princeton-nlp/QuRatedPajama-260B · Datasets at Hugging Face

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drop into the Dependent Poor. These individuals, broadly speaking, are not so geographically mobile, often rooted in their local community and the structures in and around their household. This group likely includes the majority of handicraftsmen, artisans, or shopkeepers and their families, who probably hired few if any servants. In rural settings it could include husbandmen and women who had rights to graze common land and owned some livestock. Although these individuals ran their own businesses, they had little capital and few assets beyond their domestic spaces. Changes in trade capacity or personal circumstances could easily push them into poverty, though equally they could provide opportunity for greater enrichment. But this group also have access to range of cultural materials from printed texts to some modest furnishings within their houses, though may be described as 'old'.. . Many (but not all) would have been "freemen" of their respective locales, with access to livery company activities and with opportunities for small-scale local office. This conferred upon those who took such positions—beadle, watchmen, lower but distinguishing roles in the musters—a degree of moral responsibility and worth, charateristics that would have been helpful if charitable support were needed in the future. Indeed, these individuals may even have or have had the capacity to engage in moderate acts of local charity or in supporting the provision of charitable institutions, but their precarious status means they too may risk depending on the benefaction of others. In positions of office or livery company structures, male householders would have rubbed shoulders and entertained and been entertained by those of significantly greater financial and political status, thereby furnishing them with potentially advantageous social networks. Women in this category, as in most others, would have worked too, producing foodstuffs in the house and perhaps producing items for sale or exchange. This group are therefore industrious both at home and abroad. Beyond families, this group might include, for instance, orphans who had been placed in good households that may lead them to a solid apprenticeship and the promise of future social mobility, though such progression is by no means guaranteed. Thomas Cowper Lettice Greene Inventory: Edward Wheaton, sailor (1620) JAMS Dependent Middling. These individuals are not independent but neither do they work for a wage (Wage Labourers) or depend on poor relief or charity (Dependent Poor). Instead, they live off the wider "middling" structures that surround them, in particular their inheritance, their families, and their savings or existing capital. In large part, this category is determined by age: either those who were very young (children and young teenagers) or those past the age of work or household management had some contingent status or were dependent on those around them while nonetheless living relatively well. Ageing individuals, particularly those women unable to leverage their situation (either by rent or other income) were dependent on their sons or wider family. Many middling women, for instance, would be given "houseroom" in their husband's wills, granting them a small area of the house (a chamber and a parlour, for instance) over which they have autonomy but within a larger house owned and ruled by other members of the family. Nonetheless, these individuals often kept many of the material goods they had amassed, such as kitchenware, clothes, or decorative items (like rings) and as such display a degree of material wealth and comfort. This situation also extends servants in good houses—those furnished with cultural items such as books and a regular, favourable income that distinguishes them in some sense from wage labourers (though the distinctions here are not hard and fast). Children before apprenticeable or marriageable age also fall into this category, although the range of opportunities that might fall to them is very wide. Some may be furnished with musical instrument tuition or attend a good school—setting them up for progression into one of the higher social categories—while others might have more moderate means bestowed upon them but nonetheless be well-placed (culturally, socially, and economically) to move onto degrees of independent wealth and status. Lastly, this might include younger adults, too, who had reasonable cultural and social capital but few independent means. Women in particular who had not yet married might still live with their families, where they might enjoy entertainment, living standards, and wide social networks of varying "middling" degrees. 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Wage Labourer. You are not of middling status but are a wage labourer! Although relatively little is known about this very broad social group, it almost certainly comprised the vast majority of the population: farmworkers, builders' mates, small-scale servants, or ad hoc workers in a range of manual or service tasks. These individuals depended on payments from their employers—regularly or where work could be found—to get by. Although our knowledge of this group is obscured by the relatively few textual sources that survive, individuals regularly appeared in court as both subjects and witnesses (thereby leaving important oral testimony about their work and social relations) and demonstrated that they, like other groups here, had recourse to institutional power structures like the law. Wages, however, were never guaranteed—especially in difficult years. Those working in agricultural sectors or rural areas would have suffered, for example, during the "hard" 1590s, when bad harvests and famine were rife. In cities, wage labour covered a broad array of activities and examples extend from work as a tavern hand to a day rate as a jobbing actor. The term "labourer" need not imply a lack of skill, ability, or socio-economic value; indeed, even where the names of these individuals are elided, their civic value is recorded: in Bristol in 1619, for instance, the city Chamberlain paid "Hughe Tyler 15 shillings 4 pence and 1 shiling for seven days' work for himself and his man" (357). Here, the "man" in question demonstrates that wage labourers are deeply involved in the work of artisans and craftspeople "higher" in the social order, though they themselves likely lacked assets, capital, and any independent wealth or property. These classifications also apply to women, many of whom would take on service roles in middling or elite households or indeed work for their living, like spinsters or silkweavers—a common profession (especially among immigrant women). Relationships with local authorities demonstrate the frighteningly porous divide between wage labouring existence and dependence, but also testify to the array of tasks for which a "wage" might be earned: in Bristol, audits record a regular amount set aside yearly to pay "a poore woman for keeping cleane the howse of office and the watering place att the Guildhald doore" (1604, 216). Builders, labourers, farmhands, jobbing actors all had vibrant social lives, as can be just about glimpsed from citations in quarter sessions and court depositions, but details about their possessions, the extent of their social interactions, and their fuller biographies have suffered from a seeming lack of available evidence. Picaresque tales, ballad literature, and stage depictions paint depictions of what such lived experience might be like, but they threaten to mislead our understanding through caricature, classism, and exaggeration. Dependent Poor. You are not of middling status, but are dependent poor. These individuals are dependent on structures of charity within their parishes for survival. The dependent poor relied upon donations of bread and money, and/or tools and materials to gain an income. They lived in an almshouse, workhouse or hospital, or they were homeless. Children of this status may have been be cared for by wealthier families within the parish, apprenticed in order to lift them out of poverty, or placed in service, though often these young people lived difficult lives sometimes working without pay in order to have somewhere to live. The 1601 poor law formalised poor relief in England, and middling and elite status individuals all paid money to their parishes in order to support this vast section of society. This law was enhanced by the many individuals of middling status and above who gave a lot of money or land in their wills to their parishes in order to support the poor. There are many examples of the dependent poor being supported in churchwardens accounts. For example, in St Peter's Parish, Ipswich, Matthew Brownbridge gave £20 to enable the poor of the parish to work. Poor men and women benefited from this gift for many years, with individuals being given spinning wheels, wool cards, saws, medical care, and money to see them through sickness. 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Investing in a few simple safety measures could safeguard both personnel and equipment, reducing accidents, and thus avoiding any possible costly personal injury claims, as well as saving companies expensive repair bills and disruptive downtime. Market-leading loading and unloading equipment specialists Thorworld Industries Ltd offers a comprehensive range of safety aids and accessories, all designed to provide a safer, more productive working environment and to help fulfil some of the statutory health and safety obligations, where failure to comply could lead to a serious fine. According to Health and Safety Executive (HSE) figures, last year there were 180 fatalities in the workplace. Of these, nearly 60 per cent were caused by falls from height, being struck by moving vehicles, moving or falling objects, or becoming trapped by something that collapsed or overturned. Given that all these accidents can occur in and around the loading bay, it is clear that this can be a very hazardous place to work. John Meale, Managing Director of Thorworld Industries, said: "With ever more stringent requirements it makes sense to implement a positive health and safety programme. Failure to provide employees with a safe working environment can result in personnel accidents, with possible personal injury claims, and equipment damage, as well as leading to fines of up to £20,000 and even a jail sentence – so cutting corners on safety could prove extremely costly in more ways than one. "One of the most common causes of accidents in the loading bay is from vehicle creep, where a lorry either drifts slightly away from the loading dock or, in the worst case scenario, the driver moves off before warehouse operatives have actually finished loading or unloading the vehicle." Thorworld provides a wide range of products to prevent vehicle creep. The simplest and perhaps most affordable solutions are wheel chocks, which are positioned in front of the wheels to stop movement. There are four standard Thorworld Chock-it® wheel chock types, including moulded rubber versions, which are available in a variety sizes, together with cast aluminium and steel models. For enhanced safety, a special cast aluminium wheel chock with a built-in movement switch is available, which can be linked to other devices such as traffic lights, dock levellers, a Dockloada lifting platform and doors, and instantly alerts staff if any vehicle movement is detected. A method of preventing unintentional pull-aways is via a trailer safety lock which is fitted to a parked trailer once the air hose has been disconnected; this then prevents the driver connecting the trailer and driving away. It is available with either a padlock or small barrel locking device. "Of course, none of these products on their own can fully account for the possibility of human error," said John Meale, "so good visual and audible communication systems such as internal/external traffic lights can also be vital in letting drivers know when it is safe to back up to a loading dock and, perhaps more importantly, when it is safe to drive away – whilst at the same time informing warehouse personnel of the situation." Thorworld offers four traffic light systems, Standard, Deluxe, Deluxe LED and Super Deluxe. They can be used with a wheel chock incorporating a built-in movement switch, with a manual on/off switch, or in conjunction with an automatic sensor. And for the ultimate in vehicle and personnel safety, Thorworld offers the vehicle wheel lock, which not only prevents accidents during loading and unloading but also reduces the possibility of vehicle theft. It engages the rear tyre, with an integral steel barrier that pulls the vehicle firmly against the loading dock bumpers, preventing it from moving. A built-in sensor is linked to an audio-visual communication system outside the building, with internal lights which signal whether the trailer is fully engaged or not. A microprocessor control system means it can be interlocked to doors, levellers and other equipment for enhanced levels of safety. "However, vehicle creep isn't the only hazard in the loading bay," explained John Meale. "Most trailers are not equipped with internal lighting, so it's a good idea to fit dock lights to improve visibility. Otherwise, operatives entering the vehicle from a brightly lit warehouse can struggle to adjust to the change in conditions and may not see potential hazards, causing injury to themselves or potentially damaging goods." 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Kaliji To relax and to meditate, concentration is required. Deep relaxation, as in yoga nidrā, is a necessary part of pratyāhāra—to focus within, letting go of desire for external movement. Feelings of contentment, harmony—the yoga zone—emerge with one-pointed concentration. Alpha brains waves begin the involution to Self. Concentration is required for both relaxation and meditation. Concentration to maintain the witness state allows one to remain in the present moment. Moment to moment awareness is required and this is dhāraṇā, concentration. The effort-effortless state = concentration + relaxation. With steady awareness, concentration on relaxation allows the body to surrender to the energy flow. Maintain concentration on the relaxed state so it deepens. In meditation, concentration is sustained. Concentration alone is with effort; meditation is an effort-effortless state; samādhi is effortless expanded awareness. Concentration is always required for knowledge. To relax the body or to expand the mind, concentration supports yoga nidrā and meditation. Further questions, please always ask. Q Do you believe that everyone has everything they need to be happy and grow consciously within themselves? Kaliji In our lineage it is said Dattatreya has 24 gurus, meaning the TRUTH pervades everywhere. Sometimes the answer comes from inside and sometimes through someone else. The Divine is inside and permeates all creation. Like a baby needs its parents, there are times the seeker needs guidance…even though the Answer is inside. YES, to your question though. Q I just had a question really quick! I constantly think about how irrelevant my emotions are, and also a lot of the things I do knowing that everything is so temporary. Doesn't it just seem like a passing phenomena in what we consider reality? Kaliji I view this as the NOW in the eternal play of consciousness. Q So in order to be at peace I need to always be consciously present? I have big questions about death. My husband 88 years old, is so scared about dying and it is so hard for me to console him, because I myself do not know , what will happen after death. I believe in a sort of transformation into cosmic consciousness, he does not want to talk about that at all, but he is crying with fear when he is alone. So death is often near to me in this times ….. The word 'death' has become associated as a 'scary' term for many. In yoga philosophy it is said that fear of death is one of the five obstacles to peace. As soon as one passes over, the fear is immediately gone (well, except for some who prefer to take the role of ghosts). It will be revealed that the soul is eternal being and that the soul still exists. The only difference is that the physical body has fallen away and the outer environment is different. Like going on a flight ~ we leave one country for another country. It will look different. The mind is still as present as ever. The mind will be sharper, as many of the self-limiting thoughts will no longer work in this new awareness. The soul is surrounded by three bodies/vehicles. Two always remain ~ subtle (mental body) / causal (spiritual body). Loved ones can be reunited ~ family or friends that left earlier are met again. Loved ones who did not incarnate this time around may be remembered:) Parents, family, friends are present on entering this world, and too when we leave. Same as when we arrive to the 'other' realms. It is rare that one feels 'ready' to leave Earth. Many have friendships that make them sad to leave. Realizing that life continues in the other realms, the fear lessens. We have one chance per life to leave consciously. It is not wise to lose the opportunity to embrace the departure ~ to embrace the knowing that all is fine. Consciousness is pure and creation reflects this. It is ultimately all for the higher good. The soul in preparation to exit the physical world should share the last kind words with loved ones. Finish all loose ends. Bring everything to completion. Then get ready ~ for an exciting journey. Upon release of this physical form, the energy that was maintaining it will be free to flow. The bliss is heavenly. But this is just the beginning….. How we leave this planet is of utmost importance. 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thoughts in this form serve as a vehicle to guide us out of the body. Let fear release ~ and bravely surrender. Not everyone who lives their physical form enters heavenly states or cosmic consciousness or supreme bliss. There is a greater euphoria regardless. The immediate difference is that the physical body is no more. The mind is still as ever present. The direct experience that we still exist beyond this body gives great joy to the spirt. We come and go many times ~ this is only one of infinite lives. We should be a pro by now. Life continues. There is nothing to fear except fear. Life ~ here and beyond ~ is what we make it. Q Do you have a suggestion about a specific practice that can be used to send someone in pain positive healing energy? Is prayer, or something along those lines thought of as useful from a yogic perspective? Kaliji In Sanskrit the word for prayer is 'prarthana'. On various levels, one can focus this energy and send to others. This is called prana healing. Reiki is a method of sending energy to others. Prana follows the mind. When a person focuses the mind, prana will be directed . The conscious state of the sender and the one receiving the energy will determine how effective this will be. Most do not have enough energy for themselves Yet, some can become a channel for the energy flow. Their love and compassion make them a pure vessel to transmit this energy to one in need. For thoughts to exist, it requires energy. There can be no thought without prana. Gaining control over the mind is the most efficient way to direct energy. Yes, healing with prana is without the yoga tradition. As we lovingly think of someone in need, the healing energy flows in that direction. Ultimately it is refined as shaktipat ~ energy transmission from yogi to disciple. Through prayer we activate these three energies/shaktis. With our focused thought, we will the desired effect into manifestation. Prayer could be in the form of a positive affirmation. You can begin with clearing the mind with a Sanskrita mantra. The chanting of OM, or another mantra, quiets the mind. Through a calm mind transcending the usual chatter, the prana is directed with greater clarity. Whether through positive thought, prayer, and / or mantra ~the mind is a powerful tool to direct prana. We are always directing prana, consciously and un-consciously. Q Kaliji had mentioned once that according to the Vedas, 3/4 is destiny and 1/3 is free will. I was thinking how come even free will doesnt feel so. It seems like even free will is based on His grace, so do we really have free will? There are times when I feel connected with the "Source" that destiny and free will seem to merge. Kaliji When one is connected to the source then the question of individual will does not come up. It is in the 'journey' that the percentage varies. The Vedas state that 1/3 is free will and 2/3 is due to our past samskaras. In this case, since it is due to our choices that result in particular karma then we can see the 'little I" is behind this. As one progresses in their spiritual awakening, the samskaras are dissolving, thus karma lessens. Then the higher will becomes prominent and the percentage will change. Eventually 100 percent divine will – iccha shakti. Q You speak of surrendering yourself to DEVI. What does that mean? Surrendering means to surrender to that Supreme Power which creates, sustains, and transforms. It is a continuous process in deepening our understanding of surrender. We need to develop the power to witness, to transcend the pair of opposites. Whatever appears on our path, we still must follow right action and accept the cosmic plan as our highest good. Seeing our past or future lives is not easy; therefore, it is hard to understand the "why" to our karma. But we can learn to accept that the Higher Power is truly guiding, leading us forward. The Self is Immortal. The Self has highest knowledge. The Self is forever blissful. To this Supreme Power, one surrenders. It comes in stages, yet ,at times, through intense prayer and meditation, Surrender spontaneously arises. Letting go… into DEVI, the Cosmic Power, is the Ultimate Surrender. 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showing himself in my dreams for about three weeks. What does this mean? Kaliji It is very good to experience spiritual dreams. To receive Darshana of a saint is a great blessing, whether in a dream or in waking state. Sometimes the Formless Cosmic Energy will take a yogi's form in a dream. It takes the form of a yogi one can recognize as it helps one to recall the dream. The yogi may or may not know that Their Form is being used. Sometimes one connects with the Cosmic Energy, and then one's subconscious will give it a form to relate to. And, sometimes the Master Yogi chooses to enter the dream. The feeling in the dream is most important. At times one will not be able to understand what the images represent. Still one can concentrate on the feeling that was present in the dream. However, there are times when the dream will directly or symbolically give a clear message. If so, it can be taken as inner guidance to follow. A dream is composed of three energies: Sattvic (balance), Rajas (activity), and Tamas (inertia). Some dreams can be inspiring (sattvic), some dreams are restless (rajas), and other dreams are never recalled (tamas). Each dream consists of past, present, and future images. It takes clarity to understand the meaning of the dream. When the feeling of devotion or spiritual energy is present in a dream, later recall it during meditation. This can inspire the same feeling again, thus deepening the meditation. In this way, dreaming becomes Dream Yoga. Q Why don't we learn our lessons from previous lifetimes and understand those lessons at the beginning of a lifetime? Kaliji These lessons, until they are fully learned, will show up as tests in our life. When the positive action is strong in the mind and the weak action no longer exists, the lessons are then said to be learned. Kaliji You spontaneously . . . Ah, in the flow . . . Q Would you please talk about the Sanskrit term pratyahara? Kaliji Pratyahara is the fifth limb of Ashtanga Yoga as founded by the Sage Patanjali in approximately 500 B.C. Ashtanga Yoga is the 8-limb path of yoga. Continually, our minds are pulled to the world by our senses. Pratyahara is the term that reminds us to place our focus where we want it, not to be controlled by any outer force, like a horseman controlling the horse with the gentle discipline of the reins. This is symbolized with Arjuna (mind) being guided by Krishna (Higher Spirit) in the Gita. The yogi controls the power of the senses, then controls the mind. A yogi applies the wisdom and lives according to the flow instead of giving into the sense pleasures. This does not mean we should not enjoy the beautiful gifts of the world through the senses. But it means we should control our minds by living within the world, but not of the world. We can enjoy creation through the senses but not overuse them; otherwise, we will feel the drain of energy. For example, when we are full from our meal, we should not allow the sense of taste to make us overeat. If we overeat, we feel tired and lack energy. When in meditation, we should not allow our minds to roam, but rather we should focus it on the desired object of concentration. Then we can feel the heightened energy flow. Basically, when we follow our inner wisdom, it is the same as applying the skill of pratyahara. That is, we are in the flow . . . Q I've heard the word DEVI used in reference to the Spiritual Self. I would really like to know more. Kaliji There are many beautiful names, in various languages, for the Supreme Spirit. DEVI is one of them. DEVI is a name used for the Cosmic Energy, the Universal Flow, the Divine Mother Spirit, the spiritual energy within us all, the Supreme Self. When we surrender to the inner Self (as opposed to the lower mind), we can feel the deep connection with our True Self. Regular sadhana (yogic practice), right conduct (both in mind and body), and satsanga (positive relationships) support this awakening. We need faith to believe the holy spirit, DEVI, is truly within us. 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William Ward's account of the Hindu groups between whom he served as a Baptist missionary in Serampore in West Bengal was once first released in 1811 and reprinted during this 3rd version in 1817. It was once an incredibly influential paintings that formed British perspectives of the newly outlined entity of 'Hinduism' within the early 19th century. Ward and his fellow missionaries promoted social reforms and schooling, developing the Serampore project Press in 1800 and Serampore collage in 1818. Ward committed two decades to compiling his research of Hindu literature, background, mythology and faith, which was once ultimately released in 4 volumes. It supplied richly special info, and used to be considered as authoritative for the subsequent fifty years. it's for that reason nonetheless an incredible resource for researchers in components together with Indian historical past, British colonialism, Orientalism and non secular stories. quantity 1 describes and categorises Hindu deities and items of worship, celestial, terrestrial, animate and inanimate. Does technological know-how pose a problem to faith and non secular trust? this query has been an issue of long-standing debate - and it maintains to trouble not just students in philosophy, theology, and the sciences, but additionally these fascinated by public academic coverage. This quantity presents historical past to the present 'science and religion' debate, but focuses besides on issues the place contemporary dialogue of the relation among technology and faith has been relatively focused. During this e-book, Michael Slater offers a brand new evaluation of pragmatist perspectives within the philosophy of faith. targeting the stress among naturalist and anti-naturalist models of pragmatism, he argues that the anti-naturalist spiritual perspectives of philosophers comparable to William James and Charles Peirce offer a robust replacement to the naturalism and secularism of later pragmatists corresponding to John Dewey and Richard Rorty. It is a comparative research of Muslims in Finland and the Republic of eire, from the viewpoint of spiritual freedom and multiculturalism. The booklet includes 3 components: the 1st half discusses non secular freedom and multiculturalism from a conceptual viewpoint and generally in the context of Western Europe, culminating within the circumstances of Finland and eire; the second one half bargains with the institution of Muslim groups in Europe quite often, and in Finland and eire particularly; and, the 3rd half issues Islam and schooling in those respective international locations. The worship of the lingu, also, Strongly resembles the worship of the phallus in honour of Bacchus. The sunyasee festival in honour of Shivii (see vol. i. p. ) appears to resemble much the orgies of Bacchus, especially in the behaviour of the devotees r , who are said to have run up and down the streets with their hair disheveled, and with lighted torches in their hands. —These siinyasees, though taken from the lowest order, wear the poita as bramhuns during this festival. Kennett, in his Koman Antiquities, book v. Krishnu is one of the ten incarnations of Vishnoo. The Rev. Mr. ' 2. Jugunnafhu, another deified hero, complimented with the title of lord of the world,, a form of Vishnoo. He is honoured with several annual festivals, but the car festival is the most popular. Imitations of his ponderous car abound in many of the large towns in Bengal °: that in Orissa, connected with the ancient temple erected in honour of this god, has crushed to death hundreds of victims, perhaps thousands, and immolates a number every year. Krishnu resembles Apollo in his licentious intrigues ; in his being a herdsmanm, and an archer; in his destroying a dreadful serpent; in his love of music; and in the celebrity to which he attained. Krishnu's image is that of a black man, with a flute in his hand. His colour points out, that he fills the mind with sensual desires, and the flute designates him as the author of musical sounds. Apollo had in one hand a harp, and in the other a shield of arrows. The history of Krishnu is chiefly found in the Shree-Bhagiivutu; the outline of which will be seen in vol	[ 4667, 21910, 29915, 29879, 3633, 310, 278, 379, 19910, 6471, 1546, 6029, 540, 6766, 408, 263, 23759, 391, 10655, 653, 297, 1816, 1160, 487, 297, 3122, 20781, 284, 471, 2748, 937, 5492, 297, 29871, 29896, 29947, 29896, 29896, 322, 2062, 524, 287, 2645, 445, 29871, 29941, 5499, 1873, 297, 29871, 29896, 29947, 29896, 29955, 29889, 739, 471, 2748, 385, 29811, 14981, 7112, 2556, 10675, 886, 393, 8429, 4908, 3736, 1103, 3145, 310, 278, 15141, 714, 21354, 7855, 310, 525, 29950, 19910, 1608, 29915, 2629, 278, 4688, 29871, 29896, 29929, 386, 6462, 29889, 21910, 322, 670, 10404, 10655, 4314, 21201, 5264, 337, 9514, 322, 3762, 292, 29892, 14338, 278, 1816, 1160, 487, 2060, 5254, 297, 29871, 29896, 29947, 29900, 29900, 322, 1816, 1160, 487, 5321, 482, 297, 29871, 29896, 29947, 29896, 29947, 29889, 21910, 19355, 1023, 1602, 3076, 304, 22520, 670, 5925, 310, 379, 19910, 12845, 29892, 3239, 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Best Gamers In The World With The Highest Pays Best gamers in the world know a few things about gaming that we don't. Also, they take this gaming thing more seriously than you and I, as in, they turn it into a profession, not just a thing to pass some time in the afternoon. This is why some gamers have now achieved legendary statuses. Not just in their virtual worlds, but also in the real world as well. What Makes A Gamer Great When it comes to the best gamers in the world, there are a few things that make them who they are. These people are no Lebron James, or Tom Brady, but in their communities, they are gods among people. Not actual gods, but figures that other people look up to for inspiration and fun. The great gamers of today are well paid, extremely famous, and reputable enough to have a history of rising to the top of the charts, not just turning up and becoming so. -Career - First of all, these best gamers haven't just turned into famous characters overnight. They've mostly been playing the games they excel at forever. With years and years of experience, they've been able to grow into who they are today, and make a living out of it. -Earnings - Speaking of "making a living" out of playing games… what?! Yes, there are people, a lot of people, who're making millions just by playing games. How? Streaming their performances live, selling merchandise, donations, ads, the list goes on. They do good! -Fanbase - None of the fame and earnings would be possible for these greatest of games without their fanbase. Great gamers have fan bases of up to millions of diehard fans, who're there for them with every livestream, or video post, or Instagram Story. Loyalty is key. The Best Streaming Gamers In The World Now that we've covered the "what makes a gamer great" part of the article, let's dive right into the matter. Who are the best gamers of today? What makes them so famous? Why are so many people tuning in to their livestreams and staying glued to their screens for hours? Let's find out! Tyler Blevins - Ninja - With an estimated income of $17.000.000 (yes, that's 6 zeros!) Tyler Blevins, or Ninja, is the best earning gamer of the last few years. This gamer was everywhere in 2019, before the pandemic, including Red Bull cans, Walmart bedding, acting for NFL commercials, the list is endless. He's a Microsoft exclusive gamer now, and his main goal is to rebuild the livestreaming industry. He's doing a great job at it! Felix Kjellberg - PewDiePie - There's no gaming fan on this planet who's never heard about this particular Swedish gamer. Felix Kjelberg, or PewDiePie, is a controversial Youtuber and gamer, with many comments of his reaching the different boards of the authorities. Still, he's the master of gaming streamers, with more than 4,5 billion views in 2019, and estimated revenue of $15 million from them. Just... wow! Preston Arsement - This particular gamer is not just a player of Minecraft, but also a vlogger. Preston is a popular Youtuber and hosts annual in-game spending lives within Minecraft, his favourite title. His estimated earnings are at around $14 million per year. Now that's a lot of revenue from building stuff out of virtual blocks in a video game... Mark Fischbach - Markiplier - With estimated earnings of up to $14 million in 2019, Markiplier is famous for his humour and over-the-top scary reactions to his horror gaming. He's got some viral stuff to his name, like his walkthrough titles such as Amnesia: The Dark Descent, but he's also popular with some YouTube Original content, like the "A Heist with Markiplier'' movie. Michael Grzesiek - Shroud - Last, but not least, we've got Shroud, or Michael Grzesiek, to finalise this top of best gamers in the world. 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Articles Posted in Auto Fraud AutoNation Allegedly Selling Defective Vehicles November 9, 2019 \| Peter S. Lubin and Patrick Austermuehle While buying a used car might sound like a great way to save money, a new investigation allegedly found that buying from AutoNation could mean the possibility of buying a car that AutoNation knows is defective (or is subject to recall) but never bothered to have repaired or to resolve the recall issue. There is a federal law that prevents auto dealers from selling new defective automobiles, but there is no such law to prevent anyone from selling used cars with defects. A new federal bill was recently introduced that would close that loophole, but we have yet to see what the fate of that bill will be. In the meantime, some states have local laws against selling defective vehicles (new or otherwise), so if you live in a state with such protections and you recently bought a defective used car, you can sue the dealer that sold you the defective vehicle. Continue reading › Posted in: Auto Fraud Tagged: auto fraud attorneys near me in Chicago area Updated: October 22, 2019 1:00 pm Purchaser of Defective Classic Car Can Sue North Carolina Auction Company for Fraud in Illinois October 4, 2019 \| Peter S. Lubin and Patrick Austermuehle A purchaser of a classic 1973 Ford Bronco sued the car's auctioneer in Illinois court. The purchaser alleged that the vendor committed fraud by misrepresenting the condition of the vehicle in its advertisements and during the auction. The circuit court dismissed the case for lack of personal jurisdiction. The Illinois Appellate Court reversed, finding that the vendor had sufficient contacts with Illinois when it solicited the business of the purchaser via advertisements, its website, and its communications over email and the phone. In January 2018, John Dixon saw an advertisement posted by GAA Classic Cars, LLC on a car-related website. The advertisement listed a 1973 Ford Bronco for sale at auction. Dixon responded to the advertisement by sending an email to GAA requesting more information about the Bronco including how to bid for it. GAA responded with an email to Dixon, inviting Dixon to bid on the Bronco at the auction scheduled for March 2, 2018. GAA's email told Dixon that he could participate via live simulcast bidding or on the telephone via phone bidding. GAA added that Dixon could find more information about the Bronco at GAA's website. Dixon asked for pictures of the Bronco's engine. GAA responded by email that it would send him pictures of the engine once GAA received the Bronco from its owner. GAA told Dixon that the auction price for the Bronco should run around $30,000.00 – $40,000.00. Continue reading › Tagged: Chicago auto fraud lawyer near Elmhurst and Naperville Updated: October 4, 2019 4:38 pm Purchaser of RV Can't Sue For Breach of Warranty Because Manufacturer Was Entitled to More Chances to Repair Vehicle September 28, 2019 \| Peter S. Lubin and Patrick Austermuehle A couple purchased an RV from a retailer in 2014. The RV came with a warranty from the manufacturer that limited the warranties to one year from the date of purchase. The warranty required that the purchasers notify the manufacturer or an authorized dealer within five days of discovering any defect. The purchasers experienced continual problems with the RV over the time that they owned it. The RV was repaired multiple times, but the service technicians were never able to fully resolve the defects. The purchasers asked the manufacturer to repurchase the RV from them. When the manufacturer refused, the purchasers sued, claiming the manufacturer breached its warranties. The district court granted summary judgment to the manufacturer. The appellate panel affirmed, finding that the purchasers had not given the manufacturer enough chances under Indiana law to cure the defects with the RV.	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Vanessa and Randy Mathews purchased a Holiday Rambler Presidential RV in May 2014 from Mellott Brothers Trailer Sales, Inc. The RV came with a warranty from the manufacturer, REV Recreation Group. The warranty limited both express and implied warranties to one year from the purchase date. To take advantage of the warranty, the Mathews had to notify REV or an authorized dealer within five days of discovering a defect. The Mathews alleged that they encountered problems with the RV almost as soon as they drove it off the lot. They called the dealership to report that there were issues with the interior lights, the refrigerator, and the leveling system. A month later, the Mathews encountered further difficulty: the converter was blowing fuses, the leveling jacks worked only intermittently, the curbside slide cable broke, and there were problems with the TV and the DVD player. After calling the dealer again, the Mathews were given the number for REV so that they could locate an authorized repair center. Continue reading › Posted in: Auto Fraud and Breach of Contract Tagged: Best Chicago and Oak Brook area autofraud lawyers near Chicago and Chicago RV Fraud Lawyers Illinois Supreme Interprets UCC to Allow Revocation of Acceptance on Defective RV Without Requiring Giving Seller an Opportunity to Cure Our Chicago auto fraud firm filed an amicus brief in the Illinois Supreme Court on the side of an RV purchaser who wanted to revoke acceptance due to a leaky roof and the inability to use the RV all summer even though it is a summer product. The lower court had ruled against the RV purchasers holding that had to provide an opportunity to cure before revoking acceptance. The Illinois Supreme Court disagreed and held there was no right to cure for a defective product and the seller should have permitted revocation of acceptance. You can read the entire opinion Chicago auto fraud attorneys. Continue reading › Tagged: Best Chicago auto fraud attorneys Disgruntled Yacht Buyer Denied Relief for Failure to Present Evidence Concerning Cost to Repair Boat August 14, 2019 \| Peter S. Lubin and Patrick Austermuehle A manufacturer of yachts was sued by a disgruntled buyer for breach of contract after the yacht he ordered was not usable in waters in the European Union as he originally specified. The buyer lost in court, however, because he argued that the yacht was a total loss, and the company presented evidence that the conversion to allow the yacht to operate in Europe would cost less than $2,000, and that it had repaired other small defects for free. Porter, Inc. is an Indiana company that manufactures boats under the Formula and Thunderbird trade names. In September 2012, Erich Schwaiger attended a boat show in Friedrichshafen, Germany, and met Alfred Zurhausen, the owner of Poker-Run-Boats, one of Porter's international dealers of Formula boats. Schwaiger expressed interest in ordering a Formula yacht with supercharged engines and high-end accessories and furnishings. Zurhausen later met Schwaiger in Munich to discuss the options and pricing in more detail. Schwaiger later, through one of his companies, SelectSun, executed a contract with Poker-Run-Boats in October 2012. The yacht and custom-built lift cost Schwaiger approximately $1 million. The contract required that the boat be CE certified, so that it would be authorized for operation in the European Union. Porter did not, however, manufacture the boat to meet that specification due to a miscommunication during the ordering process that Porter had with one of its domestic dealers, International Nautic. Schwaiger took delivery of the yacht in Germany in May 2013. He used the boat throughout much of the 2013 season in Europe. During the first few months, Porter covered a series of minor warranty repairs at no charge to Schwaiger. By the end of August, however, Schwaiger was fed up with the yacht, complaining to Poker-Run-Boats of problems with the boat's engines, steering column, exterior gel coating, and interior furnishings. 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with instructions to sell it. When the boat did not immediately sell, Schwaiger sued. Continue reading › Tagged: Best Chicago auto-fraud lawyers near Oak Brook and Naperville and Chicago Auto-Fraud Lawyers -- Chicago Business Dispute Attorneys Near Evanston and Oak Brook By Racing to Provide the Highest MPG at the Lowest Cost, Ford Allegedly Endangered Its Customers Ford started installing a new dual-clutch transmission (referred to as the DPS6 transmission) in its Focus and Fiesta models back in 2010 and as many as 1.5 million of the allegedly defective vehicles remain on the road today. The new transmission allowed the cars to reach 40 mpg, but according to recent allegations, Ford failed to properly test the new transmission before putting it out on the road, where it allegedly failed and put customers in danger. As if that wasn't bad enough, Ford allegedly ignored warnings from internal engineers and lawyers before putting the cars on the market, at which point the car company allegedly proceeded to ignore complaints from customers for more than five years. According to complaints, the new transmission allegedly did everything from losing power on highways for no apparent reason to shoot into intersections without warning. Instead of issuing a recall, Ford allegedly gave its dealers talking points that included telling them the cars were operating normally when that was far from the truth. The financial result of all this doesn't look good for Ford. The company has had to spend hundreds of millions of dollars in repair costs, many of which didn't actually fix the cars. In addition to having to litigate lawsuits from thousands of consumers, Ford has also lost a significant amount of business from many loyal fans who now say they will never buy another Ford. Combine that with word of mouth reports of the dangerous cars it let on the road, plus bad press, and it will be difficult for the company to recover financially from this mess. In fact, the company recently warned its investors that litigation over the new DPS6 transmissions poses a financial threat. According to an internal report by Ford, the total costs related to the new transmission could reach $3 billion by the end of next year. Continue reading › Tagged: Chicago Car Fraud Attorneys -- Naperville Auto-Fraud Lawyers General Motors Loses Motion to Dismiss in Alleged Certified Pre-Owned ("CPO") Truck Consumer Fraud Case June 30, 2019 \| Peter S. Lubin and Patrick Austermuehle Our Chicago car fraud lawyers have been litigating for many years claims against car and truck manufacturers who decline to stand behind certified pre-owned (CPO") vehicles that turn out to be rebuilt wrecks or flood vehicles. We recently beat back a motion to dismiss by General Motors in such a case. General Motors claimed that the Texas GMC dealer who sold our client the truck at issue was a necessary party to the case and that since General Motors hadn't sold our client the truck it should be suing General Motors. You can read the court decision here which rejected General Motors argument. Super Lawyers named Chicago business dispute lawyers Peter Lubin a Super Lawyer and Patrick Austermuehle a Rising Star in the Categories of Class Action, Business Litigation, and Consumer Rights Litigation. Lubin Austermuehle's Chicago auto fraud lawyers near Oak Brook and Naperville have over thirty years of experience in litigating auto fraud, franchise and dealer termination, breach of contract, complex class action, copyright, partnership, and shareholder oppression suits, non-compete agreement, trademark and libel suits, consumer rights and many different types of business and commercial litigation disputes. Our Vernon Hills and Wheaton car fraud attorneys near Chicago litigate CPO fraud cases and rebuilt wreck and flood vehicle cases against used car dealers and automobile manufacturers. We also assist Chicago, Evanston and Oak Brook area used car consumers who are victims of fraud and consumer fraud. You can contact us by calling (630) 333-0333 or our toll-free number (833) 306-4933. You can also contact us online here. 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The Ancient City of La Coruña: Discoveries! We pulled into the port of La Coruña around breakfast, had our foreign 'face check' assuring the Spanish government we were indeed who we claimed to be, then disembarked for our city tour. The shoreline went on for miles, as it snaked around the city. It was difficult to tell what was beach and what was port. No wonder this became the largest port on the Northern Iberian Coast, launching not only commercial ships, but warships (the Spanish Armada) and expeditions—ships exploring new routes and lands. La Coruña is also known for its 2,000 year old structure, the Tower of Hercules, the oldest functioning Roman lighthouse in the world. Originally it had a ramp oxcarts used to bring wood up to light the warning fires before electricity was invented. Unfortunately it was on the other side of town, and, since we left port later than expected, we never had the chance to see it. Supposedly, Hercules fought a giant, cut off his head, and buried it with the monster's armor close the shore, and built the lighthouse on top. Which is why, according to myth, Hercules is attributed with the founding of La Coruña. To my best knowledge, it means crown. Whether that means the kingly sort, or the top of the head, I'm unsure. The first thing we noticed were the apartments lining the shore, having many glass paned windows facing the sea. When Caesar first came to La Coruña, he found a small fishing village, but, due to the rich minerals in the area, it became a thriving commercial port. The fishermen lived in these apartments and would pull their boats up under the arches at night, since the water came up to the building in those days. Since the area was very humid and rainy, they enclosed the porches, inside and out (beginning in 18th century), where warmth and humidity built up during the day. At night when it was cooler, the inside porch windows were opened to let in the warmed air. Ingenious! And here is a fancy version in the downtown area of La Coruña. . .isn't it gorgeous?? We visited a church who's bell tower was slightly off kilter. Not because of the architects supposed drunken state, but, to allow the sun in its zenith to enter the tower and reflect down on the alter below. I'd say he had his head on straight! This statue commemorates Maria Pita, a brave woman who, after losing three husbands in the battle when Francis Drake returned to fight the Spanish, refused to lose the fourth. So, she entered the fight alongside him, found the emblematic flag bearer and speared him to death. Thus, Maria ended the conflict, saving the life of her sweetheart, and all the other Spaniards along with him. Hmmmm. Could be another historical fiction brewing . . . We stopped in a sausage/ham shop where we were given a taste of the national treat: simply called jambon (ham). Raised in the country, these pigs are slaughtered, the back legs (having more meat) are buried and dried in salt for a year, then hung up for a time to lessen the fat content, then sold in shops as a snack. You see it on the left of this plate, and also hanging from the ceiling in shop in the photo above. . . Through the years, the church has had a fast or ceremony for women who wished to conceive, since large families were important in this farming community. A few hundred years ago, they found corn to be the best crop for the cool but humid climate. Curiously, still today, engaged couples bring eggs and flour to the nuns so they can make a wedding cake to bring them good luck. Wealthy families years ago would bring their young girls to the nunnery to protect them from unwanted pregnancies before they were of marriageable age. I was thrilled to visit La Coruña because my MG Historical novel in progress is not only set in this city, but also on a Spanish galleon, similar to the one we were sailing on. Time for research! Via our guide, I discovered there was an orphanage run by nuns that would have been standing in the early 1700's. Good news! But then, he was told the building no longer existed. 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]	1,024	CommonCrawl	1.579366	-0.556106	1.550359	0.446249
