the team sold a minority stake and eventually total ownership.", "Employees complained about not being paid and not hearing from the Mets owners when the 2020 MLB season was delayed due to the COVID-19 epidemic.", "The Nets owner said he would pay non-salaried employees within one day after the NBA season was canceled.", "A deal to sell the team to Steve Cohen fell through due to issues of team control.", "The deal with David Einhorn fell through.", "In February 2020, it was reported that the team was up for sale.", "Cohen again entered into exclusive negotiations to buy the Mets.", "On October 30th, Cohen was approved by MLB's owners for the purchase of the majority of the franchise from the Wilpons.", "Sandy Alderson took over as president.", "The Wilpons were portrayed as co-conspirators in the Ponzi scheme.", "The Wilpons and their associates received $300 million in investments in the Ponzi scheme.", "The lawyers for the Trustee said that the partners were aware of the Ponzi scheme and shopped for fraud insurance.", "They reject the charge that they ignored warning signs.", "According to Irving H. Picard, the relationship between the two men was extensive and longstanding even after suspicions were raised.", "Picard filed a lawsuit for 1 billion in illegal profits from the scheme.", "In 2012 Saul, Gregory, Fred, Jeff, and other partners settled with Picard for $162 million.", "Saul Katz and his partner and brother-in-law Fred Wilpon were forced to pay $13 million to investors in a Ponzi scheme after Israel's hedge fund collapsed.", "They were accused of withdrawing nearly all of their $30 million investment from the fund immediately before it collapsed.", "They settled for $12.9 million.", "Fred Wilpon is the managing partner of the Mets.", "They have three children.", "The family lives in Glen Cove, New York and has a winter home in Boca Raton, Florida.", "Saul was close to Bernie and described him as a man who we were friends with for 35 years.", "Notable people include Brooklyn College alumni Major League Baseball team presidents, New York Mets executives, and real estate business people." ]

[ "Saul Katz", "Katz", "Saul Katz", "Saul Katz", "Katz", "Katz", "Katz", "Katz", "Katz", "Katz", "Katz", "Katz", "Saul Katz", "Katz", "Katz", "Katz", "Katz", "Saul Katz", "Gregory Katz", "Saul Katz", "Katz", "Katz", "Iris Katz", "Heather Katz", "Natalie Katz", ". Katz", "Katz", "Saul Katz" ]

[ "Saul Katz", "Saul", "Saul Katz", "Saul" ]

[ "Nathan Jonas Jordison (April 26, 1975 – July 26, 2021) was an American musician and songwriter.", "He was the original drummer and co-founder of the American heavy metal band Slipknot as well as the guitarist for the American horror punk supergroup Murderdolls.", "Jordison grew up in Des Moines, Iowa, with his parents and two sisters, and was given his first drum kit at the age of 8.", "He performed with many bands early in his career; then in the summer of 1995, he joined the group The Pale Ones, which would later change their name to Slipknot.", "Jordison played in Slipknot since their formation until his departure from the band in December 2013.", "Of Slipknot's nine-member lineup, which lasted from 1999–2010, Joey was the third to join the band.", "He was the drummer and founder of Scar the Martyr, which formed in 2013 and disbanded in 2016.", "With Slipknot, Jordison performed on four studio albums, and produced the live album 9.0: Live.", "Outside his major projects, Jordison performed with other groups such as Rob Zombie, Metallica, Korn, Ministry, Otep, and Satyricon.", "Jordison was also known for his session work, which includes performances on many albums for many artists.", "Jordison used several drum brands including Pearl, and ddrum.", "At the time of his death, Jordison was playing in the band Sinsaenum.", "Early life\nJordison was born in Des Moines, Iowa, on April 26, 1975, to Steve and Jackie Jordison.", "He had two younger sisters.", "He grew up in a rural area outside of Waukee where he used to play basketball on the street in front of his house.", "He embraced music at an early age, which he attributes to his parents' influence: \"They always sat me down in front of the radio, rather than the TV.\"", "He played guitar until receiving his first drum kit as a gift from his parents at age eight, and started his first band while in elementary school.", "Jordison's parents divorced when he was young.", "The children stayed with their mother.", "His mother remarried and set up a funeral parlor where Jordison would occasionally help.", "Jordison stated that he felt a sudden responsibility to be the man of the house.", "During this time, he formed the band Modifidious, in which he played drums.", "He later described them as \"total speed-metal thrash\".", "The band helped Jordison break new ground, playing live as support to local bands including Atomic Opera, featuring Jim Root, and Heads on the Wall, featuring Shawn Crahan.", "He also played at a bowling center his family owned, on a night called \"Bowl-O-Rama\".", "After a multitude of lineup changes—including Craig Jones and Josh Brainard, who would reappear in Slipknot—the band released two demos in 1993: Visceral and Mud Fuchia.", "After leaving school, Jordison was hired by a local music store called Musicland.", "In March 1994, after a recommendation from his new friend, he got a job at a Sinclair garage in Urbandale.", "Jordison worked the night shift, which he preferred, as it left his weekends free and allowed him to spend time with his friends and listen to music while working.", "In early 1995, Modifidious disbanded because of a shift in interest from thrash metal to death metal in America.", "Following this Jordison joined a local band called the Rejects as a guitarist, with whom he only played a couple of shows.", "Jordison was also involved in a band with Paul Gray and vocalist Don Decker, named Anal Blast.", "Gray also attempted to recruit him for another band, Body Pit, but he declined the invitation to remain in The Rejects.", "During the forming period of Slipknot, Paul recruited Joey to join a punk band called the Have Nots in the Spring of 1996.", "Joey would leave the Have Nots in February 1997 to \"focus on Slipknot\" but instead reformed the Rejects, which would play Des Moines up until Slipknot left to record their self-titled debut album, which Paul played in after the Have Nots broke up.", "Career\n\nSlipknot\n\nOn November 28, 1995, Mark Anthony Cadavos approached Jordison while he was working, offering him a position in a new project called The Pale Ones.", "Intrigued and at a point where he was \"lost\", Jordison attended rehearsals at Anders Colsefni's basement and immediately wanted to be part of this new band.", "Speaking of this moment he said, \"I remember trying so hard not to smile, so I didn't look like I wanted to join, I remained poker-faced, but I thought they ruled.\"", "A lot of Slipknot's early development was discussed by band members while Jordison worked night shifts at Sinclair's garage.", "Of the eventual nine members, Joey was the third to join the band.", "Slipknot would become pioneers to the new wave of American heavy metal.", "Jordison was accompanied by two custom percussionists, giving their music a feel that Rolling Stone touted as \"suffocating\".", "Each member of Slipknot is assigned a number; Joey was assigned \"#1\".", "Joey produced one album with Slipknot: 2005 live album 9.0: Live.", "In August 2008, Jordison broke his ankle and Slipknot had to cancel some of its English tour dates.", "On August 22, 2009, Jordison was taken to the emergency room for a burst appendix, less than an hour before he was to take the stage for Auburn, Washington's KISW Pain in the Grass concert.", "As a result, Slipknot canceled following shows in August and September, to give Jordison time to recover.", "On December 12, 2013, Slipknot announced through their official website that Jordison had left the band, citing personal reasons for his departure.", "In response, Jordison released a statement insisting that he had in fact been fired from the band and stated that Slipknot \"has been my life for the last 18 years, and I would never abandon it, or my fans\".", "After years of both sides being silent and evasive as to the reasons for his leaving the band, Jordison revealed in June 2016 that he suffered from transverse myelitis, a neurological disease that cost him the ability to play the drums toward the end of his time with Slipknot.", "Murderdolls\n\nWhile touring Ozzfest in 2001 to support Slipknot's studio album Iowa, Jordison met Tripp Eisen, then of Static-X; the two discussed forming a side project.", "In 2002, Jordison revived his band The Rejects, renaming them the Murderdolls.", "Jordison became the Murderdolls' guitarist, and he recruited Wednesday 13 of Frankenstein Drag Queens from Planet 13 to play bass.", "Wednesday eventually became a vocalist, while drummer Ben Graves and bassist Eric Griffin completed the band's lineup.", "Murderdolls signed with Roadrunner Records and released an EP entitled Right to Remain Violent in 2002.", "The band returned in August 2002 with their debut album Beyond the Valley of the Murderdolls.", "The band uses horror films, including Friday the 13th and Night of the Living Dead, as an inspiration for their lyrics.", "On October 30, 2002, the Murderdolls made an appearance on an episode of Dawson's Creek entitled \"Living Dead Girl\".", "The band reunited in 2010 with only Jordison and Wednesday 13 remaining from the original line-up.", "The band released their second studio album Women & Children Last on August 31, 2010.", "The band embarked on the extensive Women & Children Last World Tour performing shows alongside many notable acts such as Guns N' Roses and performing around the world.", "The tour was plagued with many problems including the cancellation of many shows and repeated incidents of Jordison storming off stage, most notably in Bordeaux, France (attributed to extreme tinnitus) and Perth, Western Australia.", "The tour finished on April 24, 2011.", "This was considered to be the band's last outing as Wednesday 13 confirmed the band's split in an interview in March 2013.", "Scar the Martyr\n\nIn April 2013 details emerged of a new band featuring Jordison, Jed Simon and Kris Norris.", "Little else was released except that Jordison had performed most instruments in this project and that Chris Vrenna and an unknown vocalist were to complete keyboard and vocal work, respectively.", "On June 21 the band was named Scar the Martyr and the vocalist named as Henry Derek.", "On May 5, 2016, Jordison announced that the project had been disbanded.", "Vimic\nOn May 5, 2016, Jordison announced in an interview on Sirius XM that he had launched a new band called Vimic.", "In an interview with Wall of Sound in 2018, Jordison explained Vimic was \"still 100% active\".", "Sinsaenum\nOn May 20, 2016, Jordison announced a new extreme metal band Sinsaenum, dual fronted by vocalist Attila Csihar (of Mayhem and Sunn O)))) along with keyboardist Sean Zitarsky ( of Chimaira and Dååth).", "The band also included Jordison on drum duties, DragonForce bassist Frédéric Leclercq on guitar, Stéphane Buriez from Loudblast on guitar, and Heimoth from the band Seth on bass.", "They announced the launch of their debut album Echoes of the Tortured on July 29, and released their first single \"Army Of Chaos\" on earMUSIC's YouTube channel.", "The second album, called Repulsion for Humanity, was released on August 10, 2018.", "Other projects\n\nRemixing and performances\nIn 2001, Jordison worked on a remix of \"The Fight Song\" by Marilyn Manson.", "Jordison also appeared in the music video for Manson's cover of \"Tainted Love\".", "Later in the year, Manson revealed that Jordison had been working with him on his album The Golden Age of Grotesque.", "Jordison had in fact worked on guitars but the track did not appear on the album.", "In 2004, Jordison appeared on OTEP's album House of Secrets, drumming on six tracks for the album.", "In 2008, Jordison appeared on Puscifer's album \"V\" is for Viagra.", "The Remixes, with a remix of the track \"Drunk With Power\".", "In 2010, Jordison recorded four additional songs with Rob Zombie for the re-release of his latest album Hellbilly Deluxe 2.", "On tour\nJordison performed with other bands, solely as a touring member.", "While preparing for the Download Festival in 2004, Metallica drummer Lars Ulrich was hospitalized for an unknown illness.", "Metallica's vocalist James Hetfield searched amongst other bands performing at the festival to find a replacement for Ulrich; Jordison, Flemming Larsen (Ulrich's drum technician) and Dave Lombardo of Slayer volunteered.", "Jordison performed on 8 of the 13 songs that made up the set and was called the band's \"hero of the day\".", "In late 2004, Jordison performed with Satyricon on their tour of the United States when drummer Frost was refused entry into the country.", "The tour was cut short after guitarists Steinar Gundersen and Arnt Gronbech—who were also only touring members—were charged with sexually assaulting a fan in Toronto.", "In 2006, Jordison joined Ministry for their \"MasterBaTour 2006\", which consisted of sixty dates across the United States and Canada.", "He also appeared in the music video for their single \"Lies Lies Lies\".", "Korn recruited Jordison in 2007 to join them on tour when drummer David Silveria went on hiatus from the band.", "He also appeared in the music video for their single \"Evolution\".", "While touring with Korn, Jordison became the first musician to perform on five occasions at the Download Festival in England.", "Jordison also began touring with Rob Zombie after Tommy Clufetos withdrew from the band.", "Although the position was initially only meant for a couple of months, Jordison stayed with the band for almost a year until the culmination of Zombie's Australian tour when he announced that he would be leaving to focus his time on the Murderdolls and Slipknot.", "Producing\nIn August 2004, Jordison became involved in Roadrunner United, a celebration of Roadrunner Records 25th anniversary.", "As one of four \"team captains\" who wrote and produced material for the album, Jordison said of the experience, \"I thought it was a great idea and was really excited about it, because it was a chance to work with a lot of artists that I really respected while I was growing up.\"", "In 2007, 3 Inches of Blood recruited Jordison to produce their album Fire Up the Blades.", "Jordison was a fan of the band and when he heard that Roadrunner wanted to have some demos produced he said; \"I was the first one to jump at it, I'm like; 'I want this fucking band'.\"", "From these demos the label commissioned a record.", "Vocalist Jamie Hopper said of Jordison, \"he's an amazing producer\".", "Influences\nJordison cited Keith Moon, John Bonham, Gene Krupa, and Buddy Rich as his main influences.", "He said, \"I grew up listening to Mötley Crüe's Too Fast for Love and Shout at the Devil.\"", "He described Lars Ulrich, Charlie Benante, and Dave Lombardo as having a considerable influence on his drumming.", "Jordison also held Dale Crover from Melvins in high esteem.", "Equipment\nJordison endorsed Pearl drums, hardware, rack system, pedals and percussion, Paiste cymbals, Remo Drumheads, Pro-Mark drumsticks, ddrum triggers and Roland electronics.", "(Jordison used Orange County Drum and Percussion at 1998-2002 ,Sabian Cymbals at 1999-2001, Avedis Zildjian Company at 1999)\n\nIllness and death \nIn 2016, Jordison talked about suffering from acute transverse myelitis in a Metal Hammer interview.", "Its symptoms started in 2010 while touring with Murderdolls, but the disease was diagnosed long after.", "This progressed to the loss of use of his left leg.", "The neurological disease had temporarily cost him the use of his legs and caused him to be unable to play the drums before rehabilitation.", "He recovered with the aid of medical help and intensive work in the gym.", "Jordison died in his sleep on July 26, 2021, at the age of 46, as stated by his family the next day.", "His cause of death is yet to be announced.", "Awards and recognition\nIn August 2010 Jordison was voted the best drummer of the previous 25 years by readers of Rhythm magazine, ahead of drummers such as Mike Portnoy, Neil Peart, Phil Collins, and Dave Grohl.", "When asked to comment he stated \"I'm at a loss for words.", "This is beyond unbelievable.", "Something like this reminds me every day why I continue to do this.\"", "As voted on by 6,500 drummers worldwide, Jordison won the Drummies Award for Best Metal drummer in 2010.", "In September 2013 Jordison was named the world's greatest metal drummer by readers of Loudwire.", "In 2016 Jordison was honored with The Golden God Award at the Metal Hammer Golden Gods Awards.", "Discography\n\nwith Modifidious \nDrown (1993)\nSubmitting to Detriment (1993)\nVisceral (1993)\nMud Fuchia (1994)\nSprawl (1994)\n\nwith the Have Nots \nForgetting Yesterday and Beating You with Kindness (1996)\n\nwith Slipknot \nMate.", "Feed.", "Kill.", "Repeat.", "(1996)\nSlipknot demo (1998)\nSlipknot (1999)\nWelcome to Our Neighborhood (1999)\nIowa (2001)\nDisasterpieces (2002)\nVol." ]

[ "Jordison was an American musician and writer.", "He was the original drummer and co- founder of Slipknot, as well as the guitarist for Murderdolls.", "Jordison was given his first drum kit when he was 8 years old.", "In the summer of 1995 he joined The Pale Ones and changed their name to Slipknot.", "Jordison left Slipknot in December of 2013).", "Joey was the third member to join Slipknot.", "He was the founder and drummer of Scar the Martyr, which ended up being 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299", "Jordison produced the live album 9.0: Live with Slipknot.", "Jordison was in other groups such as Rob Zombie, Otep, and Satyricon.", "Jordison worked on many albums for many artists.", "Jordison used several brands of drums.", "Jordison was in a band at the time of his death.", "On April 26, 1975, Jordison was born to Steve and Jackie Jordison.", "He had two younger sisters.", "He used to play basketball on the street in front of his house in a rural area outside of Waukee.", "He attributes his love of music to his parents, who always sat him down in front of the radio.", "He started his first band while in elementary school after receiving his first drum kit as a gift from his parents.", "Jordison's parents separated when he was young.", "The children were with their mother.", "Jordison occasionally helped at the funeral parlor set up by his mother.", "Jordison felt a responsibility to be the man of the house.", "He played drums in the band Modifidious.", "He described them as \"total speed metal\".", "The band helped Jordison break new ground, playing live as support to local bands including Atomic Opera, featuring Jim Root, and Heads on the Wall, featuring Shawn Crahan.", "On a night called \"Bowl-O-Rama\", he played at a bowling center owned by his family.", "The band released two demos in 1993: Visceral and Mud Fuchia.", "Jordison was hired by Musicland after leaving school.", "He got a job at the Sinclair garage in Urbandale after a recommendation from a new friend.", "Jordison preferred the night shift as it allowed him to spend time with his friends and listen to music while he was working.", "In 1995 there was a shift to death metal in America, which led to the dissolution of Modifidious.", "Jordison joined a band called the Rejects and only played a few shows.", "Anal Blast was a band that Jordison was a part of.", "Gray tried to get him to join Body Pit, but he declined the invitation to remain in The Rejects.", "During the forming period of Slipknot, Paul recruited Joey to join a punk band called the Have Nots.", "In February 1997 Joey left the Have Nots to focus on Slipknot and reformed the Rejects, who played Des Moines until Slipknot recorded their debut album.", "Mark Anthony Cadavos approached Jordison while he was working, offering him a position in a new project called The Pale Ones.", "At a point where he was lost, Jordison went to rehearsals at Colsefni's basement and immediately wanted to be a part of the band.", "He said, \"I remember trying so hard not to smile, so I didn't look like I wanted to join, but I thought they ruled.\"", "A lot of Slipknot's early development was discussed by band members while Jordison worked at Sinclair's garage.", "Joey was the third member to join the band.", "The new wave of American heavy metal would be led by Slipknot.", "Rolling Stone described Jordison's music as \"suffocating\".", "A number is assigned to each member of Slipknot.", "Slipknot's 2005 live album 9.0: Live was produced by Joey.", "Slipknot had to cancel some of its English tour dates after Jordison broke his ankle.", "Less than an hour before he was to perform at the Pain in the Grass concert, Jordison was taken to the emergency room for a burst appendix.", "Slipknot canceled shows in August and September to give Jordison time to recover.", "Slipknot announced through their official website that Jordison had left the band due to personal reasons.", "Jordison stated in his statement that Slipknot has been his life for the last 18 years, and that he would never abandon it.", "After years of both sides being silent and evasive as to the reasons for his leaving the band, Jordison revealed in June 2016 that he suffered from transverse myelitis, a neurological disease that cost him the ability to play the drums toward the end of his time with Slipknot.", "Jordison met Tripp Eisen, then of Static-X, while touring Ozzfest in 2001 to support Slipknot's studio album Iowa, and the two discussed forming a side project.", "The Rejects were revived in 2002 as the Murderdolls.", "Jordison recruited Wednesday 13 from Planet 13 to play bass for the Murderdolls.", "The band's lineup included Wednesday as a vocalist, Ben Graves as drummer, and Eric Griffin as bassist.", "Murderdolls signed with Roadrunner Records and released an album in 2002.", "Their debut album was Beyond the Valley of the Murderdolls.", "Friday the 13th and Night of the Living Dead are horror films that the band uses as inspiration for their lyrics.", "On October 30, 2002, the Murderdolls appeared on an episode of Dawson's Creek.", "Jordison and Wednesday 13 are still from the original line-up.", "On August 31, 2010, the band released their second studio album.", "The band embarked on the extensive Women & Children Last World Tour performing shows alongside many notable acts such as Guns N' Roses and performing around the world.", "The tour was plagued with many problems including the cancellation of many shows and repeated incidents of Jordison storming off stage, most notably in Bordeaux, France and Perth, Western Australia.", "The tour came to an end on April 24, 2011.", "Wednesday 13 confirmed the band's split in an interview in March 2013; this was considered to be the band's last outing.", "There is a new band featuring Jordison, Jed Simon and Kris Norris.", "Chris Vrenna and an unknown vocalist were to complete keyboard and vocal work, as well as Jordison, who had performed most instruments in this project.", "The band was named Scar the Martyr on June 21.", "Jordison announced that the project had ended.", "On May 5, 2016 Jordison launched a new band called Vimic.", "In an interview with Wall of Sound, Jordison said Vimic was still active.", "On May 20, 2016 Jordison announced a new extreme metal band with vocalist Attila Csihar and keyboardist Sean Zitarsky.", "The band had Jordison on drums, DragonForce bassist Frédéric Leclercq on guitar, Stéphane Buriez on guitar, and Heimoth on bass.", "They released their first single \"Army of Chaos\" on earMUSIC's channel and announced the launch of their debut album on July 29.", "The second album was called Repulsion for Humanity.", "Jordison reworked \"The Fight Song\" by Marilyn Manson in 2001.", "Jordison was in the music video for Manson's cover.", "Manson revealed that Jordison was working with him on his next album.", "The track that Jordison worked on did not make the album.", "Jordison was a drummer on OTEP's album House of Secrets.", "Jordison was on the album \"V is for Viagra\".", "A new version of the song \"Drunk With Power\".", "Jordison recorded four more songs with Rob Zombie for the re-release of his latest album.", "Jordison was a member of other bands on the tour.", "The drummer for the band was hospitalized while preparing for the festival.", "At the festival, James Hetfield searched for a replacement for his band's drummer, while Jordison and Dave Lombardo of Slayer volunteered.", "Jordison was called the band's \"hero of the day\" because he performed on 8 of the 13 songs.", "Jordison performed with Satyricon on their tour of the United States in 2004, when drummer Frost was refused entry into the country.", "The tour was stopped after Gundersen and Gronbech were charged with sexually abusing a fan.", "Jordison joined Ministry for their \"MasterBaTour 2006\", which consisted of sixty dates across the United States and Canada.", "He was in the music video for their single.", "David Silveria left the band and was replaced by Jordison on the tour.", "The music video for \"Evolution\" had him in it.", "Jordison was the first musician to perform on five occasions at the Download Festival in England.", "Rob Zombie began touring with Jordison after Tommy Clufetos left the band.", "Jordison stayed with the band for almost a year until the end of Zombie's Australian tour when he announced that he would be leaving to focus on Murderdolls and Slipknot.", "Roadrunner United was a celebration of Roadrunner Records 25th anniversary.", "Jordison said of the experience, \"I thought it was a great idea and was really excited about it, because it was a chance to work with a lot of artists that I really respected while I was growing up.\"", "Jordison was recruited by 3 Inches of Blood to produce their album.", "Jordison was a fan of the band and when he heard that Roadrunner wanted to have some demos produced, he jumped at the chance.", "The label commissioned a record from these demos.", "Jamie Hopper said that Jordison is an amazing producer.", "The main influences of Jordison were Gene Krupa, Buddy Rich, and John Bonham.", "He said he used to listen to Mtley Cre's Too Fast for Love and Shout at the Devil.", "He said that some people have a lot of influence on his drumming.", "Dale was held in high esteem by Jordison.", "Pearl drums, hardware, rack system, pedals and percussion were endorsed by Equipment Jordison.", "Jordison talked about his illness and death in an interview with Metal Hammer.", "The disease began in 2010 while touring with Murderdolls.", "He lost use of his left leg.", "The neurological disease caused him to lose use of his legs, which made it difficult for him to play the drums.", "He was helped by medical help and intensive work in the gym.", "Jordison died in his sleep at the age of 46 on July 26, 2021, according to his family.", "His cause of death is not known.", "Readers of Rhythm magazine voted Jordison the best drummer in the last 25 years, beating out drummers such as Neil Peart, Phil Collins, and Dave Grohl.", "He stated that he was at a loss for words.", "This is unbelievable.", "Something like this reminds me why I keep doing this.", "Jordison won the Drummies Award for Best Metal drummer.", "Readers of Loudwire named Jordison the world's greatest metal drummer.", "Jordison received the Golden God Award at the Golden Gods Awards.", "Discography with Modifidious Drown, Submitting to Detriment, Visceral, and Mud Fuchia.", "Feed.", "Kill.", "Do it again.", "Slipknot demo in 1998 and Welcome to Our Neighborhood in 1999." ]

[ "Nathan Jonas Jordison", "Jordison", "Jordison", "Joey", "Jordison", "Jordison", "Jackie Jordison", "Jordison", "Jordison", "Jordison", "Jordison", "Jordison", "Jordison", "Joey", "Joey", "Jordison", "Joey", "Joey", "Joeylip", "Jordison", "Jordison", "Jordison", "Jordison", "Jordison", "Jordison", "Jordison", "Jordison", "Jordison", "Jordison", "Jordison", "Jordison", "Jordison", "Jordison", "Jordison", "Jordison", "Jordison", "Jordison", "Jordison", "Jordison", "Jordison", "Jordison", "Jordison", "Jordison", "Jordison", "Jordison", "Jordison", "Jordison", "Jordison", "Jordison", "Jordison", "Jordison", "Jordison", "Jordison", "Jordison", "Jordison", "Jordison" ]

[ "Jordison", "Jordison", "Jordison", "Joey", "Jordison", "Jordison", "Jordison", "Jordison", "Jackie Jordison", "Jordison", "Jordison", "Jordison", "Jordison", "Jordison", "Joey", "Joey", "Jordison", "Jordison", "Jordison", "Joey", "Joey", "Jordison", "Jordison", "Jordison", "Jordison", "Jordison", "Jordison", "Jordison", "Jordison", "Jordison", "Jordison", "Jordison", "Jordison", "Jordison", "Jordison", "Jordison", "Jordison", "Jordison", "Jordison", "Jordison", "Jordison", "Jordison", "Jordison", "Jordison", "Jordison", "Jordison", "Jordison", "Jordison", "Jordison", "Jordison", "Jordison", "Jordison", "Jordison", "Jordison" ]

[ "Sandeep Das is an Indian Tabla player and composer currently based in Boston, MA.", "His collaboration with Yo-Yo Ma for The Silk Road Ensemble - Sing Me Home - won the Grammy award for Best World Music Album at the 59th Grammy Awards, 2017.", "He was previously nominated twice for the Grammy Award in 2005 and 2009.", "Early life and education\nSandeep Das was born in Patna, Bihar, India.", "His family belonged to Chandannagar, West Bengal and shifted to Patna in the 70s.", "Sandeep completed his schooling from St. Xavier's High School, Patna (1975–1985).", "He graduated in English Literature with gold medal from Banaras Hindu University.", "He first began learning Tabla under Pt.", "Shiv Kumar Singh at the age of 8.", "Benares Gharana\nSandeep started learning from Kishan Maharaj, under the Indian Guru-shishya tradition, at the age of 9.", "Sandeep would travel on weekends from his home in Patna, to Benaras, where his Guru lived.", "Later, his family shifted to Benares so that his musical education could continue unhindered.", "After 11 years of learning the Benaras Gharana style of Tabla playing, Das moved to Delhi in 1990, to pursue his career as a professional Tabla player.", "Career\n\nIndian Classical Music \nIn 1986, Sandeep made his stage debut in India (at the age of 15), with Sitar maestro Ravi Shankar.", "He was three times the national drumming champion.", "He was also, at the time, the youngest drummer to be graded by Akashvani (radio broadcaster) (All India Radio).", "Das moved to Delhi in 1990 to pursue his career as a professional Tabla player, and began playing with prominent musicians such as Shubha Mudgal, Amjad Ali Khan, Hariprasad Chaurasia, Shivkumar Sharma, and Shujaat Khan among others.", "World Music \nIn 1991, Das debuted outside India, with steel drum bands in Trinidad.", "In 2001, he performed with the New York Philharmonic, under the direction of Kurt Masur for a work composed by Kayhan Kalhor.", "In April 2012, he premiered a work written for him by eminent composer Evan Ziporyn, as a soloist with the Boston Modern Orchestra Project.", "His composition Tarang is the theme music for Blind Sight, a documentary about the first Mount Everest climb by six blind climbers.", "He has been nominated for the Grammy Awards twice.", "In 2003, his recording The Rain was nominated for a Grammy in the World Music category.", "In this album, Sandeep Das collaborated with Shujaat Khan and Kayhan Kalhor.", "In 2009, a recording with Silk Road Ensemble got him a nomination for the Grammy in the Classical Crossover section for the album Off the Map.", "His track Sulvasutra, composed by Evan Ziporyn, features in this album.", "Silk Road Project\nSandeep has composed for and performed internationally with the Silk Road Ensemble of Yo-Yo Ma since the group's founding in 2000.", "When he started playing with the Silk Road, Yo-Yo Ma was surprised to learn that, Das did not read music scores, but could memorize a piece.", "With the ensemble, he has performed extensively, including, the United Nations General Assembly Hall in New York in 2008, BBC Proms in 2004 and 2009, and the Opening Ceremony of the Special Olympic Games in Shanghai.", "His composition Mohini, is the theme music for a 10-episode documentary on the Silk Road, produced by Japanese TV channel NHK.", "Hum Ensemble\nAlso a cultural and educational entrepreneur, Sandeep founded HUM (Harmony and Universality through Music) in 2009, an ensemble of world-class artists, to promote global understanding through musical performance and education.", "The ensemble was inspired by the Silk Road Project and Yo-Yo Ma's vision to connect the world through music.", "In March 2010, HUM presented its World Premiere Concert at Kamani Auditorium, New Delhi and Birla Sabhaghar, Kolkatta.", "In February 2011, the HUM Ensemble performed its Rhythm of Life Concert at Siri Fort Auditorium, New Delhi and NCPA, Mumbai.", "In November 2012, its World Harmony Concert was performed at the Kamani Auditorium in New Delhi, and the concert received critical acclaim in the Indian media.", "Through these concerts, HUM raises funds for its endeavors to support education in arts of differently-abled children.", "HUM also plans to provide health insurance for aging artists.", "Mentoring\nIn 2012, Sandeep Das was invited by the Harvard Graduate School of Education to teach a course on Arts in Education.", "He has given masterclasses at Juilliard School of Music, Berklee College of Music, Rhode Island School of Design, Harvard University Academy of Music in Villecroze, France and Stanford University.", "Original compositions\nSandeep's compositions exhibit both the Western and Indian genres of music.", "He has composed multiple pieces over the years including Soul Mitra (2019),Vaishnavi (2018), Vairocana (2018) King Ashoka (2016), If You Shall Return (2016), Mohini (2006), Srishti (2005), and Tarang (2002).", "Vaishnavi (2018) \nVaishnavi was inspired by a ninth century statue of Queen Sembiyan Mahadevi as the Goddess Parvati on display at the Smithsonian Freer | Sackler galleries in Washington, D.C, and was commissioned by the Freer | Sackler from Silkroad in honor of Julian Raby through a generous gift from Jeffrey P. Cunard.", "The piece begins with an alap between the Sheng (Chinese Mouth Organ) and Bass that transitions to the rhythm cycle, Jhaptaal.", "Vaishnavi was originally performed as a trio of Tabla, Sheng, and Bass, but has been performed in several alternate instrumentations such as Tabla and Bass.", "The piece can currently be heard playing in the museum on its audio tour.", "Discography\n\n Delhi to Damascus, Sandeep Das & the HUM Ensemble, 2020, Label: In a Circle Records\n Sing Me Home, Silk Road Ensemble, 2016, Label: Sony Masterworks\n Diva Girija Devi, Girija Devi, 2016, Label: Times Music\n A Playlist Without Borders, Silk Road Ensemble, 2013, Label: Sony Masterworks\n Big Grenadilla/Mumbai, with Evan Ziporyn, 2012, Label: Cantaloupe Music\n Off the Map, Silk Road Ensemble, 2009, Label: World Village\n New Impossibilities, Silk Road Ensemble, 2007, Label: Sony Classics\n My Inspirations, Amjad Ali Khan, 2006, Label: Navras Records\n Silk Road Journeys: Beyond the Horizon, Silk Road Ensemble, 2005, Label: Sony Classical Records\n Sonata, Ayaan Ali Bangash, 2005, Label: Studio Synthesis\n The Essential Yo-Yo Ma, 2005, Label: Sony Classical Records\n Enchantment, Silk Road Ensemble, 2004, Label: Sony Classical Records\n The Rain, Ghazal Ensemble, 2004, Label: ECM Records\n Indian Delta, Vishwa Mohan Bhatt, 2002, Label: Sense World Music\n The Taj Heritage Series: Pt.", "Vishwa Mohan Bhatt, Vishwa Mohan Bhatt, 2002, Label: Virgin Records\n Silk Road Journeys: When Strangers Meet, Silk Road Ensemble, 2002, Label: Sony Classical Records\n The Best of the Cord, Vishwa Mohan Bhatt, 1996, Label: Indian Music Club\n Maestros Mehfil, Various Artists, 1995, T-Series\n The Tradition of Khyal on Sitar, Shujaat Khan, 1995, Label: Makal Records\n Lure of the Desert, Vishwa Mohan Bhatt, 1994, Label: T-Series\n Raag Bilaskhani Todi, Shujaat Khan, 1994, Label: Young Spirit Records\n\nAwards and recognition\nJohn Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation Fellow, 2019\nLive Arts Boston Grant Recipient, The Boston Foundation, 2018\nGrammy Award, Best World Music Album, 2017, for the album Sing Me Home.", "Brother Thomas Fellow, The Boston Foundation, 2017\nNew England Choice Awards Artist of the Year, 2017\nGrammy Nomination, Best Classical Crossover Album, 2009, for album Off The Map.", "Grammy Nomination, Best World Music Album, 2005, for the album The Rain.", "Awarded Chattra Vibhushan by Banaras Hindu University\nAwarded Significant Achievement Award by St. Xavier's High School\nAwarded Patna College Blue by Patna College\n\nPersonal life\nSandeep Das resides in Boston, Massachusetts, USA.", "He met his future wife Tripti while they were cadets of the Nation Cadet Corps, at the 1985 Republic Day Celebrations of India.", "They have two daughters, Sakshi and Sonakshi.", "References\n\nExternal links\n Sandeep Das Official Site\nHum Ensemble \n Silk Road Project\n BMOP\n Ziporyn, Recordings\n\nLiving people\nTabla players\nIndian drummers\nIndian percussionists\nWorld music musicians\n1971 births\nMusicians from Patna\nSt. Xavier's Patna alumni\n20th-century Indian musicians\nBanaras Hindu University alumni\n21st-century drummers" ]

[ "An Indian Tabla player and composer is based in Boston, MA.", "His collaboration with Yo-Yo Ma for The Silk Road Ensemble - Sing Me Home - won a gramophone for best world music album.", "He was nominated for a second time in 2009.", "Born in Patna, Bihar, India, Sandeep Das was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "His family moved to Patna in the 70s.", "St. X's High School in Patna was where Sandeep finished his education.", "He graduated with a gold medal.", "He started learning Tabla under Pt.", "At the age of 8.", "The Indian guru-shishya tradition began at the age of 9 for Benares Gharana Sandeep.", "On weekends, Sandeep would travel from his home in Patna to Benaras, where his guru lived.", "His family moved to Benares so that his musical education could continue unimpeded.", "After 11 years of learning the Benaras Gharana style of Tabla playing, Das moved to Delhi in 1990 to pursue his career as a professional Tabla player.", "Sandeep made his stage debut in India in 1986 at the age of 15.", "He was the national drumming champion three times.", "He was the youngest drummer to be graded by All India Radio.", "After moving to Delhi in 1990 to pursue his career as a professional Tabla player, he began playing with renowned musicians such as Hariprasad Chaurasia, Amjad Ali Khan, and Shujaat Khan.", "World Music began in 1991 with steel drum bands in Trinidad.", "He performed with the New York Philharmonic in 2001 under the direction of Kurt Masur.", "He performed a work written for him by Evan Ziporyn as a soloist with the Boston Modern Orchestra Project.", "Tarang is the theme music for Blind Sight, a documentary about the first Mount Everest climb by six blind climbers.", "He was nominated for a second time.", "The Rain was nominated for a grammy in the world music category.", "The album features Shujaat Khan and Kayhan Kalhor.", "In 2009, he was nominated for a gramophone in the Classical Crossover section for his album Off the Map.", "Evan Ziporyn has composed a track for this album.", "Silk Road Project Sandeep has composed for and performed internationally with the Silk Road Ensemble of Yo-Yo Ma since the group's founding in 2000.", "Yo-Yo Ma was surprised to learn that Das did not read music scores, but could memorize a piece.", "The United Nations General Assembly Hall in New York in 2008 was one of the places he performed extensively with the ensemble.", "A 10-episode documentary on the Silk Road is being produced by Japanese TV channel NHK.", "HUM was founded in 2009, an ensemble of world-class artists, to promote global understanding through musical performance and education.", "The Silk Road Project and Yo-Yo Ma's vision to connect the world through music inspired the ensemble.", "In March 2010, HUM presented its World premiere concert.", "The Rhythm of Life Concert was held in New Delhi and Mumbai in February 2011.", "The concert was well received by the Indian media and took place at the Kamani auditorium in New Delhi.", "HUM raises funds for education in arts of differently-abled children through these concerts.", "HUM will provide health insurance for aging artists.", "In 2012 Sandeep Das was invited to teach a course at the Harvard Graduate School of Education.", "He taught at Harvard University Academy of Music in Villecroze, France, and the Rhode Island School of Design.", "There are both the Western and Indian genres of music in the compositions.", "He has composed multiple pieces over the years.", "Vaishnavi was inspired by a ninth century statue of Queen Sembiyan Mahadevi as the Goddess Parvati and was commissioned by the Freer | Sackler from Silkroad.", "The piece begins with an alap between the Chinese Mouth Organ and the Bass.", "Vaishnavi was originally performed as a trio of Tabla, Sheng, and Bass, but has been performed in other instruments such as Tabla and Bass.", "The piece can be heard on the audio tour.", "In a Circle Records Sing Me Home, Silk Road Ensemble, and Times Music A Playlist Without Borders are all from the same album.", "Silk Road Journeys: When Strangers Meet, Silk Road Ensemble, and The Best of the Cord are all on Virgin Records.", "The Boston Foundation won the New England Choice Awards Artist of the Year for Brother Thomas Fellow.", "The album The Rain was nominated for a grammy.", "Patna College Blue was awarded by Patna College.", "At the 1985 Republic Day Celebrations of India, he met his future wife, Tripti.", "Sakshi and Sonakshi are their daughters.", "There are external links to the official site of the hum ensemble silk road project." ]

[ "Sandeep Das", "Sandeep Das", "Sandeep", "Sandeep", "Sandeep", "Das", "Sandeep", "Das", "Das", "Sandeep", "Das", "Sandeep", "Das", "Sandeep", "Sandeep", "Das", "Sandeep", "Sandeep", "Das", "Sandeep", "Das", "Sandeep", "Das" ]

[ "Sandeep Das", "Sandeep", "Sandeep", "Das", "Sandeep", "Sandeep", "Das", "Sandeep", "Das" ]

[ "Lya de Putti (born Amália Helena Mária Róza Putti; , 10 January 1897 – 27 November 1931) was a Hungarian film actress during the silent era.", "She was noted for her portrayals of vamp characters.", "Early life and career\nAmália Helena Mária Róza Putti was born in Vécse, Austria-Hungary on 10 January 1897 (however, the date of birth on her tombstone says 1899, and other sources say 1896).", "She was one of the four children of Gyula Julián Gábor József Putti (, 1863–1901), a cavalry officer, and his wife, Mária Rozália Kamilla, Countess Hoyos Baroness to Stichsenstein (, 1868–1945).", "She had two brothers, Géza and Sándor, the latter serving as a first lieutenant in the Austro-Hungarian army, and a sister, Mária.", "She began her stage career on the Hungarian vaudeville circuit.", "She soon progressed to Berlin, where after performing in the ballet, she made her screen debut in 1918.", "She became the premiere danseuse at the Berlin Winter Garden in 1924.", "Around that time German film director Joe May noticed her and cast her in The Mistress of the World (1919), her first important film.", "She followed this success with noteworthy performances in Manon Lescaut and \nVarieté (1925).", "The latter featured her opposite Emil Jannings and directed by E.A.", "Dupont.", "Both films are UFA productions.", "While in Germany, de Putti starred with such actors as Conrad Veidt, Alfred Abel, Werner Krauss, Grete Mosheim, and Lil Dagover and was filmed by directors F.W.", "Murnau and Fritz Lang.", "De Putti came to America in February 1926.", "At the time, she told reporters she was 22 years old but her ocean liner's records list her as having been 26.", "De Putti generally was cast as a vamp character, and often wore her dark hair short in a style similar to that of Louise Brooks or Colleen Moore.", "De Putti starred in D.W. Griffith's The Sorrows of Satan (1926).", "The film was released in two versions, one in the U.S. and the other in Europe.", "In the U.S. version, one scene had de Putti fully dressed whereas the same scene in the European release had de Putti topless.", "The following year, de Putti went to Hollywood but found little success.", "Despite working with distinguished actors such as Adolphe Menjou and Zasu Pitts, she failed to make it big and left the screen by 1929 to attempt to restart her career on Broadway.", "Later, she went to England to make silent movies and studied the English language.", "She then returned to the U.S. to attempt sound films.", "Alleged suicide attempts and death\nOn 5 March 1926 the Ogden Standard Examiner published a story alleging that de Putti had attempted suicide by jumping out of her apartment window at the Wilmersdorf quarters.", "She and her lover of one year, who was also an actor, had been arguing prior to the attempt.", "One of her arms and a foot was broken as a result of the fall.", "de Putti later claimed that she was saying goodbye to friends when she leaned too far over the railing and fell.", "In November 1927, de Putti was injured when she fell down the stairs and through a window.", "Some press accounts speculated that it was another suicide attempt, but de Putti denied this.", "De Putti nearly died in August 1930 when the small plane she was flying in crashed.", "In 1931, she was hospitalized to have a chicken bone removed from her throat.", "De Putti contracted a throat infection, and was taken to the Harbor Sanitarium, then located at 667 Madison Avenue, where reportedly she behaved irrationally and eluded her nurses.", "Eventually, she was found in a corridor.", "She developed pleurisy in her right side, followed by pneumonia in both lungs.", "Lya de Putti died at 1:05 A.M. on 27 November 1931, aged 34, at the Harbor Sanitorium, leaving just $1,100 and a few bits of jewelry.", "She is interred in the Ferncliff Cemetery in Hartsdale, New York.", "Personal life\n\nIn 1913, she married Zoltán Szepessy de Négyes, a county magistrate who was 10 years her senior.", "The couple had two daughters, Ilona (born 1914) and Judit (born 1916).", "Upon divorcing in 1918, Szepessy told their two daughters that their mother had died; there was even a headstone in a Hungarian cemetery that bore the inscription 'Lya de Putti - died 1920'.", "On 8 March 1932, Szepessy committed suicide in a Budapest hotel due to financial difficulties and grief over de Putti's death; it wasn't until his death that Ilona and Judit learned about their mother's true fate.", "She remarried in 1922 to Louis Jahnke, a Norwegian diplomat.", "Prior to Jahnke, she was married to the Norwegian merchant Ludwig Christensen, who left her widowed when he died of tuberculosis in 1922.", "In the late 1920s, de Putti met banker Walter D. Blumenthal.", "They began a relationship, and de Putti fell in love and wanted to marry him.", "His family did not allow the marriage, however, which resulted in de Putti going on a hunger strike in 1931.", "De Putti once was rumored to be engaged to Count Ludwig von Salm-Hoogstraeten, a former husband of oil heiress Millicent Rogers.", "She denied the engagement.", "Lya de Putti in popular culture\n De Putti appears on the cover of Jessamine's 1995 self-titled album \n\n In the film Cabaret (1972), singer Sally Bowles (Liza Minnelli) tells a friend that Lya de Putti is her \"favorite screen siren\".", "In a subsequent scene, Bowles dismisses de Putti, claiming that she \"makes too many faces.\"", "Lya de Putti's life and work are dramatized in the novel Winter Under Water (Picador, 2007) by J.A.", "Hopkin.", "Filmography\n\nFeatures \nThe Emperor's Soldiers (1918)\nOn the Waves of Happiness (1920)\nGypsy Blood (1920)\nYou Are the Life (1921)\nThe Indian Tomb (1921)\n The Love Affairs of Hector Dalmore (1921)\nDriving Force (1921)\nIlona (1921)\nOthello (1922)\nThe Burning Soil (1922)\nPhantom (1922)\n The Three Marys (1923)\nThe Ravine of Death (1923)\nDie Fledermaus (1923)\n The Island of Tears (1923)\nThamar, The Child of the Mountains (1924)\n Malva (1924)\n Claire (1924)\n In the Name of the Kaisers (1925)\n Comedians (1925)\nVarieté (1925)\n Jealousy (1925)\nManon Lescaut (1926)\n Young Blood (1926)\nThe Sorrows of Satan (1926)\n Prince of Tempters (1926)\nGod Gave Me Twenty Cents (1926)\nThe Heart Thief (1927)\nBuck Privates (1928)\nMidnight Rose (1928)\nCharlotte Somewhat Crazy (1928)\nThe Scarlet Lady (1928)\nAll About Love (1929)\nThe Informer (1929)\n\nShort subjects\nA Christmas Movie for Adults (1924)\n\nDocumentaries\nCinema Europe: The Other Hollywood (1995)\nThe Love Goddesses (1965)\nHerrliche Zeiten (Wonderful Times) (1950)\n\nReferences\nHerzog, Peter and Roman Tozzi.", "Lya de Putti: Living Life and Not Fearing Death.", "Corvin: 1993.", "Los Angeles Times.", "\"Film Star Succumbs.\"", "27 November 1931, Page 1.", "New York Times.", "\"Lya de Putti Dead Here of Pneumonia.\"", "27 November 1931, Page 20.", "External links\n\nLya de Putti Photo Gallery at silent-movies.org\nPhotographs of Lya de Putti\n\n1897 births\n1931 deaths\nHungarian film actresses\nHungarian silent film actresses\nHungarian stage actresses\nHungarian emigrants to the United States\n20th-century Hungarian actresses\nBurials at Ferncliff Cemetery\nDeaths from pneumonia in New York (state)" ]

[ "During the silent era, Lya de Putti was a Hungarian film actress.", "She was noted for her portrayals.", "Amlia Mria Rza Putti was born in Austria-Hungary on January 10, 1897, but the date on her tombstone says 1899.", "She was one of the four children of a cavalry officer and his wife.", "She had a sister, Mria, and two brothers, Géza and Sndor.", "She started her stage career in Hungary.", "She made her screen debut in Berlin after performing in the ballet.", "She was the premiere at the Berlin Winter Garden in 1924.", "Joe May cast her in his first important film, The Mistress of the World, around that time.", "She performed well in Manon Lescaut and Varieté.", "The latter was directed by E.A.", "The city of Dupont.", "Both films are produced by UFA.", "While in Germany, de Putti starred with Conrad Veidt and other actors.", "Murnau and Lang were together.", "In February of 1926, De Putti came to America.", "She told reporters she was 22 years old, but her ocean liner's records show she was 26.", "De Putti wore a short haired style similar to that of Colleen Moore when she was cast as a vampire.", "The Sorrows of Satan was written by D.W. Griffith.", "There are two versions of the film, one in the US and one in Europe.", "One scene in the U.S. version had de Putti fully dressed while the European version had de Putti topless.", "After going to Hollywood, de Putti found little success.", "She left the screen in 1929 to try to restart her career on Broadway after failing to make it big.", "She studied the English language while making silent movies in England.", "She returned to the U.S. to make sound films.", "According to a story published by the Standard Examiner, de Putti tried to kill herself by jumping out of her apartment window.", "She and her lover had argued prior to the attempt.", "She broke her arm and foot as a result of the fall.", "de Putti claimed that she fell because she leaned too far over the railing.", "In 1927, de Putti was injured when she fell down the stairs.", "De Putti denied that it was a suicide attempt.", "In August 1930, De Putti almost died when the small plane she was in crashed.", "She had a chicken bone removed from her throat in 1931.", "The Harbor Sanitarium where De Putti was taken was located at 667 Madison Avenue.", "She was found in a corridor.", "She was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "Lya de Putti died at the Harbor Sanitorium at 1:05 A.M., leaving just $1,100 and a few bits of jewelry.", "She is buried in New York.", "She was married to Zoltn Szepessy de Négyes, who was 10 years her senior, in 1913.", "The couple had two daughters.", "There was a headstone in a Hungarian cemetery with the inscription 'Lya de Putti - died 1920', when Szepessy told their two daughters that their mother had died.", "After de Putti's death, Szepessy took his own life in a hotel in Hungary, and it wasn't until he died that Ilona and Judit learned of their mother's true fate.", "She was married to a Norwegian diplomat in 1922.", "She was married to a Norwegian merchant who died of Tuberculosis in 1922 and left her widowed.", "de Putti met Walter D. Blumenthal in the late 1920s.", "de Putti fell in love with him and wanted to marry him.", "De Putti went on a hunger strike in 1931 after his family refused to allow him to marry.", "De Putti was rumored to be engaged to a former husband of an oil heiress.", "The engagement was denied by her.", "Lya de Putti is featured on the cover of Jessamine's 1995 self-titled album, In the film Cabaret, which was written and directed by Liza Minnelli.", "In the next scene, de Putti is dismissed by Bowles, who claimed that she made too many faces.", "The life and work of Lya de Putti are dramatized in a novel.", "Hopkin.", "The Emperor's Soldiers, On the Waves of Happiness, You Are the Life, The Indian Tomb, and Driving Force are some of the films featured in filmography.", "Lya de Putti talks about living life and not fearing death.", "Corvin was born in 1993.", "The Los Angeles Times.", "\"Film Star Succumbs.\"", "Page 1 of 27 November 1931.", "The New York Times.", "\"Lya de Putti is Dead Here of Pneumonia.\"", "Page 20 was published on 27 November 1931.", "There are photographs of Lya de Putti at silent-movies.org." ]

[ "Lya de Putti", "Amália Helena Mária Róza Putti", "Amália Helena Mária Róza Putti", "Gyula Julián Gábor József Putti", "De Putti", "De Putti", "De Putti", "de Putti", "de Putti", "de Putti", "de Putti", "de Putti", "De Putti", "De Putti", "Lya", "de Putti", "de Putti", "de Putti", "de Putti", "de Putti", "De Putti", "Lya", "De Putti", "Lya", "de Putti", "Lya", "de Putti", "Lya", "Lya" ]

[ "Lya de Putti", "Amlia Mria Rza Putti", "de Putti", "De Putti", "De Put", "de Putti", "de Putti", "de Putti", "de Putti", "De Putti", "De Putti", "De Putti", "de Putti", "de Putti", "De Putti", "De Putti", "Lya", "de Putti", "de Putti", "Lya", "de Putti", "Lya", "de Putti", "Lya", "de Putti", "Lya", "de Putti" ]

[ "James Duncan (4 April 1834 — 8 May 1905) was a Scottish sugar refiner and businessman, who then became a philanthropist and art collector.", "His house and grounds on the Cowal peninsula in Argyll became Benmore Botanic Garden, now managed by the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh.", "Biography\nDuncan was born on 4 April 1834 in Springburn, Lanarkshire.", "He was the son of a successful Glasgow bookseller.", "In the early 1850s, while studying Chemistry at Glasgow, Duncan took a boat trip from Greenock to the lochs and coastlines of Argyll.", "While on Loch Long, he conceived a unique method of refining sugar, a method which he then patented.", "Between 1858 and 1861, Duncan was a partner of the Greenock sugar refinery Duncan, Bell & Scott.", "In 1854, the refinery was producing up to 50,000 tons of sugar.", "In the mid-1860s, Duncan developed the Clyde Wharf Refinery in Silvertown, London, which became the largest and most profitable sugar refinery in London.", "Duncan constantly refined the process and learned different applications to keep Clyde Wharf at the top of the industry.", "At the peak of the business, Clyde Wharf was producing up to two thousand tons of sugar per week.", "In August 1885, Duncan published an article in the Sugar Cane Journal, titled 'The bounty on exportation of refined sugar from the United States'.", "In 1878, Duncan was elected Fellow of the Society of Chemical Industry, later becoming its Vice President.", "By 1879, he held the post of Chairman of the Sugar Refiners' Committee, and also became Chairman of the Railway and Canal Traders' Union.", "By the mid-1880s, cheaper German sugar imports led to the closure of Clyde Wharf in 1886.", "Duncan returned to Scotland, to manage the smaller refinery business in Greenock.", "After he retired, he spent time with his sister Mary Moubray in Strone, and spent the winter months in Italy.", "Philanthropy\nDuncan's charitable work was widely known throughout Britain.", "He gave twenty per cent of his annual £100,000 salary to a range of causes, making him one of the most committed philanthropists of the time.", "Duncan was known as a major collector of fine art and was also a lender of pictures to annual exhibitions, including the Royal Glasgow Institute of the Fine Arts.", "In 1878, he was elected the Institute's Vice President.", "He regularly contributed works to European exhibitions, including to the Paris Salon, and to key international exhibitions of art and industry in France and Germany in the 1870s and 1880s.", "Duncan was the first Scottish collector of Impressionist works, including purchasing, in 1883, Renoir's The Bay of Naples (Morning) (1881).", "The painting was later lent to the Scottish National Gallery by the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York (who now own it), for an exhibition about Duncan's collection.", "Duncan was also one of the most valued and important clients of the influential French picture dealer Paul Durand-Ruel, regularly frequenting the studios of Europe's most famous painters.", "He collected works by the likes of Henry Raeburn and Camille Corot, including Eugène Delacroix's The Death of Sardanapalus (1827).", "Duncan had a varied circle of friends from different fields, including the chemist James \"Paraffin\" Young who established the world's first commercial oil works; the pioneering ophthalmic surgeon Dr Neven Gordon Cluckie, whose work led to the establishment of eye surgeries in hospitals throughout Britain; the celebrated preacher Charles Spurgeon; the Rev.", "Henry Boyd (Principal of Hertford College, Oxford, 1878–1922), with whom Duncan had worked closely in the 1870s to improve working conditions in London's East End; and Gustave Doré, the French artist whose gallery, paintings and book illustrations were popular in Britain.", "Peter Baxter (a curator at Benmore House) noted that “Duncan also employed his significant wealth in helping the poor in Scotland and England and improving the working conditions of his workforce, building churches and schools, providing medical care and introducing an eight-hour working day.\"", "Duncan was a correspondent of the eminent botanist Joseph Dalton Hooker and of Henry Morton Stanley, the explorer and friend of David Livingstone, who visited Duncan some time in the 1870s or 1880s.", "Duncan also financed the building of two churches.", "A memorial to Duncan designed by A. Macfarlane Shannon was erected in 1906 at Graham's Point in Kilmun, Argyll.", "Benmore House\nIn 1870, Duncan purchased Benmore House near Dunoon, Argyll.", "He then commissioned the construction of a large gallery building to showcase his large collection of fine arts along with a fernery and one of the largest greenhouses in Scotland.", "The estates amounted to 12,260 acres of land.", "Duncan made extensive improvements to the land, on some of which he kept West Highland cattle and Scottish Blackface sheep.", "The sheep were first seen at the Paris International Exhibition of 1878.", "His flock of sheep gained awards at the annual exhibitions of the Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland.", "Duncan also had over six million trees planted as part of the large landscape alterations he had designed, including commissioning features such as the 'Golden Gates', which were earlier shown at the Paris International Exhibition.", "Following the introduction of sugar imports from Germany, Duncan suffered a massive loss of fortune and had to sell the estate in 1889.", "Benmore House was acquired by the Younger family and later gifted to Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh.", "It is now the Benmore Botanic Garden.", "Duncan's art collection at Benmore was split up and sold and the paintings are now housed in museums around the world, including the Louvre, the Belvedere in Vienna, the Art Institute of Chicago and the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York.", "The latter is home to four works from Duncan's collection.", "Further reading\nWatson, Andrew McDonald.", "2010.", "James Duncan: An Enlightened Victorian (Edinburgh: Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh).", "References\n\n1834 births\n1905 deaths\n19th-century Scottish businesspeople" ]

[ "James Duncan was a Scottish sugar refiner and businessman who became a philanthropist and art collector.", "The Benmore Botanic Garden is managed by the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh.", "In Springburn, Lanarkshire, Duncan was born on April 4, 1834.", "His father was a successful Glasgow bookseller.", "While studying Chemistry at Glasgow, Duncan took a boat trip from Greenock to the Lochs and coastlines of Argyll.", "He patented a method of refining sugar that he came up with while on Loch Long.", "Duncan was a partner in the sugar refinery Duncan, Bell & Scott.", "Up to 50,000 tons of sugar was produced in 1854.", "The largest and most profitable sugar refinery in London was developed by Duncan in the mid- 1860s.", "Duncan learned different applications to keep the top of the industry.", "Up to two thousand tons of sugar were produced at the peak of the business.", "In August 1885, Duncan published an article in the Sugar Cane Journal titled 'The bounty on exportation of refined sugar from the United States'.", "After becoming its Vice President, Duncan was elected Fellow of the Society of Chemical Industry.", "He became Chairman of the Railway and Canal Traders' Union in 1879 after holding the post of Chairman of the Sugar Refiners' Committee.", "German sugar imports led to the closing of the wharf in 1886.", "The refinery business in Greenock was managed by Duncan.", "He spent time with his sister in Strone and in Italy after he retired.", "Duncan's work was well known in Britain.", "One of the most committed philanthropists of the time, he gave twenty per cent of his annual salary to a range of causes.", "A major collector of fine art, Duncan was also a lender of pictures to annual exhibitions, including the Royal Glasgow Institute of the Fine Arts.", "He became the Institute's Vice President in 1878.", "He contributed works to international exhibitions of art and industry in France and Germany in the 1870s and 1880s.", "Renoir's The Bay of Naples (Morning) was purchased by Duncan, the first Scottish collector of Impressionist works.", "The painting was lent to the Scottish National Gallery by the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York for an exhibition about Duncan's collection.", "Duncan was one of the most important clients of the influential French picture dealer Paul Durand-Ruel, frequenting the studios of Europe's most famous painters.", "He collected works by Henry Raeburn and Eugne Delacroix.", "The chemist James \"Paraffin\" Young, who established the world's first commercial oil works, was one of Duncan's friends.", "Gustave Doré, the French artist whose gallery, paintings and book illustrations were popular in Britain, worked with Duncan in the 1870s to improve working conditions in London's East End.", "Duncan used his wealth to help the poor in Scotland and England, as well as improving the working conditions of his workforce, building churches and schools, providing medical care and introducing an eight-hour working day.", "The explorer and friend of David Livingstone, Henry Morton Stanley, visited Duncan some time in the 1870s or 1880s.", "The buildings of two churches were financed by Duncan.", "A memorial to Duncan was built in 1906 at Graham's Point.", "Benmore House was purchased by Duncan in 1870.", "He commissioned the construction of a large gallery building to showcase his large collection of fine arts along with a fernery and one of the largest greenhouses in Scotland.", "There were over 12,000 acres of land in the estates.", "West Highland cattle and Scottish Blackface sheep were kept on some of the land that Duncan made improvements to.", "The sheep were first seen in Paris.", "At the annual exhibitions of the Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland, his flock of sheep won awards.", "Duncan had over six million trees planted as part of the large landscape alterations he had designed, including the 'Golden Gates', which were earlier shown at the Paris International Exhibition.", "Duncan had to sell his estate in 1889 after suffering a huge loss of fortune following the introduction of sugar imports from Germany.", "The Younger family gifted Benmore House to the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh.", "The garden is now called the Benmore Botanic Garden.", "The Louvre, the Belvedere in Vienna, the Art Institute of Chicago and the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York are some of the museums that house Duncan's paintings.", "There are four works from Duncan's collection in the latter.", "Further reading Andrew McDonald.", "The year 2010.", "The Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh has a book called An Enlightened Victorian by James Duncan.", "There were 1834 births and 1905 deaths of Scottish business people." ]

[ "James Duncan", "Duncan", "Duncan", "Duncan", "Duncan", "Duncan", "Duncan", "Duncan", "Duncan", "Duncan", "Duncan", "Duncan", "Duncan", "Duncan", "Duncan", "James", "Duncan", "Duncan", "Duncan", "Duncan", "Duncan", "Duncan", "Duncan", "Duncan", "Duncan", "Duncan", "Duncan", "Duncan", "James Duncan" ]

[ "James Duncan", "Duncan", "Duncan", "Duncan", "Duncan", "Duncan", "Duncan", "Duncan", "Duncan", "Duncan", "Duncan", "Duncan", "Duncan", "Duncan", "James \"", "Duncan", "Duncan", "Duncan", "Duncan", "Duncan", "Duncan", "Duncan", "Duncan", "Duncan", "Duncan", "Duncan", "Duncan", "James Duncan" ]

[ "Walter E. Massey (born April 5, 1938) is an American educator, physicist, and executive.", "President emeritus of the School of the Art Institute of Chicago (SAIC) and of Morehouse College, he is chairman of the board overseeing construction of the Giant Magellan Telescope, and serves as trustee chair of the City Colleges of Chicago.", "During his career, Massey has served as head of the National Science Foundation, director of Argonne National Laboratory, and chairman of Bank of America.", "He has also served in professorial and administrative posts at the University of California, University of Chicago, Brown University, and the University of Illinois.", "Massey is the only individual to serve as both President and Chairman of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) and as Chair of the Association of Independent Colleges of Art and Design (AICAD).", "Additionally, Massey is the only individual to have received both the Enrico Fermi Award for Science and Technology from the Chicago Historical Society and the Public Humanities Award from Illinois Humanities.", "Early life and education\nBorn on April 5, 1938 in Hattiesburg, Mississippi, Massey displayed a gift for mathematics as a child, and by the middle of high school his academic achievements had earned him a Ford Foundation fellowship to Morehouse College in Atlanta, Georgia.", "There, he began studying theoretical physics, which he chose in part because it gave him the chance to rise above the discrimination he had witnessed as a youth in the segregated South of the 1940s and 1950s.", "Massey graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree in 1958.", "Mentors played an important role in Massey's academic life.", "Initially, he lacked direction at Morehouse until receiving the guidance of Sabinus H. Christensen, a white physics instructor teaching at the traditionally black college for men.", "Christensen's tutorials and support helped Massey earn a bachelor's degree in physics and mathematics.", "Later, he continued his studies in physics under Eugene Feenberg as a doctoral student at Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri.", "While finishing his doctoral studies, Massey began working in 1966 as a member of the research staff at Argonne National Laboratory, which is operated for the U.S. Department of Energy by the University of Chicago.", "Massey's work at Argonne focused on the study of the many-body theory of liquids and solids, which attempts to explain the properties of systems of interacting particles in various states.", "He also continued his own research, applying correlated basic functions to both liquid and solid helium.", "Two years later, Massey accepted an assistant professorship at the University of Illinois.", "Career\n\nAcademics and early advocacy\nWhile continuing to pursue his own research, Massey's tenure at the University of Illinois was also defined by his commitment to achieving racial and social equality as well as to improving access to science and technology education.", "On his first night on campus, 264 black students who had protested racial discrimination at the university were arrested.", "This incident led him to become advisor to the Black Students Association and first chairman of the Black Faculty and Staff Association.", "In his teaching, meanwhile, Massey found that many of his black students lacked the preparation in mathematics and the sciences necessary for success at the college level.", "This led to his interest in and commitment to the improvement of science teaching in high schools.", "In 1970, Massey was offered an associate professorship at Brown University, which he accepted and would soon after complete some of his most significant academic research to date, collaborating with Humphrey Maris on the study of changes in sound waves in superfluid helium.", "By 1975, he had been appointed a full professor and dean of the college.", "Also at Brown, Massey continued his efforts to support diversity in the sciences, developing and directing the Inner City Teachers of Science (INCTOS) program, through which Brown undergraduates studying to become science teachers served as mentors and tutors in urban high school science classes.", "The impact of this program earned Massey the distinguished service citation of the American Association of Physics Teachers in 1975.", "In 1979, Massey's demonstrated success as a researcher and administrator at Brown led to his return to Argonne National Laboratory, this time as its director, in addition to which he was also appointed professor of physics at the University of Chicago.", "Argonne National Laboratory\nAt Argonne, Massey assumed control of an annual budget of more than $250 million and a staff of almost four thousand.", "But he also assumed control of a nebulous public relations image.", "National laboratories at the time were highly suspect: their work was not being translated to industry.", "To the outside world, the laboratories lacked clear missions; on the inside, scientists and technicians lacked morale.", "To address these issues, Massey reorganized the governance of the laboratory in the early 1980s, instituting what D. Allen Bromley, President George H.W.", "Bush's assistant for science and technology, referred to as \"participatory democracy\" among its scientists.", "At the same time, Massey responded to the lack of outside connections by helping form the Argonne National Laboratory-University of Chicago Development Corporation (ARCH), an organization that expedited the transfer of technologies created in the laboratory to industry and the marketplace.", "Other initiatives Massey undertook at Argonne include generating support for its nuclear energy programs in a time of drastic cutbacks and providing support and leadership for the funding of major research facilities at the laboratory, including the Intense Pulsed Neutron Source (IPNS), the Experimental Breeder Reactor II (EBR-II), and the initial funding for the Advanced Photon Source (APS).", "While at Argonne and the University of Chicago, Massey also continued his work as an advocate on behalf of science education and awareness.", "In 1982, he headed the Chicago Mayoral Task Force on High-Technology Development and was the founding chair of the Chicago High-Tech Association.", "He also served on the Illinois Governor's Commission on Science and Technology and was highly visible on two educational fronts, helping to organize the Illinois Mathematics and Science Academy, one of the nation's first residential high schools devoted to science and math education, and serving as a trustee for the Academy for Mathematics and Science Teachers, which trained almost 17,000 Chicago public school teachers in those fields.", "National Science Foundation\nIn 1989, Massey served as president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.", "Massey's efforts to forge a more productive relationship between the scientific community, the U.S. government, and private industry culminated in 1990 with his appointment as director of the National Science Foundation (NSF) under President George H. W. Bush.", "In this role, Massey embarked on a number of critical initiatives, including efforts to deepen the connection between academia and industry and the establishment of the Directorate for Social, Behavioral and Economic Sciences and the Commission on the Future of NSF.", "He also remained a strong proponent of basic research and science education, focusing on providing grants to university research centers and individuals and on upgrading pre-college science education, with an emphasis on attracting more women and minority groups to careers in science.", "In February 2016, it was announced that scientists at the advanced Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO) had observed gravitational waves for the first time ever, confirming Albert Einstein's 1915 general theory of relativity.", "Dr. France Cordova, current director of the NSF, credited Massey's role in securing both approval and funding for the project nearly 25 years before.", "Massey was honored by LIGO scientist Kip Thorne, with an invitation to the Nobel Prize in Physics ceremony.", "Other domestic and international science policy\nIn concert with his roles at Argonne and the University of Chicago, in 1987 Massey was named president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, after having served as a board member for a number of years.", "As president, he led an organization listing over 140,000 members and 285 scientific societies.", "In this position, Massey—the first African American ever to hold that post—was able to shine a light on the problems of science education on a national level.", "Under Massey's leadership, the AAAS aimed to improve science education in grades K- 12 by sponsoring Project 2061, which attempted to structure curricula that would emphasize major scientific concepts.", "In doing so, Massey and the AAAS hoped to address the loss of the United States' economic competitiveness in the world market beginning in the mid-1980s and to better prepare the nation to respond to the health and environmental crises that were afflicting the world at the time.", "Generally, Massey's aim at the AAAS was to instigate a shift in the national dialogue, in which science and technology had historically been emphasized only ever during times of war.", "In addition to his experience at the AAAS, Massey has been involved as a member or chair of many other major scientific organizations, societies, and commissions.", "He was vice president of the American Physical Society; chair of the Secretary of Energy Advisory Board (SEAB); and a member of the President's Council of Advisors of Science and Technology (PCAST) in two presidential administrations.", "Massey has also served as a member of the National Science Board, as well as on the Board of Trustees of Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute and the Marine Biological Laboratory.", "Massey's service to the scientific community extends beyond domestic borders and is global in scope.", "He has served on the National Science Foundation's Advisory Committee for International Programs; was a member of the President's Advisory Board for the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; co-chaired the planning efforts on cooperative programs between the Soviet Academy of Sciences and the AAAS; co-chaired the AAAS project to strengthen Scientific and Technical Engineering Infrastructure in sub-Saharan Africa; and was a founding member of the African Academy of Sciences, an organization designed to promote the advancement of scientific research and science education in sub-Saharan Africa.", "Massey was also founding chairman of the National Society of Black Physicists, an organization established to promote the professional development of black physicists and enhance the number of African Americans entering the field of physics, and an advisor for the formation of the Society of Black Physics Graduate Students.", "Return to academia\nFollowing the completion of his tenure at the NSF, in 1993 Massey became provost and vice president for academic affairs at the University of California system, the nation's largest and perhaps most prestigious.", "In this role, he held the number two position in the state's university system, overseeing academic concerns at all of its nine campuses and its three national laboratories: Lawrence Berkeley, Lawrence Livermore and Los Alamos.", "In 1995, he assumed the presidency of his alma mater, Morehouse College.", "As president of Morehouse, Massey created a vision that would take the college into the new century, which involved reinvigorating its campus, refreshing its core curriculum, and reigniting its fundraising efforts.", "Massey retired from Morehouse in 2007.", "From 2007 to 2010, he chaired the board for the Salzburg Global Seminar.", "In 2010, Massey entered a new phase of his career, accepting the role of interim president, and later as full president, of the School of the Art Institute of Chicago, a leading school of art and design.", "He also served a term as chair of the Association of Independent Colleges of Art and Design.", "In 2016, Massey transitioned to his new role as chancellor of SAIC.", "Later that year, he also accepted the appointment to chair the board of the organization building the Giant Magellan Telescope in Chile.", "In 2017, Massey was named to chair the board of trustees of the City Colleges of Chicago.", "Business, civic, and philanthropic career\nIn addition to his work as a scientist, college president, and leader in national and international science policy, Massey has served on the boards of several major multinational corporations, including McDonald's, where he remains a director, and, previously, Bank of America, where he rose to Chairman, BP, Tribune Company, Motorola, First National Bank of Chicago, Continental Materials, Amoco, Research-Cottrell, and Analytic Services.", "In 2009, he headed Bank of America, as its Chairman of the Board.", "He has also served on the boards of numerous philanthropic organizations and foundations in the civic, social, cultural, and educational spaces, including the Mellon Foundation, the Commonwealth Fund, the MacArthur Foundation, the Rand Corporation, the National Center for Civil and Human Rights, the Smithsonian Institution, the Museum of Science and Industry in Chicago, and many others.", "Awards and honors\nMassey has received forty-one honorary degrees during his career.", "He is a recipient of the Distinguished Service Citation of the American Association of Physics Teachers for his exceptional contributions to the teaching of physics, and was a member of the National Commission on Mathematics and Science Teaching for the 21st century, a commission established by Senator Glenn to recommend methods for improving science and math teaching in the United States.", "In 1987, Massey was awarded the Order of Lincoln, the State of Illinois' highest honor.", "In 1992, Massey received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement presented by Awards Council member and Nobel Prize laureate Leon Lederman.", "In 1999, the Georgia State Senate passed resolution SR 113 \"recognizing and commending Dr. Walter E. Massey, President of Morehouse College.\"", "In May 2016, Massey received Illinois Humanities' Public Humanities Award, which \"recognizes individuals and organizations that have helped transform lives and have strengthened communities through the humanities.\"", "In 2012, he received the Chicago Historical Society, Making History–Enrico Fermi Award in science and technology.", "References\n\n1938 births\nLiving people\nAfrican-American businesspeople\nAfrican-American educators\nAfrican-American scientists\nMorehouse College alumni\nPresidents of Morehouse College\nWashington University in St. Louis alumni\nWashington University physicists\nPeople from Hattiesburg, Mississippi\nBP people\nDirectors of Bank of America\nAmerican scientists\nClinton administration personnel\nGeorge H. W. Bush administration personnel" ]

[ "Walter E. Massey was born on April 5, 1938.", "He is a Trustee of the City Colleges of Chicago and the chairman of the board of the School of the Art Institute of Chicago.", "He has served as head of the National Science Foundation, director of the Argonne National Laboratory, and chairman of Bank of America.", "He was a professor at the University of California, University of Chicago, Brown University, and the University of Illinois.", "The only other person to serve as President and Chairman of the American Association for the advancement of Science and Chair of the Association of Independent Colleges of Art and Design is Massey.", "The Public Humanities Award from Illinois Humanities and the Chicago Historical Society have both given the same award to Massey.", "Born on April 5, 1938 in Hattiesburg, Mississippi, Massey displayed a gift for mathematics as a child, and by the middle of high school his academic achievements had earned him a Ford Foundation fellowship to Morehouse College in Atlanta, Georgia.", "He decided to study theoretical physics because it gave him the chance to rise above the discrimination he had experienced as a youth in the South.", "He graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree.", "There was an important role played by mentors in Massey's academic life.", "After receiving the guidance of a white physics instructor, he was able to get direction at Morehouse.", "A bachelor's degree in physics and mathematics was earned by Massey.", "He continued his studies in physics after graduating from Washington University.", "A member of the research staff at the U.S. Department of Energy's Argonne National Laboratory began working in 1966 after finishing his PhD studies.", "The study of the many-body theory of liquids and solids, which attempts to explain the properties of systems of interacting particles in various states, was the focus of the work done by Massey.", "He applied basic functions to both liquid and solid helium.", "An assistant professorship at the University of Illinois was accepted by Massey two years later.", "While continuing to pursue his own research, Massey's tenure at the University of Illinois was also defined by his commitment to achieving racial and social equality as well as to improving access to science and technology education.", "More than 200 black students were arrested on his first night at the university.", "He became an advisor to the Black Students Association and the first chairman of the Black Faculty and Staff Association.", "Many of his black students lacked the preparation in mathematics and the sciences necessary for success at the college level.", "He was interested in the improvement of science teaching in high schools.", "In 1970, he was offered an associate professorship at Brown University, which he accepted and would soon after complete some of his most significant academic research to date, collaborating with Humphrey Maris on the study of changes in sound waves in superfluid helium.", "He was appointed dean of the college in 1975.", "Brown undergraduates studying to become science teachers served as mentors and tutors in urban high school science classes through the Inner City Teachers of Science program, which was developed and directed by Massey.", "The impact of this program earned the American Association of Physics Teachers a distinguished service citation.", "As a result of his success as a researcher and administrator at Brown, he was promoted to associate professor of physics at the University of Chicago.", "An annual budget of more than $250 million and a staff of almost four thousand was assumed by Massey.", "He assumed control of the public relations image.", "The work of national laboratories was not being translated to industry.", "The laboratories lacked clear missions and scientists and technicians lacked motivation.", "The governance of the laboratory was reorganized in the early 1980s to address these issues.", "The assistant for science and technology was referred to as \"participatory democracy\" among its scientists.", "The lack of outside connections led to the creation of the ARCH, an organization that expedited the transfer of technologies created in the laboratory to industry and the marketplace.", "The funding of major research facilities at the laboratory, including the Experimental Breeder Reactor II, as well as generating support for its nuclear energy programs, are some of the initiatives undertaken by Massey.", "While at the University of Chicago, he continued his work as an advocate for science education and awareness.", "He was the founding chair of the Chicago High-Tech Association and headed the Chicago Mayoral Task Force on High- Technology Development.", "He was very visible on two educational fronts, helping to organize the Illinois Mathematics and Science Academy, one of the nation's first residential high schools devoted to science and math education, and serving as a Trustee for the Academy.", "In 1989 he was the president of the American Association for the advancement of science.", "His appointment as director of the National Science Foundation in 1990 was the culmination of his efforts to forge a more productive relationship between the scientific community, the U.S. government, and private industry.", "Efforts to deepen the connection between academia and industry and the establishment of the Directorate for Social, Behavioral and Economic Sciences were some of the initiatives undertaken by Massey.", "He focused on providing grants to university research centers and individuals and on upgrading pre-college science education with an emphasis on attracting more women and minority groups to careers in science.", "Albert Einstein's 1915 general theory of relativity was confirmed in February 2016 by scientists at the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory.", "Dr. France Cordova said that the project was approved and funded thanks to the work of Massey.", "The LIGO scientist invited Massey to the ceremony for the physics prize.", "In 1987 he was named president of the American Association for the advancement of science, after having served as a board member for a number of years.", "He was the president of an organization with over 140,000 members.", "In this position, the first African American ever to hold that post, was able to shine a light on the problems of science education on a national level.", "Project 2061 attempted to structure curricula that would emphasize major scientific concepts in order to improve science education in grades K-12.", "To address the loss of the United States' economic competitiveness in the world market and to better prepare the nation to respond to the health and environmental crises that were afflicting the world at the time was the goal of the project.", "During times of war, science and technology has historically been downplayed in the national dialogue.", "In addition to his experience at theAAAS, Massey has been involved as a member or chair of many other major scientific organizations.", "He was a member of the President's Council of Advisors of Science and Technology and chair of the Secretary of Energy Advisory Board.", "The National Science Board, as well as the Board of Trustees of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute and the Marine Biological Laboratory, were all chaired by Massey.", "Service to the scientific community extends beyond domestic borders and is global in scope.", "He was a member of the President's Advisory Board for the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology and co-chaired the planning efforts on cooperative programs between the Soviet Academy of Sciences and theAAAS.", "The National Society of Black Physicists was established to promote the professional development of black physicists and to increase the number of African Americans entering the field of physics.", "The University of California system, the nation's largest and perhaps most prestigious, became home to the provost and vice president for academic affairs in 1993.", "He held the number two position in the state's university system, overseeing academic concerns at all of its nine campuses and its three national laboratories.", "He became the president of Morehouse College in 1995.", "A vision that was created as president of Morehouse was to take the college into the new century by revitalizing its campus, refreshing its core curriculum, and reigniting its fundraising efforts.", "In 2007, he retired from Morehouse.", "The board for the Salzburg Global Seminar was chaired by him.", "In 2010 he accepted the role of interim president of the School of the Art Institute of Chicago, a leading school of art and design.", "He was the chair of the Association of Independent Colleges of Art and Design.", "In 2016 he became chancellor of SAIC.", "He was appointed to chair the board of the organization building the Giant Magellan Telescope.", "The City Colleges of Chicago had a board of trustees.", "In addition to his work as a scientist, college president, and leader in national and international science policy, Massey has served on the boards of several major multinational corporations, including McDonald's, where he remains a director.", "He was the Chairman of the Board of Bank of America.", "He has served on the boards of numerous philanthropic organizations and foundations in the civic, social, cultural, and educational spaces.", "He has received awards and honors throughout his career.", "He was a member of the National Commission on Mathematics and Science Teaching for the 21st century which was established by Senator Glenn to recommend methods for improving science and math.", "The Order of Lincoln is the highest honor in Illinois.", "Leon Lederman, a member of the Awards Council, presented the Golden Plate Award to Massey in 1992.", "In 1999, the Georgia State Senate passed a resolution commending the president of Morehouse College.", "The Public Humanities Award recognizes individuals and organizations that have helped transform lives and have strengthened communities through the humanities.", "The Chicago Historical Society gave him the Making History–Enrico Fermi Award in science and technology.", "People from Hattiesburg, Mississippi, Directors of Bank of America and Presidents of Morehouse College are references." ]

[ "Walter E", ". Massey", "Massey", "Massey", "Massey", "Massey", "Massey", "Massey", "Massey", "Eugene Feenberg", "Massey", "Massey", "Massey", "Massey", "Massey", "Massey", "Massey", "Massey", "Massey", "Massey", "Massey", "Massey", "Massey", "Massey", "Massey", "Massey", "Massey", "Albert Einstein", "Massey", "Massey", "Massey", "Massey", "Massey", "Massey", "Massey", "Massey", "Massey", "Massey", "Massey", "Massey", "Massey", "Massey", "Massey", "Massey", "Massey", "Massey", "Massey", "Massey", "Massey", "Walter E", ". Massey", "Massey" ]

[ "Walter E", ". Massey", "Massey", "Massey", "Massey", "Massey", "Massey", "Massey", "Massey", "Massey", "Massey", "Massey", "Massey", "Albert Einstein", "Massey", "Massey", "Massey", "Massey", "Massey", "Massey" ]

[ "Aaron Darnell Ford (born May 24, 1972) is an American lawyer and politician serving as the 34th Attorney General of Nevada, since 2019.", "A member of the Democratic Party, he previously served as a Nevada State Senator for the 11th district from 2013 to 2018, which encompasses parts of the Las Vegas Valley including portions of the communities of Spring Valley and Enterprise.", "Early life and education\nFord was born and raised in Dallas, Texas.", "He is the oldest of three sons from a working-class African-American family.", "Ford earned a scholarship and received his undergraduate degree from Texas A&M University in 1994.", "He was the first in his family to graduate from college.", "He earned a master's degree from George Washington University.", "He studied international education at George Washington University while teaching at a local high school.", "He also has Master of Arts, Juris Doctor, and Ph.D. degrees from Ohio State University.", "In January 1991, Ford was arrested and charged with public intoxication on his college campus.", "He was arrested a second time as a result of a payment plan dispute concerning a borrowed tire.", "The case was immediately dismissed when he agreed to accelerate his payment to the tire shop owner.", "Ford was also arrested twice for failing to appear in court.", "He was also investigated for and cleared of charges of trespassing into his now ex-girlfriend's home, according to documents obtained by the Las Vegas Review Journal.", "Ford was not arrested in that incident, and no charges were filed against him.", "Political career\nFord ran for Nevada Senate from District 12 in 2010 and lost to Senator Joe Hardy by 19.23%.", "Having moved to Nevada Senate District 11 in 2011, he ran for the District 11 seat in 2012, defeating John Drake by 24.6%.", "Since November 5, 2014, Ford has been the Democratic Leader of the Nevada State Senate.", "He served as the Assistant Majority Whip during Nevada's 77th Legislative Session.", "He also served as Chair of Senate Committee on Natural Resources, Vice Chair Senate Committee on Education, and as a Member of Senate Judiciary Committee.", "Subsequent to this first legislative session, Ford was named Freshman Senator of the Year by both the Las Vegas Review Journal and the Reno Gazette Journal.", "Ford was named Senator of the Year by Nevada Political Action for Animals and the Nevada Conservation League.", "During the 2016 interim, Ford serves on the Legislative Commission, the Advisory Committee to Develop a Plan to Reorganize the Clark County School District, and the Legislative Commission's Subcommittee to Study Water.", "He also sits by designation on the Interim Finance Committee.", "During the 2014 interim, Ford served as a Member of the Council to Establish Academic Standards; Technological Crime Advisory Board; Legislative Committee on Public Lands; Legislative Committee on Education; Legislative Commission on Energy; and the Advisory Council on Parental Involvement and Family Engagement.", "During the 2017 Nevada Legislative session, Ford led the efforts requiring law enforcement agencies to turn over rape kits for testing within 30 days and require labs to test them within 120 days.", "The bill mandated the creation of a Nevada-wide sexual assault kit tracking program, which would allow victims to follow the status of their rape kits as they go through the criminal justice system.", "He also co-sponsored the Nevada Pregnant Workers' Fairness Act to provide protections to female employees and applicants for employment from discriminatory or unlawful employment practices based on pregnancy, childbirth, or any related medical conditions.", "Ford helped pass the nation's strongest pharmaceutical transparency legislation.", "The law requires that if pharmaceutical manufacturers for diabetes medication have increased medication prices by a certain amount, they must disclose information regarding cost of making and marketing drugs, in addition to rebates they may provide.", "The law also works to create more transparency around PBMs, compelling them to act in insurers' best interests and bans PBMs from forbidding pharmacists from discussing lower-cost options with patients, something called a gag clause.", "Ford passed a “fiduciary duty” bill which removed exemptions for broker-dealers and financial advisors from rules that applied to financial planners and held them accountable for meeting a fiduciary duty to their clients.", "Ford said he proposed the rule because of concerns that President Trump was “trying to do everything to stop” the implementation of the fiduciary rule.” UNLV law professor Benjamin Edwards said Senator Ford’s legislation would “return integrity to a dirty business” and “creates a level playing field for the firms that do things the right way.”\n\nFord was the Democratic nominee for Nevada Attorney General in 2018.", "He defeated Republican Wes Duncan on November 6, 2018.", "Personal life\nFord is a member of the I Have a Dream Foundation, Junior Achievement of Southern Nevada, Olive Crest of Nevada, Las Vegas Urban Chamber of Commerce, Clark County Justice of the Peace Selection Committee, Clark County Democratic Party, and National Bar Association (Las Vegas Chapter).", "Ford is a member of Kappa Alpha Psi fraternity.", "He is also a member of Sigma Pi Phi fraternity.", "He is married to Berna Rhodes, an attorney.", "Berna Rhodes is a partner at Brown Law Group and is Partner in charge of the Nevada office.", "Prior to joining Brown Law Group, Rhodes founded Rhodes-Ford & Associates.", "On July 21, 2018, the Las Vegas Review Journal reported that Aaron Ford \"has a history of failing to fully pay his taxes.\"", "The IRS filed three tax liens against Ford for what amounted to more than $185,000 in unpaid taxes, interest and penalties from 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013, according to Clark County records.", "Those liens were cleared in 2016.", "Ford's campaign manager, Peggy Yang, told the Las Vegas Review Journal that Ford had \"faced some financial difficulties\" as a result of the recession and that those \"difficulties\" were further complicated upon being promoted to partner at his law firm.", "Ford said that during the recession, his family had to take a pay cut, one of his sons started college and another son was hospitalized, explaining that they paid taxes every year but he was unable to pay the full amount due.", "On July 30, 2018, the Washington Free Beacon reported that Ford purchased a new home for $468,138 in 2013, in the same year that he neglected to fully pay his income taxes.", "Ford explained that he also \"short-sold a house during that time period, trying to find the best way to handle the financial stresses and strains that the Ford family encountered and endured during the recession as many other Nevadans had to do.\"", "References\n\nExternal links\n\n Government website\n Campaign website\n\n|-\n\n|-\n\n1972 births\n21st-century American politicians\nAfrican-American state legislators in Nevada\nGeorge Washington University Graduate School of Education and Human Development alumni\nLiving people\nNevada Attorneys General\nNevada Democrats\nNevada state senators\nOhio State University Moritz College of Law alumni\nPeople from Dallas\nPoliticians from Carson City, Nevada\nPoliticians from Las Vegas\nTexas A&M University alumni" ]

[ "Ford is an American lawyer and politician who is the 34th Attorney General of Nevada.", "He was a member of the Democratic Party and previously served as a Nevada State Senator for the 11th district, which encompassed parts of the Las Vegas Valley.", "Ford was born and raised in Dallas, Texas.", "He is from a working class family.", "Ford received a degree from Texas A&M University in 1994.", "He was the first in his family to attend college.", "He received a master's degree from George Washington University.", "He taught at a local high school while studying international education.", "He has degrees from Ohio State University.", "Ford was charged with public intoxication on his college campus.", "He was arrested a second time because of a dispute over a borrowed tire.", "He agreed to accelerate his payment and the case was dismissed.", "Ford was arrested multiple times for failing to appear in court.", "According to documents obtained by the Las Vegas Review Journal, he was cleared of charges of entering his ex-girlfriend's home.", "No charges were filed against Ford after the incident.", "Ford ran for the Nevada Senate from District 12 in 2010 but lost to Senator Joe Hardy.", "He ran for the District 11 seat in the Nevada Senate in 2012 and defeated John Drake.", "Ford was the leader of the Nevada State Senate.", "He was the assistant majority whip during the 77th Legislative Session.", "He was the Chair of the Senate Committee on Natural Resources, the Vice Chair of the Senate Committee on Education, and the Member of the Senate Judiciary Committee.", "The Las Vegas Review Journal named Ford Freshman Senator of the Year after the first legislative session.", "The Nevada Political Action for Animals named Ford Senator of the Year.", "Ford is a member of the Legislative Commission, the Advisory Committee to develop a plan to reorganize the Clark County School District, and the subcommittee to study water.", "He is on the Interim Finance Committee.", "Ford was a member of the Council to Establish Academic Standards, Technological Crime Advisory Board, Legislative Committee on Public Lands, Legislative Committee on Education, Legislative Commission on Energy, and the Advisory Council on Parental Involvement and Family Engagement.", "Law enforcement agencies were required to turn over rape kits for testing within 30 days and labs were required to test them within 120 days.", "The bill mandated the creation of a Nevada-wide sexual assault kit tracking program, which would allow victims to follow the status of their rape kits as they go through the criminal justice system.", "He co-sponsored the Nevada Pregnant Workers' Fairness Act to provide protections to female employees and applicants for employment from discrimination based on pregnancy, childbirth, or any related medical conditions.", "The nation's strongest pharmaceutical transparency legislation was passed by Ford.", "The law requires pharmaceutical manufacturers for diabetes medication to give information about the cost of making and marketing drugs if they increase their prices by a certain amount.", "The law creates more transparency around PBMs, compelling them to act in insurers' best interests, as well as banning PBMs from forbidding pharmacists from discussing lower-cost options with patients, something called a gag clause.", "Ford passed a bill that removed exemptions for broker-dealers and financial advisors from rules that applied to financial planners and held them accountable for meeting a fiduciary duty to their clients.", "Senator Ford said he proposed the rule because he was concerned that President Trump was trying to stop the implementation of the fiduciary rule.", "He defeated Republican Wes Duncan.", "Ford is a member of the I Have a Dream Foundation, Junior Achievement of Southern Nevada, Olive Crest of Nevada, Las Vegas Urban Chamber of Commerce, Clark County Justice of the Peace Selection Committee, Clark County Democratic Party, and National Bar Association.", "Ford is a member of a frat.", "He is a member of a frat.", "He is married to an attorney.", "Berna Rhodes is the partner in charge of the Nevada office at Brown Law Group.", "Rhodes founded Rhodes-Ford & ASSOCIATES before joining Brown Law Group.", "According to the Las Vegas Review Journal, Ford has a history of failing to pay his taxes.", "More than $185,000 in tax liens were filed against Ford by the IRS, according to Clark County records.", "In 2016 the liens were cleared.", "Ford's campaign manager told the Las Vegas Review Journal that Ford had faced some financial difficulties as a result of the recession and that those difficulties were further complicated upon being promoted to partner at his law firm.", "Ford said that during the recession, his family had to take a pay cut, one of his sons started college, and another son was hospitalized, but he was unable to pay the full amount due.", "Ford neglected to pay his income taxes in the same year that he purchased a new home for $468 thousand.", "During that time period, Ford tried to find the best way to handle the financial stresses and strains that the Ford family encountered during the recession as many other Nevadans had to do.", "There are external links to the campaign website." ]

[ "Aaron Darnell Ford", "Ford", "Ford", "Ford", "Ford", "Ford", "Ford", "John Drake", "Ford", "Ford", "Ford", "Ford", "Ford", "Ford", "Ford", "Ford", "Ford", "Wes Duncan", "Ford", "Aaron Ford", "Ford", "Ford", "Ford", "Ford" ]

[ "Ford", "Ford", "Ford", "Ford", "Ford", "Ford", "Ford", "John Drake", "Ford", "Ford", "Ford", "Ford", "Ford", "Ford", "Wes Duncan", "Ford", "Ford", "Ford", "Ford" ]

[ "Friedrich August Freiherr von der Heydte (30 March 1907 – 7 July 1994) was a German paratroop officer during World War II who later served in the armed forces of West Germany, achieving the rank of General.", "Following the war, Heydte pursued academic, political and military careers, as a Catholic-conservative professor of political science, a member of the Christian Social Union political party, and as a Bundeswehr reservist.", "In 1962, Heydte was involved in the Spiegel scandal.", "Early life\nFriedrich August Freiherr von der Heydte joined the Reichswehr in April 1925.", "In 1927, he was released from military service to attend Innsbruck University, receiving a degree in economics.", "In 1927, Heydte was awarded his degree in law at Graz University.", "He joined the NSDAP on 1 May 1933, obtaining membership number 2.134.193.", "He entered the SA the same year.", "In 1935 Heydte re-joined the Reichswehr where he attended staff training.", "World War II\nHeydte took part in the invasion of Poland and the Battle of France as a junior commander.", "In May 1940, he was transferred to Luftwaffe's parachute arm; he commanded a battalion during the Battle of Crete in May 1941.", "In July 1942 Heydte was sent to Libya as commander of the Fallschirm-Lehrbataillon, part of the Ramcke Parachute Brigade.", "Heydte was an officer in the Ramcke Brigade in North Africa until February 1943 when he and several other officers were transferred to France to form the nucleus of the new 2nd Fallschirmjäger Division under command of major-general H.B.", "Ramcke.", "He was posted as an operations officer in the divisional HQ.", "After the fall of Sicily during the summer of 1943, the Germans grew wary of a potential Italian defection to the Allies.", "To counter this event the 2nd Fallschirmjäger Division was transferred from France to Rome on 6 August.", "Heydte gained audience with Pope Pius XII and befriended the Pope's \"Throne Assistant\", the theologian Alois Hudal, who would later become a key person in helping Nazi war criminals evade the courts of justice during the post-war war-crime trials.", "The division participated in taking Rome under German control as part of the German Operation Achse.", "Heydte was given command of a regiment of the 2nd Fallschirmjäger Division in January 1944.", "By the time of Operation Overlord, the 6th Fallschirmjäger Regiment had been detached to the 91st Luftlande Infantry Division.", "Heydte's unit took part in the Battle of Carentan, Operation Lüttich, and in fighting against the Allied forces in Operation Market Garden.", "Operation Stösser\n\nPrior to the Ardennes Offensive, the Germans planned Operation Stösser to drop paratroopers behind the American lines north of Malmédy and to seize a key crossroads leading to Antwerp.", "To conceal the plans from the Allies and preserve secrecy, Heydte wasn't allowed to use his own, experienced troops.", "Most of the new paratroops had little training.", "The Luftwaffe assembled 112 Ju 52 transport planes; they were manned by inexperienced pilots.", "It was the German paratroopers' only nighttime drop during World War II.", "While the aircraft took off with around 1,300 paratroops, the pilots dropped some behind the German front lines, others over Bonn, and only a few hundred in widely scattered locations behind the American lines.", "Some aircraft landed with their troops still on board.", "Only a fraction of the force landed near the intended drop zone.", "The was tasked with dropping at night onto a strategic road junction 11 kilometers north of Malmédy and to hold it for approximately twenty-four hours until relieved by the 12th SS Panzer Division, with the aim of hampering the flow of Allied reinforcements and supplies.", "The planes that were relatively close to the intended drop zone were buffeted by strong winds that deflected many paratroopers and made their landings far rougher.", "Since many of the German paratroopers were very inexperienced, some were crippled upon impact and died where they fell.", "Some of their bodies were found the following spring as the snow melted.", "Heydte broke his arm upon landing from his jump.", "Initially, only 125 men made it to the correct landing zone, with no heavy weapons.", "By noon on 17 December, Heydte's unit had scouted the woods and rounded up a total of around 300 troops.", "With only enough ammunition for a single fight, the force was too small to take the crossroads on its own.", "But because of the dispersal of the drop, German paratroops were reported all over the Ardennes, and the Allies believed a division-sized jump had taken place.", "This caused much confusion and convinced them to allocate men to secure the rear instead of facing the main German thrust at the front.", "Because all his radios had been destroyed or lost in the jump, Heydte didn't know the 12th SS Panzer Division failed to defeat the Americans at the Battle of Elsenborn Ridge, and was unable to relieve his forces.", "Cut off, without supplies and pursued by the U.S. forces, Heydte ordered his men to break through Allied lines and reach the German lines.", "Heydte arrived in Monschau on 21 December and surrendered on 23 December.", "He was held as a prisoner of war in England until July 1947.", "Post-war career\nAfter his release as a POW, Heydte returned to his academic career, completing his dissertation in 1950.", "In 1951, he became professor of constitutional and international law at the University of Mainz.", "From 1954 he served as Professor of International Law, General Administrative Law, German and Bavarian State Law and Political Science at the University of Würzburg.", "He also headed the Institute for Military Law at University of Würzburg.", "From 1956 to 1971 he was a member of the Institut de Droit International.", "From 1961 to 1965 he served as a member of the board of the German Society for International Law.", "Parallel to his academic occupation, Heydte resumed his military career with the West German ; in 1962 he was promoted to Brigadier General in the Reserves, and in 1967 he retired, concluding 30 years of military service.", "In 1947 Heydte joined the Christian Social Union (CSU), where he was chairman of the Christian Democratic Higher Education Association.", "From 1966 to 1970 he was a member of the constituency for Lower Franconia at the Bavarian Parliament.", "He was also a member of the Committee on Cultural Policy issues and in 1967, he joined the Bavarian State Office for Political Education and the State Compensation Office.", "He was a supporter of the theological ideas of natural law and as a conservative Christian he supported the Catholic Church's principles of justice.", "Controversies\n\nFlick affair\nIn 1985, Heydte became one of the central figures in the Flick affair, a serious party funding scandal in which Heydte allegedly had, as the director of the Würzburg Institute of Political Science and Policy Association for many years, helped to launder money for political donations to the CDU/CSU and FDP.", "He had to appear before the Federal Constitutional Court on the issue of party funding through tax-deferred contributions.", "Spiegel affair\n\nIn 1962, as head of the Institute for Military Law at University of Würzburg, Heydte challenged the weekly magazine Der Spiegel over an article it published claiming a \"scandalous\" state of affairs in the .", "Specifically, Von der Heydte accused the editors of high treason because they had revealed the military weaknesses of the new to the public and thus to the Soviets.", "Because of that accusation and Heydte's position as an expert in military law, the issue was brought to a federal court, triggering what was to be known as the Spiegel affair, with many arrests of journalists and others connected to that publication.", "The police raid on Der Spiegel was forcefully led by Theo Saevecke, the at Sicherungsgruppe Bonn.", "Saevecke's wartime past was soon revealed.", "He had achieved the rank of and served with SS-Einsatzgruppe IV in Poland (1939–40), the SS-Sicherheitsdienst in North Africa (1942–43) and commanded the Gestapo and Italian fascist police in Milano (1943–45).", "All these associations marked him as a potential war criminal.", "Heydte's and Saevecke's conduct in the Spiegel affair caused a public outcry followed by demonstrations and public debates.", "The Spiegel affair was the first sign of a change in the popular beliefs in West Germany and the progenitor of all the protest later in that decade against all former Nazi German officials still in office.", "Heydte was heavily criticised for his actions by several prominent West German politicians, and in 1965, a court cleared the editors of Der Spiegel on all charges.", "Death \nHeydte died in Aham, Landshut, in 1994 after a long illness.", "Works\n Daedalus Returned (Hutchinson, 1958) - An account of the Battle of Crete.", "Der moderne Kleinkrieg als wehrpolitisches und militärisches Phänomen (Modern Irregular Warfare as a Phenomenon of Military Policy); Executive Intelligence Review, Nachrichtenagentur GmbH, Wiesbaden, Neuausgabe 1986 (Erstausgabe: Holzner-Verlag, Würzburg 1972)\n\nAwards\n Iron Cross (1939) 2nd Class (27 September 1939) & 1st Class (26 September 1940)\n German Cross in Gold on 9 March 1942 as Hauptmann in the I./Fallschirmjäger-Regiment 3\n Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves\n Knight's Cross on 9 July 1941 as Hauptmann and commander of the I./Fallschirmjäger-Regiment 3\n Oak Leaves on 30 September 1944 as Oberstleutnant and commander of Fallschirmjäger-Regiment 6\n Bavarian Order of Merit (21 May 1974)\n Grand Cross of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany (17 March 1987)\n\nReferences\n\nCitations\n\nBibliography\n\n \n Leigh–Fermor, Patrick.", "\"A Time Of Gifts\" Chapter 7 – Vienna\n Lucas, James.", "\"Hitler's Enforcers (Leaders of the German War Machine 1939–1945)\" Chapter Paratrooper with a prayer beads – Arms and Armour Press, London\n Heydte, Friedrich August von der, Modern Irregular Warfare, Biographical notes\n \n \n \n\n1907 births\n1994 deaths\nMilitary personnel from Munich\nPeople from the Kingdom of Bavaria\nUniversity of Innsbruck alumni\nBundeswehr generals\nGerman Christians\nFallschirmjäger of World War II\nBarons of Germany\nRecipients of the Gold German Cross\nRecipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves\nCommanders Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany\nRecipients of the Silver Medal of Military Valor\nOperation Overlord people\nBrigadier generals of the German Army" ]

[ "During World War II, Friedrich August Freiherr von der Heydte was a German paratroop officer who later served in the armed forces of West Germany.", "After the war, Heydte pursued academic, political and military careers, as a Catholic-conservative professor of political science, a member of the Christian Social Union political party, and as a Bundeswehr reserve.", "Heydte was involved in the scandal.", "Friedrich August Freiherr von der Heydte joined the Reichswehr in 1925.", "He received a degree in economics in 1927 after being released from military service.", "Heydte received a degree in law in 1927.", "He obtained membership number 2.134.193 on 1 May 1933.", "He came to the SA in the same year.", "Heydte went to staff training in 1935.", "As a junior commander, Heydte was involved in the invasion of Poland and the Battle of France.", "He commanded a battalion during the Battle of Crete in 1941, after he was transferred to the Luftwaffe's parachute arm.", "Heydte was sent to Libya in July of 1942 as commander of the Fallschirm-Lehrbataillon.", "The nucleus of the 2nd Fallschirmjger Division was formed when Heydte and several other officers were transferred to France.", "Ramcke.", "He was posted as an operations officer.", "During the summer of 1943, the Germans were worried about an Italian defection to the Allies.", "The 2nd Fallschirmjger Division was moved from France to Rome.", "Heydte befriended the Pope's \"Throne Assistant\", the theologian Alois Hudal, who later became a key person in helping Nazi war criminals evade the courts of justice during the post-war war-crime trials.", "The division was involved in taking Rome under German control.", "The 2nd Fallschirmjger Division gave Heydte command in January 1944.", "By the time of Overlord, the 6th Fallschirmjger had been detached.", "In the Battle of Carentan, Heydte's unit fought against the Allied forces.", "The Germans planned to take a key crossroads north of the American lines and drop paratroopers behind the American lines.", "To hide the plans from the Allies, Heydte wasn't allowed to use his own troops.", "Most of the new paratroops didn't have much training.", "The Ju 52 transport planes were manned by inexperienced pilots.", "During World War II, there was only one nighttime drop.", "While the aircraft took off with around 1,300 paratroops, the pilots dropped some behind the German front lines, others over Bonn, and a few hundred in widely scattered locations behind the American lines.", "Some aircraft landed with their troops on board.", "Only a small portion of the force made it to the drop zone.", "The was tasked with dropping at night onto a strategic road junction 11 kilometers north of Malmédy and to hold it for approximately twenty-four hours until relieved by the 12th SS Panzer Division, with the aim of slowing the flow of Allied reinforcements and supplies.", "Strong winds buffeted the planes that were close to the drop zone, making their landings much rougher.", "Since many of the Germans were inexperienced, some of them died where they fell.", "As the snow melted, some of their bodies were found.", "Heydte broke his arm when he landed.", "125 men made it to the correct landing zone with no heavy weapons.", "Around 300 troops were rounded up by Heydte's unit by noon on 17 December.", "The force was too small to take the crossroads on its own.", "The Allies believed a division-sized jump had taken place because of the dispersal of the drop.", "This caused a lot of confusion and convinced them to allocate men to secure the rear instead of facing the German thrust at the front.", "After the Battle of Elsenborn Ridge, Heydte was unable to relieve his forces because his radios had been destroyed or lost in the jump.", "Without supplies and pursued by the U.S. forces, Heydte ordered his men to break through Allied lines and reach the German lines.", "Heydte surrendered in Monschau on December 23.", "He was a prisoner of war in England.", "After his release as a POW, Heydte returned to his academic career and completed his PhD in 1950.", "He became a professor at the University of Mainz in 1951.", "He was the Professor of International Law, General Administrative Law, German and Bavarian State Law and Political Science at the University of Wrzburg.", "The Institute for Military Law was headed by him.", "He was a member of theInstitut de Droit International.", "He was a member of the board of the German Society for International Law.", "In 1962, Heydte was promoted to brigadier general in the reserves and in 1967, he retired after 30 years of military service.", "Heydte was a member of the Christian Social Union and chairman of the Christian Democratic Higher Education Association.", "He was a member of the Lower Franconia constituency from 1966 to 1970.", "He joined the Bavarian State Office for Political Education and the State Compensation Office after being a member of the Committee on Cultural Policy issues.", "He was a supporter of both natural law and the Catholic Church's principles of justice.", "The director of the Wrzburg Institute of Political Science and Policy Association, Heydte, became one of the central figures in the Flick affair, a serious party funding scandal in which Heydte allegedly had, as the director of the Wrzburg Institute of Political Science and Policy Association", "He had to appear before the Federal Constitutional Court on the issue of party funding.", "Heydte was head of the Institute for Military Law at the University of Wrzburg when he challenged the weekly magazine over an article it published.", "Von der Heydte accused the editors of high treason because they revealed the military weaknesses of the new to the public and thus to the Soviets.", "Because of that accusation and Heydte's position as an expert in military law, the issue was brought to a federal court, triggering what was to be known as the Spiegel affair, with many arrests of journalists and others connected to that publication.", "The police raid on the magazine was led by Theo Saevecke.", "The wartime past of Saevecke was revealed.", "He commanded the Gestapo and Italian fascist police in Milano during the Second World War.", "He was a potential war criminal.", "The conduct of Heydte and Saevecke caused a public uproar.", "The first sign of a change in the popular beliefs in West Germany came in the form of the Spiegel affair.", "A court cleared the editors of the magazine of all charges in 1965, after Heydte was heavily criticized for his actions.", "Death Heydte died in Aham in 1994.", "There is an account of the Battle of Crete.", "The moderne Kleinkrieg as wehrpolitisches und militrisches Phnomen is a Phenomenon of Military Policy.", "\"A Time Of Gifts\" Chapter 7 is written by Vienna Lucas.", "The book \"Hitler's Enforcers (Leaders of the German War Machine 1939–1945)\" has a chapter on paratroopers with prayer beads." ]

[ "Friedrich August Freiherr von der Heydte", "Friedrich August Freiherr von der Heydte", "Heydte", "Heydte", "Heydte", "Heydte", "Heydte", "Heydte", "Von der", "Heydte", "Friedrich August", "von der" ]

[ "Friedrich August Freiherr von der Heydte", "Friedrich August Freiherr von der Heydte", "Heydte", "Heydte", "Heydte", "Heydte", "Heydte", "Heydte", "Heydte", "Von der", "Heydte", "Death Heydte" ]

[ "Marika Louise Hackman (born 17 February 1992) is an English vocalist, multi-instrumentalist and songwriter.", "She is considered to fall within the alternative and English-folk genres, and is noted for her dark, melancholic lyrics.", "Hackman has released a mini-album, That Iron Taste (2013), and four full-length albums: We Slept at Last (2015); I'm Not Your Man (2017); Any Human Friend (2019) and Covers (2020).", "She has also released four EPs: Free Covers (2012), Sugar Blind (2013), Deaf Heat (2014), and Wonderland (2016).", "Early life\nHackman was born in Hampshire, England and raised in Selborne and Devon.", "Her mother and Finnish father met during their work as animators.", "Hackman watched little television as a child.", "She and her older brother, Ben, a dance music producer who releases material under the name \"Hackman\", were instead encouraged to find other creative outlets.", "Hackman is a self-taught guitarist and began learning when she was 12.", "She had lessons in piano from the age of 4, and lessons in the bass guitar and drums from the age of 10.", "She received a scholarship to attend Bedales School as a day pupil from ages 11 to 17, where she met and befriended model Cara Delevingne.", "Together, they formed a short-lived cover band called \"The Clementines\", with Hackman playing drums and Delevingne playing guitar and singing.", "Hackman performed at Mulberry's Park Lane launch dinner, celebrating the release of Delevingne's collection in February 2014.", "At 18, she moved to Brighton, England, where she studied art foundation for a year and planned on earning a degree in fine arts.", "Instead, she later chose to pursue music full-time.", "Music career\n\nEarly career (2012–2013)\n\nHackman's first release was an EP of covers, which was available for digital download in October 2012.", "The following February, she released her first mini-album, That Iron Taste, featuring songs of her own composition.", "The album was released in physical formats and as a digital download.", "It was produced by alt-J's Charlie Andrew.", "In 2013, she toured Australia and Europe as an opening act for Laura Marling, to support the release of That Iron Taste.", "The music video for her song \"Cannibal\" was filmed at Bedales School in March 2013.", "She later released two more EPs, Sugar Blind on 9 December 2013 and Deaf Heat on 4 April 2014, via iTunes.", "Both EPs contain songs written by Hackman as well as one cover song.", "Debut album: We Slept at Last (2014–2017)\nHackman began recording her full-length debut album in 2014 with producer Charlie Andrew.", "She debuted new material from the album, including the songs \"Skin\" and \"Ophelia\", while on tour in 2013 with Laura Marling.", "In late September 2014, the album's title was announced as We Slept at Last and was released on 16 February 2015.", "The album features 12 new songs written by Hackman and does not feature any material from her previous EPs.", "Hackman embarked on a headlining solo tour throughout the UK in support of the album in November 2014.", "The album's lead single, \"Drown\", premiered in mid-October and was officially released on 8 December 2014.", "On 17 November 2014, \"Drown\" was announced as a shortlisted contender for DJ Zane Lowe's \"Hottest Record of 2014\" on BBC Radio 1.", "It ranked No.", "89 out of 100 songs.", "She also appeared as a featured vocalist on alt-J's song \"Warm Foothills\", from their second album \"This Is All Yours\".", "On 8 January 2015 she premiered the album's second single, \"Animal Fear\", for DIY Magazine.", "On 13 January 2015, \"Before I Sleep\", another track from her debut album, was streamed exclusively on the website Earmilk, as well as her SoundCloud account.", "Hackman previewed material from the album in the days leading up to its release.", "The album is available to stream in its entirely on her official SoundCloud account, and features a distinctive blue colour scheme.", "The deluxe edition of the album includes all of the songs from Hackman's EPs.", "\"Animal Fear\" was released as the album's second single on 16 February 2015, the same day as the release of We Slept at Last.", "On 18 February 2015, Hackman played material from her debut album at The Cob Gallery in Camden, London.", "An art exhibit, featuring the album's artwork of 24 photographs, was displayed during the show.", "She embarked on a solo headlining tour throughout the UK during March and April 2015.", "Fenne Lily provided support to Marika during these dates, which were generally well received by the press The tour continued with shows throughout Europe during the spring and summer of 2015.", "On 25 June 2015, Laura Marling announced that Hackman and Johnny Flynn would join her on tour for a series of concerts in North America during July and August 2015.", "The concerts would be Hackman's first time performing material in North America.", "Hackman's fourth single, \"Next Year\", was released on 14 August 2015.", "The album was generally well-received, with The Guardians review rating it four out of five stars, and calling Hackman's work \"superbly understated and atmospheric\", noting that the \"unsettling quality\" was a distinguishing factor.", "Second album: I'm Not Your Man (2017)\nHackman signed with Sub Pop for her second album, I'm Not Your Man.", "\"Boyfriend\", the first single from the album, debuted on Hackman's VEVO channel on 22 February 2017 in the form of a music video.", "The album features the London band The Big Moon as backing vocalists and instrumentalists.", "The cover art was designed by Tristan Pigott.", "The album was released 2 June 2017.", "The Guardians four-star (out of five) review praised Hackman's \"sweetly sung cut-glass vocals\" and for having \"risen from the alt-folk scene\".", "The Observer's review (rating 3/5 stars) called the album \"witty, raucous and honest\", noting that Hackman, despite a new sound, \"keeps the best of her former incarnation\", adding to the \"balance and variety\" of the album.", "Pitchfork declared the album \"bracing\" and \"darkly funny\", \"melodically strong\" and \"full of surprises\", giving a rating of 7.5/10.", "Third album: Any Human Friend (2019)\nOn 23 April 2019, Hackman shared a teaser video with the caption \"A _ _ H _ _ _ _ F _ _ _ _ _\", hinting at the title of her upcoming third album.", "The following day, she released the lead single, \"I'm Not Where You Are\".", "On 22 May, the album's title was revealed to be Any Human Friend, and it was made available to pre-order.", "It was released on 9 August 2019.", "The album was produced by Hackman and David Wrench, and significantly features synthesizers.", "Hackman has described the lyrical content of the album as \"quite sexual\" and \"blunt, but not offensive\".", "She wanted to write about sexuality in a \"unifying and sexy\" way, in contrast to sexual lyrics that objectify the subject.", "The second single from the album, \"The One\", was released on 13 June 2019.", "Hackman has described it as \"probably the poppiest song I’ve ever written\".", "The Guardian, in a four-star review, observed that, on Hackman's \"most accomplished record to date\", she \"flits between self-reflection and self-loathing\" in \"glorious songs\" characterised by \"a general wry frankness\".", "Pitchfork called the album \"a singular, extraordinarily horny, and occasionally bleak pop record\", about \"those quiet moments of reckoning with what it means to be alive, young, and cautiously enamoured of it all\", also observing Hackman, with her \"coolly unimpressed alto\" as \"not interested in being coy or mincing words\".", "The Independent's review calls the album \"blunt and bold\" with a \"dark sexual energy\" on which \"Hackman’s beatific voice sits atop methodically messy instrumentals\".", "For this album cycle, Hackman toured in the United Kingdom, Europe and the United States.", "Fourth album: Covers (2020)\nThis album of covers was produced during Hackman's time in lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic, including songs from Beyoncé, The Shins, and Elliott Smith.", "Released on 13 November 2020, the album was noted by NME in its four-star review to be \"intimate and inventive\", representing \"soothing familiarity with the excitement of the new\".", "Hackman \"straddles the line between... well-known tunes and something fresher\", the reviewer observing that \"the results are gorgeous\".", "Personal life\nHackman currently resides in the East End of London.", "She was in a four-year relationship with musician Amber Bain until 2018.", "Discography\n\nStudio albums\n\nExtended plays\n\nSingles\n\nAs lead artist\n\nAs featured artist\n\nPromotional singles\n\nGuest appearances\n\nMusic videos\n\nAs lead artist\n\nAs featured artist\n\nGuest appearances\n\nAwards and nominations\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Website\n Primary Talent Profile\n Sub Pop Records Artist Profile\n Transgressive Records Publishing Profile\n\n1992 births\nLiving people\nEnglish women singer-songwriters\nEnglish folk singers\nEnglish women guitarists\nEnglish guitarists\nPeople educated at Bedales School\nEnglish people of Finnish descent\nLesbian musicians\nLGBT singers from the United Kingdom\nLGBT songwriters\nLGBT musicians from England\nDirty Hit artists\n21st-century English women singers\n21st-century English singers\nPeople from Selborne\n20th-century LGBT people\n21st-century LGBT people\nVirgin EMI Records artists" ]

[ "Marika Louise Hackman is an English singer and musician.", "She is noted for her dark, melancholic lyrics and is considered to fall within the alternative and English-folk genres.", "Hackman has released four full-length albums and a mini-album.", "She has released a number of albums, including Free Covers, Sugar Blind, and Deaf Heat.", "Hackman was born and raised in Hampshire, England.", "The mother and father met while working as animators.", "As a child, Hackman watched television.", "Ben, a dance music producer who releases material under the name \"Hackman\", was encouraged to find other creative outlets.", "Hackman began learning to play the guitar when she was 12.", "From the age of 4 she had piano lessons, and from the age of 10 she had bass guitar and drums lessons.", "She befriended model Cara Delevingne after receiving a scholarship to attend Bedales School.", "Hackman and Delevingne formed a cover band called \"The Clementines\", with Hackman playing drums and Delevingne playing guitar and singing.", "Hackman performed at Mulberry's Park Lane launch dinner to celebrate the release of Delevingne's collection.", "She moved to England at the age of 18 and studied art for a year in order to get a degree in fine arts.", "She later decided to pursue music full-time.", "Hackman's first release was a collection of covers, which was available for download.", "Her first mini-album, That Iron Taste, was released in February.", "The album was released in both formats.", "Charlie Andrew is a member of the alt-J.", "She toured Australia and Europe as an opening act for Laura Marling.", "The music video for her song \"Cannibal\" was filmed at Bedales School.", "On December 9, 2013, she released Sugar Blind and on April 4, 2014, she released Deaf Heat.", "One cover song was written by Hackman.", "Hackman recorded her full-length debut album with producer Charlie Andrew.", "She played new material from the album on tour with Laura Marling.", "The album's title was announced in September and was released in February.", "The new songs written by Hackman are on the album.", "Hackman embarked on a tour throughout the UK in support of his album.", "The album's lead single, \"Drown\", was released in December.", "On 17 November, \"Drown\" was announced as a contender for the hottest record of the year.", "It was ranked No.", "89 out of 100 songs.", "She was a featured vocalist on the second album of alt-J, \"This Is All Yours\".", "She released the album's second single, \"Animal Fear\", on January 8, 2015.", "On 13 January 2015, \"Before I Sleep\", another track from her debut album, was streamed exclusively on the website Earmilk, as well as her SoundCloud account.", "The album was previewed by Hackman in the days leading up to its release.", "The album is available to stream on her official account and features a distinctive blue colour scheme.", "Hackman's songs are included in the deluxe edition of the album.", "The album's second single, \"Animal Fear\", was released on February 16, 2015, the same day as the album's release.", "On February 18, 2015, Hackman played material from her debut album at The Cob Gallery.", "The artwork of 24 photographs was displayed in an art exhibit.", "She embarked on a tour in March and April of 2015.", "The tour continued with shows throughout Europe during the spring and summer of 2015.", "On 25 June 2015, Laura Marling announced that Hackman and Johnny Flynn would join her for a series of concerts in North America.", "Hackman would be performing in North America for the first time.", "\"Next Year\" was Hackman's fourth single.", "The album was generally well-received, with The Guardians review rating it four out of five stars, and noting that the \"unsettling quality\" was a distinguishing factor.", "Hackman's second album, I'm Not Your Man, was signed by Sub Pop.", "The first single from the album, \"Boyfriend\", was released on Hackman's VEVO channel in the form of a music video.", "The London band The Big Moon is on the album.", "The cover art was designed.", "The album was released in June.", "Hackman was praised for his \"sweetly sung cut-glass vocals\" and for having \"risen from the alt-folk scene\".", "The Observer's review called the album \"witty, rowdy and honest\", noting that Hackman keeps the best of her former incarnation, adding to the \"balance and variety\" of the album.", "The album was described as \"darkly funny\", \"melodically strong\" and \"full of surprises\" by the website.", "Hackman shared a video with the caption \"A _ _ H _ _ _ _ F _ _ _ _\", suggesting the title of her upcoming third album.", "\"I'm Not Where You Are\" was released the next day.", "The title of the album was revealed on 22 May and it was available to pre-order.", "It was released in August of 2019.", "Hackman and David Wrench produced the album.", "The album's lyrics are \"blunt, but not offensive\", according to Hackman.", "She wanted to write about sexuality in a way that was sexy.", "\"The One\" was the second single from the album.", "According to Hackman, it's probably the poppiest song he's ever written.", "On Hackman's most accomplished record to date, The Guardian observed that she \"flits between self-reflection and self-loathing\" in her songs.", "Hackman's album was described as a singular, horny, and occasionally bleak pop record, about quiet moments of reckoning with what it means to be alive, young, and cautiously enamoured of it all.", "The Independent's review calls the album \"blunt and bold\" with a \"dark sexual energy\" on whichHackman's beatific voice sits atop messy instrumentals.", "Hackman toured in the United Kingdom, Europe and the United States.", "This album of covers was produced during Hackman's time in lock down during the COVID-19 epidemic.", "In its four-star review, the album was noted for being \"intimate and inventive\" and representing \"soothing familiarity with the excitement of the new\".", "The reviewer said that Hackman \"straddles the line between well-known tunes and something fresh\".", "Hackman lives in the East End of London.", "She was in a relationship with a musician for four years.", "As lead artist, as featured artist, as a featured artist, as a lead artist, as a featured artist, as a lead artist, as a lead artist, as a lead artist, as a lead artist, as a lead artist, as a lead artist, as a lead artist," ]

[ "Marika Louise Hackman", "Hackman", "Hackman", "Hackman", "Hackman", "Hackman", "Hackman", "Hackman", "Hackman", "Hackman", "Hackman", "Hackman", "Hackman", "Hackman", "Marika", "Hackman", "Hackman", "Hackman", "Hackman", "Hackman", "Hackman", "Hackman", "Hackman", "Hackman", "Hackman", "Hackman", "Hackman", "Hackman", "Hackman", "Hackman", "Hackman", "Hackman", "Hackman", "Hackman" ]

[ "Marika Louise Hackman", "Hackman", "Hackman", "Hackman", "Hackman", "Hackman", "Hackman", "Hackman", "Hackman", "Hackman", "Hackman", "Hackman", "Hackman", "Hackman", "Hackman", "Hackman", "Hackman", "Hackman", "Hackman", "Hackman", "Hackman", "Hackman", "Hackman", "Hackman", "Hackman", "Hackman", "Hackman", "Hackman", "HackmanHack", "Hackman", "Hackman", "Hackman", "Hackman" ]

[ "Valerie Carter (born Valerie Gail Zakian Carter; February 5, 1953 – March 4, 2017) was an American singer-songwriter.", "Biography\nValerie Carter began her career singing in coffeehouses as a teenager, she eventually became one-third of a country-folk band \"Howdy Moon\".", "Though they debuted at the legendary Troubadour in Los Angeles in 1974, their one album is now fairly obscure.", "It is notable, however, for the Carter-penned song \"Cook With Honey\", later a hit for Judy Collins, and for the introduction of Carter to Lowell George, who produced the next album.", "He would be a mentor to her till his death in 1979 and introduced her to Jackson Browne, James Taylor, and many of the artists she would work with throughout her career.", "Her first solo album, \"Just A Stone's Throw Away\" featured an impressive array of guests artists from the 1970's Southern California music scene including Maurice White, Lowell George, Linda Ronstadt, Jackson Browne, and Deniece Williams.", "The album was well received and garnered favorable reviews and placed her as the opening act for the Eagles in Europe.", "Two years later she released another album \"Wild Child\", and began touring with various artists primarily James Taylor, Jackson Browne, and Linda Ronstadt.", "Carter then released another solo album \"The Way It Is\" with guest artists including Phoebe Snow, Lyle Lovett, Edwin McCain, James Taylor, Linda Ronstadt, and Jackson Browne.", "Japan released a limited edition of this CD with an additional song by Tom Snow.", "She followed two years later with EPs \"Find a River\", Vanilla Grits, and a compilation CD \"Midnight Over Honey River\".", "She died from a heart attack on March 4, 2017.", "After her passing, her sister and longtime friend, Kathy Kurasch, found tapes of songs Valerie had recorded but were never released.", "The tapes were largely unfinished and on all different formats from 24 track masters, 1/4\" masters, ADATs, and cassette.", "They featured an array of guest artists, musicians, and composers including Prince, Lowell George, Little Feat members, Linda Ronstadt, Nicolette Larson, Steve Tyrell, David Lasley, Will Jennings, Tom Snow and more.", "Overdubs, re-mixing, and mastering was done by Kurasch and in December 2018 \"The Lost Tapes\" was released on Cowboy Angel Records.", "Other work\nCarter worked as a back-up vocalist for a number of famous recording artists.", "These included Linda Ronstadt, Don Henley, Christopher Cross, Little Feat, Jackson Browne, the Outlaws and James Taylor.", "Carter wrote the song \"Cook with Honey\" which was a hit for Judy Collins on her 1973 album True Stories and Other Dreams.", "Carter also co-wrote the Jackson Browne track \"Love Needs a Heart\" that was featured on his 1977 album Running on Empty.", "She also co-wrote \"It is One\" and \"Nino\" on Browne's Looking East album.", "She worked as a writer for The Brothers Johnson on the track \"Deceiver\", Earth, Wind & Fire's \"Turn It into Something Good\", featured on the band's 1980 album Faces, and Cher's Black Rose band's \"Never Should've Started\".", "In 1978, she performed the singing voice of the character Jan Mouse in the animated Halloween special \"The Devil and Daniel Mouse\" produced by Canadian animation studio Nelvana.", "She was credited under the pseudonym Laurel Runn, likely inspired by living in Laurel Canyon at the time.", "She sang several songs in the special, including a duet with the songwriter John Sebastian of The Lovin' Spoonful fame.", "The following year, in 1979, her cover of \"O-o-h Child\" was featured in Matt Dillon's film debut in Over the Edge.", "In 2018 her sister Jan Carter and her friend Kathy Kurasch assembled The Lost Tapes; the first posthumous stand-alone album of previously unreleased material by Valerie Carter.", "It includes unreleased tracks recorded during her career including \"I Got Over It\", co-written by Prince.", "Personal life\nIn the December 11, 1999, issue of Billboard, a marriage was announced between Carter and Seth Katz, a television executive with Sony, taking place on November 26, 1999, in Montclair, New Jersey.", "In August and October 2009, Carter was arrested in St. Petersburg, Florida, for possession of drugs.", "She completed all of the court's requirements on May 25, 2011.", "American singer-songwriter James Taylor appeared at her drug court graduation ceremonies in a congratulatory effort on behalf of all of the graduates.", "Carter died of a heart attack on March 4, 2017, at the age of 64.", "The song \"Valerie\" recorded by Steve Winwood was reportedly about her, as was Jackson Browne's song \"That Girl Could Sing\".", "Discography\n\nAs member of the group Howdy Moon\n Howdy Moon — 1974\n\nSolo albums\n Just a Stone's Throw Away (single \"O-o-h Child\") — 1977 Nr 182 Billboard 200.", "2\" — (1994)\n In My Lifetime — (1996)\nNicolette Larson:\n Nicolette — (1978)\n All Dressed Up and No Place to Go — (1982)\nOfra Haza — Kirya — (1992)\nJack Wagner — Love Can Take Us All The Way — (1986)\nRandy Newman — Born Again — (1979)\nRick Derringer — Free Ride — (2002)\nRingo Starr — Time Takes Time — (1992)\nShawn Colvin — Fat City — (1992)\nTom Jans — Eyes of an Only Child — (1975)\nTom Kell — Dove — (2012)\nVonda Shepard — Songs from Ally McBeal — (1998)\nWillie Nelson — Healing Hands of Time — (1994)\n\nSong-writing credits (select)\n \"Cook With Honey\".", "Recorded by Judy Collins (released on the LP True Stories and Other Dreams, 1973)\n\"Love Needs a Heart\".", "Recorded by Jackson Browne (released on the LP Running on Empty, 1977)\n\"Turn It into Something Good\".", "Recorded by Earth, Wind & Fire (released on the LP Faces, 1980)\n\"Never Should Have Started\".", "Recorded by Black Rose (released on Black Rose, 1980)\n \"Deceiver\".", "Recorded by The Brothers Johnson (released as B-side of 7\" single \"You Keep Me Coming Back\", 1984)\n \"It is One\".", "Recorded by Jackson Browne (released on Looking East, 1996)\n\"Nino\".", "Recorded by Jackson Browne (released on Looking East, 1996)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Official website\n Archive of old website (archived from September 2013)\n \n\n1953 births\n2017 deaths\nAmerican women singers\nSongwriters from Florida\nPeople from Winter Haven, Florida\nAmerican women songwriters\n21st-century American women" ]