ed to say the least, but decided to visit the neighborhood anyway, to see what would have been standing when my character existed. I found a street named after the orphanage . . . A staircase leading up . . . And down from the street. . . And it would have been overlooking the bay and beach. That was good enough for me! All in all, it was a good day . . . Feeling Like Royalty, Dining as an Author Today was another stellar day for touring—this time, by motorcycle and sidecar. Our guide for Porto was John, who came promptly at 9:30am. We introduced ourselves, put on our helmets, and got ready for a more than ordinary ride. We liked John immediately with his kind, informative and humorous ways. He gave us the usual safety talk, along with one other warning— by riding in a sidecar vehicle, we would be instant celebrities. And he was right! People everywhere of all ages waved, smiled or gawked at us. And I followed suit by giving them my best royal wave. Up and down the hills we rolled, first along the river's edge and expansion bridge, then back into the city to see churches and government buildings. . . When the explorers brought back ceramics from China centuries ago, the Portuguese created their own version of the tile as seen on the church above. The following are a few Porto city views . . . I enjoyed Porto much more than Lisboa. It was smaller, more navigable, and somewhat less hilly. Finally across the river to Gaia, where the fishing boat industry and wine preservation continues. It's also where J.K. Rowling lived while she wrote the first two Harry Potter books. We ended with a trip up past the military base and to the highest point of the city where an old Catholic Church is situated. Many come here to take wedding or engagement photos. We had our anniversary photo taken! We returned to our hotel with time to eat at the Majestic Café, known for serving and inspiring authors and poets, including of course, J.K. Rowling. This was where she had the inspiration to write her series, and name one evil character after Spain's former dictator—a slippery sort of person! Then, a taxi took us to Leixôes (pronounced something like: Lee-shoines, believe it or not), where we caught our first glimpse of our home for the next four days. Breathtaking! Tomorrow, we visit an off-the-beaten-path location known for its natural beauty. . . Splendor in Sintra—Out of the Ordinary André and his wife own the 'Portuguese for a Day' tour company. Not only do they make a great couple, but they are also dynamite business partners. Filipa generally takes care of the reservations and business end, and leaves the touring to André (most of the time). He's been driving since he was a teen, never had an accident, and was born in the old Alfama section of Lisbon. So he knows his way around. We also discovered he is a professional Jazz Bass player, and has performed all over the world with the likes of Elton John and Michael Bublé. He has also played all over Lisbon, which is why he knows the roads so well. Last year, he decided to stay close to home and begin a tour company with his wife. And we are glad he did! Our first stop was the Pena Palace, built by Ferdinand II (a Saxe-Coburg and Uncle of Queen Victoria) who married Maria, the Queen of Portugal. In the mid-1800's, this artist-king built the Pena Palace in the Romantic style at the site of an old Monastery on the tip-top of a mountain in the historic town of Sintra, a half hour drive from Lisbon. Dan and I agreed it was the nicest and most livable palace we have seen to date-which is quite a few! The roads, although winding and extremely narrow, were not an issue for André. He was a master at getting around (or making way) for tour buses and other vehicles which had no business being on the road. Each view of the palace was more stunning than the previous. It was hard to take a bad photo. We wound in and out of the rooms, looking at the incredibly intricate ceilings, which, in the last few rooms, became faux-finished works of art. One could barely tell they were two dimensional! 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A lot of แทงบอลออนไลน์ขั้นต่ํา 50 บาท know very well just how the markets and odds provided usually work. However, for all those individuals unfamiliar with the football betting might experience some problems while seeking to select the best odds within their chosen markets. Such gam.blers should find it essential to acquire free betting tips from individual sites which offer the assistance. It is important for first time bettors to understand correctly various markets and exactly how they work. Free betting tips will only be of benefit to ga.mblers if they know football betting basics. Football fans should know the typical markets before staking their funds on any fixtures. There are many possibilities for punters to stake their money in terms of football betting. The action of betting on football games has become very popular that several sites usually offer betting tips for their visitors. Tipsters often offer free betting tips on markets which are easily predictable. Information on complex markets is frequently sold to punters since their chances are high and consequently the returns when a bettor wins the bet. Popular investing arenas are explained to ensure that those new to football betting can certainly understand where they are staking their money as well as the likelihood of them to lose or win the bet. The most common kind of market available for football betting is the match betting. In this kind of market, the punter simply has to select the outcome of the game. The alternatives are usually displayed as 1X2. 1 represents the house team to win the match, X means the match to finish in a draw while 2 is short for the away team winning the encounter. This market is often super easy to calculate unless in a situation where competitive teams are facing each other. They which is most probably to win the match is normally low compared with the chances for any draw as well as the other team to win. Tipsters will probably give free tips where results of the match is somehow obvious example in a case where a strong team is facing a weaker team. When groups of equal strengths and capabilities are facing the other person, it is hard to pick winning odds. In cases like this, tipsters usually don't give free betting tips. They either sell the ideas for that game or avoid predicting at all. Lots of new bettors prefer this market since it is possible to choose and not sophisticated in any way. Another common market in แทงบอลออนไลน์ขั้นต่ํา 50 บาท is: Both teams to score. This marketplace is often displayed as GG for teams to score and NG for teams not score. It is also a favorable industry for most punters. The make was not available in many sites until Betfred introduced it. Other betting companies have since incorporated this market in their sites. A predictor can either choose that both teams will score or both teams not score according to their analysis or feel about goal scoring abilities in the teams facing each other. Free betting tips tend to be provided by tipsters with this market. Punters who definitely are uncertain which option to choose should seek services of tipsters who carry thorough analysis before deciding whether both teams will score or otherwise not. Double chance is yet another form of a market available in football betting. In this type of market, bookmakers protect the punters who are against any team to emerge victorious in a match. Such punters can select their preferred team to win or draw this game. The bet will certainly be a winning bet in the event the team either win or draw this game. Even though chances of this market are small, several bettors prefer it since it somehow reduces the potential risk of losing the bet. Free betting tips are frequently offered by tipsters concerning this market. It will be the best industry for those punters who want to back a team that they can are sure it does not lose the game. Another form of the double chance market can be in such a way that the game will never end in a draw. Denoted as 1 or 2, this kind of the double chance market implies that either irthfy A or Team B will win the match. It is the best marketplace for those bettors who are sure that the game will not end in a draw. Handicap betting is another kind of market provided for เว็บแทงบอลออนไลน์. This kind of market usually has good odds, and those who risk it successfully will always be rewarded handsomely. 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\section{Introduction} The main purpose of this paper is to describe how \dag\-Frobenius monoids are the correct tool for formulating various kinds of finite-dimensional `quantum algebras'. Since \dag\-Frobenius monoids have entirely geometrical axioms, this gives a new way to look at these traditionally algebraic objects. This difference in perspective can be thought of as moving from an `internal' to an `external' viewpoint. Traditionally, we formulate a C\-algebra as the set of elements of a vector space, along with extra structure that specifies how to multiply elements, find a unit element, apply an involution and take norms. This is an `internal' view, since we are dealing directly with the elements of the set. The `external' alternative is to `zoom out' in perspective: we can no longer discern the individual elements of the C\-algebra, but we can see more clearly how it relates to other vector spaces, and these relationships give an alternative way to completely define the C\-algebra. This metaphor is made completely precise by category theory, and the passage between these two types of viewpoint is familiar in categorical approaches to algebra. We proceed in Section~\ref{strucdagcat} by introducing our categorical setting, monoidal \dag\-categories with duals, and defining an involution monoid, a categorical axiomatization of an involutive algebra. Section~\ref{frobmonsec} introduces \dag\-Frobenius monoids, and explores some useful properties of them. We specialize to the category of Hilbert spaces in Section~\ref{hilbsect}, and make the connection between \dag\-Frobenius monoids and finite-dimensional C\-algebras precise. An important aspect of the conventional study of C\-algebras are the spectral theorems, for commutative C\-algebras and for normal operators. The \dag\-Frobenius perspective on C\-algebras allows these theorems to be presented categorically in the finite-dimensional case, and we explore this in Section~\ref{genspec}. We also use the \dag\-Frobenius monoid formalism to explore the construction of alternative quantum theories. This work is relevant to the study of two-dimensional open-closed topological quantum field theories (TQFTs), which model the quantum dynamics of string-like topological structures which can merge together and split apart. It was shown by Lauda and Pfeiffer \cite{lp05-ocs} that such a theory is defined by a symmetric Frobenius monoid equipped with extra structure. If we also add the physical requirement that the theory should be \emph{unitary} \cite{b06-qq} then these become symmetric \dag\-Frobenius monoids, and thus finite-dimensional C\-algebras by Lemma~\ref{unitarylemma} and the results of Section~\ref{hilbsect}. These are precisely the correct kinds of algebras with which to construct a state-sum triangulation model for the TQFT~\cite{fhk92-ltft,lp06-ssc}, and so we can deduce the following: the two-dimensional open-closed TQFTs which arise from a state sum on a triangulation are precisely the \emph{unitary} such TQFTs, up to multiplication by a scalar factor. \ignore{ Our results are also relevant for two-dimensional conformal field theories. It is known that such theories can be modelled in a similar way to two-dimensional topological field theories \cite{frs02-tft1, ffrs05-tcf}, except that rather than constructing the Frobenius monoids in \cat{Hilb}, the category of Hilbert spaces and bounded linear maps, they are constructed in a general modular tensor category. Suppose that our modular tensor category is the category of modules for some bialgebra, and is equipped with a monoidal forgetful functor to \cat{Hilb}, sending each module to its underlying vector space. Then any \dag\-Frobenius monoid in our modular tensor category descends to a \dag\-Frobenius monoid in \cat{Hilb}, which will be equivalent to a finite-dimensional C*-algebra as described here, and a special Frobenius algebra in the modular tensor category can then be directly obtained which is of the form required for the construction of a conformal field theory. } The results presented here are closely tied to finite-dimensional al	[ 320, 2042, 29912, 25898, 29913, 13, 13, 1576, 1667, 6437, 310, 445, 5650, 338, 304, 8453, 920, 320, 24157, 29905, 29899, 29943, 307, 1785, 2482, 1601, 3398, 29879, 526, 278, 1959, 5780, 363, 883, 18099, 5164, 17690, 310, 8093, 29899, 12531, 421, 12150, 398, 394, 28200, 4286, 4001, 320, 24157, 29905, 29899, 29943, 307, 1785, 2482, 1601, 3398, 29879, 505, 9186, 28855, 16888, 4853, 29875, 4835, 29892, 445, 4076, 263, 716, 982, 304, 1106, 472, 1438, 11399, 635, 21531, 3618, 29889, 13, 13, 4013, 4328, 297, 18520, 508, 367, 2714, 310, 408, 8401, 515, 385, 421, 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gebras. The author is aware of some work in progress on infinite-dimensional generalizations \cite{ah10-csid}, which requires significant changes to the underlying algebraic structures. However, the importance of the finite-dimensional case should not be underestimated. In the study of topological quantum field theory, in particular, it is often necessary to restrict to finite-dimensional algebras for the constructions to be well-defined, as a consequence of compactness of the topological category. The construction described here can be generalized far beyond the scope of the current paper. In future work, we will describe how higher-dimensional `quantum algebras' can be described as \dag\-Frobenius pseudoalgebras, `weakened' forms of Frobenius algebras which live in a monoidal 2-category. This extends results of Day, McCrudden and Street~\cite{dms03-da, s04-fmp}. These higher-dimensional quantum algebras include the fusion C\-categories of considerable importance in the representation theory of quantum groups~\cite{k95-qg} and in topological quantum field theory~\cite{bk01-ltc}. \subsubsection{Why \dag\-Frobenius monoids?} The key property of \dag\-Frobenius monoids which makes them so useful is contained in the following observation, due to Coecke, Pavlovic and the author \cite{cpv08-dfb}. Let $(V,m,u)$ be an associative, unital algebra on a complex vector space $V$, with multiplication map $m : V \otimes V \to V$ and unit map $u : \mathbb{C} \to V$. We can map any element $\alpha \in V$ into the algebra of operators on $V$ by constructing its right action, a linear map $R _\alpha := m \circ (\id _A \otimes \alpha) : V \to V$. We draw this right action in the following way: \[ \psfrag{p}{\hspace{0pt}$\alpha$} \includegraphics[scale=1]{graphics/new-1-leftaction} \] The diagram is read from bottom to top. This is a direct representation of our definition of $R _\alpha$: vertical lines represent the vector space $V$, the dot represents preparation of the state $\alpha$, and the merging of the two lines represents the multiplication operation $m: V \otimes V \to V$. If $V$ is in fact a Hilbert space we can then construct the adjoint map \mbox{$R _\alpha {}^\dag : V \to V$}. Will this adjoint also be the right action of some element of $V$? In the case that $(V,m,u)$ is in fact a \emph{\dag\-Frobenius monoid}, the answer is yes. We draw the adjoint $R _\alpha {}^\dag$ by flipping the diagram on a horizonal axis, but keeping the arrows pointing in their original direction: \[ \psfrag{d}{$\alpha ^\dag$} \includegraphics{graphics/new-2-leftactiondagger} \] The splitting of the line into two represents the adjoint to the multiplication, and the dot represents the linear map $\alpha ^\dag : V \to \mathbb{C}$. The multiplication and unit morphisms of the \mbox{\dag\-Frobenius} monoid, along with their adjoints, must obey the following equations (see Definition~\ref{defdagfrob}): \[ \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/small-frobenius2}} = \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/small-frobenius3}} = \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/small-frobenius1}} \hspace{40pt} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/unitforintro-3}} = \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/unitforintro-2}} = \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/unitforintro-1}} \] On the left are the Frobenius equations, and on the right are the unit equations. The short horizontal bar in the unit equations represents the unit for the monoid, and the straight vertical line represents the identity homomorphism on the monoid. In fact, we also have two extra equations, since we can take the adjoint of the unit equations. We can use a unit equation and a Frobenius equation to redraw the graphical representation of $R _\alpha {}^\dag$ in the following way: \[ { \hspace{-10pt} \psfrag	[ 28200, 29889, 450, 4148, 338, 9543, 310, 777, 664, 297, 6728, 373, 10362, 29899, 12531, 2498, 17063, 320, 2036, 29912, 801, 29896, 29900, 29899, 2395, 333, 1118, 607, 6858, 7282, 3620, 304, 278, 14407, 21531, 12286, 29889, 2398, 29892, 278, 13500, 310, 278, 8093, 29899, 12531, 1206, 881, 451, 367, 1090, 342, 326, 630, 29889, 512, 278, 6559, 310, 25002, 12101, 1746, 6368, 29892, 297, 3153, 29892, 372, 338, 4049, 5181, 304, 9250, 304, 8093, 29899, 12531, 394, 28200, 363, 278, 6787, 1953, 304, 367, 1532, 29899, 12119, 29892, 408, 263, 17004, 310, 11071, 2264, 310, 278, 25002, 7663, 29889, 13, 13, 1576, 7632, 5439, 1244, 508, 367, 28803, 2215, 8724, 278, 6874, 310, 278, 1857, 5650, 29889, 512, 5434, 664, 29892, 591, 674, 8453, 920, 6133, 29899, 12531, 421, 12150, 398, 394, 28200, 29915, 508, 367, 5439, 408, 320, 24157, 29905, 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{d}{$\alpha ^\dag$} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/new-5-adjoint1}} \hspace{-10pt} } = { \hspace{-10pt} \psfrag{d}{$\alpha ^\dag$} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/new-6-adjoint2}} \hspace{-10pt} } = { \hspace{-10pt} \psfrag{p}{$\alpha ^\dag$} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/new-7-adjoint3}} \hspace{-10pt} } = { \hspace{-10pt} \psfrag{s}{$\alpha ^\dag$} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/new-8-adjoint4-v2}} \hspace{-10pt} } \] We therefore see that the adjoint of $R _\alpha$ is indeed a right-action of some element: $R _{\alpha} {}^\dag = R _{\alpha'}$, for $\alpha ' = (\id _{A} \otimes \alpha ^\dag) \circ m^\dag \circ u$. To better understand this transformation $\alpha {\mapsto} \alpha'$ we apply it twice to evaluate $(\alpha')'$, using the Frobenius and unit equations and the fact that the \dag\-functor is an involution: \[ \vspace{-10pt} \psfrag{a}{\hspace{11pt}$(\alpha')'$} { \hspace{-20pt} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/newalphainv-3}} \hspace{-0pt} } = { \hspace{-5pt} \psfrag{a}{\hspace{-0pt}$(\alpha' ) ^\dag$} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/new-newalphainv-1}} \hspace{-0pt} } = { \hspace{-0pt} \psfrag{a}{\hspace{-0pt}$(\alpha ^\dag) ^\dag$} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/new-newalphainv-2}} \hspace{-0pt} } = { \hspace{-0pt} \psfrag{a}{\hspace{11pt}$\alpha$} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/new-newalphainv-3}} \hspace{-0pt} } = \psfrag{a}{\hspace{11pt}$\alpha$} { \hspace{-0pt} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/newalphainv-3}} \hspace{-15pt} } \] We see that $(\alpha')'=\alpha$, and so the operation $\alpha \mapsto \alpha'$ is an involution. Since taking the adjoint $R_\alpha \mapsto R_\alpha ^\dag$ is also clearly an involution, the mapping of elements of the monoid into the ring of operators on $V$ is therefore \emph{involution-preserving}, as it maps one involution into another. We shall see that the mapping is injective and preserves the multiplication and unit of $(V,m,u)$, so in fact we have a fully-fledged involution-preserving monoid embedding as described by Lemmas \ref{embedmonoidlemma} and \ref{involembedding}. This observation is one reason why \dag\-Frobenius monoids are such powerful tools. In fact, given that the algebra of operators on $V$ is a C\-algebra with $$-involution given by operator adjoint, and since any involution-closed subalgebra of a C\-algebra is also a C\-algebra, we have already shown that every \dag\-Frobenius monoid in \cat{Hilb} can be given a C\-algebra norm. \subsubsection{Overview of paper} We begin with a description of the categorical structure that we will use to express our results. The categories we will be working with are \emph{monoidal \dag\-categories with duals}, with nontrivial coherence requirements between the monoidal structure, \dag\-structure and duality structure. These can be seen as not-necessarily-symmetric versions of the strongly compact-closed categories of Abramsky and Coecke \cite{ac04-csqp, ac05-apt}. We then describe the concept of an \emph{involution monoid}, a categorical version of the traditional concept of	[ 29912, 29881, 1157, 4535, 2312, 29871, 3823, 24157, 17133, 13, 29905, 7071, 741, 7313, 29912, 6420, 29914, 1482, 29899, 29945, 29899, 328, 12090, 29896, 930, 13, 29905, 14158, 8499, 29896, 29900, 415, 29913, 13, 29913, 13, 29922, 13, 29912, 13, 29905, 14158, 8499, 29896, 29900, 415, 29913, 13, 29905, 567, 29888, 1431, 29912, 29881, 1157, 4535, 2312, 29871, 3823, 24157, 17133, 13, 29905, 7071, 741, 7313, 29912, 6420, 29914, 1482, 29899, 29953, 29899, 328, 12090, 29906, 930, 13, 29905, 14158, 8499, 29896, 29900, 415, 29913, 13, 29913, 13, 29922, 13, 29912, 13, 29905, 14158, 8499, 29896, 29900, 415, 29913, 13, 29905, 567, 29888, 1431, 29912, 29886, 1157, 4535, 2312, 29871, 3823, 24157, 17133, 13, 29905, 7071, 741, 7313, 29912, 6420, 29914, 1482, 29899, 29955, 29899, 328, 12090, 29941, 930, 13, 29905, 14158, 8499, 29896, 29900, 415, 29913, 13, 29913, 13, 29922, 13, 29912, 13, 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a $$-algebra, which replaces the antilinear involution with a linear `involution' from an object to its dual. We prove some general results on involution monoids, \mbox{\dag\-Frobenius} monoids and the relationships between them, and give a definition of a \emph{special unitary \dag\-Frobenius monoid}. In \cat{Hilb}, the category of finite-dimensional complex Hilbert spaces and continuous linear maps, these monoids have particularly good properties, which we explore. We then use these properties to demonstrate in Theorem~\ref{maincalgthm} that special unitary \dag\-Frobenius monoids in \cat{Hilb} are the same as finite-dimensional \mbox{C\-algebras}. The spectral theorem for finite-dimensional commutative C\-algebras is an important classical result, and we develop a way to express it using the \dag\-Frobenius toolkit. We first summarize a result from \cite{cpv08-dfb}, that the category of commutative \mbox{\dag\-Frobenius} monoids in \cat{Hilb} is equivalent to the opposite of \cat{FinSet}, the category of finite sets and functions. We generalize this by defining a monoidal \dag\-category to be \emph{spectral} if its category of commutative \dag\-Frobenius monoids is a finitary topos. We also consider the spectral theorem for normal operators, and give a way to phrase it in an abstract categorical way using the concept of \emph{internal diagonalization}. Nontrivial examples of spectral categories are provided by categories of unitary representations of finite groupoids $\cat{Hilb ^G}$, where \cat{G} a finite groupoid. In such a category, the spectrum of a commutative generalized C\-algebra --- that is, the spectrum of a commutative \mbox{\dag\-Frobenius} monoid internal to the category --- is not a set, but an object in a finitary Boolean topos \cat{FinSet ^G}. Categories of the form \cat{Hilb^G} can therefore be thought of as providing alternative settings for quantum theory, in which the logic of measurement outcomes --- while still Boolean --- has a richer structure. On a technical level, we also note that this gives a new way to extract a finite groupoid from its representation category, as it is well-known that the groupoid \cat{G} can be identified in \cat{FinSet ^G} as the smallest full generating subcategory. \subsubsection{Acknowledgements} The comments of the anonymous referees have greatly improved this article, and I am also grateful to Samson Abramsky, Bruce Bartlett, Bob Coecke, Chris Heunen, Chris Isham and Dusko Pavlovic for useful discussions. I am also grateful for financial support from EPSRC and QNET. Commutative diagrams are rendered using Paul Taylor's diagrams package. \section{Structures in \dag\-categories} \label{strucdagcat} \subsubsection{The \dag\-functor} Of all the categorical structures that we will make use of, the most fundamental is the \mbox{\emph{\dag\-functor}}. It is an axiomatization of the operation of taking the adjoint of a linear map between two Hilbert spaces, and since knowing the adjoints of all maps $\mathbb{C} \to H$ is equivalent to knowing the inner product on $H$, it also serves as an axiomatization of the inner product. \begin{defn} A \emph{\dag\-functor} on a category \cat{C} is a contravariant endofunctor \mbox{$\dag: \cat{C} \to \cat{C}$}, which is the identity on objects and which satisfies $\dag \circ \dag = \id _\cat{C}$. \end{defn} \begin{defn} \label{dagcategory} A \emph{\dag\-category} is a category equipped with a particular choice of \mbox{\dag\-functor}. \end{defn} \jnoindent These \dag\-categories have a long history, sometimes going by the name \textit{$*$\-categories}. 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-atod} under the framework of C\-categories, and by others in the study of invariants of topological manifolds~\cite{t94-qik}. They have also been used to study the properties of generalizations of quantum mechanics~\cite{ce08-tqc, v08-ccn}, where it is not assumed that the underlying categories are $\mathbb{C}$-linear. A useful physical intuition is that the \dag\-functor models the time-reversal of processes, and considering it as a fundamental structure gives an interesting new perspective on the development of physical theories~\cite{b06-qq}. Given a \dag\-category, we denote the action of a \dag\-functor on a morphism $f : A \to B$ as $f ^\dag : B \to A$, and by convention we refer to the morphism $f ^\dag$ as the \emph{adjoint} of $f$. We can now make the following straightforward definitions: \begin{defn} In a \dag\-category, a morphism $f : A \to B$ is an \emph{isometry} if $f ^\dag \circ f = \id _A$; in other words, if $f^\dag$ is a retraction of $f$. \end{defn} \begin{defn} In a \dag\-category, a morphism $f:A \to B$ is \emph{unitary} if $f ^\dag \circ f = \id _{A}$ and $f \circ f ^\dag = \id _{B}$; in other words, if $f$ is an isomorphism and $f ^{-1} = f ^\dag$. \end{defn} \begin{defn} In a \dag\-category, a morphism $f:A \to A$ is \emph{self-adjoint} if $f = f ^\dag$. \end{defn} \begin{defn} In a \dag\-category, a morphism $f:A \to A$ is \emph{normal} if $f \circ f ^\dag = f ^\dag \circ f$. \end{defn} \subsubsection{Monoidal categories with duals} We will work in monoidal categories throughout this paper, and we will require that each object in our monoidal categories has a left and a right dual. In the presence of a \dag\-functor there are then some compatibility equations which we can impose, which we will describe in this section. There is an important graphical notation for the objects and morphisms in these categories \cite{js91-gtc} which we will rely on heavily. We have already made use of it in the introduction. Objects in a monoidal category are drawn as wires, and the tensor product of two objects is drawn as those objects side-by-side; for consistency with the equation $A \otimes I \simeq A \simeq I \otimes A$, we therefore `represent' the tensor unit object $I$\ as a blank space. Morphisms are represented by `junction-boxes' with input wires coming in underneath and output wires coming out at the top, and composition of morphisms is represented by the joining-up of input and output wires. For visual consistency, the identity morphism on an object is also not drawn. These principles are demonstrated by the following pictures: \[ \psfrag{a}{\raisebox{-3pt}{$\!A$}} \psfrag{b}{\raisebox{-3pt}{$\!B$}} \psfrag{c}{\raisebox{-3pt}{$\!C$}} \psfrag{f}{$\!g$} \psfrag{h}{\raisebox{-1pt}{$\!f$}} \psfrag{g}{\raisebox{-1pt}{$h$}} { \setlength\arraycolsep{15pt} \begin{array}{cccc} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/g-1}} & \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/g-2}} & \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/g-3}} & \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/g-4}} \\ \textrm{Object $A$ or} & \textrm{Morphism} & \textrm{Morphism} & \textrm{Morphism} \\ \textrm{morphism $\id_A$} & f: I \to A	[ 29899, 271, 397, 29913, 1090, 278, 6890, 310, 315, 17710, 29899, 20683, 29892, 322, 491, 4045, 297, 278, 6559, 310, 15939, 1934, 310, 25002, 14682, 3361, 2651, 2036, 29912, 29873, 29929, 29946, 29899, 29939, 638, 1836, 2688, 505, 884, 1063, 1304, 304, 6559, 278, 4426, 310, 2498, 17063, 310, 12101, 7208, 1199, 2651, 2036, 29912, 346, 29900, 29947, 29899, 29873, 29939, 29883, 29892, 325, 29900, 29947, 29899, 617, 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29912, 6420, 29914, 29887, 29899, 29896, 930, 13, 29987, 13, 29905, 7071, 741, 7313, 29912, 6420, 29914, 29887, 29899, 29906, 930, 13, 29987, 13, 29905, 7071, 741, 7313, 29912, 6420, 29914, 29887, 29899, 29941, 930, 13, 29987, 13, 29905, 7071, 741, 7313, 29912, 6420, 29914, 29887, 29899, 29946, 930, 13, 1966, 13, 29905, 13605, 29912, 2061, 395, 29909, 29938, 470, 29913, 13, 29987, 13, 29905, 13605, 29912, 29924, 28611, 29913, 13, 29987, 13, 29905, 13605, 29912, 29924, 28611, 29913, 13, 29987, 13, 29905, 13605, 29912, 29924, 28611, 29913, 13, 1966, 13, 29905, 13605, 29912, 29885, 28611, 779, 333, 29918, 29909, 17133, 13, 29987, 13, 29888, 29901, 306, 320, 517, 319 ]	1,024	ArXiv	0.583563	2.518346	-0.019608	1.245651
& \id _A \otimes g & h \circ (\id _A \otimes g) \end{array} } \] We will often omit the labels on the wires when it is obvious from the context which object they represent. We now give the definition of duals, and describe their graphical representation. \begin{defn} An object $A$ in a monoidal category has a \emph{left dual} if there exists an object $A^{_\pL}$ and \emph{left-duality morphisms} $\epsilon ^\pL_A : I \to A^{_\pL} \otimes A$ and $\eta ^\pL _A: A \otimes A^{_\pL} \to I$ satisfying the triangle equations: \begin{align} \begin{diagram}[midshaft,nohug,height=25pt,width=35pt,labelstyle=\scriptstyle] A & & \\ \dTo <{\id _{A} \otimes \epsilon ^\pL _A} & \rdTo ^ {\id _{A}} & \\ A \otimes A^ \otimes A & \rTo _{\eta ^\pL _A \otimes \id ^{} _{A}} & A \end{diagram} && \begin{diagram}[nohug,height=25pt,width=35pt,labelstyle=\scriptstyle] A^* & & \\ \dTo <{\epsilon ^\pL _A \otimes \id _{A ^}} & \rdTo ^{\id _{A^}} & \\ A^* \otimes A \otimes A^* & \rTo _{\id _{A ^} \otimes \eta ^\pL _A} & A^ \end{diagram} \end{align} Analogously, an object $A$ has a \emph{right dual} if there exists an object $A^{_\pR}$ and \emph{right-duality morphisms} $\epsilon ^\pR _A : I \to A \otimes A^{_\pR}$ and $\eta ^\pR _A: A^{_\pR} \otimes A \to I$ satisfying similar equations to those given above. \end{defn} \jnoindent It follows that any two left (or right) duals for an object are canonically isomorphic. To distinguish between the objects $A$ and $A ^{ _\pL}$, we add arrows to our wires, usually drawing an object $A$ with an upward-pointing arrow and drawing $A ^{* _\pL}$ with a downward-pointing one. We use the same notation for $A ^{* _\pR}$, which will not lead to confusion since we will soon choose our duals such that $A ^{* _\pL} = A ^{* _\pR}$ for all objects $A$. We represent the duality morphisms by a `cup' and a `cap' in the following way: \[ { \setlength\arraycolsep{20pt} \begin{array}{cc} \psfrag{a}{$A$} \psfrag{d}{\hspace{-14pt}$A ^{* _\pL}$} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/g-5}} & \psfrag{a}{\hspace{-7pt}$A$} \psfrag{d}{$A ^{* _\pL}$} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/g-6}} \\ \epsilon _A ^\pL : I \to A ^{* _\pL} \otimes A & \eta _A ^\pL : A \otimes A ^{* _\pL} \to I \end{array} } \] The reason for this is made clear by the representation it leads to for the duality equations: \begin{align} \psfrag{x}{\hspace{-5pt}$A$} \psfrag{y}{\hspace{+0pt}$A$} \psfrag{d}{$A ^{ _\pL}$} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/g-7}} = \psfrag{a}{$A$} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/g-8}} &\hspace{20pt}& \psfrag{x}{\hspace{-14pt}$A ^{* _\pL}$} \psfrag{a}{$A$} \ps	[ 13, 29987, 13, 29905, 333, 903, 29909, 320, 9356, 330, 13, 29987, 13, 29882, 320, 6034, 3441, 333, 903, 29909, 320, 9356, 330, 29897, 13, 29905, 355, 29912, 2378, 29913, 13, 29913, 13, 18899, 13, 4806, 674, 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frag{y}{$A ^{* _\pL}$} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/g-9}} = \psfrag{a}{$A ^{* _\pL}$} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/g-10}} \end{align} We can therefore `pull kinks straight' in the wires whenever we find them. This is one reason that the graphical representation is so powerful: the eye can easily spot these simplifications, which would be much harder to find in an algebraic representation. \begin{defn} A monoidal category \emph{has left duals} (or \emph{has right duals}) if every object $A$ has an assigned left dual $A ^{ _\pL}$ (or a right dual $A ^{* _\pR}$), along with assigned duality morphisms, such that $I ^{* _\pL} = I$ and $(A \otimes B) ^{* _\pL} = B ^{* _\pL} \otimes A ^{* _\pL}$ (or the equivalent with L replaced with R.) \end{defn} \jnoindent The order-reversing property of the $(-) ^{* _\pL}$ and $(-) ^{* _\pR}$ operations for the monoidal tensor product is important: it allows us to choose a dual for $A \otimes B$ given duals of $A$ and $B$ independently. In the presence of a braiding isomorphism $A \otimes B \simeq B \otimes A$ we can suppress this distinction, but this will not be available to us in general. \begin{defn} \label{defdualityfunctor} In a monoidal category with left or right duals, with an assigned left dual for each object or a chosen right dual for each object, the \emph{left duality functor} $(-) ^{ * _\pL}$ and \emph{right duality functor} $(-) ^{_\pR}$ are contravariant endofunctors that take objects to their assigned duals, and act on morphisms \mbox{$f: A \to B$} in the following way: \begin{align} f^{ _\pL} &:= (\id _{A^} \otimes \eta ^\pL _B) \circ (\id _{A^} \otimes f \otimes \id _{B ^}) \circ (\epsilon ^\pL _A \otimes \id _{B^}) \\ f^{* _\pR} &:= (\eta ^\pR _{B ^} \otimes \id _{A}) \circ (\id _{B^} \otimes f \otimes \id _{A ^}) \circ (\id _{A^} \otimes \epsilon ^\pR _{A ^}) \end{align} \end{defn} \jnoindent These definitions can be understood more easily by their pictorial representation: \begin{equation} \label{picduals} \psfrag{fr}{\hspace{-5pt}\raisebox{-1pt}{$f ^{ _\pL}$}} \psfrag{f}{\raisebox{-1pt}{$\!f$}} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/dual-right-2}} := \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/dual-left-1}} \hspace{50pt} \psfrag{fr}{\hspace{-5pt}\raisebox{-1pt}{$f ^{* _\pR}$}} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/dual-right-2}} := \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/dual-right-1}} \end{equation} \subsubsection*{Monoidal \dag\-categories with duals} We now investigate appropriate compatibility conditions in the case that our monoidal category has both duals and a \dag\-functor. \begin{defn} A \emph{monoidal \dag\-category} is a monoidal category equipped with a \mbox{\dag\-functor}, such that the associativity and unit natural isomorphisms are unitary. If the monoidal category is equipped with natural braiding isomorphisms, then these must also be unitary. \end{defn} \jnoindent We will not assume that our monoidal categories are strict. A good reference for the essentials of monoidal category theory is \cite{ml97-cwm}. 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category we can give abstract definitions of some important terminology normally associated with Hilbert spaces. \begin{defn} In a monoidal category, the \emph{scalars} are the monoid $\Hom(I,I)$. In a monoidal \dag\-category, the scalars form a monoid with involution. \end{defn} \begin{defn} In a monoidal \dag\-category, a \emph{state} of an object $A$ is a morphism \mbox{$\phi: I \to A$}. \end{defn} \begin{defn} \label{defnorm} In a monoidal \dag\-category, the \emph{squared norm} of a state $\phi:I \to A$ is the scalar \mbox{$\phi^\dag \circ \phi : I \to I$}. \end{defn} \jnoindent If our \dag\-category also has a zero object, we note that it is quite possible for the squared norm of a non-zero state to be zero. For this reason, as it stands, Definition~\ref{defnorm} seems a poor abstraction of the notion of the squared norm on a vector space. In \cite{v08-ccn} we describe a way to overcome this problem, but it will not affect us here. Monoidal \dag\-categories have a simpler duality structure than many monoidal categories, as the following lemma shows. \begin{lemma} \label{lisr} In a monoidal \dag\-category, left-dual objects are also right-dual objects. \end{lemma} \jbeginproof \begin{sloppypar} Given an object $A$ with a left dual $A ^{* _\pL}$ witnessed by left-duality morphisms \mbox{$\epsilon ^\pL_A : I \to A^{_\pL} \otimes A$} and \mbox{$\eta ^\pL _A: A \otimes A^{_\pL} \to I$}, we can define $\epsilon _A ^\pR := \eta _A ^\pL {}^\dag$ and $\eta _A ^\pL := \epsilon _A ^\pL {}^\dag$ which witness that $A ^{* _\pL}$ is a right dual for $A$. \qedhere \end{sloppypar} \end{proof} \jnoindent Since left or right duals are always unique up to isomorphism, left duals must be isomorphic to right duals in a monoidal \dag\-category. We will exploit this isomorphism to write $A ^$ instead of $A ^{ _\pL}$ or $A ^{* _\pR}$, and it follows that $A ^{*} \simeq A$. However, this is not enough to imply that the functors $(-) ^{ _\pL}$ and $(-) ^{* _\pR}$ given in Definition~\ref{defdualityfunctor} are naturally isomorphic; for this we will require extra compatibility conditions. \begin{defn} \label{mondagcatduals} A \emph{monoidal \dag\-category with duals} is a monoidal \dag\-category such that each object $A$ has an assigned dual object $A^$ (either left or right by Lemma~\ref{lisr}) with this assignment satisfying \mbox{$(A ^{}) ^* = A$}, and assigned left and right duality morphisms for each object, such that these assignments are compatible with the \dag\-functor in the following way: \begin{align} \epsilon _A ^\pL = \eta _A ^\pR {}^\dag = \eta _{A ^} ^\pL \!{}^\dag = \epsilon _{A ^} ^\pR && \eta _A ^\pL = \epsilon _A ^\pR {}^\dag = \epsilon _{A ^} ^\pL \!{}^\dag = \eta _{A ^} ^\pR && ((-) ^{* _\pL}) ^\dag = ((-) ^\dag) ^{* _\pL} \end{align} \end{defn} \jnoindent Since the left and right duality morphisms can be obtained from each other using 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-duality morphisms, defining $\epsilon ^{}_A := \epsilon _A ^\pL$ and $\eta ^{}_A := \eta _A ^\pL$. We note that there does not yet exist a precise theorem governing the soundness of the graphical calculus for this precise type of monoidal category with duals, although we fully expect that one could be proved. The graphical calculus used in this paper should therefore be thought of as a shorthand for the underlying morphisms in the category, rather than a calculational method in its own right. The compatibility condition $((-) ^{* _\pL}) ^\dag = ((-) ^\dag) ^{* _\pL}$ looks asymmetrical, as it does not refer to the right-duality functor $(-) ^{* _\pR}$. We show that it is equivalent to two different compatibility conditions. \begin{lemma} \label{equivrequirements} As a part of the definition of a monoidal \dag\-category with duals, the following compatibility conditions would be equivalent: \begin{align} \mathrm{1. }\,\,\, ((-) ^{ _\pL}) ^\dag = ((-) ^\dag) ^{* _\pL} && \mathrm{2. }\,\,\, ((-) ^{* _\pR }) ^\dag = ((-) ^\dag) ^{* _\pR} && \mathrm{3. }\,\,\, (-) ^{* _\pL} = (-) ^{* _\pR} \end{align} \end{lemma} \jbeginproof From the first two sets of equations between the duality morphisms given in Definition~\ref{mondagcatduals}, it follows directly that $((-) ^{ _\pL}) ^\dag = ((-) ^\dag) ^{* _\pR}$. We combine this with condition 2 above to show that \mbox{$((-) ^{* _\pL}) ^\dag = ((-) ^{* _\pR}) ^\dag$}, and since the \dag\-functor is an involution, it then follows that $(-) ^{* _\pL} = (-) ^{* _\pR}$. Since this argument is reversible we have shown that $2 \Leftrightarrow 3$, and an analogous argument demonstrates that $1 \Leftrightarrow 3$. \end{proof} \jnoindent In a monoidal \dag\-category the three given conditions will therefore all hold, and in particular the functors $(-) ^{* _\pL}$ and $(-) ^{* _\pR}$ will coincide. We denote this unique duality functor as $(-) ^$. We use conditions 1 for Definition~\ref{mondagcatduals} rather than the more symmetrical definition 3, since it follows from a general `philosophy' of \dag\-categories: wherever sensible, require that structures be compatible with the \dag\-functor. We can use this result to demonstrate a useful property of the duality functor $(-) ^$. \begin{lemma} In a monoidal \dag\-category with duals, the duality functor $(-) ^$ is an involution. \end{lemma} \jbeginproof The involution equation is $((-)^ )^* = \id$, and we rewrite this using Lemma~\ref{equivrequirements} as $((-) ^{* _\pL}) ^{* _\pR} = \id$. Writing this out in full, it is easy to demonstrate using the duality equations and the compatibility equations of Definition~\ref{mondagcatduals}. \end{proof} \jnoindent Since the \dag\-functor is also strictly involutive and commutes with the duality functor, their composite is also an involutive functor. \jnoindent \begin{defn} In a monoidal \dag\-category with duals, the \emph{conjugation functor} $(-) _$ is defined on all morphisms $f$ by $f _ = (f ^) ^\dag = (f ^\dag) ^$. \end{defn} \jnoindent Since the \dag\-functor is the identity on objects, we have $A_* = A^$ for all objects $A$. To make this equality clear we will write $A^$ exclusively, and the $A_*$ form will not be used. 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we can use these functors to construct $f_* : A^* \to B^$, $f ^ : B^* \to A^$ and $f ^\dag: B \to A$, and it will be important to be able to easily distinguish between these graphically. We will use an approach originally due to Selinger \cite{s07-dccc}, in the form adopted by Coecke and Pavlovic \cite{cp06-qmws}. Given the graphical representation of the duality functor $(-)^$ given in (\ref{picduals}), we could `pull the kink straight' on the right-hand side of the equation. This would result in a \emph{rotation} of the junction-box for $f$ by half a turn. To make this rotation visible we draw our junction-boxes as wedges, rather than rectangles, breaking their symmetry. The duality $(-)^$ is given by composing the conjugation functor $(-) _$ and the \dag\-functor, and since geometrically a half-turn can be built from two successive reflections, this gives us a complete geometrical scheme for describing the actions of our functors: \[ \psfrag{a}{\hspace{0pt}\raisebox{-0pt}{$A$}} \psfrag{b}{\hspace{0pt}\raisebox{-0pt}{$B$}} \psfrag{ad}{\hspace{0pt}\raisebox{-0pt}{$A^$}} \psfrag{bd}{\hspace{0pt}\raisebox{-0pt}{$B^$}} \psfrag{x}{\hspace{13pt}\raisebox{-0pt}{$A^$}} \psfrag{y}{\hspace{13pt}\raisebox{-0pt}{$B^$}} \psfrag{f}{\raisebox{-1pt}{$f$}} \psfrag{fs}{\raisebox{-1pt}{$\!f ^$}} \psfrag{fc}{\raisebox{-1pt}{$\!f _$}} \psfrag{fd}{\raisebox{-1pt}{$\!f ^\dag$}} { \setlength\arraycolsep{10pt} \begin{array}{cccc} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/functors-1}} & \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/functors-4}} & \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/functors-2}} & \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/functors-3}} \end{array} } \] Our monoidal \dag\-categories with duals are very similar to other structures considered in the literature, such as C-categories with conjugates~\cite{dr89-ndt, z05-2cc} and strongly-compact-closed categories \cite{ac04-csqp, ac05-apt}. In these contexts the functors $(-)_$ and $(-)^$ also play an important role. \subsubsection{Involution monoids} An important tool in functional analysis is the \emph{$$-algebra}: a complex, associative, unital algebra equipped with an antilinear involutive homomorphism from the algebra to itself which reverses the order of multiplication. Category-theoretically, such a homomorphism is not very convenient to work with, since morphisms in a category of vector spaces are usually chosen to be the {\em linear} maps. However, if the vector space has an inner product, this induces a canonical antilinear isomorphism from the vector space to its dual. Composing this with the antilinear self-involution, we obtain a \emph{linear} isomorphism from the vector space to its dual. This style of isomorphism is much more useful from a categorical perspective, and we use it to define the concept of an \emph{involution monoid}. We will demonstrate that this is equivalent to a conventional \mbox{$$-algebra} when applied in a category of complex Hilbert spaces. The natural setting for the study of these categorical objects is a category with a conjugation functor, as defined above. \begin{defn} In a monoidal category, a \emph{monoid} is an ordered triple $(A,m,u)$ consisting of an object $A$, a \emph{multiplication} morphism \mbox{$m:A \otimes A \to A$} and a \emph{unit} morphism \mbox{$u : I \to A$}, which satisfy \emph	[ 591, 508, 671, 1438, 2090, 14359, 304, 3386, 395, 29888, 24563, 584, 319, 6622, 320, 517, 350, 6622, 1628, 395, 29888, 6228, 29930, 584, 350, 6622, 320, 517, 319, 6622, 29938, 322, 395, 29888, 29871, 3823, 24157, 29901, 350, 320, 517, 319, 1628, 322, 372, 674, 367, 4100, 304, 367, 2221, 304, 5948, 20820, 1546, 1438, 3983, 1711, 29889, 1334, 674, 671, 385, 2948, 10437, 2861, 304, 8365, 5621, 320, 2036, 29912, 29879, 29900, 29955, 29899, 29881, 26854, 1118, 297, 278, 883, 16356, 491, 3189, 29872, 10055, 322, 20096, 5590, 293, 320, 2036, 29912, 6814, 29900, 29953, 29899, 29939, 29885, 5652, 1836, 11221, 278, 3983, 936, 8954, 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12262, 29913, 13, 797, 263, 1601, 3398, 284, 7663, 29892, 263, 320, 7278, 29912, 29885, 3231, 333, 29913, 338, 385, 10372, 21954, 2427, 29909, 29892, 29885, 29892, 29884, 1262, 19849, 310, 385, 1203, 395, 29909, 1628, 263, 320, 7278, 29912, 18056, 1414, 29913, 18131, 1608, 320, 8264, 8290, 29885, 29901, 29909, 320, 9356, 319, 320, 517, 319, 17133, 322, 263, 320, 7278, 29912, 5441, 29913, 18131, 1608, 320, 8264, 8290, 29884, 584, 306, 320, 517, 319, 29938, 1118, 607, 15523, 320, 7278 ]	1,024	ArXiv	0.41103	2.025188	-0.38083	0.582856
{associativity} and \emph{unit} equations: \begin{equation} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/monoid-assoc1}} = \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/monoid-assoc2}} \hspace{30pt} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/monoid-unit2}} = \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/monoid-unit0}} = \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/monoid-unit1}} \end{equation} \end{defn} \begin{defn} In a monoidal \dag\-category with duals, an \emph{involution monoid} $(A,m,u;s)$ is a monoid $(A,m,u)$ equipped with a morphism $s:A \to A^$ called the \emph{linear involution}, which is a morphism of monoids with respect to the monoid structure $(A^, m_, u_)$ on $A^$, and which satisfies the \emph{involution condition} \begin{equation} s_ \circ s = \id _{A}. \end{equation} \end{defn} \jnoindent It follows from this definition that $s$ and $s _$ are mutually inverse morphisms, since applying the conjugation functor to the involution condition gives $s \circ s_ = \id _{A ^}$. We also note that for any such involution monoid $s: A \to A^$ and $s^:A \to A^$ are parallel morphisms, but they are not necessarily the same. \begin{defn} \label{morphinvmon} \begin{sloppypar} In a monoidal \dag\-category with duals, given involution monoids $(A,m,u; s_A)$ and $(B,n,v; s_B)$, a morphism $f:A \to B$ is a \emph{homomorphism of involution monoids} if it is a morphism of monoids, and if it satisfies the \emph{involution-preservation condition} \begin{equation} s_B \circ f = f_* \circ s_A. \end{equation} \end{sloppypar} \end{defn} \jnoindent If an object $B$ is self-dual, it is possible for the involution $s_B : B \to B$ to be the identity. Let $(B,n,v; \id _{B})$ be such an involution monoid. In this case, it is sometimes possible to find an embedding $f : (A,m,u; s_A) \into (B, n, v; \id _{B})$ of involution monoids even when the linear involution $s_A$ is \emph{not} trivial! We will see an example of this in the next section. The following lemma establishes that the traditional concept of $$-algebra and the categorical concept of an involution monoid are the same, in an appropriate context. We demonstrate the equivalence for finite-dimensional algebras, since the category of finite-dimensional complex vector spaces forms a category with duals. However, involution monoids are useful far more generally, and with a careful choice of conjugation functor could be used just as well to describe infinite-dimensional algebras with an involution. \begin{lemma} \label{invollemma} For a unital, associative algebra on a finite-dimensional complex Hilbert space $V$, there is a correspondence between the following structures: \jbeginenumerate \item antilinear maps $t: V \to V$ which are involutions, and which are order-reversing algebra homomorphisms; \item linear maps $s: V \to V^$ where $V^$ is the dual space of $V$, satisfying $s_ \circ s = \id _{V}$, and which are algebra homomorphisms to the conjugate algebra on $V ^$. \end{enumerate} \vspace{-5pt} Furthermore, the natural notions of homomorphism for these structures are also equivalent. \end{lemma} \jbeginproof We first deal with the implication $1 \Rightarrow 2$. We construct the linear isomorphism $s$ by defining $s \circ \phi := \jbigl t(\phi) \jbigr _$ for an arbitrary morphism $\phi: \mathbb{C} \to V$. 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385, 11472, 18131, 1608, 779, 2876, 29901, 320, 1995, 29912, 29907, 29913, 320, 517, 478, 1504, 910 ]	1,024	ArXiv	-0.094004	1.957703	-0.728827	0.714403
is linear, because both $t$ and $(-) _$ are antilinear. It is a map \mbox{$V \to V^$} since $t(\phi)$ is an element of $V$, and the complex conjugation functor $(-) _$ takes $V$ to $V^$. Checking the identity $s_* \circ s = \id _{V}$, we have \[ s_* \circ s \circ \phi = s _* \circ \jbigl t(\phi) \jbigr _* = \jbigl s \circ t(\phi) \jbigr _* = \jbigl tt(\phi) \jbigr _{*} = \phi. \] The monoid homomorphism condition is demonstrated similarly, for arbitrary states $\phi$ and $\psi$ of $V$: \begin{align} s \circ m \circ (\phi \otimes \psi) &= \jbigl t(m \circ (\phi \otimes \psi)) \jbigr _* \proofnote{definition of $s$} \\ &= \jbigl m \circ (t\psi \otimes t\phi) \jbigr _* \proofnote{$t$ is order-reversing homomorphism} \\ &= m _* \circ \jbigl (t\phi) _* \otimes (t \psi) _* \jbigr _{\phantom{}} \proofnote{order-reversing functoriality of $(-) _$} \\ &= m _* \circ \jbigl s\phi \otimes s\psi \jbigr \proofnote{definition of $s$} \\[5pt] s \circ u &= \jbigl t(u) \jbigr _* = u _* \proofnote{definition of $s$, $t$ is homomorphism} \end{align} For the implication $2 \Rightarrow 1$, we define $t(\phi) := (s \circ \phi) _$ for all elements $\phi$ of $V$. The proof that $t$ has the required properties is similar to the proof involved in the implication $1 \Rightarrow 2$. The constructions of $s$ and $t$ in terms of each other are clearly inverse, and so the equivalence has been demonstrated. We now check that homomorphisms between these structures are the same. Our notion of homomorphism between structures of type 2 is given by that in Definition~\ref{morphinvmon}, and there is a natural notion of homomorphism between monoids equipped with an antilinear self-involution. Consider algebras $(A,m,u)$ and $(B,n,v)$ equipped with antilinear involutive order-reversing homomorphisms \mbox{$t_A: A \to A$} and $t_B : B {\to} B$ respectively, and let \mbox{$f:A \to B$} be any continuous linear map. It will be compatible with the involutions if $t_B \circ f = f \circ t_A$. Acting on some state $\phi$ of $A$, and constructing linear maps $s_A : A \to A^$ and $s_B : B \to B^$ in the manner defined above, we obtain $t_B \circ f \circ \phi = {s_B} _* \circ (f \circ \phi) _* = {s_B} _* \circ f_* \circ \phi_$ and $f \circ t_A \circ \phi = f \circ {s_A} _ \circ \phi _$. Equating these and complex-conjugating we have $s_B \circ f = f_ \circ s_A$ as required. Conversely, let $(A,m,u; s_A)$ and $(B,n,v; s_B)$ be involution monoids in \cat{Hilb}, and let $f:A \to B$ again be any linear map. If the involution-preservation condition $s_B \circ f = f_* \circ s_A$ holds, then applying an arbitrary state $\phi$ we obtain $s_B \circ f \circ \phi = \jbigl t(f \circ \phi) \jbigr {}_$ and $f_ \circ s_A \circ \phi = f_* \circ (t\phi) _*$ respectively for the left and right sides of the equation. Equating these and complex-conjugating, we obtain $t	[ 338, 5608, 29892, 1363, 1716, 395, 29873, 29938, 322, 2427, 15805, 903, 29394, 526, 385, 1376, 457, 279, 29889, 739, 338, 263, 2910, 320, 8264, 8290, 29963, 320, 517, 478, 6622, 17133, 1951, 395, 29873, 1194, 2876, 1262, 338, 385, 1543, 310, 395, 29963, 1628, 322, 278, 4280, 25482, 362, 2090, 2801, 2427, 15805, 903, 29394, 4893, 395, 29963, 29938, 304, 395, 29963, 6622, 1504, 5399, 292, 278, 10110, 395, 29879, 24563, 320, 6034, 269, 353, 320, 333, 7722, 29963, 4429, 591, 505, 13, 29905, 29961, 13, 29879, 24563, 320, 6034, 269, 320, 6034, 320, 2876, 353, 269, 903, 29930, 320, 6034, 320, 29926, 3752, 29880, 260, 1194, 2876, 29897, 320, 29926, 3752, 29878, 903, 29930, 353, 320, 29926, 3752, 29880, 269, 320, 6034, 260, 1194, 2876, 29897, 320, 29926, 3752, 29878, 903, 29930, 353, 320, 29926, 3752, 29880, 260, 29873, 1194, 2876, 29897, 320, 29926, 3752, 29878, 7722, 1068, 29913, 353, 320, 2876, 29889, 13, 18899, 13, 1576, 1601, 3398, 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(f \circ \phi) = f \circ (t \phi)$ as required. \end{proof} \section{Results on \dag\-Frobenius monoids} \label{frobmonsec} \subsubsection{Introducing \dag\-Frobenius monoids} We begin with definitions of the important concepts. \begin{defn} In a monoidal category, a \emph{comonoid} is the dual concept to a monoid; that is, it is an ordered triple $(A,n,v) _\times$ consisting of an object $A$, a \emph{comultiplication} \mbox{$n:A \to A \otimes A$} and a \emph{counit} $v:A \to I$, which satisfy \emph{coassociativity} and \emph{counit} equations: \begin{equation} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/comonoid-assoc1}} = \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/comonoid-assoc2}} \hspace{30pt} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/comonoid-unit2}} = \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/comonoid-unit0}} = \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/comonoid-unit1}} \end{equation} \end{defn} \jnoindent If an object has both a chosen monoid structure and a chosen comonoid structure, then there is an important way in which these might be compatible with each other. \begin{defn} In a monoidal category, a \emph{Frobenius structure} is a choice of monoid $(A,m,u)$ and comonoid $(A,n,v) _\times$ for some object $A$, such that the multiplication $m$ and the comultiplication $n$ satisfy the following equations: \begin{equation} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/small-frobenius2}} = \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/small-frobenius3}} = \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/small-frobenius1}} \end{equation} \end{defn} \jnoindent Reading these diagrams from bottom to top, the splitting of a line represents the comultiplication $n$, and merging of two lines represents the multiplication $m$. This geometrical definition of a Frobenius structure, although well-known, is superficially quite different to the `classical' definition in terms of an exact pairing. The equivalence of these two definitions was first observed by Abrams \cite{a96-2dtqft}, and an accessible discussion of the different possible ways to define a Frobenius algebra is given in the book by Kock \cite{k04-fa2d}. This geometrical definition was first suggested by Lawvere, and was subsequently popularized in the lecture notes of Quinn~\cite{q95-l}. An important property of a Frobenius structure is that it can be used to demonstrate that the underlying object is self-dual. If we are working in a \dag\-category, from any monoid $(A,m,u)$ we can canonically obtain an `adjoint' comonoid $(A,m^\dag, u ^\dag) _\times$, and it is then natural to make the following definition. \begin{defn} \label{defdagfrob} In a monoidal \dag\-category, a monoid $(A,m,u)$ is a \emph{\dag\-Frobenius monoid} if it forms a Frobenius structure with its adjoint $(A,m^\dag, u ^\dag) _\times$. \end{defn} \jnoindent This construction is similar to an \emph{abstract Q\-systems}~\cite{lr97-atod}. Given a \dag\-Frobenius monoid $(A,m,u)$, we refer to $m^\dag$ as its comultiplication and to $u ^\dag$ as its counit. \subsubsection{Involutions on \dag\-Frobenius monoids} We now look at the relationship between \mbox{\dag\-Frobenius} monoids and the involution monoids of Section~\ref{strucdagcat}. We will see that a \dag\-Frobenius monoid can be given the structure of an involution monoid in two canonical ways, which in general will	[ 29898, 29888, 320, 6034, 320, 2876, 29897, 353, 285, 320, 6034, 313, 29873, 320, 2876, 1262, 408, 3734, 29889, 13, 29905, 355, 29912, 8017, 29913, 13, 13, 29905, 2042, 29912, 12191, 373, 320, 24157, 29905, 29899, 29943, 307, 1785, 2482, 1601, 3398, 29879, 29913, 13, 29905, 1643, 29912, 29888, 13716, 3712, 3471, 29913, 13, 13, 29905, 23938, 19740, 2928, 3518, 3277, 320, 24157, 29905, 29899, 29943, 307, 1785, 2482, 1601, 3398, 29879, 29913, 13, 13, 4806, 3380, 411, 15848, 310, 278, 4100, 22001, 29889, 13, 13, 29905, 463, 29912, 12262, 29913, 13, 797, 263, 1601, 3398, 284, 7663, 29892, 263, 320, 7278, 29912, 510, 3231, 333, 29913, 338, 278, 14581, 6964, 304, 263, 1601, 3398, 29936, 393, 338, 29892, 372, 338, 385, 10372, 21954, 2427, 29909, 29892, 29876, 29892, 29894, 29897, 903, 29905, 3706, 29938, 19849, 310, 385, 1203, 395, 29909, 1628, 263, 320, 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be different. \begin{defn} \label{definv} In a monoidal \dag\-category with duals, a \dag\-Frobenius monoid $(A,m,u)$ has a \emph{left involution} $s_\pL: A \to A^$ and \emph{right involution} $s_\pR : A \to A^$ defined as follows: \begin{equation} \label{canonicalinv} \begin{array}{ccc} { \hspace{-20pt} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/involution-left1}} \hspace{-20pt} } = { \hspace{-20pt} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/involution-left2}} \hspace{-20pt} } && { \hspace{-20pt} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/involution-right1}} \hspace{-20pt} } = { \hspace{-20pt} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/involution-right2}} \hspace{-20pt} } \\ s_\pL := \jbigl (u ^\dag \circ m) \otimes \id _{A ^} \jbigr \circ \jbigl \id _{A} \otimes \epsilon _{A ^} \jbigr && s_\pR := \big( \id _{A ^} \otimes (u ^\dag \circ m) \big) \circ \big( \epsilon _A \otimes \id _{A} \big) \end{array} \end{equation} \end{defn} \jnoindent In each case the second picture is just a convenient shorthand, which should literally be interpreted as the first picture. These involutions interact with the conjugation and transposition functors in interesting ways, as we explore in the next lemma. \begin{lemma} \label{invprop} In a monoidal \dag\-category with duals, the left and right involutions of a \mbox{\dag\-Frobenius} monoid satisfy the following equations: \begin{align} \label{lri1} s_\pL {}^ = s_\pR \hspace{1pt}, \, \hspace{3.6pt} \,&\, s_\pR {}^* = s_\pL \\ \label{lri2} s_\pL {}_* = s _\pL ^{-1}, \,\,&\, s_\pR {}_* = s _\pR ^{-1} \\ \label{lri3} s_\pL ^{-1} = s_\pR {}^\dag, \, \hspace{0.4pt} \,&\, s_\pR ^{-1} = s _\pL {} ^\dag \end{align} \end{lemma} \jbeginproof The equations (\ref{lri1}) follow from the definitions of the involutions and the graphical representation of the functor $(-) ^$, which rotates a diagram half a turn about an axis perpendicular to the page. The equations (\ref{lri2}) follow from the \dag\-Frobenius and unit equations; taking the right-involution case, we show this by establishing that \mbox{$s_\pR {}_ \circ s_\pR = \id _{A}$} with the following graphical proof: \[ { \hspace{-10pt} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/frobinv-ic1}} \hspace{-10pt} } = { \hspace{-10pt} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/frobinv-ic2}} \hspace{-10pt} } = { \hspace{-10pt} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/frobinv-ic3}} \hspace{-10pt} } = { \hspace{-10pt} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/frobinv-ic4}} \hspace{-10pt} } \] Applying the functor $(-)_$ to this equation gives $s_\pR \circ s_\pR {}_ = \id _{A^}$, establishing that $s_\pR$ and $s_\pR {}_$ are inverse; applying the functor $(-) ^*$	[ 367, 1422, 29889, 29871, 13, 13, 29905, 463, 29912, 12262, 29913, 13, 29905, 1643, 29912, 1753, 11569, 29913, 13, 797, 263, 1601, 3398, 284, 320, 24157, 29905, 29899, 7320, 411, 868, 1338, 29892, 263, 320, 24157, 29905, 29899, 29943, 307, 1785, 2482, 1601, 3398, 2427, 29909, 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to this argument establishes that $s_\pL$ and $s_\pL ^$ are inverse. The equations (\ref{lri3}) follow from the equations (\ref{lri1}) and (\ref{lri2}) and the properties of the functors $(-)^$, $(-) _$ and $\dag$. \end{proof} \jnoindent We note that left and right involutions could be defined for arbitrary monoids in a monoidal \dag\-category with duals, but they would not satisfy equations (\ref{lri2}) and (\ref{lri3}) above. We now combine these results on involutions of \dag\-Frobenius monoids with the concept of an involution monoid from Section~\ref{strucdagcat}. \begin{lemma} \label{dagfrobinvol} In a monoidal \dag\-category with duals, given a \dag\-Frobenius monoid $(A,m,u)$ we can canonically obtain two involution monoids $(A,m,u;s_\pL)$ and $(A,m,u; s_\pR)$, where $s_\pL$ and $s_\pR$ are respectively the left and right involutions associated to the monoid. \end{lemma} \jbeginproof We deal with the right-involution case; the left-involution case is analogous. We must show that $s_R: A \to A_$ is a morphism of monoids, and that it satisfies the involution condition. We first show that it preserves multiplication, employing the Frobenius, unit and associativity laws: \[ { \hspace{-20pt} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/frobinv-pm1}} \hspace{-20pt} } = { \hspace{-20pt} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/frobinv-pm2}} \hspace{-20pt} } = { \hspace{-20pt} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/frobinv-pm3}} \hspace{-20pt} } = { \hspace{-20pt} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/frobinv-pm4}} \hspace{-20pt} } = { \hspace{-20pt} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/frobinv-pm5}} \hspace{-20pt} } = { \hspace{-20pt} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/frobinv-pm6}} \hspace{-20pt} } \] We omit the proof that $s_R$ preserves the unit, as it is straightforward. The involution condition $s_R {}_* \circ s_R = \id _{A}$ follows from one of the equations (\ref{lri2}) in Lemma~\ref{invprop}. \end{proof} \jnoindent This leads us to the following definition. \begin{defn} In a monoidal \dag\-category with duals, a \emph{\dag\-Frobenius left- \emph{(or \emph{right-})} involution monoid} is an involution monoid $(A,m,u; s)$ such that the monoid $(A,m,u)$ is \dag\-Frobenius, and such that the involution $s$ is the left (or right) involution of the \mbox{\dag\-Frobenius} monoid in the manner described by Definition~\ref{definv}. \end{defn} \jnoindent A homomorphism of \dag\-Frobenius left- or right-involution monoids would therefore be required to preserve the involution as well as the multiplication and unit, as per Definition~\ref{morphinvmon}. A useful property of \dag\-Frobenius right-involution monoids is described by the following lemma, which gives a necessary and sufficient algebraic condition for a monoid homomorphism to be an isometry. \begin{lemma} \label{counitunitary} In a monoidal \dag\-category with duals, a homomorphism of \mbox{\dag\-Frobenius} right-involution monoids is an isometry if and only if it preserves the counit. \end{lemma} \jbeginproof Let $	[ 304, 445, 2980, 10127, 267, 393, 395, 29879, 3187, 29886, 29931, 29938, 322, 395, 29879, 3187, 29886, 29931, 6228, 29394, 526, 16402, 29889, 450, 10693, 3441, 999, 29912, 29880, 374, 29941, 1800, 1101, 515, 278, 10693, 3441, 999, 29912, 29880, 374, 29896, 1800, 322, 3441, 999, 29912, 29880, 374, 29906, 1800, 322, 278, 4426, 310, 278, 2090, 14359, 2427, 29899, 4887, 29930, 1628, 2427, 15805, 903, 29394, 322, 779, 24157, 1504, 13, 29905, 355, 29912, 8017, 29913, 13, 13, 29905, 29926, 17695, 13, 4806, 4443, 393, 2175, 322, 1492, 297, 4068, 29879, 1033, 367, 3342, 363, 11472, 1601, 3398, 29879, 297, 263, 1601, 3398, 284, 320, 24157, 29905, 29899, 7320, 411, 868, 1338, 29892, 541, 896, 723, 451, 15523, 10693, 3441, 999, 29912, 29880, 374, 29906, 1800, 322, 3441, 999, 29912, 29880, 374, 29941, 1800, 2038, 29889, 13, 13, 4806, 1286, 14405, 1438, 2582, 373, 297, 4068, 29879, 310, 320, 24157, 29905, 29899, 29943, 307, 1785, 2482, 1601, 3398, 29879, 411, 278, 6964, 310, 385, 297, 4068, 1601, 3398, 515, 9779, 2651, 999, 29912, 10582, 2252, 351, 4117, 1836, 13, 13, 29905, 463, 29912, 13846, 29913, 13, 29905, 1643, 29912, 24157, 29888, 307, 2109, 1555, 29913, 13, 797, 263, 1601, 3398, 284, 320, 24157, 29905, 29899, 7320, 411, 868, 1338, 29892, 2183, 263, 320, 24157, 29905, 29899, 29943, 307, 1785, 2482, 1601, 3398, 2427, 29909, 29892, 29885, 29892, 29884, 1262, 591, 508, 15355, 1711, 4017, 1023, 297, 4068, 1601, 3398, 29879, 2427, 29909, 29892, 29885, 29892, 29884, 29936, 29879, 3187, 29886, 29931, 1262, 322, 2427, 29909, 29892, 29885, 29892, 29884, 29936, 269, 3187, 29886, 29934, 5767, 988, 395, 29879, 3187, 29886, 29931, 29938, 322, 395, 29879, 3187, 29886, 29934, 29938, 526, 8307, 278, 2175, 322, 1492, 297, 4068, 29879, 6942, 304, 278, 1601, 3398, 29889, 13, 29905, 355, 29912, 13846, 29913, 13, 29905, 29926, 463, 8017, 13, 4806, 5376, 411, 278, 1492, 29899, 262, 4068, 1206, 29936, 278, 2175, 29899, 262, 4068, 1206, 338, 15690, 681, 29889, 1334, 1818, 1510, 393, 395, 29879, 29918, 29934, 29901, 319, 320, 517, 319, 24563, 29938, 338, 263, 18131, 1608, 310, 1601, 3398, 29879, 29892, 322, 393, 372, 17150, 278, 297, 4068, 4195, 29889, 1334, 937, 1510, 393, 372, 2225, 20098, 21666, 29892, 5703, 292, 278, 25022, 1785, 2482, 29892, 5190, 322, 4067, 28157, 14243, 29901, 13, 29905, 29961, 13, 29912, 13, 29905, 14158, 8499, 29906, 29900, 415, 29913, 13, 29905, 7071, 741, 7313, 29912, 6420, 29914, 29888, 307, 2109, 29894, 29899, 3358, 29896, 930, 13, 29905, 14158, 8499, 29906, 29900, 415, 29913, 13, 29913, 13, 29922, 13, 29912, 13, 29905, 14158, 8499, 29906, 29900, 415, 29913, 13, 29905, 7071, 741, 7313, 29912, 6420, 29914, 29888, 307, 2109, 29894, 29899, 3358, 29906, 930, 13, 29905, 14158, 8499, 29906, 29900, 415, 29913, 13, 29913, 13, 29922, 13, 29912, 13, 29905, 14158, 8499, 29906, 29900, 415, 29913, 13, 29905, 7071, 741, 7313, 29912, 6420, 29914, 29888, 307, 2109, 29894, 29899, 3358, 29941, 930, 13, 29905, 14158, 8499, 29906, 29900, 415, 29913, 13, 29913, 13, 29922, 13, 29912, 13, 29905, 14158, 8499, 29906, 29900, 415, 29913, 13, 29905, 7071, 741, 7313, 29912, 6420, 29914, 29888, 307, 2109, 29894, 29899, 3358, 29946, 930, 13, 29905, 14158, 8499, 29906, 29900, 415, 29913, 13, 29913, 13, 29922, 13, 29912, 13, 29905, 14158, 8499, 29906, 29900, 415, 29913, 13, 29905, 7071, 741, 7313, 29912, 6420, 29914, 29888, 307, 2109, 29894, 29899, 3358, 29945, 930, 13, 29905, 14158, 8499, 29906, 29900, 415, 29913, 13, 29913, 13, 29922, 13, 29912, 13, 29905, 14158, 8499, 29906, 29900, 415, 29913, 13, 29905, 7071, 741, 7313, 29912, 6420, 29914, 29888, 307, 2109, 29894, 29899, 3358, 29953, 930, 13, 29905, 14158, 8499, 29906, 29900, 415, 29913, 13, 29913, 13, 18899, 13, 4806, 288, 2415, 278, 5296, 393, 395, 29879, 29918, 29934, 29938, 2225, 20098, 278, 5190, 29892, 408, 372, 338, 20837, 29889, 450, 297, 4068, 4195, 29871, 395, 29879, 29918, 29934, 426, 2403, 29930, 320, 6034, 269, 29918, 29934, 353, 320, 333, 7722, 29909, 1042, 4477, 515, 697, 310, 278, 10693, 3441, 999, 29912, 29880, 374, 29906, 1800, 297, 11894, 2651, 999, 29912, 11569, 7728, 1836, 13, 29905, 355, 29912, 8017, 29913, 13, 13, 13, 29905, 29926, 17695, 13, 4013, 11981, 502, 304, 278, 1494, 5023, 29889, 13, 13, 29905, 463, 29912, 12262, 29913, 13, 797, 263, 1601, 3398, 284, 320, 24157, 29905, 29899, 7320, 411, 868, 1338, 29892, 263, 320, 7278, 741, 24157, 29905, 29899, 29943, 307, 1785, 2482, 2175, 29899, 320, 7278, 8001, 272, 320, 7278, 29912, 1266, 29899, 1800, 29913, 297, 4068, 1601, 3398, 29913, 338, 385, 297, 4068, 1601, 3398, 2427, 29909, 29892, 29885, 29892, 29884, 29936, 269, 1262, 1316, 393, 278, 1601, 3398, 2427, 29909, 29892, 29885, 29892, 29884, 1262, 338, 320, 24157, 29905, 29899, 29943, 307, 1785, 2482, 29892, 322, 1316, 393, 278, 297, 4068, 395, 29879, 29938, 338, 278, 2175, 313, 272, 1492, 29897, 297, 4068, 310, 278, 320, 8264, 741, 24157, 29905, 29899, 29943, 307, 1785, 2482, 29913, 1601, 3398, 297, 278, 8214, 5439, 491, 21940, 2651, 999, 29912, 1753, 11569, 1836, 13, 29905, 355, 29912, 12262, 29913, 13, 29905, 29926, 17695, 13, 29909, 3632, 14143, 310, 320, 24157, 29905, 29899, 29943, 307, 1785, 2482, 2175, 29899, 470, 1492, 29899, 262, 4068, 1601, 3398, 29879, 723, 5480, 367, 3734, 304, 19905, 278, 297, 4068, 408, 1532, 408, 278, 21666, 322, 5190, 29892, 408, 639, 21940, 2651, 999, 29912, 29885, 5676, 11569, 3712, 1836, 13, 13, 29909, 5407, 2875, 310, 320, 24157, 29905, 29899, 29943, 307, 1785, 2482, 1492, 29899, 262, 4068, 1601, 3398, 29879, 338, 5439, 491, 278, 1494, 10383, 29892, 607, 4076, 263, 5181, 322, 8002, 21531, 4195, 363, 263, 1601, 3398, 3632, 14143, 304, 367, 385, 338, 7843, 29889, 13, 29905, 463, 29912, 13846, 29913, 13, 29905, 1643, 29912, 29883, 1309, 277, 5441, 653, 29913, 13, 797, 263, 1601, 3398, 284, 320, 24157, 29905, 29899, 7320, 411, 868, 1338, 29892, 263, 3632, 14143, 310, 320, 8264, 741, 24157, 29905, 29899, 29943, 307, 1785, 2482, 29913, 1492, 29899, 262, 4068, 1601, 3398, 29879, 338, 385, 338, 7843, 565, 322, 871, 565, 372, 2225, 20098, 278, 2613, 277, 29889, 13, 29905, 355, 29912, 13846, 29913, 13, 29905, 29926, 463, 8017, 13, 12024, 395 ]	1,024	ArXiv	-0.284156	1.599514	-1.284727	0.080699