[ "Carter was born on February 5, 1953 and died on March 4, 2017).", "One-third of a country-folk band \"Howdy Moon\" was formed by Valerie Carter, who began her career singing in coffeehouses as a teenager.", "Their only album is fairly obscure, even though they debut at the legendary Troubadour in Los Angeles in 1974.", "It is notable, however, for the Carter-penned song \"Cook With Honey\", later a hit for Judy Collins, and for the introduction of Carter to Lowell George, who produced the next album.", "Jackson Browne, James Taylor, and many other artists she would work with throughout her career were introduced to her by him.", "Maurice White, Linda Ronstadt, Jackson Browne, and Deniece Williams were some of the guests on her first solo album, \"Just A Stone's Throw Away\".", "She was the opening act for the Eagles in Europe after the album was well received and received favorable reviews.", "James Taylor, Jackson Browne, and Linda Ronstadt were some of the artists she toured with.", "The album \"The Way It Is\" features guest artists including Jackson Browne, James Taylor, and Linda Ronstadt.", "There is an additional song by Tom Snow on the limited edition CD.", "She followed two years later with a CD called \"Midnight Over Honey River\".", "She died of a heart attack.", "Kathy found tapes of songs that were never released after her sister's death.", "The tapes were mostly unfinished and were available in a variety of formats.", "They featured an array of guest artists, musicians, and composers including Prince, Little Feat members, Linda Ronstadt, Steve Tyrell, David Lasley and more.", "In December of last year, \"The Lost Tapes\" was released on Cowboy Angel Records.", "Carter was a back-up vocalist for a number of famous recording artists.", "Linda Ronstadt, Don Henley, Christopher Cross, Little Feat, Jackson Browne, and James Taylor were included.", "Carter wrote the song \"Cook with Honey\" which was a hit for Judy Collins.", "The Jackson Browne track \"Love Needs a Heart\" was co-written by Carter.", "She co-authored \"It is One\" and \"Nino\" on Browne's Looking East album.", "She was a writer for The Brothers Johnson, Earth, Wind & Fire, and Cher's Black Rose band.", "In 1978, she performed the singing voice of the character Jan Mouse in an animated Halloween special.", "She was credited under a different name because she was inspired by living in a canyon.", "She sang a duet with John Sebastian of The Lovin' Spoonful fame.", "In 1979 her cover of \"O-o-h Child\" was used in the film Over the Edge.", "The Lost Tapes was the first posthumous stand-alone album of previously undiscovered material by Valerie Carter.", "She co-written \"I Got Over It\" with Prince.", "Carter and a television executive with Sony were married on November 26, 1999, in New Jersey, in the December 11, 1999, issue of Billboard.", "Carter was arrested for possession of drugs in Florida.", "She completed the court's requirements on May 25, 2011.", "James Taylor appeared at the drug court graduation ceremonies on behalf of all of the graduates.", "Carter died of a heart attack at the age of 64.", "Steve Winwood's song \"Valerie\" was about her, as was Jackson Browne's song \"That Girl Could Sing\".", "\"O-o-h Child\" is a single from Just a Stone's Throw Away, a solo album by Howdy Moon Howdy Moon.", "\"In My Lifetime\", \"All Dressed Up and No Place to Go\" and \"Love Can Take Us All the Way\" are examples.", "\"Love Needs a Heart\" was recorded by Judy Collins.", "Jackson Browne recorded the song \"Turn It into Something Good\".", "\"Never Should Have Started\" was recorded by Earth, Wind and Fire.", "\"Deceiver\" was recorded by Black Rose.", "\"It is One\" was recorded by The Brothers Johnson.", "Jackson Browne recorded \"Nino\".", "There are links to External links on the old website." ]

[ "Valerie Carter", "Valerie Gail Zakian Carter", "Valerie Carter", "Carter", "Carter", "Carter", "Valerie", "Carter", "Carter", "Carter", "Jan Carter", "Valerie Carter", "Carter", "Carter", "Carter" ]

[ "Carter", "Valerie Carter", "Carter", "Carter", "Carter", "Carter", "Carter", "Valerie Carter", "Carter", "Carter", "Carter" ]

[ "Frank Weston Moore (born April 22, 1957) is an American college basketball coach who is the current women's basketball head coach at NC State.", "A head coach at all three levels of NCAA women's college basketball since 1987, Moore has been named Coach of the Year eight times by three conferences and over 20 regular season or conference tournament championships.", "Moore grew up in Dallas and played college basketball at Johnson Bible College.", "He began his coaching career as a men's basketball coach at Johnson Bible in 1984.", "Then in 1987, Moore became head coach for a struggling women's basketball program at Maryville College and instant turned the program into a winner, with five NCAA Division III Tournament appearances and over 130 wins in six seasons.", "The Women's Basketball Coaches Association awarded Moore three regional Coach of the Year honors.", "From 1993 to 1995, Moore was a women's basketball assistant coach at NC State under Kay Yow.", "Then from 1995 to 1998, Moore was head coach at Francis Marion, where he achieved an appearance in the 1998 NCAA Division II Final Four.", "In his first NCAA Division I head coaching position, Moore was head coach at Chattanooga from 1998 to 2013, during which he led the Mocs to 12 Southern Conference (SoCon) regular season championships and nine NCAA Division I Tournament appearances.", "With over 350 wins at Chattanooga, Moore has the most career wins in program history and won five Coach of the Year honors from the SoCon.", "Moore returned to NC State in 2013, this time as head coach.", "In his first seven seasons, Moore led NC State to four NCAA Tournament appearances, and the 2020 and 2021 ACC Tournament titles.", "He was the Atlantic Coast Conference's 2017 Coach of the Year in women's basketball.", "Early life and education\nBorn in Texas City, Texas, Moore grew up in Dallas.", "At Johnson Bible College (now Johnson University) in Knoxville, Tennessee, Moore played at point guard and graduated in 1984 with a degree in religious studies.", "Moore then enrolled at the University of Tennessee, where he earned a bachelor's degree in physical education in 1986 and master's in the same subject in 1987.", "Coaching career\n\nEarly coaching career (1984–1995)\nFrom 1984 to 1987, Moore was a men's basketball assistant coach at Johnson Bible College.", "After completing graduate school, Moore became women's basketball head coach at Maryville College in 1987.", "Moore inherited a Maryville team that won only a single game the previous season.", "He immediately turned around the program to a 15–12 record in his debut season and would have winning records in all of his six seasons as head coach, with five straight appearances in the NCAA Division III Tournament from 1989 to 1993 and three Converse/Women's Basketball Coaches Association District 5 Coach of the Year honors in 1990, 1992, and 1993.", "Moore's cumulative record at Maryville was 131–36.", "From 1993 to 1995, Moore was an assistant coach for NC State women's basketball under Kay Yow.", "During those two seasons, NC State went 34–24 and qualified for the Sweet 16 round of the NCAA Division I Tournament.", "Moore also directed Yow's basketball camp in the summer of 1994.", "Francis Marion (1995–1998)\nIn his second head coaching job, Moore was head women's basketball coach at Francis Marion College from 1995 to 1998, during which he went 69–20.", "Following a 21–8 season in 1996–97, Moore was the Peach Belt Conference Coach of the Year.", "The 1997–98 Francis Marion team finished 30–3, advanced to the Final Four round of the 1998 NCAA Division II Tournament, and was ranked fifth in the final coaches' poll.", "Chattanooga (1998–2013)\nIn 1998, Moore took his first NCAA Division I head coaching job at Chattanooga.", "After a 10–17 debut season, Moore led Chattanooga to the Southern Conference regular season title and Women's National Invitation Tournament (WNIT) appearance in 1999–2000.", "Moore served as head coach at Chattanooga for 15 seasons and ended his tenure there with the most career wins in program history at 358.", "In the 2003–04 season, Chattanooga set a school record for wins with a 29–3 record and had a historically best 27-game winning streak that included an NCAA Tournament first round win over Rutgers.", "On April 26, 2010, Moore accepted a job offer to be head coach at East Carolina.", "However, three days later, Moore reversed his decision in order to stay at Chattanooga.", "Under Moore, Chattanooga won 12 SoCon regular season titles, including 11 straight from 2000 to 2010 and in his final season in 2013.", "Chattanooga also won nine SoCon Tournament titles (2001–04, 2006–08, 2010, and 2013) and appeared as an automatic qualifier to the NCAA Tournament in those years.", "Moore won six SoCon Coach of the Year honors in 2000, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2008, and 2013.", "Chattanooga also had four WNIT appearances in 2000, 2005, 2009, and 2012.", "NC State (2013–present)\nOn April 5, 2013, Moore resigned from Chattanooga to become head coach at NC State, 20 years after he first was an assistant coach there.", "In Moore's debut season, NC State finished 25–8 and fourth in the ACC standings with an appearance in the NCAA Division I Tournament.", "Then in 2014–15, NC State finished 18–15 and advanced to the third round of the WNIT.", "The 2015–16 team finished 20–11 with no postseason tournament appearance.", "In 2016–17, NC State improved to 23–9 and appeared in the second round of the NCAA Tournament.", "The ACC named Moore Coach of the Year in women's basketball on March 1, 2017.", "Appearing in that round for the first time since 2007, NC State qualified for the NCAA Tournament Sweet 16 in 2018 and 2019.", "In the 2019–20 season, NC State finished 29–4 and won the ACC Tournament for the program's first conference tournament title since 1991.", "However, due to COVID-19, the 2020 NCAA Tournament was canceled.", "Moore's 2020-2021 NC State continued the success of the previous seasons success by repeating as ACC tournament champions, and earning road wins against two teams ranked No.", "1 in the regular season (South Carolina and Louisville).", "The Wolfpack earned a top seed in the 2021 NCAA tournament, a program first.", "Through the 2019–20 season, Moore had a 168–62 overall record including 77–37 in Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) play, with five NCAA Division I Tournament appearances.", "Head coaching record\n\nReferences\n\n1964 births\nLiving people\nAmerican women's basketball coaches\nChattanooga Mocs women's basketball coaches\nNC State Wolfpack women's basketball coaches\nPeople from Texas City, Texas\nUniversity of Tennessee alumni\nBasketball coaches from Texas\nFrancis Marion Patriots\nMaryville Scots\nSportspeople from Dallas" ]

[ "The current women's basketball head coach at NC State is Frank Weston Moore.", "A head coach at all three levels of NCAA women's college basketball since 1987, Moore has been named Coach of the Year eight times by three conferences.", "Moore played college basketball at Johnson Bible College.", "He was the men's basketball coach at Johnson Bible in 1984.", "Moore became head coach of the women's basketball program at Maryville College in 1987 and immediately turned it into a winner, with five NCAA Division III Tournament appearances and over 130 wins in six seasons.", "Moore was awarded three regional Coach of the Year honors by the Women's Basketball Coaches Association.", "Moore was an assistant to Kay Yow at NC State.", "Moore achieved an appearance in the 1998 NCAA Division II Final Four when he was the head coach at Francis Marion.", "During his first stint as an NCAA Division I head coach, Moore was the head coach at Chattanooga, where he led the team to 12 Southern Conference (SoCon) regular season titles and nine NCAA Division I Tournament appearances.", "Moore won five Coach of the Year honors from the SoCon and has the most career wins in program history.", "Moore returned to NC State as head coach.", "Moore led NC State to four NCAA Tournament appearances in his first seven seasons.", "He was the Atlantic Coast Conference's women's basketball coach of the year.", "Moore was born in Texas City, Texas and grew up in Dallas.", "Moore graduated from Johnson University in 1984 with a degree in religious studies after playing point guard at Johnson Bible College.", "Moore received a bachelor's degree in physical education in 1986 and a master's degree in 1987 from the University of Tennessee.", "Moore was a men's basketball assistant coach at Johnson Bible College.", "Moore became the women's basketball head coach at Maryville College in 1987.", "Moore took over a team that only won one game the previous season.", "He immediately turned around the program to a 15–12 record in his debut season and would have winning records in all of his six seasons as head coach, with five straight appearances in the NCAA Division III Tournament from 1989 to 1993", "Moore had a 131–36 record at Maryville.", "Moore was an assistant coach for NC State women's basketball.", "NC State qualified for the Sweet 16 round of the NCAA Division I Tournament in both of those seasons.", "In the summer of 1994, Moore directed Yow's basketball camp.", "Moore was the head women's basketball coach at Francis Marion College from 1995 to 1998 and went 69-20.", "Moore was the Peach Belt Conference Coach of the Year after a 21–8 season in 1996.", "The 1997–98 Francis Marion team finished with a 30–3 record, advanced to the Final Four round of the 1998 NCAA Division II Tournament, and was ranked fifth in the final coaches' poll.", "Moore took his first NCAA Division I head coaching job in 1998.", "Moore led Chattanooga to the Southern Conference regular season title and the Women's National Invitation Tournament after a 10–17 debut season.", "Moore was the head coach at Chattanooga for 15 seasons and ended his tenure with the most career wins in program history.", "In the 2003– 2004 season, Chattanooga set a school record for wins with a 29–3 record and had a historically best 27 game winning streak that included an NCAA Tournament first round win over Rutgers.", "Moore accepted a job offer to be the head coach at East Carolina.", "Moore decided to stay at Chattanooga three days later.", "Chattanooga won 12 SoCon regular season titles under Moore, including 11 straight from 2000 to 2010 and his final season in 2013).", "The Mocs won nine SoCon Tournament titles and appeared in the NCAA Tournament in four of the five years.", "Moore won six SoCon Coach of the Year honors.", "In 2000, 2005, 2009, and 2012 the city had four WNIT appearances.", "Moore was an assistant coach at NC State for 20 years before he became the head coach.", "NC State finished fourth in the conference with an appearance in the NCAA Division I Tournament in Moore's first season.", "NC State advanced to the third round of the WNIT.", "The team did not make the playoffs in the 2015–16 season.", "NC State made it to the second round of the NCAA Tournament.", "Moore was named the coach of the year in women's basketball.", "NC State qualified for the NCAA Tournament Sweet 16 in both of the last two years.", "NC State won the conference tournament title for the first time in 25 years.", "The 2020 NCAA Tournament was canceled due to COVID-19.", "Moore's NC State continued the success of the previous seasons by repeating as conference tournament champion and earning road wins against two ranked teams.", "South Carolina and Louisville are in the regular season.", "The program first, the Wolfpack earned a top seed in the NCAA tournament.", "Moore had a 168–62 overall record, including 77–37 in the Atlantic Coast Conference, with five NCAA Division I Tournament appearances.", "There are references to 1964 births in the head coaching record." ]

[ "Frank Weston Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore" ]

[ "Frank Weston Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore", "Moore" ]

[ "George Lennox Sharman Shackle (14 July 1903 – 3 March 1992) was an English economist.", "He made a practical attempt to challenge classical rational choice theory and has been characterised as a \"post-Keynesian\", though he is influenced as well by Austrian economics.", "Much of his work is associated with the Dempster–Shafer theory of evidence.", "Life\nHe was born in Cambridge, son of a mathematics-teacher father who had coached John Maynard Keynes to an Eton scholarship.", "Shackle attended The Perse School but his parents could not afford to support him through university so he started work as a bank clerk.", "Later becoming a teacher, he studied in his own time for a University of London BA degree which he took in 1931.", "He started work on a PhD under the supervision of Friedrich Hayek at the LSE but switched to an interpretation of Keynes's General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money.", "He obtained his doctorate in 1937.", "At LSE he became good friends with German born economist Ludwig Lachmann, who was inspired by Shackle's own work on uncertainty; and developed his own theory of divergent expectations and uncertainty which was influenced highly by Shackle.", "Following a number of academic posts, at the outbreak of World War II in 1939, Shackle was appointed to S-Branch, Sir Winston Churchill's inner office of economists.", "There he served along with Donald MacDougall and Helen Makower under the leadership of Frederick Lindemann.", "Following the war, a short spell at the Cabinet Office under James Meade and at the University of Leeds led to appointment as Brunner Professor of Economics at the University of Liverpool, a post he held until his retirement in 1969.", "Overview\nShackle was influenced by Keynes and Gunnar Myrdal and challenged the conventional role of probability in economics, contending that it failed adequately to deal with \"surprising\" events.", "The grounds of his thinking can be seen in Keynes's remark:\n\nThough technical in nature, Shackle's work took economics into novel territory such as the importance of imagination in economic decisions to assess the plausibility of alternative outcomes.", "Though Shackle's work has had a limited impact on mainstream thought within economics, it continues (perhaps increasingly) to attract interest.", "Among Shackle's contributions to decision making theory, his potential surprise theory of economic decisions was the most formidable.", "Abandoning the probability theory foundations of most of modern economics, Shackle proceeded to focus on plausibility or a possibility analysis of economic decisions.", "To Shackle, economic agents did not make decisions based on probability distributions and consequently derive rational expectations from the \"hard data\" as New Classical economists such as Leonard Savage support, to Shackle, the crucial element in economic decision making was imagination, which consequently factors into decision making.", "Shackle's considerations of imperfect knowledge's role in economics foresaw many of the advances in psychological economics, particularly from Herbert Simon's bounded rationality theory.", "When realizing that economic decision makers lack the knowledge necessary for probabilistic analysis, the ability to consequently make rational expectations off of said data is almost impossible.", "To make matters even more complicated for the New-Classical economists, Shackle proceeded with his analysis, already attacking one of the core foundations of modern Mainstream economics, perfect knowledge.", "To Shackle, economic decision making was not derived from probability and frequency, it was based on the imagination's role in comprehending the possibility of economic decisions.", "If probability analysis held true for most economic decisions, most of modern economies would not exist.", "In this idealized state in which rational expectations could be generated, entrepreneurs simply would not exist.", "Entrepreneurship is probabilistically irrational, it makes little sense to embark upon an economic decision in which its fate is determined by millions of other contingent human beings and their subjective needs and preferences.", "The probabilistic analysis of such a situation would be strongly biased in favor of refraining from engaging in entrepreneurship; it simply makes little sense to engage in such a process for the economic statistician when the odds of such a situation being a success are immensely minute.", "It would then follow that in a world in which individuals interpreted probability before making economic decisions, individuals would refrain from entrepreneurship, for such a risky endeavor to be successful is such a situation in which the outcome depends on subjective preferences of unknown individuals.", "Entrepreneurs, then, are truly irrational in a probabilistic evaluation of economic decisions.", "Understanding such a peculiar situation to the statistician, Shackle proceeded to develop his potential surprise theory of economic decision making.", "Rather than weighing entire frequencies of outcomes for a certain situation, economic decision makers would weigh only a few outcomes and possibilities before making a real economic action; Shackle proposed only two possible outcomes for economic decision makers to weigh, rather than the frequency of an entire probability distribution.", "Shackle's potential surprise theory was fundamentally based on the role of imagination in economics, bridging the great asymmetry of knowledge of entrepreneurs to make actions which consequently determine the future:\n\n\"At the heart of Shackle’s theory of choice is the idea that, when people consider the possible consequences of taking a decision, they give their attention only to those outcomes that they (a) imagine and (b) deem, to some degree, to be possible.", "This set of outcomes is not guaranteed to include what actually happens, which may be an event they had not even imagined and which comes as a complete surprise to them\"\n\nShackle's theory of choice is a theory that is incredibly odd to most mainstream economists dealing with choice theory, primarily due to the fact potential surprise theory is not a theory of probability and knowledge, it's a theory of imagination and possibility.", "Potential surprise theory is based on the entrepreneur, or economic decision maker, who weighs two different possible choices based on tolerable levels of potential surprise.", "The economic decision maker first distinguishes between the possible and the impossible outcomes and proceeds to eliminate this from their considerations.", "An outcome that happens to be subjectively terrible and implausible by the economic decision maker can be represented by a variable R , and an outcome that is subjectively amazing but also implausible by the economic actor will be assigned the variable U.", "Anything better than U and worse than R are eliminated from the view of the economic decision maker and the focus of the two values to be chosen by the economic decision maker is to be in-between these two maximum points.", "The focus two points for the economic actor that are in between these two values are then weighed by their level of potential surprise, whether or not they are subjectively tolerable to the economic actor.", "A recurring theme throughout Shackle's work is the subjective use of the imagination to guide economic decisions.", "Rather than weighing every possible function, or at least a majority of the functions in a probability distribution, a Shackleian economic actor proceeds to make their economic decisions based on subjective dual decisions and simply weighs the two against one another before proceeding with a course of action.", "The economic actor is in a way keeping his options open, a possibility that does not occur for the Savage expected utility hypothesis economic actor who takes the \"Look before you jump expression\" to its logical extremities; a notion untenable for the real economic world.", "At the centre of Shackle's kaleidic vision was the ability for economic actors to keep their options open and due to imperfect knowledge and the nature of imagination, proceed with the dual analysis of possibilities rather than entire probability distributions.", "Shackle had, for a period of time had captured the attention of economists, however this slowly waned as economics moved away from Shackle's theory and towards the foundations of the rational expectations hypothesis, consequently leading to the rational expectations revolution, even capturing the attention of Kenneth Arrow, a renowned Mainstream economist:\n\n\"The reason for the current lack of interest is probably not any denial that Shackle’s position is fundamentally correct; it is the absence of the analytic tools needed to make the exceptional approach capable of generating operationally meaningful conclusions.\"", "Despite the latter iterations of Shackle's economic theory of decision making, there still has been little change to the economic consensus on probability theory, although Shackle's potential surprise theory bears a remarkable similarity with scenario planning of the Royal Dutch Shell, a peculiarity even Shackle noticed.", "On further contributions outside of decision making theory, he also claimed the importance of Gunnar Myrdal's analysis by which saving and investment are allowed to adjust ex ante to each other.", "However, the reference to ex ante and ex post\nanalysis has become so usual in modern macroeconomics that the position of Keynes to not include it in his work, is\ncurrently considered as an oddity, if not a mistake.", "As Shackle put it:\n\nShackle has also made important contributions to the history of economic thought, especially with regard to twentieth century economic schools of thought.", "Expansion on Keynes' economics\n\nWhile Shackle thought that Keynes' work provided the best basis on which to construct a new type of economics he thought that Keynes had not fully understood the importance of the revolution that he had undertaken when he had written his key works.", "Shackle said that Keynes' work must be understood as having taken three steps until it finally arrived at a new revolutionary method of economic analysis.", "The first of these three steps was to be found in Keynes' Treatise on Money.", "\"Before the Treatise\", Shackle wrote, \"the interest rate was determined by tastes and objective circumstances, by the persuadibility of income-earners to transfer consumption from the present into the future, and the desire of business men to transfer the means of free enterprise from the future to the present, thus altering the productive possibilities and enlarging the prospective income of the society including themselves\".", "Shackle wrote that already in his Treatise on Money Keynes was attacking this conception of the interest rate.", "Shackle maintained that Keynes had not yet in the Treatise understood \"the meaning of the great undermining which had thus happened to the theory of value\".", "But on Shackle's reading Keynes abandoned this \"great undermining\" of the \"theory of value\"—by which he meant any economics based on market equilibrium—in his General Theory instead falling back on a \"curious methodology... where what is displayed to the reader is a range of 'equilibria' of the most precarious and ephemeral kind\".", "Shackle writes that Keynes only really arrived at the true meaning of the revolution he had undertaken in Chapter 12 of the General Theory and then, more forcefully, in his 1937 article in the Quarterly Journal of Economics entitled The Theory of Employment.", "In these writing Keynes formulated a theory of uncertainty about the future that exploded the entire edifice of traditional economics which rested, implicitly, on the notion of timeless equilibrium conceptions which implied full access to knowledge on the part of all actors.", "In outlining this Shackle sought to marry what he considered Keynes' best insights in the Treatise on Money with his later notion of liquidity preference in the General Theory.", "In doing so Shackle formed a coherent, speculative theory of interest rates in which interest rates are set in line with financial speculators' expectations in the face of an uncertain future.", "Shackle wrote:\n\nThis complimented Keynes' own idea in the General Theory that investment is ultimately set in line with the animal spirits of those investment and was thus not subject to rational calculation, as that term is understood by most economists.", "These two points render Shackle's expansion of Keynes' economics inherently indeterminate.", "For Keynes and Shackle a market economy need not arrive at any particular destination.", "It is to be seen as an entity in continuous flux that will only generate sufficient investment to ensure full employment by an unlikely fluke.", "Equilibrium versus time\n\nThe essence of Shackle's radical reevaluation of economic theory was primarily epistemic.", "He thought that neoclassical economics and other forms of economics that use equilibrium methods ignored the dimension of time.", "Neoclassical economics relies on the idea that agents will act rationally; but this rationality is effectively synonymous with saying that agents know the future.", "Shackle pointed out that in order for agents to act \"rationally\"—in the sense that neoclassical economists understood that word—they would have to logically know what actions all other agents were going to undertake.", "This, Shackle claimed, was effectively the same as assuming that they knew the future.", "Shackle maintained that the way that neoclassical economics had smuggled in this strong assumption was in its use of simultaneous equations.", "When they tried to justify this method neoclassical economists, beginning with Léon Walras and Francis Ysidro Edgeworth invoked the principle of tâtonnement or \"groping\".", "They assumed that agents would continuously test out different bids and prices until the series of bids and prices that produced equilibrium was reached.", "This implied that the system of simultaneous equations was being used as a sort of shorthand for a result that was actually reached dynamically through a series of trials and errors.", "But Shackle claimed that this type of reasoning based on an analogy between a static system of simultaneous equations and a dynamic process of tâtonnement was extremely misleading.", "Shackle claimed that the entire market equilibrium construct could not deal with time and could thus not deal with the actual material which the economist must study, which was inherently historical by nature.", "What is more Shackle was extremely dismissive of attempts to relax the strong assumptions of market equilibrium theory to render it more realistic.", "He thought that the foundations were too at odds with the nature of the material being dealt with to salvage it by relaxing some of the stronger assumptions as, for example, Neo-Keynesian and New Keynesian economists try to do.", "He wrote:\n\nShackle went on to write that what the market equilibrium conception showed was a world of perfect knowledge frozen in time.", "It thereby negated itself as being of any use in a world where knowledge of the future is impossible and time moves in one direction.", "In such a world the action of human beings must be in part based on reason and in part on imagination—specifically, imagination with respect to what various individuals imagine the future might be or even should be.", "Shackle wrote that neoclassical economics rested on a teleological or pre-determined future and thus left no space for human choice which was inherently tied up with a human being's capacity to freely imagine what might be in store in the future.", "Shackle wrote:\n\nFor Shackle this was the correct path for a serious economics that purported to deal with the real world should take.", "It should move away from abstractions that could not account for time or proper, free choice and instead should try to make sense of a world where both imagination and reason played a role in determining economic outcomes.", "Shackle called this type of reasoning kaleidics.", "Others commenting on Shackle\nIn 'The Black Swan', Nassim Nicholas Taleb writes about Shackle (emphasis added):\n\nHayek is one of the rare celebrated members of his \"profession\" (along with J. M. Keynes and G.L.S.", "Shackle) to focus on true uncertainty, on the limitations of knowledge, on the unread books in Eco's library.", "[...]\nTragically, before the proliferation of empirically blind idiot savants, interesting work had been begun by true thinkers, the likes of J. M. Keynes, Friedrich Hayek, and the great Benoit Mandelbrot, all of whom were displaced because they moved economics away from the precision of second-rate physics.", "Very sad.", "'One great underestimated thinker is G.L.S.", "Shackle, now almost completely obscure, who introduced the notion of \"unknowledge\"', that is, the unread books in Umberto Eco's library.", "It is unusual to see Shackle's work mentioned at all, and I had to buy his books from secondhand dealers in London.", "Bibliography\n \n Shackle, G.L.S (1938) Expectations, Investment and Income\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n – (1983).", "\"The Bounds of Unknowledge\".", "In J. Wiseman (ed), Beyond positive economics.", "New York: St. Martin's Press.", "References\n\nFurther reading\n \n Arrow, Kenneth J., and Hurwicz, L. et al.", "(1972) in Charles Frederick Carter and J.L.", "Ford (eds.", "), Uncertainty and Expectations in Economics.", "Essays in Honour of G.L.S.", "Shackle.", "Oxford: Basil Blackwell, New York: Augustus M. Kelley.", "Frowen,S.F.", "(2004) \"Shackle, George Lennox Sharman (1903–1992)\", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, , accessed 3 April 2006\n Earl, Peter E. and Littleboy, Bruce (2014) G.L.S.", "Shackle (Great Thinkers in Economics), Palgrave Macmillan.", "External links\n\n An interview with GLS Shackle, by Richard Ebeling, 1981, Ludwig von Mises Institute\n Bibliography from the New School for Social Research website \n \"Reflections on George Shackle – Three Excerpts from the Shackle Collection\", by Stephen C. Littlechild, Review of Austrian Economics, 16:1, 113–117, 2003\n Great Thinkers: John Kay FBA on G. L. S. Shackle FBA podcast, The British Academy\n\n1903 births\n1992 deaths\nEnglish economists\nPost-Keynesian economists\nHistorians of economic thought\nPeople educated at The Perse School\n20th-century historians\nFellows of the Econometric Society\nAcademics of the London School of Economics" ]

[ "Shackle was an English economist.", "He made a practical attempt to challenge classical rational choice theory and has been described as a \"post-Keynesian\", though he is influenced by Austrian economics.", "The Dempster–Shafer theory of evidence is associated with a lot of his work.", "He was the son of a mathematics teacher who coached John Maynard Keynes to a scholarship.", "His parents couldn't afford to support him through university so he started working as a bank clerk.", "He took a University of London BA degree in 1931 and later became a teacher.", "He switched to an interpretation of Keynes's General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money after starting work on a PhD.", "He got his doctorate in 1937.", "He became friends with Ludwig Lachmann, an economist from Germany, who was inspired by Shackle's work on uncertainty and developed his own theory.", "At the outbreak of World War II, Shackle was appointed to the S-Branch, the inner office of economists.", "Donald MacDougall and Helen Makower were also there.", "He was appointed Brunner Professor of Economics at the University ofLiverpool in 1969 after a short spell at the Cabinet Office under James Meade.", "The conventional role of probability in economics was challenged by Shackle, who argued that it failed to deal with \"surprising\" events.", "Keynes said that Shackle's work took economics into novel territory such as the importance of imagination in economic decisions to assess the plausibility of alternative outcomes.", "Though Shackle's work has had a limited impact on mainstream economics, it continues to attract interest.", "The most formidable of Shackle's contributions was his potential surprise theory of economic decisions.", "plausibility or a possibility analysis of economic decisions was the focus of the Abandoning the probability theory foundations of most of modern economics, Shackle proceeded to focus on plausibility or a possibility analysis of economic decisions", "Economic agents did not make decisions based on probability distributions and therefore derive rational expectations from the \"hard data\" as New Classical economists such as Leonard Savage support.", "Many of the advances in psychological economics were predicted by Shackle's considerations of imperfect knowledge's role in economics.", "The ability to make rational expectations off of data is almost impossible when you realize that economic decision makers don't know what they're talking about.", "To make matters even more complicated for the New-Classical economists, Shackle proceeded with his analysis, already attacking one of the core foundations of modern Mainstream economics, perfect knowledge.", "Economic decision making was based on the imagination's role in comprehending the possibility of economic decisions.", "Most modern economies would not exist if probability analysis held true for most economic decisions.", "Entrepreneurs would not exist in this idealized state.", "It makes no sense to embark upon an economic decision in which the fate of entrepreneurship is determined by millions of other human beings and their subjective needs and preferences.", "It makes little sense to engage in such a process for the economic statistician when the odds of such a situation being a success are very small.", "In a world where individuals interpret probability before making economic decisions, individuals would refrain from entrepreneurship, for such a risky endeavor to be successful is such a situation in which the outcome depends on subjective preferences of unknown individuals.", "Entrepreneurs are irrational in evaluating economic decisions.", "Shackle was able to develop a potential surprise theory of economic decision making.", "Economic decision makers would only weigh a few outcomes and possibilities before making a real economic action if Shackle's proposal is to be believed.", "Shackle's theory of choice was based on the idea that people should consider the consequences of their decisions.", "This set of outcomes is not guaranteed to include what actually happens, which may be an event they had not even imagined and which comes as a complete surprise to them.", "The potential surprise theory is based on the economic decision maker, who weighs two different possible choices based on tolerable levels of potential surprise.", "The economic decision maker distinguishes between possible and impossible outcomes in order to eliminate this from their considerations.", "An outcome that happens to be subjectively terrible and implausible by the economic decision maker can be represented by a variable R, and an outcome that is subjectively amazing but also implausible by the economic actor will be assigned the variable U.", "The focus of the two values to be chosen by the economic decision maker is to be between the two maximum points, and anything better than U and worse than R are eliminated from the view of the economic decision maker.", "The focus two points for the economic actor that are in between these two values are then weighed by their level of potential surprise, whether or not they are subjectively tolerable to the economic actor.", "The subjective use of the imagination is a recurring theme in Shackle's work.", "Rather than weighing every possible function, or at least a majority of the functions in a probability distribution, a Shackleian economic actor proceeds to make their economic decisions based on subjective dual decisions and simply weighs the two against one another before proceeding with a course of action.", "The economic actor is in a way keeping his options open, a possibility that doesn't happen for the expected utility hypothesis economic actor who takes the \"Look before you jump expression\" to its logical extremities.", "Due to imperfect knowledge and the nature of imagination, economic actors are able to keep their options open and proceed with dual analysis of possibilities rather than entire probability distributions.", "As economics moved away from Shackle's theory and towards the foundations of the rational expectations hypothesis, the attention of Kenneth Arrow, a renowned Mainstream, was captured.", "The economic consensus on probability theory has not changed despite the latest iteration of Shackle's economic theory of decision making.", "He claimed the importance of Gunnar Myrdal's analysis by which saving and investment are allowed to adjust ex ante to each other on further contributions outside of decision making theory.", "The position of Keynes to not include ex ante and ex post analysis in his work is considered to be an odd one, if not a mistake.", "Shackle has made important contributions to the history of economic thought, especially with regard to the twentieth century economic schools of thought.", "Keynes had not fully understood the importance of the revolution that he had undertaken when he had written his key works, according to Shackle, who thought that Keynes' work provided the best basis on which to construct a new type of economics.", "Keynes' work must be understood as having taken three steps until it arrived at a new method of economic analysis.", "Keynes' Treatise on Money was the first step.", "The interest rate was determined by the persuadibility of income-earners to transfer consumption from the present into the future, and the desire of business men to transfer the means of free enterprise from the present.", "In his Treatise on Money Keynes, Shackle attacked the idea of the interest rate.", "Keynes had not yet understood the meaning of the great undermining which had happened to the theory of value, according to Shackle.", "Keynes abandons the \"theory of value\" by which he meant any economics based on market equilibrium in his General Theory.", "In his 1937 article in the Quarterly Journal of Economics entitled The Theory of Employment, Keynes wrote that he had arrived at the true meaning of the revolution he had begun in Chapter 12 of the General Theory.", "In these writing Keynes formulated a theory of uncertainty about the future that exploded the entire edifice of traditional economics which rested on the notion of timeless equilibrium conceptions which implied full access to knowledge on the part of all actors.", "He wanted to marry Keynes' best insights in the Treatise on Money with his later idea of liquidity preference in the General Theory.", "Shackle created a speculative theory of interest rates in which interest rates are set in line with financial speculators' expectations in the face of an uncertain future.", "Keynes' idea in the General Theory that investment is ultimately set in line with the animal spirits of those investment is not subject to rational calculation, as that term is understood by most economists.", "The two points render Keynes' economics inherently indeterminate.", "Keynes and Shackle don't believe in a market economy arriving at a particular destination.", "It will only generate enough investment to ensure full employment by an unlikely happenstance.", "The essence of Shackle's reevaluation of economic theory was that of equilibrium versus time.", "The dimensions of time were not taken into account by neoclassical economics and other forms of economics.", "Rationality is synonymous with saying that agents know the future, which is why neoclassical economics relies on the idea that agents will act rationally.", "In order for agents to act rationally, they would have to know what other agents were going to do.", "This was assumed to be the same as assuming that they knew the future.", "The way that economics had smuggled in this strong assumption was through the use of simultaneous equations.", "The principle of ttonnement or \"groping\" was invoked when they tried to justify this method.", "They assumed that agents would continuously test out different bids and prices until equilibrium was reached.", "The system of simultaneous equations was being used as shorthand for a result that was actually reached through a series of trials and errors.", "This type of reasoning based on an analogy between a static system of simultaneous equations and a dynamic process of ttonnement was misleading according to Shackle.", "The entire market equilibrium construct was not able to deal with the actual material which the economist had to study, which was inherently historical by nature, according to Shackle.", "Shackle was against attempts to make market equilibrium theory more realistic.", "He thought that the foundations were too at odds with the nature of the material being dealt with to be salvaged by relaxing some of the stronger assumptions.", "He wrote that the market equilibrium conception showed a world of perfect knowledge frozen in time.", "Knowledge of the future is impossible in a world where time moves in one direction.", "In such a world, the action of human beings must be based on reason and imagination with respect to what various individuals imagine the future to be or even should be.", "A human being's capacity to freely imagine what might be in store in the future is tied up with a human being's teleological or pre-determined future, which is why neoclassical economics left no space for human choice.", "This was the correct path for serious economics that claimed to deal with the real world.", "It should try to make sense of a world where both imagination and reason played a role in determining economic outcomes, instead of moving away from abstractions that could not account for time or proper, free choice.", "This type of reasoning was called by Shackle.", "Hayek is one of the rare celebrated members of his \"profession\".", "To focus on uncertainty and limitations of knowledge on the unread books in Eco's library.", "The likes of J. M. Keynes, Friedrich Hayek, and the great Benoit Mandelbrot were all displaced by the proliferation of empirically blind idiot savants.", "Very sad.", "G.L.S. is a great thinker.", "The idea of \"unknowledge\", that is, the unread books in Umberto Eco's library, was introduced by Shackle.", "I had to buy his books from secondhand dealers in London because it was unusual to see Shackle's work mentioned at all.", "Expectations, Investment and Income was written by G.L.S.", "\"The Bounds of Unknowledge\" is a book.", "Beyond positive economics was written by J. Wiseman.", "St. Martin's Press is in New York.", "Arrow, Kenneth J., and Hurwicz are references.", "In Charles Frederick Carter and J.L.", "Ford's book.", "Uncertainty and Expectations in Economics.", "Essays about G.L.S.", "There is a shack.", "New York: Augustus M. Kelley.", "S.F. is pronounced frowen.", "3 April 2006 Earl, Peter E. and Littleboy accessed the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.", "The Great Thinkers in Economics was written by Shackle.", "The New School for Social Research website \"Reflections on George Shackle - Three Excerpts from the Shackle Collection\" has an interview with Richard Ebeling." ]

[ "George Lennox Sharman Shackle", "Shackle", "Ludwig Lachmann", "Shackle", "Frederick Lindemann", "Shack", "Gunnar", "Shack", "Shackle", "Shackle", "Shack", "Shack", "Leonard Savage", "Shack", "Shackle", "Herbert Simon", "Shackle", "Shack", "Shackle", "Shack", "Shack", "Shack", "Shack", "Shack", "Shack", "Shack", "Shackle", "Shackle", "Shackle", "Gunnar", "Shackle", "Shackle", "Shackle", "Shackle", "Shackle", "Shackle", "Shack", "Shackle", "Shackle", "Shack", "Shack", "Shackle", "Shackle", "Shack", "Shackle", "Shackle", "Shack", "Shack", "Léon Walras", "Shack", "Shack", "Shackle", "Shack", "Shackle", "Shack", "Shackle", "Shack", "Shack", "Shackle", "G L", "Shackle", ". Shackle", "Shackle", "Shackle", "G L", "G L", ". Shackle", "Shackle", "George Lennox", "Sharma", "Littleboy", "Shackle", "George Shackle", "Stephen C", ". Littlechild" ]

[ "Shackle", "Ludwig Lachmann", "Shackle", "Shackle", "Shackle", "Shackle", "Shackle", "Shackle", "Shack", "Leonard Savage", "Shackle", "Shack", "Shackle", "Shackle", "Shackle", "Shackle", "Shack", "Shackle", "Gunnar", "Shackle", "Shackle", "Shackle", "Shack", "Shack", "Shack", "Shack", "Shack", "Shack", "Shackle", "Shackle", "Shackle", "G L", "Littleboy", "Shackle", "George Shackle" ]

[ "José María Vigil (Zaragoza, Spain, August 22, 1946) is a Latin American theologian highly recognized in the fields of the theology and spirituality of liberation, theology of religious pluralism, and new paradigms.", "He has been a Roman Catholic priest of the Claretian Missionaries since 1964 and since 1971 has been a naturalized Nicaraguan citizen who currently is based in Panama.", "He is known for his numerous writings, his editorial and cybernetic activity, his services from the \"Association of Theologians of the Third World (EATWOT)\" as the general editor of their Theological Journal \"VOICES\" ; also for his coordination of the yearly edition of the \"World Latin American Agenda\" and for his theology of religious pluralism.", "Biography \nJosé María Vigil was born in Zaragoza, Spain, in 1946.", "Since the early 1980s he has been living and working in Latin America.", "He did his bachelorate (1956–1963) at the Colegio La Salle of Zaragoza.", "He joined the Congregation of Claretian Missionaries in 1964, and was ordained to the priesthood in Salamanca in 1971.", "He published his first article in the Spanish Diario de León in 1969, and his first book in Valencia in 1975.", "Since then he has published several hundred articles in theological pastoral magazines and journals.", "During 13 years he was involved in pastoral work in Nicaragua and in 1988 he received Nicaraguan dual citizenship.", "His pastoral efforts included working in the theological and communication departments of the Antonio Valdivieso Ecumenical Center \"CAV\", of whose magazine Amanecer he was also director for a time.", "He accompanied the founding of \"SICSAL», (The International Latin American Christian Solidarity Secretariate) under the auspices of Mons.", "Sergio Méndez Arceo, with the collaboration of bishop Pedro Casaldáliga, whom he accompanied on his tours of solidarity through Central America and Mexico.", "He also served as theological adviser of SICSAL.", "Since 1987 José María participated in meetings with the theologian authors of the famous collection of liberation theology, guided by Vozes publishers of Petropolis, Brazil, until the collection was blocked by Cardinal Ratzinger from the Vatican \"Congregation for the Doctrine of Faith\".", "He continued participating for many years in the group of theologians Amerindia.", "In 1987 he also entered Ecumenical Association of Third World Theologians (EATWOT).", "In 2006, at the General Assembly in Johannesburg, South Africa, he was elected coordinator of the Latin American Theological Commission, for the period (2006 to 2011), during which the commission also served as the International Theological Commission of EATWOT.", "In 2011 he was confirmed in the same position until 2017.", "He is an active member of the International Council of \"WFTL\" (World Forum on Theology and Liberation).", "He participated from the beginning (2001) in the joint presence of liberation theology in the World Social Forum.", "Academic formation \nJosé María graduated in systematic theology at the Pontifical University of Salamanca in September 1972 and obtained his degree at the Roman University of St. Thomas (Angelicum) in 1974.", "He began studying Clinical Psychology at the School of Psychology at the University of Salamanca terminating his degree at the University of Central America in Managua in 1992.", "He has received a PhD in Education with a specialization in pedagogical mediation from the \"La Salle University\" of San José, Costa Rica in 2008, with a personal emphasis on New Paradigms.", "In 2013 he was invited to and made a post-doctoral work in Religious Studies, by the Catholic University of Belo Horizonte, Brazil.", "Principal occupations \nProfessor of Theology at the Regional Center for Theological Studies of Aragon (CRETA), of the Pontifical University of Salamanca in the 70s and 80s, and the Central American University of Managua (UCA) during the 80s and 90s.", "Since 1992, together with Pedro Casaldáliga, he has published annually the Agenda LatinoAmericana in 18 countries and 5 languages on average.", "He has directed the anthology series: «Of the many ways of God» (Abya Yala, Quito, Ecuador), with the participation of more than 70 theologians.", "For its broad comprehension of contents and authors this is the prime Latin American work on the subject.", "The five-volume series was published simultaneously in four languages: Spanish, Portuguese, Italian and English.", "He has been \"theologically active\" on the internet heading-up the team of Koinonia Services, which he founded in April 1993.", "It is the oldest website on the network to offer on-line a Spanish biblical service and a theological journal.", "Since 2006 he coordinates the Latino-American Theological Commission of EATWOT, \"The Ecumenical Association of Third World Theologians\" (also known in Latin America as ASETT) ; this Latin American Theological Commission also is serving during the last two periods as International Theological Commission of EATWOT.", "He is general editor of \"VOICES of the Third World\" – the digital theological magazine EATWOT makes available to the general public.", "With the same publisher – Editorial Abyayala, Quito (Ecuador) – directs the \"Axial-Time Collection\" which publishes \"avant garde\" themes e.g.", "new paradigms: the modern paradigm, the “religious-pluralist vision”; the baffling perspectives opened by quantum physics, “multi-culturalism”, process-philosophy, pos-theistic and pos-religious paradigms, the new epistemology, the new paradigm of biblical archaeology, etc.", "José María has been the Invited Professor to courses, conferences and symposia in various Latin American universities, such as the Xaveriana in Bogota Colombia, the UNISINOS of São Leopoldo in Brazil, the Catholic University of Belo Horizonte in Brazil, the National University of Costa Rica, ITESO of Guadalajara in Mexico and the system of Jesuit universities in Mexico, the Methodist University of São Paulo in Brazil, and the Universidad Iberoamericana in Mexico, among others.", "He has also been the invited speaker giving the lecture at many courses or international events, such as \"Courses for empowering\" organized by the CONFER of Peru (2011–2015) and that of Mexico (2015); the Multicultural Dialogue in Guadalajara, Mexico (2015); Regional Meetings of CEB's in Latin America, and the Congress of the Popular Christian Communities of Spain, the National Christian Forum d'Avui (Valencia, Spain, 2013), the International Buddhist-Christian Conference (New York, Theological Seminary, 2013), the Religious Forum in Vitoria Spain 2014, among others.", "For two consecutive terms (1998–2005) he has been the Secretary General of CICLA, the Latin American International Confederation of the Claretian Congregation, now called MICLA.9 During that time he coordinated the creation and dissemination10 of the Diario Bíblico in all Latin American countries.", "Intellectual theological itinerary \nEntering into an adult theological life with the enthusiasm of the Second Vatican Council (1975) and its refurbishing theology, to which had dedicated the early years of his ministry, José María soon discovered the emerging Latin American \"Liberation Theology\" of the 1975's.", "This enthralled him and led to his being transplanted to Latin America, where he has since lived and been employed.", "From the privileged vantage point of \"The Revolutionary Nicaragua\" he accompanied the avant-gande militant Liberation Theology, the grassroots communities and the Church of the poor, working closely with his friend and claretian companion Pedro Casaldáliga.", "With the arrival of so-called globalization in the 1990s, and in the third stage of his intellectual journey, José María also entered the theological field of \"religious pluralism\", a new branch of theology in which he has been one of the outstanding Latin Americans authors.", "Maintaining himself within the theology and the paradigm of liberation, he went on to adopt the well-known \"Latin American methodology\" (see > judge > act) that appears in many of his writings.", "His book \"Theology of Religious Pluralism\"—A systematic course in popular theology—has been hailed by Paul Knitter as the most representative Latin American book on \"The Theology of Religious Pluralism\", and has been published in Spanish, Portuguese, English, Italian and German.", "The book is written not only vis á vis the academy but also exhibits a strong pedagogical substance making it suitable to be used in the formation of Christian communities.", "The book advocates a \"pluralistic re-reading of Christianity.\"", "This of course earned for him a doctrinal indictment by two Spanish bishops, and being taken before the Commission for the Doctrine of the Faith of the Spanish Episcopal Conference.", "The up-shot of it all ultimately led to the imposition on José María of three years public silence (time now served-out) by the Vatican Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith.", "In recent years, after having participated in the General Congress of the CLAR (Bogotá 2009), and traversing a fourth stage in his intellectual itinerary, José María has again broadened his horizon of thought into the expanding world of the \"sciences of religion\", paying particular attention to the epistemological changes occurring in the culture: so-called \"new paradigms\" being un-covered by the sciences of religion that are currently confronting religions and spirituality, and which many consider to be a \"new axial time\" into which we as humanity are shifting.", "And to this he has devoted his recent years.", "Books \n ¿Qué queda de la opción por los pobres?, en: Christus 58 (1993) 6 [667], 7–19 y en: RELaT 6\n La opción por los pobres.", "Evaluación crítica, en: RELaT 112;\n ¿Cambio de paradigma en la Teología de la Liberación?, en: RELaT 177\n Teología del pluralismo religioso.", "Curso sistemático de Teología Popular, Editorial Abya Yala, Quito, Ecuador 2005, 389 pp.", "Ediciones El Almendro, Córdoba (España) 2005, 389 pp.", "En: Atrio, por capítulos, en Scribd y en Academia.edu\n Escritos sobre Teología del Pluralismo 1992–2012.", "Libros Digitales Koinonía, y Academia.edu.", "Bajar de la cruz a los pobres: cristología de la liberación (organizador), Panama 2007. . PDF en Servicios Koinonía y en Academia.edu.", "La política de la Iglesia apolítica.", "Una aportación a la teología política desde la historia.", "Edicep.", "Valencia 1975, 225 pp.", "PDF\n Vivir el Concilio.", "Guía para la animación conciliar de la comunidad cristiana, Paulinas, Madrid 1985, 238 pp.", "PDF\n María de Nazaret.", "Materiales pastorales para la comunidad cristiana, Paulinas, Madrid 1985, 172 pp.", "PDF\n Plan de pastoral prematrimonial.", "Orientación y materiales, Sal Terrae, Santander 1988, 285 pp.", "PDF\n Junto con Pedro Casaldáliga: Espiritualidad de la liberación.", "Ediciones en: Ediciones Envío, Managua 1993, 284 pp PDF; Verbo Divino, Quito 1992, 290 pp; Paulinas, Bogotá 1992, 290 pp; Sal Terrae, Santander 1992, 21993, 287 pp; CRT, México 1993, 283 pp; Lascasiana, Guatemala 1993, 283 pp; Guaymuras, Tegucigalpa 1993, 358 pp; Amigo del Hogar, Santo Domingo 1993, 315 pp; Conferre, Santiago de Chile 1993, 283 pp; Nueva Tierra, Buenos Aires, junio 1993, 284 pp; UCA Editores, San Salvador 1993, 287 pp.", "; Talleres Claret, La Ceiba (Honduras) 1993, 172 pp, en: RELaT.", "In English: Burn & Oates, London, 1994, , en: Academia.edu.", "Sobre la Opción por los pobres, J.M.", "Vigil (org.", "), con Leonardo Boff, Pedro Casaldáliga, Víctor Codina, Giuglio Girardi, Julio Lois, Albert Nolan, Jorge Pixley, Jon Sobrino.", "Ediciones en: Sal Terrae (colección «Presencia teológica» nº 64), Santander 1991, 165 pp; Nicarao, Managua 1991, 151 pp; Sal Terrae, Santander 1991, 165 pp; Rehue, Santiago de Chile 1992, 139 pp; Paulinas, Bogotá 1994, 145 pp.", "PDF\n Aunque es de noche.", "Hipótesis psico-teológicas sobre la crisis espiritual de América Latina en los 90, Editorial Envío, Managua, 1996, 191 pp.", "PDF\n Todas las Agendas Latinoamericanas desde 1992 a 2016.", "También en Academia.edu.", "Significant articles \n Valor salvífico de las religiones indígenas (1992).", "En: RELaT\n Originalidad cristiana de la Iglesia Latinoamericana (1992).", "En: RELaT\n La opción por los pobres es opción por la justicia y no es preferencial.", "En: RELaT y Academia.edu.", "Vida religiosa: lecciones de la historia (1994).", "En: RELaT\n Vida religiosa: ¿parábola o hipérbole (1995).", "En: RELaT\n Creer como Jesús: la espiritualidad del Reino.", "Elementos fundantes de la espiritualidad latinoamericana (1996).", "En: RELaT\n Desafíos de la teología del pluralismo a la fe tradicional (2005).", "En: RELaT\n Un vademécum para el ecumenismo (2004).", "En: RELaT y en Academia.edu.", "Desafíos más hondos a la vida religiosa (2004).", "En: RELaT y en Academia.edu.", "Crisis de la vida religiosa en Europa (2005).", "En: RELaT y en Academia.edu.", "Propuesta de paradigma pos-religional (EATWOT-VOICES 2012).", "En: RELaT y en Academia.edu.", "Desafíos de la ecología a las religiones (2013).", "En: RELaT y en Academia.edu.", "Humanizar la Humanidad.", "Paradigma pós-religional (Horizonte 37, 2015).", "En: RELaT y en Academia.edu.", "El nuevo paradigma arqueológico-bíblico (VOICES, 2015).", "En: RELaT y en Academia.edu.", "Errores sobre el mundo que redundan en errores sobre Dios.", "Los desafíos de la nueva cosmología como tareas para la teología y la espiritualidad (2015).", "En: RELaT y en Academia.edu.", "References\n\nExternal links \n José María Vigil at Academia.edu\n Koinonia Services\n Agenda Latinoamericana Mundial\n World Latin American Agenda\n Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith's notes from the Spanish Episcopal Conference\n Axial Time Collection\n RELaT (Latin American Theology Journal)\n Interview with José María Vigil at the Foro Religioso Popular de Vitoria 2014.", "José María Vigil's curriculum vitae on Brazilian platform Lattes\n\n1946 births\nLiving people\nPeople from Zaragoza\n20th-century Spanish Roman Catholic theologians\nClaretians\n21st-century Spanish Roman Catholic theologians" ]

[ "There is a Latin American theologian who is highly recognized in the fields of theology and spirituality of liberation, theology of religious pluralism, and new paradigm.", "He has been a Roman Catholic priest for over 50 years and is currently based in Panama.", "He is known for his numerous writings, his editorial and cybernetic activity, his services from the \"Association of Theologians of the Third World (EATWOT)\" as the general editor of their Theological Journal \"VOICES\", as well as for his coordination of the yearly edition of the", "In 1946, José Mara Vigil was born in Spain.", "He has been living and working in Latin America since the early 1980s.", "He did his bachelorate at Colegio La Salle of Zaragoza.", "He joined the congregation in 1964 and became a priest in 1971.", "In 1969 he published his first article in the Spanish Diario de Len.", "He has published hundreds of articles in journals and magazines.", "He received dual citizenship in 1988 after 13 years of pastoral work.", "He was the director of Amanecer for a time and worked in the theological and communication departments of the Antonio Valdivieso Ecumenical Center.", "The International Latin American Christian Solidarity Secretariate was founded under the auspices of Mons.", "The tour of solidarity through Central America and Mexico was accompanied by the collaboration of bishop Pedro Casaldliga.", "He was the theological adviser of SICSAL.", "The Vozes publishers of Petropolis, Brazil, guided the theologian authors of the famous collection of liberation theology until it was blocked by the Vatican \"Congregation for the Doctrine of Faith\".", "He was in the group of Amerindia for many years.", "He entered theEATWOT in 1987.", "The Latin American Theological Commission was established in 2006 at the General Assembly in South Africa and served for six years.", "He was confirmed in the same position in 2011.", "He is a member of the International Council of the World Forum on Theology and Liberation.", "He participated in the World Social Forum from the beginning.", "In 1972 José Mara graduated from the Pontifical University of Salamanca with a degree in systematic theology.", "He dropped out of the University of Central America in Managua in 1992 to study Clinical Psychology at the University of Salamanca.", "He received a PhD in Education in 2008 from the \"La Salle University\" in San José, Costa Rica, with a focus on New Paradigms.", "He was invited to work in Religious Studies at the Catholic University in Brazil.", "Professor of Theology at the Regional Center for Theological Studies of Aragon in the 70s and 80s, and the Central American University of Managua in the 80s and 90s, as well as the Pontifical University of Salamanca in the 70s and 80s.", "The Agenda LatinoAmericana has been published in 18 countries and 5 languages every year since 1992.", "The Of the many ways of God anthology series was directed by him with the participation of more than 70 theologians.", "This is the best Latin American work on the subject.", "The five volumes were published in four different languages.", "He founded the team of Koinonia Services in 1993 and has been \"theologically active\" on the internet.", "The oldest website on the network offers a Spanish biblical service and a theological journal.", "He coordinates the Latino-American Theological Commission of EATWOT, \"The Ecumenical Association of Third World Theologians\" (also known in Latin America as ASETT) and the International Theological Commission of EATWOT.", "He is the general editor of \"VOICES of the Third World\", a digital theological magazine.", "The \"Axial-Time Collection\" is published by the same publisher as the \"avant garde\" themes.", "The modern paradigm, the religious-pluralist vision, the new paradigm of biblical archaeology are some of the new paradigms.", "The National University of Costa Rica is one of the Latin American universities where José Mara has been an invited professor.", "The Multicultural Dialogue in Guadalajara, Mexico, was one of the courses that he gave the lecture at.", "He coordinated the creation and dissemination of the Diario Bblico in all Latin American countries during his two terms as Secretary General of CICLA.", "After dedicating the early years of his ministry to the theology of the Second Vatican Council, José Mara discovered the emerging Latin American \"Liberation Theology\" of the 1975's.", "He moved to Latin America because of this and has been employed there ever since.", "He accompanied the militant Liberation Theology, the grassroots communities and the Church of the poor, working closely with his friend and claretian companion Pedro Casaldliga.", "In the third stage of his intellectual journey, José Mara entered the theological field of \"religious pluralism\", a new branch of theology in which he has been one of the outstanding Latin Americans authors.", "He adopted the Latin American methodology that appears in many of his writings.", "His book \"Theology of Religious Pluralism\", a systematic course in popular theology, has been hailed by Paul Knitter as the most representative Latin American book on \"The Theology of Religious Pluralism\", and has been published in Spanish, Portuguese, English, Italian and German.", "The book is written in a way that makes it suitable to be used in the formation of Christian communities.", "Apluralistic re-reading of Christianity is advocated in the book.", "He was taken before the Commission for the Doctrine of the Faith of the Spanish Episcopal Conference because of this.", "The Vatican Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith imposed a three year public silence on José Mara after the up-shot of it all.", "In recent years, after having participated in the General Congress of the CLAR (Bogot 2009), and traversing a fourth stage in his intellectual itinerary, José Mara has again broadened his horizon of thought into the expanding world of the \"sciences of religion\".", "He has devoted his recent years to this.", "There are books about the opcin por los pobres.", "En: RELaT 112, Cambio de paradigma en la Teologa de la Liberacin?, en: RELaT 177, Teologa del pluralismo religioso.", "The Curso sistemtico de Teologa Popular was published in 2005.", "Crdoba (Espaa) 2005, 389 pp.", "En: Atrio, por captulos, en Scribd.", "Y Academia.edu y libros digitales.", "Bajar de la cruz was published in Panama in 2007.", "The Iglesia apoltica has a poltica.", "Aportacin a la teologa poltica.", "Idecep.", "Valencia 1975, 222 pp.", "There is a PDF called Vivir el Concilio.", "Gua para la animacin conciliar de la comunidad cristiana was published in Madrid in 1985.", "The PDF is called Mara de Nazaret.", "Materiales pastorales para la comunidad cristiana were published in Madrid in 1985.", "The plan is in the PDF.", "Orientacin y materiales was published in 1988.", "Espiritualidad de la liberacin is a PDF Junto con Pedro Casaldliga.", "Ediciones Envo, Managua 1993, 284 pp PDF; Verbo Divino, Quito 1992, 290 pp; Paulinas, Bogot 1992, 290 pp.", "La Ceiba (Honduras) 1993, 172 pp, en: RELaT.", "In English: Burn & Oates, London, 1994.", "J.M. por la Opcin.", "The name of the organization is Vigil.", "Leonardo Boff, Pedro Casaldliga, Vctor Codina, Giuglio Girardi, Albert Nolan, and Jon Sobrino.", "Nicarao, Managua 1991, 151 pp; Sal Terrae, Santander 1991, 165 pp.", "The PDF is called Aunque es de noche.", "Hiptesis psico-teolgicas about la crisis espiritual de América Latina en los 90 was published in 1996.", "PDF Todas las Agendas Latinoamericanas in 1992.", "También en Academia.edu.", "There were significant articles about salvfico de las religiones.", "The RELaT Originalidad cristiana de la Iglesia Latinoamericana was published in 1992.", "No es preferencial, la opcin por los pobres.", "En: RELaT y.edu.", "The lecciones de la historia was published in 1994.", "parbola o hipérbole was written by RELaT.", "The espiritualidad del Reino can be found in RELaT Creer.", "The latinoamericana has elements fundantes de la espiritualidad.", "Desafos de la teologa del pluralismo.", "En: RELaT Un vademécum para el ecumenismo.", "Referred to as RELaT y en.edu.", "Desafos ms tienes a la vida religiosa.", "Referred to as RELaT y en.edu.", "There is a crisis de la vida religiosa.", "Referred to as RELaT y en.edu.", "A paradigma is a religion.", "Referred to as RELaT y en.edu.", "Desafos de la ecologa.", "Referred to as RELaT y en.edu.", "Humanizar la Humanidad.", "There is a ps-religional.", "Referred to as RELaT y en.edu.", "There is a paradigma arqueolgico-bblico.", "Referred to as RELaT y en.edu.", "Errores en el mundo.", "Los desafos de la nueva cosmologa.", "Referred to as RELaT y en.edu.", "There are external links to the Agenda Latinoamericana Mundial World and the Latin American Agenda Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith.", "There are people from the 20th-century Spanish Roman Catholic theology and the 21st-century Spanish Roman Catholic theology." ]

[ "José María Vigil", "José María Vigil", "José María", "José María", "José María", "José María", "José María", "José María", "María", "José María", "José María", "Vigil", "José María", "Vigil" ]

[ "José Mara Vigil", "José Mara", "José Mara", "José Mara", "José Mara", "José Mara", "José Mara" ]

[ "Fiona Richmond (born 2 March 1945) is an English former glamour model and actress.", "She became a British sex symbol in the 1970s for her appearances in numerous risqué plays, comedy revues, magazines and films.", "Early life\nRichmond was born Julia Rosamund Harrison in Hilborough, Norfolk, the daughter of the Reverend John Harrison.", "At school she qualified for university but chose to audition for drama schools with the aim of becoming an actress.", "She initially worked as worked as an air stewardess, then as a nanny for the actress Diane Cilento, and subsequently as a Playboy Club croupier.", "Acting career\nRichmond met the British strip-club owner and publisher Paul Raymond in 1970 when she auditioned for a part in the nude farce Pyjama Tops at the Whitehall Theatre in London.", "She was awarded the part and went on to star at the Raymond Revuebar strip club, appear in nude photo shoots and work as an adult entertainment journalist, writing articles about sex for the UK’s top shelf magazines.", "In 1970 she was the subject of a TV documentary The Actress Said.", "Her column in Raymond's Men Only magazine brought her some fame and in 1974 she appeared as a regular sex adviser on the London Broadcasting Company, a British talk radio and phone-in station.", "In the same year she made the TV documentary What the Actress said to the Bishop which won a gold award at the Atlanta International Film Festival.", "In 1976 the News of the World printed a picture of Richmond in the Crystal Palace F.C.", "players' bath with footballer Malcolm Allison, as a result of which Allison was charged with bringing the game in into disrepute by The Football Association.", "She made her film debut (billed under the name Amber Harrison) in Not Tonight, Darling (1971), which led to larger roles in X-rated movies such as the psychological thriller Exposé (1976).", "Others included Hardcore (1977) – also titled Frankly Fiona – a sex comedy in which she played herself, partially based on an autobiography she had written, and Let's Get Laid (1977), a mistaken-identity comedy that had no connection to the stage show of the same name.", "Her later film roles included the Queen of France in the Mel Brooks comedy History of the World, Part I (1981), and Fiona the KGB agent in the all-star black comedy Eat The Rich (1987).", "She also recorded the spoken word album Frankly Fiona in 1973, in collaboration with Anthony Newley, adding erotic talk to Newley's songs.", "Richmond appeared in many of Paul Raymond's stage shows.", "From 1970 until 1974 she starred as a nude swimmer in Pyjama Tops, the West End's first nude production, which ran at the Whitehall Theatre for five years from 1969.", "The play, set around a transparent-sided swimming pool into which nude actresses periodically plunged, was an English version of the French farce Moumou.", "Richmond also starred in the play's 1972 tour.<ref>{{cite news|title=Roger Kitter: Stand-up comedian and actor best known for taking over the role of Captain Bertorelli in Allo 'Allo!", "'|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/news/roger-kitter-stand-comedian-and-actor-best-known-taking-over-role-captain-bertorelli-allo-allo-10147286.html|first=Anthony|last=Hayward|date=31 March 2015|newspaper=The Independent}}</ref> In 1974 she appeared on stage at the Windmill Theatre with John Inman in Let's Get Laid, a sex sketch comedy written by Victor Spinetti.", "The play was the first to be performed in the newly re-opened theatre, and to promote it she rode a horse through Piccadilly Circus in the style of Lady Godiva.", "In 1977 she starred opposite Divine in the women's prison comedy Women Behind Bars at the Whitehall Theatre.", "In 1979 she went on tour as the star of Yes, We Have No Pyjamas, another of Raymond's nude productions.", "She starred in the 1981 Paul Raymond production of Wot!", "No Pyjamas!", "at the Whitehall Theatre and its subsequent tour.", "Semi-naked photos of Richmond appeared on posters outside the Whitehall Theatre, and the Greater London Council took legal action against them.", "In 1982 she starred in the nude stage farce Space in My Pyjamas  which toured the provinces for over 15 weeks.", "In a TV interview promoting the tour she expressed her intention to give up nude shows in favour of more serious acting.", "Richmond has published many fictional and autobiographical books based on her sexual experiences, including Fiona (1976), Story of I (1978), On the Road by Fiona (1979), Galactic Girl (1980), Remember Paris (1980), The Good, the Bad and the Beautiful (1980), From Here to Virginity (1981), In Depth (1982) and Tell Tale Tits (1987).", "Her last showbusiness appearances in were in the 1990s, including guest spots on James Randi: Psychic Investigator (1991), The Truth About Women (1992), and as an uncredited extra in The Man Who Made Husbands Jealous (1997).", "In The Look of Love, the 2013 biopic about Paul Raymond directed by Michael Winterbottom, Richmond was played by Tamsin Egerton.", "Upon its release Richmond said that the film portrayed a sleazy side of her life that never happened, and that most of her suggested script changes to make the film more accurate had not been not taken up.", "Personal life\nFrom 1970 until 1977 she was Paul Raymond's companion.", "They lived together in London and the pair had celebrity status.", "Raymond admitted adultery with Richmond, and his wife Jean divorced him in 1974.", "He gave Richmond a yellow Jaguar E-Type sports car with the personalised number plate FU2, and she became recognised driving it around the West End.", "Following Raymond's death on 2 March 2008, Richmond gave an interview to the Daily Mirror about him:\n\nWe had fabulous times touring the world looking for acts for the Raymond Revue bar[sic] ... [Paul Raymond] had a boat on the south of France called Veste Demitte.", "The closest translation from the Latin is \"Get ‘Em Off....\" He was one of the last great showmen.", "Everyone today is just so much more boring.", "By 1978 the relationship between Richmond and Raymond had ended and she was expressing her intention to marry James Montgomery, the presenter of Southern Television's regional news programme Day by Day.", "Richmond had met Montgomery when she appeared on a TV show he was producing to promote a book she had written.", "The pair were married in 1983 and had one daughter, Tara, born in 1984.", "In that year Richmond retired from show business, going on to run a fashion company and work as a journalist.", "The couple were divorced in 1998 but she retained her married name.", "Richmond subsequently became a hotelier with her partner, former pig farmer Peter Pilbrow.", "By 2001 they owned and ran two establishments: \"Petit Bacaye Cottage Hotel\" on the Caribbean island of Grenada, and \"The Onion Store\", an English bed and breakfast house in Hampshire.", "She went on to spend time in both countries and raise funds for the charity Gift Grenada.", "Filmography\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\n Keeping the British End Up: Four Decades of Saucy Cinema'' by Simon Sheridan (fourth edition) (Titan Publishing, London) (2011)\n\nExternal links \n \n \n\n1945 births\nLiving people\nEnglish female adult models\nBritish hoteliers\nPeople from Hilborough\nEnglish erotica writers\nEnglish film actresses" ]

[ "An English former glamour model and actress is named Fiona.", "She became a British sex symbol in the 1970s because of her appearances in risque plays and comedies.", "Julia Harrison was the daughter of the Reverend John Harrison.", "She qualified for university but wanted to become an actress so she tried out for drama schools.", "She first worked as an air stewardess, then as a nanny for Diane Cilento, and finally as a Playboy Club croupier.", "When she tried out for a part in a nude farce at the Whitehall Theatre in London in 1970, she met the British strip-club owner and publisher Paul Raymond.", "She went on to work as an adult entertainment journalist, as well as appearing in nude photo shoots, after she was awarded the part.", "In 1970 she was the subject of a documentary.", "In 1974 she appeared as a sex adviser on the London Broadcasting Company, a British talk radio and phone-in station, after her column in Raymond's Men Only magazine brought her some fame.", "What the Actress said to the Bishop was 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780", "The Crystal Palace F.C. was the location of a picture printed by the News of the World.", "The Football Association charged Malcolm Allison with bringing the game into disrepute because of the players' bath with him.", "She made her film debut in Not Tonight, Darling in 1971 and went on to play larger roles in X-rated movies.", "Hardcore was a sex comedy in which she played herself, partially based on an autobiography she had written, and Let's Get Laid was a mistaken identity comedy that had no connection to the stage show of the same name.", "She played the Queen of France in History of the World, Part I (1981) and the KGB agent in Eat The Rich (1987).", "She collaborated with Anthony Newley on a spoken word album in 1973, adding erotic talk to Newley's songs.", "Paul Raymond had many stage shows.", "She starred as a nude swimmer in the West End's first nude production, Pyjama Tops, from 1969 to 1974.", "The English version of the French farce was set around a transparent-sided swimming pool with nude actresses in it.", "Roger Kitter is a stand-up comedian and actor best known for his role in Allo 'Allo!", "roger-kitter-stand-comedian-and-actor-best-known-taking-over-role-bertorelli-allo-captain-10147286.html", "She rode a horse through Piccadilly Circus in the style of Lady Godiva to promote the play, which was the first to be performed in the newly re-opened theatre.", "She starred in the women's prison comedy Women Behind Bars in 1977.", "Yes, We Have No Pyjamas was one of Raymond's nude productions.", "She starred in a Paul Raymond production.", "No pyjamas!", "The theatre is on a tour.", "The Greater London Council took legal action against the people who put the photos on the posters.", "Space in My Pyjamas was a nude stage farce that toured the provinces for 15 weeks.", "She stated in a TV interview that she would give up nude shows in favor of more serious acting.", "The Good, the Bad and the Beautiful is one of the many fictional and autobiographical books that she has published.", "She had guest spots on James Randi: Psychic Investigator, The Truth About Women, and The Man Who Made Husbands Jealous, as well as an uncredited extra in The Man Who Made Husbands Jealous.", "The Look of Love was a movie about Paul Raymond that was directed by Michael Winterbottom.", "She said that the film portrayed a sleazy side of her life that never happened, and that most of her suggested script changes to make the film more accurate had not been taken up.", "She was Paul Raymond's companion from 1970 to 1977.", "They had celebrity status because they lived together in London.", "Raymond and his wife Jean divorced in 1974.", "He gave her a yellow Jaguar E-Type sports car with a personalized number plate and she was able to drive it around the West End.", "Following Raymond's death on 2 March 2008,Richmond gave an interview to the Daily Mirror about him, \"We had fabulous times touring the world looking for acts for the Raymond Revue bar.\"", "He was one of the last great showmen.", "Everyone today is boring.", "She was going to marry James Montgomery, the host of Southern Television's regional news programme Day by Day, by 1978 after her relationship with Raymond ended.", "Montgomery appeared on a TV show that he was producing to promote her book.", "Their daughter, Tara, was born in 1984.", "After retiring from show business, he went on to run a fashion company and work as a journalist.", "She retained her married name after the divorce.", "Peter Pilbrow was a pig farmer before he became a hotelier.", "They owned and operated \"Petit Bacaye Cottage Hotel\" on the Caribbean island of Grenada and \"The Onion Store\" in Hampshire.", "She spent time in both countries and raised funds for a charity.", "External links 1945 births Living people English female adult models British hoteliers English erotica writers English film actresses" ]

[ "Fiona Richmond", "Richmond", "Richmond", "Richmond", "Fiona", "Richmond", "Richmond", "Richmond", "Richmond", "Fiona", "Fiona", "Richmond", "Richmond", "Richmond", "Richmond", "Richmond", "Richmond", "Richmond", "Richmond", "Richmond" ]

[ "Fiona", "Richmond" ]

[ "Chu Ki-chol (, born Chu Ki-bok, 25 November 1897 – 21 April 1944) was a Korean Presbyterian minister and martyr.", "After having dropped out of Yonhi College due to poor health and being briefly associated with the March 1st Movement for the independence of Korea, Chu attended a faith meeting of .", "Thereafter, he sought a career in ministry, enrolling first at the Pyongyang Theological Seminary becoming a deacon.", "Chu was ordained a minister in 1926 and served as one in Pusan, Masan, and Pyongyang.", "Chu opposed Shinto practices forced on Korean Christians by the Japanese occupiers.", "He was first arrested in February 1938 and tortured in prison.", "Still defiant, the relieved him from ministry and the authorities arrested him three more times.", "His last arrest was in July 1940.", "He died of torture in prison on 21 April 1944.", "After his death, the South Korean government has given recognition for him, including conferring upon him Order of Merit for National Foundation, Third Class.", "He was declared in November 2007.", "Despite him being revered as a Korean nationalist, in his sermons he explained that his actions emanated from his Christian faith.", "Early life\nChu was born to Chu Hyun-sung and Cho Jae-sung on 25 November 1897 in Book-boo-ri, Woong-chung-myun, Changwon, South Gyeongsang Province, Korea.", "He was the fourth of seven children of a Christian family.", "His birth name was Ki-bok, but he changed it to Ki-chol (, meaning \"devotee\") to reflect his faith.", "Chu went to a private elementary school at age eight in Woong-chun-eup in 1904.", "In 1912 he moved on to Osan School, a hotbed of both Korean nationalism and Christianity that were agitated there by and Cho Man-sik.", "After graduating in 1916, he went to Yonhi College in Seoul in 1917, majoring in commerce on the advice of his father.", "In his second year in Yonhi, his sight began to deteriorate and he was diagnosed with cataracts.", "He was forced to drop out and return to his hometown.", "In 1919, Chu participated in the March 1st Movement for the independence of Korea.", "He was elected chairman of the Joseon Youth Corps, representing the Woongjin Youth Activist Group.", "But after having attended a faith meeting hosted by , and allegedly regaining his sight there, he chose to pursue a different path.", "He enroll at the Pyongyang Theological Seminary, becoming a deacon.", "Chu was ordained a minister on 10 January 1926.", "He served as one at the Cho Rang Church in Pusan, South Gyeongsang Province.", "During the time of Chu's ministry, Korea was under Japanese occupation and the occupiers .", "Chu refused, calling the practice out as idolatry.", "In 1931 Chu organized local protests against the practice in South Gyeongsang Province.", "From 22 September 1931, Chu was minister at the Moon Chang Church in Masan.", "From the summer of 1936, he became minister of Sanjunghyun Church in Pyongyang.", "There he broadened the scope of his campaign against forced shrine visits making it a nationwide movement whose center was Sanjunghyun Church.", "He opposed the order to house kamidana (miniature Shinto altars) in churches.", "Chu had a habit of retreating to the mountains to pray.", "In the summer of 1938 he went to fast on Myohyangsan with two friends.", "He would also pray on the Moranbong overnight.", "Chu began to be considered the successor of Gil Seon-ju as the leader of the Presbyterian movement in Korea.", "Imprisonment and death\nFor his defiance, Chu was arrested in February 1938 and taken into prison, where he was tortured until he was released months later.", "After his release, Chu defended his views in a sermon called \"Determination for Death\" in September 1938.", "In it, he explained that his conviction was based on faith, not nationalism.", "His opposition was based in his conservative theology and its implications on his thinking about idolatry.", "That same month Chu was arrested again, briefly, to keep him out of the general assembly of the Korean Presbyterian Church that the Japanese authorities forced to accept Shinto practice.", "He continued his protest and was subsequently jailed two more times.", "His time in prison totaled five years.", "In February 1939, Chu was allowed to pay a visit to his home and his church for three days.", "During this time, he gave a sermon entitled \"My Five Fold Prayer\".", "Although thoroughly conservative in theology, this sermon has been interpreted as a radical nationalist outburst in South Korea.", "In August 1940, a Japanese pastor dispatched by the government gave a speech in Chu's Sanjunghyun Church.", "He claimed that Christians worshiping at Shinto shrines was not a sin.", "Chu confronted the pastor, embarrassing him greatly.", "The Japanese retaliated, ordering the to relieve him of his pastoral duties and expel his family from church property.", "Chu was imprisoned for the last time; the charges were treason and breaching the Maintenance of the Public Order Act.", "After his death the Sanchonghyon Church was closed down by the Japanese authorities.", "He was tortured again.", "Torture left him weakened and he died in Pyongyang Prison's medical ward on 21 April 1944.", "His last words were \"God of my soul, hold me firm.\"", "Chu was buried in a public cemetery in Pyongyang.", "Legacy\nOn 10 July 1968, the South Korean government declared Chu an Honored Patriot.", "In 1990, Chu was posthumously awarded the South Korean Independence Medal (Order of Merit for National Foundation, Third Class).", "In 2007, the Ministry of Patriots and Veterans Affairs chose him as for November, marking the 110th anniversary of his birth.", "There is a memorial to Chu at the National Military Cemetery in Seoul, as well as in his native Changwon.", "Works\n\nSee also\n\nChoe Sang-rim\nChristianity in Korea\nKorean independence movement\nMinjung theology\nPresbyterianism in South Korea\n\nReferences\n\nWorks cited\n\nExternal links\nChu Ki-chol at the Encyclopedia of Korean Culture \n\n1897 births\n1944 deaths\nPeople from Changwon\nRecipients of the Order of Merit for National Foundation\nKorean people who died in prison custody\nKorean Presbyterian ministers\n20th-century Protestant martyrs" ]

[ "Chu Ki-chol was a Korean Presbyterian minister and martyr.", "Chu attended a faith meeting after dropping out of Yonhi College due to poor health and being associated with the March 1st movement for the independence of Korea.", "He began his career as a deacon at the Pyongyang Theological Seminary.", "Chu served as a minister in Pusan, Masan, and Pyongyang.", "Shinto practices were forced on Korean Christians.", "He was tortured in prison after he was first arrested.", "The authorities arrested him three more times after he was relieved from ministry.", "His last arrest was in July 1940.", "He died of torture in prison.", "The Order of Merit for National Foundation, Third Class was given to him by the South Korean government after his death.", "He was declared in November of 2007.", "Despite being revered as a Korean nationalist, he explained in his sermons that his actions came from his Christian faith.", "Early life Chu was born to Chu Hyun-sung and Cho Jae-sung on 25 November 1897 in Book-boo-ri, Woong-chung-myun, Changwon, South Gyeongsang Province, Korea.", "He was one of seven children of a Christian family.", "He changed his birth name to reflect his faith.", "Chu attended a private elementary school in Woong-chun-eup.", "He moved to Osan School, where Korean nationalism and Christianity were agitated by Cho Man-sik.", "He went to college in South Korea in 1917 after graduating from college in 1916.", "He was diagnosed with cataracts in his second year in Yonhi.", "He was forced to return to his hometown after dropping out.", "The March 1st movement was for the independence of Korea.", "He was elected chairman of the Joseon Youth Corps.", "After attending a faith meeting hosted by that he decided to pursue a different path.", "He became a deacon at the seminary.", "On January 10, 1926, Chu became a minister.", "He was a member of the Cho Rang Church in Pusan.", "Korea was under Japanese occupation during the time of Chu's ministry.", "Chu said the practice was idolatry.", "In 1931 Chu organized local protests against the practice.", "The Moon Chang Church in Masan had a minister named Chu.", "He became the minister of the church in the summer of 1936.", "He made it a nationwide movement by broadening the scope of his campaign against forced shrine visits.", "The order to house kamidana in churches was opposed by him.", "Chu would retreat to the mountains to pray.", "In the summer of 1938, he went to fast with two friends.", "He would pray on the Moranbong.", "Gil Seon-ju was the leader of the Presbyterian movement in Korea.", "Chu was imprisoned and tortured until he was released months later.", "Chu defended his views in a sermon after his release.", "He explained that his conviction was based on faith.", "His opposition was based on his conservative theology.", "The Japanese authorities forced the Korean Presbyterian Church to accept Shinto practice, so Chu was arrested again to keep him out of the general assembly.", "He was jailed two more times after continuing his protest.", "He spent five years in prison.", "Chu was allowed to visit his home and church for three days in February of 1939.", "He gave a sermon called \"My Five Fold Prayer\".", "This sermon is thought to be a radical nationalist outburst in South Korea.", "A Japanese pastor gave a speech in Chu's church in August of 1940.", "Christians worshiping at Shinto shrines are not a sin according to him.", "Chu confronted the pastor.", "The Japanese retaliated by expelling his family from the church property.", "Chu was charged with breaching the Maintenance of the Public Order Act and was imprisoned for the last time.", "The Japanese authorities closed the church after his death.", "He was tortured again.", "He died in the medical ward of the prison on April 21, 1944.", "He said \"God of my soul, hold me firm.\"", "Chu was buried in a public cemetery.", "The South Korean government declared Chu an honored patriot on July 10, 1968.", "The Order of Merit for National Foundation, Third Class was awarded to Chu in 1990.", "November is the anniversary of his birth, and he was chosen by the Ministry of Patriotic and Veterans Affairs.", "In Changwon, there is a memorial to Chu at the National Military Cemetery.", "There are External links to Chu Ki-chol at the Encyclopedia of Korean Culture." ]

[ "Chu Ki chol", "Chu Ki", "Chu", "Chu", "Chu", "Chu", "Chu Hyun", "Chu", "Chu", "Chu", "Chu", "Chu", "Chu", "Chu", "Chu", "Chu", "Chu", "Chu", "Chu", "Chu", "Chu", "Chu", "Chu", "Chu", "Chu", "Chu", "Chu", "Chu Ki" ]

[ "Chu Ki", "Chu", "Chu", "Chu", "Chu Hyun", "Chu", "Chu", "Chu", "Chu", "Chu", "Chu", "Chu", "Chu", "Chu", "Chu", "Chu", "Chu", "Chu", "Chu", "Chu", "Chu", "Chu", "Chu", "Chu Ki" ]

[ "Adam Jonathan Gee (born 12 September 1963 in London, England) is a London-based interactive media and TV producer and commissioner.", "Prominent interactive productions and commissions include MindGym, Embarrassing Bodies multiplatform, Big Art Mob, Big Fish Fight and Don't Stop the Music multiplatform.", "Prominent video productions include Missed Call and They Saw The Sun First.", "He is currently Commissioning Editor at Little Dot Studios where he commissions documentaries.", "From 2003 to 2016 he was at Channel 4 Television, London, where he was Multiplatform and Online Video Commissioner (Factual).", "He is a specialist in multiplatform interactive projects around TV, commissioning factual and documentary interactive media, as well as short form and online video content.", "He was responsible for setting up Ideasfactory (renamed 4Talent), the Channel's creative industries talent development initiative.", "In 2014 he helped establish original Short Form Video on All 4, Channel 4's video on demand platform.", "Gee was formerly Director of Production of pioneering broadband production company Redbus CPD.", "He began his career in 1983 at Solus Enterprises, the co-operative of cinematographers/film technicians Roger Deakins ASC BSC, Jack Hazan, Dick Pope BSC and David Mingay.", "He has won over 90 international awards for his productions – including five British Academy Awards (BAFTA), an Emmy, three Royal Television Society (RTS) Awards, a Design Council Millennium Award and the Grand Award at the New York International Film & Television Festival.", "Embarrassing Bodies Online won the Interactivity category of the TV BAFTAs in 2009.", "Both Lost Generation and Breaking the News were nominated for TV BAFTAs in 2006 and Big Art Mob was nominated for three TV BAFTAs in 2008.", "Empire's Children won the London Design Festival People's Choice (Y Design) Award in 2007.", "Big Art Mob won the RTS Innovation Award for mobile in 2007 and the Media Guardian Innovation Award for community engagement in 2008.", "Landshare won the RTS Innovation Award for user-generated content in 2009.", "Life Begins/One Born Every Minute was nominated for the New Media category of the TV BAFTAs in 2010 and Embarrassing Bodies: Live won the TV Craft BAFTA in 2010 for Interactive Creative Contribution.", "Big Fish Fight was nominated in 2011 for the TV Craft BAFTA for Digital Creativity and Live from the Clinic won the category in 2012; Live from the Clinic was nominated again in 2013 alongside The Great British Property Scandal.", "He has won several BIMA (British Interactive Media Assoc.", "Awards) including two in 2015 for Don’t Stop the Music made with international pianist James Rhodes and Jamie Oliver's Fresh One production company.", "Missed Call won the TV BAFTA for best Short Programme in 2019.", "The documentary was shot entirely on an iPhone X.", "It was the first film made primarily for YouTube to win an academy award.", "Take Me to Prom won the Canadian Screen Award for Best Short Documentary at the 8th Canadian Screen Awards in 2020.", "Live from the Clinic won the International Digital Emmy for Non-Fiction in 2012 in Cannes.", "Embarrassing Bodies: Live was nominated for an International Digital Emmy in 2011 and The Great British Property Scandal was nominated in 2013.", "In 2015, Don't Stop the Music was nominated for the International Digital Emmy for Non-Fiction and Reverse the Odds won the International Digital Emmy for Children/Young People.", "Gee has served on BAFTA's Television and Interactive Entertainment committees and is a voting member of the European Film Academy.", "He has served on the board of ICA's The Club at the Institute of Contemporary Arts and was a trustee of Culture24.", "Gee is a non-executive director of UK-based online marketing agency Hot Cherry and of Blue Door Creative Development.", "He was formerly a non-executive director of video dictionary Wordia with Michael Birch.", "Gee is a director/trustee of the Phoenix Cinema, the oldest purpose-built cinema in the UK.", "Gee won the very first BAFTA Interactive Entertainment Award (with Tim Wright and Rob Bevan) which was for Comedy presented by Stephen Fry in 1998.", "This was for a CD-ROM game to do with creative thinking entitled 'MindGym'.", "He conceived the project, and co-wrote the script with interactive writer Tim Wright and writer/actor Ben Miller (Johnny English, etc.)", "Gee served as an advisor on the UK government's Byron Review of Children and New Technology (child safety with regard to internet and video games) published in March 2008.", "He was educated at the direct grant The Haberdashers' Aske's Boys' School in Elstree in Hertfordshire.", "He was made a Freeman of the City of London through the Worshipful Company of Cutlers in 2006 and a Liveryman in 2009.", "He worked as a volunteer on the London 2012 Olympic Games website/online media presence (for LOCOG) and on the London 2012 Paralympics site (for Channel 4).", "Productions\n\nAdam Gee's multiplatform/transmedia productions include:\n Bedtime Live\n Big Art Mob\n Big Art Project\n Big Fish Fight, a campaign led by Hugh Fearnley-Whittingstall\n Don't Stop the Music, a campaign with James Rhodes\n Embarrassing Bodies\n 4thought.tv\n The Great British Property Scandal, a campaign led by George Clarke with Phil Spencer and Jon Snow\n Jamie's DreamSchool featuring Jamie Oliver\n Landshare\n Live from the Clinic, featuring Dr Christian Jessen and Dr Dawn Harper\n My Healthchecker\n One Born Every Minute\n Was It Something I Said?", "- with David Mitchell\n Quotables\n Sexperience, a sex education project\n The Sexperience 1000, a data visualiser\n Was It Something I Said\n Surgery Live, a collaboration with Wellcome Trust\n Osama Loves\n Empire's Children\n Picture This, a collaboration with Flickr\n Medicine Chest, a collaboration with Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew\n Breaking the News, a collaboration with ITN\n Lost Generation, a collaboration with the Imperial War Museum, London\n 4mations - online hub for animation with Aardman Animations\n\nAdam Gee's short form video projects as Executive Producer/Commissioner include:\n Brittle Bone Rapper\n Tattoo Twists\n The Black Lesbian Handbook\n My Secret Tattoo\n 24 Hour Party Politics - with Bez of the Happy Mondays\n Futurgasm\n Drones in Forbidden Zones\n Circus Girls\n WTF is Cosplay?", "Body Mods\n L.A. Vice\n Naked & Invisible, with double world body painting champion Carolyn Roper\n Young & Minted: I Won the Lottery\n\nAdam Gee's other documentary commissions/productions include:\n Vanished: The Surrey Schoolgirl - with Martin Bright\n Missed Call, the first documentary shot on an iPhone X\n Take Me to Prom\n Sorry I Shot You - with Stana, about restorative justice \n Social Media Addicts Anonymous\n Travelling on Trash, about plastic pollution in the Mississippi river\n Absent from our Own Wedding, about proxy marriage in Montana\n In Your Face: Confronting tattoo prejudice\n Pure O, about an extreme form of OCD\n How to Save a Tribe: the women who rescued the Samaritans - with Leon McCarron\n Violet Vixen\n\nExternal links\n Simple Pleasures part 4, Adam Gee's blog\n Adam Gee on IMDB\n Adam Gee on Twitter\n The Byron Review\n Hot Cherry\n\nReferences\n\n1963 births\nLiving people\nTelevision people from London\nChannel 4 people\nEmmy Award winners\nPeople educated at Haberdashers' Aske's Boys' School\nAlumni of Girton College, Cambridge" ]

[ "Adam Jonathan Gee was born in London, England, and is a London-based interactive media and TV producer and commissioner.", "Prominent interactive productions include MindGym, Embarrassing Bodies, Big Art Mob, Big Fish Fight and Don't Stop the Music.", "Missed Call and They Saw The Sun First are popular video productions.", "He is the Commissioning Editor at Little Dot Studios.", "He was Multiplatform and Online Video Commissioner at Channel 4 Television from 2003 to 2016", "He is a specialist in multiplatform interactive projects around TV, as well as short form and online video content.", "The Channel's creative industries talent development initiative was set up by him.", "He helped establish the original Short Form Video on Channel 4.", "He was the Director of Production at Redbus CPD.", "He started his career in 1983 at the co-operative of cinematographers/film technicians Roger Deakins, Jack Hazan, Dick Pope, and David Mingay.", "He has won over 90 international awards for his productions, including five British Academy Awards, three Royal Television Society Awards, a Design Council Millennium Award, and the Grand Award at the New York International Film & Television Festival.", "Embarrassing Bodies Online won the TV BAFTAs in 2009.", "In 2006 and 2008, Lost Generation and Big Art Mob were nominated for TV BAFTAs.", "The People's Choice (Y Design) Award was won by Empire's Children.", "The Media Guardian Innovation Award for community engagement was won by Big Art Mob.", "Landshare won an award for user-generated content.", "Embarrassing Bodies: Live won the TV Craft BAFTA in 2010 for Interactive Creative Contribution, after being nominated for a New Media category.", "Big Fish Fight and Live from the Clinic were both nominated for the TV Craft BAFTA for Digital Creativity in 2011.", "He has won several awards.", "Don't Stop the Music was made with international pianist James Rhodes and Jamie Oliver's Fresh One production company.", "Missed Call was the winner of the TV BAFTA.", "The documentary was shot on the phone.", "It was the first film to win an academy award.", "The Canadian Screen Award for Best Short Documentary was won by Take Me to Prom.", "In 2012 Live from the Clinic won an International Digital Emmy.", "Embarrassing Bodies: Live was nominated for an International Digital Emmy in 2011.", "Don't Stop the Music and Reverse the Odds were both nominated for an International Digital Emmy in 2015.", "The European Film Academy is a voting member of the Television and Interactive Entertainment committees.", "He was a board member of The Club at the Institute of Contemporary Arts.", "Blue Door Creative Development is a non-executive director of Hot Cherry.", "He was a non-executive director of Wordia.", "The Phoenix Cinema is the oldest purpose-built cinema in the UK.", "The first BAFTA Interactive Entertainment Award was presented by Stephen Fry in 1998.", "The game was called 'MindGym' and was a CD-ROM game.", "He co-authored the script with Tim Wright and Ben Miller.", "The UK government published a review of child safety with regard to internet and video games.", "He was educated at the Aske's Boys' School.", "In 2006 and 2009, he was made a Freeman of the City of London.", "He was a volunteer on the London 2012 Olympic Games website and on the London 2012 Paralympics website.", "Bedtime Live Big Art Mob Big Art Project Big Fish Fight, a campaign led by Hugh Fearnley-Whittingstall Don't Stop the Music, a campaign with James Rhodes Embarrassing Bodies 4thought.", "Quotables Sexperience, a sex education project, is a collaboration with David Mitchell.", "Body Mods L.A. Vice Naked & invisible has a double world body painting champion, Carolyn Roper Young." ]

[ "Adam Jonathan Gee", "Gee", "Gee", "Gee", "Gee", "Gee", "Gee", "Adam Gee", "Adam Gee", "Adam" ]

[ "Adam Jonathan Gee" ]

[ "Lynne Cline Quiggle (22 May 1906 – July 1958) was a rear admiral of the United States Navy.", "He saw service in World War II and in the Cold War before he was lost at sea in 1958.", "Early life\n\nQuiggle was born in Grand Island, Nebraska, on 22 May 1906, the son of H. G. Quiggle and Frances Quiggle nee Kalous.", "He attended Kearney High School in Kearney, Nebraska.", "Naval career\n\nEarly career\nAfter graduating from high school, Quiggle enlisted in the U.S. Navy on 12 September 1924 and received an honorable discharge on 17 June 1926.", "In June 1926, he accepted an appointment to the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland.", "He graduated from the academy on 5 June 1930 and was commissioned as an ensign that day.", "Quiggle′s first tour after graduation was aboard the battleship based at San Pedro, California, which conducted training operations while he was on board.", "In September 1931 he transferred to the battleship in the United States Pacific Fleet, which took part in Fleet Problems during his tour.", "He detached from New York in April 1934 and was assigned to the new heavy cruiser , which then was fitting out at the Puget Sound Navy Yard in Bremerton, Washington, and he joined Astoria upon her commissioning on 28 April 1934.", "He was aboard Astoria for a lengthy shakedown cruise she made in the Pacific Ocean during the summer of 1934 in which she visited the Hawaiian Islands; American Samoa; Fiji; Sydney, Australia; and Nouméa on New Caledonia.", "Thereafter she was based at San Pedro as a unit of Cruiser Division Seven and took part in a Fleet Problem each year.", "In April 1936, he transferred from Astoria to the target-towing ship , which operated from San Diego, California, towing targets for surface ships, submarines.", "and aircraft.", "Detaching from Lamberton, Quiggle took a course in general ordnance engineering at the Naval Postgraduate School, then located at Annapolis, Maryland, between June 1937 and May 1939, then continued instruction until September 1939 at the Washington Navy Yard in Washington, D.C.", "He then assisted in the fitting out of the destroyer at the Bethlehem Steel Corporation in San Pedro.", "He became her executive officer upon her recommissioning on 28 October 1939.", "During his tour, Aaron Ward served as flagship of Destroyer Division Five in the Pacific Fleet until December 1939, when she was transferred to the United States Atlantic Fleet.", "Based at Key West, Florida, Aaron Ward operated as part of the Neutrality Patrol in the Gulf of Mexico and the West Indies until September 1940, when she was decommissioned and transferred to the United Kingdom for service in the Royal Navy under the terms of the destroyers-for-bases deal.", "Quiggle detached from Aaron Ward upon her transfer and reported for duty aboard the heavy cruiser .", "With Quiggle aboard, Chester steamed from the U.S. West Coast to the United States East Coast, where she underwent an overhaul, becoming one of the first six ships to acquire the CXAM radar, and conducted exercises until January 1941; she then steamed to her new home port at Pearl Harbor, Territory of Hawaii, arriving there in February 1941 and from which she conducted exercises in the Hawaiian Islands, made a voyage to the U.S. West Coast, and escorted United States Army transports to Manila in the Philippines.", "Upon completion of the Philippines voyage in November 1941, Quiggle transferred from Chester to the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations in the United States Department of the Navy in Washington, D.C.\n\nWorld War II\n\nThe United States entered World War II on 7 December 1941.", "In February 1942, Quiggle became aide to the Chief of Naval Operations, first Admiral Harold R. Stark and from 2 March 1942 Admiral Ernest J.", "King.", "He left this position in April 1942 and in May 1942 took command of the destroyer , which performed convoy escort and antisubmarine warfare operations in the Atlantic Ocean, Gulf of Mexico, and Caribbean Sea under his command.", "He left Overton in December 1942 and reported for duty aboard the new battleship , then fitting out at the Norfolk Navy Yard in Portsmouth, Virginia.", "He became her gunnery officer upon her commissioning on 22 February 1943.", "During his tour aboard her, Iowa transported President Franklin D. Roosevelt to and from the Teheran Conference in Tehran, Iran in November–December 1943, then steamed to the Pacific, where she supported U.S. Navy air strikes against Kwajalein and Eniwetok in the Marshall Islands during the Marshall Islands campaign in January–February 1943, against Truk in the Caroline Islands during Operation Hailstone on 17–18 February 1944, and against Tinian in the Mariana Islands.", "He received the Bronze Star Medal with Combat \"V\" for his tour aboard Iowa, the citation for the award stating:\n\nFor meritorious service as Gunnery Officer of the USS Iowa from February 1943 to March 1944...By his ability to organize and train the personnel of his department, [he] was in large measure responsible for bringing the gunnery crew of this newly commissioned battleship to a high state of efficiency with excellent results during her first encounter with the enemy...\n\nFrom May 1944 to June 1945, Quiggle performed duties at the Bureau of Ordnance in the U.S. Department of the Navy.", "For his tour there, he received a letter of commendation for from the chief of the bureau for his \"great determination to the tremendous task of planning the production of the weapons of war...\" He then returned to Iowa as her executive officer.", "The war ended on 15 August 1945.", "Postwar and Cold War\n\nOn 1 March 1946 Quiggle received a promotion to the temporary rank of captain, and that month he detached from Iowa and became a member of the Staff of the Commander-in-Chief, United States Pacific Fleet.", "During his tour there, he received a promotion to the permanent rank of captain on 1 January 1948, with the permanent rank dating to 1 March 1946.", "In September 1948, he became the commander of Destroyer Division 152, and in April 1949 he took command of Destroyer Division 32.", "In November 1949 he began a tour as Head of the Atlantic, European, and Middle East Section of the Strategic Plans Division in the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations.", "Quiggle returned to sea in February 1953 when he became commanding officer of , the flagship of Commander, Amphibious Ready Group Two, United States Atlantic Fleet.", "In October 1953 he began a tour with the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) as executive officer of the Plans and Operations Division on the staff of the Commander-in-Chief, Allied Forces Southern Europe.", "He left that position in December 1955, and in February 1956 he took command of Transport Amphibious Squadron Eight, with the attack transport as his flagship.", "President Dwight Eisenhower approved his promotion to rear admiral on 17 July 1956.", "In August 1956 he assumed duty as Resident Member, United Nations Command, Military Armistice Commission.", "He was assigned to the Joint Staff, Commander-in-Chief, Far East, in March 1957 and in July 1957 he became Deputy Chief of Staff, Joint Staff, Commander, United States Forces Japan.", "On 1 August 1957, his promotion to rear admiral went into effect.", "Personal life\nQuiggle was married to the former Anne Griffith of Washington, D.C.", "They had one son.", "Death\nIn July 1958, Quiggle was aboard the ocean liner with his wife Anne on his way from Tokyo to California to take up duties as the commander of Amphibious Group 1 at San Diego when Anne Quiggle reported him missing from the ship.", "Press reporting disagrees on whether he disappeared early on the morning of 22 July or 23 July, but sources agree that his disappearance occurred when President Cleveland was in the North Pacific Ocean about off California during a voyage from Honolulu, Territory of Hawaii, to San Francisco, California.", "President Cleveland′s captain reported Quiggle′s disappearance to authorities when the ship docked in San Francisco on 24 July 1958 and told the press that Quiggle had disappeared during calm weather, could not have fallen overboard, and therefore must have committed suicide by jumping overboard, adding that Quiggle had kissed his wife on the morning he disappeared and told her, \"You are better off as a widow.\"", "Passengers aboard the liner told the press that Quiggle had acted peculiarly during the voyage and also conveyed the story of Quiggle′s statement to his wife.", "U.S. Navy personnel from the 12th Naval District immediately launched an investigation into Quiggle′s disappearance and Anne Quiggle reportedly denied that her husband had told her she would be better off as a widow before he vanished.", "He was presumed lost at sea, and no trace of him ever was found.", "Quiggle was the second of only two U.S. Navy admirals ever lost at sea.", "See also \nList of people who disappeared mysteriously at sea\n\nHonors and awards\n\n Bronze Star with Combat \"V\"\n American Defense Service Medal with Fleet Clasp\n American Campaign Medal\n Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal with two engagement stars\n World War II Victory Medal\n Navy Occupation Service Medal with Asia Clasp\n National Defense Service Medal\n\nSOURCE:\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nLynne Cline Quiggle at Find-A-Grave\n\n1906 births\n1958 deaths\n1958 suicides\nPeople from Grand Island, Nebraska\nPeople from Kearney, Nebraska\nMilitary personnel from Nebraska\nPeople lost at sea\nSuicides by drowning\nUnited States Naval Academy alumni\nUnited States Navy admirals\nUnited States Navy personnel of World War II" ]

[ "Quiggle was a rear admiral of the United States Navy.", "He served in World War II and the Cold War before he was lost at sea.", "Quiggle was born in Grand Island, Nebraska, on May 22, 1906.", "He attended high school in Nebraska.", "After graduating from high school, Quiggle enlisted in the U.S. Navy and received an honorable discharge.", "He accepted an appointment to the United States Naval Academy in June of 1926.", "On June 5, 1930, he was commissioned as an ensign after graduating from the academy.", "Quiggle's first tour after graduation was on the battleship in San Pedro, California, which was used for training operations.", "The battleship in the United States Pacific Fleet took part in Fleet Problems during his tour.", "After leaving New York in April 1934, he was assigned to the new heavy cruiser, which was fitting out at the Puget Sound Navy Yard in Bremerton, Washington, and he joined her on April 28, 1934.", "During the summer of 1934, she took a lengthy shakedown cruise in the Pacific Ocean, visiting the Hawaiian Islands, American Samoa, Fiji, and Sydney, Australia.", "She was based at San Pedro and took part in a Fleet Problem each year.", "The target-towing ship was based in San Diego, California and was used to tow targets for surface ships and submarines.", "And aircraft.", "Quiggle took a course in general ordnance engineering at the Naval Postgraduate School in Maryland between June 1937 and May 1939 before moving to the Washington Navy Yard in Washington, D.C.", "He helped fit the destroyer at the Bethlehem Steel Corporation in San Pedro.", "She became an executive officer on October 28, 1939.", "She was the flagship of Destroyer Division Five in the Pacific Fleet until December 1939, when she was transferred to the United States Atlantic Fleet.", "She was stationed in Key West, Florida, as part of the Neutrality Patrol in the Gulf of Mexico and the West Indies until September 1940, when she was transferred to the Royal Navy under the terms of the destroyers-for-bases deal.", "Quiggle reported for duty aboard the heavy cruiser after she separated from Ward.", "Chester steamed from the U.S. West Coast to the United States East Coast, where she underwent an overhaul, became one of the first six ships to acquire the CXAM radar, and conducted exercises until January 1941; she then steamed to her new home port at Pearl.", "The United States entered World War II on 7 December 1941.", "Quiggle was aide to the Chief of Naval Operations from February to March 1942.", "King.", "In May 1942 he took command of the destroyer, which performed convoy escort and antisubmarine warfare operations in the Atlantic Ocean, Gulf of Mexico, and Caribbean Sea.", "After leaving Overton in December 1942, he boarded the new battleship at the Norfolk Navy Yard in Virginia.", "On February 22, 1943, he became her gunnery officer.", "President Franklin D. Roosevelt was taken to and from the Teheran Conference in Tehran, Iran in November–December 1943, then steamed to the Pacific to support U.S. Navy air strikes against the Marshall Islands.", "He received the Bronze Star Medal with Combat \"V\" for his tour aboard Iowa, the citation for the award states that he was \"for meritorious service as Gunnery Officer of the Iowa from February 1943 to March 1944.\"", "He returned to Iowa as her executive officer after receiving a letter of commendation from the chief of the bureau for his \"great determination to the tremendous task of planning the production of the weapons of war...\"", "The war ended in August 1945.", "Quiggle became a member of the Staff of the Commander-in-Chief, United States Pacific Fleet, after he was promoted to the temporary rank of captain on March 1, 1946.", "He was promoted to the permanent rank of captain on January 1, 1948, and to the permanent rank on March 1, 1946, during his tour there.", "In September 1948, he became the commander of Destroyer Division 152, and in April 1949 he became the commander of Destroyer Division 32.", "He was the Head of the Atlantic, European, and Middle East Section of the Strategic Plans Division in the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations.", "The flagship of Commander, Amphibious Ready Group Two, the United States Atlantic Fleet, was commanded by Quiggle in February 1953.", "He began a tour with the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in October of 1953 as executive officer of the Plans and Operations Division.", "He took command of Transport Amphibious Squadron Eight in February 1956 after leaving that position in December 1955.", "The promotion to rear admiral was approved by President Eisenhower.", "He was a Resident Member of the United Nations Command.", "In March 1957 he was assigned to the Joint Staff, Commander-in-Chief, Far East, and in July 1957 he became the deputy chief of staff.", "He was promoted to rear admiral on 1 August 1957.", "Quiggle was married to Anne Griffith of Washington, D.C.", "They had a boy.", "Anne Quiggle reported her husband missing from the ocean liner when he was on his way from Tokyo to California to be the commander of Amphibious Group 1 at San Diego.", "800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266", "The captain of the President Cleveland reported Quiggle's disappearance to authorities when the ship docked in San Francisco in July of 1958, saying that he had committed suicide by jumping off the ship.", "Passengers aboard the liner told the press that Quiggle had acted peculiarly during the voyage and also conveyed the story of Quiggle's statement to his wife.", "Navy personnel from the 12th Naval District launched an investigation into Quiggle's disappearance and Anne Quiggle denied that she had been told she would be better off as a widow.", "He was presumed lost at sea and never found.", "Quiggle was the second U.S. Navy admiral to die at sea.", "There is a list of people who disappeared mysteriously at sea." ]

[ "Lynne Cline Quiggle", "Quiggle", ". Quiggle", "Quiggle", "Quiggle", "Quiggle", "Quiggle", "Quiggle", "Quiggle", "Quiggle", "Quiggle", "Quiggle", "Quiggle", "Quiggle", "Anne Quiggle", "Cleveland", "Cleveland", "Anne Quiggle", "Cline" ]

[ "Quiggle", "Quiggle", "Quiggle", "Quiggle", "Quiggle", "Quiggle", "Chester", "Quiggle", "Quiggle", "Quiggle", "Quiggle", "Anne Quiggle", "Quiggle" ]

[ "Anthony James Lucca (born January 23, 1976), is an American singer, songwriter, record producer, and actor.", "He is perhaps best known for starting his career on The Mickey Mouse Club.", "After the Mickey Mouse Club, Lucca went to Los Angeles, California, for a brief career as an actor, then became a full-time musician.", "He is a consistent touring artist and has toured with a multitude of acts, including Maroon 5, Kelly Clarkson, *NSYNC, Marc Anthony, Josh Hoge, Sara Bareilles, Matt Duke, Tyrone Wells, and the late Chris Whitley.", "He finished in third place on the second season (2012) of the American reality television singing competition talent show, The Voice, broadcast on NBC.", "Early life\nLucca was born in Pontiac, Michigan, the son of Sally and Tony Lucca.", "Lucca is of Italian, Welsh, French, and English descent.", "Lucca grew up around a large and musical extended family, as his mother Sally was tenth of twelve children of the Detroit jazz piano player James \"Jimmy\" Stevenson.", "Lucca grew up in Waterford, Michigan, and began singing at age 3 and child modeling at age 9.", "When he was 12, he began playing in Detroit-area bands with his cousin, Cole Garlak.", "Professional and musical career\n\nEarly career \nWhen Lucca was 14, he went to Detroit to audition for the Disney movie Newsies, only to find out the audition was for The Mickey Mouse Club instead.", "Encouraged by his sister, he auditioned for the show and was picked for callbacks in Los Angeles.", "In Los Angeles, he was selected along with 8 other kids to join the cast for the fourth season of the show.", "Lucca moved to Orlando, Florida, with his mother and lived in an apartment complex with other castmates and traveled back to Michigan between seasons.", "He remained with the show for four seasons, until being let go during the seventh season when the show was canceled.", "In 1995, after the cancellation of the Mickey Mouse Club, Lucca moved to Los Angeles to begin an acting career.", "He lived with fellow Mickey Mouse Club castmate Keri Russell, his girlfriend at the time.", "Russell and Lucca were cast and played leads together on the Aaron Spelling-produced Malibu Shores, a television teen drama series, which lasted for one season.", "During this time he filmed commercials for Levi Jeans, J.C. Penney, and Blockbuster Video.", "He had minor success in movies, appearing in an NBC movie of the week, Her Last Chance with Kellie Martin and Jonathan Brandis, as well as two independent features.", "He left acting in 1997 to pursue music.", "In 1997, Lucca self-released his first music album, So Satisfied, which he also co-produced.", "In 1998, he launched his website www.tonylucca.com and began to sell his debut CD and its self-released follow-up, Strong Words Softly Spoken through the website and at live shows he later released two EPs and a limited series of Live & Limited CDs through his site; each CD sold was numbered and signed.", "In 2001 and 2002, he served as opening act for boy band NSYNC, which featured fellow Mickey Mouse Club co-stars Justin Timberlake and JC Chasez.", "Lucca's third full-length album and his first commercially distributed, Shotgun, was released in 2004 in conjunction with Lightyear and New Vibe Records; the album was executive co-produced by JC Chasez, who Lucca toured with to support the album.", "2006 saw the release of Canyon Songs, recorded in both Laurel and Beachwood Canyons, and Live in Hollywood, a live concert album; both albums were distributed by Rock Ridge Music.", "Come Around Again was released in 2008.", "Lucca participated in a cooperative tour with Jay Nash and Matt Duke, which resulted in the 2009 EP entitled TFDI.", "The collaboration, which stands for \"Totally Fuckin' Doing It\" was recorded in the Evanston, Illinois, studio SPACE during an impromptu visit to the studio, after the three artists formed a friendship during the tour.", "Lucca briefly returned to acting in 2010, starring in a 901 Silver Tequila commercial, which was directed by the brand's founder Justin Timberlake.", "He also played himself on an episode of Parenthood, appearing as a performing musician.", "Lucca's sixth album was released in 2010, entitled Rendezvous With the Angels, on Rock Ridge Music.", "Solo, an acoustic CD composed of b-sides and previously unreleased recordings was released in November 2010, and given away for free in conjunction with Amazon.com's MP3 web store.", "Lucca recorded a second collaborative CD with Jay Nash and Matt Duke, TFDI II, which was released mid-2011.", "The Voice and 222 Records (2012–2018) \nOn February 5, 2012, Tony appeared on the Blind Auditions of the American reality talent show The Voice in its second season.", "He performed Ray LaMontagne's \"Trouble\", and all four judges hit their red \"I Want You\" button for him.", "He chose to join Adam Levine's team.", "It was also in this show he reunited with fellow Mouseketeer Christina Aguilera.", "He advanced to the semi-finals, which he performed \"How You Like Me Now\" by The Heavy and moved on to the final round.", "For the final round on May 7, he performed Hugo's country-styled version of the Jay-Z song, \"99 Problems\".", "On May 8, 2012, Lucca made his last performance on the show duetting with fellow contestant Jordis Unga formerly of Team Blake on the Fleetwood Mac song, \"Go Your Own Way\".", "Later that night, it was announced he had placed third in the competition, barely placing ahead of Mann by one quarter of a percentage point and coming behind winner Jermaine Paul from Team Blake and first runner-up Juliet Simms from Team Cee Lo.", "Lucca was later signed to Adam Levine's record label, 222 Records.", "Lucca released a six-song EP, With The Whole World Watching, on July 16, 2013.", "Lucca toured extensively following the release, including six dates on the Honda Civic Tour opening for Kelly Clarkson and Maroon 5.", "Lucca joined Patreon in 2013.", "On November 12, 2013, while plugging Patreon on his YouTube channel, Tony announced he is no longer with Adam Levine's record label 222 Records.", "Excerpt: \"Some of you know that recently I was signed to a fairly high profile record deal.", "-Super cool.", "What most of you don't know is that, said \"record deal\", has since come to an end.", "-Not as cool.", "Your basic record business 101 really...\"\n\nTony Lucca then moved to Nashville, Tennessee to further develop his songwriting.", "He funded his 2015 album Tony Lucca via crowd-funding platform Kickstarter, also releasing a corresponding collection of songs called Made To Shine – The Kickstarter Sessions.", "Lucca would later share that the 2015 album took a personal toll on him, like \"going through a really bad breakup,\" and told Billboard that after the record he \"was in no hurry to get back in the studio\" but instead elected to co-write as many songs as he could with Nashville collaborators.", "In 2018, Lucca partnered with Nashville startup company RootNote and began work on his new record Ain't No Storm, which he recorded with Nashville-based producer and former Wilco drummer Ken Coomer.", "He released the first single and music video, \"Everything's Changing,\" in November 2018.", "At the end of 2018, he signed a publishing deal with Demolition Music.", "Ain't No Storm (2019–present) \nTony Lucca independently released Ain't No Storm on March 29, 2019.", "The album received critical acclaim, with PopMatters calling it an \"expanding of his musical boundaries\" and likening Lucca to contemporaries Amos Lee, Jason Isbell, and Ben Schneider.", "Others called it \"one helluva record,\" \"highly crafted songwriting,\" and \"more inspired than ever.\"", "Other ventures\nMany of Lucca's songs have been featured in various TV shows, including Friday Night Lights, Brothers & Sisters, Shark and Felicity and in the movie Open Range.", "He appeared in an episode of the E!", "True Hollywood Story series, covering his time spent on The Mickey Mouse Club in 2007.", "He has performed numerous times on NBC's Last Call with Carson Daly as a part of the show's band.", "Personal life\nLucca dated fellow Mouseketeer (and eventual Malibu Shores co-star) Keri Russell on-and-off for eight years\n\nOn July 7, 2007 Lucca married.", "True Hollywood Story: The Mickey Mouse Club as Himself\n\nDVDs \n2005: Anatomy of a Blackbird (Recorded live at Mama Juana's in Los Angeles, CA.)", "2009: A Night at The Mint (Recorded live at The Mint in Los Angeles, CA.)", "References\n\nExternal links\n \n \n\nMouseketeers\nAmerican male singer-songwriters\nAmerican rock singers\nAmerican rock songwriters\n21st-century American singers\n20th-century American singers\n21st-century American male actors\n20th-century American male actors\nAmerican people of Italian descent\nAmerican people of Welsh descent\nAmerican people of French descent\nAmerican people of English descent\nThe Voice (franchise) contestants\n1976 births\nLiving people\nMusicians from Pontiac, Michigan\nRock Ridge Music artists\nPeople from Waterford, Michigan\n222 Records artists\nSinger-songwriters from Michigan" ]

[ "Anthony James Lucca was born on January 23, 1976.", "He started his career on The Mickey Mouse Club.", "Lucca went to Los Angeles, California, for a brief career as an actor after he left the Mickey Mouse Club.", "He has toured with many acts, including Maroon 5, Kelly Clarkson, *NSYNC, Josh Hoge, Sara Bareilles, Matt Duke, and the late Chris Whitley.", "He finished in third place on the second season of the American reality television singing competition talent show, The Voice, broadcast on NBC.", "Lucca was the son of Sally and Tony Lucca.", "Lucca is a mixture of Italian, Welsh, French, and English.", "Lucca's mother was the tenth of twelve children of the Detroit jazz piano player James \"Jimmy\" Stevenson.", "Lucca began singing at the age of 3 and child modeling at the age of 9.", "He started playing in Detroit-area bands when he was 12.", "Lucca went to Detroit to try out for the Disney movie Newsies, but was turned down because he was auditioning for The Mickey Mouse Club.", "He was encouraged by his sister to try out for the show.", "He joined the cast of the show in Los Angeles along with 8 other kids.", "Lucca lived in an apartment complex with other castmates and traveled back and forth between Michigan and Florida between seasons.", "He was let go after the seventh season when the show was canceled.", "Lucca moved to Los Angeles in 1995 after the cancellation of the Mickey Mouse Club.", "He lived with his girlfriend at the time.", "The Malibu Shores television teen drama series lasted for one season and starred Russell and Lucca.", "He filmed commercials for several companies.", "He appeared in an NBC movie of the week, Her Last Chance with Kellie Martin and Jonathan Brandis, as well as two independent features.", "In 1997 he left acting to pursue music.", "Lucca self-released his first album, So Satisfied, in 1997.", "In 1998, he launched his website www.tonylucca.com and began to sell his debut CD and follow-up, Strong Words Softly Spoken, through the website and at live shows.", "In 2001 and 2002, he was an opening act for the boy band NSYNC.", "Lucca's third full-length album and his first commercially distributed, Shotgun, was released in 2004 in conjunction with Lightyear and New Vibe Records; the album was executive co-produced by JC Chasez, who Lucca toured with to support the album.", "Canyon Songs and Live in Hollywood were both distributed by Rock Ridge Music.", "Come Around Again was released in 2008.", "Lucca was on a tour with Jay Nash and Matt Duke.", "The collaboration, which stands for \"Totally Fuckin' Doing It\", was recorded during an impromptu visit to the studio after the three artists formed a friendship during the tour.", "Lucca appeared in a ,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ", "He played himself on an episode of the show.", "In 2010 Lucca's sixth album was released on Rock Ridge Music.", "The acoustic CD was released in November of 2010 and was given away for free in conjunction with Amazon.com's mp3 web store.", "Lucca recorded a second CD with Jay Nash and Matt Duke.", "On February 5, 2012 Tony appeared on the blind auditioning for The Voice, the second season of the American reality talent show.", "The judges hit their red \"I Want You\" button when he performed Ray LaMontagne's \"Trouble\".", "He joined Adam Levine's team.", "It was also in this show that he and Christina were together.", "He moved on to the final round after performing \"How You Like Me Now\" by The Heavy.", "He performed Hugo's country-styled version of Jay-Z's song \"99 Problems\" for the final round.", "Lucca and Jordis Unga were the last two contestants to perform on the show.", "Later that night, it was announced that he had placed third in the competition, barely placing ahead of Mann by one quarter of a percentage point, and coming behind the winner and first runner-up.", "Lucca was signed to Adam Levine's record label.", "With The Whole World Watching was released on July 16, 2013).", "There were six dates on the Honda Civic Tour opening for Kelly Clarkson and Maroon 5.", "Lucca was a member of Patreon.", "Tony announced on his channel that he was no longer with Adam Levine's record label 222 Records.", "I was recently signed to a high profile record deal.", "It's super cool.", "Most of you don't know that the record deal has ended.", "It's not as cool.", "Tony Lucca moved to Nashville, Tennessee to further develop his writing.", "He released a collection of songs called Made To Shine on the same platform as his album Tony Lucca.", "Lucca said that the 2015 album took a personal toll on him and that he was in no hurry to get back in the studio.", "Lucca started work on his new record Ain't No Storm with Nashville-based producer and former Wilco drummer Ken Coomer.", "The first single and music video was released in November.", "He signed a publishing deal at the end of the year.", "Tony Lucca released Ain't No Storm on March 29, 2019.", "PopMatters called Lucca's album an \"expanding of his musical boundaries\" and likened him to other musicians.", "Others said it was one of the best records they had ever heard.", "Many of Lucca's songs have been used in TV shows and movies.", "He appeared on an E! show.", "He was on The Mickey Mouse Club in 2007.", "He is a member of the band on NBC's Last Call with Carson Daly.", "Lucca married Keri Russell on July 7, 2007, after dating her for eight years.", "The Mickey Mouse Club as Himself DVD was recorded live at Mama Juana's in Los Angeles, CA.", "A Night at The Mint was recorded in Los Angeles, CA.", "References External links Mouseketeers American male singer-songwriters American rock singers American rock songwriters 21st-century American singers 20th-century American male actors American people of Italian descent American people of Welsh descent" ]

[ "Anthony James Lucca", "Luccaoon 5", "Lucca", "Tony Lucca", "Lucca", "Lucca", "Lucca", "Lucca", "Lucca", "Lucca", "Lucca", "Lucca", "Lucca", "Tony", "Lucca", "Tony", "Tony Lucca", "Tony Luc", "Lucca", "Lucca", "Tony Lucca", "Lucca", "Lucca", "Lucca", "Lucca" ]

[ "Anthony James Lucca", "Lucca", "Lucca", "Tony Lucca", "Lucca", "Lucca", "Lucca", "Lucca", "Lucca", "Lucca", "Lucca", "Lucca", "Lucca", "Lucca", "Tony", "Lucca", "Lucca", "Tony", "Tony Lucca", "Tony Luc", "Lucca", "Lucca", "Tony Lucca", "Lucca", "Lucca", "Lucca" ]