j:(A,m,u) \to (B,n,v)$ be a homomorphism between \dag\-Frobenius right-involution monoids. Assuming that $j$ preserves the counit, we show that it is an isometry by the following graphical argument. The third step uses the fact that $j$ preserves the involution, the fifth that it is a homomorphism of monoids, and the sixth that it preserves the counit. \begin{gather} \psfrag{j}{\raisebox{-0.5pt}{\,$j$}} \psfrag{jd}{\raisebox{-1pt}{$j ^\dag$}} \psfrag{js}{\raisebox{-0.5pt}{\!$j _$}} { \hspace{-10pt} \vc{ \includegraphics{graphics/cu-1}} } = { \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/cu-2}} } = { \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/cu-3}} } = { \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/cu-4}} } \\ \psfrag{j}{$j$} \psfrag{jd}{$j ^\dag$} \psfrag{js}{$j _$} \hspace{100pt} = { \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/cu-5}} } = { \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/cu-6}} } = { \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/cu-7}} } = { \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/cu-8}} } \end{gather} Now instead assume that $j$ is an isometry. It is a homomorphism, so we have the unit-preservation equation $j \circ u = v$, and therefore $j ^\dag \circ j \circ u = u = j ^\dag \circ v$. Applying the $\dag$-functor to this we obtain $u ^\dag = v ^\dag \circ j$, which is the counit-preservation condition. \end{proof} \subsubsection*{Special unitary \dag\-Frobenius monoids} We will mostly be interested in the case when the two involutions are the same, and we now explore under what conditions this holds. \begin{defn} In a monoidal \dag\-category with duals, a \dag\-Frobenius monoid is \emph{unitary} if the left involution, or equivalently the right involution, is unitary. \end{defn} \jnoindent That these two conditions are equivalent follows from Lemma~\ref{invprop}. \begin{defn} In a braided monoidal \dag\-category with duals, a \dag\-Frobenius monoid is \emph{balanced-symmetric} if the following equation is satisfied: \begin{equation} { \hspace{-10pt} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/dbs-1}} \hspace{-10pt} } = { \hspace{-10pt} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/dbs-2}} \hspace{-10pt} } \end{equation} \end{defn} \jnoindent The term \emph{symmetric} is standard (for example, see \cite[Section~2.2.9]{k04-fa2d}), and describes a similar property that lacks the `balancing loop' on one of the legs of the right-hand side of the equation. In \cat{Hilb} this loop is the identity and so the concepts are the same, but this may not be the case in other categories of interest. \begin{lemma} \label{unitarylemma} In a monoidal \dag\-category with duals, the following properties of a \mbox{\dag\-Frobenius} monoid are equivalent: \jbeginenumerate \item it is unitary; \item it is balanced-symmetric; \item the left and right involutions are the same; \end{enumerate} \jnoindent where property 2 only applies if the monoidal structure has a braiding. \end{lemma} \jbeginproof We first give a graphical proof that $3 \Rightarrow 2$, using property 3 to transform the second expression into the third: \	[ 29926, 5919, 29909, 29892, 29885, 29892, 29884, 29897, 320, 517, 313, 29933, 29892, 29876, 29892, 29894, 1262, 367, 263, 3632, 14143, 1546, 320, 24157, 29905, 29899, 29943, 307, 1785, 2482, 1492, 29899, 262, 4068, 1601, 3398, 29879, 29889, 17090, 393, 395, 29926, 29938, 2225, 20098, 278, 2613, 277, 29892, 591, 1510, 393, 372, 338, 385, 338, 7843, 491, 278, 1494, 3983, 936, 2980, 29889, 450, 4654, 4331, 3913, 278, 2114, 393, 395, 29926, 29938, 2225, 20098, 278, 297, 4068, 29892, 278, 18615, 393, 372, 338, 263, 3632, 14143, 310, 1601, 3398, 29879, 29892, 322, 278, 25963, 393, 372, 2225, 20098, 278, 2613, 277, 29889, 13, 29905, 463, 29912, 29887, 1624, 4044, 13, 29905, 567, 29888, 1431, 29912, 29926, 3331, 23469, 774, 2251, 8499, 29900, 29889, 29945, 415, 3331, 8209, 29926, 29938, 930, 13, 29905, 567, 29888, 1431, 29912, 26012, 3331, 23469, 774, 2251, 8499, 29896, 415, 1157, 29938, 29926, 29871, 3823, 24157, 29938, 930, 13, 29905, 567, 29888, 1431, 29912, 1315, 3331, 23469, 774, 2251, 8499, 29900, 29889, 29945, 415, 3331, 29991, 29938, 29926, 903, 29394, 930, 13, 29912, 13, 29905, 14158, 8499, 29896, 29900, 415, 29913, 13, 29905, 7071, 29912, 13, 29905, 7313, 29912, 6420, 29914, 4979, 29899, 29896, 930, 13, 29913, 13, 29922, 13, 29912, 13, 29905, 7071, 741, 7313, 29912, 6420, 29914, 4979, 29899, 29906, 930, 13, 29913, 13, 29922, 13, 29912, 13, 29905, 7071, 741, 7313, 29912, 6420, 29914, 4979, 29899, 29941, 930, 13, 29913, 13, 29922, 13, 29912, 13, 29905, 7071, 741, 7313, 29912, 6420, 29914, 4979, 29899, 29946, 930, 13, 29913, 13, 1966, 13, 29905, 567, 29888, 1431, 29912, 29926, 1157, 29938, 29926, 17133, 13, 29905, 567, 29888, 1431, 29912, 26012, 1157, 29938, 29926, 29871, 3823, 24157, 17133, 13, 29905, 567, 29888, 1431, 29912, 1315, 1157, 29938, 29926, 903, 29930, 17133, 13, 29905, 14158, 29912, 29896, 29900, 29900, 415, 29913, 13, 29922, 13, 29912, 13, 29905, 7071, 741, 7313, 29912, 6420, 29914, 4979, 29899, 29945, 930, 13, 29913, 13, 29922, 13, 29912, 13, 29905, 7071, 741, 7313, 29912, 6420, 29914, 4979, 29899, 29953, 930, 13, 29913, 13, 29922, 13, 29912, 13, 29905, 7071, 741, 7313, 29912, 6420, 29914, 4979, 29899, 29955, 930, 13, 29913, 13, 29922, 13, 29912, 13, 29905, 7071, 741, 7313, 29912, 6420, 29914, 4979, 29899, 29947, 930, 13, 29913, 13, 29905, 355, 29912, 29887, 1624, 4044, 13, 10454, 2012, 5251, 393, 395, 29926, 29938, 338, 385, 338, 7843, 29889, 739, 338, 263, 3632, 14143, 29892, 577, 591, 505, 278, 5190, 29899, 4569, 20525, 6306, 395, 29926, 320, 6034, 29871, 318, 353, 325, 1628, 322, 5480, 395, 29926, 29871, 3823, 24157, 320, 6034, 432, 320, 6034, 318, 353, 318, 353, 432, 29871, 3823, 24157, 320, 6034, 325, 1504, 2401, 5890, 278, 779, 24157, 4388, 7692, 2801, 304, 445, 591, 4017, 395, 29884, 29871, 3823, 24157, 353, 325, 29871, 3823, 24157, 320, 6034, 432, 1628, 607, 338, 278, 2613, 277, 29899, 4569, 20525, 4195, 29889, 13, 29905, 355, 29912, 8017, 29913, 13, 29871, 13, 13, 29905, 23938, 19740, 24780, 5190, 653, 320, 24157, 29905, 29899, 29943, 307, 1785, 2482, 1601, 3398, 29879, 29913, 13, 13, 4806, 674, 11149, 367, 8852, 297, 278, 1206, 746, 278, 1023, 297, 4068, 29879, 526, 278, 1021, 29892, 322, 591, 1286, 26987, 1090, 825, 5855, 445, 8640, 29889, 13, 13, 29905, 463, 29912, 12262, 29913, 13, 797, 263, 1601, 3398, 284, 320, 24157, 29905, 29899, 7320, 411, 868, 1338, 29892, 263, 320, 24157, 29905, 29899, 29943, 307, 1785, 2482, 1601, 3398, 338, 320, 7278, 29912, 5441, 653, 29913, 565, 278, 2175, 297, 4068, 29892, 470, 5737, 2705, 278, 1492, 297, 4068, 29892, 338, 5190, 653, 29889, 13, 29905, 355, 29912, 12262, 29913, 13, 29905, 29926, 17695, 13, 7058, 1438, 1023, 5855, 526, 7126, 4477, 515, 11894, 2651, 999, 29912, 11569, 7728, 1836, 13, 29905, 463, 29912, 12262, 29913, 13, 797, 263, 4105, 2618, 1601, 3398, 284, 320, 24157, 29905, 29899, 7320, 411, 868, 1338, 29892, 263, 320, 24157, 29905, 29899, 29943, 307, 1785, 2482, 1601, 3398, 338, 320, 7278, 29912, 5521, 8362, 29899, 11967, 16414, 29913, 565, 278, 1494, 6306, 338, 15787, 29901, 13, 29905, 463, 29912, 2573, 29913, 13, 29912, 13, 29905, 14158, 8499, 29896, 29900, 415, 29913, 13, 29905, 7071, 741, 7313, 29912, 6420, 29914, 2585, 29879, 29899, 29896, 930, 13, 29905, 14158, 8499, 29896, 29900, 415, 29913, 13, 29913, 13, 29922, 13, 29912, 13, 29905, 14158, 8499, 29896, 29900, 415, 29913, 13, 29905, 7071, 741, 7313, 29912, 6420, 29914, 2585, 29879, 29899, 29906, 930, 13, 29905, 14158, 8499, 29896, 29900, 415, 29913, 13, 29913, 13, 29905, 355, 29912, 2573, 29913, 13, 29905, 355, 29912, 12262, 29913, 13, 13, 29905, 29926, 17695, 13, 1576, 1840, 320, 7278, 29912, 11967, 16414, 29913, 338, 3918, 313, 1454, 1342, 29892, 1074, 320, 2036, 29961, 13438, 30022, 29906, 29889, 29906, 29889, 29929, 3199, 29895, 29900, 29946, 29899, 5444, 29906, 29881, 9594, 322, 16612, 263, 2788, 2875, 393, 425, 4684, 278, 421, 5521, 19985, 2425, 29915, 373, 697, 310, 278, 21152, 310, 278, 1492, 29899, 3179, 2625, 310, 278, 6306, 29889, 512, 320, 4117, 29912, 29950, 309, 29890, 29913, 445, 2425, 338, 278, 10110, 322, 577, 278, 22001, 526, 278, 1021, 29892, 541, 445, 1122, 451, 367, 278, 1206, 297, 916, 13997, 310, 4066, 29889, 13, 13, 29905, 463, 29912, 13846, 29913, 13, 29905, 1643, 29912, 5441, 653, 13846, 29913, 13, 797, 263, 1601, 3398, 284, 320, 24157, 29905, 29899, 7320, 411, 868, 1338, 29892, 278, 1494, 4426, 310, 263, 320, 8264, 741, 24157, 29905, 29899, 29943, 307, 1785, 2482, 29913, 1601, 3398, 526, 7126, 29901, 13, 29905, 29926, 463, 15172, 13, 29905, 667, 372, 338, 5190, 653, 29936, 13, 29905, 667, 372, 338, 6411, 8362, 29899, 11967, 16414, 29936, 13, 29905, 667, 278, 2175, 322, 1492, 297, 4068, 29879, 526, 278, 1021, 29936, 13, 29905, 355, 29912, 15172, 29913, 13, 29905, 29926, 17695, 13, 3062, 2875, 29871, 29906, 871, 16058, 565, 278, 1601, 3398, 284, 3829, 756, 263, 4105, 4821, 29889, 13, 29905, 355, 29912, 13846, 29913, 13, 13, 29905, 29926, 463, 8017, 13, 4806, 937, 2367, 263, 3983, 936, 5296, 393, 395, 29941, 320, 15607, 29871, 29906, 1628, 773, 2875, 29871, 29941, 304, 4327, 278, 1473, 4603, 964, 278, 4654, 29901, 13, 29905 ]	1,024	ArXiv	0.423257	2.362612	-0.437429	1.129282
vspace{-10pt} \[ { \hspace{-10pt} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/bs-1}} \hspace{-10pt} } = { \hspace{-10pt} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/bs-2}} \hspace{-10pt} } = { \hspace{-10pt} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/bs-3}} \hspace{-10pt} } = { \hspace{-10pt} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/bs-4}} \hspace{-10pt} } = { \hspace{-10pt} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/bs-5}} \hspace{-10pt} } \] A similar argument shows that $2 \Rightarrow 3$. From equations (\ref{lri3}) of Lemma~\ref{invprop} it follows that $1 \Leftrightarrow 3$, and so all three properties are equivalent. \end{proof} \jnoindent We will mostly use the term `unitary' to refer to these equivalent properties, since it is more obviously in keeping with the general philosophy of \dag\-categories, that all structural isomorphisms should be unitary. We also note that if a \dag\-Frobenius left- or right-involution monoid is unitary then we can simply refer to it as a `\dag\-Frobenius involution monoid', as the left and right involutions coincide in that case. One particularly nice feature of unitary \dag\-Frobenius monoids is that we can canonically obtain an abstract `dimension' of their underlying space from the multiplication, unit, comultiplication and counit, as the following lemma shows. In a category of vector spaces and linear maps, this dimension will correspond to the dimension of the vector space. \begin{defn} In a monoidal \dag\-category with duals, the \emph{dimension} of an object $A$ is given by the scalar $\epsilon_A {}^\dag \circ \epsilon_A : I \to I$, and is denoted $\dim(A)$. \end{defn} \begin{lemma} \label{dimlemma} In a monoidal \dag\-category with duals, given a unitary \dag\-Frobenius monoid $(A,m,u)$, $\dim(A) = u ^\dag \circ m \circ m ^\dag \circ u$; that is, the dimension of $A$ is equal to the squared norm of $m ^\dag \circ u$. Also, $\dim(A) = \dim(A) ^$. \end{lemma} \jbeginproof We demonstrate this with the following series of pictures: \[ \dim(A) = \hspace{-10pt} \vc{\includegraphics[scale=0.9]{graphics/dim-1}} \hspace{-10pt} = \hspace{-15pt} \vc{\includegraphics[scale=0.9]{graphics/dim-2}} \hspace{-10pt} = \hspace{-10pt} \vc{\includegraphics[scale=0.9]{graphics/dim-3}} \hspace{-10pt} = \hspace{-10pt} \vc{\includegraphics[scale=0.9]{graphics/dim-4}} \hspace{-10pt} = \hspace{-10pt} \vc{\includegraphics[scale=0.9]{graphics/dim-5}} \hspace{-10pt} = \hspace{-10pt} \vc{\includegraphics[scale=0.9]{graphics/dim-6}} \hspace{-15pt} = \hspace{-10pt} \vc{\includegraphics[scale=0.9]{graphics/dim-7}} \hspace{-10pt} = \dim(A) ^ \] The central diagram is $u ^\dag \circ m \circ m ^\dag \circ u$, so this proves the lemma. \end{proof} \jnoindent The notion of the dimension of an object is a crucial one in the theory of monoidal categories with duals, and is studied in depth throughout the literature \cite{bw99-sc, dr89-ndt, lr97-atod}. 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and more axioms would be required for our category than those assumed here for the dimension to have good properties, such as being independent of the choice of duality morphisms, or being an element of the integers. We now introduce one final property of a \dag\-Frobenius monoid. \begin{defn} In a monoidal \dag\-category, a \dag\-Frobenius monoid $(A,m,u)$ is \emph{special} if $m \circ m^\dag = \id _{A}$; that is, if the comultiplication is an isometry. \end{defn} \jnoindent The term \emph{special} goes back to Quinn~\cite{q95-l}. A special \dag\-Frobenius monoid is the same as an \emph{abstract Q-system}~\cite{lr97-atod}, and a useful lemma proved in that reference is that if a monoid $(A,m,u)$ satisfies $m \circ m ^\dag = \id _A$, then it is necessarily a special \dag\-Frobenius monoid. It simplifies the expression for the dimension of the underlying space, as demonstrated by this lemma. \begin{lemma} \label{dimnormu} In a monoidal \dag\-category with duals, a special unitary \dag\-Frobenius monoid $(A,m,u)$ has $\dim(A) = u ^\dag \circ u$; that is, the dimension of $A$ is equal to the squared norm of $u$. \end{lemma} \jbeginproof Straightforward from Lemma~\ref{dimlemma}. \end{proof} \subsubsection{Endomorphism monoids} Given any Hilbert space $H$, it is often useful to consider the algebra of bounded linear operators on $H$. These give the prototypical examples of C\-algebras, with the \mbox{$$-involution} given by taking the operator adjoint. In a monoidal category with duals we can construct \emph{endomorphism monoids}, which are categorical analogues of these algebras of bounded linear operators. These well-known constructions, which go back at least to M\"uger~\cite{m03-sct1}, form an important class of \dag\-Frobenius monoids, and that they have particularly nice properties. \begin{defn} In a monoidal category, for an object $A$ with a left dual $A^{ _\pL}$, the \emph{endomorphism monoid} $\End(A)$ is defined by \begin{equation} \End(A) := \big( A^{* _\pL} \otimes A, {\id _{A^{* _{\pL}}}} \otimes {\eta ^\pL _A} \otimes {\id _{A}}, \epsilon ^\pL _A \big). \end{equation} \end{defn} The following lemma describes a well-known connection between categorical duality and Frobenius structures. \begin{lemma} \label{endoisfrob} In a monoidal \dag\-category with duals, an endomorphism monoid is a \mbox{\dag\-Frobenius} monoid. \end{lemma} \jbeginproof That the \dag\-Frobenius property holds for an endomorphism monoid $\End(A)$ is clear from its graphical representation, which we give here: \[ { \hspace{-10pt} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/endoisfrob-2}} \hspace{-10pt} } = { \hspace{-10pt} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/endoisfrob-1}} \hspace{-10pt} } = { \hspace{-10pt} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/endoisfrob-3}} \hspace{-10pt} } \lowqedhere{50pt} \] \end{proof} \jnoindent They are examples of the unitary monoids discussed in the previous section. \begin{lemma} \label{endoequalinv} In a monoidal \dag\-category with duals, endomorphism monoids are unitary. \end{lemma} \jbeginproof Following equation (\ref{canonicalinv}) for	[ 322, 901, 4853, 29875, 4835, 723, 367, 3734, 363, 1749, 7663, 1135, 1906, 12023, 1244, 363, 278, 9927, 304, 505, 1781, 4426, 29892, 1316, 408, 1641, 7417, 310, 278, 7348, 310, 868, 2877, 18131, 12903, 29892, 470, 1641, 385, 1543, 310, 278, 11920, 29889, 13, 13, 4806, 1286, 14944, 697, 2186, 2875, 310, 263, 320, 24157, 29905, 29899, 29943, 307, 1785, 2482, 1601, 3398, 29889, 13, 13, 29905, 463, 29912, 12262, 29913, 13, 797, 263, 1601, 3398, 284, 320, 24157, 29905, 29899, 7320, 29892, 263, 320, 24157, 29905, 29899, 29943, 307, 1785, 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the left involution associated to a \dag\-Frobenius monoid, we obtain the following: \[ \includegraphics{graphics/involutionforendo} \] This is clearly the identity on $A^* \otimes A$. The right involution is also the identity, by the conjugate of this picture. By Lemma~\ref{unitarylemma} the \dag\-Frobenius monoid must therefore unitary. \end{proof} \jnoindent We note that the order-reversing property of the duality functor $(-)^$ is crucial here, as the only canonical choice of `identity' morphism $A ^ \otimes A \to A \otimes A^$ would be the braiding isomorphism, but such a braiding is not necessarily present. Also, although the linear involution associated with an endomorphism monoid is the identity, the induced order-reversing \emph{antilinear} involution on $A^ \otimes A$ is certainly not the identity: it is given by taking the name of an operator to the name of the adjoint to that operator, as can be checked by going through the correspondence described in Lemma~\ref{invollemma}. The following lemma is a formal description of the intuitive notion that an algebra should have a homomorphism into the algebra of operators on the underlying space, given by taking the right action of each element. \begin{lemma} \label{embedmonoidlemma} Let $(A,m,u)$ be a monoid in a monoidal category in which the object $A$ has a left dual. Then $(A,m,u)$ has a monic homomorphism into the endomorphism monoid of $A$. \end{lemma} \jbeginproof The embedding morphism $h : (A,m,u) \into \End(A)$ is defined by \begin{equation} h := (\id _{A ^} \otimes m ) \circ (\epsilon ^\pL _A \otimes \id _{A}), \end{equation} which has the following graphical representation: \begin{equation} \begin{diagram}[height=30pt] A^* \otimes A \\ \uTo < h \\ A \end{diagram} = \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/embedmonoid}} \end{equation} We show that it is monic by postcomposing with $u ^ \otimes \id _{A}$, which acts as a retraction: \[ { \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/embedmonoid-embed1}} } = { \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/embedmonoid-embed2}} } = { \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/embedmonoid-embed3}} } \] Next we show that $h$ preserves the multiplication operation, employing a duality equation and the associative law: \[ { \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/embedmonoid-mult1}} } = { \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/embedmonoid-mult2}} } = { \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/embedmonoid-mult3}} } \] Finally, we show that the embedding preserves the unit, employing the unit law: \[ { \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/embedmonoid-unit1}} } = { \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/embedmonoid-unit2}} } \eqno{\droptext{48pt}{\qedhere}} \] \end{proof} However, as we saw in the introduction, for the case of \dag\-Frobenius monoids this embedding has a special property: it preserves an involution. We establish this formally in the following lemma. \begin{lemma} \label{involembedding} Let $(A,m,u; s_R)$ be a \dag\-Frobenius right-involution monoid. Then the canonical embedding of $(A,m,u;s_R)$ into the \dag\-Frobenius involution monoid $\End(A)$ is a morphism of involution monoids. \end{lemma} \jbeginproof By Lemma~\ref{embedmonoidlemma} the embedding must be a morphism of monoids. Note that we do not need to specify whether we are using the left or right involution of $\End(A)$, since by Lemma~\ref{endo	[ 278, 2175, 297, 4068, 6942, 304, 263, 320, 24157, 29905, 29899, 29943, 307, 1785, 2482, 1601, 3398, 29892, 591, 4017, 278, 1494, 29901, 13, 29905, 29961, 13, 29905, 7313, 29912, 6420, 29914, 262, 4068, 1454, 2765, 29913, 13, 18899, 13, 4013, 338, 9436, 278, 10110, 373, 395, 29909, 6622, 320, 9356, 319, 1504, 450, 1492, 297, 4068, 338, 884, 278, 10110, 29892, 491, 278, 25482, 403, 310, 445, 7623, 29889, 2648, 11894, 2651, 999, 29912, 5441, 653, 13846, 29913, 278, 320, 24157, 29905, 29899, 29943, 307, 1785, 2482, 1601, 3398, 1818, 5480, 5190, 653, 29889, 13, 29905, 355, 29912, 8017, 29913, 13, 13, 29905, 29926, 17695, 13, 4806, 4443, 393, 278, 1797, 29899, 276, 874, 292, 2875, 310, 278, 868, 2877, 2090, 2801, 2427, 29899, 4887, 29394, 338, 7618, 1455, 1244, 29892, 408, 278, 871, 24420, 7348, 310, 421, 22350, 29915, 18131, 1608, 395, 29909, 6228, 29930, 320, 9356, 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equalinv} they are both the identity. We must show that this embedding morphism $k : A \into A^* \otimes A$ satisfies the involution condition $k = k_* \circ s_R$ given in Definition~\ref{morphinvmon}. The proof uses the Frobenius law and the unit law. \[ { \hspace{-10pt} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/subrightinv-1}} \hspace{-10pt} } = { \hspace{-10pt} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/subrightinv-2}} \hspace{-10pt} } = { \hspace{-10pt} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/subrightinv-3}} \hspace{-10pt} } = { \hspace{-10pt} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/subrightinv-4}} \hspace{-10pt} } \eqno{\droptext{48pt}{\qedhere}} \] \end{proof} \jnoindent It is worth noting that a symmetry has been broken; this lemma would not hold with `right-involution' replaced with `left-involution'. This is a consequence of defining the underlying object of our endomorphism monoid to be $A^* \otimes A$ rather than $A \otimes A^$. In a braided monoidal category there would be no essential difference, but we are working at a higher level of generality. \subsubsection{An embedding lemma} We finish this section by demonstrating another general property of \dag-Frobenius involution algebras. Just as every involution-closed subalgebra of a finite-dimensional C\-algebra is also a C-algebra, we will show that every involution-closed submonoid of a \dag\-Frobenius involution monoid is also \dag\-Frobenius. The next section makes this analogy with C\-algebras precise, but we can prove it here as a general result about \dag\-Frobenius algebras. \begin{lemma} \label{subalgisfrob} In a monoidal \dag\-category with duals, let $(A,m,u; s)$ be an involution monoid with an involution-preserving \dag\-embedding into a \dag\-Frobenius left- (or right-) involution monoid. Then $(A,m,u;s)$ is itself a \mbox{\dag\-Frobenius} left- (or right-) involution monoid. \end{lemma} \jbeginproof We will deal with the left-involution case; the right-involution case is analogous. Let \mbox{$p : (A,m,u; s) \into (B,n,v; t)$} be a \dag\-embedding of an involution monoid into a \mbox{\dag\-Frobenius} left-involution monoid. The \dag\-embedding property means that $p^\dag \circ p = \id _{A}$. In our graphical representation we will use a thin line for $A$ and a thick line for $B$, and a transition between these types of line for the embedding morphism $p$. The involution-preservation condition $t \circ p = p _ \circ s$ is then represented by the following picture: \[ { \hspace{-10pt} \psfrag{p}{$\,p$} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/subfrob-ip1}} \hspace{-10pt} } = { \hspace{-10pt} \psfrag{ps}{$\,\,\,p _$} \psfrag{s}{\raisebox{-0pt}{$s$}} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/subfrob-ip2}} \hspace{-10pt} } \] Applying complex conjugation to $p ^\dag \circ p = \id _{A}$ we obtain $p ^ \circ p _* = \id _{A ^}$, and applying this to the equation pictured above we obtain $s = p ^ \circ t \circ p$. Also, from the monoid homomorphism equation $p \circ u = v$ we obtain $u = p ^\dag \circ v$, and therefore $u ^\dag = v ^\dag \circ p$ by applying the \dag\-functor. 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compatibility equation $p \circ m = n \circ (p \otimes p)$, we obtain the following: \[ { \lessa \psfrag{p}{$s$} \psfrag{ps}{$\,\,\,\,p^$} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/subfrob-p1}} \lessa } = { \lessa \psfrag{p}{$p$} \psfrag{ps}{$\,\,\,\,p^$} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/subfrob-p2}} \lessa } = { \lessa \psfrag{s}{$p$} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/subfrob-p3}} \lessa } = { \lessa \psfrag{p}{$p$} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/subfrob-p4}} \lessa } = { \lessa \psfrag{s}{$p$} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/subfrob-p5}} \lessa } = { \lessa \psfrag{s}{$p$} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/subfrob-p6}} \lessa } \] The involution is therefore the left involution associated to the monoid. We now show that the monoid is in fact a \dag\-Frobenius monoid. To start with we use the fact that $p$ is an isometry and that it preserves multiplication, along with the unit law of the monoid and the Frobenius law: \[ { \lessa \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/subfrob-big1}} \lessa } = { \lessa \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/subfrob-big2}} \lessa } = { \lessa \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/subfrob-big3}} \lessa } = { \lessa \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/subfrob-big4}} \lessa } = { \lessa \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/subfrob-big5}} \lessa } = { \lessa \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/subfrob-big6}} \lessa } \] We now employ the fact that $p$ preserves the involution, and then essentially perform the previous few steps in reverse order: \[ { \lessa \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/subfrob-big7}} \lessa } = { \lessa \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/subfrob-big8}} \lessa } = { \lessa \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/subfrob-big9}} \lessa } = { \lessa \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/subfrob-big10}} \lessa } = { \lessa \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/subfrob-big11}} \lessa } \] The proof for the other Frobenius law is exactly analogous. We have demonstrated that the monoid $(A,m,u)$ is \dag\-Frobenius, and since we have shown that the involution $s$ is the left involution associated to the monoid, it follows that $(A,m,u; s)$\ is a \dag\-Frobenius left-involution monoid. \end{proof} \section{Special unitary \dag\-Frobenius monoids in \cat{Hilb}} \label{hilbsect} From now on we will mainly work in \cat{Hilb}, the category of finite-dimensional complex Hilbert spaces and linear maps, which is a symmetric monoidal \dag\-category with duals. Special unitary \dag\-Frobenius monoids have particularly good properties in this setting. The following lemma contains the important insight due to Coecke, Pavlovic and the author, as described in the introduction and in \cite{cpv08-dfb}. \begin{lemma} \label{smallcalglemma} In \cat{Hilb}, a \dag\-Frobenius right-involution monoid admits a norm making it into a C*\-algebra.	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\end{lemma} \jbeginproof By Lemma~\ref{involembedding} a \dag\-Frobenius right-involution monoid $(A,m,u)$ has an involution-preserving embedding into $\End(A)$, which is a C\-algebra when equipped with the operator norm. The involution monoid $(A,m,u)$ therefore admits a C\-algebra norm, taken from the norm on $\End(A)$ under the embedding. Since the algebra is finite-dimensional, the completeness requirement is trivial. \end{proof} We will also require the following important result, which demonstrates a crucial abstract property of the category \cat{Hilb}. \begin{lemma} \label{hilbisocounit} In \cat{Hilb}, isomorphisms of special unitary \dag\-Frobenius involution monoids preserve the counit. \end{lemma} \jbeginproof Any special unitary \dag\-Frobenius involution monoid is in particular a \dag\-Frobenius right-involution monoid, and so admits a norm with which it becomes a C\-algebra by Lemma~\ref{smallcalglemma}. Finite-dimensional C\-algebras are semisimple, and are therefore isomorphic to finite direct sums of matrix algebras in a canonical way; an isomorphism between two finite-dimensional C\-algebras is then given by a direct sum of pairwise isomorphisms of matrix algebras. We therefore need only show that the lemma is true for special unitary \dag\-Frobenius involution monoids which are matrix algebras, with involution given by matrix adjoint. Let $(A,m,u;s)$ and $(B,n,v;t)$ be special unitary \dag\-Frobenius involution monoids which are both isomorphic to some matrix algebra $\End(\mathbb{C} ^n)$. Any isomorphism between them must have some decomposition into isomorphisms $f:(A,m,u;s) \to \End(\mathbb{C} ^n)$ and \linebreak\mbox{$g: \End(\mathbb{C} ^n) \to (B,n,v;t)$}. The statement that $g \circ f$ preserves the counit is equivalent to the statement that the outside diamond of the following diagram commutes: \begin{equation} \begin{diagram}[midshaft,height=20pt,width=30pt,nohug] && \mathbb{C} && \\ & \ruTo(2,2) ^{u ^\dag} && \luTo(2,2) ^{v ^\dag} & \\ (A,m,u;s) && \uTo>{\mathrm{Tr}} && (B,n,v;t) \\ & \rdTo(2,2) _f ^\simeq && \ruTo(2,2) _g ^\simeq & \\ && \End(\mathbb{C} ^n) && \end{diagram} \end{equation} We will show that each triangle separately commutes, and therefore that the entire diagram commutes. We focus on the triangle involving the isomorphism $g$; the treatment of the other triangle is analogous. Our strategy is to show that $\rho_g :=\nfrac \cdot v ^\dag \circ g$ is a tracial state of $\End(\mathbb{C} ^n)$. It takes the unit to 1, since $\nfrac \cdot v ^\dag \circ g \circ \epsilon _B ^\pL = \nfrac \cdot v ^\dag \circ v = \nfrac \cdot \dim(B) = \nfrac \cdot n = 1$, where we used the fact that $g$ is a homomorphism and Lemma~\ref{dimnormu}; this is the reason that we require the \dag\-Frobenius monoid to be special. We can simplify the action of $\rho _g$ on positive elements in the following way, where $\phi : I \to \mathbb{C} ^n {}^ \otimes \mathbb{C}^n$ is an arbitrary nonzero state of $\End(\mathbb{C} ^n)$, and $\phi'$ is the result of applying the involution to this state: \begin{gather*} \psfrag{r}{$\!n\rho_g$} \psfrag{p}{$\,g	[ 13, 29905, 355, 29912, 13846, 29913, 13, 29905, 29926, 463, 8017, 13, 2059, 11894, 2651, 999, 29912, 262, 1365, 2409, 2580, 8497, 29913, 263, 320, 24157, 29905, 29899, 29943, 307, 1785, 2482, 1492, 29899, 262, 4068, 1601, 3398, 2427, 29909, 29892, 29885, 29892, 29884, 1262, 756, 385, 297, 4068, 29899, 4569, 29530, 23655, 964, 779, 5044, 29898, 29909, 5767, 607, 338, 263, 315, 17710, 29899, 15742, 746, 1592, 16242, 411, 278, 5455, 6056, 29889, 450, 297, 4068, 1601, 3398, 2427, 29909, 29892, 29885, 29892, 29884, 1262, 5480, 7336, 1169, 263, 315, 17710, 29899, 15742, 6056, 29892, 4586, 515, 278, 6056, 373, 779, 5044, 29898, 29909, 1262, 1090, 278, 23655, 29889, 4001, 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$} \psfrag{f}{\raisebox{-1.5pt}{$\,\phi$}} \psfrag{fp}{\raisebox{-1.5pt}{$\,\phi'$}} \psfrag{g}{$\,g$} \psfrag{fd}{\raisebox{-1.9pt}{$\,\phi ^\dag$}} \psfrag{gd}{\raisebox{-1.9pt}{\,$g ^\dag$}} \psfrag{n}{} \vc{\includegraphics[scale=0.9]{graphics/pos-1}} \hspace{-15pt} = \hspace{-10pt} \vc{\includegraphics[scale=0.9]{graphics/pos-2}} \hspace{-15pt} = \hspace{-5pt} \vc{\includegraphics[scale=0.9]{graphics/pos-3}} \hspace{-10pt} = \hspace{-5pt} \vc{\includegraphics[scale=0.9]{graphics/pos-4}} \hspace{-10pt} = \hspace{-15pt} \vc{\includegraphics[scale=0.9]{graphics/pos-5}} \hspace{-15pt} = \hspace{-10pt} \vc{\includegraphics[scale=0.9]{graphics/pos-6}} \end{gather*} \jnoindent The expression on the right-hand side is the squared norm of $g \circ \phi$, which is positive because the inner product in \cat{Hilb} is nondegenerate and $\phi$ is nonzero; this shows that $\rho _g$ takes positive elements to nonnegative real numbers, and so is a state of $\End( \mathbb{C} ^n)$. By Lemma~\ref{unitarylemma} the involution monoid $\End(A)$ is balanced-symmetric, and since we are in \cat{Hilb}, the balancing loop can be neglected; this means that $\rho _g \circ (a \otimes b) = \rho _g \circ (b \otimes a)$ for all $a,b \in \End(A)$, and so $\rho_g$ is tracial. Altogether $\rho_g$ is a tracial state of a matrix algebra. However, it is a standard result that the matrix algebra on a complex $n$-dimensional vector space has a unique tracial state given by $\nfrac \mathrm{Tr}$ (for example, see \cite[Example~6.2.1]{m90-caot}). It follows that $\rho_g = \frac{1}{n} \mathrm{Tr}$, and so the triangle commutes as required. \end{proof} \jnoindent We can combine this with an earlier lemma to obtain a very useful result. \begin{lemma} \label{isosareunitary} In \cat{Hilb}, isomorphisms of special unitary \dag\-Frobenius involution monoids are unitary. \end{lemma} \jbeginproof Straightforward from Lemmas~\ref{counitunitary} and \ref{hilbisocounit}. \end{proof} Given a \dag\-Frobenius monoid in \cat{Hilb}, we will show that scaling the inner product on the underlying complex vector space produces a family of new \dag\-Frobenius monoids. We first note the following relationship between scaling inner products and adjoints to linear maps. \begin{lemma} \label{scalelemma1} \begin{sloppypar} Let $V$ be a complex vector space with inner product $(-,-) _V$ and let \mbox{$f:V ^{\otimes n} \to V ^{\otimes m}$} a linear map, with the adjoint $f ^\dag$ under this inner product. If the inner product is scaled to $\alpha \cdot (-,-) _V$ for $\alpha$ a positive real number, the adjoint to $f$ becomes $\alpha^{m-n} f ^\dag$. \end{sloppypar} \end{lemma} \jbeginproof \begin{sloppypar} Writing the scaled inner product as $(\!( -,-)\!) _V$ and denoting the adjoint to $f$ under this scaled inner product as $f ^\ddagger$, we must have \mbox{$(\!(f\circ x,y	[ 17133, 13, 29905, 567, 29888, 1431, 29912, 29888, 3331, 23469, 774, 2251, 8499, 29896, 29889, 29945, 415, 1157, 4535, 2053, 2876, 29938, 930, 13, 29905, 567, 29888, 1431, 29912, 18091, 3331, 23469, 774, 2251, 8499, 29896, 29889, 29945, 415, 1157, 4535, 2053, 2876, 13090, 930, 13, 29905, 567, 29888, 1431, 29912, 29887, 1157, 4535, 29892, 29887, 17133, 13, 29905, 567, 29888, 1431, 29912, 11512, 3331, 23469, 774, 2251, 8499, 29896, 29889, 29929, 415, 1157, 4535, 2053, 2876, 29871, 3823, 24157, 29938, 930, 13, 29905, 567, 29888, 1431, 29912, 29887, 29881, 3331, 23469, 774, 2251, 8499, 29896, 29889, 29929, 415, 3331, 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) \!) _{V ^{\otimes m}} = ( \!( x, f ^\ddagger \circ y ) \! ) _{V ^{\otimes n}}$}. Using $(\!(-,-)\!) _{V ^{\otimes n}} = \alpha ^n \cdot(-,-) _{V ^{\otimes n}}$ and making the substitution \mbox{$f ^\ddagger = \alpha ^{m-n} f ^\dag$}, we obtain \mbox{$(f \circ x, y) _{V ^{\otimes m}} = (x, f ^\dag \circ y) _{V ^{\otimes n}}$} which holds by the definition of $f ^\dag$, and so $f ^\ddagger$ is a valid adjoint to $f$ under the new inner product. \qedhere \end{sloppypar} \end{proof} \begin{lemma} \label{scalelemma2} For a \dag\-Frobenius monoid $(A,m,u)$, scaling the inner product on $A$ by any positive real number gives rise to a new \dag\-Frobenius monoid. Moreover, this scaling preserves unitarity. \end{lemma} \jbeginproof This is easy to show using the previous lemma. The \dag\-Frobenius equations will all be scaled by the same factor since they are all composed from a single $m$ and $m ^\dag$, so they will still hold. The unitarity property is an equation involving an $m$ and a $u ^\dag$ on each side, and so both sides of this equation will also scale by the same factor. \end{proof} We are now ready to prove our main correspondence theorem between finite-dimensional C\-algebras and symmetric unitary \dag\-Frobenius monoids. \begin{theorem} \label{maincalgthm} In \cat{Hilb}, the following properties of an involution monoid are equivalent: \jbeginenumerate \item it admits a norm making it a C\-algebra; \item it admits an inner product making it a special \mbox{unitary \dag\-Frobenius involution monoid}; \item it admits an inner product making it a \dag\-Frobenius right-involution monoid. \end{enumerate} \jnoindent Furthermore, if these properties hold, then the structures in 1 and 2 are admitted uniquely. \end{theorem} \jbeginproof First, we point out that the norm of property 1 is \emph{not} directly related to the inner products of properties 2 or 3, in the usual way by which a norm can be obtained from an inner product, and sometimes vice-versa. In fact, the norm of a C\-algebra will usually not satisfy the parallelogram identity, and so cannot arise directly from any inner product. We begin by showing $1 \Rightarrow 2$. We first decompose our finite-dimensional C\-algebra into a finite direct sum of matrix algebras. For any such matrix algebra, an inner product is given by $(a,b) := \mathrm{Tr}(a ^\dag b)$, which is normalized such that $\mathrm{Tr}(\id)=n$ for a matrix algebra acting on $\mathbb{C} ^n$. This gives an endomorphism monoid $\End(\mathbb{C} ^n)$ in \cat{Hilb} for each $n$, which is a unitary \dag\-Frobenius monoid as described by Lemmas \ref{endoisfrob} and \ref{endoequalinv}. Such a monoid is not special unless it is one-dimensional; we have $m \circ m ^\dag = n \cdot \id _{A^* \otimes A}$, where $m$ is the multiplication for the endomorphism monoid. We rescale the inner product, replacing it with $(\!(a,b)\!) := n\, \mathrm{Tr}(a ^\dag b)$. As described by Lemma~\ref{scalelemma1}, writing the adjoint of $m$ under this new inner product as $m ^\ddagger$, we will have $m ^\ddagger = \nfrac m ^\dag$, and $m \circ m ^\ddagger = \id _{A ^* \otimes A}$. By Lemma~\ref{scalelemma2} this preserves the involution and the unitarity of the monoid, and so we obtain a special unitary \dag\-Frobenius monoid with the same underlying algebra and	[ 29897, 320, 14366, 7722, 29963, 29871, 3311, 9356, 286, 930, 353, 313, 320, 13311, 921, 29892, 285, 29871, 3823, 1289, 9921, 320, 6034, 343, 1723, 320, 29991, 1723, 7722, 29963, 29871, 3311, 9356, 302, 7920, 1836, 5293, 12211, 29991, 6278, 6653, 2144, 14366, 7722, 29963, 29871, 3311, 9356, 302, 930, 353, 320, 2312, 6228, 29876, 320, 3822, 6278, 6653, 29897, 7722, 29963, 29871, 3311, 9356, 302, 7920, 322, 3907, 278, 23697, 320, 8264, 8290, 29888, 29871, 3823, 1289, 9921, 353, 320, 2312, 29871, 14696, 29885, 29899, 29876, 29913, 285, 29871, 3823, 24157, 29938, 1118, 591, 4017, 320, 8264, 8290, 29898, 29888, 320, 6034, 921, 29892, 343, 29897, 7722, 29963, 29871, 3311, 9356, 286, 930, 353, 313, 29916, 29892, 285, 29871, 3823, 24157, 320, 6034, 343, 29897, 7722, 29963, 29871, 3311, 9356, 302, 7920, 29913, 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involution as the original matrix algebra. Taking the direct sum of these for each matrix algebra in the decomposition gives a special unitary \dag\-Frobenius involution monoid, with the same underlying algebra and involution as the original C\-algebra. The implication $2 \Rightarrow 3$ is trivial, and the implication $3 \Rightarrow 1$ is contained in Lemma~\ref{smallcalglemma}, so the three properties are therefore equivalent. We now show that, if these properties hold, the norm and inner product in properties 1 and 2 are admitted uniquely. It is well-known that a C\-algebra admits a unique norm. Now assume that a finite-dimensional complex \mbox{$$-algebra} has two distinct inner products, which give rise to two special unitary \dag\-Frobenius involution monoids. Since these monoids have the same underlying set of elements and the same involution, there is an obvious involution-preserving isomorphism between them given by the identity on the set of elements. But by Lemma~\ref{isosareunitary} any isomorphism of special unitary \mbox{\dag\-Frobenius} involution monoids in \cat{Hilb} is necessarily an isometry, and therefore unitary, and so the inner products on the two monoids are in fact the same. \end{proof} As a result, we can demonstrate some equalities and equivalences of categories. \begin{theorem} The category of finite-dimensional C\-algebras is \jbeginenumerate \item equal to the category of special unitary \dag\-Frobenius involution monoids in \cat{Hilb}; \item equivalent to the category of unitary \dag\-Frobenius involution monoids in \cat{Hilb}; and \item equivalent to the category of \dag\-Frobenius right-involution monoids in \cat{Hilb}; \end{enumerate} \jnoindent where all of these categories have involution-preserving monoid homomorphisms as morphisms. \end{theorem} \jbeginproof We prove 1 by noting that the objects of the category of finite-dimensional \mbox{C\-algebras} are the same as the objects in the category of special unitary \dag\-Frobenius involution monoids in \cat{Hilb}, since in both cases they are involution monoids satisfying one of the first two equivalent properties of Theorem~\ref{maincalgthm}, which can only be satisfied uniquely. The morphisms are also the same, and so the categories are equal. For 2 and 3, we note that both of these types of structure admit C\-algebra norms by Lemma~\ref{smallcalglemma}. This gives rise to functors from the categories of 2 and 3 to the category of finite-dimensional C\-algebras. These functors are full and faithful on hom-sets, since the hom-sets have precisely the same definition in both categories, consisting of all involution-preserving algebra homomorphisms. These functors are also surjective on objects, since given a finite-dimensional C\-algebra, by Theorem~\ref{maincalgthm} we can find an inner product on the underlying vector space such that the $$-algebra is in fact a special unitary \dag\-Frobenius involution monoid. Recall that the latter are the objects in the categories of 2 and 3. Since the two functors are full, faithful and surjective, they are therefore equivalences. \end{proof} \jnoindent Our use of the adjective `equal' here perhaps deserves some explanation. It is only appropriate given the way that we have defined the categories of C\-algebras and of special unitary \dag\-Frobenius monoids, with objects being $$-algebras that have the \emph{property} of admitting an appropriate norm or inner product. Had we instead defined the objects as being $$-algebras \emph{equipped} with their norm or inner product, then the categories would not be equal but isomorphic. \begin{sloppypar} Having demonstrated the equivalence between finite-dimensional C*\-algebras and \mbox{\dag\-Frobenius} monoids, it becomes clear that Lemmas \ref{embedmonoidlemma} and \ref{involembedding} are precisely the finite-dimensional noncommutative Gelfand-Naim	[ 297, 4068, 408, 278, 2441, 4636, 9623, 29889, 323, 5086, 278, 1513, 2533, 310, 1438, 363, 1269, 4636, 9623, 297, 278, 26227, 4076, 263, 4266, 5190, 653, 320, 24157, 29905, 29899, 29943, 307, 1785, 2482, 297, 4068, 1601, 3398, 29892, 411, 278, 1021, 14407, 9623, 322, 297, 4068, 408, 278, 2441, 315, 17710, 29899, 15742, 29889, 13, 13, 1576, 2411, 1414, 395, 29906, 320, 15607, 29871, 29941, 29938, 338, 12604, 29892, 322, 278, 2411, 1414, 395, 29941, 320, 15607, 29871, 29896, 29938, 338, 11122, 297, 11894, 2651, 999, 29912, 9278, 1052, 29887, 13846, 1118, 577, 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ark theorem, that any abstract finite-dimensional C\-algebra has an involution-preserving embedding into the algebra of bounded linear operators on a Hilbert space. It is striking that these lemmas are quite easy to prove from the \dag\-Frobenius monoid point of view, compared to the traditional \mbox{C\-algebra} perspective. However, to prove Theorem~\ref{maincalgthm} we used the decomposition theorem for finite-dimensional C\-algebras from which the finite-dimensional noncommutative Gelfand-Naimark theorem trivially follows, so this does not constitute a new proof; for this, we would need a more direct way to establish the link between finite-dimensional C\-algebras and \dag\-Frobenius monoids. \end{sloppypar} In contrast, some properties of C\-algebras are \emph{harder} to demonstrate from the perspective of \dag\-Frobenius monoids, as demonstrated by Lemma~\ref{involembedding}. The proof of that lemma required 14 applications of identities, while the corresponding property of finite-dimensional C\-algebras, that any involution-closed subalgebra is also a C\-algebra, is trivial. \section{Generalizing the spectral theorem} \label{genspec} \subsubsection{Classical structures and spectral categories} As a consequence of being able to define finite-dimensional C\-algebras internally to a category, we are also able to state the finite-dimensional spectral theorem categorically. As an introduction to this, we first give a brief summary of some of the main ideas of \cite{cpv08-dfb}. We start by introducing an important connection between \emph{commutative} \dag\-Frobenius monoids and finite sets. \begin{defn} In a braided monoidal category, a monoid is \emph{commutative} if the braiding and the multiplication satisfy the \emph{commutativity} equation: \begin{equation} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/monoid-symm2}} = \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/monoid-symm1}} \end{equation} \end{defn} \begin{theorem} \label{theoremhilbset} The category of commutative \dag\-Frobenius monoids in \cat{Hilb} with involution-preserving\footnote{In fact, this involution-preservation condition is not required: as demonstrated in \cite{cpv08-dfb}, every homomorphism of finite-dimensional commutative C\-algebras is involution-preserving. } monoid homomorphisms as morphisms is equivalent to the opposite of \cat{FinSet}, the category of finite sets. \end{theorem} \jbeginproof A commutative \dag\-Frobenius monoid in \cat{Hilb} is balanced-symmetric, since the balancing is the identity in that category, and is therefore unitary by Lemma~\ref{unitarylemma}. By Theorem~\ref{maincalgthm}, the category being constructed is therefore isomorphic to the category of finite-dimensional commutative C\-algebras with algebra homomorphisms as morphisms. We apply the spectral theorem for commutative C\-algebras to obtain the desired result. \end{proof} \jnoindent Put more straightforwardly, a choice of commutative \dag\-Frobenius monoid on a Hilbert space defines a basis for that Hilbert space. In fact, the bases for each space are in precise correspondence to the \emph{special} commutative \dag\-Frobenius monoids, as might be expected from our Theorem~\ref{maincalgthm}; the same basis will be determined by many different \dag\-Frobenius monoids. Theorem~\ref{theoremhilbset} motivates the following definition: \begin{defn} \label{defclasstruct} In a braided monoidal \dag\-category, a \emph{classical structure} is a commutative \dag\-Frobenius monoid. If the underlying object is $A$, then we say that it is a \emph{classical structure on $A$}. \end{defn} \jnoindent Classical structures were first described by Coecke and Pavlovic in \cite{cp06-qmws}, and the philosophy of that paper --- that a classical structure represents the possible	[ 935, 9185, 29892, 393, 738, 9846, 8093, 29899, 12531, 315, 17710, 29899, 15742, 756, 385, 297, 4068, 29899, 4569, 29530, 23655, 964, 278, 9623, 310, 12635, 5608, 12768, 373, 263, 12338, 2151, 2913, 29889, 739, 338, 29191, 393, 1438, 454, 4317, 294, 526, 3755, 4780, 304, 6356, 515, 278, 320, 24157, 29905, 29899, 29943, 307, 1785, 2482, 1601, 3398, 1298, 310, 1776, 29892, 9401, 304, 278, 13807, 320, 8264, 29912, 29907, 17710, 29899, 15742, 29913, 18520, 29889, 2398, 29892, 304, 6356, 10244, 2651, 999, 29912, 3396, 1052, 29887, 12743, 29913, 591, 1304, 278, 26227, 9185, 363, 8093, 29899, 12531, 315, 17710, 29899, 284, 28200, 515, 607, 278, 8093, 29899, 12531, 1661, 2055, 329, 1230, 402, 761, 392, 29899, 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outcomes of \mbox{a measurement ---} is embraced here. \begin{defn} \label{defclasscat} Given a braided monoidal \dag\-category \cat{Q}, its \emph{category of classical structures} $\C(\cat{Q})$ is the category with classical structures in \cat{Q} for objects, and involution-preserving monoid homomorphisms as morphisms. \end{defn} \jnoindent Using this notation, the result in Theorem~\ref{theoremhilbset} can be written as \begin{equation} \label{chilbfinset} \C(\cat{Hilb}) \simeq \cat{FinSet} ^{\mathrm{op}}. \end{equation} \begin{sloppypar} These results give a new perspective on the relationship between finite-dimensional Hilbert spaces and finite sets. We can construct a covariant forgetful functor \mbox{$\textrm{\emph{Forget}} : \C(\cat{Hilb}) \to \cat{Hilb}$} which takes a classical structure to its underlying Hilbert space. We can also construct a covariant functor \mbox{$\textrm{\emph{Free}} : \cat{FinSet} ^{ \mathrm {op}} \to \cat{Hilb}$}, which takes a set to a Hilbert space freely generated by taking that set as an orthonormal basis, and a function between sets to the adjoint of the linear map that has the same action on the chosen basis. Using the equivalence $\C(\cat{Hilb}) \simeq \cat{FinSet} ^{\mathrm{op}}$ implied by Theorem~\ref{theoremhilbset}, we see that the functors \emph{Forget} and \emph{Free} are naturally isomorphic. We have two quite different points of view, which are both equally valid: a set is a Hilbert space with the extra structure of a special commutative \dag\-Frobenius monoid, and a Hilbert space is a set with the extra structure of a complex vector space. \end{sloppypar} One possible point of view is that a classical structure represents a \emph{measurement} performed on the underlying Hilbert space, or rather, on the physical system which has that Hilbert space as its space of states. To say `the possible results of a measurement form a finite set' can then be directly interpreted by the formalism: if we are doing our quantum theory in a braided monoidal \dag\-category \cat{Q}, it is simply the statement that $\C(\cat{Q}) \simeq \cat{FinSet}$. The emergent `classical logic' with which we reason about these measurement results is then more `powerful' when the category $\C(\cat{Q})$ has more interesting properties; for example, it could be a fully-fledged elementary topos, as for the case of \cat{Hilb}. With this in mind, we make the following definition: \begin{defn} A braided monoidal \dag\-category \cat{Q} is \emph{spectral} if $\C(\cat{Q})$ is an elementary topos. \end{defn} \jnoindent Spectral categories can be thought of as generalized settings for quantum theory which admit a particularly good `generalized spectral theorem', or in which measurement outcomes admit a particularly good logic. We describe a class of spectral categories in Theorem~\ref{fqBt}, which have finite Boolean topoi as their categories of classical objects. We briefly mention a connection to other work. \label{didiscussion} D\"oring and Isham \cite{di08-nsp} have developed a topos-theoretic approach to analyzing the logical structure of theories of physics, in which a quantum system is explored through the presheaves on the partially-ordered set of commutative subalgebras of a von Neumann algebra. In finite dimensions von Neumann algebras coincide with C*\-algebras, and therefore also with special unitary \dag\-Frobenius monoids in \cat{Hilb} by Theorem~\ref{maincalgthm}. Given a \dag\-Frobenius monoid of this type, the partially-ordered set of special commutative sub-\dag\-Frobenius monoids can be constructed categorically, and so D\"oring-Isham toposes can be constructed directly from any special unitary \dag\-Frobenius monoid in any braided monoidal \dag\-category. 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1601, 3398, 297, 738, 4105, 2618, 1601, 3398, 284, 320, 24157, 29905, 29899, 7320, 29889, 450 ]	1,024	ArXiv	1.207129	2.642933	0.033741	1.437912
techniques of that research program can then be employed; in particular, we can test whether a generalized Kochen-Specker theorem holds. In fact, we suggest that this approach could be used quite generally to connect the ideas of D\"oring and Isham to other work on monoidal categories in the foundations of quantum physics, such as that of Abramsky, Coecke and others~\cite{ac08-cqm, ce08-tqc}. \subsubsection{The spectral theorem for normal operators} We now turn to the spectral theorem for normal operators, which says that a normal operator on a complex Hilbert space can be diagonalized. For complex Hilbert spaces this follows from the spectral theorem for commutative \mbox{C\-algebras}, since any normal operator generates a commutative \mbox{C\-algebra} and the spectrum of this algebra performs the diagonalization. This will not necessarily be the case in an arbitrary monoidal \dag\-category, with C\-algebras replaced by special unitary \dag\-Frobenius monoids. However, we can nonetheless give a direct categorical description of diagonalization. We proceed by introducing two different categorical properties which capture the geometrical essence of the spectral theorem for normal operators, and then showing that they are equivalent. \begin{defn} \label{compatdefn} In a monoidal category, an endomorphism $f:A \to A$ is \emph{compatible} with a monoid $(A,m,u)$ if the following equations hold: \begin{equation} \begin{array}{ccccc} \psfrag{s}{\raisebox{-0.50pt}{$f$}} \hspace{-10pt} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/compatible-1}} \hspace{-10pt} &=& \hspace{-20pt} \psfrag{s}{\raisebox{-0.50pt}{$f$}} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/compatible-3}} \hspace{-20pt} &=& \hspace{-10pt} \psfrag{s}{\raisebox{-0.50pt}{$f$}} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/compatible-2}} \hspace{-10pt} \hspace{-10pt} \\ m \circ (f \otimes \id _{A}) &=& f \circ m &=& m \circ (\id _{A} \otimes f) \end{array} \end{equation} \end{defn} \begin{defn} \label{intdiag} In a braided monoidal \dag\-category, an endomorphism $f:A \to A$ is \emph{internally diagonalizable} if it can be written as an action of an element of a commutative \dag\-Frobenius algebra on $A$; that is, if it can be written as \begin{equation} \begin{array}{ccc} \hspace{-10pt} \psfrag{s}{\raisebox{-0.50pt}{$f$}} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/intdiag-1}} \hspace{-10pt} & = & \hspace{-10pt} \psfrag{p}{\hspace{-6pt}$\phi _f$} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/intdiag-2}} \hspace{-10pt} \\ f &=& m \circ (\phi_f \otimes \id_ {A}), \end{array} \end{equation} where $m:A \otimes A \to A$ is the multiplication of a commutative \dag\-Frobenius algebra and \mbox{$\phi_f : I \to A$} is a state of $A$. \end{defn} \begin{lemma} \label{diagcompat} An endomorphism $f: A \to A$ is internally diagonalizable if and only if it is compatible with a commutative \dag\-Frobenius monoid. \end{lemma} \jbeginproof Assume that $f$ is internally diagonalizable by the action of an element $\phi_f :I \to A$ of a commutative \dag\-Frobenius monoid $(A,m,u)$, so that $f = m \circ (\phi _f \otimes \id _{A})$. The following pictures must be equal by the associativity and commutativity laws, where the	[ 13698, 310, 393, 5925, 1824, 508, 769, 367, 15723, 29936, 297, 3153, 29892, 591, 508, 1243, 3692, 263, 28803, 8224, 2724, 29899, 10649, 4937, 9185, 8640, 29889, 512, 2114, 29892, 591, 4368, 393, 445, 2948, 1033, 367, 1304, 3755, 6892, 304, 4511, 278, 7014, 310, 360, 5931, 8253, 322, 306, 845, 314, 304, 916, 664, 373, 1601, 3398, 284, 13997, 297, 278, 1476, 800, 310, 12101, 17558, 29892, 1316, 408, 393, 310, 27782, 314, 7912, 29892, 3189, 29872, 10055, 322, 4045, 2651, 2036, 29912, 562, 29900, 29947, 29899, 29883, 29939, 29885, 29892, 2257, 29900, 29947, 29899, 29873, 29939, 29883, 1836, 13, 13, 29905, 23938, 19740, 1576, 23161, 9185, 363, 4226, 12768, 29913, 13, 13, 4806, 1286, 2507, 304, 278, 23161, 9185, 363, 4226, 12768, 29892, 607, 4083, 393, 263, 4226, 5455, 373, 263, 4280, 12338, 2151, 2913, 508, 367, 19640, 1891, 29889, 1152, 4280, 12338, 2151, 8162, 445, 4477, 515, 278, 23161, 9185, 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multiplication is the morphism $m$: \[ \psfrag{p}{\hspace{-6pt}$\phi_f$} { \hspace{-10pt} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/diagiscomp-1}} \hspace{-10pt} } = { \hspace{-10pt} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/diagiscomp-2}} \hspace{-10pt} } = { \hspace{-10pt} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/diagiscomp-3}} \hspace{-10pt} } = { \psfrag{p}{\hspace{-2pt}$\phi _f$} \hspace{-10pt} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/diagiscomp-4}} \hspace{-10pt} } \] The first picture is $f \circ m$, the second is $m \circ (f \otimes \id _{A})$ and the fourth is $m \circ (\id _{A} \otimes f)$, and so $f$ is compatible with the commutative \dag\-Frobenius monoid $(A,m,u)$. Conversely, assuming compatibility of $f$ with a commutative \dag\-Frobenius monoid $(A,m,u)$ and defining \mbox{$\phi _f = f \circ u$}, we have \[ m \circ (\phi _f \otimes \id _{A}) = m \circ \jbigl (f \circ u) \otimes \id _{A} \jbigr = f \circ m \circ (u \otimes \id _{A} ) = f \] and so $f$ is internally diagonalizable. \end{proof} We now show that any internally-diagonalizable endomorphism must be normal, by the properties of commutative \dag\-Frobenius monoids. \begin{lemma} \label{diagisnormal} If an endomorphism $f:A \to A$ is internally diagonalizable, then it is normal. \end{lemma} \jbeginproof The statement that $f$ is internally diagonalizable is equivalent to the statement that $f$ can be written as the left-action of a commutative \dag\-Frobenius monoid. By commutativity this is the same as a right action, and using the notation of the introduction we write this as $R _{\alpha}$ for an element $\alpha \in A$. We then have $f \circ f ^\dag= R _\alpha \circ R _\alpha {}^\dag = R _\alpha \circ R _{\alpha'}$, where $\alpha'$ is defined as in the introduction. By commutativity we have $R _\alpha \circ R _{\alpha'} = R _{\alpha'} \circ R _\alpha$, and so $f \circ f ^\dag = f ^\dag \circ f$. \end{proof} \jnoindent Every internally diagonalizable endomorphism is normal, but is every normal endomorphism internally diagonalizable? This is precisely the content of the conventional spectral theorem for normal operators, and so in \cat{Hilb} the answer is yes. \begin{lemma} \label{hilbinternaldiag} In \cat{Hilb}, every normal endomorphism $f: A \to A$ is internally diagonalizable. \end{lemma} \jbeginproof This follows from the conventional spectral theorem for normal operators. We choose an orthonormal basis set $a_i : \mathbb{C} \to A$, for $1 \leq i \leq \dim(A)$, such that each vector $a_i$ is an eigenvector for $f$. The orthonormal property can be expressed as $a _i ^\dag \circ a_j = \delta _{i j} \id _{\mathbb{C}}$. This basis set is uniquely determined if and only if $f$ is nondegenerate. We use the morphisms $a_i$ to construct a monoid $(A,m,u)$ on $A$ as follows: \begin{align} m &:= \sum _{i=1} ^{\dim(A)} a_i \circ (a_i ^\dag \otimes a_i ^\dag) \\ u &:= \sum _{i=1} ^{\dim(A)} a_i \end{align} It is straightforward to show that this monoid is in fact a \dag\-Frobenius monoid, which copies	[ 21666, 338, 278, 18131, 1608, 395, 29885, 21063, 13, 29905, 29961, 13, 29905, 567, 29888, 1431, 29912, 29886, 3331, 14158, 8499, 29953, 415, 1042, 29905, 2876, 29918, 29888, 17133, 13, 29912, 13, 29905, 14158, 8499, 29896, 29900, 415, 29913, 13, 29905, 7071, 741, 7313, 29912, 6420, 29914, 6051, 351, 275, 2388, 29899, 29896, 930, 13, 29905, 14158, 8499, 29896, 29900, 415, 29913, 13, 29913, 13, 29922, 13, 29912, 13, 29905, 14158, 8499, 29896, 29900, 415, 29913, 13, 29905, 7071, 741, 7313, 29912, 6420, 29914, 6051, 351, 275, 2388, 29899, 29906, 930, 13, 29905, 14158, 8499, 29896, 29900, 415, 29913, 13, 29913, 13, 29922, 13, 29912, 13, 29905, 14158, 8499, 29896, 29900, 415, 29913, 13, 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the chosen basis for $A$. Since this monoid only copies eigenvectors of $f$ it follows that it is compatible with $f$ in the sense of Definition~\ref{compatdefn}, and so by Lemma~\ref{diagcompat}, the morphism $f$ is internally diagonalizable. \end{proof} \subsubsection*{Classical structures in categories of unitary finite-group representations} \begin{sloppypar} An important class of `generalizations' of \cat{FinSet} is given by the \textit{finitary toposes}. A \textit{topos}~\cite{m95-ecet} is a category where the operations familiar from traditional constructive logic can all be defined; in particular, unions, products, function sets and powersets are all available. Technically, a topos\footnote{Experts will notice that this is the definition of an \emph{elementary} topos, the most basic type of topos.} is a category with all finite limits, in which every object has a power object; the other constructions just mentioned can then be derived. An example is the category of finite \cat G-sets, for a finite group \cat G: objects are finite sets equipped with a \cat G-action, and morphisms are functions between the underlying sets which are compatible with the group actions. That such a category is in fact a topos is far from obvious, and relies on powerful general theorems \cite{mm92-sgl}. Given the explicit connection between \cat{FinSet} and \cat{Hilb} established by the equivalence \mbox{$\cat{FinSet} ^\mathrm{op} \simeq \C(\cat{Hilb})$}, it is natural to ask whether there exist generalizations of \cat{Hilb} which have other finitary topoi as their categories of classical structures. A topos obtained in this way could be interpreted as giving the classical counterpart to a quantum theory, in contrast to the D\"oring-Isham toposes discussed on page~\pageref{didiscussion} which give a direct topos-theoretical view of the quantum structure itself. \end{sloppypar} A heuristic argument puts a stumbling block in front of any such attempt.\footnote{I am grateful to Christopher Isham for this argument.} A striking feature of many toposes is that the law of excluded middle can fail, and as a consequence, given a subobject of an object in the topos, the union of the subobject and its complement can fail to give the original object. For a given Hilbert space, a good way to characterize its subobjects is by the projectors on the space. Two projectors $P$ and $Q$ on a Hilbert space represent disjoint subobjects if $PQ = 0$, and in that case their union as subobjects is represented by the projector $P+Q$. We now work in a category intended as a generalization of \cat{Hilb}, assuming only that it is a \dag\-category with hom-sets which are complex vector spaces. Projectors can be defined in this setting as endomorphisms $P$ satisfying $P ^\dag = P^2 = P$, and we can describe disjointness and union using our categorical structure in the manner just described. Given any projector $P$ we will be able to use the complex vector space structure of the hom-sets to construct a new projector $(1 - P),$ where $1$ is the identity on the space. This new projector is disjoint with $P$, and gives the identity under union with $P$, using the general definitions of these terms given above. In a sense, it therefore seems that the law of excluded middle holds. To avoid this conclusion either the \dag\-functor must go so that projectors cannot be straightforwardly defined, or the complex numbers must go so that we cannot ask that the hom-sets be vector spaces over them, but both are core parts of the mathematical formalism of quantum mechanics which cannot be lightly abandoned. We will skirt around this argument by focusing on those toposes for which the excluded middle \emph{does} hold: the Boolean toposes, or at least a finitary subclass of these. We will focus on the following types of category: \begin{defn} \label{fqBt} A \emph{finite quantum Boolean topos} is a symmetric monoidal \dag\-category which has a strong symmetric monoidal \dag\-equivalence to a category \cat{Hilb ^G} of finite-dimensional unitary representations of	[ 278, 10434, 8405, 363, 395, 29909, 1504, 4001, 445, 1601, 3398, 871, 14591, 7388, 345, 14359, 310, 395, 29888, 29938, 372, 4477, 393, 372, 338, 15878, 411, 395, 29888, 29938, 297, 278, 4060, 310, 21940, 2651, 999, 29912, 12667, 12262, 1118, 322, 577, 491, 11894, 2651, 999, 29912, 6051, 351, 12667, 1118, 278, 18131, 1608, 395, 29888, 29938, 338, 25106, 19640, 13902, 29889, 13, 29905, 355, 29912, 8017, 29913, 13, 13, 29905, 23938, 19740, 2385, 936, 12286, 297, 13997, 310, 5190, 653, 8093, 29899, 2972, 22540, 29913, 13, 13, 29905, 463, 29912, 29879, 417, 23717, 862, 29913, 13, 2744, 4100, 770, 310, 421, 17492, 17063, 29915, 310, 320, 4117, 29912, 12881, 2697, 29913, 338, 2183, 491, 278, 320, 7746, 29912, 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some finite groupoid \cat{G}, where \cat{Hilb} is the category of finite-dimensional complex Hilbert spaces and continuous linear maps. \end{defn} \begin{defn} \label{fBt} A \emph{finite Boolean topos} is a category equivalent to a topos of the form \cat{FinSet ^G} for some finite groupoid \cat{G}, where \cat{FinSet} is the topos of finite sets and functions. \end{defn} \begin{theorem} \label{frobtopos} The category of classical structures in a finite quantum Boolean topos is equivalent to a finite Boolean topos, and every finite Boolean topos arises in this way. \end{theorem} \jbeginproof Let \cat{Q} be a finite quantum Boolean topos, for which by definition there exists a strong symmetric monoidal \dag\-equivalence \mbox{$\cat{Q} \simeq \cat{Hilb ^G}$} for a finite groupoid \cat{G}. There is a canonical forgetful \dag\-preserving functor $F: \cat{Hilb ^G} \to \cat{Hilb}$ that takes a unitary \cat{G}\-representation to the Hilbert space on which \cat G is acting. By abuse of notation we will also write $F: \cat{Q} \to \cat{Hilb}$, suppressing the equivalence $\cat{Q} \simeq \cat{Hilb ^G}$. A commutative \dag\-Frobenius monoid $( A, m, u )$ in \cat{Q} gives a commutative \dag\-Frobenius monoid $\jbigl F(A), F(m), F(u) \jbigr$ in \cat{Hilb}, and therefore defines a basis for the Hilbert space $F(A)$ by Theorem~\ref{theoremhilbset}. Each object $A$ of \cat{Q}, via the equivalence with \cat{Hilb ^G}, is actually a \dag\-functor $A :\cat{G} \to \cat{Hilb}$, and for each $g \in \cat{G}$ the morphism \mbox{$A(g) : F(A) \to F(A)$} is a unitary linear map in \cat{Hilb}. The morphisms $F(m)$ and $F(u)$ are intertwiners, which can be expressed by the following commuting diagram that holds for all $g \in \cat{G}$: \[ \begin{diagram}[midshaft,width=75pt,height=23pt] F(A) \otimes F(A) & \rTo ^{A (g) \otimes A(g)} & F(A) \otimes F(A) \\ \dTo <{ F(m) } && \dTo > {F(m)} \\ F(A) & \rTo ^{A (g)} & F(A) \\ \uTo <{F(u)} && \uTo >{F(u)} \\ F(I) & \rEq & F(I) \end{diagram} \] Read differently, this diagram is also precisely the condition for $A(g)$ to be a monoid homomorphism for the commutative \dag\-Frobenius monoid $\jbigl F(A), F(m), F(u) \jbigr$ in \cat{Hilb}. Since the morphism $A(g)$ is invertible, it must act as a permutation of the basis of $F(A)$ defined by the monoid, and the commutative \dag\-Frobenius monoid $( A,m,u )$ therefore corresponds to an action of the groupoid \cat{G} on this basis. Every finite \cat{G}-action must arise in this way, since any \cat{G}-action on a finite set gives rise to a linear \cat{G}-representation on the complex Hilbert space with basis given by elements of the set. Morphisms between commutative \mbox{\dag\-Frobenius} monoids have adjoints which act as set-functions for the induced bases, and these adjoints are compatible with the induced \cat{G}-actions on the basis elements. It follows that the category of commutative \dag\-Frobenius monoids in \cat{Q	[ 777, 8093, 867, 283, 1129, 333, 320, 4117, 29912, 29954, 1118, 988, 320, 4117, 29912, 29950, 309, 29890, 29913, 338, 278, 7663, 310, 8093, 29899, 12531, 4280, 12338, 2151, 8162, 322, 9126, 5608, 11053, 29889, 13, 29905, 355, 29912, 12262, 29913, 13, 13, 29905, 463, 29912, 12262, 29913, 13, 29905, 1643, 29912, 29888, 29933, 29873, 29913, 13, 29909, 320, 7278, 29912, 18925, 11185, 304, 1066, 29913, 338, 263, 7663, 7126, 304, 263, 304, 1066, 310, 278, 883, 320, 4117, 29912, 12881, 2697, 6228, 29954, 29913, 363, 777, 8093, 867, 283, 1129, 333, 320, 4117, 29912, 29954, 1118, 988, 320, 4117, 29912, 12881, 2697, 29913, 338, 278, 304, 1066, 310, 8093, 6166, 322, 3168, 29889, 13, 29905, 355, 29912, 12262, 29913, 13, 13, 29905, 463, 29912, 14648, 29913, 13, 29905, 1643, 29912, 29888, 307, 3116, 459, 359, 29913, 13, 1576, 7663, 310, 14499, 12286, 297, 263, 8093, 12101, 11185, 304, 1066, 338, 7126, 304, 263, 8093, 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Injury Claims Shelby County, IL Personal Injury Claims Shelby County, IL. The Drummond Law Firm specializes in helping injured victims in the Shelby County and greater Southern Illinois area. It is critical for victims to get legal representation to assist with claims and lawsuits. The trial lawyers at Drummond Law specialize in injury law, Social Security, and other practices. Please contact us today for more information and a free case review and consultation. Our Shelby County, IL, injury claim lawyers are here to help clients get the reimbursement they deserve. Drummond Law has more than 40 years of experience in helping clients. It is crucial to get top-notch legal representation if you or a family member has been seriously injured in order to settle a claim. Below, we provide a few statistics about Shelby County, IL, claims and cases: The majority of injury claims involve cars and trucks, according to the Bureau of Justice Statistics. Nearly 5 percent of claims are related to product liability and 15 to medical malpractice. The rest of claims are categorized as "other." The types of compensation you can get varies on multiple factors. The type of injury, the state you are in, and fault, are all considered. We'll discuss this further down this page. There are special and general damages to consider. If you believe you have a claim, there's no harm in contacting to one of our Shelby County personal injury claim lawyers. According to OSHA, unintentional falls at work account for nearly 34,000 deaths a year, which is similar to vehicle mortality rates. It's vital for families to get in touch with a local Shelby County claims lawyer ASAP if there is a serious injury and/or a fatality. You deserve reimbursement for your loss. The CDC notes that there's more than 140,000 unintentional injuries every year. Drummond Law's legal services are free. Our personal claim attorneys are available 24/7 at (844) 706-7710 and can offer advice on how to proceed after an injury. We charge on contingency, which means that if we don't win a claim, you don't pay anything. If you need legal representation for an injury claim or work-comp case, don't hesitate to call. The Drummond team is here to help. Will your claim go to trial? Probably not. Around five percent of cases go to trial. Most are settled out-of-court due to privacy, cost, and efficiency. For a more in-depth look at injury cases and claims, you can reach out to our team today. Drummond Law is a leading workers compensation and Social Security Disability law firm in the Shelby County, IL, area. If you have been in an accident due to negligence or in the workplace, feel free to reach out to our Shelby County injury claims firm now for a free consultation and case review. We've recovered millions for clients and make your reimbursement our number one priority. Your Shelby County, IL, Injury Attorneys There are countless ways you can be injured. commuting to work, riding a rollercoaster, being prescribed the wrong medication, falling down the steps of a bus, and any number of other situations that may cause you harm. The key to winning a personal injury case is proving negligence. There are a couple ways to do this. Here, we list the basic elements of proving negligence: Reasonable Duty of Care: We as a society have a moral "duty of care" in everyday interactions. Proving that there is a duty of care is the first step in proving negligence after an accident. For example, it is a business owner's "duty" to protect their customers from harm, such as fixing protruding nails or a dangerous stairway. Breach: The next step for proving negligence is showing how a person or entity "breached" their duty of care. An example would be a driver blows through a stop sign and hits a car or truck. They know they were supposed to stop, but breached their duty of care by not stopping. Causation: Causation is simply what caused the breach, like a driver knowing they're going too fast. This is the negligent act that breaches any expected duty of care.	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"Greenbergiana", 1989-1996 Writings and Related Materials, 1966-2013 "A Year in the Life of Present Modernism", 1996-1998 Piri Halasz papers, circa 1950-2017 Series 3: Writings and Related Materials , 1966-2013 Boxes 1-4 Included are partial drafts and final texts of articles (published and unpublished) and lectures. Also found are related materials such as correspondence about and contracts for lectures, and correspondence concerning articles not present in Halasz's papers. The lecture titled "1946: As it Saw Itself" is about Ad Reinhardt. Included with this text is a reworking of Ad Reinhardt's Tree of Modern Art drawing by Smithsonian Fellows to commemorate Halasz's departure from her position of fellow. The folder titled "National Museum of American Art" contains the text of a talk about Abraham Rattner. Materials regarding "Ella Blooms at the Gershwin" include the article published in Lingo #7, a photograph and the transcript of an interview with Randy Bloom. The series also contains a manuscript for Halasz's 1985 novel, The Artist's Widow and supplemental material related to her book, A Memoir of Creativity, 1956-2008. Born-digital material includes two PowerPoint presentations related to lectures. Articles, Published Select: Articles, Published "The Impact of Expressionism in N.Y. in the 1940s", 1981 Select: "The Impact of Expressionism in N.Y. in the 1940s", 1981 Correspondence in response to Article on Multi-Referential Imagery, 1983 Select: Correspondence in response to Article on Multi-Referential Imagery, 1983 Interview with Stanley William Hayter, and Article, 1983-1984 Select: Interview with Stanley William Hayter, and Article, 1983-1984 Correspondence regarding "Growing up Progressive,", 1988-1990 Select: Correspondence regarding "Growing up Progressive,", 1988-1990 "Ella Blooms at the Gershwin,", 1991-1997 (2 folders) Select: "Ella Blooms at the Gershwin,", 1991-1997 (2 folders) Select: Art in America, 1982 ARTnews, 1973-1979 Select: ARTnews, 1973-1979 Arts Magazine, 1978-1985 Select: Arts Magazine, 1978-1985 A Gathering of the Tribes Website, 2004-2010 Select: A Gathering of the Tribes Website, 2004-2010 Night Magazine, 1997-1999 Select: Night Magazine, 1997-1999 NYArts, 1998-2005 Select: NYArts, 1998-2005 Smithsonian Magazine, 1973-1986 Select: Smithsonian Magazine, 1973-1986 Assorted Articles, 1966-1969 Select: Assorted Articles, 1966-1969 Articles, Unpublished Select: Articles, Unpublished "Response to an Exhibition" and "A Postscript to Picasso at the MOMA", 1980 Select: "Response to an Exhibition" and "A Postscript to Picasso at the MOMA", 1980 "N.Y. Museum Exhibitions... Multi-Referential Imagery", 1983 Select: "N.Y. Museum Exhibitions... Multi-Referential Imagery", 1983 "Morris Louis and His Critics;" "Poons and Steiner: Growing Up; "2	[ 376, 24599, 2552, 3857, 613, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29947, 29929, 29899, 29896, 29929, 29929, 29953, 13, 29956, 768, 886, 322, 6376, 630, 17582, 29879, 29892, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29953, 29953, 29899, 29906, 29900, 29896, 29941, 13, 29908, 29909, 8905, 297, 278, 4634, 310, 4360, 296, 14624, 1608, 613, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29929, 29953, 29899, 29896, 29929, 29929, 29947, 13, 12197, 374, 8142, 12617, 15055, 29892, 15923, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29945, 29900, 29899, 29906, 29900, 29896, 29955, 13, 19204, 29871, 29941, 29901, 16849, 886, 322, 6376, 630, 17582, 29879, 1919, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29953, 29953, 29899, 29906, 29900, 29896, 29941, 13, 3313, 267, 29871, 29896, 29899, 29946, 13, 797, 13347, 526, 7687, 18195, 29879, 322, 2186, 26442, 310, 7456, 313, 5467, 3726, 322, 443, 5467, 3726, 29897, 322, 13081, 1973, 29889, 3115, 1476, 526, 4475, 17279, 1316, 408, 3928, 663, 1048, 322, 8078, 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Free UK visa extensions for all health care worker... Free UK visa extensions for all health care workers on list Thu, 2020-04-23 01:53 AM Daniel Waldron and Sanwar Ali Sanwar Ali nw-thankyoucollage.jpg Artist Nathan Wyburn Support migrant centric journalism today and donate Latest Update: All health care workers on list in all visa categories included UK visas at the Home Office has confirmed on 29 April 2020 that the free one year extension covers all visa holders on the list of front line health care workers, whose visa is due to expire by 1 October. Not just Tier 2 visa holders and not just NHS health care workers. On the same day UK visas at the Home office extended the free one year visa extension scheme to cover other "frontline workers, including midwives, radiographers, social workers and pharmacists". Those previously included on the list were doctors, nurses and paramedics. It has been commented that UK visas has not published a comprehensive list of health care workers who can come under the free one year extension scheme. Sanwar Ali comment: Unfortunately, UK visa at the Home Office and the Government seem to do this quite a lot. Incomplete information is provided so leading to confusion. So we and others need to provide an analysis of what we think the Government means! Even when the Government provides enough detail we frequently have the opposite problem. it is so long and complicated that people do not have the time to read it and/or do not understand it. For example the Tier 2 Sponsor Guidance for employers to employ people on Tier 2 visas. The Home Office has been accused of causing foreign NHS workers on the frontline in the battle against coronavirus, 'unnecessary distress', over promises made about free UK visa extensions. It's rumoured that the Home Office has restricted the offer of a one-year visa extension to NHS workers with a Tier 2 visa only. On 31 March, 2020 the UK's Home Secretary, Priti Patel announced that foreign workers employed by the NHS – including doctors, nurses and paramedics – whose visas were set to expire before October, would be granted an automatic, one-year visa extension. At the time, Patel said: "I don't want non-UK NHS workers distracted by UK visa and immigration issues as they contribute to the national effort to combat coronavirus." Home Office on UK visas position seemingly changed However, since Patel's announcement on 31 March, it seems the Home Office's position on free UK visa extensions for foreign NHS workers has changed. The UK government's website indicates that the offer is only available to NHS employees with a Tier 2 skilled worker visa. If this is the case, NHS workers with a different type of UK immigration status - for example, those on a family reunion visa or with limited leave to remain - who need to apply for an extension prior to October, would not be eligible for the extension scheme. The Home Office has failed to clarify whether the extension scheme applies to Tier 2 visa holders only, and instead referred to information from the announcement made by the Home Secretary on 31 March. Addressing MPs in the Home Affairs Select Committee on 21 April, chair of the Immigration Law Practitioners' Association (ILPA), Adrian Berry, said: "There's either been a shift in policy or a lack of clarity." Berry insisted that whatever the case, the scheme should be made available to 'all NHS workers.' Berry argued that immigration lawyers are forced to rely on Home Office notifications posted online, which occur sporadically and often give no indication that there has been any changes. The ILPA chair said: "We're all forced to look online and try to find out. There isn't a single source of information." Home Office communication is terrible In a briefing statement published on 20 April, the ILPA said: "If the policy has been adjusted to exclude anyone who is not on a Tier 2 visa, this is 'clearly unfair' to anyone covered by the earlier announcement, but not under these changes and amounts to an 'entirely unsatisfactory' manner in which to make such policy changes, not least because the earlier version was not easily accessible." 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an, said that the Home Office needs to clarify the NHS visa extension issue as a 'matter of urgency.' Ms Lenegan told The Independent: "This is frustrating both for those non-Tier 2 NHS workers who do not know whether or not they will need to apply to extend their leave, as well as for immigration lawyers who are having to try and advise clients on the basis of information that is constantly shifting, with no explanation being provided from the Home Office." The ILPA's legal director added that the situation will cause additional distress for foreign NHS staff, which could have been avoided. Exclusion of private sector healthcare workers and others The exclusion of private sector healthcare workers, as well as members of the NHS workforce such as cleaners and porters, from the visa extension scheme has also raised concerns. Adrian Berry told MPs: "It doesn't extend to agency workers who are employed by private hospitals but who are now providing NHS care because the private sector has been brought into that. They need to be included as well." "The scheme should be extended to hospital porters, healthcare assistants and cleaners working for the NHS. These are the sort of people that without whom, hospitals could not function properly. The scheme should not be limited to a certain type of NHS worker," Mr Berry added. Rumours that the extension scheme will only apply to Tier 2 visa holders comes after MPs urged the Home Office to open the scheme to foreign workers in the social care sector, arguing that they too are working to support the national effort in the battle against coronavirus. Chair of the Home Affairs Select Committee, Yvette Cooper, said: "Care workers should also be included in the changes so that they do not have to go through a 'costly and burdensome' visa process during this time." Coronavirus in the UK As of 22 April, the number of confirmed coronavirus cases stood at 129,044 with 17,337 deaths reported. However, there are reports that the death toll could be as much as double the amount specified by official figures. Coronavirus related deaths recorded on Tuesday, 21 April amounted to 828, nearly double the 449 reported on Monday, 20 April. Latest coronavirus updates, visa and immigration restrictions For the latest updates on the coronavirus, plus details of visa and immigration restrictions worldwide, check Workpermit.com's news feed to stay informed. To apply for a UK visa extension amid the coronavirus pandemic, see this recent Workpermit.com news report. Workpermit.com can help with Tier 2 Visa Sponsor Licence and Tier 2 Visa If you need help with a Tier 2 visa, or a Tier 2 Sponsor Licence, including help with complying with your Tier 2 Sponsor Licence obligations, workpermit.com can help. For more information and advice on Tier 2 Sponsor Licences, UK immigration law and UK visa applications please contact us on 0344 991 9222 or at london@workpermit.com Tags: Labor Sonia Lenegan Yvette Cooper Home Office UK government Immigration Law Practitioners' Association NHS Adrian Berry Home Office on UK Home UK visa extensions for more health care workers announced 1:33 30/04/2020 Sanwar Ali comment: Many overseas healthcare workers will surely be pleased to hear the good news that more people will receive automatic one year visa extensions. Priti Patel the Home Secretary has... 7145691679_88df1bae47_z.jpg Worried cancer patient with UK visa told to return to Ukraine Sanwar Ali comment: Fortunately, since this report initially came out, UK visa policy has changed and now all foreign nationals whose visa expires between 24 January 2020 and 31 May 2020 and who are... 14502614406_aec3187f2a_z.jpg Brexit day and UK immigration and visa update 31 Jan 20 Sanwar Ali comment: Finally after all the arguments, and drama over the last few years Britain is leaving the EU tonight at 11pm UK time. 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The people behind the numbers Twenty-three homeless people are estimated to have died in Bristol in 2019, according to the Office for National Statistics. Along with cities like Liverpool, Manchester, and Birmingham, Bristol tragically ranks amongst the most affected in England and Wales. Homelessness is a complex issue but the simple truth is this: one person sleeping rough is one person too many; one death on our streets is one death too many. The pandemic has only further highlighted this long-standing injustice. Working together as One City, since March we have supported 1,200 people with housing placements and helped 700 more families keep a roof over their heads. Across Bristol, people are struggling to make ends meet – only a few steps away from crisis. It has never been more important to safeguard our city's safety net, and we continue to provide a range of support to Bristolians. To seek advice if you, or someone you know, is at risk from homelessness, please visit our dedicated website for advice and support. If you are concerned about someone sleeping rough, please make a referral through Street Link. It is welcome that Bristol has secured almost £5 million of funding towards longer-term solutions, including additional accommodation and wrap-around services. Our hope is that there will be a clear and sustainable funding settlement for homelessness, so that we never return to the endless bidding-and-waiting bingo structure; otherwise uncertainty will continue to compound crises, with all that means for those depending on councils to help end this injustice. Human Rights Day: Treating everyone with dignity and respect To mark this occasion, today's blog comes from my Inclusion Adviser on Migration, Forward Maisokwadzo Today is Human Rights Day, 10 December – the day the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) in 1948. This milestone document proclaims the inalienable rights to which everyone is entitled as human beings – regardless of race, colour, religion, sex, gender, language, political or other opinion, national or social origin, or any other status. The Declaration arose from a desire to never again witness the dreadful inhumanity which had led to millions of people being killed in a war that had affected the globe. It was never a set of supreme statements but a set of practical standards by which humanity should seek to live and conduct itself, by which the nations of the world would co-exist in peace and unity. It is all about what it means to be human. This year's Human Rights Day theme, Recover Better – Stand Up for Human Rights, relates to the COVID-19 pandemic and focuses on the need to build back better by ensuring Human Rights are central to recovery efforts. It could not be more relevant. We will only achieve our common global goals if we are able to create equal opportunities for all, address the failures exposed and fueled by the COVID-19 crisis, and apply human rights standards to tackle entrenched, systemic, and intergenerational inequalities, exclusion and discrimination. December 10is an opportunity to reaffirm the importance of human rights in re-building our city and the world we want, the need for global solidarity, (including city to city) as well as to celebrate interconnectedness and shared humanity. The UN Human Rights' generic call to action "Stand Up for Human Rights" aims to engage the general public and the UN family to bolster transformative action and showcase practical and inspirational examples that can contribute to recovering better and fostering more resilient and just societies. From here in Bristol I am aware of so many events and debates being held, nationally and across the globe, to acknowledge and celebrate this day. I am sure these events, debates and discussions, the majority of them being held virtually due to the pandemic, will provide an opportunity to highlight what has been achieved to date while at the same time pointing us all to the work that still needs to be done. Three global issues – the pandemic, racial inequality, and the climate emergency – show that what we have in common as human beings is far more important than our differences. As we look ahead to 2021, what are the pivotal human rights issues that all of us should be paying attention to? We are at the dawn of a decade when the decisions we make as a City and in society at large on how to address economic inequality, climate change, techn	[ 450, 2305, 5742, 278, 3694, 13, 27418, 6478, 29899, 17536, 3632, 6393, 2305, 526, 15899, 304, 505, 6423, 297, 1771, 19639, 297, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29896, 29929, 29892, 5034, 304, 278, 11367, 363, 3086, 27098, 29889, 838, 549, 411, 14368, 763, 24607, 29892, 19659, 29892, 322, 350, 28836, 29892, 1771, 19639, 25305, 1711, 27871, 22611, 278, 1556, 15201, 297, 5408, 322, 13706, 29889, 13, 24259, 6393, 2264, 338, 263, 4280, 2228, 541, 278, 2560, 8760, 338, 445, 29901, 697, 2022, 8709, 292, 12164, 338, 697, 2022, 2086, 1784, 29936, 697, 4892, 373, 1749, 19756, 338, 697, 4892, 2086, 1784, 29889, 13, 1576, 7243, 24552, 756, 871, 4340, 12141, 287, 445, 1472, 29899, 11235, 297, 5143, 625, 29889, 24176, 4208, 408, 3118, 4412, 29892, 1951, 4779, 591, 505, 6969, 29871, 29896, 29892, 29906, 29900, 29900, 2305, 411, 27261, 2174, 29883, 4110, 322, 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ological innovation, and political polarisation will shape our shared future for generations to come. I hope there will be a sense that human rights are the concern of all, and not just the concern of a particular minority interest group. The challenge is increasingly to make human rights part and parcel of ordinary discourse, debate and priority especially in the current environment where political debate has often become toxic and divisive, and basic human rights become invisible. The world does not stand still and as we celebrate human rights today we need to consider the challenges which are affecting our communities now. We must stand united with so many groups across Bristol, the UK and globally who are calling for everyone to be treated with dignity and respect: the carers, LGBT communities, children, older people, people affected by dementia, black and minority ethnic communities, people seeking sanctuary and other migrant communities, people with learning disabilities, people affected by the Windrush scandal, women experiencing domestic violence, among many others. The UK has long played a leading role in protecting human rights across the globe and was one of the first nations to sign the UDHR. British lawyers drafted the European Convention on Human Rights in 1950, which in 1998 was given further effect in UK law through the Human Rights Act. As we celebrate this global Human Rights Day and in the midst of a pandemic, it is worrying the Government has recently ordered to review the Human Rights Act. Such a move Amnesty International says puts some communities and rights at risk. The human rights watchdog stressed that it is important for Government to understand that promoting universal human rights should not just be abroad, but here at home as well. Hillsborough, Grenfell, and other issues underline the importance of an effective Human Rights Act here in the UK. As we celebrate Human Rights Day the Government needs to reflect on whether there is need to review the rights and freedoms that underpin our democracy. End Our Cladding Scandal Posted on December 8, 2020 by marvinjrees Three-and-a-half years on from the tragic fire at Grenfell Tower, there is still a real lack of clarity from the Government on how to tackle remaining cladding issues. Justice4Grenfell, the Fire Brigades' Union, and other campaigners are right to continue to highlight dangerous building materials and need for stronger regulations. Bristol residents remain understandably worried about if and when cladding will be replaced, who will be doing the work, and who will be footing the bill. In the meantime, around the country, concerning reports are emerging of leaseholders not being able to move or sell due to a shortage of certified inspectors; properties being mis-advertised amid a market crisis; freeholders refusing inspections; and forms being signed off by unqualified persons. This issue cuts across a number of national government departments – demanding both major attention and, most likely, several billion pounds worth of funding. Full Council is due to consider a cross-party motion this afternoon on this subject, which has been published on the council's website. Ahead of the meeting, I can confirm my support for the End Our Cladding Scandal campaign, calling for much needed additional support from national government. While only national government currently has the resources to fund a comprehensive solution, options are being explored for how the council might support residents. This could include lobbying private building owners and housing associations, and looking at what scope exists for pre-occupation planning conditions to be withheld where there are outstanding issues in Bristol. The motion, strengthened by Cllr Nicola Beech, my Cabinet Member for Spatial Planning and City Design, also explores whether the Council might be able to use freeholder application fees to upskill and sustain a dedicated building control team to perform EWS1 assessments. There is also consideration of a training scheme for local councillors and encouraging these representatives to increase pressure on freeholders as needed. For more information about improvements to fire safety in council houses and high-rise blocks, please visit the Council's dedicated webpage. Supporting Bristol's hospitality sector The Government has placed Bristol into tier 3, but left the city's businesses and council with a multi-million pound shortfall. We support the calls by the Bristol Association of Restaurants, Bars, and Independent Establishments (BARBIE) for more support from the Government. Here's my full reply to their recent letter. 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sharing the attached letter with me and for reaching out regarding support for Bristol's hospitality sector. I appreciate how challenging this year has been, particularly for those working in hospitality. The way in which businesses have adapted to keep people safe in recent months has been phenomenal, although this will have undoubtedly taken its toll. I recognise there are gaps in support and have written to government several times on the issue. I have also spoken publicly about the need for more comprehensive support, most recently alongside Andy Burnham, Sadiq Khan and Steve Rotherham in collaboration with ExcludedUK. Unfortunately, I have no power to ask that landlords don't collect rent and Bristol City Council is not in a position to pay the rents of hospitality businesses. We are facing a multi-million pound black hole as a result of the pandemic, with the real prospect of cuts being made as a result of inadequate support from government. I am pleased to see you including the city's MPs in the conversation, as they are well placed to raise these issues on the national stage. I'm keen we continue working closely with the sector and would be grateful if you could help us to quantify the impact on hospitality businesses in the city. For example, do you have figures relating to the rent arrears that businesses may be facing and the costs associated with your asks? This will allow us to consider how best to highlight this issue. We will continue to use the tools available to us to support all those who have signed your letter, as well as drawing attention to the challenges facing the sector more broadly. Thank you once again for reaching out and I look forward to hearing from you. Marvin Rees Mayor of Bristol Today's guest blog is from Councillor Afzal Shah, Cabinet Member for Sustainable Growth, Climate, and Ecology and Labour Councillor for Easton. Small Business Saturday is a welcome opportunity for us to celebrate the vital importance of small businesses to local neighbourhoods and communities. By shopping at our local businesses, and on our local high streets, we help ensure that they receive the vital support which they deserve in the run up to the all-important Christmas shopping period. Simply put: shopping locally is shopping sustainably. Small local businesses employ local people and invest locally, but have faced unprecedented difficulty throughout the year. We are keen to ensure our high streets and local businesses are vibrant, sustainable, and continue to thrive as much as possible. We know that 2020 has been tough, and continue to provide a range of support to local businesses and call for more help from national Government. In Easton, as local residents and councillors, Councillor Ruth Pickersgill and I know how loved local independent businesses are. Along Stapleton Road and St Marks Road, local eateries, pubs, grocers, supermarkets, florists, gift shops, post offices, and much more besides contribute much to our vibrant local identity – alongside charities, places of worship, and other community groups. Traders associations have brought an entrepreneurial buzz to the area, with still more potential in the regeneration of the old job centre building. To help highlight Bristol businesses, Thangam Debbonaire, the MP for Bristol West, has started the #IndependentBristol campaign on social media, encouraging people to use the hashtag to profile independent shops, restaurants and other small businesses in the run up to Christmas. With Marvin, Ruth and I showcased Britain's best high street to David Lammy MP during the summer Local small businesses continue to play a pivotal in local communities, especially when most of us were confined to our homes for much of this year. Local businesses espouse a sense of friendship and interaction between shoppers and staff. It is these local businesses that, according to the Federation of Small Businesses, offer employment to almost 3 million people, and nobody quite knows local communities in the same way as local retailers and shopkeepers. All in all, local small businesses make a huge contribution to the local economy, locally investing over 60 pence in every £1 – they really are the lifeblood of the UK's economy. International Day of People with Disabilities 3rd December is International Day of People with Disabilities; to mark this day I have invited the Disabled Colleagues Network at Bristol City Council to write today's blog	[ 19383, 278, 10959, 5497, 411, 592, 322, 363, 20888, 714, 11211, 2304, 363, 1771, 19639, 29915, 29879, 13457, 537, 17535, 29889, 13, 29902, 11188, 920, 18066, 292, 445, 1629, 756, 1063, 29892, 10734, 363, 1906, 1985, 297, 13457, 537, 29889, 450, 982, 297, 607, 5381, 267, 505, 23430, 304, 3013, 2305, 9109, 297, 7786, 7378, 756, 1063, 27791, 284, 29892, 5998, 445, 674, 505, 563, 283, 3116, 23244, 4586, 967, 304, 645, 29889, 13, 29902, 5936, 895, 727, 526, 330, 2547, 297, 2304, 322, 505, 3971, 304, 5874, 3196, 3064, 373, 278, 2228, 29889, 306, 505, 884, 19182, 970, 368, 1048, 278, 817, 363, 901, 15171, 6270, 2304, 29892, 1556, 10325, 19963, 21828, 16640, 3391, 29892, 317, 10129, 29939, 18915, 322, 13981, 390, 1228, 3391, 297, 24771, 411, 1222, 13347, 19960, 29889, 13, 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. The Disabled Colleagues Network strives to drive change for disabled people within the council, working with colleagues from all service areas and departments to make Bristol City Council a great place for disabled people to work and feel valued. International Day of People with Disabilities promotes equality for people with disabilities in all areas of society and brings to attention the benefits that disabled people contribute in every aspect of political, social, economic and cultural society. This year's theme is 'Not all Disabilities are Visible', aiming to spread awareness of invisible disabilities as well as the impact that Covid-19 has had on mental health. This year's theme highlights that many disabilities are not immediately apparent but can still have an impact on people's lives, these include but are not limited to mental health problems, chronic pain or fatigue, sight or hearing impairments, HIV, cancer, diabetes, epilepsy, brain injuries, neurological disorders, conditions on the autistic spectrum and learning difficulties. In this blog we are celebrating our diversity, how we are all differently able and championing the rights to equality under the social model of disability. Imagine a world where there are no barriers to education, housing, health and social care, buildings and facilities and where flexible policies, practices and procedures are in place for everyone. The social model of disability states that it is society which disables impaired people. If society was set up in a way that was accessible for people with disabilities then they would not be excluded or restricted and there would be no limits to what can be achieved. Disabled people are extremely resourceful, great problem solvers, creative thinkers and warriors in their determination to succeed. There are numerous examples of disabled people working doubly hard to overcome the barriers set by society and in their work places to achieve enormous feat's and make the world a better place. Here are but a few: Marsha de Cordova the Labour Shadow Secretary of State for Women and Equalities, continues to expose deep-rooted structural inequalities in our society; Teenage climate activist Greta Thunberg states 'I have Aspergers and that means I'm sometimes a bit different from the norm. And – given the right circumstances- being different is a superpower'; Actor Daniel Radcliffe who is most famous for his role as Harry Potter declares "Go boldly and honestly through the world. Learn to love the fact that there is nobody else quite like you." Michael Phelps, American Swimmer noted " You can't put a limit on anything. The more you dream, the further you get." Dr Benjamin Zephaniah a nationally recognised poet and author points out "If someone can't understand dyslexia it's their problem. In the same way, if someone oppresses me because of my race I don't sit down and think, "How can I become white?" It's not my problem, it's theirs and they are the ones who have to come to terms with it." Even the Royal Family live with disabilities, with Prince Harry revealing his struggles with mental health and advocating for more awareness and support for those with mental health problems. Over a billion people, about 15% of the world's population, have some form of disability and rates of disability are increasing due to population ageing and increases in chronic health conditions, among other causes. Despite disabled people making up a large proportion of the world's population we still face challenges in education and employment and disabled people are significantly more likely to be victims of crime than non-disabled people. These structural inequalities in our society have been exposed as a result of the Covid-19 pandemic, leaving many disabled people isolated, disconnected, coping with disrupted routines and diminished services, greatly impacting on their lives and mental wellbeing. Due to the stigma surrounding disability many people choose not to identify as disabled for fear of discrimination. This creates disproportionate data for disabled people and leaves many without the support they need to live their daily lives. This is why it is important we start a more inclusive conversation about disability to break the silence and realise the endless possibilities for disabled people and their value to society. On 21 September 2020 Councillor Asher Craig announced the launching of the Mayor's Disability Equality Commission. 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on disabled people. It is important that the whole city is involved and that the commission is accessible to all social-demographics. This will feed into the experiences and position of Disabled people in Bristol and develop strategic plans to tackle inequality. The advertisement for the independent Chair of the Commission will be shared through Disabled networks in the city in December 2020. Following the appointment of an Independent Chair, they will then lead on the recruitment of Commissioners. It is hoped the commission will be officially launched by spring 2021, when it will be handed over to a Disability organisation in Bristol who will help to support and co-ordinate the Commissions work. The Mayor and Deputy Mayor for Communities, Equalities and Public Health committed to taking positive action and that is what the Commission is doing. "You said We did". If you are a Disabled person, a Disabled staff network, an organisation of Disabled people or an organisation working on Disabled people's issues and would like to be included in the consultation process please email mayor@bristol.gov.uk To all disabled people across the world we wish you a Happy International Day of People with Disabilities. Today's guest blog is from Aled Osborne, Fundraising and Communications manager for Brigstowe and LGBT & HIV activist. World AIDS Day is a global awareness day that is held annually on December 1st. This day is an opportunity for people worldwide to unite in the fight against HIV, to show support for people living with HIV, and to commemorate those who have died from an AIDS-related illness. In the UK over 105,000 people are living with HIV. Despite the virus only being identified in 1984, more than 35 million people have died, making it one of the most destructive pandemics in history. 2020 for all of us has been a challenging year but here at Brigstowe, along with our city-wide partners, we are all dedicated in ensuring this year's World Aids Day is no different. Brigstowe are a local HIV support charity. We support anyone living with or affected by HIV in Bristol and the surrounding area and have been doing so for nearly 25 years. Today, advancements in treatment mean that people living with HIV can live long and healthy lives. This treatment means they cannot pass HIV onto their sexual partners. Men and women living with HIV can now start families safe in the knowledge that their child will not be diagnosed as HIV positive. This is known as U=U or Undetectable=Untransmittable. Despite these medical advancements, societal attitudes still remain in the past. People do not know the facts of living with HIV in 2020 and stigma and discrimination remain a reality. 1 in 3 people living with HIV have faced HIV-related stigma and people living with HIV are twice as likely to be diagnosed with depression as the general public. It is also this stigma that prevents people from getting tested. In Bristol it is estimated that 8% of people living with HIV are undiagnosed. It is also this stigma which, for the approximately 1000 people living with HIV in Bristol, can prevent them from feeling part of a community and maintaining long and meaningful relationships. From City Leadership, NHS Services to third sector we are all committed to ending new HIV diagnoses by 2030 and to eradicating HIV-related stigma. That is why we as a City are part of the global Fast Track Cities Initiative. The Bristol Fast Track City action plan is also included in the Bristol One City plan. The work Bristol is doing is leading the way. Our partners at Unity Sexual Health were able to be one of the first UK cities to deliver on the National PrEP (Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis – a drug which has been proven to prevent HIV acquisition) roll-out and during the first lockdown initiated a programme to test the homeless communities of Bristol. As a result of our Fast Track Cities partnership, nearly £500k in funding has recently been secured from The Health Foundation for a three year project to tackle HIV inequalities in African and Caribbean heritage communities of Bristol. In March, Bristol was visited by the National HIV Commission. 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0. These will be published today, on World AIDS Day, in an event including Sir Elton John. Standing up for #ExcludedUK Posted on November 30, 2020 by marvinjrees Since the pandemic, three million people have been excluded from meaningful national government financial support. New starters, newly self-employed, new small businesses, those on parental leave, on freelance short-term contracts, and other workers left behind make up 10% of the UK's workforce. After being left to fall through the cracks, Excluded UK was set up to campaign for more support. Key sectors in and around our city have been hit hard this year – with support from Government lacking so far. Bristol's economy now has at least 8,000 fewer jobs than at the start of the pandemic. 100,000 Bristolians are employed in, or in work supported by, the night time economy and creative and cultural sectors. We have quadrupled the council's business team so that they can distribute grants swiftly to those who are eligible, but we share the frustration about gaps in the national system and strict conditions attached to the funding which we do have. As administration, we have also supported the #LetUsDance campaign, to extend protection for the dance music sector, and the Raise the Bar campaign, to give thousands more businesses access to business rates relief. With Andy Burnham, the Mayor of Greater Manchester, and Steve Rotheram, the Mayor of Liverpool City Region, last week I met with Excluded UK and heard first-hand about the impact of the Government's lack of support. People affected are really struggling, and so I have written to the Chancellor of the Exchequer to highlight the issues raised and call for more to do be done to help people through this crisis. I have also signed a joint letter organised by Prospect and Bectu with other trade unions, business leaders, industry bodies, and Mayors. You can check out the video from last week's event and the letters, below. My letter to the Chancellor in support of ExcludedUK and the Alliance for Full Employment Joint letter to the Chancellor with trade unions, businesses, and Mayors Sadiq Khan, Andy Burnham, Steve Rotheram, and Dan JarvisDownload The importance of aid One of my first jobs was with Tearfund, a leading UK charity working to end poverty around the world. I met fellow development workers and the people whose lives were changing for the better, and was inspired to support Jubilee 2000's campaign for debt relief for the world's poorest countries. British aid can be a truly powerful force for good, as we saw last year after a cyclone destroyed 90% of Beira, Bristol's twin city in Mozambique. Some say that charity starts at home. That's a perfectly valid point of view, and a sentiment which people will no doubt have added sympathy for in times as tough as these. But Bristolians will struggle to believe that is the approach of this Government, who just weeks ago refused to feed hungry children in Bristol and across the UK during the October half-term. Like the Prime Minister dissolving the Department for International Development within two months of taking office, cutting international aid is a short-sighted and backward step. The current legislation sets our contribution at 0.7% of Gross National Income: rising when the economy grows, and falling when it contracts. In the midst of a crisis like the current pandemic, that makes sense – but the Government has instead chosen to cut aid spending by almost three-times the forecasted fall in the UK's economy. Nor is this a party political issue. Government Ministers who understand the economic logic of 'aid then trade' have resigned over this. A Conservative former Secretary of State for International Development has warned that these cuts risk pushing more people into extreme poverty and – by reducing childhood immunisations and scaling back healthcare investments which stop women from dying in childbirth – contributing to 100,000 preventable deaths around the world. Through international networks like the Mayors' Migration Council and Global Parliament of Mayors, and in partnership with the C40, we work together with cities from every continent to tackle common challenges. 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Bespoke treatments, custom formulas and dreamy locations come together to up the luxe quotient in the Queenstown region. Tina Mathieson first fell in love with the region when walking the Milford Track with her husband over 16 years ago. "We were hooked! We purchased land, built a home on a lifestyle block and have never looked back," she says. Today Mathieson runs Caci's picturesque clinic. The Remarkables from the clinic's dramatic backdrop. With an array of appearance medicine treatments and facials customised to individual skin types, Caci caters to both local residents and visitors. Whether you want to end an action-packed day or pampering session the perfect way, no Queenstown getaway is complete without a soak in one of Onsen's Japanese-inspired cedar hot pools. Perched above the Shotover Canyon, the pools take relaxation to the next level. Pure natural water fills and refreshes each of the hot tubs. Try: Opt for The Onsen by Lantern Light ($108 for two adults). You'll be surrounded by Japanese lanterns and, on a clear night, a sky full of stars. Onsen Hot Pools, 160 Arthurs Point Rd, Arthurs Point, Queenstown, ( 03 ) 442 5707, onsen.co.nz. For those looking for a familiar, trusted spa that'll cater to all those holiday beauty needs, make a beeline for this contemporary spot. Looking for some waxing, nail work or an efficacious facial? Visit the quaint yet contemporary Spring Queenstown, an offshoot of Auckland's award-winning East Day Spa. Step inside the bright, cheery space to be greeted by friendly staff. You'll find just what you need on the treatment menu: the clinical facials use leading cosmeceutical brand Environ, and there's even a Jet Lag Remedy – banish swollen limbs quickly – and a Trail Blazer treatment, perfect for post-tramping aches and pains. Try: The Margaret Dabbs Supreme Manicure ($95 for 60 minutes) will ensure your nails look the part for your Queenstown getaway. Pick from a fabulous array of nail colours – from wearable nudes to vibrant corals – and experience this indulgent manicure that uses the full range of the renowned Margaret Dabbs collections. The treatment concludes with a relaxing hand-and-arm massage. Spring Queenstown, cnr Earl St & Church Ln, Queenstown, (03) 409 0077, springspa.com. Sofitel's So Spa takes a unique approach to pampering. With treatments inspired by dining menus – pick from starters, mains or desserts – you can build your personalised pampering session. Combine one of each for a serious day of relaxation and indulgence or opt for one treatment if you're short on time. So Spa offers quality local and international products and treatments. Indulge in a Greenstone massage, which uses warmed greenstone to melt away tension, or be whisked away to Japan with a Hanakasumi massage. Try: The Manuka Honey Facial ($135 for 60 minutes) uses an antioxidant-rich ingredient that boosts skin hydration, repairs damaged skin and will leave you with a radiant complexion. Sofitel So Spa, 8 Duke St, Queenstown, (03) 450 0045, sofitel-queenstown.com. There's something cathartic about taking to Queenstown's lake-fringed roads, and the 20-minute drive to Millbrook Resort sets the scene for what's to come. our destination, it's easy to see why The Spa at Millbrook has acquired impressive accolades over the years – the spa won the 2016 Luxury Spa Hotel award and was named New Zealand's Best Resort Spa at the World Luxury Spa Awards 2016. 