[ "Archimedes of Syracuse (; ; ; ) was a Greek mathematician, physicist, engineer, astronomer, and inventor from the ancient city of Syracuse in Sicily.", "Although few details of his life are known, he is regarded as one of the leading scientists in classical antiquity.", "Considered to be the greatest mathematician of ancient history, and one of the greatest of all time, Archimedes anticipated modern calculus and analysis by applying the concept of the infinitely small and the method of exhaustion to derive and rigorously prove a range of geometrical theorems, including: the area of a circle; the surface area and volume of a sphere; area of an ellipse; the area under a parabola; the volume of a segment of a paraboloid of revolution; the volume of a segment of a hyperboloid of revolution; and the area of a spiral.", "Archimedes' other mathematical achievements include deriving an approximation of pi; defining and investigating the spiral that now bears his name; and devising a system using exponentiation for expressing very large numbers.", "He was also one of the first to apply mathematics to physical phenomena, founding hydrostatics and statics.", "Archimedes' achievements in this area include a proof of the principle of the lever, the widespread use of the concept of center of gravity, and the enunciation of the law of buoyancy.", "He is also credited with designing innovative machines, such as his screw pump, compound pulleys, and defensive war machines to protect his native Syracuse from invasion.", "Archimedes died during the siege of Syracuse, when he was killed by a Roman soldier despite orders that he should not be harmed.", "Cicero describes visiting Archimedes' tomb, which was surmounted by a sphere and a cylinder, which Archimedes had requested be placed on his tomb to represent his mathematical discoveries.", "Unlike his inventions, Archimedes' mathematical writings were little known in antiquity.", "Mathematicians from Alexandria read and quoted him, but the first comprehensive compilation was not made until by Isidore of Miletus in Byzantine Constantinople, while commentaries on the works of Archimedes by Eutocius in the 6th century opened them to wider readership for the first time.", "The relatively few copies of Archimedes' written work that survived through the Middle Ages were an influential source of ideas for scientists during the Renaissance and again in the 17th century, while the discovery in 1906 of previously lost works by Archimedes in the Archimedes Palimpsest has provided new insights into how he obtained mathematical results.", "Biography\n\nArchimedes was born c. 287 BC in the seaport city of Syracuse, Sicily, at that time a self-governing colony in Magna Graecia.", "The date of birth is based on a statement by the Byzantine Greek historian John Tzetzes that Archimedes lived for 75 years before his death in 212 BC.", "In the Sand-Reckoner, Archimedes gives his father's name as Phidias, an astronomer about whom nothing else is known.", "A biography of Archimedes was written by his friend Heracleides, but this work has been lost, leaving the details of his life obscure.", "It is unknown, for instance, whether he ever married or had children, or if he ever visited Alexandria, Egypt, during his youth.", "From his surviving written works, it is clear that he maintained collegiate relations with scholars based there, including his friend Conon of Samos and the head librarian Eratosthenes of Cyrene.", "The standard versions of Archimedes' life were written long after his death by Greek and Roman historians.", "The earliest reference to Archimedes occurs in The Histories by Polybius ( 200–118 BC), written about 70 years after his death.", "It sheds little light on Archimedes as a person, and focuses on the war machines that he is said to have built in order to defend the city from the Romans.", "Polybius remarks how, during the Second Punic War, Syracuse switched allegiances from Rome to Carthage, resulting in a military campaign to take the city under the command of Marcus Claudius Marcellus and Appius Claudius Pulcher, which lasted from 213 to 212 BC.", "He notes that the Romans underestimated Syracuse's defenses, and mentions several machines Archimedes designed, including improved catapults, cranelike machines that could be swung around in an arc, and stone-throwers.", "Although the Romans ultimately captured the city, they suffered considerable losses due to Archimedes' inventiveness.", "Cicero (106–43 BC) mentions Archimedes in some of his works.", "While serving as a quaestor in Sicily, Cicero found what was presumed to be Archimedes' tomb near the Agrigentine gate in Syracuse, in a neglected condition and overgrown with bushes.", "Cicero had the tomb cleaned up and was able to see the carving and read some of the verses that had been added as an inscription.", "The tomb carried a sculpture illustrating Archimedes' favorite mathematical proof, that the volume and surface area of the sphere are two-thirds that of the cylinder including its bases.", "He also mentions that Marcellus brought to Rome two planetariums Archimedes built.", "The Roman historian Livy (59 BC–17 AD) retells Polybius' story of the capture of Syracuse and Archimedes' role in it.", "Plutarch (45–119 AD) wrote in his Parallel Lives that Archimedes was related to King Hiero II, the ruler of Syracuse.", "He also provides at least two accounts on how Archimedes died after the city was taken.", "According to the most popular account, Archimedes was contemplating a mathematical diagram when the city was captured.", "A Roman soldier commanded him to come and meet Marcellus, but he declined, saying that he had to finish working on the problem.", "This enraged the soldier, who killed Archimedes with his sword.", "Another story has Archimedes carrying mathematical instruments before being killed because a soldier thought they were valuable items.", "Marcellus was reportedly angered by Archimedes' death, as he considered him a valuable scientific asset (he called Archimedes \"a geometrical Briareus\") and had ordered that he should not be harmed.", "The last words attributed to Archimedes are \"Do not disturb my circles\" (Latin, \"Noli turbare circulos meos\"; Katharevousa Greek, \"μὴ μου τοὺς κύκλους τάραττε\"), a reference to the circles in the mathematical drawing that he was supposedly studying when disturbed by the Roman soldier.", "There is no reliable evidence that Archimedes uttered these words and they do not appear in Plutarch's account.", "A similar quotation is found in the work of Valerius Maximus (fl.", "30 AD), who wrote in Memorable Doings and Sayings, \"\" (\"... but protecting the dust with his hands, said 'I beg of you, do not disturb this).", "Discoveries and inventions\n\nArchimedes' principle\n\nThe most widely known anecdote about Archimedes tells of how he invented a method for determining the volume of an object with an irregular shape.", "According to Vitruvius, a votive crown for a temple had been made for King Hiero II of Syracuse, who had supplied the pure gold to be used; Archimedes was asked to determine whether some silver had been substituted by the dishonest goldsmith.", "Archimedes had to solve the problem without damaging the crown, so he could not melt it down into a regularly shaped body in order to calculate its density.", "In Vitruvius' account, Archimedes noticed while taking a bath that the level of the water in the tub rose as he got in, and realized that this effect could be used to determine the crown's volume.", "For practical purposes water is incompressible, so the submerged crown would displace an amount of water equal to its own volume.", "By dividing the mass of the crown by the volume of water displaced, the density of the crown could be obtained.", "This density would be lower than that of gold if cheaper and less dense metals had been added.", "Archimedes then took to the streets naked, so excited by his discovery that he had forgotten to dress, crying \"Eureka!\"", "(, heúrēka!, ).", "The test on the crown was conducted successfully, proving that silver had indeed been mixed in.", "The story of the golden crown does not appear anywhere in Archimedes' known works.", "The practicality of the method it describes has been called into question due to the extreme accuracy that would be required while measuring the water displacement.", "Archimedes may have instead sought a solution that applied the principle known in hydrostatics as Archimedes' principle, which he describes in his treatise On Floating Bodies.", "This principle states that a body immersed in a fluid experiences a buoyant force equal to the weight of the fluid it displaces.", "Using this principle, it would have been possible to compare the density of the crown to that of pure gold by balancing the crown on a scale with a pure gold reference sample of the same weight, then immersing the apparatus in water.", "The difference in density between the two samples would cause the scale to tip accordingly.", "Galileo Galilei, who in 1586 invented a hydrostatic balance for weighing metals in air and water inspired by the work of Archimedes, considered it \"probable that this method is the same that Archimedes followed, since, besides being very accurate, it is based on demonstrations found by Archimedes himself.\"", "Archimedes' screw\n\nA large part of Archimedes' work in engineering probably arose from fulfilling the needs of his home city of Syracuse.", "The Greek writer Athenaeus of Naucratis described how King Hiero II commissioned Archimedes to design a huge ship, the Syracusia, which could be used for luxury travel, carrying supplies, and as a naval warship.", "The Syracusia is said to have been the largest ship built in classical antiquity.", "According to Athenaeus, it was capable of carrying 600 people and included garden decorations, a gymnasium and a temple dedicated to the goddess Aphrodite among its facilities.", "Since a ship of this size would leak a considerable amount of water through the hull, Archimedes' screw was purportedly developed in order to remove the bilge water.", "Archimedes' machine was a device with a revolving screw-shaped blade inside a cylinder.", "It was turned by hand, and could also be used to transfer water from a body of water into irrigation canals.", "Archimedes' screw is still in use today for pumping liquids and granulated solids such as coal and grain.", "Described in Roman times by Vitruvius, Archimedes' screw may have been an improvement on a screw pump that was used to irrigate the Hanging Gardens of Babylon.", "The world's first seagoing steamship with a screw propeller was the SS Archimedes, which was launched in 1839 and named in honor of Archimedes and his work on the screw.", "Claw of Archimedes\nThe Claw of Archimedes is a weapon that he is said to have designed in order to defend the city of Syracuse.", "Also known as \"the ship shaker\", the claw consisted of a crane-like arm from which a large metal grappling hook was suspended.", "When the claw was dropped onto an attacking ship the arm would swing upwards, lifting the ship out of the water and possibly sinking it.", "There have been modern experiments to test the feasibility of the claw, and in 2005 a television documentary entitled Superweapons of the Ancient World built a version of the claw and concluded that it was a workable device.", "Heat ray\n\nArchimedes may have used mirrors acting collectively as a parabolic reflector to burn ships attacking Syracuse.", "The 2nd-century author Lucian wrote that during the siege of Syracuse (c. 214–212 BC), Archimedes destroyed enemy ships with fire.", "Centuries later, Anthemius of Tralles mentions burning-glasses as Archimedes' weapon.", "The device, sometimes called the \"Archimedes heat ray\", was used to focus sunlight onto approaching ships, causing them to catch fire.", "In the modern era, similar devices have been constructed and may be referred to as a heliostat or solar furnace.", "This purported weapon has been the subject of an ongoing debate about its credibility since the Renaissance.", "René Descartes rejected it as false, while modern researchers have attempted to recreate the effect using only the means that would have been available to Archimedes.", "It has been suggested that a large array of highly polished bronze or copper shields acting as mirrors could have been employed to focus sunlight onto a ship.", "Lever \nWhile Archimedes did not invent the lever, he gave a mathematical proof of the principle involved in his work On the Equilibrium of Planes.", "Earlier descriptions of the lever are found in the Peripatetic school of the followers of Aristotle, and are sometimes attributed to Archytas.", "There are several, often conflicting, reports regarding Archimedes' feats using the lever to lift very heavy objects.", "Plutarch describes how Archimedes designed block-and-tackle pulley systems, allowing sailors to use the principle of leverage to lift objects that would otherwise have been too heavy to move.", "According to Pappus of Alexandria, Archimedes' work on levers caused him to remark: \"Give me a place to stand on, and I will move the Earth\" ().", "Olympiodorus later attributed the same boast to Archimedes' invention of the baroulkos, a kind of windlass, rather than the lever.", "Archimedes has also been credited with improving the power and accuracy of the catapult, and with inventing the odometer during the First Punic War.", "The odometer was described as a cart with a gear mechanism that dropped a ball into a container after each mile traveled.", "Astronomical instruments \nArchimedes discusses astronomical measurements of the Earth, Sun, and Moon, as well as Aristarchus' heliocentric model of the universe, in the Sand-Reckoner.", "Despite a lack of trigonometry and a table of chords, Archimedes describes the procedure and instrument used to make observations (a straight rod with pegs or grooves), applies correction factors to these measurements, and finally gives the result in the form of upper and lower bounds to account for observational error.", "Ptolemy, quoting Hipparchus, also references Archimedes' solstice observations in the Almagest.", "This would make Archimedes the first known Greek to have recorded multiple solstice dates and times in successive years.", "Cicero mentions Archimedes briefly in his dialogue De re publica, which portrays a fictional conversation taking place in 129 BC.", "After the capture of Syracuse c. 212 BC, General Marcus Claudius Marcellus is said to have taken back to Rome two mechanisms, constructed by Archimedes and used as aids in astronomy, that showed the motion of the Sun, Moon and five planets.", "Cicero mentions similar mechanisms designed by Thales of Miletus and Eudoxus of Cnidus.", "The dialogue says that Marcellus kept one of the devices as his only personal loot from Syracuse, and donated the other to the Temple of Virtue in Rome.", "Marcellus' mechanism was demonstrated, according to Cicero, by Gaius Sulpicius Gallus to Lucius Furius Philus, who described it thus:\n\nThis is a description of a planetarium or orrery.", "Pappus of Alexandria stated that Archimedes had written a manuscript (now lost) on the construction of these mechanisms entitled On Sphere-Making.", "Modern research in this area has been focused on the Antikythera mechanism, another device built  BC that was probably designed for the same purpose.", "Constructing mechanisms of this kind would have required a sophisticated knowledge of differential gearing.", "This was once thought to have been beyond the range of the technology available in ancient times, but the discovery of the Antikythera mechanism in 1902 has confirmed that devices of this kind were known to the ancient Greeks.", "Mathematics\nWhile he is often regarded as a designer of mechanical devices, Archimedes also made contributions to the field of mathematics.", "Plutarch wrote that Archimedes \"placed his whole affection and ambition in those purer speculations where there can be no reference to the vulgar needs of life\", though some scholars believe this may be a mischaracterization.", "Method of exhaustion \n\nArchimedes was able to use indivisibles (a precursor to infinitesimals) in a way that is similar to modern integral calculus.", "Through proof by contradiction (reductio ad absurdum), he could give answers to problems to an arbitrary degree of accuracy, while specifying the limits within which the answer lay.", "This technique is known as the method of exhaustion, and he employed it to approximate the areas of figures and the value of π.", "In Measurement of a Circle, he did this by drawing a larger regular hexagon outside a circle then a smaller regular hexagon inside the circle, and progressively doubling the number of sides of each regular polygon, calculating the length of a side of each polygon at each step.", "As the number of sides increases, it becomes a more accurate approximation of a circle.", "After four such steps, when the polygons had 96 sides each, he was able to determine that the value of π lay between 3 (approx.", "3.1429) and 3 (approx.", "3.1408), consistent with its actual value of approximately 3.1416.", "He also proved that the area of a circle was equal to π multiplied by the square of the radius of the circle ().", "Archimedean property \nIn On the Sphere and Cylinder, Archimedes postulates that any magnitude when added to itself enough times will exceed any given magnitude.", "Today this is known as the Archimedean property of real numbers.", "Archimedes gives the value of the square root of 3 as lying between (approximately 1.7320261) and (approximately 1.7320512) in Measurement of a Circle.", "The actual value is approximately 1.7320508, making this a very accurate estimate.", "He introduced this result without offering any explanation of how he had obtained it.", "This aspect of the work of Archimedes caused John Wallis to remark that he was: \"as it were of set purpose to have covered up the traces of his investigation as if he had grudged posterity the secret of his method of inquiry while he wished to extort from them assent to his results.\"", "It is possible that he used an iterative procedure to calculate these values.", "The infinite series \n\nIn Quadrature of the Parabola, Archimedes proved that the area enclosed by a parabola and a straight line is times the area of a corresponding inscribed triangle as shown in the figure at right.", "He expressed the solution to the problem as an infinite geometric series with the common ratio :\n\nIf the first term in this series is the area of the triangle, then the second is the sum of the areas of two triangles whose bases are the two smaller secant lines, and whose third vertex is where the line that is parallel to the parabola's axis and that passes through the midpoint of the base intersects the parabola, and so on.", "This proof uses a variation of the series which sums to .", "Myriad of myriads \nIn The Sand Reckoner, Archimedes set out to calculate the number of grains of sand that the universe could contain.", "In doing so, he challenged the notion that the number of grains of sand was too large to be counted.", "He wrote:There are some, King Gelo (Gelo II, son of Hiero II), who think that the number of the sand is infinite in multitude; and I mean by the sand not only that which exists about Syracuse and the rest of Sicily but also that which is found in every region whether inhabited or uninhabited.To solve the problem, Archimedes devised a system of counting based on the myriad.", "The word itself derives from the Greek , for the number 10,000.", "He proposed a number system using powers of a myriad of myriads (100 million, i.e., 10,000 x 10,000) and concluded that the number of grains of sand required to fill the universe would be 8 vigintillion, or 8.", "Writings\n\nThe works of Archimedes were written in Doric Greek, the dialect of ancient Syracuse.", "The written work of Archimedes has not survived as well as that of Euclid, and seven of his treatises are known to have existed only through references made to them by other authors.", "Pappus of Alexandria mentions On Sphere-Making and another work on polyhedra, while Theon of Alexandria quotes a remark about refraction from the Catoptrica.", "Archimedes made his work known through correspondence with the mathematicians in Alexandria.", "The writings of Archimedes were first collected by the Byzantine Greek architect Isidore of Miletus (c. 530 AD), while commentaries on the works of Archimedes written by Eutocius in the sixth century AD helped to bring his work a wider audience.", "Archimedes' work was translated into Arabic by Thābit ibn Qurra (836–901 AD), and into Latin by Gerard of Cremona (c. 1114–1187 AD) and William of Moerbeke (c. 1215–1286 AD).", "During the Renaissance, the Editio princeps (First Edition) was published in Basel in 1544 by Johann Herwagen with the works of Archimedes in Greek and Latin.", "Surviving works\nThe following are ordered chronologically based on new terminological and historical criteria set by Knorr (1978) and Sato (1986).", "Measurement of a Circle \n\nThis is a short work consisting of three propositions.", "It is written in the form of a correspondence with Dositheus of Pelusium, who was a student of Conon of Samos.", "In Proposition II, Archimedes gives an approximation of the value of pi (), showing that it is greater than and less than .", "The Sand Reckoner \n\nIn this treatise, also known as Psammites, Archimedes counts the number of grains of sand that will fit inside the universe.", "This book mentions the heliocentric theory of the solar system proposed by Aristarchus of Samos, as well as contemporary ideas about the size of the Earth and the distance between various celestial bodies.", "By using a system of numbers based on powers of the myriad, Archimedes concludes that the number of grains of sand required to fill the universe is 8 in modern notation.", "The introductory letter states that Archimedes' father was an astronomer named Phidias.", "The Sand Reckoner is the only surviving work in which Archimedes discusses his views on astronomy.", "Quadrature of the Parabola \n\nIn this work of 24 propositions addressed to Dositheus, Archimedes proves by two methods that the area enclosed by a parabola and a straight line is 4/3 multiplied by the area of a triangle with equal base and height.", "He achieves this by calculating the value of a geometric series that sums to infinity with the ratio .", "On the Equilibrium of Planes \n\nThere are two books to On the Equilibrium of Planes: the first contains seven postulates and fifteen propositions, while the second book contains ten propositions.", "In the first work, Archimedes proves the Law of the lever, which states that:\n\nArchimedes uses the principles derived to calculate the areas and centers of gravity of various geometric figures including triangles, parallelograms and parabolas.", "On the Sphere and Cylinder \n\nIn this two-volume treatise addressed to Dositheus, Archimedes obtains the result of which he was most proud, namely the relationship between a sphere and a circumscribed cylinder of the same height and diameter.", "The volume is 3 for the sphere, and 23 for the cylinder.", "The surface area is 42 for the sphere, and 62 for the cylinder (including its two bases), where is the radius of the sphere and cylinder.", "The sphere has a volume that of the circumscribed cylinder.", "Similarly, the sphere has an area that of the cylinder (including the bases).", "On Spirals \n\nThis work of 28 propositions is also addressed to Dositheus.", "The treatise defines what is now called the Archimedean spiral.", "It is the locus of points corresponding to the locations over time of a point moving away from a fixed point with a constant speed along a line which rotates with constant angular velocity.", "Equivalently, in polar coordinates (, ) it can be described by the equation with real numbers and .", "This is an early example of a mechanical curve (a curve traced by a moving point) considered by a Greek mathematician.", "On Conoids and Spheroids \n\nThis is a work in 32 propositions addressed to Dositheus.", "In this treatise Archimedes calculates the areas and volumes of sections of cones, spheres, and paraboloids.", "On Floating Bodies \n\nIn the first part of this two-volume treatise, Archimedes spells out the law of equilibrium of fluids and proves that water will adopt a spherical form around a center of gravity.", "This may have been an attempt at explaining the theory of contemporary Greek astronomers such as Eratosthenes that the Earth is round.", "The fluids described by Archimedes are not since he assumes the existence of a point towards which all things fall in order to derive the spherical shape.", "In the second part, he calculates the equilibrium positions of sections of paraboloids.", "This was probably an idealization of the shapes of ships' hulls.", "Some of his sections float with the base under water and the summit above water, similar to the way that icebergs float.", "Archimedes' principle of buoyancy is given in the work, stated as follows:Any body wholly or partially immersed in fluid experiences an upthrust equal to, but opposite in sense to, the weight of the fluid displaced.", "Ostomachion \n\nAlso known as Loculus of Archimedes or Archimedes' Box, this is a dissection puzzle similar to a Tangram, and the treatise describing it was found in more complete form in the Archimedes Palimpsest.", "Archimedes calculates the areas of the 14 pieces which can be assembled to form a square.", "Research published by Dr. Reviel Netz of Stanford University in 2003 argued that Archimedes was attempting to determine how many ways the pieces could be assembled into the shape of a square.", "Netz calculates that the pieces can be made into a square 17,152 ways.", "The number of arrangements is 536 when solutions that are equivalent by rotation and reflection have been excluded.", "The puzzle represents an example of an early problem in combinatorics.", "The origin of the puzzle's name is unclear, and it has been suggested that it is taken from the Ancient Greek word for 'throat' or 'gullet', stomachos ().", "Ausonius refers to the puzzle as , a Greek compound word formed from the roots of () and ().", "The cattle problem \n\nThis work was discovered by Gotthold Ephraim Lessing in a Greek manuscript consisting of a poem of 44 lines, in the Herzog August Library in Wolfenbüttel, Germany in 1773.", "It is addressed to Eratosthenes and the mathematicians in Alexandria.", "Archimedes challenges them to count the numbers of cattle in the Herd of the Sun by solving a number of simultaneous Diophantine equations.", "There is a more difficult version of the problem in which some of the answers are required to be square numbers.", "This version of the problem was first solved by A. Amthor in 1880, and the answer is a very large number, approximately 7.760271.", "The Method of Mechanical Theorems \n\nThis treatise was thought lost until the discovery of the Archimedes Palimpsest in 1906.", "In this work Archimedes uses indivisibles, and shows how breaking up a figure into an infinite number of infinitely small parts can be used to determine its area or volume.", "Archimedes may have considered this method lacking in formal rigor, so he also used the method of exhaustion to derive the results.", "As with The Cattle Problem, The Method of Mechanical Theorems was written in the form of a letter to Eratosthenes in Alexandria.", "Apocryphal works\nArchimedes' Book of Lemmas or Liber Assumptorum is a treatise with fifteen propositions on the nature of circles.", "The earliest known copy of the text is in Arabic.", "The scholars T. L. Heath and Marshall Clagett argued that it cannot have been written by Archimedes in its current form, since it quotes Archimedes, suggesting modification by another author.", "The Lemmas may be based on an earlier work by Archimedes that is now lost.", "It has also been claimed that Heron's formula for calculating the area of a triangle from the length of its sides was known to Archimedes.", "The earliest reliable reference to the formula is given by Heron of Alexandria in the 1st century AD.", "Archimedes Palimpsest\n\nThe foremost document containing the work of Archimedes is the Archimedes Palimpsest.", "In 1906, the Danish professor Johan Ludvig Heiberg visited Constantinople to examined a 174-page goatskin parchment of prayers, written in the 13th century AD, after reading a short transcription published seven years earlier by Papadopoulos-Kerameus.", "He confirmed that it was indeed a palimpsest, a document with text that had been written over an erased older work.", "Palimpsests were created by scraping the ink from existing works and reusing them, which was a common practice in the Middle Ages as vellum was expensive.", "The older works in the palimpsest were identified by scholars as 10th century AD copies of previously lost treatises by Archimedes.", "The parchment spent hundreds of years in a monastery library in Constantinople before being sold to a private collector in the 1920s.", "On 29 October 1998, it was sold at auction to an anonymous buyer for $2 million at Christie's in New York.", "The palimpsest holds seven treatises, including the only surviving copy of On Floating Bodies in the original Greek.", "It is the only known source of The Method of Mechanical Theorems, referred to by Suidas and thought to have been lost forever.", "Stomachion was also discovered in the palimpsest, with a more complete analysis of the puzzle than had been found in previous texts.", "The palimpsest was stored at the Walters Art Museum in Baltimore, Maryland, where it was subjected to a range of modern tests including the use of ultraviolet and light to read the overwritten text.", "It has since returned to its anonymous owner.", "The treatises in the Archimedes Palimpsest include:\n On the Equilibrium of Planes\n On Spirals\n Measurement of a Circle\n On the Sphere and Cylinder\n On Floating Bodies\n The Method of Mechanical Theorems\n Stomachion\n Speeches by the 4th century BC politician Hypereides\n A commentary on Aristotle's Categories\n Other works\n\nLegacy\n\nSometimes referred to as the father of mathematics and mathematical physics, Archimedes had a wide influence on mathematics and science.", "Mathematics and physics \n\nHistorians of science and mathematics almost universally agree that Archimedes was the finest mathematician from antiquity.", "Eric Temple Bell, for instance, wrote: \n\nLikewise, Alfred North Whitehead and George F. Simmons said of Archimedes:\n\nReviel Netz, Suppes Professor in Greek Mathematics and Astronomy at Stanford University and an expert in Archimedes notes:\n\nLeonardo da Vinci repeatedly expressed admiration for Archimedes, and attributed his invention Architonnerre to Archimedes.", "Galileo referred to him as a \"superhuman\" and as \"my master\", while Huygens remarked \"I think Archimedes is comparable to no one\" and modeled his work after him.", "Leibniz said \"He who understands Archimedes and Apollonius will admire less the achievements of the foremost men of later times.\"", "Gauss' heroes were Archimedes and Newton, and Moritz Cantor, who studied under him in the University of Göttingen, reported that he once remarked in conversation that “there had been only three epoch-making mathematicians: Archimedes, Newton, and Eisenstein.\"", "The inventor Nikola Tesla praised him, saying:\n\nAttempts at reconstruction \n\nIn a 12th-century text titled Mappae clavicula there are instructions on how to perform the weighings in the water in order to calculate the percentage of silver used, and to solve the problem.", "The Latin poem Carmen de ponderibus et mensuris of the 4th or 5th century describes the use of a hydrostatic balance to solve the problem of the crown, and attributes the method to Archimedes.", "A test of the Archimedes heat ray was carried out in 1973 by the Greek scientist Ioannis Sakkas.", "The experiment took place at the Skaramagas naval base outside Athens.", "On this occasion 70 mirrors were used, each with a copper coating and a size of around .", "The mirrors were pointed at a plywood of a Roman warship at a distance of around .", "When the mirrors were focused accurately, the ship burst into flames within a few seconds.", "The plywood ship had a coating of tar paint, which may have aided combustion.", "A coating of tar would have been commonplace on ships in the classical era.", "In October 2005 a group of students from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology carried out an experiment with 127 one-foot (30 cm) square mirror tiles, focused on a wooden ship at a range of around .", "Flames broke out on a patch of the ship, but only after the sky had been cloudless and the ship had remained stationary for around ten minutes.", "It was concluded that the device was a feasible weapon under these conditions.", "The MIT group repeated the experiment for the television show MythBusters, using a wooden fishing boat in San Francisco as the target.", "Again some charring occurred, along with a small amount of flame.", "In order to catch fire, wood needs to reach its autoignition temperature, which is around .", "When MythBusters broadcast the result of the San Francisco experiment in January 2006, the claim was placed in the category of \"busted\" (i.e.", "failed) because of the length of time and the ideal weather conditions required for combustion to occur.", "It was also pointed out that since Syracuse faces the sea towards the east, the Roman fleet would have had to attack during the morning for optimal gathering of light by the mirrors.", "MythBusters also pointed out that conventional weaponry, such as flaming arrows or bolts from a catapult, would have been a far easier way of setting a ship on fire at short distances.", "In December 2010, MythBusters again looked at the heat ray story in a special edition entitled \"President's Challenge\".", "Several experiments were carried out, including a large scale test with 500 schoolchildren aiming mirrors at a of a Roman sailing ship away.", "In all of the experiments, the sail failed to reach the required to catch fire, and the verdict was again \"busted\".", "The show concluded that a more likely effect of the mirrors would have been blinding, dazzling, or distracting the crew of the ship.", "Honors and commemorations \n\nThere is a crater on the Moon named Archimedes () in his honor, as well as a lunar mountain range, the Montes Archimedes ().", "The Fields Medal for outstanding achievement in mathematics carries a portrait of Archimedes, along with a carving illustrating his proof on the sphere and the cylinder.", "The inscription around the head of Archimedes is a quote attributed to 1st century AD poet Manilius, which reads in Latin: Transire suum pectus mundoque potiri (\"Rise above oneself and grasp the world\").", "Archimedes has appeared on postage stamps issued by East Germany (1973), Greece (1983), Italy (1983), Nicaragua (1971), San Marino (1982), and Spain (1963).", "The exclamation of Eureka!", "attributed to Archimedes is the state motto of California.", "In this instance, the word refers to the discovery of gold near Sutter's Mill in 1848 which sparked the California Gold Rush.", "See also\n\nConcepts\n Arbelos\n Archimedean point\n Archimedes' axiom\n Archimedes number\n Archimedes paradox\n Archimedean solid\n Archimedes' twin circles\n Methods of computing square roots\n Salinon\n Steam cannon\n Trammel of Archimedes\n\nPeople\n Diocles\n Pseudo-Archimedes\n Zhang Heng\n\nReferences\n\nNotes\n\nCitations\n\nFurther reading\n\nBoyer, Carl Benjamin.", "1991.", "A History of Mathematics.", "New York: Wiley. .\nClagett, Marshall.", "1964–1984.", "Archimedes in the Middle Ages 1–5.", "Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.", "Dijksterhuis, Eduard J.", "[1938] 1987.", "Archimedes, translated.", "Princeton: Princeton University Press. .\nGow, Mary.", "2005.", "Archimedes: Mathematical Genius of the Ancient World.", "Enslow Publishing. .\nHasan, Heather.", "2005.", "Archimedes: The Father of Mathematics.", "Rosen Central. .\nHeath, Thomas L. 1897.", "Works of Archimedes.", "Dover Publications. .", "Complete works of Archimedes in English.", "Netz, Reviel, and William Noel.", "2007.", "The Archimedes Codex.", "Orion Publishing Group. .\nPickover, Clifford A.", "2008.", "Archimedes to Hawking: Laws of Science and the Great Minds Behind Them.", "Oxford University Press. .\nSimms, Dennis L. 1995.", "Archimedes the Engineer.", "Continuum International Publishing Group. .\nStein, Sherman.", "1999.", "Archimedes: What Did He Do Besides Cry Eureka?.", "Mathematical Association of America. .", "External links \n\nHeiberg's Edition of Archimedes.", "Texts in Classical Greek, with some in English.", "The Archimedes Palimpsest project at The Walters Art Museum in Baltimore, Maryland\n \n \n Testing the Archimedes steam cannon\n\n \n3rd-century BC Greek people\n3rd-century BC writers\nPeople from Syracuse, Sicily\nAncient Greek engineers\nAncient Greek inventors\nAncient Greek mathematicians\nAncient Greek physicists\nHellenistic-era philosophers\nDoric Greek writers\nSicilian Greeks\nMathematicians from Sicily\nScientists from Sicily\nGeometers\nAncient Greeks who were murdered\nAncient Syracusans\nFluid dynamicists\nBuoyancy\n280s BC births\n210s BC deaths\nYear of birth uncertain\nYear of death uncertain\n3rd-century BC mathematicians" ]

[ "The Greek mathematician, physicist, engineer, astronomer, and inventor from the ancient city of Syracuse in Sicily was named Archimedes.", "Few details of his life are known, but he is considered to be one of the leading scientists in antiquity.", "Considered to be the greatest mathematician of ancient history, and one of the greatest of all time, Archimedes anticipated modern analysis by applying the concept of the infinitely small and the method of exhaustion to derive and rigorously prove a range of geometric theorems.", "The spiral that now bears his name is one of the mathematical achievements of Archimedes.", "He was one of the first to apply mathematics to physical phenomena.", "There is a proof of the principle of the lever, widespread use of the concept of center of gravity, and the enunciation of the law of buoyancy.", "His screw pump, compound pulleys, and defensive war machines were designed to protect his native Syracuse from invasion.", "During the siege of Syracuse, he was killed by a Roman soldier despite orders not to be harmed.", "The tomb was surmounted by a sphere and a cylinder, which was placed on it to represent his mathematical discoveries.", "In antiquity, the mathematical writings of Archimedes were little known.", "Isidore of Miletus in Constantinople made the first comprehensive compendium in Byzantine Constantinople in the 6th century, but commentaries on the works of Archimedes by Eutocius opened them to a wider audience for the first time.", "During the Renaissance and again in the 17th century, scientists used the relatively few copies of Archimedes' written work that survived through the Middle Ages as an influential source of ideas.", "The self-governing colony of Magna Graecia, which was located in Syracuse, Sicily, at the time, was where Archimedes was born.", "The date of birth is based on a statement by John Tzetzes, a Byzantine Greek historian.", "In the Sand-Reckoner, the astronomer's name is given to him by his son.", "Heracleides wrote a biography of Archimedes, but it has been lost, leaving the details of his life obscure.", "It is not known if he ever married or had children, or if he ever visited Alexandria during his youth.", "He maintained collegiate relations with scholars based there, including his friend Conon of Samos and the head librarian Eratosthenes of Cyrene.", "After his death, Greek and Roman historians wrote the standard versions of his life.", "Polybius wrote The Histories by Polybius about 70 years after his death.", "It focuses on the war machines that Archimedes is said to have built in order to defend the city from the Romans.", "Polybius explains how, during the Second Punic War, Syracuse switched loyalties from Rome to Carthage, leading to a military campaign to take the city under the command of Marcus Claudius Marcellus and Appius Claudius Pulcher.", "Improvements to catapults, cranelike machines, and stone-throwers were designed by Archimedes, and he mentions that the Romans underestimated Syracuse's defenses.", "The Romans suffered a lot of losses due to their inventiveness.", "Cicero mentioned Archimedes in some of his works.", "While serving as a quaestor in Sicily, Cicero discovered a tomb that was overgrown with bushes and was thought to be that of Archimedes.", "Cicero was able to read some of the inscriptions that had been added to the tomb after it was cleaned.", "The sculpture shows that the volume and surface area of the sphere are two-thirds that of the cylinder.", "He mentions that the two Rome planetariums were built by Archimedes.", "Polybius' story of the capture of Syracuse is told by the Roman historian Livy.", "King Hiero II, the ruler of Syracuse, was related to Plutarch in his Parallel Lives.", "He gives at least two accounts of how the city was taken.", "When the city was captured, according to the most popular account, Archimedes was thinking about a mathematical diagram.", "A Roman soldier commanded him to come and meet Marcellus, but he declined, saying that he had to finish working on the problem.", "The soldier killed Archimedes with his sword.", "One story has a mathematician being killed by a soldier because he was carrying mathematical instruments.", "He ordered that he should not be harmed, as he considered him a valuable scientific asset.", "\"Do not disturb my circles\" is a reference to the circles in the mathematical drawing.", "There is no evidence that these words were uttered by Archimedes.", "There is a quotation in the work of Valerius.", "He said \"I beg of you, do not disturb this\" while protecting the dust with his hands.", "A method for determining the volume of an object with an irregular shape was invented by Archimedes.", "The votive crown was made for King Hiero II of Syracuse, who had supplied the pure gold to be used, and was asked to determine whether some silver had been replaced by the dishonest goldsmith.", "The problem had to be solved without damaging the crown so that he could calculate its density.", "The crown's volume was determined by the effect that the level of the water in the tub had on the level of the bath.", "The submerged crown would displace an amount of water equal to its own volume.", "The density of the crown could be obtained by dividing the mass of the crown by the volume of water displaced.", "If cheaper and less dense metals had been added, the density would be lower.", "After discovering that he had forgotten to dress, he took to the streets naked, crying \"Eureka!\"", "Herka!", "The test on the crown proved that silver had been mixed in.", "The story of the golden crown is not in any of the works.", "The practicality of the method it describes has been called into question due to the extreme accuracy that would be required while measuring the water displacement.", "In his book On Floating Bodies, he describes a solution that applied the principle known as Archimedes' principle.", "The principle states that a body immersed in a fluid experiences a force equal to the weight of the fluid it displaces.", "It would have been possible to compare the density of the crown to that of pure gold by balancing the crown on a scale with a pure gold reference sample of the same weight.", "The scale would tip due to the density difference between the two samples.", "The method of weighing metals in air and water inspired by the work of Archimedes was invented by Galileo Galilei.", "The needs of his home city of Syracuse probably led to a large part of the work that Archimedes did in engineering.", "According to the Greek writer, King Hiero II ordered the design of a huge ship, the Syracusia, which could be used for luxury travel, carrying supplies, and as a naval warship.", "The largest ship built in antiquity was said to be the Syracusia.", "It was capable of carrying 600 people and had a temple dedicated to the goddess Aphrodite.", "Since a ship of this size would leak a lot of water through the hull, a screw was developed to remove the water.", "The machine was a cylinder with a revolving screw-shaped blade.", "It could be used to transfer water from a body of water to irrigation canals.", "The screw is still in use for pumping liquids.", "In Roman times, a screw pump was used to irrigate the Hanging Gardens of Babylon.", "The world's first seagoing steamship with a screw propeller was launched in 1839 and named in honor of the inventor of the screw.", "He is said to have designed a weapon to defend the city of Syracuse.", "The claw consisted of a crane-like arm from which a large metal grappling hook was suspended.", "When the claw was dropped onto a ship, the arm would swing upwards, lifting the ship out of the water and possibly sinking it.", "There have been modern experiments to test the feasibility of the claw, and in 2005 a television documentary called Superweapons of the Ancient World built a version of the claw and concluded that it was a workable device.", "The ships attacking Syracuse may have been burned using mirrors.", "Lucian wrote that during the siege of Syracuse, the ships of the enemy were destroyed with fire.", "Anthemius of Tralles mentioned burning-glasses as a weapon.", "The device was used to focus sunlight onto ships and cause them to catch fire.", "Similar devices have been constructed in the modern era and may be referred to as a solar furnace.", "This weapon has been the subject of debate since the Renaissance.", "The effect was rejected as false by René Descartes while modern researchers tried to recreate it.", "A large array of highly polished bronze or copper shields acting as mirrors could have been used to focus sunlight onto a ship.", "He gave a mathematical proof of the principle involved in his work on the equilibrium of planes.", "There are earlier descriptions of the lever found in the school of the followers of Aristotle.", "There are conflicting reports about the feats of Archimedes using the lever to lift heavy objects.", "The principle of leverage allowed sailors to use block-and-tackle pulley systems to lift objects that were too heavy to move.", "According to Pappus of Alexandria, the work on levers caused him to say: \"Give me a place to stand on and I will move the Earth\"", "Olympiodorus attributed the boast to the invention of the baroulkos, rather than the lever.", "The power and accuracy of the catapult, as well as the invention of the odometer during the First Punic War, have been credited with being improvements to the catapult.", "The cart with the gear mechanism that dropped the ball into the container was described as the odometer.", "Aristarchus' heliocentric model of the universe is discussed in the Sand-Reckoner.", "The procedure and instrument used to make observations, applies correction factors to these measurements, and finally gives the result in the form of upper and lower bounds to account for observational error are all described in the book.", "Ptolemy quotes Hipparchus and also references the solstice observations of Archimedes.", "This would make him the first known Greek to have recorded multiple solstice dates and times in a row.", "Cicero mentions a fictional conversation that took place in 129 BC in his dialogue De re publica.", "After the capture of Syracuse, General Marcus Claudius Marcellus is said to have taken back to Rome two mechanisms that showed the motion of the Sun, Moon and five planets.", "The mechanisms designed by Eudoxus of Cnidus and Thales of Miletus are mentioned by Cicero.", "One of the devices was kept in Syracuse and donated to the Temple of Virtue in Rome, according to the dialogue.", "This is a description of a planetarium or orrery, according to Cicero.", "According to Pappus of Alexandria, there is a lost manuscript on the construction of these mechanisms.", "A device built BC that was probably designed for the same purpose has been the focus of modern research.", "It would have been necessary to have a good knowledge of differential gears.", "This was once thought to be beyond the range of technology available in ancient times, but the discovery of the Antikythera mechanism in 1902 has confirmed that devices of this kind were known to the ancient Greeks.", "He made contributions to the field of mathematics while he was a designer of mechanical devices.", "Some scholars think that it may be a mistake to say that Archimedes placed his whole affection and ambition in those purer speculations.", "The method of exhaustion was able to use indivisibles in a way that is similar to modern integral calculus.", "He could give answers to problems to an arbitrary degree of accuracy, while specifying the limits of the answer.", "He used the method of exhaustion to approximate the areas of figures and the value of.", "In Measurement of a Circle, he used a larger regular hexagon outside a circle then a smaller one inside a circle to double the number of sides of each regular polygon.", "It becomes more accurate as the number of sides increases.", "He was able to determine that the value of lay between 3 and 96 after four steps.", "Approx. 3.1429 and 3.", "It is consistent with its actual value.", "The area of a circle was equal to the square of the circle's radius.", "The property in On the Sphere and Cylinder postulates that any magnitude when added to itself enough times will exceed any given magnitude.", "The property of real numbers is known as the Archimedean property.", "The square root of 3 is lying between 1.7320261 and 1.7320512 in the measurement of a circle.", "This is a very accurate estimate of the actual value.", "He didn't give an explanation of how he got this result.", "\"As it were of set purpose to have covered up the traces of his investigation as if he had grudged the secret of his method of inquiry while he wanted to extort from them assent to his results, John Wallis remarked.\"", "He could have used an iterative procedure to calculate these values.", "The area enclosed by a parabola and a straight line is times the area of a corresponding inscribed triangle as shown in the figure right was proved by the infinite series In Quadrature of the Parabola.", "If the first term is the area of the triangle, then the second term is the sum of the two smaller lines in the triangle, and the third term is the area of the triangle.", "The proof uses a variation of the series.", "The number of grains of sand that the universe could contain was calculated by Archimedes.", "He challenged the idea that the number of grains of sand wasn't large enough to be counted.", "There are some, King Gelo (Gelo II, son of Hiero II), who think that the number of the sand is infinite in number; and I mean by the sand not only that exists about Syracuse and the rest of Sicily, but also that which is found in every part of", "The Greek word for 10,000 is the word itself.", "The number of grains of sand required to fill the universe would be 8 if he had his way.", "Doric Greek is the dialect of ancient Syracuse.", "The written work of Archimedes has not survived as well as that of Euclid, and seven of his treatises are known to have existed only through references made to them by other authors.", "Pappus of Alexandria talks about On Sphere- Making and another work on polyhedra, while Theon of Alexandria talks about the Catoptrica.", "The mathematicians in Alexandria were the ones who made his work known.", "Isidore of Miletus, a Byzantine Greek architect, first collected the writings of Archimedes, while Eutocius wrote commentaries on his works in the sixth century AD.", "The work was translated into Arabic by Thbit ibn Qurra and into Latin by William of Moerbeke.", "The first edition of the Editio princeps was published in 1544.", "Surviving works are ordered chronologically based on new terminological and historical criteria.", "The work is called Measurement of a Circle.", "The student of Conon of Samos was a student of Dositheus of Pelusium.", "The value of pi is shown to be greater than and less than.", "The number of grains of sand that will fit inside the universe is counted in the Sand Reckoner.", "The heliocentric theory of the solar system proposed by Aristarchus of Samos is mentioned in the book.", "The number of grains of sand needed to fill the universe is 8 according to the system of numbers used by Archimedes.", "The introductory letter states that the father of Archimedes was an astronomer.", "The Sand Reckoner is the only work that talks about astronomy.", "The area enclosed by a parabola and a straight line is 4/3 divided by the area of a triangle with equal base and height.", "The value of a geometric series is calculated using the ratio.", "There are two books to On the Equilibrium of Planes, the first contains seven postulates and the second contains ten.", "According to the Law of the lever, the areas and centers of gravity of various geometric figures include triangles, parallelograms and parabolas.", "The relationship between a sphere and a circumscribed cylinder of the same height and diameter was the result of a two-volume treatise addressed to Dositheus.", "The sphere has a volume of 3 and the cylinder has a volume of 23.", "The sphere has a surface area of 42 and the cylinder has a surface area of 62.", "There is a volume of the circumscribed cylinder in the sphere.", "The sphere has an area similar to the cylinder.", "The work on Spirals is also addressed to Dositheus.", "The Archimedean spiral is defined by the treatise.", "It is the location of a point moving away from a fixed point with a constant speed along a line that rotates.", "It can be described by the equation with real numbers.", "A mechanical curve is a curve traced by a moving point.", "The work on Conoids and Spheroids is addressed to Dositheus.", "The areas and volumes of cones, spheres, and paraboloids are calculated in this treatise.", "The law of equilibrium of fluids is the subject of the first part of this two-volume treatise.", "This may have been an attempt to explain the theory of Eratosthenes that the Earth is round.", "Since he assumes the existence of a point towards which all things fall in order to derive the spherical shape, the fluids described by Archimedes are not.", "In the second part, he calculates the equilibrium positions.", "The shapes of ships' hull were idealized by this.", "The way that his sections float is similar to the way that an object floats on water.", "According to the work, any body immersed in fluid experiences an upthrust equal to, but opposite in sense to, the weight of the fluid displaced.", "The dissection puzzle known as Ostomachion is similar to a Tangram and was found in more complete form in the Archimedes Palimpsest.", "The 14 pieces can be assembled to form a square.", "According to research published in 2003 by Dr. Reviel Netz, the purpose of the piece was to determine how many ways it could be assembled into a square.", "The pieces can be made into a square.", "When solutions that are equivalent by rotation and reflection are excluded, the number of arrangements is 536.", "The puzzle is an example of an early problem.", "The Ancient Greek word for 'throat' or 'gullet' is thought to be the origin of the puzzle's name.", "The Greek compound word formed from the roots of () and ( is referred to as the puzzle.", "A Greek manuscript consisting of a poem of 44 lines was discovered in the August Library in Wolfenbttel, Germany.", "It was addressed to Eratosthenes and the mathematicians.", "They have to solve a number of simultaneous Diophantine equations to count the cattle in the Herd of the Sun.", "Some of the answers are required to be square numbers in a more difficult version of the problem.", "The first version of the problem was solved by A. Amthor in 1880, and the answer is a very large number.", "The Method of Mechanical Theorems was thought to have been lost until 1906.", "The work shows how breaking up a figure into infinitely small parts can be used to determine its area or volume.", "The method of exhaustion may have been used to derive the results because of the lack of formal rigor.", "The Method of Mechanical Theorems was written in a letter to Eratosthenes in Alexandria.", "The Book of Lemmas or Liber Assumptorum is a book that deals with the nature of circles.", "There is a copy of the text in Arabic.", "The scholars argued that since it quotes another author, it can't have been written by Archimedes.", "The Lemmas may be based on an earlier work.", "The formula for calculating the area of a triangle from the length of its sides is said to have been used by Archimedes.", "The first reliable reference to the formula was given in the 1st century AD.", "The work of Archimedes is contained in the Archimedes Palimpsest.", "The manuscript of prayers written in the 13th century AD was examined by a professor in 1906 after he read a short excerpt from a book by Papadopoulos-Kerameus.", "He confirmed that it was a palimpsest, a document with text that had been written over an older work.", "The practice of creating 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476 888-282-0476", "The older works in the palimpsest were identified by scholars as 10th century AD copies of previously lost treatises.", "The parchment was sold to a private collector in the 1920s after being in a monastery library for hundreds of years.", "An anonymous buyer paid $2 million for it at an auction at Christie's in New York in 1998.", "The only surviving copy of On Floating Bodies is in the palimpsest.", "Suidas referred to it as the only known source of The Method of Mechanical Theorems.", "Stomachion was found in the palimpsest with a more complete analysis of the puzzle than had been found in previous texts.", "The palimpsest was subjected to a range of modern tests, including the use of ultraviolet and light to read the overwritten text, when it was stored in Baltimore, Maryland.", "It was returned to its owner.", "On the Equilibrium of Planes On Spirals, Measurement of a Circle On the Sphere and Cylinder on Floating Bodies, and the Method of Mechanical Theorems Stomachion Speeches were written in the 4th century BC.", "Historians of science and mathematics agree that Archimedes was the best mathematician from antiquity.", "Reviel Netz, an expert in Greek mathematics and astronomy, said that Leonardo da Vinci repeatedly expressed admiration for Archimede.", "Galileo referred to him as a \"superhuman\" and as \"my master\", while Huygens remarked that he modeled his work after him.", "The achievements of the foremost men of later times will be less appreciated by the man who understands them.", "The University of Gttingen student who studied under Gauss reported that he once remarked that there had been only three mathematicians who had made a difference.", "In a 12th-century text titled Mappae clavicula there are instructions on how to perform the weighings in the water in order to calculate the percentage of silver used, and to solve the problem.", "The Latin poem Carmen de ponderibus et mensuris of the 4th or 5th century describes the use of a hydrostatic balance to solve the problem of the crown.", "A Greek scientist carried out a test on the heat rays from the Archimedes.", "The experiment took place at a naval base.", "70 mirrors were used, each with a copper coating and a size of around.", "At a distance, the mirrors were pointed at a plywood of a Roman warship.", "The ship burst into flames when the mirrors were focused correctly.", "The tar paint on the plywood ship may have aided the fire.", "The ships of the classical era had tar on them.", "In October 2005 a group of students from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology carried out an experiment with 127 one-foot (30 cm) square mirror tiles, focused on a wooden ship.", "There was a fire on a patch of the ship, but only after the sky was cloudless and the ship was not moving.", "The device was found to be a feasible weapon under these conditions.", "A wooden fishing boat in San Francisco was used as the target for an experiment by the MIT group.", "There was some charring and a small amount of flame.", "Wood needs to reach its autoignition temperature in order to catch fire.", "The claim was placed in the category of \"busted\" when the San Francisco experiment was broadcast.", "Because of the length of time and ideal weather conditions, it didn't happen.", "The Roman fleet would have had to attack during the morning since Syracuse faces the sea towards the east.", "Conventional weaponry, such as flaming arrows or bolts from a catapult, would have been a far easier way of setting a ship on fire.", "In December of 2010, MythBusters looked at the heat ray story again.", "A large scale test with 500 children aiming mirrors at a Roman sailing ship was one of the experiments carried out.", "The sail failed to catch fire in all of the experiments, and the verdict was again \"busted\".", "The show concluded that the mirrors would have distracted the crew of the ship.", "There is a crater on the Moon named after him, as well as a lunar mountain range.", "A carving depicting his proof on the sphere and the cylinder is included in the Fields Medal for outstanding achievement in mathematics.", "Manilius, a 1st century AD poet, wrote \"Rise above oneself and grasp the world\" in Latin.", "There are postage stamps issued by East Germany, Greece, Italy, Nicaragua, San Marino, and Spain.", "\"Eureka!\" was the exclamation of the city.", "The state motto is California.", "The 1849 California Gold Rush was sparked by the discovery of gold near the Sutter's Mill.", "There are also Concepts Arbelos and Archimedes' axioms, as well as methods of computing square roots.", "1991.", "There is a history of mathematics.", "Marshall Clagett is from New York.", "1964–1984.", "In the Middle Ages, there were Archimedes.", "The University of Wisconsin Press is in Madison.", "The name of the person is Eduard J. Dijksterhuis.", "1987", "There is a translation of Archimedes.", "Mary was the author of the Princeton University Press.", "2005.", "There is a book about the mathematical genius of the ancient world.", "Heather Hasan is the author of Enslow Publishing.", "2005.", "There is a book about the Father of Mathematics.", "Thomas L. Heath was born in 1897.", "There are works of Archimedes.", "There is a publication by the name of Dover Publications.", "There are complete works of Archimedes in English.", "Netz, Reviel, and William Noel.", "2007.", "The Codex of the Archimedes.", "Pickover is a member of the Orion Publishing Group.", "The year 2008.", "There are laws of science and the great minds behind them.", "The Oxford University Press.", "The Engineer.", "Sherman Stein is a member of the Continuum International Publishing Group.", "1999.", "What did he do besides cry?", "The Mathematical Association of America.", "There are external links to Heiberg's edition.", "Some of the texts are in English.", "People from Syracuse, Ancient Greek engineers, Ancient Greek mathematicians, and Hellenistic-era philosophers were all involved in the project." ]

[ "Archimedes", "Archimedes", "Archimedes", "Archimedes", "Archimedes", "Archimedes", "Archimedes", "Archimedes", "Archimedes", "Archimedes" ]

[ "Archimedes" ]

[ "Lev Navrozov (; 26 November 1928 – 22 January 2017) was a Russian author, historian and polemicist, born in Moscow and father of poet Andrei Navrozov.", "A leading translator of Russian texts into English under the Soviet regime, Navrozov emigrated to the United States in 1972, where he published a best-selling memoir, The Education of Lev Navrozov, and became a prominent Russian dissident.", "Biography\n\nEarly life\nNavrozov was born to playwright Andrei Navrozov (after whom his son was named), a founding member of the Soviet Writers' Union, who volunteered in World War II and was killed in action in 1941.", "After completing the course at Moscow Power Engineering Institute, did not take the degree, switching to the exclusive Referent Faculty of the Moscow Institute of Foreign Languages, a faculty created by Joseph Stalin's personal order to produce a new generation of experts with a superior knowledge of Western languages and cultures.", "On graduation in 1953 was offered a \"promising position\" at the Soviet Embassy in London, with the attendant obligation to join the Communist Party.", "Declined both offers, and thenceforth refused all government posts or academic affiliations as a matter of principle.", "Regarded as a unique expert on the English-speaking countries, but only ever worked as a freelance.", "Position as translator\nNavrozov was the first, and to date the last, inhabitant of Russia to translate for publication works of literature from his native tongue into a foreign language, including those by Dostoevsky, Hertzen and Prishvin, as well as philosophy and fundamental science in 72 fields.", "In 1965, still freelance but now exploiting what amounted to his virtual monopoly over English translations for publication, acquired a country house in Vnukovo, sixteen miles from Moscow, in a privileged settlement where such Soviet nabobs as Andrei Gromyko, then Foreign Minister, and former Politburo member Panteleimon Ponomarenko had their country houses.", "Dissident historian\nIn 1953 he began his clandestine documented study of the history of the Soviet regime, working on a cycle of books in the hope of smuggling the manuscript abroad.", "During this period he published translations only, publishing no original work in view of the unacceptable limits imposed by censorship.", "In 1972 he emigrated to the United States with wife and son, after receiving a special invitation from the U.S. State Department arranged through the intercession of several politically influential American friends.", "During 1972-1980 he contributed articles to Commentary, including the scandalous 1978 publication of the articles \"What the CIA Knows About Russia,\" which Admiral Stansfield Turner publicly admitted he was unable to rebut, and \"Notes on American Innocence,\" which resulted in an unsuccessful $3 million action for defamation brought against the author by the former Prime Minister of Israel Golda Meir.", "The Education of Lev Navrozov\nIn 1975, Harper & Row published the first volume of his study of the Soviet regime from within, The Education of Lev Navrozov.", "The book recounts the contemporary effects of Joseph Stalin's public relations campaign in the aftermath of the assassination of rival Sergei Kirov.", "\"It bids fair to take its place beside the works of Laurence Sterne and Henry Adams,\" wrote the American philosopher Sidney Hook, \"... but it is far richer in scope and more gripping in content.\"", "Eugene Lyons, author of the pioneering 1937 work Assignment in Utopia, described the book as \"uniquely revealing,\" while Robert Massie, author of Nicholas and Alexandra, wrote of the author's \"individual genius.\"", "Saul Bellow, the Nobel Prize–winning novelist, responded to The Education by using Navrozov as the model for a modern Russian dissident thinker in two of his books, thereby beginning a lively correspondence that continued until the American novelist's death.", "In particular, the narrator of More Die of Heartbreak describes Navrozov, along with Sinyavsky, Vladimir Maximov and Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, as one of his epoch's \"commanding figures\" and \"men of genius.\"", "Later life\nAfter 1975, Navrozov published several thousand magazine articles and newspaper columns, which, however diverse the subjects drawing his attention and commentary, have a common theme, namely the incapacity of the West to survive in the present era of increasingly sophisticated totalitarianism.", "He was the founder, in 1979, of the Center for the Survival of Western Democracies, a non-profit educational organisation whose original Advisory Board brought together Saul Bellow, Malcolm Muggeridge, Dr. Edward Teller, Lt. Gen. Daniel O. Graham, the Hon.", "Clare Boothe Luce, Mihajlo Mihajlov, Sen. Jesse Helms, and Eugène Ionesco.", "Later work\nNavrozov was concerned with the possibility that China is developing deadly weapons based on nanotechnology.", "He often cites Eric Drexler as the inspiration for this interest.", "As early as 2003, Canadian science writer George Dvorsky, chairman of the board of the Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies, noted that \"Lev Navrozov, the Russian weapons expert who believes that China will eventually try to take over the world using nanoweapons, is declaring K. Eric Drexler to be the Einstein of nanotechnology.", "Specifically, Navrozov is comparing Einstein's famous warning to President Roosevelt about the viability of atomic weapons to Drexler's 1986 book, Engines of Creation, where he warns about the possibility of the development of nanoweapons.", "Navrozov is concerned, however, that Drexler is not being taken seriously by the National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI), an organization that Navrozov compares to the Manhattan Project.", "But as Navrozov notes, the irony in all this is that the NNI has denied the military\naspects of nanotechnology.", "'Imagine,' says Navrozov, 'the U.S. Manhattan Project policy of tacit denial of the military importance of nuclear power, the implication being that the Manhattan Project, with all the money allocated for it, should concentrate on the development of nuclear power as fuel.'", "Disturbingly, while the Chinese have been startlingly open about the potential military uses of\nmolecular assemblers, Navrozov notes that 'the current government-NNI policy completely excludes research involved in molecular nano assemblers because of the false non-feasibility argument as put forward by Richard Smalley with peremptory categorical zeal.'", "Ultimately, as the debate between Drexler and Smalley rages, Navrozov sees no harm in assuming that Drexler is right, that we should err on the side of caution.", "'Now, let us conjecture, for the sake of argument, the opposite,' argues Navrozov, 'What would be the danger?", "That the\nWest, including Dr. Smalley and his carbon nanotubes, would be reduced to dust or would surrender unconditionally to become a vast Hong Kong.'\"", "He died on 22 January 2017 at the age of 88.", "Notes\n\nExternal links\n Columns by Lev Navrozov at WorldTribune.com\n Biography at the Lifeboat Foundation\n Interview with Navrozov at Worldthreats.com\n\n1928 births\n2017 deaths\nSoviet dissidents\nSoviet emigrants to the United States\nSoviet historians\n20th-century historians\nSoviet writers" ]

[ "Lev Navrozov was a Russian author and father of a poet.", "A leading translator of Russian texts into English under the Soviet regime, Navrozov migrated to the United States in 1972 where he published a best-selling memoir, The Education of Lev Navrozov.", "Navrozov's son was named after his father, a founding member of the Soviet Writers' Union who was killed in action during World War II.", "The Referent Faculty of the Moscow Institute of Foreign Languages was created by Joseph Stalin to produce a new generation of experts with a superior knowledge of Western languages and cultures.", "The obligation to join the Communist Party was part of the offer for a \"promising position\" at the Soviet Embassy in London.", "Thenceforth refused all government posts and academic affiliations as a matter of principle.", "A unique expert on the English-speaking countries, but only ever worked as a freelancer.", "The position of translator Navrozov was the first and to date the last inhabitant of Russia to translate works of literature from his native tongue into a foreign language.", "He acquired a country house in Vnukovo, sixteen miles from Moscow, in 1965, in order to exploit his virtual monopoly over English translations for publication.", "Dissident historian began his documented study of the history of the Soviet regime in the hopes of bringing the manuscript abroad.", "In view of the unacceptable limits imposed by censorship, he only published translations during this period.", "He moved to the United States with his wife and son in 1972 after being invited by the U.S. State Department.", "The article \"What the CIA Knows About Russia\" was published in 1978 and resulted in an unsuccessful $3 million action for defamation.", "The Education of Lev Navrozov was the first volume of his study of the Soviet regime.", "The effects of Joseph Stalin's public relations campaign after the assassination of Sergei Kirov are recounted in the book.", "Sidney Hook, an American philosopher, wrote that it bids fair to take its place beside the works of Henry Adams.", "Robert Massie wrote of the author's \"individual genius\" while Eugene Lyons described the book as \"uniquely revealing.\"", "Saul Bellow began a lively correspondence after using Navrozov as the model for a modern Russian dissident thinker in two of his books.", "Navrozov is described as one of the \"commanding figures\" and \"men of genius\" by the narrator of More Die of Heartbreak.", "The incapacity of the West to survive in the present era of increasingly sophisticated totalitarianism is a common theme in several thousand magazine articles and newspaper columns published by Navrozov after 1975.", "In 1979 he founded the Center for the Survival of Western Democracy, a non-profit educational organisation whose original Advisory Board included Saul Bellow, Malcolm Muggeridge, Dr. Edward Teller, and the Hon. Daniel O. Graham.", "Sen. Jesse Helms and Eugne Ionesco.", "Navrozov was concerned about the possibility that China was developing deadly weapons.", "Eric Drexler is often cited as the inspiration for this interest.", "George Dvorsky, chairman of the board of the Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies, noted in 2003 thatLev Navrozov, the Russian weapons expert who believes that China will eventually try to take over the world, is declaring K. Eric.", "Navrozov is comparing Einstein's famous warning to Roosevelt about the viability of atomic weapons to Drexler's 1986 book, Engines of Creation, where he warns about the possibility of the development of nano weapons.", "Navrozov is concerned that Drexler is not being taken seriously by the NNI, an organization that he compares to the Manhattan Project.", "The irony is that the NNI has denied the military aspects of nanotechnology.", "The U.S. Manhattan Project policy of denial of the military importance of nuclear power, with all the money allocated for it, should concentrate on the development of nuclear power as fuel.", "Navrozov notes that the current government-NNI policy completely excludes research into the use of molecular assemblers because of the false non-feasibility argument put forward by Richard Small.", "As the debate between Drexler and Smalley rages, Navrozov sees no harm in assuming that Drexler is right.", "Navrozov asks, \"What would be the danger?\"", "The West, including Dr. Smalley, would either be reduced to dust or surrender to Hong Kong.", "He died at the age of 88.", "The Lifeboat Foundation interview with Lev Navrozov can be found at WorldThreats.com." ]

[ "Lev Navrozov", "Lev Navrozo", "Andrei Navrozov", "Navrozov", "Lev Navrozo", "Lev Navrozo", "Lev Navrozov", "Lev Navrozo" ]

[ "Lev Navrozov", "Lev Navrozo", "Navrozov", "Lev Navrozo", "Navrozov", "George DvorskyLev", "Navrozov", ". Navrozov", "Lev Navrozo" ]