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Need a Vacation? Hotel/Condo Flight + Hotel Flight + Hotel + Car Flight + Car Hotel + Car Time Any Morn. Noon Eve. 12 AM 1 AM 2 AM 3 AM 4 AM 5 AM 6 AM 7 AM 8 AM 9 AM 10 AM 11 AM 12 PM 1 PM 2 PM 3 PM 4 PM 5 PM 6 PM 7 PM 8 PM 9 PM 10 PM 11 PM Europe> Germany> Berlin Vacations & Travel Berlin Vacations Berlin, Germany's capital, and largest city is recognized as a global center of culture and creative industry. Berlin Travel Packages Region: Germany Featured Berlin Hotel Hilton Berlin Our 4-Star classification designates those properties with well-appointed, deluxe accommodations, extensive amenities and comprehensive guest services. Expect attention to detail and a warm and hospitable staff ready to cater to your needs. These superb properties offer a truly refined getaway. With beautiful, modern accommodations and a perfect location in Berlin's city center, this hotel offers the perfect venue to begin your adventure in Germany. See All Berlin Hotels > The infamous Berlin wall that once divided the city came crashing down on November 9, 1989, to unite the country in democracy. Today, Berlin's 18th-century Brandenburg Gate stands as a symbol of reunification. The city is a bastion of culture, politics, media, and science as it looks forward to tomorrow with its extensive biomedical, electronics and high-tech firms. Many vacationers who visit Berlin in search of history, leave with a new appreciation of its culture through its renowned museums, orchestras, entertainment venues and fabulous food. Visit Berlin's impressive Brandenburg Gate, a former symbol of a divided city's Iron Curtain. View the infamous Checkpoint Charlie border crossing between East and West Berlin and its informative museum. Experience the moving monument to the Jewish victims of WWII at the Holocaust Memorial, designed by New York architect Peter Eisenman in 2005. Explore some of the more than 19,000 animals of the Berlin Zoo, which first opened in 1844. View the city's largest church, The Cathedral of Berlin (Berliner Dom), which is a center for the Protestant Church of Germany. Visit the imposing neo-Renaissance Reichstag, the seat of the German parliament from 1871 to 1918. In 1999, the parliament once again assembled within the rebuilt Reichstag building, with its newly designed glass dome, located near the Brandenburg Gate. Shop and people watch along the Kurfürstendamm, one of Berlin's most famous boulevards. Visit the shops, restaurants, and theatres on Friedrichstraße in the districts of Mitte and Kreuzberg. Search for art, antiques, food and seasonal items at Berlin's renowned weekly markets located across the city. Take plenty of time to explore the eight-story Kaufhaus des Westens (Department Store of the West), called KaDeWe. Originally constructed in 1907, it was destroyed during WWII and reopened during the 1950s. KaDeWe is Europe's second largest department store, after Harrods in London, and attracts nearly 50,000 visitors per day. The store is located on Tauentzienstraße near the center of the former West Berlin. From warehouse clubs to techno clubs, charming beer gardens to fancy cocktail caverns, and sassy cabarets to elegant orchestras, Berlin caters to every taste, budget and age group. Before Germany's reunification, there was no official closing time in West-Berlin, so partying until dawn was officially legal. This trend continued after reunification, and today the city is renowned as the capital of warehouse clubs and techno clubs. Prater Garten has been around since 1897, making it the oldest beer garden; it even survived bombings in WWII. Berlin with Kids Kids love to visit the Berlin Zoo, home to thousands of animals from giraffes to sea lions. 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Terrorist attack, women ban mar biggest by-polls Dawn.comUpdated August 22, 2013 A Pakistani election worker helps a woman to place her thumb print on a ballot paper during elections in Islamabad, Pakistan, Thursday, Aug. 22, 2013. – AP Photo — File photo — File photo/AFP ISLAMABAD: The votes in the biggest ever by-elections in Pakistan's history have now almost completely been counted. By and large the polls were conducted in an orderly manner although it has been marred by few allegations of rigging, terrorist attack on Pakistan Army troops and women being denied the right to vote. The polls are not expected to shatter the status quo in the country's political discourse; however it will indicate the mood of the public regarding the incumbent political parties. No massive change was witnessed in Sindh and Balochistan, like in the May 11 general elections, as the ruling Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz (PML-N) again topped the electoral race bagging 18 of 39 national and provincial seats. However, few unexpected results have emerged in Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa provinces. The National Assembly seat vacated by PTI chief Imran Khan in Peshawar has been claimed by his May 11 rival, Ghulam Ahmed Bilour of Awami National Party (ANP). PTI's Asad Umar has defeated his Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz rival Chaudhry Ashraf Gujjar to win the Islamabad seat, vacated by Javed Hashmi while Shmasun Nisa Memon – mother of the May 11 winner and subsequently disqualified by the SC, Sadiq Memon – has defeated PML-N's Syed Riaz Hussain Shah Sherazi to win NA-237 Thatha seat. Meanwhile, Secretary Election Commission of Pakistan (ECP) Ishtiaq Ahmed Khan has said the commission has taken notice of the news of counting of votes at some polling stations before the valid time of 5:00 pm, APP reported. "Counting cannot be started even one minute before the legal time. We have taken notice of the matter and would ask from the concerned presiding officers," he told the media while announcing the first result of the by-polls. 23:50— After conclusion of vote count in NA-48 Islamabad constituency, Asad Umar of Pakistan Tehrik-i-Insaf has been declared winner unofficially over his Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz rival Chaudhry Ashraf Gujjar. Umar bagged 48,073 votes whereas Ashraf Gujjar managed to secure 41,186 votes. 23:45— According to unofficial results, Shams-ul-Nisa of Pakistan People's Party has been declared winner over Riaz Shah Sherazi of Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz in NA-237 Thatha, Sindh. The PPP candidate secured 81,510 while Sherazi of PML-N bagged 61,538 votes. 23:00— Sardar Shafqat Hayat Baloch of PML-N has won the by-election in NA-68 Sargodha by defeating PTI candidate Malik Nazir Ahmad Sobhe, according to unofficial results of all 320 polling stations. Baloch secured 69,431 votes whereas Sobhe bagged 43,508 votes. 22:45— According to unofficial preliminary results of NA-27 Lakki Marwat, Col. Amirullah of Pakistan Tehrik-i-Insaf (PTI) is ahead with 14,767 votes over Maulana Attaur Rehman of JUI-F who secured 7,960 votes. 22:30— Shazia Mari, a candidate of Pakistan People's Party (PPP) is leading in by-election of NA-235-Sanghar with 36,355 votes, according to progressive results of 52 per cent polling stations. The Pakistan Muslim League-Functional (PML-F) candidate, Khuda Bakhsh Daras was trailing with 35,522 votes. 21:50— Vote count is concluded in	[ 323, 2704, 391, 5337, 29892, 5866, 9892, 1766, 24842, 491, 29899, 29886, 3028, 29879, 13, 29928, 18101, 29889, 510, 29248, 3111, 29871, 29906, 29906, 29892, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29896, 29941, 13, 29909, 14371, 391, 3270, 8271, 15645, 6911, 263, 6114, 304, 2058, 902, 28968, 1596, 373, 263, 8287, 327, 5650, 2645, 20209, 297, 16427, 20143, 29892, 21215, 29892, 498, 1295, 3250, 29892, 22333, 29889, 29871, 29906, 29906, 29892, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29896, 29941, 29889, 785, 12279, 1963, 3747, 13, 30003, 3497, 15373, 13, 30003, 3497, 15373, 29914, 5098, 29925, 13, 3235, 4375, 1529, 29933, 3035, 29901, 450, 18952, 297, 278, 24842, 3926, 491, 29899, 29872, 5942, 297, 21215, 29915, 29879, 4955, 505, 1286, 4359, 6446, 1063, 29115, 29889, 2648, 322, 2919, 278, 1248, 3137, 892, 18043, 297, 385, 1797, 368, 8214, 5998, 372, 756, 1063, 1766, 1127, 491, 2846, 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NA-1 Peshawar and according to unofficial results, Ghulam Ahmed Bilour of Awami National Party (ANP) has won the by-poll against his PTI competitor Gul Badshah by securing 29,178 votes. Badshah managed to bag 19,464 votes. 21:30— Unofficial preliminary results suggest Muttahida Qaumi Movement (MQM) candidate Mohammad Ali is leading his competitor Naeem Sheikh of Pakistan Tehrik-i-Insaf (PTI) by securing 18,100 votes. Shiekh is trailing with 2,057 votes after vote counts in 55 polling stations of NA-254 Karachi constituency. 21:00— Independent candidate Nawabzada Tarique Magsi has won by-election in PB-32 Jhal Magsi of Balochistan province. According to unofficial results, Magsi secured 21,280 votes and his political rival, Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz (PML-N) candidate Sardar Dhani Bakhsh received 4,228 votes. 20:40— According to preliminary and unofficial results, Ghulam Ahmed Bilour of Awami National (ANP) is ahead of his rival candidate Gul Badshah of Pakistan Tehrik-i-Insaf (PTI) by securing 18,585 votes in NA-1 Peshawar constituency. After almost 50 per cent vote count, PTI's Badshah is trailing with 10,900 votes. 20:00— The chief election commissioner, on the directive of Chief Justice Peshawar High Court Dost Muhammad Khan, has withheld the by-polls results in NA-5 Nowshera, NA-27 Lakki Marwat and PK-27 Mardan. The PHC chief justice, by taking suo motu notice, had also ordered to arrest Tribal Jirga members or individuals involved in barring women form voting in the said constituencies. 16:15— None of the 456 registered women voters casted their ballots during the by-polls held in polling station No 95 in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa's Swabi area. 16:00— Women were reportedly stopped from ballotting their votes during by-polls in Mandi Bahauddin's PP-188 constituency in Punjab. 14:30— Polling was suspended in Shikarpur's PS-12 constituency after the recovery of a bag full of votes. One suspect was also taken into custody in this regard. 14:15— Acting chief election commissioner Justice Tassaduq Jilani visited various polling stations in Karachi during which he said that action would be taken if any information regarding rigging was received. He added that the use of mobile phones was banned to ensure transparency of polls and that it was difficult to pre-maturely comment on the turnout. 13:45— A clash between two rival groups in Sangarh's NA-235 claimed the life of at least one person and injured five others. 12:40 — A clash took place between two political parties in Punjab Assembly's PP-193 (Okara) constituency, following which one person was arrested. Panic spread amongst people after the clash due to which polling has been temporarily suspended in the area. 12:35 — Women were prevented from casting their votes in several polling stations on Mianwali's NA-71 constituency in Punjab. 12:24 — Women have been 'barred' from voting in several polling stations of Lakki Marwat's NA-27 constituency. 12:06 — The ECP has decided to monitor vote-casting by women. It has moreover directed presiding officers to separate female voter results from their male counterparts. 11:40 — Women have been barred from voting in Nowshera's NA-5 constituency. 11:28 — A low voter turnout was reported from most parts of the country. 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1:12 — A clash took place between supporters of Malik Noor Rabbani and Jamshed Dasti in Muzaffargarh's NA-177 constituency. Later, army personnel intervened to resolve the matter. 10:55 — During by-polling in Karachi's NA-254 constituency, Pakistani army personnel prevented duplicate identity card holders from voting. The army personnel said that as per the orders of the ECP, only those with a real identity card could cast their vote. However, individuals with duplicate identity cards demanded that they should be allowed to vote. 10:32 — Acting CEC Justice Tassaduq Jilani visited various polling stations in Lahore and expressed satisfaction on the way polling was being conducted. He said out of the 41 polling stations, not even one had complained of poll rigging. NA SEATS: The National Assembly constituencies where by-elections are being held include NA-1 (Peshawar), NA-5 (Nowshera), NA-13 (Swabi), NA-25 (D.I. Khan-cum-Tank), NA-27 (Lakki Marwat), NA-48 (Islamabad), NA-68 (Sargodha), NA-71 (Mianwali), NA-83 (Faisalabad), NA-129 (Lahore), NA-177 (Muzaffargarh), NA-235 (Sanghar), NA-254 (Karachi) and NA-262 (Killa Abdullah). Earlier, NA-1 and NA-71 seats had been vacated by PTI chief Imran Khan who chose to retain NA-56 (Rawalpindi). Mr Khan had contested for four NA seats and lost only one in Lahore to incumbent National Assembly Speaker Sardar Ayaz Sadiq. The NA-68 seat had been vacated by Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif who retained his home constituency (NA-120 Lahore). NA-129 had been left by Shahbaz Sharif who retained his Punjab Assembly seat to become chief minister. NA-5 and NA-13 seats had been vacated by Pervez Khatak and Asad Qaisar of the PTI who retained their provincial assembly seats and were made chief minister and speaker of the KP Assembly, respectively. JUI-F chief Maulana Fazlur Rehman had decided to quit NA-27 and retain NA-24. The Maulana had also won the NA-25 (D.I. Khan) seat where by-election has been postponed for a few weeks because of threat of terrorist attacks. NA-177 had been vacated by Jamshed Ahmad Dasti, NA-235 by Pir Sadruddin Shah Rashdi of the PML-F and NA-216 by Pakhtunkhwa Milli Awami Party chief Mehmood Khan Achakzai. They had won more than one seat. NA-83 and NA-254 seats fell vacant after the death of contesting candidates. By-elections will also be held for 15 seats of the Punjab Assembly, four of the Sindh Assembly, three of the Balochistan Assembly and four of the KP Assembly. PUNJAB ASSEMBLY: Interior Minister Chaudhry Nisar Ali Khan had vacated his provincial assembly seat (PP-6) and chose to retain his National Assembly seat. The election in PP-51 could not be held due to death of Mohammad Amjad Rafique. Monis Elahi of the PML-Q gave up his PP-118 seat. Khawaja Mohammad Asif of the PML-N had decided to quit PP-123 and retain NA seat to become Minister for Water and Power. 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KP ASSEMBLY: By-elections will be held in four constituencies -— KP-23 vacated by former chief minister Amir Ha	[ 29896, 29901, 29896, 29906, 813, 319, 1067, 1161, 3614, 2058, 1546, 1462, 272, 2153, 310, 3792, 638, 1939, 272, 16155, 2571, 29875, 322, 16131, 845, 287, 360, 579, 29875, 297, 8229, 1362, 600, 1191, 279, 29882, 29915, 29879, 8598, 29899, 29896, 29955, 29955, 10719, 3819, 29889, 12699, 29892, 9987, 24127, 26314, 287, 304, 8814, 278, 4383, 29889, 13, 29896, 29900, 29901, 29945, 29945, 813, 7133, 491, 29899, 3733, 1847, 297, 3467, 26213, 29915, 29879, 8598, 29899, 29906, 29945, 29946, 10719, 3819, 29892, 14371, 391, 3270, 9987, 24127, 5557, 287, 7929, 10110, 5881, 4808, 414, 515, 28931, 29889, 450, 9987, 24127, 1497, 393, 408, 639, 278, 11299, 310, 278, 382, 6271, 29892, 871, 1906, 411, 263, 1855, 10110, 5881, 1033, 4320, 1009, 11719, 29889, 2398, 29892, 15724, 411, 7929, 10110, 15889, 24432, 393, 896, 881, 367, 6068, 304, 11719, 29889, 13, 29896, 29900, 29901, 29941, 29906, 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The Unlikely Journey The All Good Books group will meet using Zoom at 7 PM this Thursday, June 18, 2020 to discuss The Unlikely Pilgrimage of Harold Fry by Rachel Joyce. There are discussion questions at the end of the novel, but since I was unaware of that, I started writing discussion questions as I read. The result is 43 questions (too many to discuss in an hour meeting). So, I'm listing the questions below, but have put ten in boldface. We can discuss whatever you wish, but the boldface questions might be a good place to start. Discussion Questions: The Unlikely Journey of Harold Fry The girl in the garage who helps Harold warm up a hamburger says (on page 15), "You have to believe. That's what I think. It's not about medicine and all that stuff. You have to believe a person can get better." What's her story? What do you discover later in the story? The author describes the same girl in the garage while "resuming her place, in front of cigarettes and lottery tickets. Harold tried to catch her eye but she wouldn't meet his. She had returned to being dull and empty again, as if their conversation about her aunt had never happened." What happened? The author, on page 37, describes how the people that Harold met, "They believed in him. They had looked at him in his yachting shoes, and listened to what he said, and they had made a decision in their hearts and minds to ignore the evidence and to imagine something bigger and something infinitely more beautiful than the obvious." What's the meaning of that observation? Do you have a personal example of how that has occurred? Why does Harold (on page 47) untie his shoelaces when his son, David, is being swept out by a riptide? What would you have done? What episodes in the novel define who Harold is as an adult? How would you describe his character traits in a sentence? On page 48 early in Harold's pilgrimage the author describes how, "Several cars slowed, but he waved them on, not wanting their attention." Why won't Harold accept a ride? The author comments that "A child's growing [is] a constant pushing away (page 51). Agree or disagree? Elizabeth (Rex's deceased wife) "had once confided across washing lines that his mother's fussing had turned him (Rex) into the most appalling hypochondriac." Is that the image you get of Rex? On page 63 Harold meets an inn keeper who complains about South Brent but then tells him "I won a holiday to Benidorm once. All I had to do was pack my suitcase. But I couldn't do it. They sent me the ticket in the post, and I never opened the envelope. Why is that? Why, when the chance to escape came, couldn't I take it?" How would you respond to the inn keeper who asked that question? Harold remembers all the failures he had with his son, David. He asks himself, "Why must [I] remember?" Do you remember failures more than successes? If so, why? What was the lesson learned (pages 71-74) when Harold meets the husband and wife hikers (the woman loved Jane Austin and the husband loved hiking)? Harold describes his transition from countryside to city on page 84: "What had been so clear to him when he was alone, two feet on the ground, became lost in this abundance of choices and streets and glass-fronted shopping outlets. He longed to be back in the open land." Which is your preference: city or country? Do you understand Harold's distress? Is there a lesson to be learned from the "silver-haired gentleman" that Harold meets in a café and shares his teacake with Harold (on page 89)? Have you ever had an experience like Maureen has when she goes to the doctor's office? What happened to Maureen and to you? How does Maureen initially react to Harold's journey? Does her attitude change over time? (see page 109) How? What is she experiencing? Maureen has a dream on page 93 where she imagines that "She must remain very still and very quiet and no one must know she was nursing her entrails."	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How would you interpret her dream? On page 107 Harold thinks that "If he kept looking at the things that were bigger than himself, he knew he would make it to Berwick." What did Harold see that gave him hope? What gives you hope? How would you describe Mr. Napier (page 117)? Was he a good boss? How would you describe a Harold and Maureen's marriage? Can harsh words ever be unsaid as suggested on page 122? As you began the book what did you think was the relationship between Harold and Queenie? How did he define friendship (page 141)? How do you define it? What was Martina from Slovenia's story? See page 143. What was Maureen's story? What did she mean on page 146 by "She had bleached and annihilated every waking moment of the last twenty years"? What happened 20 years ago to change everything? On page 157 the author says Harold "had learned that it was the smallness of people that filled him with wonder and tenderness, and the loneliness of that too. The world was made up of people putting one foot in front of the other; and a life might appear ordinary simply because the person living it had been doing so for a long time. Harold could no longer pass a stranger without acknowledging the truth that everyone was the same, and also unique; and that this was the dilemma of being human." What are your reactions to that statement? How did Harold and Maureen first meet? Do you remember how you first met your spouse or partner? What are the major life lessons from Harold's unlikely pilgrimage? In 3-4 sentences how would you describe the novel to a friend to either encourage or discourage them from reading it? Do you see any parallels between Harold's unlikely pilgrimage and the life of other historical or literary characters? Was there a significance to Harold's side trip (page 168) to the Roman baths? Harold has a "new beginning in one chapter and the (page 177) he meets the actor and the physician. What the meaning of those two chapters? Why did the author juxtaposition one after the other? What was Rex's "plan up his sleeve" for Maureen (page 184)? Was it a good plan? On page 187, Maureen describes the current state of her relationship with Harold. She says, "I say so many things that I don't mean. It's as if, even if I think something nice about Harold, by the time it's got to my mouth it's become not nice. He goes to tell me something and I'm saying 'I think not' before he's finished the sentence." Have you ever been in a similar situation with a friend or spouse? Why do we sometimes get in that kind of rut with friends and loved ones? What was David's problem? Could his parents have done more to help him? At one point in Harold's journey, he starts giving away much that he has. Why? What was the result of the newspaper article about Harold's journey? See page 209. Who is Rex? On page 211, Rex describes loss in this way: "It's like discovering a great hole in the ground. To begin with, you forget it's there and you keep falling in. After a while, it's still there, but you learn to walk round it." What lesson does Rex's comment teach about loss? At one point in Harold's journey he attracts all different sorts of followers. How did that affect the goal of reaching Queenie? What's the lesson in that segment of his pilgrimage? Who was Rich? Kate? Wilf? Why couldn't Harold continue his quest alone (page 238) without them and the other followers? Why do you think Maureen would not accept Harold's offer to walk with him? On page 254, Harold expresses a belief that "there was a basic goodness to be found in everyone, and that… [he] could tap into it." Was he able to do so? Do you share a belief in the basic goodness in everyone? On page 310, Kate says, "You got up, and you did something. 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what is." Why is that a small miracle? When you consider Harold's conversation with the girl in the garage, and his final meeting with Queenie, what does the novel say about faith? Was Harold's meeting with Queenie what you expected? How did you react to it? Would you have written a different ending? Tags book club, cancer, Faith, Hope, journey, loss The Giver of Stars: Discussion Questions The All Good Books group will meet online using Zoom tomorrow, Thursday, May 21, 2020, at 7 PM. Information on how to access Zoom will be sent separately. The following are questions that we can use to generate discussion if necessary. I look forward to chatting with you on Zoom tomorrow evening! How would you describe each of the main characters? Alice Van Cleve, Bennett Van Cleve, Geoffrey Van Cleve, Annie, Isabelle Brady, Mrs. Brady, Sven Gustavsson, Frank O'Hare, Margery O'Hare, Sophia, William, Beth Pinker, Kathleen Bligh. On the first day with Isabelle (Izzy on the circuit, Alice thinks, "Perhaps it would be easier if the girl weren't so sullen: her mood seemed to cast a pall over the morning, and even the glorious sunshine and soft breeze couldn't alleviate it." Have you ever known someone whose attitude darkens the whole day? How do you handle that?" See page 53. On page 58, Margery looks at Alice and says, "This is what people don't see, wrapped up in their cities, with the noise and the smoke, and their tiny boxes for houses. Up there you can breathe. You can't hear the town talking and talking. No eyes on you, 'cept God's. It's just you and the trees and the birds and the river and the sky and freedom….Out there, it's good for the soul." If you're a city dweller, how do you respond to nature? If you live in a rural area, is your view different or the same as Margery's? What's your reaction to the descriptive passages in the novel, such as on page 63 where the author writes, "As they rode, Margery talked to Alice of milkweed and goldenrod, pointing out Jack-in-the-pulpit and the tiny fragile flowers of touch-me-nots, so that once where Alice had just seen a sea of green, she had pulled back a veil to reveal a whole new dimension." Too much, too little, just enough description? Does it add to the novel or interfere with the plot line? How would you respond to the Louisa May Alcott's quote on page 65 that "…marriage, they say, halves one's rights and doubles one's duties." Why is Margery resistant to marrying Sven? See page 66. On page 68, sundowners are labeled as such because "They're good old boys in daylight hours, but come nightfall when they get to drinking, they're basically a pair of fists looking for a target." Do we have sundowners today? "Mountain people, Margery had instructed her, were proud. Many of them didn't feel comfortable receiving without giving something back. (page 74). Are city folks like that too? On page 82 Margery thought, "A certain kind of man looked at God's own land, she thought, as she drew closer, and instead of beauty and wonder, all he saw was dollar signs." Any such examples today? The quote from the Farm Journal (page 91 of the novel) states" My mother didn't hold with twenty-four-hour-old pies, except mince. She would get up an hour earlier in order to bake a pie before breakfast but she would not bake any kind of custard or fruit pie, even pumpkin, the day before it was to be used, and if she had my father wouldn't have eaten it." Is that typical of "fathers" when you were growing up? How about now? Page 91 refers to a "raconteur." What is a raconteur? Ever known one? Why isn't Alice getting pregnant? What's your theory? See pages 93-95. The mine conditions are described on page 116. 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era mine conditions? Why did miners keep working in such a dangerous environment? The author describes hog-slaughtering time (page 120). What was your reaction to that mining town event? Why would Sophia say, "I'm not crazy about places where there are crowds" (on page 123). Sophia states (page 125) "Life is complicated. Which is why finding a little joy where you can is important." Do you agree? Why do you think the author started chapter 8 (page 137) with the Steinbeck quote? "Out of a thousand centuries they drew the ancient admiration…that a man on a horse is spiritually as well as physically bigger than a man on foot." Henry Porteus states (page 138) regarding the library, "There are reports of wives no longer keeping house because they are too busy reading fancy magazines or cheap romances. There are children picking up disruptive ideas from comic books. We're struggling to control what influences are coming into our homes." Why has each generation had proponents of book censorship? Do you believe a library should restrict the materials it offers to patrons? What does the dispute over hiring Sophia in the Library and subsequent town meeting say about the role of women and people of color in the novel? See pages 137-143. Are there differences between funeral practices in the depression era mining community described (pages 143-146) and how funerals or wakes occur in today's society? Have such practices changed over your lifetime? Why was Margery so scared that she started carrying a Colt .45 pistol (page 169)? On page 173 considers the life of Mrs. Van Cleve; "Every day Alice was reminded of a life that had been almost solely focused on the inside of these walls, on tiny, meaningless tasks, tasks Alice felt increasingly strongly that no adult woman should view as the sum total of her day's activities: dolls, embroidery, the dusting and precise rearranging of totems that no man noticed anyway. Until she had gone, after which they had become a shrine to a woman they now insisted they idolized." Is there anything wrong with a life dedicated to four walls and a family? How did you react to Alice's mother's letter stating she was not welcome to return home? Why did she react that way? Would there ever be a case where you would not let a family member return home? Why? Do you think Alice should have had the opportunity to return home? On page 187, Margery tells Alice "There is always a way out of a situation. Might be ugly. Might leave you feeling like the earth has gone and shifted under your feet. But you are never trapped, Alice. You hear me? There is always a way around." Do you agree? Explain. Did Margery follow her own advice? On page 197, Margery says, "You know the worst thing about a man hitting you?" "Ain't the hurt. It's that in that instant you realize the truth of what it is to be a woman. That it don't matter how smart you are, how much better at arguing, how much better than them, period. It's when you realize they can always just shut you up with a fist. Just like that." How does that describe women's rights today? Who was Selena to Fred (page 201)? What did she do? When Mr. Van Cleeve's sends a message to Alice with $50 he says, "This was always a fruitful measure with my dear late Dolores and I trust you will view it equally favorably. We can all let bygones be bygones." What was your reaction? What does the novel say about rumors (page 214)? On page 219, Pastor Macintosh comes to persuade Alice to return home. Why does she say, "I do so enjoy our Bible studies!" What did you think of the Pastor's arguments? The author states (page 228), "Alice had discovered how, for a woman at least, it was much easier to feel anger on behalf of someone you cared about, to access that cold burn, to want to make someone suffer if they had hurt someone you loved." What makes it easier for Alice to fight for someone she loves than for herself? 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, "Time flew, and each ended the night full and happy, with the rare glow that comes from knowing your very being has been understood by somebody else, and that there might just be someone out there who will only ever see the best in you." Have you ever experienced that sentiment? What's the significance of the Faulkner quote from As I Lay Dying, on page 243? What does the following quote foreshadow? "That's the one trouble with this country: everything, weather, all, hangs on too long. Like our rivers, our land: opaque, slow, violent; shaping and creating the life of man in its implacable and brooding image." On page 270, the end of Mrs. Brady's disagreement with her husband concludes with this thought; "deflated a little in victory, [she] felt a sudden tenderness for her husband and, after a moment, reached out a conciliatory hand. And it was like this, as the light broke, that the maid found them an hour and a half later, still fully dressed, and snoring on the huge mahogany bed, their hands entwined between them." There's a saying that you should never go to bed angry (with a spouse or partner), do you believe that? Do you practice it? The quote from The Women Was Too Tough by Virginia Culin Roberts states (page 283), "Men expected women to be calm, collected, cooperative, and chaste. Eccentric conduct was frowned upon, and any female who got too far out of line could be in serious trouble." Do you believe that quote reflects what men in the 1930s thought about women? What about today? Fred called Alice out of the cabin to view a field of fireflies. What's so special about fireflies? See page 308. How did you react to Margery's request that Sven take Virginia and never return to Baileyville (page 328)? Would you have taken that action? Any reaction to the clerk's announcement that "Women…would be allowed to leave [the courthouse] several minutes before the men at lunchtime and at the end of the day in order to prepare meals? Did you enjoy the book? Why or why not? Would you recommend the novel to someone else? Any stipulations on who you would recommend it to and who not? How would you summarize the important issues, if any, raised by the novel? Discussion Questions for "The Confession Club" The All Good Books discussion group will meet online today, April 16, 2020, using Zoom at 7 PM. We'll discuss Elizabeth Berg's novel, The Confession Club. Some potential discussion questions covering the first portion of the book follow (sorry, I didn't find any discussion questions posted online and ran out of time to complete questions for the remainder of the novel). How would you compare "The Confession Club" with the other two Mason, Missouri novels by Elizabeth Berg ("The Story of Arthur Truluv" and "Night of Miracles")? Who was your favorite character in the novel? Why? Which confession from the novel was the most significant? Why did John leave Chicago? Have you ever thought about what it would be like to be homeless? What are your thoughts? Iris driving back from getting "black cake" recipe supplies thinks, "All hope is in the early morning." What does that mean to you? Explain why you think Joanie, a librarian, defaces a book she's reading? She says, "you all know how I used to feel about people defacing books, but listen: It made it my book. It was me being me. I beat the hell out of that book, and it's now the one that I love the best." In her confession, Joanie quotes Samuel Pepys, "Saw a wedding in the church. It was strange to see what delight we married people have to see these poor fools decoyed into our condition." What does that mean to you? Why does Joanie quote it? When first introduced to the Confession Club, Joanie says, "Talking about things you're ashamed of is nothing to be ashamed of." To which Maddy replies, "…anyway, isn't listening to things like that what good friends do for one another all the time?" Do you agree? Do you have friends you can tell anything to? 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947, 376, 29895, 790, 292, 278, 12917, 29908 ]	1,024	CommonCrawl	0.648773	-0.554484	-0.049644	0.972438
mean and would you do it? "The things people throw away! Iris thinks. She'd like to go to the dump, too. She does have an eye for what's worth salvaging, or her consignment store never would have done so well. She can spin the word vintage with the best of them. And she has always had a great deal of appreciation for the odd adventure." Do you enjoy salvaging at flea markets, antique shops and consignment shops? What's something you found that you were really excited about? Growing up we're you taught that "Girls didn't go after boys. Girls waited"? What does it mean and was that true when you were dating? Is it true now? Iris has "heard often enough that one should not give money to the homeless, that one should instead direct them to a shelter where they might get help. But a woman she worked with who routinely gave money to people on the street said something else. 'Isn't it hard enough for them to even ask?' she said. 'Do I really need to tell them what to do with their lives when I know absolutely nothing about them? I just feel an obligation to try to help in some way. What else can I do to help someone?'" Do you agree? Have you given money or meals to the homeless or referred them to shelters? Which do you think is best? In the novel, is a statement that "If there was anything Maddy learned after Arthur and Lucille took her in as a pregnant teenager, it was that families don't have to be biological. She finds it hard to let go of the notion that you should matter to your father, though." How did you react to that statement? In a conversation with Maddy, Iris says, "I've learned that blaming doesn't get you far. Self-reflection helps. Trying to change helps, too. But it's hard, Maddy, I'll give you that. It's hard, but I think it's worth it to try. Sometimes little successes here and there can all of a sudden…I don't know…consolidate, I guess, and you see that you really are a different person." What were the circumstances of the conversation? Do your life experiences suggest that Iris is correct? In the novel, Maddy expresses concern that "if she spends too long with people, she will be found out." What do you think she means and why does she have that fear? Iris envies Nola for "her default setting of goodwill toward man, beast, or weather." Why does that approach to life seem so easy for children and so difficult as we age? Maddy reflects at one point on a conversation with Arthur while fishing about why people care what other people think. Arthur calls it a design flaw. What do you think? After a time of self-doubt, Maddy thinks "You can't ask your children to save you. But they do it anyway." Do you agree? How do our children save us? Why does John think that falling in love with Iris is bad news? Gretchen says "We're all mean to our mothers. It's a daughter's duty." Is that true? Why? Dodie suggests to Gretchen that she divorce her sons. Why and have you ever "divorce" someone mentally? Ollie cautions John about going back to someone he's hurt in the past to make amends. She says, "I had a good friend practically fall apart when her husband came back to see her to make 'amends.' There she was all fine in a new relationship, and here he comes, waltzing back into her life, looking real good, all cleaned up, and it just threw her for a loop….He comes in and says, 'I'm sorry,' and that makes him feel all good about himself and then he leaves again…." What do you think about someone reentering someone's life just to clear their conscience? How would you react if a close friend asked you to assist with his/her suicide? Would their age or health or pain level alter your response? What was your reaction to the novel's ending? Expected? Was it a surprise? Were you disappointed? Or pleased? Which of the following best describes the novel? A roller coaster ride? A gentle float trip down a calm river? Walking through a corn maze? 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? If so, why or why not? Tags assisted suicide, Confession Club, elizabeth berg, homeless, homelessness, Love, secrets, self-reflection, Women Next All Good Books Meeting Will Be Online April 6, 2020 // The next All Good Books discussion group meeting will be held online using Zoom. We'll meet online at 7:00 PM on Thursday, April 16, 2020. This page will be updated as we get closer. Eleanor Oliphant is completely fine discussion on Thursday March 10, 2020 // The All Good Books discussion group will meet this Thursday, March 12, 2020 at 7 PM in the Community of Christ Church Library (7842 Mission Road, Prairie Village, KS). We'll discuss Eleanor Oliphant is Completely Fine by Gail Honeyman. The following are some discussion questions drawn from Book Club Babble (except the last two) at https://bookclubbabble.com/book-club-questions-for-eleanor-oliphant-is-completely-fine-by-gail-honeyman/ that we can use to kick-start the discussion. We hope to see you all on Thursday! Can you picture yourself being friends with Eleanor? Without any female friends or relatives to relate to, where does Eleanor derive her concept of what it means to be a woman? This story begs the question of nature versus nurture. Obviously, Eleanor wasn't brought up in a loving, thoughtful environment that gave her tools on how to deal with the world. But is there any evidence that she might still have been socially awkward even had she been born to "normal" parents? The men and women at Eleanor's workplace don't make an effort to be compassionate and understanding of her. In fact, the way they act towards her is reminiscent of immature middle-schoolers. Why don't some people have a better acceptance of those who stand out because they are different? When Eleanor talks to her mother once a week despite the past and present emotional abuse her mother inflicts on her do you wonder why she continues to do so? Do you think Eleanor needs to make peace with her past or forget about it to move on? What are the first signs that Eleanor is starting to see life from a hopeful perspective? Eleanor has no social reference from which to interact with others. Yet, she suddenly decides she can have a meaningful personal encounter with a rockstar. How does her chosen "project" change the direction of her life? When Raymond shows an interest in Eleanor do you find yourself rooting for him? Why? What is interesting about their interaction? What are some other pivotal experiences that cause Eleanor to grow? Does the surprise twist at the end change your opinion of Eleanor and her perceived state of mental health or lack of it throughout the book? Did "Eleanor Oliphant is completely fine" leave you feeling uplifted and hopeful or concerned and doubtful? Have you ever known anyone like Eleanor? How did you relate to them? Would you recommend the book to your friends? Why or why not? Tags childhood, Eleanor Oliphant, emotional abuse, friendship, Gail Honeyman, novel, social awkwardness, trauma February Book Club Meeting Cancelled Because I have no voice, I'm canceling Thursday evening's All Good Books Club meeting. We'll shift all the novels for discussion one-month later. That means we'll discuss "Eleanor Oliphant is Completely Fine" by Gail Honeyman on Thursday, March 12, 2020, at 7 PM in the Church Library (Community of Christ, Mission Road Congregation). My apologies for this postponement. I'll try not to ever get sick again! 🙂 If you know anyone who attends and doesn't use Facebook or get email from the book club, please alert them to the cancellation. January Meeting Focuses on Educated: A Memoir On Thursday, January 9, 2020, the All Good Books group will discuss Educated: A Memoir by Tara Westover. 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meeting date is one week earlier than our normal third Thursday meeting date. The group meets at the Community of Christ (7842 Mission Road, Prairie Village, KS) in Church Library starting at 7 PM. Everyone is welcome. Note: The book club does not meet in December. The following discussion questions are drawn from Bookbub.com (see https://www.bookbub.com/blog/book-club-questions-for-educated-by-tara-westover). 1. Tara Westover's memoir recounts her life as the daughter of Mormon survivalist parents who leaves rural Idaho to pursue an education. What do you think she's referring to with the title Educated? And what statement do you think the book makes on education at large? 2. Westover's quest for an education is a dramatic rebellion by her father's standards. How does her rebellion differ from that of her older brother Tyler, if at all? 3. Do you think being the youngest child in the family impacted Westover ultimately leaving her family? Would it have made a difference if she'd been the oldest child? 4. Why is it significant that Westover didn't know the word "holocaust" and had no knowledge of race issues in the United States? 5. Which family member had the biggest influence on Westover's quest for a different life? Which non-family members were influential on her life? 6. Westover's life changes dramatically thanks to an encouraging professor at Brigham Young University. How might her life be different if she hadn't applied for the study abroad program at Cambridge University? 7. Westover eventually finds her voice and realizes it's just as powerful as the people who have influenced her life. What is voice, and how important is it that every child be encouraged to find their own? 8. What impact does Westover's pursuit of formal education have on her parents and family? 9. How does education change Westover's view of her childhood? How does she come to terms with how she was raised once she knows the value of education? 10. Westover makes great efforts to ensure the story is as objective as possible, including footnotes where accounts of an event differ, or comparing her diary entries to her memory. As a reader, how important is objectivity in this story, and more largely, in memoirs in general? 11. At 30, Westover is still relatively close in age to the events that occur in this book. How do you think the memoir would be different were it written when Tara was significantly older and more distanced from this time in her life? In what ways would it alter your interpretation of these experiences? Tags Bookbub, Educated, education, family, Holocaust, memoir, mormon, race, race relations, Westover REVISED: November Book: Little Fires Everywhere by Ng RESCHEDULED: The All Good Books group will meet on Thursday, November 14, 2019 at 7 PM to discuss "Little Fires Everywhere" by Celeste Ng. The book club will meet in the Community of Christ Church Library (7842 Mission Road, Mission, Kansas). All are invited to attend. Discussion questions for the novel are available at https://www.readinggroupguides.com/reviews/little-fires-everywhere/guide. Tags best seller, book club, celeste ng, community, Community of Christ, family, mothers, novel "China Rich Girlfriend" Novel Discussion August 11, 2019 // The All Good Books club will meet on Thursday, August 15, 2019 at 7:00 PM in the Community of Christ Church Library (7842 Mission Road, Prairie Village, KS) to discuss Kevin Kwan's "China Rich Girlfriend" the second novel in his Crazy Rich Asian's trilogy. All are invited, whether you've read the book or not. Discussion questions (#1-9 below) are drawn from the LitLovers website and may be useful in generating discussion. I've also added a few more question (#10 and beyond). Consider the book's title: what does "China rich" mean? How is it different (or is it…?) from "Singapore rich" where Crazy Rich Asians (CRA) takes place? 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Login \| Register \| Français Benefits of Biological Insurance – 3i's Bank in 3 easy steps Umbilical Cord Blood Umbilical Cord Tissue Cord Blood and Tissue FAQs Banking with CBBC About Cord Blood Bank of Canada Inc. Our dedication Why Choose Cord Blood Bank of Canada Singleton Pregnancy Twin Pregnancy Triplet Pregnancy Donate your baby's Biological Insurance participate in our poll – rate your maternity photographer participate in our poll – rate your prenatal class beef recall expanded again Uploaded By: admin Wednesday, October 10/17/12 // Cord Blood The public warning issued on October 12, 2012 has been updated to include additional products. The CFIA is warning the public, distributors and food service establishments not to consume, sell, or serve the beef products described below because the products may be contaminated with E. coli O157:H7. The affected products are associated with the same XL Foods manufacturing dates of August 24, 27, 28, 29 and September 5, 2012, as the previously recalled ground beef products. The trace out from XL to secondary and tertiary distributors, manufacturers and retailers could result in a large number of affected products over a wide range of codes and dates. This recall also includes unlabelled and/or unbranded beef products sold at retail stores not identified in theCFIA's product list below, which may include small retailers, local meat markets and butcher shops, etc.. Therefore, the CFIA is advising consumers who are unsure if they have the affected beef products in their homes to check with the store(s) where the products were purchased or throw them out. The following beef products, made from beef voluntarily recalled by XL Foods (Est. 38), are affected by this alert: Codes / Dates Freson Bros. BEEF KIDNEY Various Starts with 220605 Packed on dates between AU.27.12 and OC.15.12 Certain stores in AB BEEF TONGUE Various Starts with 220607 Packed on dates between AU.28.12 and OC.15.12 Certain stores in AB Beef Stew Various Various Packed on dates from Aug 26 to Sept 28 BC – certain stores only Outside Round Roast Various Various Packed on dates from Aug 26 to Sept 28 BC – certain stores only Extra Lean Beef Stew Various Various Packed on dates from Aug 26 to Sept 28 BC – certain stores only Beef Kidneys Various Various Packed on dates from Aug 24 to Oct 3 BC – certain stores only Beef Liver Various Various Packed on dates from Aug 24 to Oct 3 BC – certain stores only Beef Heart Various Various Packed on dates from Aug 24 to Oct 3 BC – certain stores only Oxtail Various Various Packed on dates from Aug 24 to Oct 3 BC – certain stores only The CFIA is advising consumers who are unsure if they have the affected beef in their home to check with the store(s) where the product was purchased or throw it out. Public health authorities have confirmed a number of illnesses linked to products from XL Foods Inc. or illnesses associated with the XL Foods Inc. food safety investigation. This voluntary recall is part of an ongoing food safety investigation. The CFIA is working with the recalling firms and distributors to identify and verify all affected products. As additional affected products are confirmed, this table will be updated on theCFIA website. To stay informed of product updates throughout the investigation, consumers are also encouraged to subscribe to CFIA food recalls and allergy alerts at www.foodsafety.gc.ca. Food contaminated with E. coliO157:H7 may not look or smell spoiled. Consumption of food contaminated with these bacteria my cause serious and potentially life-threatening illnesses. 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pain and bloody diarrhoea. Some people may have seizures or strokes and some may need blood transfusions and kidney dialysis. Others may live with permanent kidney damage. In severe cases of illness, people may die. There are no reports of E. coli infection during pregnancy causing birth defects in humans. Because diarrhea causes the body to lose a lot of fluids, pregnant women with an E. coli infection can easily become dehydrated. In rare cases, they may start to bleed heavily. There may be a risk for miscarriage or premature delivery with severe E. coli infection. If you are pregnant and you think you have an E. coli infection, you should see a doctor right away so that you can be diagnosed and treated if necessary. The manufacturer, XL Foods Inc., Edmonton, Alberta and various retailers, processors and distributors are voluntarily recalling the affected products from the marketplace. The CFIA is monitoring the effectiveness of the recall. For more information, consumers and industry can call the CFIA at 1-800-442-2342 / TTY 1-800-465-7735 (8:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m. Eastern time, Monday to Friday). CFIA recalls clef des champs organic ground ginger Saturday, October 10/13/12 // Cord Blood The Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) is warning the public not to consume certain Clef Des Champs brand Organic Ground Ginger because these products may be contaminated with Salmonella bacteria. The following Clef Des Champs brand Organic Ground Ginger products are affected by this alert: Organic Ground Ginger 35 g 6 97026 73441 7 BFO11441B06 500 g 6 97026 70441 0 BFO11441B07 These products have been distributed nationally. There have been no reported illnesses associated with the consumption of these products. Food contaminated with Salmonellamay not look or smell spoiled. Consumption of food contaminated with these bacteria may cause salmonellosis, a foodborne illness. In young children, the elderly and people with weakened immune systems, salmonellosis may cause serious and sometimes deadly infections. In otherwise healthy people, salmonellosis may cause short-term symptoms such as high fever, severe headache, vomiting, nausea, abdominal pain and diarrhea. Long-term complications may include severe arthritis. Salmonellosis is a food-borne infection caused by the bacteria Salmonella. Salmonellosis during pregnancy is especially troublesome because, pregnant women are more vulnerable to complications, so have a lower threshold for investigation, admission and treatment, febrile illness in pregnancy may cause miscarriage or premature labour, acute abdominal conditions are more difficult to diagnose during pregnancy and finally salmonellosis can directly harm an unborn baby. The manufacturer, Herboristerie La Clef Des Champs Inc., Val-David, Quebec is voluntarily recalling the affected products from the marketplace. The CFIA is monitoring the effectiveness of the recall. kellogg's is recalling certain types of mini-wheats Thursday, October 10/11/12 // Cord Blood Kellogg's is recalling certain types of its Mini-Wheats breakfast cereal over fears that it could contain metal fragments from a faulty manufacturing part. The recall is said to affect at least three million boxes of Mini-Wheats cereal. The products were sold in Canada, the United States and Mexico. In Canada, the recalled cereals include: Mini-Wheats Original Frosted cereal Mini-Wheats Brown Sugar Flavour Frosted cereal Most of the products have best-before dates between April 1, 2013 and July 29, 2013. Kellogg's has warned that tiny pieces of "flexible metal mesh" could be in the cereal.	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Mature and poised Lightning make a statement in Game 1 marathon The Tampa Bay Lightning probably don't win a game like this a year ago. But after suffering one of the most ignominious defeats in NHL history in 2019, they showed the kind of maturity that winning teams do in the most important games. By the time the Tampa Bay Lightning and Columbus Blue Jackets had played as much playoff hockey last year as they did in Game 1 of their series in 2020, the Lightning had been outscored 11-4 and essentially were trailing 3-0 in their series against the Jackets. But that's not what makes 2020 so different than 2019 for the Lightning. If they do fulfill their promise and win the Stanley Cup, they might just be able to point to the first game of the playoff marathon as their statement game. There was a time when the Lightning would not have had the maturity and patience to stay comfortable in a situation that was as uncomfortable as a five-overtime game. But not once did they panic. Not once did they waver or lose their energy. Not once did they break down in 150 minutes and 27 seconds of hockey and six hours and 13 minutes of real time, which represents the fourth-longest game in NHL history. It was truly remarkable. If Brayden Point had not scored at 10:27 of the fifth overtime period with his ninth shot on goal in the game, the two teams would have combined for at least 300 shot attempts. The Lightning and Blue Jackets combined for 105 hits and the Blue Jackets blocked a ridiculous 62 shots. Victor Hedman had 12 of his shots blocked alone. Blue Jackets defenseman Seth Jones played 65 minutes and six seconds, the most ice time a player has logged since the NHL became keeping track of time on ice. In fact, there was a rumor that Blue Jackets coach John Tortorella, who has been raising eyebrows by wearing a tracksuit behind the bench, was prepared to emerge from his team's dressing room wearing his pajamas if the game had gone into another overtime period. Here's how long this game was: When it started, Eddie Olczyk and Anson Carter were the intermission analysts for NBC Sports and Keith Jones and Patrick Sharp were the analysts by the time it ended. By the time the Lightning and Blue Jackets had played 110 minutes and 27 seconds in the first round last year, they were trailing 2-0 in games and down 2-0 in Game 3. The Lightning went on to get swept in that series in one of the most ignominious choke jobs in NHL history. This time had to be different. And thanks to their effort in Game 1, it was. And even though the game lasted the equivalent of 2 ½ regulation games, it was early in the proceedings that the Lightning established their identity. That was when Pierre-Luc Dubois opened the scoring for the Blue Jackets just 2:39 into the first period. " 'Don't sacrifice defense for offense.' I must have said that 100 times," said Lightning coach John Cooper. "It's when things go awry, a.k.a. we don't get the first goal, are we going to go away from our game plan? And we didn't. I think it was a good step for us." It was not so much that the Lightning won Game 1, it was how they won it that impressed. They took the game the Blue Jackets gave them and did not waver, even when they knew they were outplaying their opponent with nothing to show for their efforts. To play all that hockey and come up empty can be nothing but demoralizing for the Blue Jackets, who have played a lot of hockey since the qualifying round began and have had to work so hard for everything they've earned. They play a style of hockey that is not easy to play. It requires sacrifice and physical punishment and, even when it has almost five months off, that can wear on a team. Building a team that can win a Stanley Cup takes a long time and there's always that school of thought that a heavily favored team needs to take the equivalent of a kick to the pills with a pair of steel-toed boots from an underdog in order to learn what it takes to be a champion.	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New Books Released In Aug 2022 That Caught My Eye Here are a few books that caught my eye that are released in August 2022. Here is my YouTube version… 1-Ravenfall Middle Grade, Fantasy, Paranormal, Halloween by Kalyn Josephson Release Date August 30, 2022 Good Reads gave it 4.68 stars Overview From GoodReads One magical inn, two kids with supernatural powers, and an ancient Celtic creature trying to destroy their world by Halloween night… Halloweentown meets Supernatural in this spooky middle-grade series from the acclaimed author of the Storm Crow duology! Thirteen-year-old Annabella Ballinkay has never been normal, even by her psychic family's standards. Every generation uses their abilities to help run the Ravenfall Inn, a sprawling, magical B&B at the crossroads of the human world and the Otherworld. But it's hard to contribute when your only power is foreseeing death. So when fourteen-year-old Colin Pierce arrives at Ravenfall searching for his missing older brother and the supernatural creature who killed their parents, Anna jumps at the chance to help. But the mysteries tied to Colin go much deeper than either of them expects. . . . As the two team up to find answers, they unearth Colin's family's secret past and discover that Colin has powers beyond his imagination. And now the supernatural creature, one with eerie origins in Celtic mythology, is coming after him. If Anna and Colin can't stop the creature by Halloween night, the veil to the Otherworld could be ripped open—which would spell destruction for their world as they know it. 📚📚📚📚📚📚📚📚📚📚 2-Daisy Darker Mystery, Fiction, Thriller, Suspense Release Date Aug 30, 2022 Author-Alice Feeney Goodreads gave it 4.15 stars Overview From the GoodReads Site The New York Times bestselling Queen of Twists returns…with a family reunion that leads to murder. After years of avoiding each other, Daisy Darker's entire family is assembling for Nana's 80th birthday party in Nana's crumbling gothic house on a tiny tidal island. Finally back together one last time, when the tide comes in, they will be cut off from the rest of the world for eight hours. The family arrives, each of them harboring secrets. Then at the stroke of midnight, as a storm rages, Nana is found dead. And an hour later, the next family member follows… Trapped on an island where someone is killing them one by one, the Darkers must reckon with their present mystery as well as their past secrets, before the tide comes in and all is revealed. With a wicked wink to Agatha Christie's And Then There Were None, Daisy Darker's unforgettable twists will leave readers reeling. 3-I'm Glad My Mom Died Nonfiction, Memoir, Mental Health by Jenette McCurdy GoodReads give it 4.53 stars out of 5. A heartbreaking and hilarious memoir by iCarly and Sam & Cat star Jennette McCurdy about her struggles as a former child actor—including eating disorders, addiction, and a complicated relationship with her overbearing mother—and how she retook control of her life. Jennette McCurdy was six years old when she had her first acting audition. Her mother's dream was for her only daughter to become a star, and Jennette would do anything to make her mother happy. So she went along with what Mom called "calorie restriction," eating little and weighing herself five times a day. She endured extensive at-home makeovers while Mom chided, "Your eyelashes are invisible, okay? You think Dakota Fanning doesn't tint hers?" She was even showered by Mom until age sixteen while sharing her diaries, email, and all her income. 