[ "Libby Black (born in 1976, Toledo, Ohio) is an American contemporary artist working primarily in drawing, painting, and sculpture.", "Black lives and works in Berkeley California.", "Education\nBlack holds a B.F.A.", "in Painting from Cleveland Institute of Art, (1999) and an M.F.A.", "in Painting and Drawing from the California College of the Arts (2001).", "Work and Themes\nThrough painting, drawing and sculptural installation, Blacks work explores the course of her personal history and broader cultural contexts, examining the intersection of feminism, LGBTQ+ identity, politics, consumerism, notions of value, and desire.", "Black's sculptural representations are life sized re-creations of objects which she makes from paper, hot glue, and acrylic paint.", "In some exhibitions she arranges her sculptures of domestic objects, books, magazines, handbags, and shoes into still life arrangements, creating installations blending the real and the imaginary.", "Her two-dimensional paintings and drawings are based on imagery gathered from various sources such as fashion magazines, newspapers, and books.", "Exhibitions\n\nSolo\n2001 “The Best of the Best,” a.o.v., San Francisco, CA.", "2003 “Louis Vuitton,” Manolo Garcia Gallery, San Francisco, CA.", "2003 “BENZ,” San Francisco Arts Commission, San Francisco, CA.", "2005 “Caught Up In The Moment,” Heather Marx Gallery, San Francisco, CA.", "2007 “The Past is Never Where You Think You Left It,” Heather Marx Gallery, San Francisco, CA.", "2008 “In Between Things,” University of Georgia, Broad Street Gallery, Athens, GA.\n2009 “Timeless,” Charlie James Gallery, Los Angeles, CA.", "2010 “Be Here Now,” Marx & Zavattero, San Francisco, CA.", "2010 “If Nothing Else Matters,” PEEL, Houston, TX.", "2010 “Work Out,” San Jose Institute of Contemporary Art, San Jose, CA.", "2012 “Nothing Lasts Forever,” Marx & Zavattero, San Francisco, CA\n2015 “There's No Place Like Home,” Joshua Liner Gallery, New York, NY\n2016 “A Light That Never Goes Out,” Gallery 16, San Francisco, CA\n2018 “Little Girl Blue,” Guerrero Gallery, San Francisco, CA\n\nGroup\n2001: “Memory and History of Place,” Euphart Museum of Art, Los Altos, CA.", "2001: “Belief System,” The Luggage Store, San Francisco, CA.", "2002: “Openings,” San Francisco Arts Commission, San Francisco, CA.", "2002: “Rolex,” Musee D'Honneur Minuscule, New Langton Arts, San Francisco, CA.", "2004: “2004 California Biennial,” Orange County Museum of Art, Newport Beach, CA.", "2004: “The Hunt: Ritual and Narrative,” Sun Valley Center for the Arts, Sun Valley, ID.", "2005: “Bay Area Now 4,” Yerba Buena Center for the Arts, San Francisco, CA.", "2005: “The Superfly Effect,” Jersey City Museum, Jersey City, NJ.", "2005: “The Real World,” Kala Institute Gallery, Berkeley, CA.", "2006: “Strictly Graphite,” College of Marin Art Gallery, Kentfield, CA.", "2006: “Smoke and Mirrors: Deception in Contemporary Art,” Visual Arts Gallery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL\n2007: “GRAPHIC: New Bay Area Drawing,” di Rosa Preserve, Napa, CA.", "2007: “Artist of Invention: A Century of CCA,” Oakland Museum of California, Oakland, CA.", "2008: “Art on Paper 2008,” Weatherspoon Art Museum, Greensboro, NC.", "2009: “Tigersprung: Obscure Couture,” The McKinney Avenue Contemporary, Dallas, TX.", "2010: “New Art for a New Century: Contemporary Acquisitions 2000-2010,” Orange County Museum of Art, Newport Beach, CA.", "2011: “New Image Sculpture,” McNay Art Museum, San Antonio, TX.", "2011: “Queer States,” Visual Arts Center, University of Texas, Austin, TX.", "2012: “Simulacrum,” Columbus College of Art and Design, Columbus, OH.", "2013: “Faux Real,” Laguna Art Museum, Laguna Beach, CA.", "2014:“The Stuff of Legends,” Grey Matter, Dallas, TX.", "2014: “Pencils Down,” Palo Alto Art Center, Palo Alto, CA.", "2015: “Misappropriations: New Acquisitions,” Orange County Museum of Art, Newport Beach, CA.", "2016: “Quiet Please: The Mental Game of Art and Tennis,” Berkeley Art Center, Berkeley, CA.", "2017: “Sanctuary City: With Liberty and Justice for Some,” San Francisco Arts Commission, San Francisco, CA.", "2017: “With Liberty and Justice for Some,” Berkeley Art Center, Berkeley, CA.", "2017: “Detritus,” San Jose Institute of Contemporary Art, San Jose, CA.", "2017: “Pulped Fictions,” The Torrance Museum, Torrance, CA.", "2018: “California Love,” Galerie Droste, Wuppertal, Germany.", "2018: “Vanity of Earthly Achievements,” Orth Contemporary, Tulsa, OK.\n2018: “Superset,” Fused, San Francisco CA.", "2018: “Art Is Where The Heart Is,” Galerie LJ, Paris, France.", "2019: “Closer Look: Intimate-Scale Sculpture from the Permanent Collection,” Orange County Museum of Art, Santa Ana, CA.", "2019: EPOCH: Libby Black, Josephine Taylor, and Taravat Talepasand, Gallery 16, San Francisco, CA.", "Publications\n\nPublications with contributions by Black\n2004 California Biennial.", "New Port Beach: Orange County Museum of Art, 2005.", "Bay Area Now 4.", "San Francisco: Yerba Buena Center for the Arts, 2006, pages 16–17.", "Deluxe: How Luxury Lost Its Luster, by Dana Thomas.", "London: penguin press, 2007, page 170.", "Artist of Invention: A Century of CCA, San Francisco: California College of the Arts, 2007.", "New Image Sculpture, by Eleanor Heartney, and Rene Paul Barilleaux.", "San Antonio: McNay Art Museum, 2011, pages 32–39.", "Beautiful Decay, Book 9: The Seven Deadly Sins, by Amir H Fallah.", "Los Angeles: Beautiful/Decay, 2012.", "One Painting a Day,by Timothy Callaghan.", "Beverly: Quarry Books, 2013.", "Boxed: A Visual History and the Art of Boxing, by Franklin Sirmans.", "New York: Damiani/Paul Kasmin Gallery, 2014, pages 64–65.", "Quiet Please: The Mental Game of Art and Tennis, by By Ann Trinca.", "Berkeley: Berkeley Art Center, 2016, pages 1–20.", "Much Love and Respect.", "San Francisco: Gallery 16, 2019.", "Find Your Artistic Voice, by Lisa Congdon.", "San Francisco: Chronicle Books, 2019, pages 86–91\n\nCollections\nBlack's work is held in the following public and private collections:\nOakland Museum of California, Oakland, CA.", "Orange County Museum of Art, Newport Beach, CA.", "Pier 24 Photography, San Francisco, CA.", "The West Collection, Philadelphia, PA.", "Awards\n2020 Marcus Early Career Research Award\n\nReferences\n\n1976 births\nLiving people\n20th-century American artists\n21st-century American artists\nPeople from Berkeley, California\nCalifornia College of the Arts alumni\n20th-century American women artists\n21st-century American women artists" ]

[ "Libby Black is an American contemporary artist who works primarily in drawing, painting, and sculpture.", "Black lives and works in Berkeley.", "Black has a B.F.A.", "An M.F.A. was obtained from the Cleveland Institute of Art.", "The California College of the Arts gave 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110", "Blacks work explores the course of her personal history and broader cultural contexts, examining the intersection of feminism, LGBTQ+ identity, politics, consumerism, notions of value, and desire.", "Black's sculptural representations are life-sized re-creations of objects which she makes from paper, hot glue, and acrylic paint.", "She arranges her sculptures of domestic objects, books, magazines, handbags, and shoes into still life arrangements, creating installations that blend the real and the imaginary.", "She uses imagery from fashion magazines, newspapers, and books to create her two-dimensional paintings and drawings.", "The Best of the Best exhibition was held in San Francisco, CA.", "There is a gallery in San Francisco called \"Louis Vuitton\".", "The San Francisco Arts Commission is located in San Francisco, CA.", "Heather Marx Gallery is located in San Francisco, CA.", "Heather Marx Gallery is located in San Francisco, CA.", "The Broad Street Gallery is in Athens, GA.", "Marx and Zavattero wrote \"Be Here Now\" in San Francisco, CA.", "PEEL is located in Houston, Texas.", "The San Jose Institute of Contemporary Art is located in San Jose, California.", "There's no place like home, Joshua Liner Gallery, New York, NY.", "The Luggage Store in San Francisco, CA was the site of the \"Belief System\" in 2001.", "The opening of the San Francisco Arts Commission.", "The Musee D'Honneur Minuscule is in San Francisco, CA.", "The Orange County Museum of Art is in Newport Beach, CA.", "The Hunt: Ritual and Narrative was published in 2004.", "The Yerba Buena Center for the Arts is in San Francisco.", "The Superfly Effect was in the Jersey City Museum.", "The Real World was displayed at the Kala Institute Gallery.", "The College of Marin Art Gallery is in Kentfield, CA.", "\"Smoke and Mirrors: Deception in Contemporary Art\" was published in 2006 and \"GRAPHIC: New Bay Area Drawing\" was published in 2007.", "The Oakland Museum of California has a monograph on the artist of invention.", "The Weatherspoon Art Museum is in North Carolina.", "The McKinney Avenue Contemporary is located in Dallas, Texas.", "New Art for a New Century: Contemporary Acquisitions 2000-2010 is a book by the Orange County Museum of Art.", "The new image sculpture is at the McNay Art Museum.", "The University of Texas has a visual arts center.", "The Columbus College of Art and Design is located in Columbus, OH.", "The \"Faux Real\" exhibit is at the Laguna Art Museum.", "Grey Matter is in Dallas, Texas.", "The Palo Alto Art Center has a show called \"Pencils Down\".", "The Orange County Museum of Art is in Newport Beach, CA.", "The Berkeley Art Center presents \"Quiet Please: The Mental Game of Art and Tennis\".", "The San Francisco Arts Commission presented \"Sanctuary City: With Liberty and Justice for Some\".", "The Berkeley Art Center presented \"With Liberty and Justice for Some\".", "The San Jose Institute of Contemporary Art is located in San Jose, California.", "The Torrance Museum has a collection ofPulped Fictions.", "Galerie Droste is in Wuppertal, Germany.", "The theme of this year's exhibition was \"Vanity of Earthly Achievements.\"", "The exhibition \"Art Is Where The Heart Is\" was held in Paris, France.", "The Orange County Museum of Art has a sculpture from the permanent collection.", "Gallery 16 is in San Francisco, CA.", "Black 2004 California Biennial contributed to Publications.", "The Orange County Museum of Art is located in New Port Beach.", "Bay Area is now 4.", "The Yerba Buena Center for the Arts is in San Francisco.", "Dana Thomas wrote How Luxury Lost Its Luster.", "The penguin press is in London.", "The California College of the Arts has a book called Artist of Invention.", "Eleanor Heartney and Rene Paul Barilleaux created a new image sculpture.", "The McNay Art Museum is in San Antonio.", "Beautiful Decay, Book 9 is called The Seven Deadly Sins.", "The city of Los Angeles is Beautiful/Decay.", "One painting a day by Timothy Callaghan.", "Beverly: Quarry Books.", "Franklin Sirmans wrote a book about the art of boxing.", "New York: Damiani/Paul Kasmin Gallery.", "Ann Trinca wrote Quiet Please: The Mental Game of Art and Tennis.", "The Berkeley Art Center is in Berkeley.", "There is a lot of love and respect.", "Gallery 16 in San Francisco.", "Lisa Congdon wrote Find Your artistic voice.", "Black's work can be found in the following public and private collections: Oakland Museum of California, Oakland, CA.", "The Orange County Museum of Art is in Newport Beach.", "Pier 24 Photography is in San Francisco.", "The West Collection is in Philadelphia.", "The Marcus Early Career Research Award is given to people who have lived 20th-century American artists." ]

[ "Libby Black", "Black", "Education Black", "Blacks", "Black", "Libby Black", "Black" ]

[ "Libby Black", "Black", "Black", "Black" ]

[ "Syed Amir Haider Kamal Naqvi (17 January 1918 – 11 February 1993), popularly known as Kamal Amrohi, was an Indian film director and screenwriter.", "He was also an Urdu and Hindi poet.", "His Hindi films include Mahal (1949), Pakeezah (1972) and Razia Sultan (1983).", "He established Kamal Pictures (Mahal Films) in 1953 and Kamalistan Studio in Bombay in 1958.", "Early life\nKamal Amrohi was born in Amroha, United Provinces in British India (present-day Uttar Pradesh) and later took on the name Kamal Amrohi (or Amrohvi).", "He was a first cousin to Pakistani writers Jaun Elia and Rais Amrohvi.", "Career\nIn 1938, he left Amroha to study in Lahore, now part of Pakistan, where singer K. L. Saigal discovered him and took him to Mumbai (Bombay) to work for Sohrab Modi's Minerva Movietone film company, where he started his career working on films like Jailor (1938), Pukar (1939), Bharosa (1940), A. R. Kardar's film (Shahjehan 1946).", "He made his debut as a director in 1949, with Mahal, starring Madhubala and Ashok Kumar, which was a musical hit, with songs by Lata Mangeshkar and Rajkumari Dubey.", "He directed only four films; of these were Mahal (1949) for Bombay Talkies, Daaera (1953) with Meena Kumari and Nasir Khan, Pakeezah, which was conceived in 1958 but was not brought to the screen until 1972.", "He also wrote the screenplay, lyrics and produced the latter.", "Film Pakeezah (1972) has been called one of the extraordinary musical melodramas ever made in India, although flawed but noble.", "Meena Kumari herself, in her public comments to the press, after seeing the movie, said that it was Kamal Amrohi's tribute to her.", "This was followed by Razia Sultan (1983), his last film.", "Though, he started a film, Majnoon with Rajesh Khanna and Rakhee Gulzar as leads, however the film got shelved.", "He wrote scripts for the movies made by Sohrab Modi, Abdul Rashid Kardar and K. Asif.", "He was one of the four dialogue writers for the latter's famous 1960 movie, Mughal-e-Azam, for which he won the Filmfare Award.", "As a director, he developed a style that combined a stylised direction with minimalist performances.", "This style was different from the one with expressive acting that was common in Indian cinema of his period.", "In 1958, he started Kamaal Studios for his banner Mahal Films, though it closed down after three years and later changed hands to become Natraj Studios.", "It was mentioned that the last movie he wanted to make was called Aakhri Mughal.", "He had written a substantial portion of the script.", "But it went into oblivion after his death.", "Noted film maker J P Dutta was to revive the film in the late 1990s which was supposed to have been Abhishekh Bachchan's debut movie.", "But later Dutta scrapped the project.", "He was again planning to revive the film in 2007 after the debacle of his costume drama Umrao Jaan (2006) remake from the cult film from the 1980s.", "Personal life\nAmrohi married four times: His first wife was Bilkis Bano (who was a maid to Nargis's mother, Jaddan Bai).", "After her passing away, he married Sayeda Al-Zehra Mehmoodi, daughter of Jamal Hasan.", "She died on 9 April 1982.", "He met Meena Kumari during the filming of Tamasha.", "Veteran actor Ashok Kumar introduced them.", "They fell in love and married on 14 February 1952, on Valentine's Day in a much private ceremony.", "Only Amrohi's friend Baaqar Ali and Meena Kumari's younger sister Madhu were aware of this development.", "The couple then made Daera (1953 film), a film based on their love story, however the movie tanked at the box office.", "During the filming of Azaad in 1954, both of them planned another movie, Pakeezah.", "The film went on studio floors by 1956, but as the craze of colour films increased, particularly after the release of Mother India (1957), the black & white scenes were re-shot to colour sequences.", "After the release of Guru Dutt's classic Kaagaz Ke Phool (1959 film) which marked the arrival of Cinemascope technique, the film was again shot, this time in Cinemascope.", "By the 1960s, Meena Kumari was at the peak of her career which caused tensions between the couple and ultimately led to a mutual separation in March 1964.", "Film Pakeezah got shelved.", "In March 1969, the film was revived with an ill Meena Kumari, (due to her alcoholism) in the lead.", "They lived together for a total of 11 years.", "Raaj Kumar was roped in, as by that time, Ashok Kumar- the original lead was too old to portray the hero of the film.", "Pakeezah was released on 4 February 1972, 14 years after it first began.", "Unfortunately, it received a lukewarm response from the critics.", "Although the film received warm reception from the audience, it was Meena Kumari's untimely death on 31 March 1972 which acted as an ultimate push and made it one of the top grossers of that year.", "The film is now considered as a cult classic and has a status much similar to K. Asif's 1960 magnum opus, Mughal-E-Azam.", "Kamal Amrohi got married for the fourth time with his physician.", "During his last years, he used to regularly visit the hospital for minor ailments.", "There he met his fourth wife, who was actually his doctor.", "After the death of Mehmoodi in 1982, Amrohi felt lonely and in order to avoid being a burden on his children, he decided to get married, drawing sharp reactions from the media.", "Kamal Amrohi had three children with Mehmoodie: two sons, Shandaar and Taajdaar, both of whom worked with him in Razia Sultan, and a daughter, Rukhsar Amrohi.", "He had no children with Bilkis Bano, Meena Kumari and his fourth wife.", "Shandaar died on 21 August 2011 in Goa.", "He was survived by his wives, Shahida Amrohi and Khursheed Naqvi Amrohi.", "He was laid to rest in Mumbai the following day.", "Amrohi's grandsons Mashhoor Amrohi and Bilal Amrohi are also actors.", "Kamal Amrohi Studios\nKamal Amrohi Studios (Kamalistan Studios) was established in 1958, spread over 15 acre, it is situated in Jogeshwari East, off Jogeshwari – Vikhroli Link Road in Mumbai.", "It continues to run, managed by Amrohi's son, Tajdar Amrohi; despite 2010 news reports of it being sold, and continued litigation thereafter.", "Over the years, it has been venues of films like Razia Sultan (1983) Kamal Amrohi's last film as a director, Amar Akbar Anthony (1977) and Kaalia (1981), Khalnayak (1993), Koyla (1997), and recently the first schedule of film, Dabangg 2 was shot there in 2012, apart from the television shows are also shot at the complex.", "Death and legacy\n\nAmrohi died on 11 February 1993 in Mumbai, twenty one years after his wife Meena Kumari's death and ten years after making his last film, Razia Sultan (1983).", "He was buried next to Meena Kumari in Rehmatabad Qabristan, an Indian-Iranian graveyard in Mumbai.", "Kamal Amrohi's only daughter from his second wife, Mehmoodie, Rukhsaar Amrohi gave a newspaper interview describing her version of life-events, which she witnessed, between her father Kamal Amrohi and Meena Kumari.", "In February 2022, Music label Saregama and actor Bilal Amrohi (grandson of Kamal Amrohi) announced a web series on the love story of Amrohi and Meena Kumari against the backdrop of making of the film Pakeezah.", "The series which will be helmed by Yoodlee films is expected to go on floors in 2023.", "Filmography\n\nSoundtrack\n1998 Such a Long Journey (writer: \"Thare Rahiyo\")\n\nAwards and recognition\n 1961: Filmfare Award for Best Dialogue: Mughal-e-Azam (1960)\n 1972: Nominated for Filmfare Award for Best Director for film Pakeezah (1972).", "References\n\nExternal links\n\n website\n Filmography of Kamal Amrohi on Complete Index To World Film (CITWF) website\n\n1918 births\n1993 deaths\nUrdu-language film directors\nIndian male screenwriters\nIndian Shia Muslims\nPeople from Amroha district\nHindi-language film directors\n20th-century Indian film directors\nFilm directors from Uttar Pradesh\n20th-century Indian screenwriters\nIndian National Congress politicians from Uttar Pradesh\n20th-century Indian male writers" ]

[ "Kamal Amrohi was an Indian film director and screenwriter.", "He was a poet in both Hindi and Urdu.", "Mahal is one of his Hindi films.", "He established a film studio in Bombay.", "Kamal Amrohi was born in the United Provinces of British India and later took on the name of Amrohvi.", "He was related to both Jaun Elia and Rais Amrohvi.", "He left Amroha to study in Pakistan and was discovered by K. L. Saigal, who took him to Mumbai to work for Sohrab Modi.", "In 1949, he made his directorial debut with Mahal, a musical with songs by Lata Mangeshkar and Rajkumari Dubey.", "The four films he directed were Mahal (1949) for Bombay Talkies, Daaera (1953) with Meena Kumari and Nasir Khan, and pakeezah, which was conceived in 1958 but was not brought to the screen until 1972.", "He wrote the lyrics and produced the film.", "One of the greatest musical melodramas ever made in India is called film pakeezah.", "After seeing the movie, Meena Kumari said that it was a tribute to her.", "His last film was Razia Sultan.", "Majnoon was supposed to be a film with Rajesh Khanna and Rakhee Gulzar as leads, however the film was put on hold.", "The movies made by Sohrab Modi, Abdul Rashid Kardar and K. Asif were written by him.", "He won the Filmfare Award for his work on the 1960 movie, Mughal-e-Azam.", "He developed a style that combined a stylised direction with minimalist performances.", "This style was different from the one he used in Indian cinema.", "He started Kamaal Studios for his banner Mahal Films, but it closed after three years and later became Natraj Studios.", "He wanted to make a movie called Aakhri Mughal.", "He wrote a lot of the script.", "After his death, it went into oblivion.", "The film was supposed to be made by J P Dutta in the late 1990s.", "But later, the project was scrapped.", "After the debacle of his costume drama Umrao Jaan, he was going to revive the film in 2007.", "His first wife was a maid to Nargis's mother, Jaddan Bai.", "He married Sayeda Al-Zehra Mehmoodi after her death.", "She died on April 9, 1982.", "He met a woman while filming a movie.", "They were introduced to them by a veteran actor.", "On February 14, 1952, they were married in a private ceremony.", "The only people who were aware of this development were Amrohi's friends.", "Daera, a film based on their love story, tanked at the box office.", "Both of them planned another movie during the filming of Azaad.", "After the release of Mother India, the black and white scenes were re-shot in colour.", "The film was shot again in Cinemascope after the release of Kaagaz Ke Phool, which was the first film to use the technique.", "At the peak of her career, Meena Kumari caused tensions between the couple and ultimately led to their separation in 1964.", "The film was put on hold.", "In March 1969 the film was revived with an ill Meena Kumari in the lead.", "They lived together for 11 years.", "The original lead of the film was too old to play the hero.", "14 years after it first began, pakeezah was released.", "The critics didn't respond very well to it.", "Although the film received a warm reception from the audience, it was Meena Kumari's death on 31 March 1972 that made it one of the top grossers of that year.", "The cult classic status of the film is similar to that of K. Asif's 1960 masterpiece, Mughal-E-Azam.", "Amrohi married his doctor for the fourth time.", "He used to visit the hospital frequently for minor ailments.", "His fourth wife was actually his doctor.", "In order to avoid being a burden on his children, Amrohi decided to get married and drew sharp reactions from the media.", "There were three children with Mehmoodie: two sons and a daughter.", "He had no children with his previous wives.", "Shandaar died on August 21, 2011.", "He was survived by his wives.", "He was buried in Mumbai the next day.", "Amrohi's grandsons are also actors.", "The location of the studio is off of Vikhroli Link Road in Mumbai.", "Despite 2010 news reports of it being sold, it continues to run, managed by Amrohi's son, Tajdar Amrohi.", "The first schedule of Dabangg 2 was shot in the year 1997 and it was the last film directed by Kamal Amrohi.", "Amrohi died on February 11, 1993 in Mumbai, twenty one years after his wife's death and ten years after making his last film.", "He was buried in a graveyard in Mumbai.", "Rukhsaar Amrohi gave a newspaper interview about her father's relationship with his second wife, Mehmoodie.", "A web series on the love story of Amrohi and Meena Kumari was announced in February of 2022.", "The series will be directed by Yoodlee films and is expected to go on floors in 2023.", "Filmfare Award for Best Dialogue: Mughal-e-Azam was given in 1961.", "There are External links to the website Filmography of Kamal Amrohi on Complete Index to World Film." ]

[ "Syed Amir Haider Kamal Naqvi", "Kamal Amrohi", "Kamal Amrohi", "Kamal Amrohi", "Kamal Amrohi", "Amrohi", "Amrohi", "Kamal Amrohi", "Amrohi", "Kamal Amrohi", "Amrohi", "Amrohi", "Amrohi", "Amrohi", "Amrohi", "Amrohi", "Amrohi", "Amrohi", "Kamal Amrohi", "Amrohi", "Kamal Amrohi", "Amrohi", "Kamal Amrohi", "Amrohi", "Kamal Amrohi", "Amrohi", "Kamal Amrohi" ]

[ "Kamal Amrohi", "Kamal Amrohi", "Amrohi", "Amrohi", "Amrohi", "Amrohi", "Amrohi", "Kamal Amrohi", "Amrohi", "Amrohi", "Amrohi", "Kamal Amrohi" ]

[ "George Washington Carver ( 1864 – January 5, 1943) was an American agricultural scientist and inventor who promoted alternative crops to cotton and methods to prevent soil depletion.", "He was the most prominent black scientist of the early 20th century.", "While a professor at Tuskegee Institute, Carver developed techniques to improve soils depleted by repeated plantings of cotton.", "He wanted poor farmers to grow other crops, such as peanuts and sweet potatoes, as a source of their own food and to improve their quality of life.", "The most popular of his 44 practical bulletins for farmers contained 105 food recipes using peanuts.", "Although he spent years developing and promoting numerous products made from peanuts, none became commercially successful.", "Apart from his work to improve the lives of farmers, Carver was also a leader in promoting environmentalism.", "He received numerous honors for his work, including the Spingarn Medal of the NAACP.", "In an era of high racial polarization, his fame reached beyond the black community.", "He was widely recognized and praised in the white community for his many achievements and talents.", "In 1941, Time magazine dubbed Carver a \"Black Leonardo\".", "Color film of Carver shot in 1937 at the Tuskegee Institute by African American surgeon Allen Alexander was added to the National Film Registry of the Library of Congress in 2019.", "The 12 minutes of footage includes Carver in his apartment, office and laboratory, as well as images of him tending flowers and displaying his paintings.", "The film was digitized by The National Archives as part of its multi-year effort to preserve and make available the historically significant film collections of the National Park Service.", "Early years\n\nCarver was born into slavery, in Diamond Grove (now Diamond), Newton County, Missouri, near Crystal Place, sometime in the mid 1860s.", "The date of his birth is uncertain and was not known to Carver; but it was before slavery was abolished in Missouri, which occurred in January 1865, during the American Civil War.", "His master, Moses Carver, was a German American immigrant, who had purchased George's parents, Mary and Giles, from William P. McGinnis on October 9, 1855, for $700.", "Giles died before George was born and when he was a week old, he, his sister, and his mother were kidnapped by night raiders from Arkansas.", "George's brother, James, was rushed to safety from the kidnappers.", "The kidnappers sold the trio in Kentucky.", "Moses Carver hired John Bentley to find them, but he found only the infant George.", "Moses negotiated with the raiders to gain the boy's return, and rewarded Bentley.", "After slavery was abolished, Moses Carver and his wife, Susan, raised George and his older brother, James, as their own children.", "They encouraged George to continue his intellectual pursuits, and \"Aunt Susan\" taught him the basics of reading and writing.", "Black people were not allowed at the public school in Diamond Grove.", "George decided to go to a school for black children 10 miles (16 km) south, in Neosho.", "When he reached the town, he found the school closed for the night.", "He slept in a nearby barn.", "By his own account, the next morning he met a kind woman, Mariah Watkins, from whom he wished to rent a room.", "When he identified himself as \"Carver's George\", as he had done his whole life, she replied that from now on his name was \"George Carver\".", "George liked Mariah Watkins, and her words \"You must learn all you can, then go back out into the world and give your learning back to the people\" made a great impression on him.", "At age 13, because he wanted to attend the academy there, he moved to the home of another foster family, in Fort Scott, Kansas.", "After witnessing the killing of a black man by a group of whites, Carver left the city.", "He attended a series of schools before earning his diploma at Minneapolis High School in Minneapolis, Kansas.", "During his time spent in Minneapolis there was another George Carver in town, which caused confusion over receiving mail.", "Carver chose a middle initial at random, and began requesting letters to him be addressed to George W. Carver.", "Someone once asked if the \"W\" stood for Washington, and Carver grinned and said \"Why not?\"", "But he never used Washington as his middle name, and signed his name as either George W. Carver or simply George Carver.", "College education\n\nCarver applied to several colleges before being accepted at Highland University in Highland, Kansas.", "When he arrived, however, they refused to let him attend because of his race.", "In August 1886, Carver traveled by wagon with J. F. Beeler from Highland to Eden Township in Ness County, Kansas.", "He homesteaded a claim near Beeler, where he maintained a small conservatory of plants and flowers and a geological collection.", "He manually plowed of the claim, planting rice, corn, Indian corn and garden produce, as well as various fruit trees, forest trees, and shrubbery.", "He also earned money by odd jobs in town and worked as a ranch hand.", "In early 1888, Carver obtained a $300 loan at the Bank of Ness City for education.", "By June he left the area.", "In 1890, Carver started studying art and piano at Simpson College in Indianola, Iowa.", "His art teacher, Etta Budd, recognized Carver's talent for painting flowers and plants; she encouraged him to study botany at Iowa State Agricultural College (now Iowa State University) in Ames.", "When he began there in 1891, he was the first black student at Iowa State.", "Carver's Bachelor's thesis for a degree in Agriculture was \"Plants as Modified by Man\", dated 1894.", "Iowa State University professors Joseph Budd and Louis Pammel convinced Carver to continue there for his master's degree.", "Carver did research at the Iowa Experiment Station under Pammel during the next two years.", "His work at the experiment station in plant pathology and mycology first gained him national recognition and respect as a botanist.", "Carver received his Master of Science degree in 1896.", "Carver taught as the first black faculty member at Iowa State.", "Despite occasionally being addressed as \"doctor,\" Carver never received an official doctorate, and in a personal communication with Pammel, he noted that it was a \"misnomer\", given to him by others due to his abilities and their assumptions about his education.", "With that said, both Simpson College and Selma University awarded him honorary doctorates of science in his lifetime.", "Iowa State later awarded him a doctorate of humane letters posthumously in 1994.", "Tuskegee Institute\n\nIn 1896, Booker T. Washington, the first principal and president of the Tuskegee Institute (now Tuskegee University), invited Carver to head its Agriculture Department.", "Carver taught there for 47 years, developing the department into a strong research center and working with two additional college presidents during his tenure.", "He taught methods of crop rotation, introduced several alternative cash crops for farmers that would also improve the soil of areas heavily cultivated in cotton, initiated research into crop products (chemurgy), and taught generations of black students farming techniques for self-sufficiency.", "Carver designed a mobile classroom to take education out to farmers.", "He called it a \"Jesup wagon\" after the New York financier and philanthropist Morris Ketchum Jesup, who provided funding to support the program.", "To recruit Carver to Tuskegee, Washington gave him an above average salary and two rooms for his personal use, although both concessions were resented by some other faculty.", "Because he had earned a master's in a scientific field from a \"white\" institution, some faculty perceived him as arrogant.", "Unmarried faculty members normally had to share rooms, with two to a room, in the spartan early days of the institute.", "One of Carver's duties was to administer the Agricultural Experiment Station farms.", "He had to manage the production and sale of farm products to generate revenue for the institute.", "He soon proved to be a poor administrator.", "In 1900, Carver complained that the physical work and the letter-writing required were too much.", "In 1904, an Institute committee reported that Carver's reports on yields from the poultry yard were exaggerated, and Washington confronted Carver about the issue.", "Carver replied in writing, \"Now to be branded as a liar and party to such hellish deception it is more than I can bear, and if your committee feel that I have willfully lied or [was] party to such lies as were told my resignation is at your disposal.\"", "During Washington's last five years at Tuskegee, Carver submitted or threatened his resignation several times: when the administration reorganized the agriculture programs, when he disliked a teaching assignment, to manage an experiment station elsewhere, and when he did not get summer teaching assignments in 1913–14.", "In each case, Washington smoothed things over.", "Carver started his academic career as a researcher and teacher.", "In 1911, Washington wrote a letter to him complaining that Carver had not followed orders to plant particular crops at the experiment station.", "This revealed Washington's micro-management of Carver's department, which he had headed for more than 10 years by then.", "Washington at the same time refused Carver's requests for a new laboratory, research supplies for his exclusive use, and respite from teaching classes.", "Washington praised Carver's abilities in teaching and original research but said about his administrative skills:\n \nWhen it comes to the organization of classes, the ability required to secure a properly organized and large school or section of a school, you are wanting in ability.", "When it comes to the matter of practical farm managing which will secure definite, practical, financial results, you are wanting again in ability.", "In 1911, Carver complained that his laboratory had not received the equipment which Washington had promised 11 months before.", "He also complained about Institute committee meetings.", "Washington praised Carver in his 1911 memoir, My Larger Education: Being Chapters from My Experience.", "Washington called Carver \"one of the most thoroughly scientific men of the Negro race with whom I am acquainted.\"", "After Washington died in 1915, his successor made fewer demands on Carver for administrative tasks.", "While a professor at Tuskegee, Carver joined the Gamma Sigma chapter of Phi Beta Sigma fraternity.", "He spoke at the 1930 Conclave that was held at Tuskegee, Alabama, in which he delivered a powerful and emotional speech to the men in attendance.", "From 1915 to 1923, Carver concentrated on researching and experimenting with new uses for peanuts, sweet potatoes, soybeans, pecans, and other crops, as well as having his assistants research and compile existing uses.", "This work, and especially his speaking to a national conference of the Peanut Growers Association in 1920 and in testimony before Congress in 1921 to support passage of a tariff on imported peanuts, brought him wide publicity and increasing renown.", "In these years, he became one of the most well-known African Americans of his time.", "Rise to fame\n\nCarver developed techniques to improve soils depleted by repeated plantings of cotton.", "Together with other agricultural experts, he urged farmers to restore nitrogen to their soils by practicing systematic crop rotation: alternating cotton crops with plantings of sweet potatoes or legumes (such as peanuts, soybeans and cowpeas).", "These crops both restored nitrogen to the soil and were good for human consumption.", "Following the crop rotation practice resulted in improved cotton yields and gave farmers alternative cash crops.", "To train farmers to successfully rotate and cultivate the new crops, Carver developed an agricultural extension program for Alabama that was similar to the one at Iowa State.", "To encourage better nutrition in the South, he widely distributed recipes using the alternative crops.", "Additionally, he founded an industrial research laboratory, where he and assistants worked to popularize the new crops by developing hundreds of applications for them.", "They did original research as well as promoting applications and recipes, which they collected from others.", "Carver distributed his information as agricultural bulletins.", "Carver's work was known by officials in the national capital before he became a public figure.", "President Theodore Roosevelt publicly admired his work.", "Former professors of Carver's from Iowa State University were appointed to positions as Secretary of Agriculture: James Wilson, a former dean and professor of Carver's, served from 1897 to 1913.", "Henry Cantwell Wallace served from 1921 to 1924.", "He knew Carver personally because his son Henry A. Wallace and the researcher were friends.", "The younger Wallace served as U.S. Secretary of Agriculture from 1933 to 1940, and as Franklin Delano Roosevelt's vice president from 1941 to 1945.", "The American industrialist, farmer, and inventor William C. Edenborn of Winn Parish, Louisiana, grew peanuts on his demonstration farm.", "He consulted with Carver.", "In 1916, Carver was made a member of the Royal Society of Arts in England, one of only a handful of Americans at that time to receive this honor.", "Carver's promotion of peanuts gained him the most notice.", "In 1919, Carver wrote to a peanut company about the potential he saw for peanut milk.", "Both he and the peanut industry seemed unaware that in 1917 William Melhuish had secured for a milk substitute made from peanuts and soybeans.", "The United Peanut Associations of America invited Carver to speak at their 1920 convention.", "He discussed \"The Possibilities of the Peanut\" and exhibited 145 peanut products.", "By 1920, the U.S. peanut farmers were being undercut by low prices on imported peanuts from the Republic of China.", "In 1921, peanut farmers and industry representatives planned to appear at Congressional hearings to ask for a tariff.", "Based on the quality of Carver's presentation at their convention, they asked the African-American professor to testify on the tariff issue before the Ways and Means Committee of the United States House of Representatives.", "Due to segregation, it was highly unusual for an African American to appear as an expert witness at Congress representing European-American industry and farmers.", "Southern congressmen, reportedly shocked at Carver's arriving to testify, were said to have mocked him.", "As he talked about the importance of the peanut and its uses for American agriculture, the committee members repeatedly extended the time for his testimony.", "The Fordney–McCumber Tariff of 1922 was passed including one on imported peanuts.", "Carver's testifying to Congress made him widely known as a public figure.", "Life while famous\n\nDuring the last two decades of his life, Carver seemed to enjoy his celebrity status.", "He was often on the road promoting Tuskegee University, peanuts, and racial harmony.", "Although he only published six agricultural bulletins after 1922, he published articles in peanut industry journals and wrote a syndicated newspaper column, \"Professor Carver's Advice\".", "Business leaders came to seek his help, and he often responded with free advice.", "Three American presidents—Theodore Roosevelt, Calvin Coolidge and Franklin Roosevelt—met with him, and the Crown Prince of Sweden studied with him for three weeks.", "From 1923 to 1933, Carver toured white Southern colleges for the Commission on Interracial Cooperation.", "With his increasing notability, Carver became the subject of biographies and articles.", "Raleigh H. Merritt contacted him for his biography published in 1929.", "Merritt wrote:\n\nAt present not a great deal has been done to utilize Dr.", "Carver's discoveries commercially.", "He says that he is merely scratching the surface of scientific investigations of the possibilities of the peanut and other Southern products.", "In 1932, the writer James Saxon Childers wrote that Carver and his peanut products were almost solely responsible for the rise in U.S. peanut production after the boll weevil devastated the American cotton crop beginning about 1892.", "His article, \"A Boy Who Was Traded for a Horse\" (1932), in The American Magazine, and its 1937 reprint in Reader's Digest, contributed to this myth about Carver's influence.", "Other popular media tended to exaggerate Carver's impact on the peanut industry.", "From 1933 to 1935, Carver worked to develop peanut oil massages to treat infantile paralysis (polio).", "Ultimately, researchers found that the massages, not the peanut oil, provided the benefits of maintaining some mobility to paralyzed limbs.", "From 1935 to 1937, Carver participated in the USDA Disease Survey.", "Carver had specialized in plant diseases and mycology for his master's degree.", "In 1937, Carver attended two chemurgy conferences, an emerging field in the 1930s, during the Great Depression and the Dust Bowl, concerned with developing new products from crops.", "He was invited by Henry Ford to speak at the conference held in Dearborn, Michigan, and they developed a friendship.", "That year Carver's health declined, and Ford later installed an elevator at the Tuskegee dormitory where Carver lived, so that the elderly man would not have to climb stairs.", "Carver had been frugal in his life, and in his seventies he established a legacy by creating a museum of his work, as well as the George Washington Carver Foundation at Tuskegee in 1938 to continue agricultural research.", "He donated nearly in his savings to create the foundation.", "Carver headed the modern organic movement in the southern agricultural system.", "Carver's background for his interest in organic farming sprouted from his father being killed during the Civil War, and when his mother was kidnapped by Confederate slave raiders.", "Now an orphan, Carver found comfort in botany when he was just 11 years old in Kansas.", "Carver learned about herbal medicine, natural pesticides, and natural fertilizers that yielded plentiful crops from his caretaker.", "When crops and house plants were dying, he would use his knowledge and go and nurse them back to health.", "As a teenager, he was termed the \"plant doctor\".", "When his study about infection in soybean reached Booker T. Washington, he invited him to come and teach at the Tuskegee Agricultural school.", "Although the emancipation allowed Black families 40 acres and a mule, President Johnson revoked this and gave the land to white plantation owners instead.", "This prompted Black farmers to exchange what was once their land, and in turn, a small part of the land's harvest.", "This led to sharecropping.", "Carver soon realized that farmers were not obtaining enough food to survive, and how the industrialization of cotton had contaminated the soil.", "Carver wanted to find a way to organically transform Alabama's failing soil.", "He found that alternating nitrogen-rich crops would let the soil get back to its natural state.", "Keeping crops like sweet potatoes, peanuts, and cowpeas would produce more food surplus and different types of food for farmers.", "Carver worked to pioneer organic fertilizers like swamp muck and compost for the farmers to use.", "These fertilizers were more sustainable to the planet and helped farmers to spend less money on fertilizers since they were recycling products.", "Carver pushed for woodland preservation, to help improve the quality of the topsoil.", "He urged farmers to feed their hogs acorns.", "The acorns contained natural pesticides and feeding them acorns was cheaper for the farms too.", "Carver's efforts towards the holistic and organic approach are still in practice today.", "In his research, Carver discovered Permaculture.", "Permaculture could be used to produce carbon from the atmosphere, produce a higher quantity of crops, and let crops flourish despite global warming.", "President Biden realized the success of Permaculture as described by Carver, and is now using it in sustainable agriculture in his climate policy.", "Relationships\n\nCarver never married.", "At age 40, he began a courtship with Sarah L. Hunt, an elementary school teacher and the sister-in-law of Warren Logan, Treasurer of Tuskegee Institute.", "This lasted three years until she took a teaching job in California.", "In her 2015 biography, Christina Vella reviews his relationships and suggests that Carver was bisexual and constrained by mores of his historic period.", "When he was 70, Carver established a friendship and research partnership with the scientist Austin W. Curtis Jr.", "This young black man, a graduate of Cornell University, had some teaching experience before coming to Tuskegee.", "Carver bequeathed to Curtis his royalties from an authorized 1943 biography by Rackham Holt.", "After Carver died in 1943, Curtis was fired from Tuskegee Institute.", "He left Alabama and resettled in Detroit.", "There he manufactured and sold peanut-based personal care products.", "Death\n\nUpon returning home one day, Carver took a bad fall down a flight of stairs; he was found unconscious by a maid who took him to a hospital.", "Carver died January 5, 1943, at the age of 79 from complications (anemia) resulting from this fall.", "He was buried next to Booker T. Washington at Tuskegee University.", "Due to his frugality, Carver's life savings totaled $60,000, all of which he donated in his last years and at his death to the Carver Museum and to the George Washington Carver Foundation.", "On his grave was written, \"He could have added fortune to fame, but caring for neither, he found happiness and honor in being helpful to the world.\"", "Personal life\n\nVoice pitch\nEven as an adult Carver spoke with a high pitch.", "Historian Linda O. McMurry noted that he \"was a frail and sickly child\" who suffered \"from a severe case of whooping cough and frequent bouts of what was called croup.\"", "McMurry contested the diagnosis of croup, holding rather that \"His stunted growth and apparently impaired vocal cords suggest instead tubercular or pneumococcal infection.", "Frequent infections of that nature could have caused the growth of polyps on the larynx and may have resulted from a gamma globulin deficiency.", "... until his death the high pitch of his voice startled all who met him, and he suffered from frequent chest congestion and loss of voice.\"", "Christianity\n\nCarver believed he could have faith both in God and science and integrated them into his life.", "He testified on many occasions that his faith in Jesus was the only mechanism by which he could effectively pursue and perform the art of science.", "Carver became a Christian when he was still a young boy, as he wrote in connection to his conversion in 1931:\n\nHe was not expected to live past his 21st birthday due to failing health.", "He lived well past the age of 21, and his belief deepened as a result.", "Throughout his career, he always found friendship with other Christians.", "He relied on them especially when criticized by the scientific community and media regarding his research methodology.", "Carver viewed faith in Jesus Christ as a means of destroying both barriers of racial disharmony and social stratification.", "He was as concerned with his students' character development as he was with their intellectual development.", "He compiled a list of \"eight cardinal virtues\" whose possession defines \"a lady or a gentleman\":\n\n Be clean both inside and out.", "Who neither looks up to the rich nor down on the poor.", "Who loses, if needs be, without squealing.", "Who wins without bragging.", "Who is always considerate of women, children and old people.", "Who is too brave to lie.", "Who is too generous to cheat.", "Who take his share of the world and lets other people have theirs.", "Beginning in 1906 at Tuskegee, Carver led a Bible class on Sundays for several students at their request.", "He regularly portrayed stories by acting them out.", "He responded to critics with this: \"When you do the common things in life in an uncommon way, you will command the attention of the world.\"", "Honors\n1923, Spingarn Medal from the NAACP, awarded annually for outstanding achievement.", "1928, honorary doctorate from Simpson College\n1939, the Roosevelt Medal for Outstanding Contribution to Southern Agriculture\n1940, Carver established the George Washington Carver Foundation at the Tuskegee Institute.", "1941, The George Washington Carver Museum was dedicated at the Tuskegee Institute.", "1942, Ford built a replica of Carver's birth cabin at the Henry Ford Museum and Greenfield Village in Dearborn as a tribute.", "1942, Ford dedicated a laboratory in Dearborn named after Carver.", "1943, Liberty ship launched\n1947, George Washington Carver Area High School, named in his honor is opened by the Chicago Public Schools in the Riverdale/Far South Side area of Chicago, Illinois, United States.", "1950, George Washington Carver State Park named\n1951–1954, U.S. Mint features Carver on a 50 cents silver commemorative coin\n1965, Ballistic missile submarine launched.", "1969, Iowa State University constructs Carver Hall in honor of Carver– a graduate of the university.", "1943?, the US Congress designated January 5, the anniversary of his death, as George Washington Carver Recognition Day.", "1999, USDA names a portion of its Beltsville, Maryland campus the George Washington Carver Center.", "2002, Iowa Award, the state's highest citizen award.", "2004, George Washington Carver Bridge, Des Moines, Iowa\n2007, the Missouri Botanical Gardens has a garden area named in his honor, with a commemorative statue and material about his work\nWillowbrook Neighborhood Park in Willowbrook, California was renamed George Washington Carver Park in his honor.", "Schools named for Carver include the George Washington Carver Elementary School of the Compton Unified School District in Los Angeles County, California, the George Washington Carver School of Arts and Science of the Sacramento City Unified School District in Sacramento, California, and the Dr. George Washington Carver Elementary School, a Newark public school in Newark, New Jersey.", "Taxa named after him include: Colletotrichum carveri and Metasphaeria carveri, both named by Job Bicknell Ellis and Benjamin Matlack Everhart in 1902; Cercospora carveriana, named by Pier Andrea Saccardo and Domenico Saccardo in 1906; Taphrina carveri named by Anna Eliza Jenkins in 1939; and Pestalotia carveri, named by E. F. Guba in 1961.", "Legacy\nA movement to establish a U.S. national monument to Carver began before his death.", "Because of World War II, such non-war expenditures had been banned by presidential order.", "Missouri senator Harry S. Truman sponsored a bill in favor of a monument.", "In a committee hearing on the bill, one supporter said:\n\nThe bill is not simply a momentary pause on the part of busy men engaged in the conduct of the war, to do honor to one of the truly great Americans of this country, but it is in essence a blow against the Axis, it is in essence a war measure in the sense that it will further unleash and release the energies of roughly 15,000,000 Negro people in this country for full support of our war effort.", "The bill passed unanimously in both houses.", "On July 14, 1943, President Franklin D. Roosevelt dedicated $30,000 for the George Washington Carver National Monument west-southwest of Diamond, Missouri, the area where Carver had spent time in his childhood.", "This was the first national monument dedicated to an African American and the first to honor someone other than a president.", "The national monument complex includes a bust of Carver, a ¾-mile nature trail, a museum, the 1881 Moses Carver house, and the Carver cemetery.", "The national monument opened in July 1953.", "In December 1947, a fire broke out in the Carver Museum, and much of the collection was damaged.", "Time magazine reported that all but three of the 48 Carver paintings at the museum were destroyed.", "His best-known painting, displayed at the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893 in Chicago, depicts a yucca and cactus.", "This canvas survived and has undergone conservation.", "It is displayed together with several of his other paintings.", "Carver was featured on U.S. 1948 commemorative stamps.", "From 1951 to 1954, he was depicted on the commemorative Carver-Washington half dollar coin along with Booker T. Washington.", "A second stamp honoring Carver, of face value 32¢, was issued on 3 February 1998 as part of the Celebrate the Century stamp sheet series.", "Two ships, the Liberty ship SS George Washington Carver and the nuclear submarine USS George Washington Carver (SSBN-656), were named in his honor.", "In 1977, Carver was elected to the Hall of Fame for Great Americans.", "In 1990, he was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame.", "In 1994, Iowa State University awarded Carver a Doctor of Humane Letters.", "In 2000, Carver was a charter inductee in the USDA Hall of Heroes as the \"Father of Chemurgy\".", "In 2002, scholar Molefi Kete Asante listed George Washington Carver as one of 100 Greatest African Americans.", "In 2005, Carver's research at the Tuskegee Institute was designated a National Historic Chemical Landmark by the American Chemical Society.", "On February 15, 2005, an episode of Modern Marvels included scenes from within Iowa State University's Food Sciences Building and about Carver's work.", "In 2005, the Missouri Botanical Garden in St. Louis, Missouri, opened a George Washington Carver garden in his honor, which includes a life-size statue of him.", "Many institutions continue to honor George Washington Carver.", "Dozens of elementary schools and high schools are named after him.", "National Basketball Association star David Robinson and his wife, Valerie, founded an academy named after Carver; it opened on September 17, 2001, in San Antonio, Texas.", "The Carver Community Cultural Center, a historic center located in San Antonio, is named for him.", "Reputed inventions\n\nCarver was given credit in popular folklore for many inventions that did not come out of his lab.", "Three patents (one for cosmetics; , and two for paints and stains; and ) were issued to Carver in 1925 to 1927; however, they were not commercially successful.", "Aside from these patents and some recipes for food, Carver left no records of formulae or procedures for making his products.", "He did not keep a laboratory notebook.", "Mackintosh notes that, \"Carver did not explicitly claim that he had personally discovered all the peanut attributes and uses he cited, but he said nothing to prevent his audiences from drawing the inference.\"", "Carver's research was intended to produce replacements from common crops for commercial products, which were generally beyond the budget of the small one-horse farmer.", "A misconception grew that his research on products for subsistence farmers were developed by others commercially to change Southern agriculture.", "Carver's work to provide small farmers with resources for more independence from the cash economy foreshadowed the \"appropriate technology\" work of E. F. Schumacher.", "Peanut products\nDennis Keeney, director of the Leopold Center for Sustainable Agriculture at Iowa State University, wrote in the Leopold Letter (newsletter):\n\nCarver worked on improving soils, growing crops with low inputs, and using species that fixed nitrogen (hence, the work on the cowpea and the peanut).", "Carver wrote in 'The Need of Scientific Agriculture in the South': \"The virgin fertility of our soils and the vast amount of unskilled labor have been more of a curse than a blessing to agriculture.", "This exhaustive system for cultivation, the destruction of forest, the rapid and almost constant decomposition of organic matter, have made our agricultural problem one requiring more brains than of the North, East or West.\"", "Carver worked for years to create a company to market his products.", "The most important was the Carver Penol Company, which sold a mixture of creosote and peanuts as a patent medicine for respiratory diseases such as tuberculosis.", "Sales were lackluster and the product was ineffective according to the Food and Drug Administration.", "Other ventures were The Carver Products Company and the Carvoline Company.", "Carvoline Antiseptic Hair Dressing was a mix of peanut oil and lanolin.", "Carvoline Rubbing Oil was a peanut oil for massages.", "Carver is often mistakenly credited with the invention of peanut butter.", "By the time Carver published \"How to Grow the Peanut and 105 Ways of Preparing it For Human Consumption\" in 1916, many methods of preparation of peanut butter had been developed or patented by various pharmacists, doctors and food scientists working in the US and Canada.", "The Aztecs were known to have made peanut butter from ground peanuts as early as the 15th century.", "Canadian pharmacist Marcellus Gilmore Edson was awarded (for its manufacture) in 1884, 12 years before Carver began his work at Tuskegee.", "Sweet potato products\nCarver is also associated with developing sweet potato products.", "In his 1922 sweet potato bulletin, Carver listed a few dozen recipes, \"many of which I have copied verbatim from Bulletin No.", "129, U. S. Department of Agriculture\".", "Carver's records included the following sweet potato products: 73 dyes, 17 wood fillers, 14 candies, 5 library pastes, 5 breakfast foods, 4 starches, 4 flours, and 3 molasses.", "He also had listings for vinegars, dry coffee and instant coffee, candy, after-dinner mints, orange drops, and lemon drops.", "Carver bulletins\n\nDuring his more than four decades at Tuskegee, Carver's official published work consisted mainly of 44 practical bulletins for farmers.", "His first bulletin in 1898 was on feeding acorns to farm animals.", "His final bulletin in 1943 was about the peanut.", "He also published six bulletins on sweet potatoes, five on cotton, and four on cowpeas.", "Some other individual bulletins dealt with alfalfa, wild plum, tomato, ornamental plants, corn, poultry, dairying, hogs, preserving meats in hot weather, and nature study in schools.", "His most popular bulletin, How to Grow the Peanut and 105 Ways of Preparing it for Human Consumption, was first published in 1916 and was reprinted many times.", "It gave a short overview of peanut crop production and contained a list of recipes from other agricultural bulletins, cookbooks, magazines, and newspapers, such as the Peerless Cookbook, Good Housekeeping, and Berry's Fruit Recipes.", "Carver's was far from the first American agricultural bulletin devoted to peanuts, but his bulletins did seem to be more popular and widespread than previous ones.", "See also\n\nAfrican-American history\nCarver College\nCarver Academy, Texas\nGeorge Washington Carver Center for Arts and Technology, a public high school in Towson, Maryland\nCarver High School (disambiguation)\nCarver Junior College, Cocoa, Florida, closed in 1963\nCarver Middle School (disambiguation)\nList of people on stamps of the United States\n\nCitations\n\nGeneral references\n\nScholarly studies\n Hersey, Mark D. My Work Is That of Conservation: An Environmental Biography of George Washington Carver (University of Georgia Press; 2011) 306 pages.", "Hersey, Mark.", "\"Hints and Suggestions to Farmers: George Washington Carver and Rural Conservation in the South.\"", "Environmental History 11#2 (2006): 239–268.", "Mackintosh, Barry.", "\"George Washington Carver: The Making of a Myth.\"", "Journal of Southern History 42#4 (1976): 507–528.", "in JSTOR\nBarry Mackintosh, \"George Washington Carver and the Peanut: New Light on a Much-loved Myth\", American Heritage 28(5): 66–73, 1977.", "McMurry, L. O.", "\"Carver, George Washington.\"", "American National Biography Online February 2000\n McMurry, Linda O. George Washington Carver: scientist and symbol (Oxford University Press, 1982).", "online; Google copy)\n\nPopular works\nCarver, George Washington.", "\"1897 or Thereabouts: George Washington Carver's Own Brief History of His Life.\"", "George Washington Carver National Monument.", "Collins, David R. George Washington Carver: Man's Slave, God's Scientist, (Mott Media, 1981)\nWilliam J. Federer, George Washington Carver: His Life & Faith in His Own Words, AmeriSearch (January 2003) \nGeorge Washington Carver: In His Own Words (Paperback), ed.", "G. R. Kremer, University of Missouri Press; 1987, Reprint edition (January 1991) \nH. M. Morris, Men of Science, Men of God (1982)\nE. C. Barnett and D. Fisher, Scientists Who Believe (1984)\n\nFurther reading\nGray, James Marion.", "George Washington Carver.", "Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Silver Burdett Press, 1991.", "Holt, Rackham.", "George Washington Carver: An American Biography, rev.", "ed.", "Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1963.", "Kremer, Gary R. Race and Meaning: The African American Experience in Missouri, University of Missouri Press, 2014.", "McKissack, Pat, and Fredrick McKissack.", "George Washington Carver: The Peanut Scientist, rev.", "ed.", "Berkeley Heights, NJ: Enslow Publishers, 2002.", "Moore, Eva.", "The Story of George Washington Carver, New York: Scholastic, 1995.", "Vella, Christina.", "Carver, Louisiana State University Press, 2015.", "External links\n\nArchival collections\nGuide to the George Washington Carver Letter to Dana H. Johnson.", "Special Collections and Archives, The UC Irvine Libraries, Irvine, California.", "Finding Aid to the George Washington Carver Collection.", "Special Collections Department, Iowa State University Library, Ames, Iowa.", "William and Annette Curtis collection of George Washington Carver items, MSS 6223 at L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Brigham Young University\n\nOther\nNational Park Service:\nLegends of Tuskegee: George Washington Carver from the National Park Service\nGeorge Washington Carver National Monument from the National Park Service\nCarver Tribute from Tuskegee University\nThe Legacy of George Washington Carver from Iowa State University\nNational Historic Chemical Landmark from the American Chemical Society\nGeorge Washington Carver Correspondence Collection Manuscript collection in Special Collections, National Agricultural Library.", "Biotechnology Organization Award\n\nGeorge Washington Carver Digital Collection, Iowa State University.", "George Washington Carver History\n\nPrint publications\n\nGeorge Washington Carver.", "\"How to Grow the Peanut and 105 Ways of Preparing it for Human Consumption\", Tuskegee Institute Experimental Station Bulletin 31.", "George Washington Carver.", "\"How the Farmer Can Save His Sweet Potatoes and Ways of Preparing Them for the Table\", Tuskegee Institute Experimental Station Bulletin 38, 1936.", "George Washington Carver.", "\"How to Grow the Tomato and 115 Ways to Prepare it for the Table\", Tuskegee Institute Experimental Station Bulletin 36, 1936.", "Peter D. Burchard, \"George Washington Carver: For His Time and Ours\", National Park Service: George Washington Carver National Monument.", "2006.", "Louis R. Harlan (ed.", "), The Booker T. Washington Papers, Volume 4, pp.", "127–128.", "Chicago: University of Illinois Press.", "1975.", "Raleigh H. Merritt, From Captivity to Fame or the Life of George Washington Carver, Boston: Meador Publishing.", "1929.", "George Washington Carver\nMary Bagley, George Washington Carver: Biography, Inventions & Quotes (2013).", "Date of birth unknown\n1860s births\n1943 deaths\nPeople from Newton County, Missouri\nAccidental deaths from falls\nAmerican botanists\nAfrican-American inventors\n20th-century American inventors\nAmerican mycologists\nAmerican food scientists\nAfrican-American Christians\nAmerican agriculturalists\nAgriculture educators\nAlabama Republicans\nIowa State University alumni\nIowa State University faculty\nPeople from Tuskegee, Alabama\nAmerican adoptees\nPeople from Hanover, Massachusetts\nSpingarn Medal winners\nAfrican-American scientists\nAfrican-American educators\nTuskegee University faculty\nPeople from Ness County, Kansas\nHall of Fame for Great Americans inductees\nPeople from Indianola, Iowa\n19th-century American slaves\nScientists from Missouri\nBurials in Alabama\nFellows of the Royal Society of Arts\n20th-century African-American people" ]