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Died, Jennette recounts all this in unflinching detail—just as she chronicles what happens when the dream finally comes true. Cast in a new Nickelodeon series called iCarly, she is thrust into fame. Though Mom is ecstatic, emailing fan club moderators and getting on a first-name basis with the paparazzi ("Hi Gale!"), Jennette is riddled with anxiety, shame, and self-loathing, which manifest into eating disorders, addiction, and a series of unhealthy relationships. These issues only get worse when, soon after taking the lead in the iCarlyspinoff Sam & Cat alongside Ariana Grande, her mother dies of cancer. Finally, after discovering therapy and quitting acting, Jennette embarks on recovery and decides for the first time in her life what she really wants. Told with refreshing candor and dark humor, I'm Glad My Mom Died is an inspiring story of resilience, independence, and the joy of shampooing your own hair. 4 Other Birds Magical Realism, Fiction, Fantasy GoodReads give it 4.29 Stars Overview found on GoodReads From the New York Times bestselling author of Garden Spellscomes an enchanting tale filled with magical realism and moments of pure love that won't let you go. Between the real and the imaginary, there are stories that take flight in the most extraordinary ways. Right off the coast of South Carolina, on Mallow Island, The Dellawisp sits—a stunning old cobblestone building shaped like a horseshoe, and named after the tiny turquoise birds who, alongside its human tenants, inhabit an air of magical secrecy. When Zoey comes to claim her deceased mother's apartment on an island outside of Charleston she meets her quirky and secretive neighbors, including a girl on the run, two estranged middle-aged sisters, a lonely chef, a legendary writer, and three ghosts. Each with their own story. Each with their own longings. Each whose ending isn't yet written. 5 The Lost Girls of Willowbrook By Ellen Marie Wiseman Historical Fiction, Mystery, Mental Health, Thriller Good Reads rating is 4.36 out of 5 stars In her most powerful novel to date, New York Times bestselling author Ellen Marie Wiseman masterfully viscerally evokes the real-life Willowbrook State School, the infamous Staten Island, New York, mental institution that shocked a nation when exposed in the 1970s as a dumping ground for unwanted children. Girl, Interrupted meets One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest in this gripping narrative of social injustice, survival, and a young woman determined to find her sister. Sage Winters always knew her sister was a little different even though they were identical twins. They loved the same things and shared a deep understanding, but Rosemary—awake to every emotion, easily moved to joy or tears—seemed to need more protection from the world. Six years after Rosemary's death from pneumonia, Sage, now sixteen, still misses her deeply. Their mother perished in a car crash, and Sage's stepfather, Alan, resents being burdened by a responsibility he never wanted. Yet despite living as near strangers in their Staten Island apartment, Sage is stunned to discover that Alan has kept a shocking secret: Rosemary didn't die. She was committed to Willowbrook State School and has lingered there until just a few days ago, when she went missing. Sage knows little about Willowbrook. It's always been a place shrouded by rumor and mystery. A place local parents threaten to send misbehaving kids. With no idea what to expect, Sage secretly sets out for Willowbrook, determined to find Rosemary. What she learns, once she steps through its doors and is mistakenly believed to be her sister, will change her life in ways she never could imagined… 6-Good Grief: On Loving Pets, Here and Hereafter Non-Fiction, Animals by E B Bartels GoodReads Rating 4.62 Stars An unexpected, poignant, and personal account of loving and losing pets, exploring the singular bonds we have with	[ 360, 1000, 29892, 21116, 1212, 371, 1162, 792, 29879, 599, 445, 297, 443, 1579, 22466, 292, 9493, 30003, 5143, 408, 1183, 17168, 4027, 825, 5930, 746, 278, 12561, 7146, 5304, 1565, 29889, 4834, 297, 263, 716, 13853, 295, 356, 265, 3652, 2000, 474, 8179, 368, 29892, 1183, 338, 29684, 964, 27965, 29889, 14832, 341, 290, 338, 21226, 7959, 29892, 4876, 292, 13524, 4402, 17768, 4097, 322, 2805, 373, 263, 937, 29899, 978, 8405, 411, 278, 3500, 279, 834, 2526, 4852, 18567, 402, 744, 3850, 511, 21116, 1212, 371, 338, 364, 2205, 839, 411, 14919, 21549, 29892, 28503, 29892, 322, 1583, 29899, 417, 493, 292, 29892, 607, 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package gov.nasa.worldwind.retrieve; import gov.nasa.worldwind.NamedObject; import gov.nasa.worldwind.cache.FileStore; import gov.nasa.worldwind.event.BulkRetrievalListener; import gov.nasa.worldwind.geom.Sector; /** * Interface for classes whose data may be retrieved in bulk from its remote source. When used, will copy the requested * data to either the local World Wind cache or a specified filestore. Data already contained in the specified location * is not recopied. * * @author Patrick Murris * @version $Id: BulkRetrievable.java 12882 2009-12-09 23:28:34Z tgaskins $ / public interface BulkRetrievable extends NamedObject { /* * Initiates data retrieval to the current World Wind data cache. The method starts a new thread to perform the * retrieval. The thread terminates when either all the requested data has been retrieved or when any data not * retrieved is determined to be unretrievable. * * @param sector the sector for which to retrieve the data. * @param resolution the resolution desired. All data within the specified sector up to and including this * resolution is downloaded. * @param listener an optional bulk-download listener that can be used to monitor the success or failure of * individual retrievals. Note: The listener is called on the thread performing the download, * which is not the event dispatch thread. Therefore any interaction with AWT or Swing within the * call must be done within a call to SwingUtilities.invokeLater(). * * @return returns the running thread created to perform the retrieval. / BulkRetrievalThread makeLocal(Sector sector, double resolution, BulkRetrievalListener listener); /* * Estimates the amount of data, in bytes, that must be retrieved to the World Wind data cache for a specified * sector and resolution. * * @param sector the sector for which to retrieve the data. * @param resolution the resolution desired. All data within the specified sector up to and including this * resolution is downloaded. * * @return the estimated data size, in bytes. / long getEstimatedMissingDataSize(Sector sector, double resolution); /* * Estimates the amount of data, in bytes, that must be retrieved to a specified filestore for a specified sector * and resolution. * * @param sector the sector for which to retrieve the data. * @param resolution the resolution desired. All data within the specified sector up to and including this * resolution is downloaded. * @param fileStore the location to place the data. If null, the current World Wind cache is used. * * @return the estimated data size, in bytes. / long getEstimatedMissingDataSize(Sector sector, double resolution, FileStore fileStore); /* * Initiates data retrieval to a specified filestore. The method starts a new thread to perform the * retrieval. The thread terminates when either all the requested data has been retrieved or when any data not * retrieved is determined to be unretrievable. * * @param sector the sector for which to retrieve the data. * @param resolution the resolution desired. All data within the specified sector up to and including this * resolution is downloaded. * @param listener an optional bulk-download listener that can be used to monitor the success or failure of * individual retrievals. 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L'incendie survenu le dans un local associatif de Göteborg, transformé pour un soir en discothèque, est l'une des plus grandes catastrophes de l'histoire moderne de la Suède : il a causé la mort de , âgés de douze à vingt ans. Les flammes s'étant déclarées dans l'unique escalier de secours, l'évacuation n'était possible que par l'entrée et par les fenêtres, et de nombreuses personnes furent prises au piège dans un local dont la capacité d'accueil était largement dépassée. La piste criminelle fut immédiatement évoquée, mais ce n'est qu'en 2000 que les coupables furent arrêtés et condamnés. Les faits L'incendie se déclare dans la soirée du peu après , dans un bâtiment du quartier de Backaplan à Göteborg, abritant entre autres un local appartenant à une association d'immigrés macédoniens. Transformé en discothèque à l'initiative de quatre amis âgés d'une vingtaine d'années, cet espace associatif accueille ce soir-là une foule nombreuse de jeunes pour l'essentiel issus de l'immigration. Situé au premier étage du bâtiment, le local est accessible par deux escaliers menant à deux portes (entrée et sortie de secours) larges de seulement . Les nombreuses fenêtres sont situées à du sol à l'intérieur, et à une hauteur d'environ cinq mètres sur la façade. Le soir de l'incendie, des tables et des chaises sont entreposées dans l'escalier de secours, le rendant impraticable. La soirée est par ailleurs un succès, et se sont près de quatre cents jeunes qui se pressent dans une salle prévue à l'origine pour un maximum de cent cinquante personnes. L'incendie se déclare dans l'escalier menant à la sortie de secours et y reste longtemps circonscrit, avant que deux jeunes filles ne remarquent de la fumée et alertent le disc-jockey, qui ordonne l'évacuation des lieux peu avant . Deux cent cinquante jeunes parviennent à s'extraire du bâtiment dans les dix minutes qui suivent, mais cent cinquante restent coincés à l'intérieur. Alertés dès , les pompiers arrivent en quelques minutes sur les lieux, mais l'assistance aux personnes prises au piège dans le bâtiment est une tâche longue et difficile. Le bilan final de l'incendie, établi quelques jours plus tard, est de et plus de . Il s'agit alors de la plus grande catastrophe qu'ait connue la Suède depuis la Seconde Guerre mondiale, après le naufrage de l'Estonia en 1994<ref group=nt>Environ ont trouvé la mort lors du naufrage de lEstonia. En 2004, le tsunami dans l'océan Indien a fait 543 victimes suédoises.</ref>. Suites judiciaires La catastrophe suscite une émotion considérable en Suède et à l'étranger. L'hypothèse d'un acte criminel est rapidement évoquée, et des moyens importants sont mis en place pour retrouver le ou les coupables : cent policiers sont mobilisés dans les premiers jours, et le travail des enquêteurs est placé sous la responsabilité de deux procureurs. Malgré cela, l'enquête piétine pendant de longs mois. Plus d'un an après le drame, en , une récompense de trois millions de couronnes est promise pour toute information permettant d'identifier le ou les meurtriers, et un appel à témoin est lancé à la télévision. Ce nouvel élan donné à l'enquête porte rapidement ses fruits, et des suspects sont arrêtés début 2000. Il s'agit de quatre jeunes hommes d'origine iranienne, âgés au moment des faits de 19, 18, 18 et . 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l'immigration - est donc écartée. Le procès a lieu en . En raison du très grand nombre de parties civiles, les débats sont organisés dans un centre de conférence de Göteborg, la Svenska Mässan. Trois salles reliées par un système de vidéo-conférence sont nécessaires pour accueillir les familles des victimes, tandis que les huit chaises destinées aux proches des accusés restent vides. L'un des quatre jeunes hommes reconnait avoir mis le feu à des papiers dans la cage d'escalier, dans l'espoir de déclencher l'alarme incendie, et d'interrompre les festivités. À l'origine de cet acte inconsidéré, le dépit ressenti après s'être vu imposer l'achat d'un billet d'entrée, alors qu'il se considérait comme proche des organisateurs. Les quatre accusés nient toute intention meurtrière, ce que la cour ne conteste pas : le chef d'inculpation est « incendie volontaire aggravé » (), une qualification qui n'implique pas la présence de victimes. En appel, les trois accusés les plus âgés sont condamnés à des peines de huit, sept et sept ans d'emprisonnement, tandis que le quatrième, mineur au moment des faits, est condamné à trois ans en centre fermé pour jeunes. Malgré les manquements relevés à la sécurité (local bondé, sortie de secours obstruée), les organisateurs de la soirée n'ont pas été poursuivis par la justice suédoise. Rapport sur les facteurs Un rapport officiel en langue anglaise de cet accident a été émis par l'organisme suédois chargé des enquêtes sur les accidents de la route et les accidents non liés aux transports (havkom). Facteur identifiés contributeurs à l'accident: Nombre de personnes supérieur à ce que permettaient les sorties d'urgence Blocage des escaliers d'évacuation avec une à deux tonnes de matériaux combustibles. La présence de matériel combustible sur le lieu où un incendie a été volontairement déclenché a créé un feu initialement intense La porte à proximité de la sortie d'urgence était ouverte facilitant l'alimentation du feu par une entrée d'air frais Le feu a pu se développer pendant dix à vingt minutes avant d'être découvert La porte pour rejoindre l'escalier d'évacuation ne fonctionnait pas L'évacuation a été retardée en raison d'un échec à signaler clairement la sévérité de la situation La fumée et les gaz toxiques ont rendu difficile l'évacuation La seule autre route d'évacuation était partiellement bloquée par une table. Un groupe restreint de personnes allongées sur le sol s'est retrouvé coincé dans l'ouverture de la porte. Une incompréhension avec les organismes de secours d'urgence a retardé l'intervention des secours d'environ deux minutes! Le chaos sur les lieux a rendu difficile l'intervention de l'équipe de secours Le centre de secours n'a pas appelé toutes les ressources nécessaires Le commandement opérationnel de l'opération de sauvetage n'était pas structuré et manquait de personnel de soutien. Aucune extinction d'incendie n'a eu lieu pendant la période de sauvetage de l'opération. L'opération de sauvetage externe par la fenêtre du vestiaire n'a pas eu lieu Monument Le , un monument à la mémoire des victimes est inauguré à proximité du lieu de l'incendie. Œuvre de l'artiste Claes Hake, il porte le nom et l'âge des . À l'arrière du monument, on peut lire l'inscription suivante : Notes et références NotesP3 dokumentär om DiskoteksbrandenLe , la station de radio suédoise P3 a diffusé un documentaire réalisé par Anton Berg sur l'incendie de Göteborg.Autres références	[ 301, 29915, 6727, 16783, 448, 707, 12866, 904, 13823, 1318, 29889, 13, 13, 3226, 9580, 2093, 263, 13003, 427, 869, 1174, 18836, 868, 9577, 4595, 5419, 316, 13973, 7631, 267, 29892, 966, 1437, 29890, 1446, 3435, 17459, 743, 1465, 443, 8442, 316, 1970, 1064, 663, 316, 21244, 371, 14203, 29892, 425, 25742, 1335, 341, 29986, 893, 273, 29889, 8316, 275, 269, 26493, 12536, 2406, 610, 443, 21423, 316, 7840, 22756, 29899, 535, 9625, 3435, 16253, 7147, 1671, 1035, 434, 453, 381, 966, 5216, 7545, 553, 6879, 1355, 29892, 27093, 712, 966, 27052, 521, 1759, 267, 15422, 2406, 3479, 410, 6609, 553, 26142, 743, 1791, 296, 325, 2247, 29889, 365, 29915, 348, 553, 12134, 29026, 17137, 25238, 277, 11469, 3984, 454, 20491, 818, 553, 282, 2754, 414, 1465, 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Der Altiplano (auf Quechua und Aymara Qullaw) ist eine abflusslose Hochebene in Südost-Peru und West-Bolivien zwischen den Hochgebirgsketten der West-Anden (Cordillera Occidental) und der Ost-Anden (Cordillera Oriental). Lage Als Altiplano wird das ausgedehnte Plateau bezeichnet, das sich in den Zentralanden zwischen 13° S und 27° S befindet. Praktisch ist es das Gebiet, das die 3 km-Höhenlinie umschließt. Danach verläuft der Altiplano über 1800 km entlang des Rückgrats des Gebirges von Süd-Peru, über West-Bolivien bis nach Nord-Chile und Nord-Argentinien und variiert zwischen 350 und 400 km Breite. Der Altiplano liegt auf einer durchschnittlichen Höhe von und erstreckt sich über eine Fläche von etwa 170.000 km². Im Norden des Altiplano liegt der Titicacasee, der größte Hochgebirgssee der Erde. Entstehung Der Altiplano entwickelte sich, seit sich diese Region mit Beginn des Känozoikums (vor 65 Mio. Jahren) gegenüber der westlichen und östlichen Kordillere stark absenkte, so dass sich kilometerdicke Sedimentablagerungen bildeten. Seit dem Miozän (20 Millionen Jahre) herrscht in der Westkordillere rege vulkanische Aktivität, durch die sich Stratovulkane von heute bis zu 6000 m Höhe gebildet haben. Noch heute zeugen heiße Dampf- und Schwefelquellen am Rande des Altiplano von diesem jungen Vulkanismus. Seit Beginn des Pleistozän vor zwei Millionen Jahren hat eine Hebung der intermontanen Becken eingesetzt. Das Zentrum des Altiplano und kleinere Teilbecken im Süden waren in den vergangenen 30.000 Jahren von großen Seen (Ballivián-See) beherrscht. Die Süßwasserseen aus dieser Zeit hatten eine mittlere Tiefe von 20 bis 70 Metern, was auf eine deutlich höhere Niederschlagstätigkeit als heute hinweist. Das Ende der letzten Kaltzeit und der Beginn des Holozän vor etwa 10.000 Jahren leiteten einen deutlichen Klimaumschwung ein – es wurde zwar wärmer, aber die Niederschlagsmengen gingen zurück. Klima und Vegetation Das Klima des Altiplano ist kalt und semiarid bis arid. Die jährlichen Durchschnittstemperaturen schwanken zwischen 2 °C in höheren, wasserlosen Gebieten und etwa 10 °C am Titicacasee. Die Nachttemperaturen liegen häufig unter dem Gefrierpunkt, vor allem während der Trockenzeit (Mai bis August), die durchschnittlichen Tagestemperaturmaxima hingegen erreichen je nach Lage bis 15 °C. Die Jahresniederschläge variieren je nach Topografie und Breitenlage. Gegen den südlichen Wendekreis hin liegen sie bei unter 200 mm, während sie im Norden an den Ufern des Titicacasees und gegen die Cordillera Real hin über 800 mm erreichen können. Schneefall ist selten und tritt am ehesten zwischen April und September auf. Der gesamte Altiplano gehört zur Vegetationsform der baumlosen Hochlandsteppen. Der größte Teil weist Charakteristiken der Puna auf, einer Hochgebirgssteppe mit wechselfeuchtem Klima. Allgegenwärtig ist hier das spröde Ichugras, welches in der Trockenzeit eine goldgelbe Farbe annimmt. Einige Randbereiche des nördlichen Altiplano haben eine Vegetation, welche dem Páramo gleicht, einem Landschaftstyp mit relativ hoher Feuchtigkeit bei geringen Jahrestemperaturschwankungen. Der südwestliche Teil des Altiplano ist wüstenhaft. 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Hallmark: SIGNED, SEALED, DELIVERED: The Series Ten One-Hour Episodes of the Award Winning Hallmark Series Starring Eric Mabius Arrives On DVD And Digital HD April 21 Los Angeles, CA – Handwritten letters change lives in the popular, award winning drama Signed, Sealed, Delivered: The Series arriving on DVD and Digital HD April 21 from Cinedigm (NASDAQ: CIDM). Starring Eric Mabius ("Ugly Betty"), and featuring must-see appearances from special guest stars, including Carol Burnett ("The Carol Burnett Show"), Della Reese ("Touched By An Angel"), Valerie Harper ("Rhoda"), Valerie Bertinelli ("Hot in Cleveland"), and Marilu Henner ("Taxi"), it's easy to see why Entertainment Weekly called the series "an instant classic." Signed, Sealed, Delivered: The Series is a wonderful combination of romance, comedy and drama for the whole family. The ten one-hour episodes follow four postal workers, the PO-stables, who transform themselves into an elite team of Dead Letter detectives to track down intended recipients of undeliverable mail. Their missions take them out of the office and into an unpredictable world where redirected letters and packages can save lives, solve crimes, reunite old loves and change futures by arriving late but somehow on time. The team includes the group's leader, charming Oliver O'Toole (Mabius), a man of faith who upholds traditional values in his life and work; Shane McInerney (Kristin Booth), a technophile who brings 21st century sensibility to the group; free-spirited, "girl next door" Rita Haywith (Crystal Lowe) who has a photographic memory; and lovable Norman Dorman (Geoff Gustafson), a master in conventional research methods. By the end, it becomes evident that the missions of the PO-stables aren't just making an impact on the lives of others; they're being changed, too. Initially airing on the Hallmark Channel as an original movie, the season of "Signed, Sealed, Delivered" boosted the Hallmark Channel's ranking as the #5 rated cable network on Sundays from 8-9 p.m. "Signed, Sealed, Delivered" is executive produced by Martha Williamson, best known as the executive producer of "Touched by an Angel" and beloved for her signature brand of family entertainment. The narratives of the "Signed, Sealed, Delivered" franchise continue as an enhanced two-hour format on Hallmark Movies & Mysteries. "Signed, Sealed, Delivered From Paris With Love" (wt) is slated to debut June 2015 and is the first of three "Signed Sealed Delivered" movies being produced for Hallmark Movies & Mysteries. "Signed, Sealed, Delivered From Paris With Love" (wt) explores the mystery of love when Oliver's estranged wife suddenly returns from Paris the same day he and his Postables team, Shane, Rita and Norman, deliver divorce papers to a happy couple. Jeremy [Howlin' Wolf] Hosted by Jeremy [Retro] at 4:30 AM Intrada: LADY AND THE TRAMP [2Cd] - Walt Disney Re... Intrada: THE GHOST AND THE DARKNESS [2Cd] - JERRY ... Intrada: CONEHEADS/TALENT FOR THE GAME/THE ITSY-BI... Lionsgate: BARK RANGER [DVD] Olive Films: PETER BENCHLEY'S CREATURE [FIRST TIME... Olive Films: IT! THE TERROR BEYOND SPACE [FIRST TI... Sylvester McCoy at C2E2 in CHICAGO [2015] Cheezy Flicks: Monster From a Prehistoric Planet Hallmark: MOM'S DAY AWAY [DVD] Olive Films: FLAWLESS [FIRST TIME ON BLU-RAY!] - M... Olive Films: EXTREMITIES [FIRST TIME ON BLU-RAY!] ... 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Jacksonville residents' innovative solutions to fight hunger head to state competition Beth Reese Cravey @BethReeseCravey Their pitches involved selling fresh food in street-side food machines, establishing small farms along the developing "emerald necklace" trail and delivering farm-fresh bags of vegetables to seniors in subsidized housing. The state winner receives $20,000 prize to implement their vision. Three Jacksonville women who came up with innovative direct-from-the-farm ideas about how to combat hunger in Northeast Florida won top honors in a regional competition and next month will pitch their projects in a state contest. Angela TenBroeck of Foodery Farms aims to sell fresh food in street-side food machines and Valerie Herrman of Ohana Nō Ka 'Oi envisions "convenience farm" franchises along the planned Emerald Trail. Meanwhile, Alina Gonzalez of Urban Folk Farm wants to expand an initiative she already has underway: delivering farm-fresh bags of vegetables to homebound seniors in subsidized housing, who can use food stamps as payment, and showing them easy-to-follow cooking variations. They were the finalists among 16 entrepreneurs who participated in the inaugural Block by Block Food Insecurity Challenge in Jacksonville, one of four regional competitions sponsored by Guidewell, the parent company of Florida Blue. On Oct. 16 they and nine other finalists from across the state, each of whom received $2,000 prizes at the regional level, will compete for a $20,000 prize to implement their vision. "That would be awesome," Gonzalez said. "I want to share this [senior feeding] program. It is so easy and so sustainable for other small farms." The Block by Block Food Insecurity Challenge stemmed from longtime discussions at Guidewell Innovations, a nonprofit unit of Guidewell that focuses on health and wellness, about how to address food insecurity, said Executive Director Kirstie McCool. About 3 million people in Florida, including 800,000 children and 500,000 seniors, are food insecure, which means they do not have close access to sufficient and nutritious food. In July a statewide challenge was issued "to all entrepreneurs, nonprofits, innovators and organizations to accelerate innovative thinking and make Florida communities more food secure." Guidewell's statewide partners are Synapse and AdventHealth. "We want to applaud all of the applicants for their passion and commitment to developing innovative strategies that address food insecurity in our communities, a key social determinant of health that affects millions of people throughout Florida," she said. "Our goal with a challenge like this is to foster innovation and collaboration while providing resources to improve the health and well-being of people in our communities." Putting the question out to entrepreneurs who are already working on the issue across the state proved eye-opening, McCool said. "The work that all the participants are doing is just unbelievable — the focus and the level and quality of what we have going on," she said. "It's amazing work they are doing with limited budgets and resources." At the Jacksonville event, the judges were so impressed with the offerings that they created a fourth award. They gave a $2,000 Community Service Award to Hippie Que, a nonprofit food truck that collects nearly expired food from grocery stores and food waste from restaurants and other local sources and transforms it into hot meals for homeless people. Also, McCool saw potential for applicants to help each other make progress. So she decided to bring them back together at a later date. "It was moving for me personally to watch the collaboration going on between everyone in the room, connecting the dots that can be connected," she said. Foodery Farms' mission is simple and ambitious: "To feed our community with healthy, consistently fresh and always safe food while educating future generations about the value of a healthy diet. We are passionate about changing lives with agriculture." CEO TenBroeck and her family have farmed hydroponically in North Florida since the 1970s. Hydroponics is a method of growing plants without soil by floating their roots in chemically enhanced water. She launched Foodery Farms in the Whitehouse section of Jacksonville, in a food desert and brown	[ 11886, 4909, 24060, 29915, 24233, 1230, 6851, 304, 8589, 18757, 261, 2343, 304, 2106, 13888, 13, 29933, 621, 830, 968, 14279, 6950, 732, 29933, 621, 1123, 968, 29907, 336, 6950, 13, 1576, 381, 15905, 267, 9701, 269, 7807, 10849, 9687, 297, 11952, 29899, 2975, 9687, 14884, 29892, 10127, 292, 2319, 2215, 1516, 3412, 278, 14338, 376, 25154, 2741, 18873, 1265, 29908, 26203, 322, 12021, 292, 17888, 29899, 29888, 3781, 289, 810, 310, 18655, 1849, 304, 6940, 18930, 297, 11684, 333, 1891, 27261, 29889, 450, 2106, 19576, 20586, 395, 29906, 29900, 29892, 29900, 29900, 29900, 26836, 304, 2334, 1009, 18551, 29889, 13, 28575, 11886, 4909, 5866, 1058, 2996, 701, 411, 24233, 1230, 1513, 29899, 3166, 29899, 1552, 29899, 29888, 2817, 7014, 1048, 920, 304, 15499, 18757, 261, 297, 405, 27374, 13813, 2113, 2246, 4207, 943, 297, 263, 14014, 13888, 322, 2446, 4098, 674, 15905, 1009, 9279, 297, 263, 2106, 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Graphics Interface 92 http://www.graphicsinterface.org/ GI - Graphics Interface Graphics Interface is the Canadian annual conference devoted to computer graphics and interactive techniques." The first GI conference was held in 1982. Together with its precursor, the biennial Canadian Man-Computer Communications Conference (CMCCC), which was first held in 1969, "it is the oldest regularly-scheduled computer graphics and human-computer interaction conference. Fong, Philip, Seidel, Hans-Peter (1992): An implementation of multivariate B--spline surfaces over arbitrary triangulations. In: Graphics Interface 92 May 11-15, 1992, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. pp. 1-10. Fishkin, Ken (1992): Performing in--place affine transformations in constant space. In: Graphics Interface 92 May 11-15, 1992, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. pp. 106-114. Naylor, Bruce F. (1992): Interactive solid geometry via partitioning trees. In: Graphics Interface 92 May 11-15, 1992, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. pp. 11-18. Li, Jin, Mantei, Marilyn (1992): Working together virtually. In: Graphics Interface 92 May 11-15, 1992, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. pp. 115-122. Buxton, Bill (1992): Telepresence: Integrating shared task and person spaces. In: Graphics Interface 92 May 11-15, 1992, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. pp. 123-129. Mantei, Marilyn (1992): CSCW -- WCSC: Computer--supported cooperative work -- What changes for the science of comp. In: Graphics Interface 92 May 11-15, 1992, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. pp. 130-139. MacKenzie, I. Scott (1992): Movement time prediction in human--computer interfaces. In: Graphics Interface 92 May 11-15, 1992, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. pp. 140-150. Shoemake, Ken (1992): ARCBALL: A user interface for specifying three--dimensinal orientation using a mouse. In: Graphics Interface 92 May 11-15, 1992, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. pp. 151-156. Harrison, Beverly L., Baecker, Ronald M. (1992): Designing video annotation and analysis systems. In: Graphics Interface 92 May 11-15, 1992, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. pp. 157-166. Schroder, Peter, Drucker, Steven M. (1992): A data parallel algorithm for raytracing of heterogeneous databases. In: Graphics Interface 92 May 11-15, 1992, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. pp. 167-175. Jevans, David A. (1992): Object space temporal coherence for ray tracing. In: Graphics Interface 92 May 11-15, 1992, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. pp. 176-183. Woo, Andrew (1992): Ray tracing polygons using spatial subdivision. In: Graphics Interface 92 May 11-15, 1992, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. pp. 184-191. Watson, Benjamin, Hodges, Larry F. (1992): Fast algorithms for rendering cubic curves. In: Graphics Interface 92 May 11-15, 1992, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. pp. 19-28. Paglieroni, David W., Petersen, Sidney M. (1992): Parametric height field ray tracing. 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-15, 1992, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. pp. 192-200. Naylor, Bruce F. (1992): Partitioning tree image representation and generation from 3D geometric models. In: Graphics Interface 92 May 11-15, 1992, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. pp. 201-212. Prusinkiewicz, Przemyslaw, Hammel, Mark S. (1992): Escape--time visualization method for language--restricted iterated function systems. In: Graphics Interface 92 May 11-15, 1992, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. pp. 213-223. Hart, John C. (1992): The object instancing paradigm for linear fractal modeling. In: Graphics Interface 92 May 11-15, 1992, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. pp. 224-231. Manocha, Dinesh, Demmel, James (1992): Algorithms for intersecting parametric and algebraic curves. In: Graphics Interface 92 May 11-15, 1992, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. pp. 232-241. Gleicher, Michael, Kass, Michael (1992): An interval refinement technique for surface intersection. In: Graphics Interface 92 May 11-15, 1992, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. pp. 242-249. Figueiredo, Luiz Henrique de, Gomes, Jonas de Miranda, Terzopoulos, Demetri, Velho, Luiz (1992): Physically--based methods for polygonization of implicit surfaces. In: Graphics Interface 92 May 11-15, 1992, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. pp. 250-257. Shoemake, Ken, Duff, Tom (1992): Matrix animation and polar decomposition. In: Graphics Interface 92 May 11-15, 1992, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. pp. 258-264. Hodgins, Jessica, Sweeney, Paula, Lawrence, David G. (1992): Generating natural--looking motion for computer animation. In: Graphics Interface 92 May 11-15, 1992, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. pp. 265-272. Stewart, A. James, Cremer, James (1992): Beyond keyframing: An algorithmic approach to animation. In: Graphics Interface 92 May 11-15, 1992, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. pp. 273-281. Pike, Rob (1992): A minimalist global user interface. In: Graphics Interface 92 May 11-15, 1992, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. pp. 282-293. Bajaj, Chandrajit L., Royappa, Andrew V. (1992): Parameterization in finite precision. In: Graphics Interface 92 May 11-15, 1992, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. pp. 29-36. Fekete, Jean-Daniel (1992): A multi--layer graphic model for building interactive graphical applications. In: Graphics Interface 92 May 11-15, 1992, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. pp. 294-300. Helm, Richard, Huynh, Tien, Lassez, Catherine, Marriott, Kim (1992): A linear constraint technology for interactive graphic systems. In: Graphics Interface 92 May 11-15, 1992, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. pp. 301-309. Bian, Buming, Wittels, Norman, Fussell, Donald S. (1992): Non--uniform patch luminance for global illumination. 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As a week-long US operation ends, residents and some troops worry that insurgents will soon return. Walking in from the desert before dawn, the marines entering the ancient city of Hit bristled with armaments. Flak jackets bulged with extra ammo clips. Packs were heavy with spare mortar rounds and grenades. Many of the men recalled the last time they entered the city in October, calling it a miracle that none was killed in a determined insurgent ambush. Yet pulling out of the city five days later, every one of those mortars and grenades remained intact. The 250 marines, most from Bravo Company of the 1st Marine Division's 23rd Regiment out of Houston, had fired fewer than 100 rifle rounds. There were few signs of the fighters that made Forward Operating Base Hit one of the most mortared US positions in Iraq. It was much the same story in a recent Marine offensive across Anbar Province, the center of Iraq's insurgency. As part of "River Blitz," Marines took over trouble-spots like Hit, Haditha, Baghdadi, and Ramadi with hardly any shots being fired. But from the upper ranks to the most junior boots on the ground, few believe the relative ease of this operation means the insurgency in Anbar is over. Instead, the militants are fleeing before the marines arrive, only to return when the marines withdraw. The temporary nature of the Marine takeovers is hampering US efforts to get local cooperation on security. "They called it River Blitz, but it's been more like operation River Dance,'' says Sgt. Bob Grandfield, from Boston. "This is what insurgents are supposed to do. Run away when we come in. If they fight, they know we'll just kill them." "They're very perceptive, not stupid at all, and they probably saw tanks were moved here. So they left,'' says Lt. Col Stephen Dinauer from Verona, Wisc, commander of the 3rd Light Armored Reconnaissance Battalion, which headed up operations in Hit. "It's frustrating, because we can't be everywhere at once." While acknowledging that most top insurgents probably fled prior to the assault, Colonel Dinauer still rates operations in Hit (pronounced Heat) a success. About 40 men were detained, and a number of weapons caches were uncovered. He also believes that insurgents in the area have been "knocked back on their heels," preventing them from planning more attacks and making it easier to move troops around the province. But while Marines conducted their offensive in Anbar, insurgents struck elsewhere. A suicide car bomb in Hilla, south of Baghdad, killed 125 people - the deadliest single attack since the toppling of Saddam Hussein. Wednesday, unknown gunmen in Baghdad shot and killed a judge involved in the trial of Mr. Hussein. As the Marines involved in "River Blitz" pull out Anbar Province, a smaller US force is replacing them. One senior marine said he feels "guilty about leaving" Hit because he worries that insurgents will seek reprisals on residents in the absence of local police. These sentiments echo the scaled-back expectations among troops on the ground. Gone is the talk about breaking the back of the insurgency that was floated before the November battle for Fallujah, where hundreds of militants were dug in and ready to fight. Instead, the troops speak about a long, painstaking process of intelligence gathering, slowly constricting the corridor along the Euphrates river that has helped foreign militants move into Iraq from Syria and helped domestic militants move men and money. And they speak about slowly finding a way to train and motivate Iraqi troops to replace the largely failed experiment with the Iraqi National Guard, which has been plagued by desertions, insurgent infiltration, and a refusal to fight because of fears of reprisals against their family members. Patrolling Hit, a city of 100,000 people, the marines encountered no open hostility. Little boys fascinated by their guns chased after them and young men peppered them with questions in broken English. In five days in the city, one sniper was killed by the marines, and another man was killed after a drive by shooting. 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The Personal Scientific study Animation Dissertation This study document seemed to be undertaken to get and examine character performing in animation, and the distinct methods which is used to express experiencing and spirit. The document is focused all around how the audience is normally influenced simply by techniques involving character working, and what components contribute to the believability. Analysis of various materials, articles together with online options have been embarked to aid the very analysis and conclusion. The data researched, seems to indicate that thought process have to occur before an action comes together by the personality. Developing a charm with sympathy through their valuable emotions allows the market relate to these products, contributing to the richer, more believable result. Various tactics are used to specific thought process and also emotion, nonetheless , discovery contributed to the realizing that body language will be just as significant without dialogue. Internal thought process is best shown through a figures eye motions in conjunction with body language. The aim of this researching document would be to gain some deeper knowledge and know-how about how working methods inside character movement can be utilised and articulated to express emotions through the present of essential thought processes in a persona. This research will investigate the methods made use of by animators to make the 'illusion of life' and discover exactly how it can become believable and engaging in the audience.can you help me with homework in canada "Acting is defined as the ability of practise connected with representing a personality on a period or previously cameras as well as derives from Latin statement 'agere', signifying to do… an useless meaning for that word appearing is animate. " (John Kundert-Gibbs, 2011, p4) Study will be put to use on specific techniques of real/stage drama to develop an awareness of performing in persona animation. Background to the Research "Animate : verb /annimayt/ 1 . give life or simply activity. two give (a film or possibly character) the appearance of movement utilizing animation. coordinating conjunction /annimt/ to life; having existence. Derives, tegnefilmstegner noun. Source, Latin animare, from ossatura 'life, soul'. " (Oxford English Dictionary) Animation continues to be thought to include originated above 35, 000 years ago, following the discovery of ancient wall paintings throughout places enjoy Altamira along with Lascaux; which will depicted a variety of humans, products and critters as Rich Williams (2001, p13) makes clear, sometimes using four pairs of feet to show movements. In the premature 1800's, Williams shows (2001, p14-15) there were different different products developed for your sole function of creating the illusion of motion such as the Thaumatrope, the Phenakistoscope, the Zoetrope, the Paxinoscope and the Flipper book. Each one of these devices have been based on the rediscovery, in 1824, of 'The persistence for vision' through Peter Mark Roget. The essential of this is located, "…on the belief that our sight temporarily support the image about anything they've just viewed. " (Williams, 2001, p13) In 1896, this caused the interest associated with Thomas Edison, who been for a while publicly release a combination of pictures, drawn just by James Stuart Blackton, in sequence called 'Humorous Phases for Funny Faces'. Since then, we still have seen numerous approaches to the genre regarding animation. Using the rise regarding Disney computer animation studios, throughout 1928, 'Steamboat Willie' ended up being introduced along with synchronised perfectly a new figure, Mickey Mouse. Simply by 1936, 'Snow White and then the Seven Dwarfs' was released that received fantastic success. I thought this was the place to start of the 'Golden Age' of animation this was shortly pursued by the popular Disney titles: Pinocchio, Dumbo, Bambi and Fantasia. It was not until Nov., 1995 which Toy Story, the first full length computer cartoon film was released by Pixar Animation Broadcasters. This caused another completely new era with animation. Ateliers like Dreamworks and Pink Sky rapidly followed. Behaving in birth has been acquired as the primary factor for designing believability inside an animated range, "But to make these layouts work, the main movements has to be bel	[ 450, 16224, 23753, 928, 6559, 530, 7715, 3295, 1940, 362, 13, 4013, 6559, 1842, 6140, 304, 367, 22332, 9424, 304, 679, 322, 25917, 2931, 15859, 297, 9612, 29892, 322, 278, 8359, 3519, 607, 338, 1304, 304, 4653, 10623, 3277, 322, 8548, 29889, 450, 1842, 338, 21309, 599, 2820, 920, 278, 20026, 338, 12891, 28482, 3763, 491, 13698, 21677, 2931, 1985, 29892, 322, 825, 7117, 29126, 304, 278, 1339, 10384, 3097, 29889, 24352, 310, 5164, 17279, 29892, 7456, 4208, 411, 7395, 3987, 505, 1063, 7232, 935, 287, 304, 16226, 278, 1407, 7418, 322, 15997, 29889, 13, 1576, 848, 5925, 287, 29892, 2444, 304, 12266, 393, 2714, 1889, 505, 304, 6403, 1434, 385, 3158, 5304, 4208, 491, 278, 2022, 2877, 29889, 10682, 292, 263, 21192, 411, 29738, 1549, 1009, 21114, 23023, 1080, 6511, 278, 9999, 29279, 304, 1438, 9316, 29892, 17737, 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ievable – which leads here we are at realism… That which we want to reach isn't realism, it's believability. " (Williams, 2001, v. 34) Just about all animated operating is designed to supply a character persona and believability. Just like within stage operating. Doron Meir (2008) talks about that believable acting is because the visitors feeling a good character's tactics of its very own inner purposes. Williams (2001) notes of which animation standards that were made by Disney Galleries very at the beginning, are still utilized today in any types of cartoon to bring people to life. Research Thought How are emotions as well as internal notion processes expressed through methods of working in individuality animation to generate characters believable and engaging to audience? Survey for Literature & Works Acting is an extremely broad area of interest, and can be placed on many different styles of behaving for time and photographic camera. Animation has already established a direct effect by the solutions and discoveries on how to express a character with movement. Because of this 'To often the Actor: Around the Technique of Acting' by Elizabeth Chekhov is an ideal choice this links with the acting. Chekhov is once known for her in-depth drama methods, and possesses stood for being an iconic educator for prominent actors today. Chekhov indicates the methods used to call up sensations, develop personalities and strengthen awareness being an actor. Almost all these things assist in develop particular 'Psychological Gestures' that he talks about within the e book, that show the audience what are the character is attempting to express via body language, and that is the key to some character's believability in an animated sequence. To get a more precise understanding of ways characters proceed, and the concepts surrounding nature animation for art, 'The Animators Endurance Guide' by way of Richard Williams is an exhaustive manual for the style plus techniques associated with hand-drawn computer animation. Containing the exact principles as used by animators to produce believable activity. "Williams have been one of the legitimate innovators, as well as serves as one of the links between the gold colored age of computer animation by hand and even new laptop animation achievements. " (Williams, 2001, blurb) Everything with this book deals with the overall goal of producing a personality that goes in a believable way. Drama relies on most of these techniques which can be shown by means of drawing methods of frame by simply frame animation. By starting these procedures, animators is often taught to check the details of the body to further realize how to produce triumphant animated people. The study of how character types display experience needs to be taken into consideration throughout this research. 'Acting for Animators' by Impotence Hooks talks about the thoroughly tested methods in acting the fact that reflect identity and sensing within a charm. This e-book takes people through Hook's lessons with acting as well as the theoretical tactic behind this techniques. Sympathy occurs a whole lot in this arrange, answering the necessity to create personas with sensation, for the visitors to empathise with. Investigation into personality movement and acting by simply example lets the treasure of tactics used in favorite film. 'Acting in Toon: A Look at fjorton Films' is really a second book by Erection dysfunction Hooks, which is where he examines twelve different animated videos, going through segment by segment, describing the main expressive together with emotive approaches used in each scene. Guided by all these film instances, the tactics discovered as a result of research, may be firmly recognized. Theoretical Approach for Selecting Data Data is going to be collected, analysed and available from a assortment of published extra sources which include: books, posts, web posts, web weblogs and seminars. All data files and vital information will probably be collected when it comes to research, but will not all often be related to the particular analysis with animation. Acting technique along with method may be the main area source of exploration, which will provide a broader backdrop ? setting to foundation opinions, creative ideas and feelings discovered in alternative literature information by some people in the industry. Novels sources comprising examples of tested practise will be used to further use the topic of homework. Information of Suggested Practise By lengthy discovery along with analysis regarding character performing in sprightliness, I plan to produce at the least six intriguing and possible artefacts this reflect advantage gained as a result of this homework	[ 10384, 519, 785, 607, 11981, 1244, 591, 526, 472, 1855, 1608, 30098, 2193, 607, 591, 864, 304, 6159, 3508, 29915, 29873, 1855, 1608, 29892, 372, 29915, 29879, 1339, 10384, 3097, 29889, 376, 313, 12984, 10909, 29892, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29896, 29892, 325, 29889, 29871, 29941, 29946, 29897, 13, 14084, 1048, 599, 17524, 13598, 338, 8688, 304, 11421, 263, 2931, 21411, 322, 1339, 10384, 3097, 29889, 3387, 763, 2629, 7408, 13598, 29889, 9579, 265, 2191, 381, 313, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29947, 29897, 5969, 2039, 1048, 393, 1339, 10384, 519, 16684, 338, 1363, 278, 26824, 11223, 263, 1781, 2931, 29915, 29879, 28476, 1199, 310, 967, 1407, 1914, 6426, 11976, 29889, 11648, 313, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29896, 29897, 11486, 310, 607, 9612, 20801, 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12981, 2868, 29124, 895, 13, 2059, 3309, 29891, 20699, 3412, 411, 7418, 11211, 2931, 15859, 297, 7689, 523, 1915, 404, 29892, 306, 3814, 304, 7738, 472, 278, 3203, 4832, 11158, 5526, 292, 322, 1950, 20160, 17028, 29879, 445, 9432, 10631, 17515, 408, 263, 1121, 310, 445, 3271, 1287 ]	1,024	CommonCrawl	0.348537	0.356237	-0.242864	1.225413
document, that should provide further understanding about how precisely precisely emotion makes it possible for an market to empathise with an cartoon character. The very preliminary pattern practise include the development of essential character creates to emphasise specified emotions right influenced through an internal spirit. This will then indicate how a character is usually developed more into a array believable toon sequences. Each one artefact designs to consist of one of the half a dozen basic emotional baggage, as stated simply by Ed Hook varieties, "…happiness, shock, fear, annoyance, disgust along with sadness…" (2000, p. 36) Characters utilised will be fashioned and rigged by a second source, that may provide a basic, easy to use marionette for the purpose of birth. Dialogue is definitely not used, as this may have as a distraction from the thoughts that are was executed to be stated through beahvior and cosmetic expressions. These types of artefacts can provide a sharper understanding of depths of the mind body actions that are usually overlooked. Character toon can take a lot of forms around the context connected with animation inside the traditional feel as well as in fashionable computer animation. "The using principles had been developed in addition to named: 1 . Squash in addition to Stretch… charge cards Timing in addition to Motion… several. Anticipation… 5. Staging… some. Follow Through as well as Overlapping… 6. Straight Ahead Action and Pose-to-Pose… 7. Slowly In plus Out… almost eight. Arcs… nine. Exaggeration… 10. Secondary Action… 11. Appeal…Personality in charm animation will be the goal out of all the above. " (John Lasseter, 1987, pp. 35-44, 7: 4) Lasseter explains how the specific common animation principles and tactics developed while in the 1930's by Walt Disney Studios need to be incorporated directly into all super-hero media "…especially character animation…" to develop roles look to get them to be "…more practical and entertaining" (Lasseter, 1987, pp. 35-44) Richard Williams explains, "The old knowledge applies to any kind of approach to typically the medium whatever the advances within technology. " (2001, r. 20) This shows that successful, believable animation of all kinds have spawned on the basis and influence of these conventional principles together with techniques. Rich Williams in addition tells us which will, in relation to 'classical' and personal pc animation, "Both share the same problems showing how to give a good performance by using movement, weight, timing together with empathy. " (2001, p. 20) This particular underlines a key point into the progresses of concept in birth, showing in which 3D animation software bundles only can be a technique regarding animating and never an easier way so that you can influence believable movement. Lasseter explains, "To make a character's personality feel real a good audience, she must be different versus the other characters on the display screen. A simple way to distinguish the celebrities of your personas is with contrast of motion. No 2 characters would likely do the exact same action quite as. " (1994) Creating a exclusive character, generates its style. John Kricfalusi (2006) reminisced of how he or she got used by Spinning chuck Jones' toons, noticing the initial expressions your dog drew. In particular as an example, the best way he comes two whites of the vision joined together with each other, one bigger than the other to create a "D-uh" expression. You find that uniqueness is very important if introducing individuality to a charm, Chekhov (1953, p. 83) explains with regards to characterisation, that particular features indigenous to a charm; like a typical movement, method of speech, chronic habit, peculiar way of running and so on, conveys the 'finishing touches' to your character. Personas become more lively and more human with this smaller feature. Hook varieties (2000, delaware. 36) details, "When we speak of creating the illusion about life around animation, the item boils decrease not to gestures and naturalistic movement, but for emotion". Tow hooks continues to report that theoretically discussing	[ 1842, 29892, 393, 881, 3867, 4340, 8004, 1048, 920, 17503, 17503, 953, 8194, 3732, 372, 1950, 363, 385, 9999, 304, 953, 2084, 895, 411, 385, 7774, 6150, 2931, 29889, 450, 1407, 758, 2576, 3821, 4766, 4120, 895, 3160, 278, 5849, 310, 18853, 2931, 10017, 304, 19310, 895, 6790, 23023, 1080, 1492, 28482, 1549, 385, 7463, 8548, 29889, 910, 674, 769, 12266, 920, 263, 2931, 338, 5491, 8906, 901, 964, 263, 1409, 1339, 10384, 519, 304, 265, 15602, 29889, 7806, 697, 20160, 17028, 25517, 304, 5718, 310, 697, 310, 278, 4203, 263, 24231, 6996, 23023, 1848, 289, 16170, 482, 29892, 408, 8703, 3763, 491, 2155, 29612, 1197, 20850, 29892, 13, 29908, 30098, 29882, 932, 3335, 29892, 19253, 29892, 8866, 29892, 12327, 29891, 749, 29892, 766, 29887, 504, 3412, 411, 14610, 2264, 30098, 29908, 313, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29900, 29892, 282, 29889, 29871, 29941, 29953, 29897, 13, 5914, 21706, 3667, 3368, 674, 367, 13460, 287, 322, 12912, 3192, 491, 263, 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, emotion is the essential component of acting because the point regarding empathy for your audience. Hooks, "Empathy will be as essential to active acting while oxygen should be to water. " (2000, r. 9) Personalities of all points, in an attempt to get them to be believable from an audience, need to have a particular persona. The target audience needs to be immediately affected by your character's onscreen emotion, to truly feel a sense empathy. Not having, the audience will lose attention easily and the objectives inside the storyline will be able to diminish. Hook varieties (2000, r. 41), demonstrates Charlie Chaplin as one of the a good number of influential comedians that applied a great deal of agape in his deliver the results to touch the exact audiences' behavior. He details that the innovation as being a performer has already established a huge determine on the regarding comics as well as animation. As Chuck Williams has said "I admire Chaplin very much books could discover him imagine, and strategy, and you taken care of him. " (Hooks, 2000, p. 40) Chaplin's unique relationship while using audience includes seen an awesome influence at character spirits from the beginning regarding Walt Disney's profession. Dick Huemer (Hooks, 2000, r. 40), Disney storyman, tells us Walt experienced an image for Mickey Mouse as being a little Chaplin. In order to efficiently accomplish agreement within a identity, there needs to be elements of identity to goad ? prod ? sting emotions. Such can be engineered through straightforward recurring gestures that correspond with the character's thoughts along with actions. Atlanta divorce attorneys respect, the actual audience needs to be the main effect when figuring out a character's actions. Barbs states individuals express 6 basic sentiments, "…happiness, amaze, fear, fury, disgust along with sadness…" (2000, p. 36) He in addition tells us there is disagreement upon whether facelift expression is normally primarily a reflection of the central emotional point out, or if it is simply a community 'display'. These sharp "claws" concludes going without shoes could be possibly, depending on the problem. Emotion might be expressed by both cosmetic expression in addition to body language, however the influence regarding method are usually different. Williams (2001, r. 324) states that terms should be secured to a lowest and as a great animator, generate everything when clear as you possibly can through pantomime using only our bodies to tell the storyline. The motion of the shape are thought around a lot more by simply animators compared to real personalities, as computer animators have to 'create' it as an alternative to 'do' that, although the natural expressive character of emotions are the identical. Different types of sentiments can be listed easily seeing that Chekhov displays, "…grasping as well as catching (greed, avarice, cupidity, miserliness)… close to with palms turned earthward… lusts so that you can overpower, to possess. " (1953, p. 67) Equally, Chekhov (1953, g. 73) talks about here the fact that in order to increase that your characters expressive character, hands and also arms should really act first of all for example; possession up towards the chin discloses unavoidability plus loneliness, palms turned outwards displays self-defense, self-protection and minor humour is usually evoked while bending the 3 middle kiddy hands of each hands. Hooks believes, "The the truth is that our fingers and biceps are the a lot of expressive features of our bodies". (2000, r. 60) An illustration to this, Barbs demonstrates, "Arms folded all over the chest suggest that the particular person is 'closed', intractable… If you find yourself embarrassed, everyone tend to greatly reduce in place. " (2000, p. 62) This unveils that many body gestures patterns for human results are emphasised through the mobility of hands and wrists and fists. Williams (2001, p. 324) explains an approach called 'Twinning' where abs and possession are doing the work same thing, equally. 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instructs that this is needed to show specialist by preachers, leaders, people in politics and so forth. Kevan Shorey confirms that, "Symmetry is a good means of adding compel to an steps to get a way! " (2008) Both animators, believe that twinning should be split up to avoid a perfect mirror image of actions that would make unbelievable emails to the audience. Jeff Lew (2004) makes clear that in making twinning toon look better, the perspective with shot has to be changed so they don't literally look identical at a unique camera approach. Walt Disney in nineteen thirties found that expression is better when the body is involved and not only the eye, "Movement starts out in the area of your personal navel as well as radiates outwards into your limbs. " (Hooks, 2000, l. 60) Steve Kricfalusi (2006) explains the fact that animators have evolved an appearance that has become more stagy compared with live action by studying characters' emotions through gesture and techniques. Evidentially, facelift expressions are not enough towards provoke a good meaningful experience, and that the whole body needs to be articulating through grip gestures and also arm moves to accompany facial expressions, to achieve a good believable feeling through a character. In an case from Model Story some, Hooks records, "She (Jessie) doesn't simply just greet Woody enthusiastically, the girl turns them over and gives you him nuggies! She throws him with this and that. Your girlfriend emotion is usually leading your ex to vivaciously celebrate. " (2005, p. 90) This is a specific sort of how gestures is sending emotion productively. If this similar bit of appearing was served on the phase, or in front of a surveillance camera with actual actors tutorial it would use a different results. The feeling may be related, but one way of emphasising actions utilized for animation is through exaggeration. Shawn Kelly (2009) conveys us does not was tutored to exacerbate something in excess of it should be, then simply double that. Exaggeration is amongst the original toon principles. Lasseter (1987, pp. 35-44, twenty one: 4) proposes exaggeration of characters by way of the animator need to be very carefully decided. If there is a lot of distortion it could possibly result in a great unrealistic take a look. Looking again much before, to 1927, the classic film "Sunrise: A Song connected with Two Humans" was released. Devoid of synchronised debate, films on this era must rely on often the character's representing and the support compositions given that the two principal elements to the story. "Sunrise is considered amongst the finest movies of the silent era, and also Janet's Gaynor's performance is definitely one its most effective virtues… The supple encounter and soulful eyes include a range of imagination and behavior that web sites of discussion could mainly suggest. " (DeFreitas, 2009) Later, DeFreitas (2009) informs us that Sunrise became a victor of the 1929 'Best Picture' Oscar with regard to 'Unique as well as Artistic' Output. This film sets for an evidential sort of how acting without dialog can influence and empathise with an market just as fine, if not more thus. Often around animation, Lasseter (1987, pp. 35-44) clarifies that the observation can easily get when the motion of a character seems to pass away, which can run into as looking particularly imitation and impressive. To get this diminished motion, Lasseter uses a 'moving hold' aid which is a technique applied that remains the routine of a body system part subsequently after an action. This particular breaks up the main animation and also results in a new smoother and even more believable range. Preston Blair (Hooks, i b?rjan p? tv?tusentalet, p. 60), states that an actor your pause without a specific good reason, and when some pause takes place, it should be displayed for for a long time so the market can register it. However these are both procedures that participate the market into the actual character is normally acting out and about. 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type can occur, imagined processes should become evident through the character. Hooks marks, "Thinking will probably lead to final thoughts; emotion is likely to lead to activity. " (2000, p. 1) Hooks describes a way of thinking as a approach in discovering a in sum. Lasseter (1994) mentions that movement associated with a particular nature must can be found for a explanation, and, in the long run, develop feelings in a individuality through their particular thought functions. As an watching with interest, before a human being applies his body into actions, a way of thinking must appear. In movement, this way of thinking must be shown to the target audience to show you believability associated with an action that has just ended up revealed. To show a way of thinking in a charm, Disney animator/teacher Eric Larson shows a method, in Frank Thomas along with Ollie Johnson's 'Illusion regarding Life', "The subject slowly lowered his particular brows towards a frown rapid paused — and then raised one brow and glanced to the side, an individual immediately would sense an alteration from one considered to another…" (Richard Williams, 2001, p. 320) This action has been discovered when first Disney characters with reallly big ears shorts were being created, and even stands to be a key element into how adjust of concept can magnify a important thought process. Shawn Kelly (2009) expresses the ideas, clearing up that there isnt anything more critical than featuring a character's thought process in addition to changes of which occur within it to provoke inner thoughts and physical activities. It is up to these imagined processes, your dog concludes, which drives anything we complete. Looking at character animation around Toy Story 2, Tow hooks (2005, r. 87) explains how Woody's realisation in which Andy was subjected to to get away without your man, leads them to her express despair (emotion) which then leads him to take away to the back notch, out of view. He add that, "The more specified the character's thought process, the higher quality the performance". (2005, g. 87) Spirit in personality animation, as stated, is very important for believability. It is been true for quite a while since the starting of Disney's 'Golden Age' in toon. Walt Disney said, "In most instances, the power behind the main action is a mood, often the personality, the main attitude of the character-or all. Therefore , to get is the preliminary. We think of things until the body may them. " (Lasseter, 1987, pp. 35-44, 21: 4) It is commonly agreed that thought process is the main building block that must be perfected in addition to shown properly in any computer animated character. Bill Tytla (Hooks, 2005, k. 3), concluded that "the position is a a reaction to something". Barbs refers to Aristotle, "Aristotle detailed this as being a unity with action – small actions that lead to more substantial action, or perhaps objective. This kind of simple rule among bodybuilders lies in the base of most acting theory. An action with out using thought can be impossible, and action lacking any objective is simply mechanical matter, moving areas of the body. " (Hooks, 2005, l. 4-5) Aristotle finds that thought process of a character stands between a character along with 'life' to your robotic, inactive machine. Numerous earlier, Derek Larson's means of showing a good thought process in a character is very believable. And specifically, it is often discovered that the actual eyes are a very important parts of the character to express and emphasis all these thoughts. Williams (2001, r. 325) recommends on how the eyes are typically the focal point that men watch in a character. Such as, he information, "When tuning in on the phone typically the eyes glint around inside a Staccato fashion reflecting the very listener's moving thoughts on reaction all of our eyes are not usually still. " (2001, g. 326) The very eyes, typically the driving force driving a character's actions. Kelly agrees that decisions is often reflected correctly with the view, "They could very often dart their little brown eyes around a touch as they give some thought to and examine their alternatives. 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if they are really reading a good imaginary listing of possible decisions! " (2009) Lasseter (1987), explains the fact that eyes cause before the steps, and that the solely time some people wouldn't guide, would be when there was an external force appearing upon the character. He plugs further, the fact that trick to be able to showing spirit through the eye lids of a identity is with expectation. The little brown eyes should proceed first, then the head and next the rest of the body. "The vision of a individuality are the panes to its thoughts; often the character's ideas are presented through the measures of their eyes. " (Lasseter, 1987) As well as eyes movements, typically the timing plus speed to a character's blinks can also affect the outcome of what exactly is portrayed as a thought process. Kelly (2009), talks about that different blinks may offer up some of our different ideas of exactly what character can be thinking. "A ton associated with blinks will feel as though the type is going to weep, is tense, uncomfortable, timid, or possibly treated after a significant build up; even while very little that will no is most beneficial will sometimes feel expended, stoned uneasy, angry, or only very strong. " (Kelly, 2009) Kelly teaches in which blinks needs to be there to get a reason minimize the stress enhance a selected emotion. Just before an tegnefilmstegner can even learn to animate a selected thought process, they have to know about the type to be able to learn what they would often be feeling for a certain time, in an attempt to achieve believable benefits. The most important foundation of believable nature acting begins with finding out about a specific character. Williams states, "Got to get into the character. How much does he/she/it want? and even more fascinating – each and every the character want it? " (2001, p. 20) To develop our understanding of how character is actually thinking, and in order to provoke sentiment in a individuality, these concerns need to be courtesy of. Ed These sharp "claws" also makes clear to you that, "Every character inside a scene can answer the particular question. 'What am I carrying out? ' – in a theatrical sense. This means that, what steps am I playing in pursuit of precisely what objective? And what is the obstacle/conflict? " (2005, p. 89) Just like this particular, in the background ? backdrop ? setting of acting for an crowd, Michael Chekhov suggests that will, "Ask on your own what the principal desires in the character might be" (1953, p. 67) This approach pieces the scenario for any figure in order to discover exactly what characters individuality is trying to portray regarding they are considering or undertaking. Hooks says, "If you intend to understand what a personality is sense, it is best to get started asking the actual character is actually thinking and exactly his benefits system is. " (2000, g. 2) To know how a character must switch, the filmtegner needs to have the atmosphere and also influence within the obstacle the fact that character is now being confronted with. Simply then could a thought process occur, along with a feeling often be evoked by a specific condition or war. Jeff Lew (2004), connotes his thoughts on the development of your character's biography before mastering how a personality will act in response in any cartoon scene. That develops further understanding of some character's background that could be important in influencing the way most of their emotions are expressed. This specific evidence demonstrates us there are a lot of components contributing to creating a character's developmental state and to make it believable to the viewers. To develop her understanding of a personality and what they are thinking, Impotence Hooks runs on the definition created by Elizabeth Chekhov called a "Psychological Gesture", which, Chekhov explains as the psychology of the character that contains thoughts, sensations and a human being free could which is shown physically as a result of external sensations, thoughts as well as desires. Hook varieties gives the case in point, "Have one ever realized someone who wrings his possession a lot whereas he's speaking? … Some Bully punches someone during the chest along with finger. Which is a psychological motion. 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Tag Archives: zines Shamass? What! December 7, 2022 thesinisterscientist Leave a comment Meanwhile, just when you thought you'd never hear of Dr. Shamass again… works & days fig. 1. Could this be Shamass? It occurs to me that I haven't updated all of the loyal Shamassians who, for whatever reasons, have failed to receive the last few Shamass cards (new series). Yeah, that's right folks, there is a NEW SERIES of Shamass cards circulating in the Shamassoverse! The good news is that they actually exist. The bad… well, there is no bad news in the Shamassoverse, even when there is. Some of you will be pleased to know that Shamass has moved to the postcard format–see below–having reached the limits of the folded card and christmas cheer. And some of you, no doubt, will be displeased, whether by this or something else. You will, however, be most pleased to know that the latest series is a direct sequel to that sometimes puzzling, always entertaining Shamass TV episode we unearthed some years back. It could be that… antyphayesDoctor Shamasspoetrypoiesisscience fictionscience fiction spectacleSFShamassshort storyThe Clockwork Masterplanzineszinester science fiction, the sinister science A tale of Shamass as told by Miss Verity Hawkins August 31, 2021 antyphayes 1 Comment The following tale was related to me in a dream. Its source is indisputable, as too its author. It first appeared as A Christmas tale in Julius of H. H. B. Shamass, as told to Miss Verity Hawkins, 104 O.P. More Shamass available here. fig. 1. A broken gadget. He told me of a dream, or was it the memory of a voyage? He found himself in a far country. Alone on a dark plain he was seized by a great birdlike creature that blotted out what little remained of the pitiful sky. Caught up in its talons and their dread passage, he was unsure for a time if he was the bird or the disquiet of the air. Soon, he was rudely deposited at the gates of a metropolis. He drifted into the sprawling city. Beneath the dismal sun, its citizens existed in a perpetual twilight. They called the city Izdubal—or possibly Gilgitron. Its drab streets and ravaged buildings and towers were encircled by an immense putrid river that beat upon its crumbling shores. Here, life was just so much rot in a universe of decay. Though rank and festering, the blight of the city was far from the strangest sight. He noted that all the people he came across—all but one as he was to discover—had encumbered themselves with a most puzzling contraption. Carried upon their chests a device was slung that contained in its centre a small, polished screen. Across the surface images flittered that bore a striking resemblance to the bearer. He stopped, fascinated by these stuttering forms, and soon realised that they were moving at a slightly faster rate than the lives so represented. "My future," one of the city-folk whispered. "All of our futures," another mumbled, whose screen was dark—or rather, a clutter of static. He pondered these words and realised that for many, indeed for all these people in the fullness of time, their screen life outpaced their actual. He soon saw many more of them, young, old and the barely living, whose screens were dead. Indeed, it seemed to him that no one here was fully alive or dead, and time itself was neither overripe nor completely barren—just uniformly dull. Screen life as bare recompense for something lost; a burden disguised as an apt distraction. All waiting for their dead life to catch up with its representation. On the outskirts, across the raging river and past the ruins of the old city of the sun god Shamm, he found a refugee from Izdubal. She, like he, wore a helmet to guard against the foul air that some called atmosphere. 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priest of the sun, she stood bereft of screen and so too her double life. At her feet, the gadget lay broken. There, with neither concern nor the complications of abstraction, she sung the day into being: I believe in the gods. There are good reasons. They dress only in feathers. Eat and in turn are eaten. They are the vaults of heaven. I know this. I have heard these things. For I am their scribe. The suffering of their transcendence. In truth I am only a leaf. The entropy of contentment. Mark these words. Be their filth. Anticipate the transition between one sound and the next. Find necessity, never freedom, in these gaps. And as penance, dwell there. For they are divine in all but name . . . He tried to join her upon the mound, but was never able to gain a sure footing. She smiled, wiped the tears from her face and continued to sing. fig. 2. In the ruins of the old city of the sun god Shamm A Christmas tale in Julius of H. H. B. ShamassA Christmas Tales of H. B. ShamassDoctor ShamassdreamdystopiaMiss VerityMs. Verityscience fictionShamasssurrealismutopiaVerity Hawkinszinezines Frederik Pohl's mass consumer (2): The Tunnel Under the World February 28, 2021 thesinisterscientist 4 Comments fig. 1. Interior illustration by Ed Emshwiller, for The Tunnel Under the World, Galaxy Science Fiction magazine, January 1955, p. 7. The following is a bit of a mess—two, possibly three articles struggling to be one. A book review, a critique of book reviews, and a valiant attempt to make of the review something more critical. I'm not sure I achieve any of these goals, but in the attempt, something emerges: ideas, criticisms, elusive thoughts. A failed whole that underlines its failure. Much like the lot of all mortal things. In the preamble to my review of Frederick Pohl's The Midas Plague, I denounced the book review as a literary form. You may think that it was not the wisest of opening moves in a review of my own. To be fair to my paradoxical self, I was taking aim at a particular type of review, one that eschews critique in favour of plot summary and bland opinion ("It's great, read it!"). But to be unfair to myself, who says—apart from me—that my reviews escape the morass of opinion? Like all artefacts, at the heart of the book review lies the problem of our historical moment itself. Even and especially when that beating heart appears absent. The following can seem so obvious, so platitudinous, that for many it is of little or no consequence: books appear today primarily as commodities. They are produced not only by authors, but given the mass market in books, also and especially by workers in factories, before being circulated and transported by still more workers, finally to be sold by booksellers or increasingly bought and sold online by still other workers. That books exist in a book trade may appear hardly surprising; but once we begin to examine the nature of that trade, particularly the modern book trade from the time of the first industrialised production of books as recently as the mid-19th century, right up until the vast warehouses of the internet behemoths of the present, we begin to see that the book trade is far from the simple or transparent fact it sometimes imagines itself to be. What Marx once evocatively noted of the commodity in general, can be said of the book trade and all that it entails in particular: "at first sight [it appears] as an extremely obvious, trivial thing. But itsanalysis brings out that it is a very strange thing, abounding in metaphysical subtleties and theological niceties." Even when books do not immediately appear as commodities—for example, when they are presented as zines for free—their form implicitly references the commodity, albeit as a critique (even if only implicit) of the purported necessity of the commodity form. That books appears today under these historical and social conditions—conditions largely beyond the control of any single author, reader, print worker, courier, bookseller or zinester—requires that we confront such conditions. Of course, we can remain silent about such issues, or even	[ 18781, 310, 278, 6575, 29892, 1183, 8389, 9218, 615, 310, 4315, 322, 577, 2086, 902, 3765, 2834, 29889, 2180, 902, 6900, 29892, 278, 330, 328, 657, 6568, 9391, 29889, 1670, 29892, 411, 9561, 5932, 3643, 278, 752, 5795, 310, 27086, 428, 29892, 1183, 269, 686, 278, 2462, 964, 1641, 29901, 13, 29902, 4658, 297, 278, 27379, 29889, 1670, 526, 1781, 9590, 29889, 2688, 10714, 871, 297, 1238, 19467, 29889, 382, 271, 322, 297, 2507, 526, 321, 2579, 29889, 2688, 526, 278, 325, 1292, 29879, 310, 18356, 29889, 306, 1073, 445, 29889, 306, 505, 6091, 1438, 2712, 29889, 1152, 306, 626, 1009, 27438, 915, 29889, 450, 23164, 310, 1009, 1301, 29883, 355, 663, 29889, 512, 8760, 306, 626, 871, 263, 20447, 29889, 450, 24687, 310, 2793, 358, 29889, 4485, 1438, 3838, 29889, 1522, 1009, 977, 386, 29889, 5459, 12654, 403, 278, 9558, 1546, 697, 6047, 322, 278, 2446, 29889, 10987, 24316, 29892, 2360, 16082, 29892, 297, 1438, 330, 2547, 29889, 1126, 408, 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3933, 17436, 1048, 1316, 5626, 29892, 470, 1584 ]	1,024	CommonCrawl	1.851072	0.584647	-0.079849	0.208452
confuse and obfuscate them. But the necessity of making sense of this world remains—one either takes up this task or ignores it at their peril. That we review the explicit content of books while saying little or nothing of their forms of appearance—which is to say the ways in which they are produced, circulated, sold and consumed—is perhaps a greater story than any so far told. The task of addressing the book or story appearing in the form of a commodity can seem somewhat easier when the explicit content of the story itself deals with this question. For instance, Frederick Pohl's The Tunnel Under the World. Here, Pohl takes aim at the lengths to which capitalists will go in order to sell a commodity. But it is unclear whether he has a problem with commodities or just creeping commodification. In this Pohl is little different than those orthodox Marxists (from which Pohl himself hailed as a callow youth) who consider the problem of capitalist wealth as primarily one of distribution rather than the truly horrible fact that the entirety of human activity has been progressively forced to appear "as an immense collection of commodities" (Marx again). Nonetheless, Pohl effectively conjures the grinding repetitiveness of much of what passes for social life in a society dominated by commodity production and consumption—much more so than his failed satire, The Midas Plague. fig. 2. Interior illustration by Ed Emshwiller, for The Tunnel Under the World, Galaxy Science Fiction magazine, January 1955, p. 13. Published in Galaxy Science Fiction magazine in January 1955, The Tunnel Under the World presents a world of the then not-too-distant future—sometime in the 1980s I reckon. In Pohl's imagined future the burgeoning advertising machine of post-war USA has reached an apotheosis of sorts. "On the morning of June 15th, Guy Burkhardt woke up screaming out of a dream. "It was more real than any dream he had ever had in his life." Burkhardt, a white, middle class Yankee Everyman—familiar to the entire planet thanks to the Twentieth Century—soon discovers things are not as they seem. Not only is his Everytown, Tylerton, beset by peculiarly aggressive advertising campaigns, he further discovers that unbeknownst to most of its denizens the entire town is reliving June 15th over and over again. "And every day the same—always the 15th of June, always my landlady, Mrs. Keefer, is sweeping the front steps, always the same headline in the papers at the corner. It gets monotonous, friend." Soon Burkhardt realises that the never-ending day and the offensive advertising are far from unrelated. In fact [OBLIGATORY AND LATE SPOILER ALERT] he soon discovers that the entire town is a miniaturised simulation of the town he thinks he is living in. The horrible truth that Guy Burkhardt uncovers is that he, and the "twenty or thirty thousand other people" of Tylerton have been killed by a tremendous leak and consequent explosion at the Contro Chemicals plants on the town's outskirts. Seizing upon this "opportunity" a group of advertisers, presumably with the connivance of the US state, move in and retrieve the personalities from the corpses (the high point of the science fictional handwaving of the story), in order to imprint them on tiny robots. And so, they rebuild Tylerton, "a perfect slice of America", as a scale model city, populated by tiny robot simulacra, all for the nefarious purposes of the dreaded admen and their market research. "They aren't Russians and they aren't Martians. These people are advertising men!" While reading The Tunnel Under the World I was struck by how Philip K. Dickian it felt—with a dash of Samuel Beckett's absurdity. Pohl evokes a dream like setting seemingly more real than the real, in which the unwitting characters are stuck, perpetually repeating their lives like clockwork. Here, only the broken machines become aware, and yet this awareness is little recompense. Those who escape their programming finally understand the awful truth that lies beyond appearance: there is no escape, except death—and perhaps not even	[ 1970, 1509, 322, 704, 29888, 22142, 403, 963, 29889, 1205, 278, 24316, 310, 3907, 4060, 310, 445, 3186, 9242, 30003, 650, 2845, 4893, 701, 445, 3414, 470, 5330, 2361, 372, 472, 1009, 639, 309, 29889, 2193, 591, 9076, 278, 6261, 2793, 310, 8277, 1550, 5934, 2217, 470, 3078, 310, 1009, 7190, 310, 10097, 30003, 4716, 338, 304, 1827, 278, 5837, 297, 607, 896, 526, 7371, 29892, 18342, 630, 29892, 5239, 322, 11233, 287, 30003, 275, 6060, 263, 7621, 5828, 1135, 738, 577, 2215, 5429, 29889, 13, 1576, 3414, 310, 3211, 292, 278, 3143, 470, 5828, 21534, 297, 278, 883, 310, 263, 844, 397, 537, 508, 2833, 10579, 6775, 746, 278, 6261, 2793, 310, 278, 5828, 3528, 316, 1338, 411, 445, 1139, 29889, 1152, 2777, 29892, 19769, 349, 10330, 29915, 29879, 450, 323, 16163, 7634, 278, 2787, 29889, 2266, 29892, 349, 10330, 4893, 12242, 472, 278, 27497, 304, 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then. Pohl's story most resembles, to my mind, Philip K. Dick's Adjustment Team (1954). Dick had published this work some four months before Pohl's The Tunnel Under the World.[1] I do not know if Pohl had read Dick's work prior to writing The Tunnel Under the World, but the similarities are striking. In Adjustment Team the protagonist, Ed Fletcher, accidentally discovers that his reality is "adjusted" by unseen manipulators that are more bureaucrat than numinous divinity. Indeed, Adjustment Team can seem like the template for a key Dickian theme that Philip K. would chisel away at for the rest of his life: nothing is as it seems. "There was Tylerton—an ersatz city, but looking so real and familiar that Burckhardt almost imagined the whole episode a dream. It was no dream, though." Where Pohl's version of Dick seems superior to my mind—at least to the version presented in Adjustment Team—is in the way Pohl evokes the bleak repetitiveness of life in modern capitalist societies. Inevitably, Guy Burkhardt's reliving of June 15th is given a definitive science fictional explanation in the story. But in truth, Burkhardt realisation that he is trapped in an endless cycle of work and consumption effectively presents the grim monotony of everyday capitalist life. By having the workers of Tylerton being forced to continue the living death of alienation beyond their physical extinction, Pohl cleverly draws attention to what the situationists would come to call the "dead time" of life under capitalism. However, the circularity of the story also reveals the limits of Pohl's tale—and perhaps also reveals the story's limitation as itself a commodity. There is no escape from the little town of Tylerton, and the story ends as bleakly as it began. Burkhardt's growing awareness, and final discovery of the truth leaves him in no way able to challenge his position. His only option appears to be: cooperate or die. Certainly, Pohl paints him into a science fictional corner. But I feel that it reflects Pohl's own pessimism about the impossibility of confronting the mundane horror of capitalism. Burkhardt's awareness cannot lead to a revolutionary consciousness or praxis within the bounds of the story; but in truth, Pohl had become dominated by a cynicism regarding the potentialities and possibilities facing his fellow humans after his less than inspiring brush with Stalinism as a teenager. Indeed, his cynicism is on full display when Burkhardt is confronted with the choice made by another of the town's denizens, Alice Horn. Horn, "the most beautiful thing he had ever seen in Tylerton," first appears as another town dweller. Soon, Burkhardt begins to realise that she is somehow in on the mysterious plot that surrounds the town. Finally, when she reveals the actual fate of the town to Burkhardt, she also reveals her role in the deception as a in situ agent of the advertisers: "I was an ugly woman, Mr Burkhardt, and nearly sixty years old. Life had passed me. And when Mr. Dorchin offered me the chance to live again as a beautiful girl, I jumped at the opportunity. Believe me, I jumped, in spite of its disadvantages." Perhaps more distantly, Pohl's fictional townspeople, repetitively going about their daily undead lives, recalls for me a stunning sequence from Raymond Roussel's quasi-proto-surrealist fable Locus Solus (1914). Roussel's work tells the story of the scientist and inventor Martial Canterel guiding a group of guests around his country estate, Locus Solus. Similar to his earlier "novel",[2] Impressions of Africa (1910), the plot is largely irrelevant, playing mostly the part of vehicle for presenting a series of vignettes in which Canterel shows a series of bizarre contraptions to the guests. In one particularly long and evocative sequence, the guests are shown a series of eight glass enclosures that contain reanimated cadavers. 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"certain outstanding minutes" of their lives.[3] Roussel's fiction is deeply unsettling, though equally bizarre and fascinating. His stories are intensely otherworldly in a way few science fiction or fantasy writers achieve. Indeed, apart from the trappings of everyday existence (scientists, travellers, foreign locales, etcetera, etcetera), Roussel's fiction seems to bear only the most tangential connection to our world. Pohl, on the other hand, wanted to interrogate reality—after a fashion. The target in The Tunnel Under the World is clearly US capitalism circa the 1950s. The horror of the story draws its power from the real horror of capitalism. Tylerton is merely an exaggeration of a situation that already existed in the 1950s. "You finally understand. There's no place to go. You know it now. I could have told you, but you might not have believed me, so it was better for you to see it yourself." The more terrifying conclusion to be drawn by readers is that for the capitalist nothing is beyond the realm of possibility when it comes to improving sale's figures. The Tunnel Under the World is a cautionary fable about the limits of commodification. By Pohl's reckoning, there is no escape from the perils of capitalism in suburban USA, only a labyrinth that draws you further in to its repetitive cycles. "Sometimes he screams, sometimes he wheedles, threatens, begs, cajoles… but his voice goes on and on through one June 15th after another." A final note on the role of repetition in the tale. Re-watching an old skool Doctor Who story recently, Robert Holmes' Carnival of Monsters (1973), I was struck by his use of repetition. In a set up that has become more familiar since the appearance of the film Groundhog Day in 1993, the Doctor and Jo find themselves in a moment of time that continues to repeat itself. Importantly they can affect some of the detail and content of the moment, but not the overarching formal structure—the moment repeats itself despite any minor changes that are made. As a representation of the historical dilemma we face in capitalist societies—of the sense of never-ending entrapment being caught in the web of wage labour and exclusive property with no way out—the cinematic evocation of this circularity is particularly effective. To what extent were such narrative structures themselves only made possible with the advent of the cinema; the cinema's singular ability to record and replay an instance of time over and over? However, this apparent perfection of cinematic repetition was itself made possible by the machine-like rhythms of the factory and industrialism. The cinema is the first, truly capitalist art form, in the sense that it is the product of the advanced industrial and scientific techniques that emerged from the development of industrialism in the 19th century. The cinematic evocation of circular time is the technological realisation of a social fact, the inscription of the capitalist imaginary into the ephemeral reality of its brief historical passage. Its failing as representation, and so as an ideological representation, is to be found in its various uses and interpretations. The apparent technical perfection of cinematic repetition can lend itself to the maladroit theories that read the historical specificity of capitalist alienation into the very substance of existence—for instance, the misplaced ontologies of Heidegger and Foucault. Not unlike Kant mistaking the structures of capitalist modernity for the eternal verities of the supersensible things-in-themselves. Did the cinema influence Raymond Roussel's repetitious fancies? Possibly. Frederick Pohl and Philip K Dick were deeply affected, undoubtedly, by their cinema drenched upbringing in the US of the 1920s, 30s and 40s. The truth of these various Groundhog Days is not the eternal lie of capitalism, i.e., that we can only make use of these structures, never change them. Rather, the truth is that cinema time, just like capitalist time, is a structure in the making and, even more so, in the unmaking. [1] Dick submitted the manuscript to his literary agent early in 1953. See 'Notes' in The Collected Stories of Philip K. 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-1953), Subterranean Press, 2011, pp. 400-401. [2] I use the term "novel" hesitantly, simply because Roussel's work can also be categorised in terms of the modernists anti-novels that were calling into question, around the same time as his work, the form and content of the 19th century bourgeois novel. [3] Raymond Roussel, Locus Solus, translated by Rupert Copeland Cunningham, London: John Calder, 2003, p. 118. fig. 4. Strictly speaking, this article is not a part of the not-a-challenge, considering that the month in question is January. However, I began writing this piece with an eye to making it my second contribution, and the bulk of the text was completed in January 2021. Plus I like the image. Plus I like the good folk of The Vintage Science Fiction Month not-a-challenge. So there. 1950s1955Adjustment TeamAnglo-American science fictionAnglo-American SFbook reviewbook tradebooksbourgeois literaturebourgeois realismcapitalist industrialismCarnival of Monsterscinemaconsumer societyDoctor WhoEd EmshwillerFrederik PohlGalaxy magazineGuy BurkhardtindustrialismliteratureLocus SolusPhilip K DickRaymond RousselrealismrepetitionRobert HolmesSamuel Beckettscience fictionscience fiction spectacleSFsociological science fictionThe Midas PlagueThe Tunnel Under the WorldVintage Science Fiction not-a-challengeworkerszinezineszinester The doctor who is Shamass November 23, 2020 thesinisterscientist 1 Comment fig1. Who is this Doctor? Today is the 57th anniversary of the first broadcast of Doctor Who in the UK. Hence it is known in some quarters of the universe as Doctor Who Day. While celebrating this day in whatever way, as any fan should and must, I have a related anniversary to mark of my own—Doctor Shamass Day, if you will. "Doctor what?" you might well ask. A bit over 23 years ago I published the first version of a zine called The Journal of Doctor Shamass. I wrote it around the middle of 1996 and self-published it the following year. For those many Shamassians out there, more info on the particulars of this writing and publishing can be found here. Perhaps Shamass is everything I wished I was—at that time as now: an exotic loner adrift upon the capricious waves of time and space. Sound familiar? These dreams are, like most, brought on by the humdrum of existence. Though to be fair to existence, the present "humdrum" is without doubt overwhelmingly a product of the stupidity of organising everyday life around work, wage-labour and commodity production. Oh to find a different time and space—or better, to make one. The inspiration for my Doctor's name was the Assyrian and Babylonian god Shamash, itself a later version of the Sumerian Utu. That winter in 1996 I had poured over The Epic of Gilgamesh, entranced by the story of the King of Uruk and his friend Enkidu. I imagine I was looking for the source of it all, or at least the source of literature and science fiction. In Gilgamesh I found a dual progenitor: of culture, and that literary form most redolent of our industrial, post-industrial world—sf. I cannot clearly recall if I set out to consciously evoke Doctor Who in Shamass. A mysterious stranger who accumulates time, and apparently travels in it—what else could it be? At the time, though, my concern was more literary, and my references more arcane. I was a reader of Arthur Rimbaud, the Comte de Lautréamont, André Breton, René Daumal, Karl Marx, Guy Debord and J. G. Ballard. 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Every season is different, yet the Patriots are back in the Super Bowl. And the biggest difference from a year ago is at cornerback. Debate Bill Belichick's decision to bench Malcolm Butler in Super Bowl LII all you want. The fact is, it brought special teamers Johnson Bademosi and Jordan Richards into the game on defense. It forced other defensive backs into unfavorable matchups. Whether Butler would have made a difference or not, it didn't go the Patriots' way. Sunday against the Rams in Super Bowl LIII should be different. A year removed from losing in ugly fashion to the Philadelphia Eagles, the Patriots secondary is much better-equipped to have success against the Rams' pass-catchers. This season, the Pats have struck a balance between All-Pro talents in their prime (Stephon Gilmore), savvy veterans put in positions to succeed (Jason McCourty), and a talented rookie who improved over the course of the season (J.C. Jackson). Add in the return of slot corner Jonathan Jones, who missed Super Bowl LII with an ankle injury, and you have a unit that's poised to atone for a game that got away from them last February. Not that the younger McCourty (by about 27 minutes) or Jackson experienced that loss first-hand. But the important thing is they've played well as a group and they love to play for each other. It's especially impressive when you look at the scope of the changes at cornerback in recent years. From the departure of Asante Samuel in 2008 to the arrival of now-Rams cornerback Aqib Talib in 2012, the Patriots mostly struggled to draft, develop, or acquire a viable secondary. That flipped once Talib came to town, and they've continued to play at a mostly high level amid rampant roster turnover. Only in 2015-16 did the Pats end the season with the same two starting corners. On Sunday, it's likely either McCourty or Jackson opposite Gilmore, marking five of six seasons with at least one new starter at cornerback. Yet when was the last time that the position was a major concern? How have the Patriots stayed relatively consistent, despite the constant changes? "I would say it's a credit to the players," cornerbacks coach Josh Boyer told 985TheSportsHub.com. "We've had good players who have worked hard and they've developed. Guys are coming from different teams, or coming up through our organization. They've made tremendous strides to try to improve and improve collectively as a group. I think the way we approach it is we try to get the best out of each individual every day, and from that day we go to the next day and try to improve what we did the day before. "I think whether it's a guy that's had success in the league or a guy thats new to the league, our goal is always the same - to make that player the best player that player can be." The Patriots have especially maximized the talents of undrafted cornerbacks in recent years. From Kyle Arrington, to Butler, to Jon Jones, and now Jackson, they've consistently found players ranging from useful to excellent after the final draft picks hit the board. Even castoffs like Cre'Von LeBlanc, who carved out a prominent role on the Eagles in 2018, have found success in the league. "They work as hard as they possibly can and it's not just an effort thing," said Boyer. "They're actually making progress as they're working. It's not just, 'OK, if I come into the facility and I spend x amount of hours, I'm going to be better'. It's quality, productive work while they're there. And then [they have] the ability to take coaching, the ability to learn from veteran players." There's a clear bond between the 23-year-old Jackson, who has averaged 54.7 snaps a game since Week 12, and his veteran counterparts. The rookie credited guys like Gilmore and the elder McCourty, Devin, for helping him navigate the overwhelming circus-like buildup to the Super Bowl. "Follow the vets. Watch the vets, see how they move, guys who have experience who have been in this situation before," Jackson said. 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I just watch those guys, see how they're acting, what do they do to stay focused for a big game like this." It's important for Jackson to have a short memory. He committed three potentially costly penalties against the Chiefs in the AFC Championship Game and allowed a third-quarter touchdown to tight end Travis Kelce. Up to that point, Jackson mostly excelled as a press-man boundary corner and the matchups weren't always easy. He most notably shut down the Steelers' JuJu Smith-Schuster to the tune of four catches on 10 targets and no touchdowns in Week 15. "My coaches believe in me. They have me out there on the field, so that means a lot to me," said Jackson. "But I just try to not make the same mistakes twice. I'm a grinder, man. I just go to work and I try to get better each and every day." It's good to have cornerbacks who play well together. But it's even better to have a group that supports each other as people. "My guy Jerald," said a beaming Jason McCourty of Jackson before the AFC Championship Game. "He's been fun to watch for me as an older guy here and him coming in as a rookie and talking to him all throughout training camp. I remember like a day or two into training camp, I went up to him and was like, 'How did you not get drafted?' I think early on, you guys saw it too, preseason games, training camp practices, he just was always around the ball making plays, catching picks, batting balls down. He's just continued to grow and not only his ability, but his knowledge of the game picking up on defense from a game plan standpoint, starting to understand what ways offenses are going to try to attack us. "It's always fun as an older guy just to watch that and continue to talk to him, not only about game plan and football but also about life. Just going through and remembering back in those days when I was a rookie and everything that you go through, just continuing to talk to those guys I think is a ton of fun and it's always exciting to see him have success." "We don't strive to be playing our best football in September" At the center of the cornerbacks' success this season, however, is Gilmore, the Patriots' high-priced anchor in the secondary. He got the recognition he deserved from writers and peers as a first-team All-Pro and Pro Bowler in his second season in New England. He's also drawn unfair comparisons to Darrelle Revis or Hall of Fame finalist Ty Law. Hot takes aside, Gilmore emerged as a high-end corner after he looked like a mistake just four weeks into his Patriots career in 2017. It almost always looks off-kilter for the Patriots at the start of the season. In some ways, it's by design. "We don't strive to be playing our best football in September," said Boyer. "Sometimes it's good to see some adversity, and sometimes you put guys in situations just to see how they can handle it. There's always an element of, 'OK, if a guy's productive and you give him an opportunity, then they earn more opportunities." Gilmore's opportunities grew over the course of his first two seasons in New England, and so has his production. He'll once more be a key player for the Patriots defense against the Rams in Super Bowl LIII, where he's likely to draw a matchup against former Bills teammate Robert Woods. Gilmore got to this point with his resilience as much as his physical gifts. "You've got to be mentally strong to be a New England Patriot," Gilmore told reporters on Wednesday during the Patriots' media availability. "But I think that it gets the best out of you, day in and day out, week in and week out. It tests you mentally, and that's what it's about. It makes you stronger on the field and able to adapt." The Patriots secondary has had to adapt as much as any positional group on the team. That's no more evident than the AFC Championship Game, in which Gilmore and Jackson split duties between Kelce and Sammy Watkins, and Jon Jones frequently covered the speedy Tyreek Hill with safety help. 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Śambhala (sanscrito, devanāgarī: शम्भल; tibetano: བདེ་འབྱུང, bde 'byung; anche sham bha la, ཤམ་བྷ་ལ; anche Sambhala o adattato come Shambhala) è, secondo il Kālacakratantra, e quindi per la tradizione del buddhismo tibetano, il nome di un regno mitico e segreto situato a nord dell'India, o a nord della regione himalayana. Il toponimo "Śambhala" ha origine nella tradizione hindū dove, nel Mahābhārata e in alcuni Purāṇa, indica un villaggio di brahmani, collocato in luogo imprecisato, nel quale, secondo le profezie lì riportate, alla fine di questa era oscura detta del kali-yuga nascerà l'ultimo avatāra di Visnù, Kalki, al fine di ristabilire la giustizia e il dominio dei brahmani. Nella religione tibetana non-buddhista detta Bon, la località mitica di Tazik (anche Wolmo Lungrig, Olmo lung ring) sarebbe un corrispettivo allo Śambhala buddhista. Origini e contenuti del mito buddhista tibetano di Śambhala Il mito inerente al regno segreto di Śambhala attiene a quella scrittura, databile intorno al X secolo, conservata nel Canone buddhista tibetano (al Toh. 362 con il titolo དུས་ཀྱི་འཁོར་ལོ་རྒྱུད, dus kyi 'khor lo rgyud) avente il titolo comune in lingua sanscrita di Kālacakratantra. In tale testo, introdotto nel Tibet intorno all'XI secolo con l'arrivo di paṇḍita indiani di fede buddhista, viene narrato che il Buddha Śākyamuni (in tibetano: སངས་རྒྱས་ཤ་ཀྱ་ཐུབ་པ, Sangs rgyas sha kya thub pa), il 15º giorno del terzo mese dall'illuminazione si trovava sul Gṛdhrakūṭaparvata (tibetano: བྱ་རྒོད་ཕུང་པོའི་རི་, Bya rgod phung po'i ri), ove stava insegnando lo Śatasāhasrikāprajñāpāramitā (tibetano: ར་ཕྱིན་སྟོང་ཕྲག་བརྒྱ་པ།, Sher phyin stong phrag brgya pa, al Toh. 8) quando, su richiesta di Sucandra (tibetano: ཟླ་བ་བཟང་པོ Zla ba bzang po), il re del Dharma (dharmarāja) del mitico regno di Śambhala, il quale voleva conseguire il Dharma senza abbandonare il mondo, si manifestò nello stūpa di Śrī Dhānyakataka (དཔལ་ལྡན་འབྲས་སྤུངས་ཀྱི་མཆོད་རྟེན, dPal ldan 'bras spungs kyi mchod rten; nei pressi di Amārvati, Sud dell'India), insegnando il Kālacakratantra al re e a una vasta assemblea di devoti divini e umani.. Rientrato nel segreto regno di Śambhala, Sucandra comporrà questo mūlatantra in dodicimila versi insegnandolo ai suoi sudditi, insieme a un commentario in sessantamila versi. 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andati perduti. Sucandra avrebbe anche eretto un gigantesco maṇḍala tridimensionale trasformando Śambhala in un regno buddhista ideale con 960 milioni di villaggi. Secondo questa tradizione religiosa il regno segreto di Śambhala dovrebbe collocarsi a nord del fiume Sita (oggi fiume Tarim, nel Turkestan orientale). Descrizione del regno buddhista di Śambhala Una delle descrizione più esaustive di questo regno segreto viene riportata nel Dang po'i sangs rgyas dpal dus kyi 'khor lo'i lo rgyus dang ming gi rnam grangs, opera del dotto poligrafo tibetano del XVIII secolo KLong rdol bla ma Ngag dbang blo bzang. Essendo un regno di seguaci del tantrismo, le sue caratteristiche fisiche riflettono i simboli questa via spirituale: la sua forma è quella di un gigantesco fiore di loto, circondato da gigantesche montagne innevate, presenti, unitamente a splendidi boschi e laghi, anche negli interstizi dei petali di loto che costituiscono il regno. La parte centrale del fiore di loto si eleva leggermente e lì si colloca la capitale di questo regno, Kalapa, che possiede un diametro di dodici leghe e su cui sono stati eretti palazzi costruiti con l'oro, l'argento, con pietre preziose di ogni genere che rendono a tal punto splendente la capitale che la Luna piena al suo confronto emette un pallido bagliore. Per questa ragione la notte, a Kalapa, non può essere distinta dal giorno. All'interno di questi palazzi sono collocati degli specchi di cristallo che consentono di vedere ciò che accade lontano. Allo stesso modo sui soffitti sono collocati dei lucernari che consentono di osservare i corpi celesti e la vita che lì si conduce. Tutti i palazzi della capitale sono circondati da alberi dai legni aromatici che profumano l'aria per miglia. Gli arredamenti dei palazzi di Kalapa sono preziosi e di perfetta fattura. A nord della capitale sorgono dei picchi in cui sono raffigurati migliaia di volti di buddha, bodhisattva e deva. Mentre a sud di Kalapa si collocano profumate foreste di sandalo, con, ai loro lati, due laghi di dodici leghe di diametro dove uomini e nāga trascorrono il tempo in piacevoli attività su barche adornate di gioielli. Al centro del bosco, questo posto tra i due laghi, si colloca il maṇḍala tridimensionale eretto da Sucandra. Questo mandala, costruito con i cinque metalli preziosi (oro, argento, turchese, corallo e perle) si sviluppa per quattrocento cubiti di ampiezza. Ogni petalo di cui si compone Śambhala contiene 120 milioni di villaggi, essendo otto i petali complessivamente il regno segreto ospita 960 milioni di villaggi. Su dieci milioni di villaggi vigila un governatore sottomesso al re, quindi vi sono 96 di questi governatori che insegnano al popolo le dottrine del Kālacakratantra. Le case di Śambhala sono piacevoli a vedersi, erette su due piani ospitano i loro ricchi abitanti dai corpi sottili. I più poveri di Śambhala posseggono comunque centinaia di forzieri ricolmi di gioielli. Gli uomini indossano abiti di cotone dal colore bianco o rosso, mentre le donne vestono meravigliosi abiti di colore bianco o blu riccamente disegnati. Non esistono rei, punizioni o prigioni a Śambhala in quanto i suoi abitanti sono naturalmente virtuosi. Gli abitanti del	[ 322, 2219, 11113, 11321, 29889, 317, 1682, 10738, 1029, 22501, 5978, 604, 8563, 443, 19340, 3794, 1111, 611, 30565, 30774, 2883, 534, 333, 326, 2673, 744, 6809, 689, 1743, 11063, 1117, 29882, 2883, 297, 443, 1072, 1217, 8619, 12744, 2079, 1957, 744, 378, 29871, 29929, 29953, 29900, 2316, 3688, 652, 4213, 15424, 29889, 13, 13, 11863, 29877, 15430, 3534, 8447, 20187, 29874, 980, 1072, 1217, 2377, 276, 517, 652, 11063, 1117, 29882, 2883, 437, 12675, 9967, 784, 2029, 16665, 263, 6218, 628, 285, 1974, 29872, 317, 2028, 313, 468, 3146, 285, 1974, 29872, 11740, 326, 29892, 2032, 16559, 342, 273, 7769, 744, 467, 13, 13, 4002, 699, 4246, 628, 1072, 1217, 8619, 12744, 2079, 652, 11063, 1117, 29882, 2883, 29871, 13, 29965, 1056, 4884, 2342, 4246, 5187, 24888, 504, 573, 652, 11352, 1072, 1217, 2377, 276, 517, 10755, 10107, 637, 532, 2032, 360, 574, 772, 29915, 29875, 13625, 29879, 364, 1927, 294, 270, 7830, 28226, 413, 25675, 525, 29895, 2015, 658, 29915, 29875, 658, 364, 1927, 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425, 14284, 923, 301, 30097, 1354, 13417, 346, 29889, 323, 329, 2034, 474, 5112, 834, 2526, 2005, 27073, 5748, 5902, 1116, 2219, 1146, 394, 495, 29875, 14720, 2814, 1240, 263, 456, 271, 1654, 923, 2600, 398, 1562, 301, 29915, 4568, 639, 286, 12964, 29889, 19805, 564, 1127, 6533, 3771, 5112, 834, 2526, 652, 9172, 14274, 5748, 26886, 2363, 29875, 321, 652, 23895, 11300, 285, 1131, 2002, 29889, 29871, 13, 13, 29909, 6218, 2005, 27073, 269, 990, 3231, 3771, 11942, 4161, 297, 7385, 5748, 1153, 600, 335, 332, 2219, 286, 12964, 423, 652, 1700, 2034, 652, 8619, 29881, 2350, 29892, 13004, 22880, 1131, 1564, 321, 316, 1564, 29889, 341, 14056, 263, 5053, 652, 9172, 14274, 1354, 784, 2029, 1562, 2600, 398, 403, 363, 4196, 652, 11982, 7003, 29892, 378, 29892, 7468, 9905, 301, 2219, 29892, 2861, 11755, 2918, 652, 21130, 1654, 2814, 354, 652, 11502, 29551, 10897, 318, 26621, 321, 302, 30107, 3249, 6809, 2616, 1617, 29877, 980, 11413, 297, 26597, 346, 1555, 29875, 1098, 22409, 480, 2594, 1173, 594, 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regno non soffrono di alcuna malattia o sofferenza e ottengono l'illuminazione in questo corpo e in questa vita mediante le corrette pratiche religiose. Le profezie Intorno al XII secolo, secolo in cui numerosi buddhisti abbandonano l'India oggetto della conquista islamica, si attestano delle leggende tibetane che profetizzano degli accadimenti lungo i secoli che riguardano questo regno segreto. Il mito vuole che tra il primo re Sucandra, autore del Paramādibuddhatantra e l'ottavo re Mañjuśrīkīrti, autore della sua sintesi che corrisponde al noi pervenuto Kālacakratantra si collochino altri sei re, ognuno con la durata del proprio regno di cento anni: Candra, Devendra, Tejavsi, Candradatta, Deveśvara, Viśvarupa e Deveśa. Il successore di Deveśa sarà il primo a vedersi assegnato l'appellativo di kulika ("detentore del lignaggio; རིགས་ལྡན, rigs ldan). Anche i kulika si avvicenderanno al trono di Śambhala ogni cento anni. Così il secondo kulika risulterà Puṇḍarīka (པད་མ་དཀར་པོ, Pad ma dkar po) autore del commentario al Kālacakratantra indicato con il titolo Vimalaprabhā ("Luce immacolata", Vimalaprabhānāmakālacakratantraṭīkā དུས་འཁོར་འགྲེལ་བཤད་དྲི་མེད་འོད། dus 'khor 'grel bshad dri med 'od, ai Toh. 845/1347). Attualmente a Śambhala regnerebbe il XXI kulika/kalkin Aniruddha (མ་འགགས་པ, Ma 'gags pa; regno 1927-2027), mentre il suo successore sarà Narasiṃha (མི་ཡི་སེང་གེ Mi yi seng ge, regno: 2027-2127). Secondo il mito, quando il XXV kulika/kalkin, Rudracakrī (དྲག་པོ་འཁོར་ལོ་ཅན Drag po 'khor lo can) salirà al trono di Śambhala nell'anno 2327, il re dei miscredenti (detti mleccha, "barbari"; tibetano: ཀླ་ཀློ, kla klo, Lalo; intende qui i musulmani) scoprirà l'esistenza di Śambhala e condurrà le sue truppe oltre il fiume Sītā per il tentativo della sua conquista prevista per il 2425. Allora Rudracakrī, riunito un esercito e con l'aiuto di dodici grandi divinità, lo annienterà, ristabilendo sulla Terra il Dharma del Kālacakratantra per altri diciotto secoli. Il mito di Shamballa in Occidente Oltre che presso i tibetani, il mito di Shamballa ha goduto di particolare fortuna anche in Occidente, in cui analogamente è stata ritenuta la dimora di uomini e donne perfetti, capaci di vivere in una condizione di costante armonia e di recepire energie da altri mondi. Già agli inizi del I secolo Apollonio di Tiana, a seguito del suo viaggio in India come riportato nella sua biografia Vita di Apollonio di Tiana di Flavio Filostrato, aveva fornito una testimonianza riguardo ad un paese trans-himalayano, nel quale, secondo questi resoconti	[ 1072, 1217, 1661, 577, 600, 1617, 29877, 652, 10747, 4347, 4439, 1131, 423, 288, 577, 29888, 571, 5723, 321, 12586, 23677, 301, 29915, 453, 9735, 3343, 297, 11352, 25545, 321, 297, 15430, 14284, 24652, 454, 1034, 2267, 371, 544, 2454, 354, 4931, 601, 344, 29889, 13, 13, 3226, 410, 1725, 3914, 13, 2928, 16378, 394, 17172, 15200, 29892, 15200, 297, 7385, 4825, 8156, 8619, 12744, 14194, 633, 4980, 265, 1562, 301, 29915, 2568, 423, 3671, 657, 517, 2005, 14942, 2079, 338, 5288, 983, 29892, 1354, 1098, 342, 1562, 4884, 454, 1505, 3324, 29344, 300, 1662, 923, 2600, 300, 4981, 1562, 7973, 1035, 328, 22210, 26394, 474, 409, 25776, 923, 364, 5526, 538, 1562, 11352, 1072, 1217, 2377, 276, 517, 29889, 1720, 1380, 29877, 18679, 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drop into the Dependent Poor. These individuals, broadly speaking, are not so geographically mobile, often rooted in their local community and the structures in and around their household. This group likely includes the majority of handicraftsmen, artisans, or shopkeepers and their families, who probably hired few if any servants. In rural settings it could include husbandmen and women who had rights to graze common land and owned some livestock. Although these individuals ran their own businesses, they had little capital and few assets beyond their domestic spaces. Changes in trade capacity or personal circumstances could easily push them into poverty, though equally they could provide opportunity for greater enrichment. But this group also have access to range of cultural materials from printed texts to some modest furnishings within their houses, though may be described as 'old'.. . Many (but not all) would have been "freemen" of their respective locales, with access to livery company activities and with opportunities for small-scale local office. This conferred upon those who took such positions—beadle, watchmen, lower but distinguishing roles in the musters—a degree of moral responsibility and worth, charateristics that would have been helpful if charitable support were needed in the future. Indeed, these individuals may even have or have had the capacity to engage in moderate acts of local charity or in supporting the provision of charitable institutions, but their precarious status means they too may risk depending on the benefaction of others. In positions of office or livery company structures, male householders would have rubbed shoulders and entertained and been entertained by those of significantly greater financial and political status, thereby furnishing them with potentially advantageous social networks. Women in this category, as in most others, would have worked too, producing foodstuffs in the house and perhaps producing items for sale or exchange. This group are therefore industrious both at home and abroad. Beyond families, this group might include, for instance, orphans who had been placed in good households that may lead them to a solid apprenticeship and the promise of future social mobility, though such progression is by no means guaranteed. Thomas Cowper Lettice Greene Inventory: Edward Wheaton, sailor (1620) JAMS Dependent Middling. These individuals are not independent but neither do they work for a wage (Wage Labourers) or depend on poor relief or charity (Dependent Poor). Instead, they live off the wider "middling" structures that surround them, in particular their inheritance, their families, and their savings or existing capital. In large part, this category is determined by age: either those who were very young (children and young teenagers) or those past the age of work or household management had some contingent status or were dependent on those around them while nonetheless living relatively well. Ageing individuals, particularly those women unable to leverage their situation (either by rent or other income) were dependent on their sons or wider family. Many middling women, for instance, would be given "houseroom" in their husband's wills, granting them a small area of the house (a chamber and a parlour, for instance) over which they have autonomy but within a larger house owned and ruled by other members of the family. Nonetheless, these individuals often kept many of the material goods they had amassed, such as kitchenware, clothes, or decorative items (like rings) and as such display a degree of material wealth and comfort. This situation also extends servants in good houses—those furnished with cultural items such as books and a regular, favourable income that distinguishes them in some sense from wage labourers (though the distinctions here are not hard and fast). Children before apprenticeable or marriageable age also fall into this category, although the range of opportunities that might fall to them is very wide. Some may be furnished with musical instrument tuition or attend a good school—setting them up for progression into one of the higher social categories—while others might have more moderate means bestowed upon them but nonetheless be well-placed (culturally, socially, and economically) to move onto degrees of independent wealth and status. Lastly, this might include younger adults, too, who had reasonable cultural and social capital but few independent means. Women in particular who had not yet married might still live with their families, where they might enjoy entertainment, living standards, and wide social networks of varying "middling" degrees. Margaret Beckham Miles Woolfe Inventory: Margaret Brookes, widow, Bristol