[ "George Washington Carver was an American agricultural scientist and inventor who promoted alternative crops to cotton and methods to prevent soil depletion.", "He was the most prominent black scientist of the 20th century.", "Carver developed techniques to improve soils when he was a professor.", "He wanted poor farmers to grow peanuts and sweet potatoes in order to improve their quality of life.", "105 food recipes using peanuts were contained in the most popular bulletin.", "He spent a lot of time developing and promoting products made from peanuts.", "Carver was a leader in promoting environmentalism, apart from his work to improve the lives of farmers.", "He received the NAACP's Spingarn medal for his work.", "His fame reached beyond the black community in an era of high racial polarization.", "He was praised in the white community for his accomplishments.", "Time magazine dubbed Carver a \"Black Leonardo\" in 1941.", "Carver's color film was added to the National Film Registry of the Library of Congress in 2019.", "In the 12 minutes of footage, you can see Carver in his apartment, office and laboratory, as well as images of him tending flowers and displaying his paintings.", "The National Archives has a multi-year effort to preserve and make available the historically significant film collections of the National Park Service.", "Carver was born into slavery near Crystal Place in the mid 1860s.", "The date of his birth was not known to Carver, but it was before the abolition of slavery in Missouri during the American Civil War.", "George's parents, Mary and Giles, were purchased from William P. McGinnis for $700 by his master, Moses Carver.", "Giles died before George was born and when he was a week old, he, his sister, and his mother were kidnapped by night raiders from Arkansas.", "James was rushed to safety after being kidnapped.", "Three people were sold in Kentucky.", "The infant George was the only one Carver found.", "In order to get the boy's return,Moses negotiated with the raiders.", "George and his older brother, James, were raised by their parents as their own children after slavery was abolished.", "\"Aunt Susan\" taught George how to read and write, and they encouraged him to continue his studies.", "People of color were not allowed at the school.", "George decided to attend a school for black children in Neosho.", "The school was closed for the night when he arrived.", "He slept in a barn.", "He met a kind woman who he wanted to rent a room from.", "She replied \"George Carver\" when he identified himself as \"Carver's George\", as he had done his whole life.", "The words \"You must learn all you can, then go back out into the world and give your learning back to the people\" made a great impression on George.", "He moved to the home of another foster family in Fort Scott, Kansas because he wanted to attend the academy.", "Carver left the city after witnessing the killing of a black man by a group of whites.", "He graduated from Minneapolis High School in Minneapolis, Kansas.", "There was another George Carver in Minneapolis, which caused confusion over receiving mail.", "George W. Carver requested letters to be addressed to him.", "Carver grinned and said \"Why not?\" when asked if the \"W\" stood for Washington.", "He signed his name as either George W. Carver or simply George Carver.", "Carver applied to several colleges before he was accepted to Highland University.", "They wouldn't let him attend because of his race.", "In August 1886, Carver traveled by wagon with J. F. Beeler.", "He homesteaded a claim near Beeler, where he kept a small collection of plants and flowers.", "He planted rice, corn, Indian corn and garden produce, as well as various fruit trees, forest trees, and shrubbery.", "He worked as a ranch hand and earned money by doing odd jobs in town.", "Carver obtained a loan at the Bank of Ness City for education.", "He left the area by June.", "Simpson College in Indianola, Iowa, where Carver studied art and piano in 1890.", "His art teacher, Etta Budd, recognized Carver's talent for painting flowers and plants and encouraged him to study botany at Iowa State Agricultural College in Ames.", "He was the first black student at Iowa State.", "In 1894, Carver's Bachelor's thesis was \"Plants as Modified by Man\".", "Carver was persuaded to continue there for his master's degree by two Iowa State University professors.", "During the next two years, Carver did research at the Iowa Experiment Station.", "His work at the experiment station in plant pathology and mycology earned him national recognition and respect.", "Carver received a masters degree in 1896.", "Carver was the first black faculty member at Iowa State.", "Carver never received an official doctorate, despite occasionally being addressed as \"doctor\", and in a personal communication with Pammel, he noted that it was a \"misnomer\", given to him by others due to his abilities and their assumptions about his education.", "Simpson College and Selma University gave him doctorates of science in his lifetime.", "He was posthumously awarded a doctorate of humane letters by Iowa State.", "Carver was invited to head the Agriculture Department by Booker T. Washington, the first principal and president of the Tuskegee Institute.", "Carver worked with two additional college presidents while he was there and developed the department into a strong research center.", "He taught methods of crop rotation, introduced several alternative cash crops for farmers, initiated research into crop products, and taught generations of black students farming techniques for self-sufficiency.", "A mobile classroom was designed by Carver.", "He called it a \"Jesup wagon\" after the New York financier and philanthropist Morris Ketchum Jesup, who provided funding to support the program.", "Washington gave Carver an above average salary and two rooms for his personal use in order to recruit him to the school.", "Some faculty thought he was arrogant because he had a master's degree from a white institution.", "The spartan early days of the institute had faculty sharing rooms with two to a room.", "The Agricultural Experiment Station farms were administered by Carver.", "To make money for the institute, he had to manage the production and sale of farm products.", "He was a poor administrator.", "The physical work and letter-writing required were too much for Carver in 1900.", "In 1904, an Institute committee reported that Carver's reports on yields from the poultry yard were overstated, and Washington confronted Carver about it.", "Carver wrote, \"Now to be branded as a liar and party to such hellish deception it is more than I can bear, and if your committee feel that I have willfully lied or was party to such lies as were told my resignation is at your disposal.\"", "When the administration reorganized the agriculture programs, when he disliked a teaching assignment, and when he did not get summer teaching assignments, Carver submitted or threatened his resignation.", "Washington smoothed things over in each case.", "Carver was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "Washington wrote a letter to Carver complaining that he had not followed orders to plant certain crops.", "Washington had been in charge of Carver's department for more than 10 years.", "Carver's requests for a new laboratory, research supplies, and respite from teaching classes were refused by Washington.", "When it comes to the organization of classes, the ability required to secure a properly organized and large school or section of a school is what Washington said about Carver's administrative skills.", "You want again in ability when it comes to practical farm managing which will secure definite, practical, financial results.", "Washington promised 11 months before that his laboratory would get the equipment.", "He was upset about Institute committee meetings.", "Carver was praised in Washington's memoir.", "Washington said Carver was one of the most thoroughly scientific men of the Negro race.", "Washington's successor made less demands on Carver after he died.", "Carver was a professor at the time.", "At the 1930 Conclave he delivered a powerful and emotional speech to the men in attendance.", "Carver concentrated on researching and experimenting with new uses for peanuts, sweet potatoes, soybeans, pecans, and other crops from 1915 to 1923.", "This work, and especially his speaking to a national conference of the Peanut Growers Association in 1920 and in testimony before Congress in 1921 to support passage of a tariff on imported peanuts, brought him wide publicity and increasing renown.", "He became one of the most well-known African Americans of his time.", "Carver developed techniques to improve soils.", "He and other agricultural experts urged farmers to restore nitrogen to their soils by alternating cotton crops with sweet potatoes or other crops.", "Nitrogen was restored to the soil by these crops.", "The crop rotation practice resulted in improved cotton yields.", "Carver created an agricultural extension program for Alabama that was similar to the one at Iowa State.", "Alternative crops were widely distributed to encourage better nutrition in the South.", "He and his assistants worked to popularize the new crops by developing hundreds of applications for them.", "They did original research as well as promoting applications and recipes.", "Carver gave out his information as an agricultural bulletin.", "Before he became a public figure, Carver's work was known by officials in the national capital.", "President Theodore Roosevelt appreciated his work.", "James Wilson, a former dean and professor of Carver's at Iowa State University, served as Secretary of Agriculture from 1897 to 1913.", "Wallace served from 1921 to 1924.", "He knew Carver because his son was friends with the researcher.", "From 1941 to 1945, Wallace was Franklin Delano Roosevelt's vice president.", "The American industrialist, farmer, and inventor grew peanuts on his demonstration farm.", "He talked to Carver.", "Carver was one of only a few Americans to be made a member of the Royal Society of Arts in England in 1916.", "He got the most notice for Carver's promotion of peanuts.", "Carver wrote to a peanut company in 1919 about the potential for peanut milk.", "William Melhuish secured for a milk substitute made from peanuts and soybeans in 1917.", "Carver was invited to speak at the United Peanut Associations of America in 1920.", "He talked about \"The Possibilities of the Peanut\" and exhibited peanut products.", "By 1920, the U.S. peanut farmers were being undercut by low prices on imported peanuts from the Republic of China.", "In 1921 peanut farmers and industry representatives were going to ask for a tariffs.", "The Ways and Means Committee of the United States House of Representatives asked the African-American professor to testify on the tariffs issue based on the quality of Carver's presentation at their convention.", "It was very rare for an African American to be an expert witness at Congress.", "Carver was said to have been mocked by the southern congressmen.", "The committee members kept extending the time for his testimony as he talked about the importance of the peanut.", "Imported peanuts were included in the Fordney–McCumber Tariff of 1922.", "Carver was a public figure because of his testimony to Congress.", "Carver enjoyed his celebrity status during the last two decades of his life.", "He promoted racial harmony and peanuts on the road.", "He wrote a syndicated newspaper column called \"Professor Carver's Advice\" and published articles in peanut industry journals.", "He responded to business leaders with free advice.", "The Crown Prince of Sweden studied with three American presidents.", "Carver toured white Southern colleges for the Commission on Interracial Cooperation from 1923 to 1933.", "Carver became the subject of biographies and articles due to his increasing notability.", "His biography was published in 1929.", "At the moment, not a lot has been done to use Dr.", "Carver's discoveries are commercially lazada lazada lazada lazada lazada lazada lazada lazada lazada lazada lazada lazada lazada lazada lazada lazada lazada lazada lazada lazada lazada lazada lazada lazada lazada lazada lazada lazada lazada lazada lazada lazada lazada lazada lazada lazada lazada lazada lazada lazada lazada lazada lazada lazada lazada lazada lazada lazada lazada lazada lazada lazada", "He says that he is only scratching the surface of the possibilities of the peanut and other Southern products.", "The rise in peanut production in the US was almost solely due to Carver and his peanut products.", "The myth about Carver's influence was caused by his article \"A Boy Who Was Traded for a Horse\" in The American Magazine.", "Carver's impact on the peanut industry was exaggerated by other popular media.", "Carver worked to develop peanut oil massages to treat paralysis.", "The benefits of maintaining some mobility to paralyzed limbs were provided by the massages, not the peanut oil.", "Carver was part of the USDA Disease Survey from 1935 to 1937.", "Carver obtained a master's degree in mycology.", "During the Great Depression and the Dust Bowl, Carver attended two conferences focused on developing new products from crops.", "He and Henry Ford became friends after he spoke at the conference in Michigan.", "Ford installed an elevator at the dormitory where Carver lived so that the elderly man wouldn't have to climb stairs.", "Carver had been frugal in his life, and in his seventies he established a legacy by creating a museum of his work, as well as the George Washington Carver Foundation at Tuskegee to continue agricultural research.", "He gave a lot of money to create the foundation.", "Carver was the leader of the modern organic movement in the south.", "Carver's interest in organic farming began when his father was killed in the Civil War and when his mother was kidnapped by slave raiders.", "Carver was an orphan when he was 11 years old.", "Carver learned a lot about herbal medicine, natural pesticides, and natural fertilizers.", "He would use his knowledge to nurse dying plants back to health.", "He was called the \"plant doctor\" as a teenager.", "Booker T. Washington was invited to teach at the school because of his study about soybean infections.", "President Johnson gave the land to white plantation owners instead of allowing Black families 40 acres and a mule.", "Black farmers exchanged what was once their land for a small part of the land's harvest.", "This led to sharing.", "The industrialization of cotton had contaminated the soil, and Carver realized that farmers were not getting enough food to survive.", "Carver was looking for a way to transform Alabama's failing soil.", "The soil would get back to its natural state with alternating nitrogen-rich crops.", "Keeping crops like sweet potatoes, peanuts, and cowpeas would produce more food for farmers.", "Compost and swamp muck were pioneered by Carver.", "Farmers were able to spend less money onfertilizers since they were more sustainable to the planet.", "Carver wanted to improve the quality of the topsoil.", "He told farmers to feed their hogs.", "The pesticides in the acorns were cheaper for the farms.", "Theholistic and organic approach is still practiced today.", "Carver discovered a new way of life.", "It is possible to produce carbon from the atmosphere, produce a higher quantity of crops, and allow crops to flourish despite global warming.", "The success of Permaculture was realized by President Biden, who is now using it in his climate policy.", "Carver never married.", "He began a relationship with Sarah L. Hunt at the age of 40.", "She took a teaching job in California after three years.", "Christina Vella suggests in her biography that Carver was bisexual and constrained by more of his historic period.", "Carver established a friendship and research partnership with a scientist when he was 70.", "A graduate of Cornell University, this young black man has teaching experience.", "Carver bequeathed his royalties from a biography.", "After Carver's death, he was fired from the institute.", "He moved to Detroit after leaving Alabama.", "He sold peanut-based personal care products.", "Carver fell down a flight of stairs and was found unconscious by a maid who took him to the hospital.", "Carver died on January 5, 1943, at the age of 80, due to anemia.", "He was buried next to Booker T. Washington.", "Carver's life savings totaled $60,000, all of which he donated in his last years and at his death to the George Washington Carver Foundation.", "He found happiness and honor in being helpful to the world, even though he could have added fortune to fame.", "Carver spoke with a high pitch as an adult.", "Linda O. McMurry wrote that he was a frail and sickly child who was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "McMurry disagreed with the diagnosis of croup, holding that his stunted growth and impaired vocal cords may be related totubercular or pneumococcal infections.", "The growth of polyps on the larynx may have been caused by frequent infections of that nature.", "He suffered from frequent chest congestion and a loss of voice due to the high pitch of his voice.", "Carver believed in God and science and integrated them into his life.", "He testified that his faith in Jesus was the only way he could effectively pursue and perform science.", "Carver was not expected to live past his 21st birthday due to failing health, but he became a Christian when he was a young boy.", "He lived past the age of 21 and his belief grew as a result.", "He was always friends with other Christians.", "When his research methodology was criticized by the scientific community, he relied on them.", "Carver believed in the power of faith in Jesus Christ to destroy barriers of race and class.", "He cared about his students' character development as much as he cared about their intellectual development.", "A lady or a gentleman is defined by the virtue of being clean both inside and out.", "They don't look up to the rich or the poor.", "Who loses, if needs be.", "Who is the winner without boasting.", "People are always respectful of women, children and old people.", "They are too brave to lie.", "Someone is too generous to cheat.", "He lets other people have his share of the world.", "Several students requested that Carver lead a Bible class on Sundays.", "He acted out stories.", "\"If you do the common things in life in an uncommon way, you will command the attention of the world,\" he said.", "The NAACP awards the Spingarn medal annually for outstanding achievement.", "George Washington Carver established the George Washington Carver Foundation at the Tuskegee Institute.", "The George Washington Carver Museum was dedicated in 1941.", "Ford built a replica of Carver's birth cabin as a tribute.", "Ford named a laboratory after Carver.", "The George Washington Carver Area High School was opened by the Chicago Public Schools in the Riverdale/Far South Side area of Chicago, Illinois, the United States.", "George Washington Carver State Park was named after him in 1950.", "Carver Hall was built in 1969 by Iowa State University.", "The US Congress designated January 5, 1943, as George Washington Carver Recognition Day.", "The George Washington Carver Center was named by the USDA in 1999.", "The Iowa Award is the state's highest citizen award.", "The Missouri Botanical Gardens has a garden area named in honor of George Washington Carver, and a park in California was renamed in his honor.", "The George Washington Carver Elementary School in Los Angeles County, California, the George Washington Carver School of Arts and Science in the Sacramento City Unified School District, and the Dr. George Washington Carver Elementary School are all named after Carver.", "Taxa named after him include: Colletotrichum carveri and Metasphaeria carveri, both named by Job Bicknell Ellis and Benjamin Matlack Everhart.", "The movement to establish a monument to Carver began before his death.", "World War II banned non-war expenditures.", "A bill was sponsored by Harry S. Truman.", "The bill is not simply a momentary pause on the part of busy men engaged in the conduct of the war, to do honor to one of the truly great Americans of this country, but it is in essence a blow against the axis.", "The bill was passed by both houses.", "The George Washington Carver National Monument is west-southwest of Diamond, Missouri, and was dedicated by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1943.", "This was the first national monument dedicated to an African American and the first to honor someone other than a president.", "There is a bust of Carver, a nature trail, a museum, and a Carver cemetery in the national monument complex.", "In July of 1953, the national monument opened.", "The Carver Museum was damaged in a fire in 1947.", "According to Time magazine, all but three of the 48 Carver paintings were destroyed.", "His best-known painting was displayed at the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893 in Chicago.", "This canvas has undergone restoration.", "The paintings are displayed together.", "Carver was featured on stamps.", "He was depicted on a half dollar coin with Booker T. Washington.", "The second Carver stamp was issued on February 3, 1998 as part of the Celebrate the Century stamp sheet series.", "Two ships, the Liberty ship and the nuclear submarine, were named in his honor.", "Carver was elected to the Hall of Fame in 1977.", "He was in the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 1990.", "Carver received a Doctor of Humane Letters from Iowa State University.", "Carver was named the \"Father of Chemurgy\" in the USDA Hall of Heroes in 2000.", "George Washington Carver was listed as one of the 100 greatest African Americans.", "The American Chemical Society designated Carver's research at the Tuskegee Institute a national historic chemical landmark in 2005.", "Iowa State University's Food Sciences Building and Carver's work were shown in an episode of Modern Marvels.", "There is a statue of George Washington Carver in the Missouri Botanical Garden.", "George Washington Carver is honored by many institutions.", "Dozens of schools are named after him.", "David Robinson and his wife, Valerie, founded an academy named after Carver in San Antonio, Texas.", "The historic center in San Antonio is named after him.", "Carver was credited with many inventions that did not come out of his lab.", "Carver had three patents issued to him in 1925 to 1927, but they were not commercially successful.", "Carver left no records of formulae or procedures for making his products.", "He didn't keep a notebook.", "\"Carver did not explicitly claim that he had personally discovered all the peanut attributes and uses he cited, but he said nothing to prevent his audiences from drawing the inference.\"", "Carver's research was intended to produce replacements from common crops for commercial products, which were generally beyond the budget of the small one-horse farmer.", "There was a misconception that his research was used to change Southern agriculture.", "The \"appropriate technology\" work of E. F. Schumacher was influenced by Carver's work to provide small farmers with resources for more independence from the cash economy.", "The director of the Leopold Center for sustainable agriculture at Iowa State University wrote in the Leopold Letter that Carver worked on improving soils, growing crops with low inputs, and using species that fixed nitrogen.", "The virgin fertility of our soils and the vast amount of unskilled labor have been more of a curse than a blessing to agriculture.", "Our agricultural problem is one requiring more brains than the North, East or West because of the extensive system for cultivation, destruction of forest, rapid and almost constant decomposition of organic matter.", "Carver created a company to market his products.", "The Carver Penol Company sold a mixture of creosote and peanuts as a patent medicine for respiratory diseases.", "The product was ineffectual according to the FDA.", "The Carvoline Company was one of the ventures.", "Carvoline Antiseptic Hair Dressing was made with peanut oil and lanolin.", "Carvoline Rubbing Oil was used for massages.", "The invention of peanut butter was credited to Carver.", "By the time Carver published \"How to Grow the Peanut and 105 Ways of Preparing it For Human Consumption\" in 1916, many methods of preparation of peanut butter had been patented.", "The Aztecs made peanut butter from peanuts as early as the 15th century.", "12 years before Carver began his work at Tuskegee, a Canadian pharmacist was awarded for his work.", "Carver is associated with the development of sweet potato products.", "Carver listed a few dozen recipes in his 1922 sweet potato bulletin.", "The U.S. Department of Agriculture.", "73 dyes, 17 wood fillers, 14 candies, 5 library pastes, 5 breakfast foods, 4 starches, 4 flours, and 3 molasses were included in Carver's records.", "There were also listings for dry coffee, candy, after-dinner mints, orange drops, and lemon drops.", "Carver's official published work consisted of 44 practical bulletins for farmers.", "His first bulletin was about feeding farm animals.", "His last bulletin was about the peanut.", "Six bulletins were published on sweet potatoes, five on cotton, and four on cowpeas.", "Nature study in schools, preservation of meats in hot weather, and ornamental plants were some of the individual bulletins.", "His most popular bulletin, How to Grow the Peanut and 105 Ways of Preparing it for Human Consumption, was first published in 1916.", "It gave a short overview of peanut crop production and contained a list of recipes from other agricultural bulletin, cookbooks, magazines, and newspapers.", "Carver's bulletin was far from the first American agricultural bulletin devoted to peanuts, but it did seem to be more popular and widespread than previous ones.", "Carver College Carver Academy, Texas George Washington Carver Center for Arts and Technology, a public high school in Maryland, closed in 1963.", "Mark Hersey.", "There are hints and suggestions for farmers about George Washington Carver.", "Environmental History 11#2 was published in 2006", "Barry Mackintosh.", "The Making of a Myth is a book by George Washington Carver.", "The Journal of Southern History was published in 1976.", "\"George Washington Carver and the Peanut: New Light on a Much-loved Myth\" was written by Barry Mackintosh.", "L. O. McMurry.", "Carver, George Washington.", "Linda O. George Washington Carver: scientist and symbol was published in 1982.", "Carver, George Washington is one of the most popular works.", "\"1897 or Thereabouts: George Washington Carver's Own Brief History of His Life\" is a book.", "There is a national monument to George Washington Carver.", "George Washington Carver: Man's Slave, God's Scientist is a book by David R. George Washington Carver.", "The University of Missouri Press has a 1987 edition.", "George Washington Carver.", "Silver Burdett Press was published in 1991.", "Holt, Rackham.", "George Washington Carver: An American Biography was written by George Washington Carver.", "ed.", "Doubleday took place in Garden City, NY.", "The African American Experience in Missouri was published by the University of Missouri Press.", "Pat, Fredrick, and McKissack are related.", "The Peanut Scientist by George Washington Carver.", "ed.", "Berkeley Heights, NJ: Enslow Publishers.", "Eva Moore.", "The Story of George Washington Carver was published in 1995.", "Vella and Christina.", "The Louisiana State University Press.", "There are external links to the George Washington Carver Letter.", "The UC Irvine libraries have special collections.", "There is aid to the George Washington Carver collection.", "The Iowa State University Library has a special collections department.", "The National Park Service has a collection of George Washington Carver items.", "The George Washington Carver Digital Collection is from Iowa State University.", "Print publications of George Washington Carver.", "The \"How to Grow the Peanut and 105 Ways of Preparing it for Human Consumption\" is in the Experimental Station Bulletin 31.", "George Washington Carver.", "The Bulletin \"How the Farmer Can Save His Sweet Potatoes and Ways of Preparing Them for the Table\" was published in 1936.", "George Washington Carver.", "The \"How to Grow the Tomato and 115 Ways to Prepare it for the Table\" bulletin was published in 1936.", "\"George Washington Carver: For His Time and Ours\" was written by Peter D. Burchard.", "2006", "Louis R. Harlan is the author.", "The Booker T. Washington Papers were published in Volume 4.", "127–128.", "The University of Illinois Press is in Chicago.", "1975.", "Raleigh H. Merritt wrote From Captivity to Fame or the Life of George Washington Carver.", "1929.", "The biography of George Washington Carver was written by Mary Bagley.", "People fromNewton County, Missouri Accidental deaths from falls American botanists African-American inventors 20th-century American mycologists American food scientists African-American Christians Agriculture educators Alabama Republicans" ]

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[ "George Washington Carver", "Carver", "Carver", "Carver", "Carver", "Carver", "Carver", "Carver", "George", "Moses Carver", "George", "George", "Carver", "George", "George", "George", "George Carver", "Carver", "George", "George", "Carver", "George Carver", "George W", ". Carver", "Carver", "George W", ". Carver", "George Carver", "Carver", "Carver", "Carver", "Carver", "Carver", "Carver", "Carver", "Carver", "Carver", "Carver", "Carver", "Carver", ". Washington", "Carver", "Carver", "Carver", "Carver", "Carver", "Carver", "Washington", "Carver", "Carver", "Carver", "Washington", "Carver", "Carver", "Washington", "Washington", "Carver", "Washington", "Carver", "Washington", "Washington", "Carver", "Washington", "Carver", "Carver", "Carver", "Carver", "Carver", "Carver", "Carver", "Carver", "Carver", "Carver", "Carver", "Carver", "Carver", "Carver", "Carver", "Carver", "Carver", "Carver", "Carver", "Carver", "Carver", "Carver", "Carver", "Carver", "Carver", "Carver", "Carver", "Carver", "Carver", "Carver", "Carver", "Carver", "Carver", "Carver", "Carver", ". Washington", "Carver", "Carver", "Carver", "Carver", "Carver", "Carver", "Carver", "Carver", "Carver", "Carver", "Carver", "Carver", ". Washington", "Carver", "Carver", "Carver", "Carver", "Carver", "Carver", "George", "Carver", "Carver", "Carver", "George", "Carver", "George Washington", "Carver", "George", "Carver", "George", "Carver", "Carver", "Carver", "Carver", "Carver", "Carver", ". Washington", "Carver", "Carver", "Carver", "Carver", "George Washington", "Carver", "Carver", "Carver", "George Washington", "Carver", "George Washington", "Carver", "Carver", "Carver", "Carver", "Carver", "Carver", "Carver", "Carver", "Carver", "Carver", "Carver", "Carver", "Carver", "Carver", "Carver", "Carver", "Carver", "Carver", "George Washington", "Carver", "George Washington", "Carver", "Carver", "George Washington", "George Washington", "Carver", "Carver", "George Washington", "George Washington", "Carver", "George Washington", "Carver", "George Washington", "Carver", "George Washington", "Carver", "George Washington", "Carver", "George Washington", "Carver", "George Washington", "Carver", "George Washington", "Carver", "George Washington", "Carver", "Washington", "George Washington", "Carver", "George", "Carver", "Carver", "George Washington", "Carver", "George Washington", "Carver", "George Washington", "Carver", "George Washington", "Carver", "George Washington", "Carver", "George Washington", "Carver" ]

[ "Zicman Feider (1903–1979) was a Jewish Romanian acarologist, a remarkable researcher and a gifted academic, whose work continues to influence by many generations of biologists, some of whom studied zoology under his supervision.", "His name as a researcher is forever associated with the enigmatic group of Acari a.k.a.", "Acarina (a taxon of arachnids that contains mites and ticks), for which he arduously worked to perfect their taxonomy.", "Alone or in collaboration with his numerous disciples, he described and created 1 phalanx and 2 sub-phalanxes, 16 families and 8 subfamilies, 40 genera, 4 subgenera, and 145 species new to science.", "One could only compare professor Feider's work with that of Aristide Caradgea, who studied micro-Lepidoptera, attracting all the world researchers of that group to come in a pilgrimage to his modest place in Grumazesti, Neamț, Romania.", "Similarly, Feider's strenuous line of work encompassed Acari collections from all over Europe, St. Helen Island, North Korea, Nepal, Mongolia, India, Vietnam, Brazil, Venezuela, and Chile, making his lab in the Alexandru Ioan Cuza University (Romanian: Universitatea „Alexandru Ioan Cuza\"; acronym: UAIC), of Iași, Romania, a Mecca of the world's acarologists.", "Early life\nFeider was born on April 17, 1903, in Roman, in the province of Moldova, Romania, the eldest of seven children of Beila and Daniel (Idel) Feider, of Ashkenazy Jewish ethnicity.", "Beila and Daniel Feider were owners of a small rotary-shop (wagons were then in great demand), and as the Jewish tradition still demands, they saved most of their income to offer their son the best opportunity to study to become a \"doctor\".", "Their hopes were sustained by the excellent performance of their young studious son Zicman, who graduated the gymnasium and the prestigious Lyceum \"Roman Vodă\", with best possible grades.", "Higher education\nIn 1922, after receiving his baccalaureate, he enrolled in the University of Pavia, Italy, as a foreign student.", "From 1923 to 1925, Feider attended Histology and Pathology classes of the famous professor Camillo Golgi, the scientist-physician who discovered the Golgi apparatus, the Golgi tendon organ and the Golgi tendon reflex.", "Unfortunately, the student Feider was feeding himself poorly, and in 1925, after three years of starvation, he contracted pulmonary tuberculosis, which was still ravaging lives at the time.", "Forced to leave his studies in Italy, he returned to Romania, and was admitted to the Tuberculosis Sanatorium of Bârnova, close to Iași, where he strictly followed the rudimentary anti-tuberculous of treatment of that time.", "Weakened, but still willing to study Medicine he enrolled in the Faculty of Medicine of Iași University, and in 1928, he was immediately accepted due to his fine work in Pavia.", "Most unfortunately, the rise of anti-Semitic feelings throughout most of the students and some faculty members, and the lack of Jewish cadavers for Anatomy study (Jewish students were not allowed to dissect Christian cadavers), forced Zicman to quit studying medicine at Iași.", "Nevertheless, his desire to continue studying was paramount, so he enrolled at the Faculty of Natural Sciences, at the University of Chernivtsi (founded in 1875 as the Franz-Josephs-Universität Czernowitz), when Chernivtsi (Cernăuți in Romanian) was the capital of the Duchy of Bukovina, nicknamed \"Little Vienna\", part of the Austrian Empire.", "Zicman Feider studied only one year there, and then moved back to Iași, province of Moldova.", "Back in Iași, he studied from 1930 to 1933, at the Natural Sciences section, of the Science Faculty at the Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, previously known as \"Michaelian Academy\" of Iași, from which he graduated with honors in 1933.", "During this time, he learned from famous academicians, professors and academic researchers, like Ioan Borcea, Paul Bujor, and Constantin Motaș.", "Here, he also begun working with his future illustrious zoologist colleagues Mihai Băcescu, Sergiu Cărăușu, and Alexandru V. Grossu.", "Post-graduation and early working years\n\nFeider started as a teacher in his native city of Roman, and then taught in the town of Târgu Ocna until he passed his Teacher's Capacity Examination in 1935.", "Having obtained his Capacity Degree, he was hired as teacher of Natural Sciences at the \"St. O. Iosif Boys Lyceum\" in Odorheiu Secuiesc (Hungarian: Székelyudvarhely), Harghita County, Transylvania, Romania.", "The renowned educational institution, which preserves until today inside its yard the ruins of a Roman castrum, was named after a prematurely dead Romanian pre-symbolist poet, Ștefan Octavian Iosif,.", "In 1938, Feider married Ilona Pal, a local Székely person, who was a graduate of Benedek Elek Teachers' College, who eagerly defended her right to marry a Jew, during the reign of an antisemitic right-wing government.", "Feider permanently maintained his association with the professors from Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, and the eminent biologist Constantin Motaș, renowned specialist in hydro-Acari, who suggested that he should start researching the earth-Acari.", "As a result, the still young and very passionate Zicman was rummaging through the litter of the orchards of Harghita County in search of mites.", "He had the admiration and support of the Lyceum principal, Professor Ioan Steriopol, who was proud to befriend him.", "Working intensively as a teacher, researcher and pedagogue, Professor Feider helped establish the Natural Science Museum in Odorheiu Secuiesc.", "In 1938, Zicman Feider published in the \"Annals of the Alexandru Ioan Cuza University\" one of the discoveries of his passionate, under the title \"Sur une espèce nouvelle de genre Euthrombidium\" (About a new species of Euthrombidium).", "Unfortunately, the atmosphere in Odorheiu Secuiesc became incendiary after the 30 August 1940 - \"Vienna Diktat\", when Hungary received northern Transylvania from Romania, and the anti-Semitic manifestation became so pervasive that Zicman and his pregnant wife were forced to leave Transylvania for Moldova.", "Temporarily jobless and stigmatized as a Jew, Zicman sought to work as a teacher in Piatra Neamț, and eventually he found an opportunity to teach at the \"Jewish Lyceum\" of the city of Roman, Romania, at the end of 1940.", "His industrious work and his leadership skills were so well respected, he became the Principal of the \"Jewish Lyceum\", where he worked until 1944, during World War II.", "From 1944 to 1949, he continued to work as a Biology teacher at \"Roman's Boys Lyceum\" and at the \"Commercial Lyceum\" of the City of Roman.", "Meanwhile, his research was extremely active, resulting in the publication of several papers on Trombidiidae (a.k.a.", "Red Velvet Mites or Rain Bugs, arachnids found in soil litter known for their bright red colors), in 1945.", "Academic and scientific activity\nIn 1947, he successfully defended his Ph.D. thesis under the supervision of Professor Constantin Motaș, entitled \"The Respiratory Apparatus in Trombidiidae and Superior Prostigmata\".", "For his extraordinary work, Zicman Feider obtained the qualification magna cum laude.", "In 1949, he was appointed as an associate professor at the Department of Zoology of the Natural Science Faculty at Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Iași, and his alma mater.", "In 1950, he was coopted in the formal \"Research Group for Romanian Fauna\", affiliated with the Scientific Section of the Romanian Academy, as head of the \"Fauna Group\" from the Iași Branch.", "In 1955, Feider published a remarkable work \"The Monograph of Trombidiidae\", included in the \"Fauna\" collection of the Romanian Academy Press.", "In 1959, he became Full Professor with tenure at the Department of Zoology of the Natural Science Faculty at Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Iași.", "He was designated as titular for the Course of Vertebrate Zoology (the biological discipline that consists of the study of Vertebrate animals, i.e., animals with a backbone, such as fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals) (see Curs de zoologia vertebratelor).", "He also taught other courses like General Zoology, and Parasitology.", "In 1965, he published \"Superfamily Ixodoidea\" (containing the family Ixodidae – hard ticks), another monograph in the \"Fauna\" collection of the Romanian Academy Press.", "In the same year 1965, after years of collaborative work with his Romanian colleagues from the universities of Bucharest and Cluj, Professor Zicman Feider published the first edition of \"The Vertebrate Zoology\".", "This monumental work was reedited twice (see ZOOLOGIA VERTEBRATELOR de Z. FEIDER, AL.", "V. GROSSU, ST. GYURKO si V. POP 1967 & ZOOLOGIA VERTEBRATELOR - Z. FEIDER, AL.", "V. GROSSU, ST. GYURKO si V. POP BUCUREȘTI.", "1976), and can be found as PDF file on Internet.", "As a vertebrate zoologist, Feider surrounded himself with other members of the department of Zoology, developing several lines of research for each of them, mentoring them to successfully defending their Ph.D. theses.", "All those collaborators – Libertina Solomon, Viorica Simionescu, Iulia Mironescu, Nicolai Valenciuc, and Iordache Ion became full professors and accomplished researchers.", "Some of their joint lines of research topics were \"The hyoid-mandibular apparatus in fishes\" and \"The relative growth in some fish species\".", "The work was done at the \"Marine Biological Station Professor Doctor Ioan Borcea\", Agigea, Romania, founded in 1926 at the Border of the Black Sea, as an external research institution pertaining to the Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Iași.", "Concomitantly, Feider supervised other Ph.D. theses of several zoologists working at other Romanian Universities or at some remote biology research centers.", "He also never lost contact with the high-school education in Romania, and was invited almost every year to preside over Baccalaureate Committees in the largest cities of the Province of Moldova, Romania.", "In fact, the textbooks of Zoology for high schools in Romania all had his magisterial book \"The Vertebrate Zoology\" as reference.", "Feider's work with mites and ticks became very well known abroad, and more specialists in the field were interested in his work.", "He carried out the taxonomical and systematical study of many Acarina groups: Ixodoidea, Oribatidae, Gamasidea, Rhinonyssidae, Erythraeidea, and Prostigmata from Romania; Nicolletiellidae and Sternostoma genus throughout the world.", "He found phylogenetic indicators in the structures of trichobotrias, aspis, and genital and anal plaques in the larva chetotaxis and visual organs at Ixodidae or in the breathing apparatus, metopic edge and genital structure of Trombidia.", "Meanwhile, he joined several scientific societies in Europe and the US, and was appointed to the editorial board of the publication Acarologia – a quarterly peer-reviewed open-access scientific journal covering all aspects of acarology, established by Marc André and François Grandjean in 1959.", "Some acarologists sent him their own collections for studying, to avoid name-redundancy.", "Feider therefore was comparing Acari from all over the world with the holotypes (holotype - a single type specimen upon which the description and name of a new species is based) pertaining to his personal collection.", "Feider transmitted his passion for acarology to a group of researchers from the Center for Biological Research - Nicu Vasiliu, Magda Călugăr, Mărioara Huțu, Maria Calistru and few others, who were his devoted disciples, while working at the \"General and Applied Biology Institute\" of the Iași branch of the Romanian Academy.", "They represented the growing school of Romanian acarologists, unparalleled until today.", "Death\nFeider died after his fourth heart attack (he survived three previous attacks), while his third monography about Trombiculoidea was given for publication to the \"Fauna\" collection of the Romanian Academy Press.", "Legacy\nThe personal \"Acari and Ixodidae collection\" of Feider, a true scientific thesaurus gathered during decades of arduous work, was donated to the Natural History Museum of Iași, a prestigious institution founded in 1834, and is the first museum of this kind in Romania.", "As evidence of the appreciation for his dedication to the science, several acarologists felt compelled to immortalize the name Zicman Feider, by dedicating his name to newly identified species of Acari.", "For instance, Subias created the genus Feiderzetes - Feiderzetes latus in 1977.", "After his passing, one of his collaborators and colleagues, Libertina Solomon created the species Myonyssus feideri, and two of his close scientific correspondents, Balogh and Mahunka created the species Phteracorus zicmani.", "Feider remains in the memory of those who knew him as an eminent academic figure, with not only a vast knowledge of biology, but also a person who spread human warmth.", "He was a devoted father and grandfather, whose three children followed his example, choosing academic careers: Noemi Bomher - professor of Romanian literature, Daniela Kocsis – teacher of mathematics, and the junior Almos Bela Trif – physician and professor of pathology.", "References\n\nContribution of the Romanian Jews to Culture and Civilisation, Federation of Jewish Communities of Romania, Hasefer Press, Bucharest, 2004, \n Contribuția evreilor români la cultură și civilizație, Federația Comunităților Evreiești din România, Editura Hasefer, București, \nIonel Maftei - Personalități Ieșene, Vol.", "IV.", "Omagiu, Comitetul de cultură și educație socialistă al județului Iași, 1982\n Profesor dr. docent Zicman Feider.", "Flacăra Iașului, 36, nr.", "10261, 30 sept. 1979, p. 3\nLibertina Solomon - Zicman Feider (1903-1979).", "Acarologia (Paris), tome XXI, fasc.1, Jan.1980, p. 1-2\nNeculai Vasiliu, Magda Călugăr, Marina Huțu - Zicman Feider (1903-1979).", "Travaux du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle Grigore Antipa (București), vol.", "XXI, 1980, p. 385-386.", "Vasiliu, George D. – Feider Zicman in \"Biologi din România: (Biologie animală)\", Editura Ion Borcea, 705 pages, pp.", "219–225, 2001.", "Gheorghe Mustață, Mariana Mustață – \"Prof. Dr. Zicman Feider\" (1903 – 1979) \"Personalități ale biologiei românești și universale\" (Personalities of Romanian and World's Biologists), Editura Academiei Oamenilor de Știință din România, 2014, 796 pages, pp.", "199 – 202, \n\n1903 births\n1979 deaths\n20th-century Romanian zoologists\nRomanian entomologists\nRomanian Jews\nMoldavian Jews\nPeople from Roman, Romania" ]

[ "Many generations of biologists, some of whom studied under Zicman's supervision, have been influenced by his work.", "He is associated with the group of Acari a.k.a. as a researcher.", "Acarina is a taxon of arachnids that contains mites and ticks.", "He described and created 1 phalanx and 2 sub-phalanxes, 16 families and 8 subfamilies, 40 genera, 4 subgenera, and 145 species new to science alone.", "Aristide Caradgea, who studied micro-Lepidoptera, attracted all the world researchers of that group to come in a pilgrimage to his modest place in Neam, Romania.", "The Acari collections from all over Europe, St. Helen Island, North Korea, Nepal, India, Vietnam, Brazil, Venezuela, and Chile were encompassed by the strenuous line of work of Feider.", "The eldest of seven children of Beila and Daniel (Idel) Feider, who were Ashkenazy Jewish, was born on April 17, 1903.", "As the Jewish tradition still demands, Beila and Daniel saved most of their income to give their son the best chance to study to become a doctor, and they were the owners of a small rotary-shop.", "Their hopes were supported by the excellent performance of their young studious son Zicman, who graduated the gymnasium and the prestigious Lyceum \"Roman Vod\" with the best possible grades.", "He attended the University of Pavia, Italy, as a foreign student after graduating from high school.", "The famous professor Camillo Golgi discovered the Golgi apparatus, the Golgi tendon organ and the Golgi tendon reflex.", "In 1925, after three years of starving, the student became sick with pulmonary Tuberculosis, which was still killing people at the time.", "He was admitted to the Tuberculosis Sanatorium of Brnova, close to Iai, when he was forced to leave his studies in Italy.", "He was accepted to the Faculty of Medicine of Iai University because of his work in Pavia.", "Zicman quit studying medicine at Iai because of the rise of anti-Semitic feelings among most of the students and some faculty members.", "He decided to enroll at the Faculty of Natural Sciences at the University of Chernivtsi because he wanted to continue studying.", "Zicman moved back to Iai after only one year there.", "He graduated from the Michaelian Academy of Iai with honors in 1933 after studying at the Natural Sciences section of the Science Faculty.", "He learned a lot from famous academicians, professors and academic researchers.", "He began working with his zoologist colleagues Mihai Bcescu, Sergiu Cruu, and Alexandru V. Grossu.", "After graduating from college in Roman, he taught in the town of Trgu Ocna until he passed his Teacher's Capacity Examination in 1935.", "He was hired as a teacher at the \"St. O. Iosif Boys Lyceum\" in Odorheiu Secuiesc after obtaining his Capacity Degree.", "The renowned educational institution, which preserves until today inside its yard the ruins of a Roman castrum, was named after a pre-symbolist poet.", "During the reign of an antisemitic right-wing government, a local Székely person, who was a graduate of Benedek Elek Teachers' College, eagerly defended her right to marry a Jew.", "As a result of his association with the professors from the university, he was able to start researching the earth-Acari.", "As a result, the still young and very passionate Zicman was rummaging through the litter of the orchards of Harghita County in search of mites.", "The Lyceum principal was proud to befriend him and had admiration and support for him.", "Professor Feider helped establish the Natural Science Museum in Odorheiu Secuiesc.", "A new species of Euthrombi was discovered by Zicman Feider in the \"Annals of the Alexandru Ioan Cuza University\".", "The anti-Semitic manifestations became so pervasive that Zicman and his pregnant wife had to leave the country.", "At the end of 1940, Zicman found an opportunity to teach at the \"Jewish Lyceum\" of the city of Roman, Romania, after being unemployed and stigmatized as a Jew.", "During World War II, he became the Principal of the \"Jewish Lyceum\" because of his leadership skills.", "He taught biology at the \"Roman's Boys Lyceum\" and the \"Commercial Lyceum\" of the City of Roman from 1944 to 1949.", "His research resulted in the publication of several papers.", "Red Velvet Mites or Rain Bugs, arachnids found in soil litter known for their bright red colors, were discovered in 1945.", "He defended his PhD thesis in 1947 under the supervision of Professor Mota.", "The qualification magna cum laude was obtained by Zicman Feider.", "He was appointed as an associate professor in 1949 at the Department of Zoology of the Natural Science Faculty at Iai and his alma mater.", "He was the head of the \"Fauna Group\" from the Iai Branch when he was coopted in the \"Research Group for Romanian Fauna\" in 1950.", "\"The Monograph of Trombidiidae\", published in 1955, was included in the \"Fauna\" collection of the Romanian Academy Press.", "In 1959 he became Full Professor at the Department of Zoology of the Natural Science Faculty at Iai.", "His title was given to the course of vertbrate zoology, which is the study of animals with a backbone, such as fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals.", "He taught a number of courses.", "He published \"Superfamily Ixodoidea\" in 1965, a monograph containing the family Ixodidae.", "The first edition of \"The Vertebrate Zoology\" was published in 1965, after years of collaborative work with his Romanian colleagues.", "ZOOLOGIA VERTEBRATELOR de Z. FEIDER was reedited twice.", "V. POP 1967, ZOOLOGIA VERTEBRATELOR - Z. FEIDER,AL.", "V. POP BUCURETI is located in St. gyURKO.", "PDF file can be found on the internet.", "As a zoologist, Feider surrounded himself with other members of the department of Zoology, developing several lines of research for each of them, and mentoring them to successfully defend their theses.", "Libertina Solomon, Viorica Simionescu, Iulia Mironescu,Nicolai Valenciuc, and Iordache Ion were accomplished researchers.", "Their research topics were \"The hyoid-mandibular apparatus in fishes\" and \"The relative growth in some fish species\".", "The work was done at the \"Marine Biological Station Professor Doctor Ioan Borcea\", Agigea, Romania, founded in 1926 at the Border of the Black Sea, as an external research institution.", "Several zoologists working at other universities or at some remote biology research centers were supervised by Feider.", "He was invited to preside over the Baccalaureate Committees in the largest cities of the Province of Moldova, Romania almost every year.", "The textbooks for high schools in Romania all had his magisterial book as a reference.", "More specialists in the field were interested in his work as his work with mites and ticks became well known abroad.", "He carried out a systematical study of many Acarina groups.", "There were indicators in the structures of Trombidia, aspis, and genital and anal plaques.", "He joined several scientific societies in Europe and the US, and was appointed to the editorial board of the publication Acarologia, a quarterly peer-reviewed open-access scientific journal covering all aspects of acarology.", "To avoid name-redundancy, some acarologists sent him their own collections.", "He was comparing Acari from all over the world with his personal collection of holotypes, which are single type specimen upon which the description and name of a new species is based.", "A group of researchers from the Center for Biological Research were his disciples.", "They were a part of the growing school of acarologists.", "Death Feider died after his fourth heart attack and his third monography about Trombiculoidea was given for publication.", "The Natural History Museum of Iai, a prestigious institution founded in 1834, is the first museum of this kind in the country.", "Several acarologists decided to dedicate his name to a new species of Acari because of his dedication to the science.", "Subias created the Feiderzetes - Feiderzetes latus in 1977.", "The species Myonyssus feideri was created by one of his colleagues, Libertina Solomon, as well as two of his scientific correspondents, Balogh and Mahunka.", "A person who spread human warmth, as well as a vast knowledge of biology, is what Feider is remembered for by those who knew him.", "He was a devoted father and grandfather, and his three children followed in his footsteps, majoring in mathematics, literature and pathology.", "Hasefer Press, Bucharest, 2004, Contribuia evreilor romni la cultur i civilizaie, Federaia Comunitilor is a reference to the contribution of the Romanian Jews to Culture and Civilisation.", "I. IV.", "Omagiu, Comitetul de cultur, educaie socialist, is from Iai.", "Flacra Iaului is 36 years old.", "3 Libertina Solomon - Zicman Feider was published in 1979.", "Acarologia (Paris), tome XII, fasc.1, Jan. 1980, p. 1-2 Neculai Vasiliu, Magda Clugr, Marina Huu.", "The naturelle Grigore Antipa is in the vol. of Travaux du Muséum d' Histoire.", "p. 385-386 was published in 1980.", "George D. Vasiliu is the author of \"Biologi din Romnia: (Biologie animal)\".", "219–225, 2001.", "\"Personaliti ale biologiei romneti i universale\"", "There were 199 births and 202 deaths in the 20th century." ]

[ "Zicman Feider", "Feider", "Feider", "Feider", "Feider", "Daniel Feider", "Feider", "Feider", "Zicman", "Feider", "Feider", "Feider", "Feider", "Feider", "Zicman", "Feider", "Zicman", "Zicman", "Feider", "Feider", "Zicman", "Feider", "Feider", "Feider", "Feider", "Feider", "Feider", "Death Feider", "Feider", "Feider", "Feider", "Zicman", "Feider", "Zicman", "Feider", "Zicman", "Feider", "Feider", "Zicman", "Feider" ]

[ "Feider", ") Feider", "Zicman", "Zicman", "Feider", "Zicman", "Feider", "Zicman", "Zicman", "Feider", "Feider", "Feider", "Feider", "Feider" ]

[ "Timothy Michael Healy, KC (17 May 1855 – 26 March 1931) was an Irish nationalist politician, journalist, author, barrister and a controversial Irish Member of Parliament (MP) in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.", "His political career began in the 1880s under Charles Stewart Parnell's leadership of the Irish Parliamentary Party (IPP) and continued into the 1920s, when he was the first governor-general of the Irish Free State.", "Family background\n\nHe was born in Bantry, County Cork, the second son of Maurice Healy, clerk of the Bantry Poor Law Union, and Eliza Healy (née Sullivan).", "His elder brother Thomas Healy (1854–1924) was a solicitor and Member of Parliament (MP) for North Wexford and his younger brother Maurice Healy (1859–1923), with whom he held a lifelong close relationship, was a solicitor and MP for Cork City.", "His father was descended from a family line which in holding to their Catholic faith, lost their lands, which he compensated by being a scholarly gentleman.", "His father was transferred in 1862 to a similar position in Lismore, County Waterford, holding the post until his death in 1906.", "Timothy was educated at the Christian Brothers school in Fermoy, and was otherwise largely self-educated, in 1869 at the age of fourteen going to live with his uncle Timothy Daniel Sullivan MP in Dublin.", "Early life\n\nHe then moved to England finding employment in 1871 with the North Eastern Railway Company in Newcastle-upon-Tyne.", "There he became deeply involved in the Irish Home Rule politics of the local Irish community.", "After leaving for London in 1878 Healy worked as a confidential clerk in a factory owned by his relative, then worked as a parliamentary correspondent for The Nation newspaper owned by his uncle, writing numerous articles in support of Parnell, the newly emergent and more militant home rule leader, and his policy of parliamentary obstructionism.", "Parnell admired Healy's intelligence and energy after Healy had established himself as part of Parnell's broader political circle.", "He became Parnell's secretary but was denied contact to Parnell's small inner circle of political colleagues.", "Parnell, however, brought Healy into the Irish Party (IPP) and supported him as a nationalist candidate when elected MP for Wexford Borough in 1880–83 against the aspiring John Redmond whose father, William Archer Redmond, was its recently deceased MP.", "Healy was returned unopposed to parliament, aided by the fact that Redmond stood aside and that he had survived an agrarian court case which alleging intimidation.", "Political career\n\nIn parliament, Healy did not physically cut an imposing figure but impressed by the application of sheer intelligence, diligence and volatile use of speech when he achieved the Healy Clause in the Land Law (Ireland) Act 1881 which provided that no further rent should in future be charged on tenant's improvements.", "By the mid-1880s Healy had already acquired a reputation for a scurrilousness of tone.", "He married his cousin Eliza Sullivan in 1882, they had three daughters and three sons and he enjoyed a happy and intense family life, closely interlinked both by friendship and intermarriage with the Sullivans of west Cork.", "Through his reputation as a friend of the farmers, after having been imprisoned for four months following an agrarian case, and backed by Parnell, he was elected in a Monaghan by-election in June 1883–5, deemed to be the climax in the Healy-Parnell relationship.", "In 1884 he was called to the Irish bar as a barrister (in 1889 to the inner bar as K.C., in London in 1910).", "His reputation allowed him to build an extensive legal practice, particularly in land cases.", "Parnell chose him unwisely for South Londonderry in 1885, which Ulster seat he only held for a year.", "He was then elected in 1886–92 for North Longford.", "Prompted by the depression in the prices of dairy products and cattle in the mid-1880 as well as bad weather for a number of years, many tenant farmers unable to pay their rents were left under the threat of eviction.", "Healy devised a strategy to secure a reduction in rent from the landlords which became known as the Plan of Campaign, organised in 1886 amongst others by Timothy Harrington.", "In his novel The Man Who Was Thursday G.K. Chesterton describes one of his characters as a \"... little man, with a black beard and glasses – a man somewhat of the type of Mr Tim Healy ...\".", "Invective rift\n\nInitially a passionate supporter of Parnell, he became disenchanted with his leader after Healy opposed Parnell's nomination of Captain William O’Shea to stand for a by-election in Galway city.", "At the time O’Shea was separated from his wife, Katharine O'Shea, with whom Parnell was secretly living.", "Healy objected to this, as the party had not been consulted and he believed Parnell was putting his personal relationship before the national interest.", "When Parnell travelled to Galway to support O’Shea, Healy was forced to back down.", "In 1890 in a sensational divorce case O'Shea sued his wife for divorce, citing Parnell as co-respondent.", "Healy and most of Parnell's associates rejected Parnell's continuing leadership of the party, believing it was recklessly endangering the party's alliance with Gladstonian Liberalism.", "Healy became Parnell's most outspoken critic.", "When Parnell asked his colleagues at one party meeting \"Who is the master of the party?", "\", Healy famously retorted with another question \"Aye, but who is the mistress of the party?\"", "– a comment that almost led to the men coming to blows.", "His savage onslaught in public reflected his conservative Catholic origin.", "A substantial minority of the Irish people never forgave him for his role during the divorce crisis, permanently damaging his own standing in public life.", "The rift prompted nine-year-old Dublin schoolboy James Joyce to write a poem called Et Tu, Healy?, which Joyce's father had printed and circulated.", "Only three lines remain:\n\nHis quaint-perched aerie on the crags of Time\nWhere the rude din of this century\nCan trouble him no more.", "Estrangement\n\nFollowing Parnell's death in 1891, the IPP's anti-Parnellite majority group broke away forming the Irish National Federation (INF) under John Dillon.", "Healy was at first its most outspoken member, when in 1892 he captured North Louth for the anti-Parnellites, who in all won seventy-one seats.", "But finding it impossible to work with or under any post-Parnell leadership, especially Dillon's, he was expelled in 1895 from the INF executive committee, having previously been expelled from the Irish party's minor nine-member pro-Parnellite Irish National League (INL) under John Redmond.", "In the following decades, largely due to his expanding legal practice, he became a part-time politician and estranged from the national movement, setting up his own personal 'Healyite' organisation, called the \"People's Rights Association\", based on his position as MP for North Louth (the seat he held until the December 1910 election when defeated by Richard Hazleton).", "He waged war during the 1890s with Dillon and his National Federation (INF) and then intrigued with Redmond's smaller Parnellite group to play a substantial role behind the scenes in helping the rival party factions to reunite under Redmond in 1900.", "Healy was extremely embittered by the fact that both his brothers and his followers were purged from the IPP list in the 1900 general election, and that his support for Redmond in the re-united party went unrewarded; on the contrary, Redmond soon found it wiser to conciliate Dillon.", "But two years later Healy was again expelled.", "He remained \"the enemy within\", recruiting malcontent MPs to harass the party and survived politically by dint of his assiduous constituency work, as well as through the influence of his clerical ally Dr. Michael Cardinal Logue, Primate of All Ireland and Archbishop of Armagh.", "Healy remained rooted in the extended 'Bantry Gang', a highly influential political and commercial nexus based originally in West Cork, which included his key patron, the Catholic business magnate and owner of the Irish Independent, William Martin Murphy, who provided a platform for Healy and other critics of the IPP.", "Coalition of a kind\n\nHowever, at least after 1903, Healy was joined in his estrangement from the party leadership by William O'Brien.", "O’Brien had been for years one of Healy's strongest critics, but now he too felt annoyed both by his own alienation from the party and by Redmond's subservience to Dillon.", "Involved with the Irish Reform Association 1904–5, they entered a loose coalition, which lasted throughout the life of the IPP.", "They were in agreement that agrarian radicalism brought little return, and with Healy practically becoming a Parnellite, they preferred to pursue a policy of conciliation with the Protestant class in order to further the acceptance of Home Rule.", "Redmond was sympathetic to this policy but was inhibited by Dillon.", "Redmond, in an act of rapprochement, briefly re-united them with the party in 1908.", "Fiercely independent, both split off again in 1909, responding to real changes in the social basis of Irish politics.", "In 1908 Healy acted as counsel for Sir Arthur Vicars, former Ulster King of Arms, in connection with the 1908 investigation of the previous year's theft of the Irish Crown Jewels.", "By the 1910s, it looked as though Healy was to remain a maverick on the fringes of Irish nationalism.", "However, he came into notoriety once more when returned in the January 1910 general election in alliance with William O'Brien's newly founded All-for-Ireland Party (AFIL), their alliance based largely on common opposition to the Irish party.", "He lost his seat in the following December 1910 election, but soon afterwards rejoined the O'Brienites, O’Brien providing the 1911 north-east Cork by-election vacancy created by the retirement of Moreton Frewen.", "Healy's reputation was not enhanced when he represented as counsel his associate William Martin Murphy, the industrialist who sparked the 1913 Dublin Lockout.", "Healy assiduously cultivated relationships with power brokers in Westminster such as Lord Beaverbrook, and once they were introduced at Cherkley, was great friends with Janet Aitken for the remainder of his life.", "Realignment\n\nRedmond's and the IPP's powerful position of holding the balance of power at Westminster—and with the passing of the Third Home Rule Bill assured—left Healy and the AFIL critics in a weakened position.", "They condemned the bill as a 'partition deal', abstaining from its final vote in the Commons.", "With the outbreak of World War I in August 1914, the Healy brothers supported the Allied and the British war effort.", "Two had a son enlist in one of the Irish divisions, Timothy's eldest son, Joe, fought with distinction at Gallipoli.", "Having done much to damage the popular image and authority of constitutional nationalism, Healy after the Easter Rising was convinced that the IPP and Redmond were doomed and slowly withdrew from the forefront of politics, making it clear in 1917 that he was in general sympathy with Arthur Griffith's Sinn Féin movement, but not with physical force methods.", "In September that year he acted as counsel for the family of the dead Sinn Féin hunger striker Thomas Ashe.", "He was one of the few King's Counsel to provide legal services to members of Sinn Féin in various legal proceedings in both Ireland and England post the 1916 Rising.", "This included acting for those interned in 1916 in Frongoch internment camp in North Wales.", "During this time, Healy also represented Georgina Frost, in her attempts to be appointed a Petty Sessions clerk in her native County Clare.", "In 1920 the Bar Council of Ireland passed an initial resolution that any barrister appearing before the Dáil Courts would be guilty of professional misconduct.", "This was challenged by Tim Healy and no final decision was made on the matter.", "Before the December 1918 general election, he was the first of the AFIL members to resign his seat in favour of the Sinn Féin party's candidate, and spoke in support of P. J.", "Little, the Sinn Féin candidate for Rathmines in Dublin.", "Governor-General\n\nHe returned to considerable prominence in 1922 when, on the urging of the soon-to-be Irish Free State's Provisional Government of W. T. Cosgrave, the British government recommended to King George V that Healy be appointed the first 'Governor-General of the Irish Free State', a new office representative of the Crown created in the 1921 Anglo-Irish Treaty and introduced by a combination of the Constitution of the Irish Free State and Letters Patent from the King.", "The constitution was enacted in December 1922.", "Healy was the uncle of Kevin O'Higgins, the Vice-President of the Executive Council and Minister for Justice in the new Free State.", "Initially, the Government of the Irish Free State under Cosgrave wished for Healy to reside in a new small residence, but, facing death threats from the IRA, he was moved as a temporary measure into the Viceregal Lodge, the former 'out of season' residence of the Lord Lieutenant, the former representative of the Crown until 1922.", "Healy officially entered office as Governor-General on 6 December 1922.", "He never wore, certainly not in public in Ireland, the official ceremonial uniform of a Governor-General in the British Empire.", "At that time, in the 1920s, Healy was unique amongst viceregal representatives in the British Empire in this regard.", "Healy was also unique (along with his successor, James McNeill) amongst all the Governors-General in the British Empire in the 1920s in that he was never sworn in as a member of the Imperial Privy Council.", "Nor was he ever sworn into the Privy Council of Ireland, a body that ceased to exist in early December 1922.", "Thus, unusually for a Governor-General within the Empire, he never gained the prefix 'The Right Honourable' nor the post-nominals 'PC'.", "Healy proved an able Governor-General, possessing a degree of political skill, deep political insight and contacts in Britain that the new Irish Government initially lacked, and had long recommended himself to the Catholic Hierarchy: all-round good credentials for this key symbolic and reconciling position at the centre of public life.", "He joked once that the government didn't advise him, he advised the government: a comment at a dinner for The Duke of York (the future King George VI) that led to public criticism.", "However, the waspish Healy still could not help courting further controversy, most notably in a public attack on the new Fianna Fáil and its leader, Éamon de Valera, which led to republican calls for his resignation.", "Much of the contact between governments in London and Dublin went through Healy.", "He had access to all sensitive state papers, and received instructions from the British Government on the use of his powers to grant, withhold or refuse the Royal Assent to legislation enacted by the Oireachtas.", "For instance, Healy was instructed to reject any bill that abolished the Oath of Allegiance.", "However, neither this nor any other bill that he was secretly instructed to block were introduced during his time as Governor-General.", "That role of being the UK government's representative, and acting on its advice, was abandoned throughout the British Commonwealth in the mid-1920s as a result of an Imperial Conference decision, leaving him and his successors exclusively as the King's representative and nominal head of the Irish executive.", "Healy seemed to believe that he had been awarded the Governor-Generalship for life.", "However, the Executive Council of the Irish Free State decided in 1927 that the term of office of Governors-General would be five years.", "As a result, he retired from the office and public life in January 1928.", "His wife had died the previous year.", "He published his extensive two-volume memoirs in 1928.", "Throughout his life he was formidable because he was ferociously quick-witted, because he was unworried by social or political convention, and because he knew no party discipline.", "Towards the end of his life he mellowed and became otherwise more diplomatic.", "He died on 26 March 1931, aged 75, in Chapelizod, County Dublin, where he lived at his home Glenaulin, and was buried in Glasnevin Cemetery.", "Notes\n\nReferences\n Bew, Paul: Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (2004)\n Cadogan, Tim & Falvey, Jeremiah: A Biographical Dictionary of Cork (2006)\n Jackson, Alwin: Home Rule 1800–2000 pp.", "100–103 (2003)\n\n Maume, Patrick: The long Gestation, Irish Nationalist life 1881–1918 (1999)\n\nWorks\n\n Why is there an Irish Question and an Irish Land League?", "(1881)\n Why Ireland is not Free, a study of twenty years in Politics (1898)\n The Great Fraud of Ulster (1917)\n Stolen Waters (1923)\n The Planter's Progress (1923)\n Letters and Leaders of My Day memoirs, 2 vols.", "(1928)\n\nFurther reading\n\n Frank Callanan, T. M Healy (Cork University Press, 1996) ()\n George Abbott Colburn, \"T.M.", "Healy and the Irish Home Rule Movement, 1877–1886\" (PhD Dissertation, 2 vols., Michigan State University, 1971).", "Foster, R. F. Vivid Faces: The Revolutionary Generation in Ireland, 1890–1923 (2015) excerpt\n David Foxton, Revolutionary Lawyers, Sinn Féin and Crown Courts, (4 Courts Press, 2008), ()\n Sir Dunbar Plunket Barton, P.C., Timothy Healy: Memories and Anecdotes.", "(Dublin: Talbot Press Limited, and London: Faber & Faber, Limited, 1933)." ]

[ "In the House of Commons of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, there was an Irish nationalist politician, journalist, author, barrister, and a controversial Irish Member of Parliament.", "The first governor-general of the Irish Free State was under the leadership of Charles Stewart Parnell, who was the leader of the Irish Parliamentary Party.", "The second son of the Bantry Poor Law Union clerk was born in Bantry.", "His older brother Thomas was a lawyer and Member of Parliament for North Wexford and his younger brother Maurice was a lawyer and Member of Parliament for Cork City.", "His father compensated for the loss of his lands by being a scholarly gentleman.", "His father held the post until his death in 1906.", "In 1869 at the age of fourteen, Timothy went to live with his uncle Timothy Daniel Sullivan in Dublin, and DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch", "He moved to England in 1871 to work for the North Eastern Railway Company.", "He became very involved in Irish Home Rule politics.", "After leaving for London in 1878, he worked as a confidential clerk in a factory owned by his relative, then as a parliamentary correspondent for The Nation newspaper owned by his uncle, writing articles in support of Parnell, the newly emergent and more militant home rule leader, and his policy of parliamentary obstruction", "After he established himself as part of Parnell's political circle, Parnell admired Healy's intelligence and energy.", "He was denied contact with Parnell's small inner circle of political colleagues after he became Parnell's secretary.", "Parnell brought Healy into the Irish Party (IPP) and supported him as a nationalist candidate when he was elected as a Member of Parliament for the area in 1884.", "The fact that Redmond stood aside and that he had survived an agrarian court case aided in his return to parliament.", "In parliament, Healy did not cut an imposing figure but was impressed by the application of sheer intelligence, diligence and volatile use of speech when he achieved the Healy Clause in the Land Law (Ireland) Act 1881 which provided that no further rent should in future be charged on tenant's improvements.", "Healy had a reputation for being scurrilous with his tone.", "He married his cousin in 1882, they had three daughters and three sons, and he enjoyed a happy and intense family life with the Sullivans of west Cork.", "He was elected in a Monaghan by-election in June 1884–5 because of his reputation as a friend of the farmers and his support from Parnell.", "He was called to the Irish bar as a barrister in 1884 and then to the inner bar in London in 1910.", "His reputation allowed him to build an extensive legal practice.", "He was chosen for South Londonderry by Parnell, who only held the seat for a year.", "He was elected for North Longford in the late 19th century.", "Many tenant farmers were unable to pay their rents due to the depression in the prices of dairy products and cattle, as well as bad weather for a number of years.", "The Plan of Campaign was organised by Timothy Harrington in 1886 in order to get a reduction in rent from landlords.", "One of the characters in The Man Who Was Thursday is described as a little man with a black beard and glasses.", "Initially a passionate supporter of Parnell, he became disenchanted with his leader after he opposed Parnell's nomination of William O'Shea to stand for a by-election.", "O'Shea was separated from his wife, and Parnell was living with her.", "He believed Parnell was putting his personal relationship ahead of the national interest, as the party had not been consulted.", "Parnell was forced to back down when he went to support O'Shea.", "In 1890, O'Shea sued his wife for divorce, citing Parnell as co-respondent.", "Parnell's continued leadership of the party was rejected by most of his associates because they believed it was endangering the party's alliance with Gladstonian Liberalism.", "Parnell's most outspoken critic was Healy.", "At a party meeting, Parnell asked his colleagues \"Who is the master of the party?\"", "He asked, \"Aye, but who is the mistress of the party?\"", "The men came to blows after the comment.", "His attack in public was indicative of his conservative Catholic background.", "A majority of the Irish people never forgiven him for his role in the divorce crisis, which damaged his standing in public life.", "James Joyce, a nine-year-old school boy in Dublin, wrote a poem about the rift that his father had printed and spread.", "His quaint-perched aerie on the crags of Time is the only line left.", "The IPP's anti-Parnellite majority group broke away forming the Irish National Federation.", "In 1892, he captured North Louth for the anti-Parnellites, who won seventy-one seats.", "He was kicked out of the INF executive committee in 1895 because he couldn't work under any post-Parnell leadership.", "Due to his expanding legal practice, he became a part-time politician and estranged from the national movement, setting up his own personal \"Healyite\" organisation, called the \"People's Rights Association\".", "He was interested in Redmond's Parnellite group and their role in helping the rival party factions to reconcile under him in 1900.", "The fact that both his brothers and his followers were removed from the IPP list in the 1900 general election, and that his support for Redmond in the re- united party went unrewarded, made him angry.", "Two years later, he was expelled again.", "He remained \"the enemy within\", recruiting malcontent MPs to harass the party and survived politically by dint of his constituency work, as well as through the influence of his clerical ally Dr. Michael Cardinal Logue.", "William Martin Murphy, the owner of the Irish Independent and a key patron of the Bantry Gang, provided a platform for Healy and other critics of the IPP.", "After 1903, William O'Brien joined the estrangement from the party leadership.", "O'Brien had been one of Healy's strongest critics for a long time, but now he was annoyed by both the party and Redmond.", "They entered a loose coalition with the Irish Reform Association.", "They preferred to pursue a policy of conciliation with the Protestant class in order to further the acceptance of Home Rule because they were in agreement that agrarian radicalism brought little return.", "Redmond sympathized with the policy but was stopped by Dillon.", "In an act of rapprochement, Redmond briefly re-united them with the party in 1908.", "Both split off in 1909 after real changes in the social basis of Irish politics.", "In connection with the investigation of the previous year's theft of the Irish Crown Jewels, Healy acted as counsel for Sir Arthur Vicars.", "By the 1910s, it appeared that he was to remain a maverick on the fringes of Irish nationalism.", "In the January 1910 general election, he returned in an alliance with William O'Brien's All-for-Ireland Party, which was based on common opposition to the Irish party.", "O'Brien rejoined the O'Brienites after he lost his seat in the December 1910 election.", "William Martin Murphy was the industrialist who sparked the 1913 Dublin Lockout.", "After they were introduced at Cherkley, he was friends with Janet Aitken for the rest of his life.", "With the passing of the Third Home Rule Bill assured, Redmond's and the IPP's powerful position of holding the balance of power gave the AFIL critics a weakened position.", "They did not vote for the bill in the Commons.", "The Allied and British war effort was supported by the Healy brothers.", "Two of Timothy's sons enlisted in one of the Irish divisions and one of them, Joe, fought at Gallipoli.", "After the Easter Rising, he was convinced that the IPP and Redmond were doomed and that he sympathized with the Sinn Féin movement.", "He acted as a lawyer for the family of Thomas Ashe.", "He provided legal services to members of Sinn Féin in various legal proceedings in both Ireland and England after the 1916 Rising.", "The Frongoch internment camp in North Wales was where the acting took place.", "During this time, she tried to be appointed a clerk in her native county.", "In 1920, the Bar Council of Ireland passed a resolution that any barrister who appeared before the Dil Courts would be guilty of professional misconduct.", "There was no final decision on the matter after this was challenged.", "He was the first AFIL member to resign his seat in favor of the Sinn Féin party's candidate, and spoke in support of P.J.", "The Sinn Féin candidate for Dublin is Little.", "The British government recommended to King George V that he be appointed the first Governor-General of the Irish.", "In December 1922, the constitution was enacted.", "Kevin O'Higgins is the Minister for Justice in the new Free State.", "Faced with death threats from the IRA, the Government of the Irish Free State moved him to the Viceregal Lodge, the former residence of the Lord Lieutenant.", "The Governor-General was officially inaugurated on December 6, 1922.", "He did not wear the official ceremonial uniform of a Governor-General in Ireland.", "In the 1920s, Healy was the only viceregal representative in the British Empire who did this.", "Among all the Governors-General in the British Empire in the 1920s, he was the only one who was never sworn in as a member of the Imperial Privy Council.", "The Privy Council of Ireland ceased to exist in December 1922.", "For a Governor-General within the Empire, the post-nominals 'PC' and 'The Right Honorable' were never given to him.", "He was an able Governor-General, with a degree of political skill, deep political insight and contacts in Britain that the new Irish Government initially lacked, and had long recommended himself to the Catholic Hierarchy: all-round good credentials for this key symbolic and reconciling position at the centre of public life", "He advised the government that a comment he made at a dinner for The Duke of York led to public criticism.", "The public attack on the new Fianna Fil and its leader, amon de Valera, led to republican calls for his resignation.", "There was a lot of contact between governments in London and Dublin.", "He was given instructions from the British Government on how he should use his powers, and he had access to all sensitive state papers.", "The Oath of Allegiance was abolished by a bill.", "None of the bills that he was instructed to block were introduced during his time as Governor-General.", "The role of being the UK government's representative, and acting on its advice, was abandoned throughout the British Commonwealth in the mid-1920s as a result of an Imperial Conference decision, leaving him and his successors exclusively as the King's representative and nominal head of the Irish executive.", "He thought he had been given the Governor-Generalship for the rest of his life.", "The Irish Free State's Executive Council decided in 1927 that the term of office of Governors-General would be five years.", "He retired from public life in January of 1928.", "His wife had passed away.", "His memoirs were published in 1928.", "He was formidable because he was ferociously quick-witted, because he was unworried by social or political convention, and because he knew no party discipline.", "He became more diplomatic towards the end of his life.", "He died at the age of 75 in Chapelizod, County Dublin, and was buried in Glasnevin Cemetery.", "Bew, Paul: Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Cadogan, Tim & Falvey, Jackson, Alwin: Home Rule 1800–2000 pp.", "There is an Irish Question and an Irish Land League.", "Why Ireland is not Free is a study of twenty years in politics.", "Further reading George Abbott Colburn, \"T.M.\"", "The Irish Home Rule movement was the subject of a PhD thesis.", "David Foxton, Revolutionary Lawyers, Sinn Féin and Crown Courts, (4 Courts Press, 2008) is an excerpt from Foster's The Revolutionary Generation in Ireland, 1890–1923.", "Both Dublin and London have Talbot Press limited." ]

[ "Timothy Michael Healy", "Maurice Healy", "Eliza Healy", "Thomas Healy", "Maurice Healy", "Timothy", "Timothy Daniel Sullivan", "Healy", "Healy", "Healy", "Healy", "Healy", "Healy", "Healy", "Healy", "Healy", "Timothy Harrington", "Tim Healy", "Healy", "Healy", "Healy", "Healy", "Healy", "Healy", "Healy", "Healy", "Healy", "Healy", "Healy", "Healy", "Healy", "Healy", "Healy", "Healy", "Healy", "Healy", "Healy", "Timothy", "Healy", "Healy", "Tim Healy", "Healy", "Healy", "Healy", "Healy", "Healy", "Healy", "Healy", "Healy", "Healy", "Healy", "Healy", "Tim", "Healy", "Healy", "Timothy Healy" ]

[ "Timothy", "Timothy Daniel Sullivan", "Healy", "Healy", "Healy", "Healy", "Timothy Harrington", "Healy", "Healy", "Healy", "Healy", "Healy", "Timothy", "Healy", "Tim" ]

[ "Cuno of Praeneste (died 9 August 1122) was a German Cardinal and papal legate, an influential diplomatic figure of the early 12th century, active in France and Germany.", "He held numerous synods throughout Europe, and excommunicated the Emperor Henry V numerous times, in the struggle over the issue of lay investiture of ecclesiastical offices.", "He spent six years promoting the acceptance of Thurstan of York as archbishop by King Henry I of England, without making York subject to Canterbury.", "He was seriously considered for election to the papacy in 1119, which he refused.", "Early life\nAccording to Salvador Miranda, he was created cardinal-priest in 1073.", "This is not in accord with other facts of Cuno's career.", "He was a Canon Regular, and, around 1090, along with Heldemar of Tournai and a layman named Roger, was one of the founders of the abbey of Arrouaise.", "In a letter of 21 October 1097, Bishop Lambert of Arras granted the priest Cuno and his associate Heldemar the privilege of having to answer only to the bishop.", "The little oratory belonging to the members was replaced by a stone church, which was consecrated by Bishop Godfrid of Amiens and Bishop Joannes of Therouanne on 23 September 1106.", "Cuno apparently met Pope Paschal II for the first time at the Council of Troyes in May 1107.", "Cardinal\nHe was bishop of Palestrina, and thus a cardinal, c. 1108.", "According to the Chronicon of Peter the Deacon of Montecassino, in 1111, at a Council in Jerusalem, Cuno pronounced the Emperor Henry V excommunicated and stripped of his power.", "From the previous year, Cuno had been trying to influence papal policy with regard to the emperor, and this hostile move was without the Pope's agreement.", "In the sixth session of the Lateran synod, on 23 March 1112, Cardinal Cuno actjually demanded that the pope stand by his legate, and ratify the legate's acts.", "In embarrassment, the Pope Paschal did so.", "Cuno was at his old monastery of Aroasia (Arrouaise) on 7 May 1112, when he officially presented the institution a collection of relics which he had brought from Rome, including Saints Sebastian, Hippolytus, the Four Crowned Martyrs, Felicissimus, Caecilia, the tomb of Jesus, and the manger of Bethlehem.", "Cardinal Cuno had returned to Italy by the end of the year 1112.", "He traveled south with Pope Paschal II, and was with the pope at Benevento for his synod in the second week of February 1113.", "He subscribed bulls for the pope at Benevento on 13 and 15 February.", "Legate in France and Germany\nIn 1114 and 1115 he was back in France as papal legate.", "Pope Paschal had sworn to the emperor that he would not excommunicate him; but a papal legate had such powers and had not sworn an oath not to use them.", "Cuno summoned a synod on 6 December 1114 at Beauvais; another at Soissons on 6 January 1115, where he also held talks with King Louis VI of France; and another at Reims on 28 March 1115.", "At each of these meetings, he again excommunicated Henry V. On 19 April 1115, the Legate held a council at Cologne, where he once again excommunicated the emperor.", "From 6—12 July 1115, Cuno presided over a synod held at Chalons-sur-Marne.", "He also suspended all the bishops and abbots of Normandy, for ignoring his invitation to attend the council at Chalons.", "In fact, they had been forbidden to do so by King Henry I of England.", "Ivo of Chartres attempted to calm the legate by pointing out that the Norman prelates were subject to a foreign prince.", "The king appealed to Rome, in defense of the tradition that no papal legate except the archbishop of Canterbury might hold power in the king's realms.", "The Thurstan Affair\nCardinal Cuno first became acquainted with the Thurstan case in 1114, shortly after his election to the see of York.", "Thurston was a royal chaplain and a subdeacon, but was ordained a deacon by Bishop William of Winchester.", "He was unwilling to be ordained a priest by the new archbishop of Canterbury, Ralph d'Escures, or by one of his suffragans, since the taking of oaths of obedience was involved, and Thurston did not want to create a situation in which Canterbury could claim jurisdiction or authority over him or York.", "He therefore went to Normandy just before Christmas, and laid his problem before King Henry I, announcing his intention to go to Rome to seek satisfaction.", "The king consulted the Legate Cuno, who advised that Thurstan should be ordained a priest by any bishop who happened to be at the royal court, and then sent to him; he would send Thurstan on to the papal court, provided with appropriate letters.", "But Thurstan had returned to York, and nothing was settled by the end of June 1115.", "The king, therefore, summoned a council of the kingdom's leaders to meet in London at Michaelmas (29 September), at which the king ordered Thurstan to seek consecration from the archbishop of Canterbury.", "Thurstan appealed to the pope, but the king refused to allow him to go or to send representatives.", "When Pope Paschal replied to the formal notice of Thurstan's election by the Chapter of York, he replied, ordering that Thurstan be consecrated by the archbishop of Canterbury, but without any of the controversial oaths.", "The king, however, insisted on the oaths and threatened to depose Thurstan.", "Ralph of Canterbury stayed out of his own province in order to avoid carrying out the pope's commands, and was still in Normandy when Pope Paschal died in February 1118.", "Owing to obstruction by the king and Archbishop Ralph, Thurstan was unable to reach Pope Gelasius during his brief reign, though the pope had ordered both archbishops to present themselves before him.", "The new pope, Calixtus II, summoned the archbishops of England to the council which he intended to hold in Reims in October 1119, and, despite attempted obstruction on the part of Henry I, Thurstan appeared, and was consecrated a bishop on 20 October 1119 by Calixtus himself.", "For the next six months, as far as the papal visit to Gap, Thurstan was in constant attendance at the papal court.", "Subsequently, Cuno worked with Thurstan, Archbishop of York to broker peace between Henry I and Louis VI of France.", "Pope Gelasius\nOn 13 April 1118, Holy Saturday, Pope Gelasius wrote a letter from Capua to Cardinal Cuno.", "First, he related everything that had happened since his election in January.", "He then informed his legate that he and the cardinals had excommunicated the Emperor Henry and his antipope Gregory VIII (Maurice Burdinus) on Palm Sunday, and that Cuno was to inform all the bishops in his legation of the fact; Cuno was to gird himself to revenge the wrongs done to Holy Mother the Church.", "On 20—22 May 1118, Cardinal Cuno held a synod at Cologne, where the Emperor Henry V was excommunicated.", "These excommunications were repeated wherever Cuno held a synod or council.", "He then moved to Germany, stirring up opposition to the Emperor.", "Cuno presided as papal legate at the concilium Fridislariense (Hesse), on 28 July 1118, in which the excommunication of the emperor was confirmed, and St Norbert was accused of various irregularities, including preaching while not yet a priest, and wearing a religious habit while not a monk.", "Offered the papacy\nIn March 1118, the newly elected Pope Gelasius II was driven out of Rome by the forces of the emperor Henry V. After staying at his native Gaeta, then Capua, then Pisa, he crossed to France in October.", "In December, he settled a dispute between Abbot Pontius of Cluny and Bishop Guy of Lescar.", "On 1 January 1119, he held a synod in Vienne, and then travelled by way of Lyon to Mâcon, where he held another synod.", "During the synod he became seriously ill, suffering from pleurisy according to Pandolfus Pisanus, and asked to be taken to his next stop, the abbey of Cluny.", "When he perceived the seriousness of his condition, he summoned Cardinal Cuno von Urach, and, according to Falco of Benevento, offered him the papacy.", "Kuno immediately and emphatically turned the pope down.", "Gelasius died on 29 January 1119, and, in accordance with the papal bull In Nomine Domini of Pope Nicholas II, the right to nominate the candidate to be his successor belonged to the cardinal-bishops.", "Two cardinal-bishops were present, Cuno of Palestrina (who had precedence) and Lamberto of Ostia, and they chose Archbishop Guy of Vienne, the brother of the duke of Burgundy and uncle of the King of Castile and León.", "The other cardinals, as well as the Roman clergy and laity who were present at Cluny ratified the choice, and Archbishop Guy became Pope Calixtus II.", "Cardinal Cuno followed the pope-elect to Lyon and then Vienne, and, when the ratification of the election by the cardinals and clergy at Rome was received, he participated in the enthronement of Calixtus II in the cathedral of Vienne on 9 February 1119.", "He wrote a letter to the bishop of Nevers describing the events.", "Legate in France again\n\nImmediately after the enthronement, Cardinal Cuno, still papal legate, hastened to Vézelay, on reports of terrible atrocities.", "Clients of Guillaume II, Count of Nevers, had broken into the monastery, destroyed the relics of four saints, desecrated a gold cross containing some of the wood of the cross of Jesus, and beaten and raped some of the monks.", "The count appeared to have denied all knowledge or connection with the incident, and Cuno ordered the bishop of Nevers to have the count come to the legate and defend himself against the abbot of Vézelay, Renaud de Semur, and other accusers.", "Nineteen others who were named by the legate as participants in the sacrilege were ordered to appear and face judgment or be excommunicated.", "Cuno was not able to settle the case, since the abbot made an appeal to the French king in April.", "In July 1119, Cuno was with Pope Calixtus in Toulouse, where the pope held a church synod.", "The council legislated against simony, against the granting of church offices to persons who had not been ordained to the diaconate; it anathematized persons who denied four of the seven sacraments; it legislated against the seizing of the income of bishops and clerics by princes and lay persons, and against making ecclesiastical offices or benefices hereditary.", "Cuno subscribed one of Calixtus' bulls on 14 July and another on 15 July.", "Pope Calixtus travelled by way of Paris and Soissons to Reims.", "His long-advertised synod began on 20 October 1119, with fifteen archbishops and more than 200 bishops in attendance, as well as King Louis VI of France.", "Calixtus and the emperor Henry had been making plans to meet, but ultimately distrust and suspicions on both sides brought the project to nothing.", "On the sixth day of the synod, 30 October, the emperor and his antipope were again excommunicated.", "Cardinal Cuno was in attendance.", "After the council, while Calixtus was still in Reims, he was approached by Archbishop Thurstan, Cardinal Cuno, and the other cardinals, who entreated the pope to hold a meeting with the king of England, and, if possible, make peace between England and France.", "The meeting took place, near Gisors, on 22 November 1119. but the discussion was mostly about Thurstan.", "Henry demanded the oaths of fealty, which Calixtus and Thurstan refused, and therefore the meeting ended without result.", "Cuno and the other cardinals had been present at Gisors, but were not at the meeting, about which they complained loudly.", "Henry returned to England, and seized all of the archbishop's property.", "In the first week of December 1119, at Sens, Pope Calixtus again named Cardinal Cuno his legate in France, with England and Normandy added.", "In February 1120, Ralph of Canterbury persuaded King Henry to send Bishop Warlewast of Exeter to the pope, to see if something could be salvaged for the see of Canterbury.", "On his way, the bishop happened to meet Cardinal Cuno, the Legate in France, who sent a report immediately to the pope about what he had learned of the mission.", "Henry proposed that Thurstan make his profession to Canterbury, and then he could be sent as legate to England.", "Bishop Warlewast, who reached the papal court when it was at Valence, made a bad impression, if only because of his clumsy attempt to pass out bribes, and failed completely.", "On 11 March 1120, the cardinal was with Pope Calixtus II at Gap in the Alps of France.", "On that day, the pope publicly conferred the pallium on Archbishop Thurstan of York, and declared that York was in no way subject to Canterbury.", "He also sent King Henry a letter about taking back Archbishop Thurstan.", "Cardinal Cuno presided at the synod of Beauvais on 18 October 1120.", "The principal matter was the request of Bishop Lisiard of Soissons for the disinterment of the remains of Bishop Arnulf of Soissons (died 1087), and his consideration for canonization.", "Despite objections by the bishop of Tournai, the legate and the council agreed to the transfer.", "Another synod was held at Soissons in March 1121, at which Abelard was accused of the Sabellian heresy, and forced to recant and burn his book, the Theologia Summi Boni.", "Cuno was back at the Lateran Palace in Rome on 17 April 1121.", "Death\nCuno (Kono) died at Palestrina on 9 August 1122, less than three months before Pope Calixtus and Henry V signed the Concordat of Worms.", "References\n\nBooks\n Hüls, Rudolf (1977).", "Kardinal, Klerus und Kirchen Roms: 1049–1130, Tübingen: Max Niemeyer 1977.", "(pp.", "113–116)\n\n Raine, James (ed.)", "(1886).", "The Historians of the Church of York and Its Archbishops.", "Volume II (London: Longman 1886), pp.", "92–227.", "1122 deaths\n12th-century German cardinals\nCardinal-bishops of Frascati\nCardinal-bishops of Palestrina\nYear of birth unknown\nPapal legates to Hungary" ]

[ "Cuno of Praeneste was a German Cardinal and papal legate who was active in France and Germany.", "He excommunicated the Emperor Henry V in the struggle over the issue of lay investiture of ecclesiastical offices.", "He spent six years promoting the acceptance of Thurstan of York as archbishop by King Henry I of England.", "He was considered for election to the papacy in 1119, but he refused.", "He was created as a priest in 1073.", "Cuno's career facts are in accord with this.", "He was one of the founding fathers of the abbey of Arrouaise along with Heldemar of Tournai and Roger.", "The priest Cuno and his associate Heldemar were granted the privilege of having to answer only to the bishop.", "The stone church was consecrated by Bishop Godfrid of Amiens and BishopJoannes of Therouanne on September 23, 1100.", "Cuno met the Pope for the first time at the Council of Troyes.", "Cardinal He was the bishop of Palestrina.", "The Emperor Henry V was excommunicated and stripped of his power by Cuno at a Council in Jerusalem.", "Cuno tried to influence papal policy with regard to the emperor without the approval of the Pope.", "Cardinal Cuno demanded that the pope stand by his legate in the sixth session of the Lateran synod.", "The Pope did so in embarrassment.", "Cuno presented a collection of relics from Rome, including Saints Sebastian, Hippolytus, the Four Crowned Martyrs, and Ca, to the institution at his old monastery of Aroasia.", "The year 1112 saw Cardinal Cuno return to Italy.", "He was with the pope at Benevento for his synod in the second week of February 1113.", "He bought bulls for the pope at Benevento.", "He was the papal legate in France and Germany in 1114 and 1115.", "Pope Paschal swore to the emperor that he would not excommunicate him, but the papal legate had the power to do so.", "Cuno held talks with King Louis VI of France at Soissons on January 6 and at Beauvais on December 6.", "On 19 April 1115, the Legate held a council at Cologne, where he once again excommunicated the emperor.", "Cuno presided over a synod from July 6 to July 12.", "Normandy's bishops and abbots were suspended for ignoring his invitation to attend the council at Chalons.", "King Henry I of England banned them from doing so.", "Ivo of Chartres pointed out that the Norman prelates were subject to a foreign prince.", "The king appealed to Rome in defense of the tradition that the pope wouldn't hold power in the king's realm.", "After his election to the see of York, Cardinal Cuno became acquainted with the Thurstan case.", "Thurston was a subdeacon and a royal chaplain.", "He did not want to create a situation in which Canterbury could claim jurisdiction because he was unwilling to be ordination a priest by the new archbishop.", "He went to Normandy just before Christmas and told King Henry I that he wanted to go to Rome to get some satisfaction.", "The king consulted the Legate Cuno, who advised that Thurstan should be sent to the papal court by any bishop who happened to be at the royal court.", "By the end of June 1115, nothing had been settled because Thurstan had returned to York.", "The king summoned a council of the kingdom's leaders to meet in London in September, at which he ordered Thurstan to seek consecration from the archbishop of Canterbury.", "The king refused to allow Thurstan to go or send representatives.", "Pope Paschal ordered that Thurstan be consecrated without any of the controversial oaths when he replied to the formal notice of his election by the Chapter of York.", "The king threatened to depose Thurstan after he insisted on the oaths.", "In order to avoid being reprimanded by the pope, Ralph stayed out of his own province and was still in Normandy when he died.", "During his brief reign, Thurstan was unable to reach Pope Gelasius due to obstruction by the king and archbishops.", "The new pope, Calixtus II, summoned the archbishops of England to the council which he intended to hold in Reims in October 1119, and, despite attempted obstruction on the part of Henry I, Thurstan appeared, and was consecrated a bishop on 20 October 1119 by Cali", "For the next six months, Thurstan was in constant attendance at the papal court.", "The peace between Henry I and Louis VI of France was brokered by Cuno.", "Pope Gelasius wrote a letter from Capua to Cardinal Cuno on Holy Saturday.", "He talked about everything that had happened since he was elected.", "On Palm Sunday, Cuno told his legate that he and the cardinals had excommunicated the Emperor Henry and his antipope Gregory VIII.", "The Emperor Henry V was excommunicated in May of 1118.", "Wherever Cuno held a council, these excommunications were repeated.", "He stirred up opposition to the Emperor by moving to Germany.", "Cuno presided as papal legate at the concilium Fridislariense (Hesse), on 28 July 1118, in which the excommunication of the emperor was confirmed, and St Norbert was accused of various irregularities, including preaching while not yet a priest, and wearing a religious", "The newly elected Pope Gelasius II was driven out of Rome by the emperor Henry V in March of 1118.", "Abbot Pontius of Cluny and Bishop Guy of Lescar had a dispute.", "He traveled by way of Lyon to Mcon, where he held a second synod.", "He became seriously ill during the synod and asked to be taken to the abbey of Cluny.", "According to Falco of Benevento, Cardinal Cuno von Urach offered the papacy to him when he perceived the seriousness of his condition.", "The pope was immediately turned down by Kuno.", "According to the papal bull In Nomine Domini of Pope Nicholas II, the right to choose Gelasius' successor was held by the cardinal-bishops.", "The brother of the duke of Burgundy and uncle of the King of Castile and Len were chosen by the two cardinal-bishops.", "The other cardinals, as well as the Roman clergy and laity who were present at Cluny, supported the choice of Pope Calixtus II.", "Cardinal Cuno participated in the enthronement of Calixtus II in the cathedral of Vienne on 9 February 1119, after the election of the pope-elect to Lyon and then Vienne.", "He wrote a letter to the bishop.", "After the enthronement, Cardinal Cuno rushed to Vézelay on reports of terrible atrocities.", "The clients of Guillaume II, Count of Nevers, broke into the monastery, destroyed the relics of four saints, and beat and raped some of the monks.", "Cuno ordered the bishop of Nevers to have the count come to the legate and defend himself against the abbot of Vézelay, and other accusers, after the count denied all knowledge or connection with the incident.", "Nineteen others who were named by the legate as participants in the sacrilege were ordered to face judgment or be excommunicated.", "The case was not settled because the abbot made an appeal to the French king.", "Cuno was with Pope Calixtus in Toulouse in July of 1119.", "The council legislated against simony, against the granting of church offices to persons who had not been ordination to the diaconate, and against the seizing of the income of bishops and clerics by princes and lay persons.", "Cuno subscribed to two Calixtus' bulls in July.", "Pope Calixtus traveled by way of Paris and Soissons.", "His long-advertised synod began on 20 October 1119, with fifteen archbishops and more than 200 bishops in attendance, as well as King Louis VI of France.", "The project to meet between Calixtus and Henry was doomed by distrust and suspicions on both sides.", "The emperor and his antipope were excommunicated on the sixth day of the synod.", "Cardinal Cuno was present.", "After the council, Calixtus was approached by Archbishop Thurstan, Cardinal Cuno, and the other cardinals, who asked the pope to meet the king of England and make peace between England and France.", "The meeting took place near Gisors, but the discussion was mostly about Thurstan.", "The meeting ended without result after Henry demanded the oaths of fealty.", "Cuno and the other cardinals were present at Gisors, but did not attend the meeting.", "The archbishop's property was seized by Henry when he returned to England.", "Pope Calixtus named Cardinal Cuno his legate in France in the first week of December at Sens.", "In February 1120, King Henry sent Bishop Warlewast to the pope to see if something could be salvaged.", "Cardinal Cuno, the Legate in France, sent a report to the pope about what the bishop had learned about the mission.", "Thurstan could be sent to England as legate if Henry had his way.", "Bishop Warlewast, who reached the papal court at Valence, made a bad impression, if only because of his clumsy attempt to pass out bribes, and failed completely.", "The pope and the cardinal were at the Gap in the Alps of France.", "On that day, the pope gave the pallium to the archbishop of York, and declared that York was not subject to the teachings of the church.", "He sent a letter to King Henry.", "The synod of Beauvais was presided over by Cardinal Cuno.", "The request of the Bishop of Soissons for the disinterment of the remains of the Bishop of Soissons and his consideration for canonization was the main matter.", "The legate and the council agreed to the transfer despite objections from the bishop of Tournai.", "In March 1121, a synod was held at Soissons, in which Abelard was accused of the Sabellian heresy, and forced to recant and burn his book.", "On 17 April 1121, Cuno was back at the Lateran Palace in Rome.", "Less than three months before Pope Calixtus and Henry V signed the Concordat of Worms, Death Cuno died at Palestrina.", "Books Hls.", "Tbingen: Max Niemeyer 1977 wrote Kardinal, Klerus und Kirchen Roms.", "Thepp.", "James Raine wrote an ed.", "The year 1886.", "The Historians of the Church of York.", "Volume II was published in 1886.", "92–225.", "12th century German Cardinal-bishops of Frascati Cardinal-bishops of Palestrina Year of birth unknown Papal legates to Hungary" ]

[ "Cuno", "Cuno", "Cuno", "Cuno", "Cuno", "Cuno", "Cuno", "Cuno", "Cuno", "Cuno", "Cuno", "Cuno", "Cuno", "Cuno", "Cuno", "Cuno", "Cuno", "Cuno", "Cuno", "Cuno", "Cuno", "Cuno", "Cuno", "Cuno", "Cuno", "Cuno", "Cuno", "Cuno", "Cuno", "Cuno", "Cuno", "Cuno", "Cuno", "Cuno", "Cuno" ]

[ "Cuno", "Cuno", "Cuno", "Cuno", "Cuno", "Cuno", "Cuno", "Cuno", "Cuno", "Cuno", "Cuno", "Cuno", "Cuno", "Cuno", "Cuno", "Cuno", "Cuno", "Cuno", "Cuno", "Cuno", "Cuno", "Cuno", "Cuno", "Cuno", "Cuno", "Cuno", "Cuno", "Cuno", "Cuno", "Cuno", "Cuno" ]

[ "Sita Ram Goel (16 October 1921 – 3 December 2003) was an Indian historian, religious and political activist, writer, and publisher in the late twentieth century.", "He had left leanings during the 1940s, but later became an outspoken anti-communist and also wrote extensively on the damage to Bhārātiyā (Indian) culture and heritage wrought by expansionist Islam and missionary activities of Christianity.", "In his later career he emerged as a commentator on Indian politics, and adhered to Dharmic nationalism.", "Life\n\nEarly life\nSita Ram Goel was born to a Hindu family in Punjab, in 1921; though his childhood was spent in Calcutta.", "The family looked upon Sri Garibdas, a nirguna saint comparable to Kabir, were often recited at their home.", "Goel graduated in history from the University of Delhi in 1944.", "As a student, he was a social activist and worked for a Harijan Ashram in his village.", "His sympathies for the Arya Samaj, the Harijans and the Indian freedom movement, along with his strong support for Mahatma Gandhi, brought him into conflict with many people in his village; Goel also learned to speak and write Sanskrit during these college days.", "Direct Action Day\nOn 16 August 1946, during the Direct Action Day riots in Calcutta that were instigated by the Muslim League shortly before Partition of India, Goel, his wife and their eldest son narrowly escaped with their lives.", "In his autobiography, How I became a Hindu, Goel writes that he \"would have been killed by a Muslim mob\" but his fluent Urdu and his Western dress saved him.", "He further relates, that the next evening they \"had to vacate that house and scale a wall at the back to escape murderous Muslim mobs advancing with firearms.\"", "He subsequently wrote and circulated a lengthy article on the riots, titled \"The Devil Dance in Calcutta\", in which he held Hindus and Muslims equally responsible for the tragedy.", "His friend Ram Swarup, however, criticised him for equating Muslim violence with Hindu violence, claiming that Muslim violence was \"aggressive and committed in the furtherance of a very reactionary and retrograde cause, namely the vivisection of India\".", "Communism to anti-communism\nIn mid-1940s Goel met members of the CSP (Congress Socialist Party), translated writings by Narendra Deva and Jayaprakash Narayan into English, and was offered a position as an editor of a CSP publication.", "But his first editorial for the weekly was deemed to be pro-communist, and he had to stop writing for the weekly.", "Sita Ram Goel had developed a strong Marxist leaning during his student days and was on the verge of joining the Communist Party of India in 1948.", "The Communist Party, however, was banned in Bengal on the day he planned to officially become its member.", "He read Karl Marx's Communist Manifesto and Das Kapital, Harold Laski's \"Communism\", and \"came to the conclusion that while Marx stood for a harmonised social system, Sri Aurobindo held the key to a harmonised human personality.\"", "Later, books by Aldous Huxley, Victor Kravchenko, and Suzanne Labin (\"Stalin's Russia\") convinced him to abandon communism.", "Subsequently, he wrote many books critical of communism in Calcutta, and worked for the anti-communist \"Society for the Defence of Freedom in Asia\" (SDFA).", "According to Goel, when he wanted to apply for a passport in 1955, he was told that his case was receiving attention from the Prime Minister himself, and his application was not granted.", "'Nehruism' and censorship\nGoel wrote regularly for the \"Organiser\" weekly, whose editor K. R. Malkani was his friend.", "In 1961–1962 he used the pseudonym Ekaki (solitary) while writing the series In Defence of Comrade Krishna Menon, critical of Indian National Congress leader Jawaharlal Nehru.", "Although the series was widely read and praised, he was later admonished by a leader of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) for being too focused on Nehru, and the series was discontinued.", "The collected series was published in December 1963 by Vaidya Gurudatta and an updated version released as Genesis and Growth of Nehruism thirty years later.", "However Goel's writings about Nehru in the Organiser cost him his job and disillusioned him of the RSS.", "According to Goel, he was under surveillance by the Indian government during the 1962 Sino-Indian War.", "He was not arrested, even though this was according to him demanded by some government leaders, including future Prime Minister I. K. Gujral.", "In November 1962, he was recruited to participate in a guerrilla war against communist China, but he refused, saying \"that so long as Pandit Nehru was the Prime Minister of the country, I could be only a traitor to it.\"", "During the 1980s, Goel worked on a series titled Muslim Separatism: Causes and Consequences, but some passages from his articles were censored by the Organiser.", "He discovered that his series was considered too controversial by the RSS leadership who thought that it was alienating Muslims from the party, and Goel had to stop writing for the Organiser after the completion of the series Perversion of India's Political Parlance.", "K.R.", "Malkani, who was the editor for the Organiser for three decades, was sacked because of his support for Goel.", "Goel also noted that on other occasions that some of his articles, e.g.", "his article on the Vedapuri Iswaran Temple controversy, were suppressed in the Indian media.", "Publisher and writer\nGoel founded the publishing house Biblia Impex India (Aditya Prakashan) in 1963, which published books by authors such as Dharampal, Ram Swarup, K. D. Sethna and K.R.", "Malkani.", "Sita Ram Goel joined the non-profit publishing house Voice of India in 1982.", "Voice of India was founded in 1982 by Ram Swarup, and published works by Harsh Narain, A.K.", "Chatterjee, K.S.", "Lal, Koenraad Elst, Rajendra Singh, Sant R.S.", "Nirala, and Shrikant Talageri among others .", "Early versions of several of Goel's books were previously published as a series in periodicals like Hinduism Today, Indian Express or the Organiser.", "Goel speculates that a series of articles he published in Indian Express in 1989 regarding the destruction of Hindu temples by Muslims may have contributed to the firing of its editor, Arun Shourie, the following year.", "In August 1990, while releasing two books published by Voice of India, Bharatiya Janta Party leader L. K. Advani chided Goel for using \"strong language\".", "Goel also worked as a part-time secretary for the All India Panchayat Parishad whose manager was his friend Jayaprakash Narayan.", "Narayan was impressed by Goel's Hindi book Samyak Sambuddha and said to Goel, \"If Sanatana Dharma is what you say it is, I am all for it.", "You can count me as a Sanatanist from today.", "You can say to whomsoever you please that JP has become a Sanatanist.\"", "Goel was fluent in Hindi, Urdu, Bengali, English and Sanskrit, and read Persian.", "Opinions\n\nOn rewriting of history books\nGoel claimed that there was a systematic distortion of India's history which the Marxist historians of Aligarh and the JNU had undertaken.", "In particular, he claims that the history of medieval India and the Islamic invasions is being rewritten.", "He described it as an \"experiment with Untruth\" and an exercise in suppressio veri suggestio falsi.", "According to him, the Ministry of Education has extended this experiment to school-level text-books of history.", "Goel called it \"an insidious attempt at thought-control and brainwashing\" and argued that the NCERT guidelines are \"recommendations for telling lies to our children, or for not telling to them the truth at all.\"", "On Indian secularism\nGoel has criticised Indian secularism, alleging that \"this concept of Secularism is a gross perversion of the concept which arose in the modern West as a revolt against Christianity and which should mean, in the Indian context, a revolt against Islam as well.\"", "On media bias\nGoel claimed that there is a media bias in India, in particular with regard to criticism of Islam or people like Nehru.", "In 1955 Goel asked one of his friends, who was supportive of Nehru and who had published in many international and national journals, to write an article critical of Nehru's policies.", "But the Indian publications didn't accept his critical article, and he claims that his standing as a scholar in India suffered thereby.", "Goel described an incident during a seminar on \"Hurdles To Secularism\" in 1963 which Goel attended, and which was presided over by Jayaprakash Narayan.", "As Goel tells it, most participants in the seminar criticised only \"Hindu communalism.\"", "But when one Muslim speaker took up the issue of Muslim communalism, he was shouted down by the other Muslims of the seminar, and had to stop talking.", "On Indian nationalist organisations\nGoel criticised Hindu nationalist organisations like the RSS.", "He claimed that with few exceptions they \"shared the Nehruvian consensus on all important issues\", and that \"the RSS and the BJS stalwarts spent almost all their time and energy in proving that they were not Hindu communalists but honest secularists.\"", "He also claimed that RSS members are worried almost only about the reputation of their organisation and their leaders, and are rather ignorant to Hindu causes.", "When a Bharatiya Jana Sangh (BJS) leader asked him to write a book about the BJS, Goel replied that his book \"would be pretty critical on the score of their policies.\"", "Goel edited the book \"Time for Stock-Taking\", a collection of papers critical of the RSS.", "According to Belgian writer Koenraad Elst, Ram Swarup and Sita Ram Goel wrote in defence of Hinduism, never of \"Hindutva\".", "On Christianity\nGoel was outspoken in his criticism of Christianity.", "He was critical of missionaries' attempts to indigenize Christianity by adopting aspects of Hinduism, particularly as they have also demonized it, in attempts to gain new followers.", "Goel also held the belief that Jesus was the intellectual author behind Western imperialism and the Holocaust, as he was \"no more than an artifice for legitimizing wanton imperialist aggression.", "He does not symbolize spiritual power or moral uprightness.\"", "He made his case based on the gospels, which he thought cast too dark a shadow on unconverted Jews (see for instance ).", "From there he drew parallels between Jesus and Adolf Hitler, the latter of whom was, in Goel's words, the first to \"completely grasp the verdict passed on the Jews by the Jesus of the gospels\".", "Goel also ridiculed what he termed \"the cult of the disentangled Christ\", whereby Christian revisionism attempts to salvage the figure of Jesus from the atrocious historical outcomes he inspired — and only from the bad ones — as though missionary proselytism and Western expansionism were to be perceived in the separate as mere coincidence.", "He wrote several works on the topic of Christianity and in 1995, sent Pat Robertson his book Jesus Christ: An Artifice for Aggression, and a letter in protest to Robertson's remarks towards the religion of Hinduism.", "Goel received criticism for his works and standpoints on Christianity.", "On Islam and Muslims\nGoel has criticised the history and doctrines of Islam in some of his writings.", "His works are also cited by critics of Islam like Robert Spencer and Arun Shourie.", "Despite his criticism of Islam, he said that he is not opposed \"to an understanding and reconciliation between the two communities.", "All I want to say is that no significant synthesis or assimilation took place in the past, and history should not be distorted and falsified to serve the political purposes of a Hindu-baiting herd.\"", "He argues that the Muslims should evaluate the Islamic history and doctrines in terms of rationalism and humanism \"without resort to the casuistry marshalled by the mullahs and sufis, or the apologetics propped up by the Aligarh and Stalinist schools of historians\", just as the European Christians did centuries earlier with Christianity.", "He believed that the \"average Muslim is as good or bad a human being as an average Hindu\", and warned:\nSome people are prone to confuse Islam with its victims, that is, the Muslims, and condemn the latter at the same time as they come to know the crudities of the former.", "This is a very serious confusion, which should be avoided by all those who believe in building up a broad-based human brotherhood as opposed to narrow, sectarian, self-centred, and chauvinistic nationalism or communalism.", "On decline of Buddhism\nArun Shourie wrote about Goel:\n\"Marxists cite only two other instances of Hindus having destroyed Buddhist temples.", "These too it turns out yield to completely contrary explanations.", "Again Marxists have been asked repeatedly to explain the construction they have been circulating -- to no avail.", "Equally important, Sita Ram Goel invited them to cite any Hindu text which orders Hindus to break the places of worship of other religions -- as the Bible does, as a pile of Islamic manuals does.", "He has asked them to name a single person who has been honoured by the Hindus because he broke such places -– the way Islamic historians and lore have glorified every Muslim ruler and invader who did so.", "A snooty silence has been the only response \".", "Literary influences\nHe wrote and published books in English and Hindi.", "He also translated George Orwell's 1984, three Dialogues of Plato, Denis Kincaid's The Great Rebel (about Shivaji) and other books into Hindi.", "Goel was well-read in Western and Eastern literature, and among his most favourite writers or works were Thomas Hardy, Shakespeare's Hamlet, Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay, Aldous Huxley, Plato, Tagore, Bibhuti Bhushan Bandopadhyay, Vaishnava and Baul poets, the Kathamrita written by Mahendranath Gupta (Sri M.) and Thomas Gray's poem \"Elegy\".", "His favourite book was the Hindu epic Mahabharata, which he would read in its original language Sanskrit.", "Sita Ram Goel was influenced by Indian writer and philosopher Ram Swarup.", "He said that his masters have been \"Vyasa, Buddha and Sri Aurobindo, as elucidated by Ram Swarup.\"", "He was also influenced by Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Dayananda Sarasvati and Mahatma Gandhi.", "Banned books\n\nUnderstanding Islam through Hadis\n\nIn 1983, Goel reprinted Ram Swarup's Understanding Islam through Hadis.", "The book was a summary of the Sahih Muslim Hadith and consisted of extracts from the Hadiths.", "In 1987, he again reprinted the book, but the copies of a Hindi translation were seized by the police and Goel was arrested briefly.", "In due course, some Muslims and the Jamaat-e-Islami weekly Radiance claimed that the book was offensive.", "In 1990, the Hindi translation of the book was banned.", "In March 1991, the English original was banned as well.", "The \"criminal case\" against Goel for printing the book was dismissed after some years on 5 May 1997, but the book still remains banned.", "Indian intellectuals protested against the arrest of Goel.", "Arun Shourie commented on the criminal case:\n\nNo one has ever refuted him on facts, but many have sought to smear him and his writing.", "They have thereby transmuted the work from mere scholarship into warning.", "(...)The forfeiture is exactly the sort of thing which had landed us where we are: where intellectual inquiry is shut out; where our traditions are not examined, and reassessed; and where as a consequence there is no dialogue.", "It is exactly the sort of thing too which foments reaction.", "(...)\"Freedom of expression which is legitimate and constitutionally protected,\" it [the Supreme Court] declared last year, \"cannot be held to ransom by an intolerant group or people.\"", "Hindu View of Christianity and Islam (1993)\nIn 1993 the MP Syed Shahabuddin, who in 1988 asked for the ban on The Satanic Verses, demanded a ban on Ram Swarup's book Hindu View of Christianity and Islam.", "Goel and Swarup went into hiding because they feared that they could get arrested.", "The court accepted a bail and the authors came out of hiding.", "Arun Shourie and K. S. Lal protested against the ban.", "Colin Maine's The Dead Hand of Islam\nIn 1986, Goel reprinted Colin Maine's essay The Dead Hand of Islam .", "Some Muslims filed a criminal case against Goel, alleging that it violated Sections 153A and 295A of the Indian Penal Code and similar articles of the Indian Customs Act.", "The judge discharged Goel and referred to the earlier court precedent \"1983 CrLJ 1446\".", "Speaking of the importance of that precedent, the judge in his discussion said: \"If such a contention is accepted a day will come when that part of history which is unpalatable to a particular religion will have to be kept in cold storage on the pretext that the publication of such history would constitute an offence punishable under Sec.", "153A of the Penal Code.", "The scope of S-153A cannot be enlarged to such an extent with a view to thwart history.", "(...) Otherwise, the position will be very precarious.", "A nation will have to forget its own history and in due course the nation will have no history at all.", "(...) If anybody intends to extinguish the history (by prohibiting its publication) of the nation on the pretext of taking action under the above sections, his act will have to be treated as malafide one.\"", "The Calcutta Quran Petition\nGoel published The Calcutta Quran Petition with Chandmal Chopra in 1986.", "On 31 August 1987, Chopra was arrested by the police and kept in custody until 8 September for publishing the book with Goel.", "Goel absconded to avoid arrest.", "Hindu Temples – What Happened to Them\nThere were proposals in November 1990 in Uttar Pradesh to ban Goel's book Hindu Temples - What Happened to Them.", "Legacy\nSita Ram Goel has been described by Koenraad Elst as an \"intellectual kshatriya\".", "David Frawley said about Goel that he was \"modern India's greatest intellectual kshatriya\", and \"one of India's most important thinkers in the post-independence era\".", "According to Frawley, \"Sitaram followed a strong rationalistic point of view that did not compromise the truth even for politeness sake.", "Hindu society under siege, New Delhi: Voice of India, 1981, 48 p. A revised edition released in 1994.", "vol.", "1, Commitment to Communism, New Delhi: Voice of India, 1993, 231 p. Reprint with changes of the 1963 book In defence of Comrade Krishna Menon.", "Stalinist \"historians\" spread the big lie, New Delhi: Voice of India, 1993, 38 p.\n Jesus Christ : an artifice for aggression, New Delhi: Voice of India, 1994, 114 p.\n\nEditor\n Hindu temples, what happened to them : Vol.", "I, A preliminary survey, New Delhi: Voice of India, 1990, 191 p. With Arun Shourie et al.", "Volume II would be released in 1993, 440 p.\n Freedom of expression : secular theocracy versus liberal democracy, New Delhi: Voice of India, 1998, 179 p. Mostly articles.", "Time for stock taking, whither Sangh Parivar?, New Delhi: Voice of India, 1997, 468 p. Criticisms of the BJP and RSS, including their responses.", "Vindicated by Time: the Niyogi Committee report on Christian missionary activities, New Delhi: Voice of India, 1998, 1006 p. A reprint, with an introduction by Goel, of the official report on the missionaries' methods of subversion and conversion, from 1956.", "Prefaces, introductions or commentaries\n Introduction to Joseph Stalin's World Conquest in Instalments, Calcutta: Society for Defence of Freedom in Asia, 1952, 56 p.\n Commentary of Mao Zedong's The conquest of China, Calcutta: Society for Defence of Freedom in Asia, 1954, 276 p.\n Preface to Chandmal Chopra's The Calcutta Quran Petition, New Delhi: Voice of India, 1986, 71 p. A third revised and enlarged edition would appear in 1999, with more writing by Goel, 325 p.\n Preface to Tipu Sultan: Villain Or Hero?", ": an Anthology, New Delhi: Voice of India, 1993, 85 p.\n Preface to the reprint of Mathilda Joslyn Gage's Woman, Church and State (1997, ca.", "1880).", "A feminist critique of Christianity.", "Hindi\nAuthor\n Pathabhṛshṭa, 1960.", "Saikyularijma : deśadroha kā dūsrā nāma, 1983.Yashpal Sharma would translate it into English as India's secularism, new name for national subversion, New Delhi: Voice of India, 1999, 107 p.\n Udīyamāna raṣṭra-dṛṣṭi, 1983.", "Hindū samāja : saṅkeṭoṃ ke ghere meṃ, 1988.", "Saptaśīla, 1999.", "Translator\n Satyakama Socrates, three dialogues of Plato : (Apology, Crito and Phaedo))\n Victor Kravchenko's I Chose Freedom\n Thomas Gray's poem Elegy.'", "Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay's Ramayaner Alochona The God that Failed, a testimony on Communism by Arthur Koestler, André Gide and others.", "Ram Swarup's Communism and Peasantry\n George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four\n Shaktiputra Shivaji, Denis Kincaid's The Grand Rebel\n Panchjanya, Taslima Nasrin's Lajja''\n\nFurther reading\n India's only communalist: In commemoration of Sita Ram Goel; Edited by Koenraad Elst; Voice of India, New Delhi.", "(2005) (With contributions by Subhash Kak, David Frawley, Lokesh Chandra, Shrikant Talageri, Vishal Agarwal, N.S.", "Rajaram and others.)", "Elst, Koenraad.", "India's Only Communalist: an Introduction to the Work of Sita Ram Goel.", "In \"Hinduism and Secularism: After Ayodhya\", Arvind Sharma (ed.)", "Palgrave 2001\n\nSee also\n Ram Swarup\n Koenraad Elst\n Robert Spencer\n Ibn Warraq\n Srđa Trifković\n Oriana Fallaci\n Andrew Bostom\n Swapan Dasgupta\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n India's only communalist – A short biography of Sita Ram Goel Koenraad Elst\n Elst, Koenraad, Ayodhya and After: Issues Before Hindu Society (1991)\n Goel, S.R.", "Freedom of Expression (1998)\n\nExternal links\n India's only communalist A short biography of Sita Ram Goel by Koenraad Elst, Leuven (Belgium), 28 May 1999.", "(pdf)\n Many books of Sita Ram Goel online\n\n1921 births\n2003 deaths\nCritics of Christianity\nIndian anti-communists\nIndian political writers\nIndian publishers (people)\nConverts to Hinduism from atheism or agnosticism\nIndian Hindus\nIslam and politics\nHindu critics of Islam\nAnti-Christian sentiment in Asia\nVoice of India writers\nBusinesspeople from Punjab, India\n20th-century Indian businesspeople\nJournalists from Punjab, India\nIndian male journalists" ]

[ "In the late twentieth century, Sita Ram Goel was an Indian historian, religious and political activist, writer, and publisher.", "He was an outspoken anti-communist and wrote extensively about the damage done to Bhrtiy by expansionist Islam and missionary activities of Christianity.", "He was a commentator on Indian politics in his later career.", "Sita Ram Goel was born to a Hindu family in Punjab in 1921 and spent his childhood in Calcutta.", "The family looked upon Sri Garibdas, a nirguna saint, and they would often recite it at home.", "Goel graduated from the University of Delhi in 1944.", "He was a social activist when he was a student.", "His sympathies for the Harijans and the Indian freedom movement, along with his strong support for Mahatma Gandhi, brought him into conflict with many people in his village.", "Goel and his family narrowly escaped with their lives during the Direct Action Day riots in Calcutta that were instigated by the Muslim League shortly before Partition of India.", "In his book, How I became a Hindu, Goel writes that he would have been killed by a Muslim mob but for his Western dress.", "They had to leave the house and scale a wall at the back to escape the Muslim mobs.", "He wrote an article titled \"The Devil Dance in Calcutta\" in which he held Hindus and Muslims responsible for the riots.", "His friend Ram Swarup criticized him for equating Muslim violence with Hindu violence, claiming that Muslim violence was \"aggressive and committed in the furtherance of a very reactionary and retrograde cause, namely the vivisection of India\".", "In the mid-1940s, Goel met members of the Congress Socialist Party and was offered a position as an editor of a publication.", "He had to stop writing for the weekly after his first editorial was deemed to be pro-communist.", "Sita Ram Goel was close to joining the Communist Party of India in 1948.", "The Communist Party was banned in Bengal on the day he planned to become a member.", "He came to the conclusion that Sri Aurobindo held the key to a harmonised human personality after reading Karl Marx's Communist Manifesto and Das Kapital, Harold Laski's \"Communism\".", "Aldous Huxley's book \"Stalin's Russia\" convinced him to abandon communism.", "He worked for the anti-communist \"Society for the Defence of Freedom in Asia\" and wrote many books critical of communism.", "When Goel applied for a passport in 1955, he was told that his case was being looked into by the Prime Minister.", "The editor of the \"Organiser\" weekly was Goel's friend.", "He used the name Comrade Ekaki while writing the series In Defence of Krishna Menon, which was critical of Jawaharlal Nehru.", "The series was discontinued after he was reprimanded by a leader of the RSS for being too focused on Nehru.", "Genesis and Growth of Nehruism was an updated version of the collected series that was published in December 1963.", "He lost his job because of Goel's writings about Nehru.", "During the 1962 Sino-Indian War, Goel said he was being watched by the Indian government.", "He was not arrested despite being demanded by some government leaders.", "He was recruited to participate in a guerrilla war against communist China in 1962, but he refused, saying \"that so long as Nehru was the Prime Minister of the country, I could be only a traitor to it.\"", "During the 1980s, Goel worked on a series titled Muslim Separatism: Causes and Consequences, but some of his articles were edited.", "The series Perversion of India's Political Parlance was considered too controversial by the RSS leadership and Goel had to stop writing for the Organiser.", "R.", "Malkani was fired because of his support for Goel.", "Some of Goel's articles were noted on other occasions.", "The article on the Iswaran Temple controversy was not published in the Indian media.", "The publishing house Biblia Impex India was founded by Goel in 1963.", "Malkani.", "Voice of India is a non-profit publishing house.", "The Voice of India was founded in 1982.", "K.S. Chatterjee.", "Lal, Koenraad Elst, Rajendra Singh, Sant R.S.", "Among others are Nirala, and Shrikant Talageri.", "Several of Goel's books were published as a series in periodicals like Hinduism Today or Indian Express.", "Goel theorizes that a series of articles he published in Indian Express in 1989 regarding the destruction of Hindu temples by Muslims may have contributed to the firing of its editor.", "In August 1990, Goel was reprimanded by Advani for using strong language.", "Goel's manager was his friend, and he worked as a part-time secretary.", "Narayan was impressed by Goel's book and said to him, \"If you say it is, I am all for it.\"", "I'm a Sanatanist from today.", "You can say that JP has become a Sanatanist.", "Goel was able to read and speak many languages.", "Goel claimed that there was a systematic distortion of India's history which the Marxist historians of Aligarh and the JNU had done.", "He claims that the history of medieval India and the Islamic invasions is being changed.", "He said it was an experiment with Untruth and an exercise in suppressio veri suggestio falsi.", "The experiment has been extended to school-level text-books of history according to him.", "Goel argued that the NCERT guidelines are \"recommendations for telling lies to our children, or for not telling to them the truth at all.\"", "The concept of Secularism in India is a gross perversion of the concept which arose in the modern West as a revolt against Christianity and which should mean, in the Indian context, a revolt against Islam as well.", "Goel claimed that there is a media bias in India when it comes to criticism of Islam or Nehru.", "One of Goel's friends, who was supportive of Nehru, was asked by Goel to write an article critical of Nehru's policies.", "He claims that his standing as a scholar in India suffered because the Indian publications didn't accept his critical article.", "In 1963, Goel attended a seminar called \"Hurdles To Secularism\" which was presided over by Narayan.", "Most participants in the seminar were against Hindu communalism.", "The other Muslims of the seminar shouted down the speaker who was talking about Muslim communalism.", "Goel criticized Hindu nationalist organizations like the RSS.", "He claimed that with few exceptions they shared the Nehruvian consensus on all important issues, and that the RSS and the BJS spent almost all their time and energy proving that they were not Hindu communalists but honest secularists.", "He claimed that RSS members are ignorant to Hindu causes and worried about the reputation of their organisation and their leaders.", "Goel replied that his book would be critical on the score of their policies when he was asked to write it.", "The book \"Time for Stock-taking\" was edited by Goel.", "According to Belgian writer Koenraad Elst, the authors of \"Hindutva\" wrote in defense of Hinduism.", "Goel criticized Christianity.", "He was critical of missionaries' attempts to indigenize Christianity by adopting aspects of Hinduism, as they have also demonized it, in attempts to gain new followers.", "Goel believed that Jesus was the intellectual author of the Holocaust, as he was legitimizing imperialist aggression.", "He doesn't represent spiritual power or moral uprightness.", "He made his case on the basis of the gospels, which he thought cast a dark shadow on unconverted Jews.", "Goel said that Hitler was the first to grasp the verdict passed on the Jews by Jesus.", "The cult of the disentangled Christ, whereby Christian revisionism attempts to save the figure of Jesus from the terrible historical outcomes he inspired, was ridiculed by Goel as though missionary proselytism and Western expansionism were to be perceived in.", "He wrote several works on the topic of Christianity and in 1995 sent Pat Robertson his book Jesus Christ: An Artifice for Aggression and a letter in protest to Robertson's remarks towards the religion of Hinduism.", "Goel was criticized for his works on Christianity.", "Some of Goel's writings criticize the history and doctrine of Islam.", "His works have been cited by critics of Islam.", "He is not opposed to an understanding and reconciliation between the two communities despite his criticism of Islam.", "No significant synthesis or assimilation took place in the past, and history should not be distorted to serve the political purposes of a Hindu-baiting herd.", "He argues that the Muslims should evaluate the Islamic history and doctrine in terms of rationalism and humanism, without resorting to the casuistry marshalled by the mullahs and sufis, or the apologetics propped up by the Aligarh and Stalinist schools of historians.", "Some people are prone to confuse Islam with its victims, that is, the Muslims, and condemn the latter at the same time as they come to know the crudities of Islam, because he believed that the average Muslim is as good or bad a human being as an average Hindu.", "This is a very serious confusion, which should be avoided by all those who believe in building up a broad-based human brotherhood as opposed to narrow, sectarian, self-centred, and chauvinistic nationalism or communalism.", "Marxists cite only two other instances of Hindus destroying Buddhist temples.", "These turn out to be completely different explanations.", "Marxists have been asked many times to explain the construction they have been circulating.", "The Bible tells Hindus to break the places of worship of other religions, as a pile of Islamic manuals does.", "He wants them to name a single person who was honoured by the Hindus because he broke such places.", "The only response was a sny silence.", "He wrote and published books in English and Hindi.", "George Orwell's 1984, three Dialogues of Plato, Denis Kincaid's The Great Rebel and other books were translated into Hindi.", "Shakespeare's Hamlet, Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay, Aldous Huxley and Vaishnava were some of Goel's favourite writers.", "He used to read the Hindu epic Mahabharata in its original Sanskrit language.", "Indian writer and philosopher Ram Swarup had an influence on Sita Ram Goel.", "He said that his masters were Vyasa, Buddha and Sri Aurobindo.", "He was influenced by a number of people.", "Goel reprinted a book that was banned in 1983.", "The book contained extracts from the Hadiths and was a summary.", "Goel was briefly arrested in 1987 after copies of a Hindi translation were seized by the police.", "The book was claimed to be offensive by some Muslims.", "The Hindi translation of the book was banned in 1990.", "The English original was banned in March 1991.", "The criminal case against Goel for printing the book was dismissed in 1997, but the book is still banned.", "Intellectuals protested against Goel's arrest.", "No one has ever disputed him on facts, but many have sought to tarnish him and his writing.", "The work has been transmuted from scholarship into warning.", "Where intellectual inquiry is shut out, where our traditions are not examined, and where there is no dialogue, is where the forfeiture landed us.", "The sort of thing that foments reaction is exactly what it is.", "The Supreme Court declared last year that \"freedom of expression which is legitimate and constitutionally protected\" cannot be held to ransom.", "The book Hindu View of Christianity and Islam was banned in 1993 by Syed Shahabuddin, who in 1988 asked for a ban on The Satanic Verses.", "They went into hiding because they were afraid of being arrested.", "The authors came out of hiding after the court accepted a bail.", "They protested against the ban.", "Goel published Colin Maine's essay The Dead Hand of Islam in 1986.", "Some Muslims filed a criminal case against Goel, accusing him of violating sections of the Indian Penal Code and the Indian Customs Act.", "The judge referred to an earlier court precedent when discharging Goel.", "\"If such a contention is accepted a day will come when that part of history which is unpalatable to a particular religion will have to be kept in cold storage on the pretext that the publication of such history would constitute,\" the judge said.", "The Penal Code has a section called 153A.", "It is not possible to enlarge the scope of S-153A with a view to prevent history.", "The position will be very precarious if it isn't changed.", "Due to the fact that a nation will have no history at all, it will have to forget its own history.", "The act of prohibiting the publication of the history of the nation on the pretext of taking action will have to be treated as malafide.", "The Calcutta Quran Petition was published in 1986.", "On August 31, 1987, Chopra was arrested by the police and kept in custody until September 8, 1987, for publishing the book with Goel.", "Goel fled to avoid arrest.", "There was a proposal in November 1990 to ban Goel's book Hindu Temples - What Happened to Them.", "Koenraad Elst described the Legacy Sita Ram Goel as an \"intellectual kshatriya\".", "David Frawley said that Goel was \"one of India's most important thinkers in the post-independence era\" and that he was \"modern India's greatest intellectual kshatriya\".", "Situated followed a strong rationalistic point of view that did not compromise the truth even for politeness.", "A revised edition was released in 1994.", "vol.", "In defence of Comrade Krishna Menon is a book from 1963.", "New Delhi: Voice of India, 1993, 38 p. Stalinist \"historians\" spread the big lie.", "The New Delhi: Voice of India was published in 1990.", "The second volume of freedom of expression would be released in 1993.", "Time for stock taking, in New Delhi: Voice of India, 1997, 468 p.", "The Niyogi Committee report on Christian missionary activities was vindicated by Time.", "The introduction to Joseph Stalin's World Conquest in Instalments was published in Calcutta: Society for Defence of Freedom in Asia.", "An anthology, New Delhi: Voice of India, 1993, 85 p.", "The year 1880.", "There is a feminist critique of Christianity.", "Pathabhsha was a Hindi author.", "It was translated into English as India's secularism, a new name for national subversion.", ": sakeo ke ghere me", "The year 1999.", "There are three dialogues of Plato and a poem by Thomas Gray.", "The God that failed was written by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay.", "India's only communalist is Ram Swarup's Communism and Peasantry, George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty- Four Shaktiputra Shivaji, Denis Kincaid's The Grand Rebel Panchjanya, and Taslima Nasrin's Lajja.", "Contributions were made by Subhash Kak, David Frawley, Lokesh Chandra, Shrikant Talageri, and N.S.", "Rajaram and others.", "Elst, Koenraad.", "An introduction to the work of the only communalist in India.", "The book is \"Hinduism and Secularism: After Ayodhya\".", "There is a short biography of India's only communalist, Ram Goel Koenraad El.", "A short biography of India's only communalist by Koenraad Elst was published in 1999.", "Many books of Sita Ram Goel online 1921 births 2003 deaths Critics of Christianity Indian anti-communists Indian political writers Indian publishers (people) converts to Hinduism from atheism or agnosticism Indian Hindus Islam and politics Hindu critics of Islam Anti-Christian sentiment in Asia Voice of India writers" ]

[ "Sita Ram Goel", "Sita Ram Goel", "Goel", "Goel", "Goel", "Goel", "Ram Swarup", "Goel", "Sita", "Ram Goel", "Goel", "Goel", "Goel", "Goel", "Goel", "Goel", "Goel", "Goel", "Ram Swarup", "Sita", "Ram Goel", "Ram Swarup", "Goel", "Goel", "Goel", "Goel", "Goel", "Goel", "Goel", "Goel", "Goel", "Goel", "Goel", "Goel", "Goel", "Goel", "Goel", "Ram Swarup", "Sita", "Ram Goel", "Goel", "Goel", "Goel", "Goel", "Goel", "Sita", "Ram Goel", "Sita", "Ram Goel", "Ram Swarup", "Ram Swarup", "Goel", "Ram Swarup", "Goel", "Goel", "Goel", "Ram Swarup", "Goel", "Goel", "Sita", "Ram Go", "Goel", "Sitara", "Goel", "Goel", "Ramayan", "Ram Swarup", "Ram Go", "Sita", "Ram Goel", "Ram Swarup", "Ram Go", "Ram Go", "Ram Go" ]

[ "Sita Ram Goel", "Sita Ram Goel", "Goel", "Goel", "Goel", "Ram Swarup", "Goel", "Sita", "Ram Goel", "Goel", "Goel", "Goel", "Goel", "Goel", "Goel", "Goel", "Goel", "Goel", "Goel", "Goel", "Goel", "Goel", "Goel", "Goel", "Goel", "Goel", "Goel", "Goel", "Goel", "Goel", "Goel", "Goel", "Goel", "Goel", "Goel", "Goel", "Goel", "Ram Swarup", "Sita", "Ram Goel", "Goel", "Goel", "Goel", "Goel", "Goel", "Goel", "Goel", "Goel", "Goel", "Goel", "Ram Swarup", "Ram Goel", "Sita", "Ram Go" ]