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1,024

CommonCrawl

1.106597

0.753359

0.800792

1.023033

Wage Labourer. You are not of middling status but are a wage labourer! Although relatively little is known about this very broad social group, it almost certainly comprised the vast majority of the population: farmworkers, builders' mates, small-scale servants, or ad hoc workers in a range of manual or service tasks. These individuals depended on payments from their employers—regularly or where work could be found—to get by. Although our knowledge of this group is obscured by the relatively few textual sources that survive, individuals regularly appeared in court as both subjects and witnesses (thereby leaving important oral testimony about their work and social relations) and demonstrated that they, like other groups here, had recourse to institutional power structures like the law. Wages, however, were never guaranteed—especially in difficult years. Those working in agricultural sectors or rural areas would have suffered, for example, during the "hard" 1590s, when bad harvests and famine were rife. In cities, wage labour covered a broad array of activities and examples extend from work as a tavern hand to a day rate as a jobbing actor. The term "labourer" need not imply a lack of skill, ability, or socio-economic value; indeed, even where the names of these individuals are elided, their civic value is recorded: in Bristol in 1619, for instance, the city Chamberlain paid "Hughe Tyler 15 shillings 4 pence and 1 shiling for seven days' work for himself and his man" (357). Here, the "man" in question demonstrates that wage labourers are deeply involved in the work of artisans and craftspeople "higher" in the social order, though they themselves likely lacked assets, capital, and any independent wealth or property. These classifications also apply to women, many of whom would take on service roles in middling or elite households or indeed work for their living, like spinsters or silkweavers—a common profession (especially among immigrant women). Relationships with local authorities demonstrate the frighteningly porous divide between wage labouring existence and dependence, but also testify to the array of tasks for which a "wage" might be earned: in Bristol, audits record a regular amount set aside yearly to pay "a poore woman for keeping cleane the howse of office and the watering place att the Guildhald doore" (1604, 216). Builders, labourers, farmhands, jobbing actors all had vibrant social lives, as can be just about glimpsed from citations in quarter sessions and court depositions, but details about their possessions, the extent of their social interactions, and their fuller biographies have suffered from a seeming lack of available evidence. Picaresque tales, ballad literature, and stage depictions paint depictions of what such lived experience might be like, but they threaten to mislead our understanding through caricature, classism, and exaggeration. Dependent Poor. You are not of middling status, but are dependent poor. These individuals are dependent on structures of charity within their parishes for survival. The dependent poor relied upon donations of bread and money, and/or tools and materials to gain an income. They lived in an almshouse, workhouse or hospital, or they were homeless. Children of this status may have been be cared for by wealthier families within the parish, apprenticed in order to lift them out of poverty, or placed in service, though often these young people lived difficult lives sometimes working without pay in order to have somewhere to live. The 1601 poor law formalised poor relief in England, and middling and elite status individuals all paid money to their parishes in order to support this vast section of society. This law was enhanced by the many individuals of middling status and above who gave a lot of money or land in their wills to their parishes in order to support the poor. There are many examples of the dependent poor being supported in churchwardens accounts. For example, in St Peter's Parish, Ipswich, Matthew Brownbridge gave £20 to enable the poor of the parish to work. Poor men and women benefited from this gift for many years, with individuals being given spinning wheels, wool cards, saws, medical care, and money to see them through sickness. Another Ipswich example is of Tooley's almshouses whose accounts show inhabitants receiving shoes, clothing

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19681, 13442, 17394, 267, 29892, 1067, 6046 ]

1,024

CommonCrawl

1.019652

0.94024

1.636434

1.25071

Investing in a few simple safety measures could safeguard both personnel and equipment, reducing accidents, and thus avoiding any possible costly personal injury claims, as well as saving companies expensive repair bills and disruptive downtime. Market-leading loading and unloading equipment specialists Thorworld Industries Ltd offers a comprehensive range of safety aids and accessories, all designed to provide a safer, more productive working environment and to help fulfil some of the statutory health and safety obligations, where failure to comply could lead to a serious fine. According to Health and Safety Executive (HSE) figures, last year there were 180 fatalities in the workplace. Of these, nearly 60 per cent were caused by falls from height, being struck by moving vehicles, moving or falling objects, or becoming trapped by something that collapsed or overturned. Given that all these accidents can occur in and around the loading bay, it is clear that this can be a very hazardous place to work. John Meale, Managing Director of Thorworld Industries, said: "With ever more stringent requirements it makes sense to implement a positive health and safety programme. Failure to provide employees with a safe working environment can result in personnel accidents, with possible personal injury claims, and equipment damage, as well as leading to fines of up to £20,000 and even a jail sentence – so cutting corners on safety could prove extremely costly in more ways than one. "One of the most common causes of accidents in the loading bay is from vehicle creep, where a lorry either drifts slightly away from the loading dock or, in the worst case scenario, the driver moves off before warehouse operatives have actually finished loading or unloading the vehicle." Thorworld provides a wide range of products to prevent vehicle creep. The simplest and perhaps most affordable solutions are wheel chocks, which are positioned in front of the wheels to stop movement. There are four standard Thorworld Chock-it® wheel chock types, including moulded rubber versions, which are available in a variety sizes, together with cast aluminium and steel models. For enhanced safety, a special cast aluminium wheel chock with a built-in movement switch is available, which can be linked to other devices such as traffic lights, dock levellers, a Dockloada lifting platform and doors, and instantly alerts staff if any vehicle movement is detected. A method of preventing unintentional pull-aways is via a trailer safety lock which is fitted to a parked trailer once the air hose has been disconnected; this then prevents the driver connecting the trailer and driving away. It is available with either a padlock or small barrel locking device. "Of course, none of these products on their own can fully account for the possibility of human error," said John Meale, "so good visual and audible communication systems such as internal/external traffic lights can also be vital in letting drivers know when it is safe to back up to a loading dock and, perhaps more importantly, when it is safe to drive away – whilst at the same time informing warehouse personnel of the situation." Thorworld offers four traffic light systems, Standard, Deluxe, Deluxe LED and Super Deluxe. They can be used with a wheel chock incorporating a built-in movement switch, with a manual on/off switch, or in conjunction with an automatic sensor. And for the ultimate in vehicle and personnel safety, Thorworld offers the vehicle wheel lock, which not only prevents accidents during loading and unloading but also reduces the possibility of vehicle theft. It engages the rear tyre, with an integral steel barrier that pulls the vehicle firmly against the loading dock bumpers, preventing it from moving. A built-in sensor is linked to an audio-visual communication system outside the building, with internal lights which signal whether the trailer is fully engaged or not. A microprocessor control system means it can be interlocked to doors, levellers and other equipment for enhanced levels of safety. "However, vehicle creep isn't the only hazard in the loading bay," explained John Meale. "Most trailers are not equipped with internal lighting, so it's a good idea to fit dock lights to improve visibility. Otherwise, operatives entering the vehicle from a brightly lit warehouse can struggle to adjust to the change in conditions and may not see potential hazards, causing injury to themselves or potentially damaging goods." Thorworld's Standard dock light features a pivoting 100W tungsten halogen lamp and hinged arm extending along

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Kaliji To relax and to meditate, concentration is required. Deep relaxation, as in yoga nidrā, is a necessary part of pratyāhāra—to focus within, letting go of desire for external movement. Feelings of contentment, harmony—the yoga zone—emerge with one-pointed concentration. Alpha brains waves begin the involution to Self. Concentration is required for both relaxation and meditation. Concentration to maintain the witness state allows one to remain in the present moment. Moment to moment awareness is required and this is dhāraṇā, concentration. The effort-effortless state = concentration + relaxation. With steady awareness, concentration on relaxation allows the body to surrender to the energy flow. Maintain concentration on the relaxed state so it deepens. In meditation, concentration is sustained. Concentration alone is with effort; meditation is an effort-effortless state; samādhi is effortless expanded awareness. Concentration is always required for knowledge. To relax the body or to expand the mind, concentration supports yoga nidrā and meditation. Further questions, please always ask. Q Do you believe that everyone has everything they need to be happy and grow consciously within themselves? Kaliji In our lineage it is said Dattatreya has 24 gurus, meaning the TRUTH pervades everywhere. Sometimes the answer comes from inside and sometimes through someone else. The Divine is inside and permeates all creation. Like a baby needs its parents, there are times the seeker needs guidance…even though the Answer is inside. YES, to your question though. Q I just had a question really quick! I constantly think about how irrelevant my emotions are, and also a lot of the things I do knowing that everything is so temporary. Doesn't it just seem like a passing phenomena in what we consider reality? Kaliji I view this as the NOW in the eternal play of consciousness. Q So in order to be at peace I need to always be consciously present? I have big questions about death. My husband 88 years old, is so scared about dying and it is so hard for me to console him, because I myself do not know , what will happen after death. I believe in a sort of transformation into cosmic consciousness, he does not want to talk about that at all, but he is crying with fear when he is alone. So death is often near to me in this times ….. The word 'death' has become associated as a 'scary' term for many. In yoga philosophy it is said that fear of death is one of the five obstacles to peace. As soon as one passes over, the fear is immediately gone (well, except for some who prefer to take the role of ghosts). It will be revealed that the soul is eternal being and that the soul still exists. The only difference is that the physical body has fallen away and the outer environment is different. Like going on a flight ~ we leave one country for another country. It will look different. The mind is still as present as ever. The mind will be sharper, as many of the self-limiting thoughts will no longer work in this new awareness. The soul is surrounded by three bodies/vehicles. Two always remain ~ subtle (mental body) / causal (spiritual body). Loved ones can be reunited ~ family or friends that left earlier are met again. Loved ones who did not incarnate this time around may be remembered:) Parents, family, friends are present on entering this world, and too when we leave. Same as when we arrive to the 'other' realms. It is rare that one feels 'ready' to leave Earth. Many have friendships that make them sad to leave. Realizing that life continues in the other realms, the fear lessens. We have one chance per life to leave consciously. It is not wise to lose the opportunity to embrace the departure ~ to embrace the knowing that all is fine. Consciousness is pure and creation reflects this. It is ultimately all for the higher good. The soul in preparation to exit the physical world should share the last kind words with loved ones. Finish all loose ends. Bring everything to completion. Then get ready ~ for an exciting journey. Upon release of this physical form, the energy that was maintaining it will be free to flow. The bliss is heavenly. But this is just the beginning….. How we leave this planet is of utmost importance. Our last remaining

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thoughts in this form serve as a vehicle to guide us out of the body. Let fear release ~ and bravely surrender. Not everyone who lives their physical form enters heavenly states or cosmic consciousness or supreme bliss. There is a greater euphoria regardless. The immediate difference is that the physical body is no more. The mind is still as ever present. The direct experience that we still exist beyond this body gives great joy to the spirt. We come and go many times ~ this is only one of infinite lives. We should be a pro by now. Life continues. There is nothing to fear except fear. Life ~ here and beyond ~ is what we make it. Q Do you have a suggestion about a specific practice that can be used to send someone in pain positive healing energy? Is prayer, or something along those lines thought of as useful from a yogic perspective? Kaliji In Sanskrit the word for prayer is 'prarthana'. On various levels, one can focus this energy and send to others. This is called prana healing. Reiki is a method of sending energy to others. Prana follows the mind. When a person focuses the mind, prana will be directed . The conscious state of the sender and the one receiving the energy will determine how effective this will be. Most do not have enough energy for themselves Yet, some can become a channel for the energy flow. Their love and compassion make them a pure vessel to transmit this energy to one in need. For thoughts to exist, it requires energy. There can be no thought without prana. Gaining control over the mind is the most efficient way to direct energy. Yes, healing with prana is without the yoga tradition. As we lovingly think of someone in need, the healing energy flows in that direction. Ultimately it is refined as shaktipat ~ energy transmission from yogi to disciple. Through prayer we activate these three energies/shaktis. With our focused thought, we will the desired effect into manifestation. Prayer could be in the form of a positive affirmation. You can begin with clearing the mind with a Sanskrita mantra. The chanting of OM, or another mantra, quiets the mind. Through a calm mind transcending the usual chatter, the prana is directed with greater clarity. Whether through positive thought, prayer, and / or mantra ~the mind is a powerful tool to direct prana. We are always directing prana, consciously and un-consciously. Q Kaliji had mentioned once that according to the Vedas, 3/4 is destiny and 1/3 is free will. I was thinking how come even free will doesnt feel so. It seems like even free will is based on His grace, so do we really have free will? There are times when I feel connected with the "Source" that destiny and free will seem to merge. Kaliji When one is connected to the source then the question of individual will does not come up. It is in the 'journey' that the percentage varies. The Vedas state that 1/3 is free will and 2/3 is due to our past samskaras. In this case, since it is due to our choices that result in particular karma then we can see the 'little I" is behind this. As one progresses in their spiritual awakening, the samskaras are dissolving, thus karma lessens. Then the higher will becomes prominent and the percentage will change. Eventually 100 percent divine will – iccha shakti. Q You speak of surrendering yourself to DEVI. What does that mean? Surrendering means to surrender to that Supreme Power which creates, sustains, and transforms. It is a continuous process in deepening our understanding of surrender. We need to develop the power to witness, to transcend the pair of opposites. Whatever appears on our path, we still must follow right action and accept the cosmic plan as our highest good. Seeing our past or future lives is not easy; therefore, it is hard to understand the "why" to our karma. But we can learn to accept that the Higher Power is truly guiding, leading us forward. The Self is Immortal. The Self has highest knowledge. The Self is forever blissful. To this Supreme Power, one surrenders. It comes in stages, yet ,at times, through intense prayer and meditation, Surrender spontaneously arises. Letting go… into DEVI, the Cosmic Power, is the Ultimate Surrender. Q Swamiji has been

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showing himself in my dreams for about three weeks. What does this mean? Kaliji It is very good to experience spiritual dreams. To receive Darshana of a saint is a great blessing, whether in a dream or in waking state. Sometimes the Formless Cosmic Energy will take a yogi's form in a dream. It takes the form of a yogi one can recognize as it helps one to recall the dream. The yogi may or may not know that Their Form is being used. Sometimes one connects with the Cosmic Energy, and then one's subconscious will give it a form to relate to. And, sometimes the Master Yogi chooses to enter the dream. The feeling in the dream is most important. At times one will not be able to understand what the images represent. Still one can concentrate on the feeling that was present in the dream. However, there are times when the dream will directly or symbolically give a clear message. If so, it can be taken as inner guidance to follow. A dream is composed of three energies: Sattvic (balance), Rajas (activity), and Tamas (inertia). Some dreams can be inspiring (sattvic), some dreams are restless (rajas), and other dreams are never recalled (tamas). Each dream consists of past, present, and future images. It takes clarity to understand the meaning of the dream. When the feeling of devotion or spiritual energy is present in a dream, later recall it during meditation. This can inspire the same feeling again, thus deepening the meditation. In this way, dreaming becomes Dream Yoga. Q Why don't we learn our lessons from previous lifetimes and understand those lessons at the beginning of a lifetime? Kaliji These lessons, until they are fully learned, will show up as tests in our life. When the positive action is strong in the mind and the weak action no longer exists, the lessons are then said to be learned. Kaliji You spontaneously . . . Ah, in the flow . . . Q Would you please talk about the Sanskrit term pratyahara? Kaliji Pratyahara is the fifth limb of Ashtanga Yoga as founded by the Sage Patanjali in approximately 500 B.C. Ashtanga Yoga is the 8-limb path of yoga. Continually, our minds are pulled to the world by our senses. Pratyahara is the term that reminds us to place our focus where we want it, not to be controlled by any outer force, like a horseman controlling the horse with the gentle discipline of the reins. This is symbolized with Arjuna (mind) being guided by Krishna (Higher Spirit) in the Gita. The yogi controls the power of the senses, then controls the mind. A yogi applies the wisdom and lives according to the flow instead of giving into the sense pleasures. This does not mean we should not enjoy the beautiful gifts of the world through the senses. But it means we should control our minds by living within the world, but not of the world. We can enjoy creation through the senses but not overuse them; otherwise, we will feel the drain of energy. For example, when we are full from our meal, we should not allow the sense of taste to make us overeat. If we overeat, we feel tired and lack energy. When in meditation, we should not allow our minds to roam, but rather we should focus it on the desired object of concentration. Then we can feel the heightened energy flow. Basically, when we follow our inner wisdom, it is the same as applying the skill of pratyahara. That is, we are in the flow . . . Q I've heard the word DEVI used in reference to the Spiritual Self. I would really like to know more. Kaliji There are many beautiful names, in various languages, for the Supreme Spirit. DEVI is one of them. DEVI is a name used for the Cosmic Energy, the Universal Flow, the Divine Mother Spirit, the spiritual energy within us all, the Supreme Self. When we surrender to the inner Self (as opposed to the lower mind), we can feel the deep connection with our True Self. Regular sadhana (yogic practice), right conduct (both in mind and body), and satsanga (positive relationships) support this awakening. We need faith to believe the holy spirit, DEVI, is truly within us. Then a relationship with DEVI becomes so strong that the mind surrenders to the

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William Ward's account of the Hindu groups between whom he served as a Baptist missionary in Serampore in West Bengal was once first released in 1811 and reprinted during this 3rd version in 1817. It was once an incredibly influential paintings that formed British perspectives of the newly outlined entity of 'Hinduism' within the early 19th century. Ward and his fellow missionaries promoted social reforms and schooling, developing the Serampore project Press in 1800 and Serampore collage in 1818. Ward committed two decades to compiling his research of Hindu literature, background, mythology and faith, which was once ultimately released in 4 volumes. It supplied richly special info, and used to be considered as authoritative for the subsequent fifty years. it's for that reason nonetheless an incredible resource for researchers in components together with Indian historical past, British colonialism, Orientalism and non secular stories. quantity 1 describes and categorises Hindu deities and items of worship, celestial, terrestrial, animate and inanimate. Does technological know-how pose a problem to faith and non secular trust? this query has been an issue of long-standing debate - and it maintains to trouble not just students in philosophy, theology, and the sciences, but additionally these fascinated by public academic coverage. This quantity presents historical past to the present 'science and religion' debate, but focuses besides on issues the place contemporary dialogue of the relation among technology and faith has been relatively focused. During this e-book, Michael Slater offers a brand new evaluation of pragmatist perspectives within the philosophy of faith. targeting the stress among naturalist and anti-naturalist models of pragmatism, he argues that the anti-naturalist spiritual perspectives of philosophers comparable to William James and Charles Peirce offer a robust replacement to the naturalism and secularism of later pragmatists corresponding to John Dewey and Richard Rorty. It is a comparative research of Muslims in Finland and the Republic of eire, from the viewpoint of spiritual freedom and multiculturalism. The booklet includes 3 components: the 1st half discusses non secular freedom and multiculturalism from a conceptual viewpoint and generally in the context of Western Europe, culminating within the circumstances of Finland and eire; the second one half bargains with the institution of Muslim groups in Europe quite often, and in Finland and eire particularly; and, the 3rd half issues Islam and schooling in those respective international locations. The worship of the lingu, also, Strongly resembles the worship of the phallus in honour of Bacchus. The sunyasee festival in honour of Shivii (see vol. i. p. ) appears to resemble much the orgies of Bacchus, especially in the behaviour of the devotees r , who are said to have run up and down the streets with their hair disheveled, and with lighted torches in their hands. —These siinyasees, though taken from the lowest order, wear the poita as bramhuns during this festival. Kennett, in his Koman Antiquities, book v. Krishnu is one of the ten incarnations of Vishnoo. The Rev. Mr. ' 2. Jugunnafhu, another deified hero, complimented with the title of lord of the world,, a form of Vishnoo. He is honoured with several annual festivals, but the car festival is the most popular. Imitations of his ponderous car abound in many of the large towns in Bengal °: that in Orissa, connected with the ancient temple erected in honour of this god, has crushed to death hundreds of victims, perhaps thousands, and immolates a number every year. Krishnu resembles Apollo in his licentious intrigues ; in his being a herdsmanm, and an archer; in his destroying a dreadful serpent; in his love of music; and in the celebrity to which he attained. Krishnu's image is that of a black man, with a flute in his hand. His colour points out, that he fills the mind with sensual desires, and the flute designates him as the author of musical sounds. Apollo had in one hand a harp, and in the other a shield of arrows. The history of Krishnu is chiefly found in the Shree-Bhagiivutu; the outline of which will be seen in vol

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Best Gamers In The World With The Highest Pays Best gamers in the world know a few things about gaming that we don't. Also, they take this gaming thing more seriously than you and I, as in, they turn it into a profession, not just a thing to pass some time in the afternoon. This is why some gamers have now achieved legendary statuses. Not just in their virtual worlds, but also in the real world as well. What Makes A Gamer Great When it comes to the best gamers in the world, there are a few things that make them who they are. These people are no Lebron James, or Tom Brady, but in their communities, they are gods among people. Not actual gods, but figures that other people look up to for inspiration and fun. The great gamers of today are well paid, extremely famous, and reputable enough to have a history of rising to the top of the charts, not just turning up and becoming so. -Career - First of all, these best gamers haven't just turned into famous characters overnight. They've mostly been playing the games they excel at forever. With years and years of experience, they've been able to grow into who they are today, and make a living out of it. -Earnings - Speaking of "making a living" out of playing games… what?! Yes, there are people, a lot of people, who're making millions just by playing games. How? Streaming their performances live, selling merchandise, donations, ads, the list goes on. They do good! -Fanbase - None of the fame and earnings would be possible for these greatest of games without their fanbase. Great gamers have fan bases of up to millions of diehard fans, who're there for them with every livestream, or video post, or Instagram Story. Loyalty is key. The Best Streaming Gamers In The World Now that we've covered the "what makes a gamer great" part of the article, let's dive right into the matter. Who are the best gamers of today? What makes them so famous? Why are so many people tuning in to their livestreams and staying glued to their screens for hours? Let's find out! Tyler Blevins - Ninja - With an estimated income of $17.000.000 (yes, that's 6 zeros!) Tyler Blevins, or Ninja, is the best earning gamer of the last few years. This gamer was everywhere in 2019, before the pandemic, including Red Bull cans, Walmart bedding, acting for NFL commercials, the list is endless. He's a Microsoft exclusive gamer now, and his main goal is to rebuild the livestreaming industry. He's doing a great job at it! Felix Kjellberg - PewDiePie - There's no gaming fan on this planet who's never heard about this particular Swedish gamer. Felix Kjelberg, or PewDiePie, is a controversial Youtuber and gamer, with many comments of his reaching the different boards of the authorities. Still, he's the master of gaming streamers, with more than 4,5 billion views in 2019, and estimated revenue of $15 million from them. Just... wow! Preston Arsement - This particular gamer is not just a player of Minecraft, but also a vlogger. Preston is a popular Youtuber and hosts annual in-game spending lives within Minecraft, his favourite title. His estimated earnings are at around $14 million per year. Now that's a lot of revenue from building stuff out of virtual blocks in a video game... Mark Fischbach - Markiplier - With estimated earnings of up to $14 million in 2019, Markiplier is famous for his humour and over-the-top scary reactions to his horror gaming. He's got some viral stuff to his name, like his walkthrough titles such as Amnesia: The Dark Descent, but he's also popular with some YouTube Original content, like the "A Heist with Markiplier'' movie. Michael Grzesiek - Shroud - Last, but not least, we've got Shroud, or Michael Grzesiek, to finalise this top of best gamers in the world. He's made $12,5 million from gaming in 2019, and his best trait is,

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Articles Posted in Auto Fraud AutoNation Allegedly Selling Defective Vehicles November 9, 2019 | Peter S. Lubin and Patrick Austermuehle While buying a used car might sound like a great way to save money, a new investigation allegedly found that buying from AutoNation could mean the possibility of buying a car that AutoNation knows is defective (or is subject to recall) but never bothered to have repaired or to resolve the recall issue. There is a federal law that prevents auto dealers from selling new defective automobiles, but there is no such law to prevent anyone from selling used cars with defects. A new federal bill was recently introduced that would close that loophole, but we have yet to see what the fate of that bill will be. In the meantime, some states have local laws against selling defective vehicles (new or otherwise), so if you live in a state with such protections and you recently bought a defective used car, you can sue the dealer that sold you the defective vehicle. Continue reading › Posted in: Auto Fraud Tagged: auto fraud attorneys near me in Chicago area Updated: October 22, 2019 1:00 pm Purchaser of Defective Classic Car Can Sue North Carolina Auction Company for Fraud in Illinois October 4, 2019 | Peter S. Lubin and Patrick Austermuehle A purchaser of a classic 1973 Ford Bronco sued the car's auctioneer in Illinois court. The purchaser alleged that the vendor committed fraud by misrepresenting the condition of the vehicle in its advertisements and during the auction. The circuit court dismissed the case for lack of personal jurisdiction. The Illinois Appellate Court reversed, finding that the vendor had sufficient contacts with Illinois when it solicited the business of the purchaser via advertisements, its website, and its communications over email and the phone. In January 2018, John Dixon saw an advertisement posted by GAA Classic Cars, LLC on a car-related website. The advertisement listed a 1973 Ford Bronco for sale at auction. Dixon responded to the advertisement by sending an email to GAA requesting more information about the Bronco including how to bid for it. GAA responded with an email to Dixon, inviting Dixon to bid on the Bronco at the auction scheduled for March 2, 2018. GAA's email told Dixon that he could participate via live simulcast bidding or on the telephone via phone bidding. GAA added that Dixon could find more information about the Bronco at GAA's website. Dixon asked for pictures of the Bronco's engine. GAA responded by email that it would send him pictures of the engine once GAA received the Bronco from its owner. GAA told Dixon that the auction price for the Bronco should run around $30,000.00 – $40,000.00. Continue reading › Tagged: Chicago auto fraud lawyer near Elmhurst and Naperville Updated: October 4, 2019 4:38 pm Purchaser of RV Can't Sue For Breach of Warranty Because Manufacturer Was Entitled to More Chances to Repair Vehicle September 28, 2019 | Peter S. Lubin and Patrick Austermuehle A couple purchased an RV from a retailer in 2014. The RV came with a warranty from the manufacturer that limited the warranties to one year from the date of purchase. The warranty required that the purchasers notify the manufacturer or an authorized dealer within five days of discovering any defect. The purchasers experienced continual problems with the RV over the time that they owned it. The RV was repaired multiple times, but the service technicians were never able to fully resolve the defects. The purchasers asked the manufacturer to repurchase the RV from them. When the manufacturer refused, the purchasers sued, claiming the manufacturer breached its warranties. The district court granted summary judgment to the manufacturer. The appellate panel affirmed, finding that the purchasers had not given the manufacturer enough chances under Indiana law to cure the defects with the RV.

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Vanessa and Randy Mathews purchased a Holiday Rambler Presidential RV in May 2014 from Mellott Brothers Trailer Sales, Inc. The RV came with a warranty from the manufacturer, REV Recreation Group. The warranty limited both express and implied warranties to one year from the purchase date. To take advantage of the warranty, the Mathews had to notify REV or an authorized dealer within five days of discovering a defect. The Mathews alleged that they encountered problems with the RV almost as soon as they drove it off the lot. They called the dealership to report that there were issues with the interior lights, the refrigerator, and the leveling system. A month later, the Mathews encountered further difficulty: the converter was blowing fuses, the leveling jacks worked only intermittently, the curbside slide cable broke, and there were problems with the TV and the DVD player. After calling the dealer again, the Mathews were given the number for REV so that they could locate an authorized repair center. Continue reading › Posted in: Auto Fraud and Breach of Contract Tagged: Best Chicago and Oak Brook area autofraud lawyers near Chicago and Chicago RV Fraud Lawyers Illinois Supreme Interprets UCC to Allow Revocation of Acceptance on Defective RV Without Requiring Giving Seller an Opportunity to Cure Our Chicago auto fraud firm filed an amicus brief in the Illinois Supreme Court on the side of an RV purchaser who wanted to revoke acceptance due to a leaky roof and the inability to use the RV all summer even though it is a summer product. The lower court had ruled against the RV purchasers holding that had to provide an opportunity to cure before revoking acceptance. The Illinois Supreme Court disagreed and held there was no right to cure for a defective product and the seller should have permitted revocation of acceptance. You can read the entire opinion Chicago auto fraud attorneys. Continue reading › Tagged: Best Chicago auto fraud attorneys Disgruntled Yacht Buyer Denied Relief for Failure to Present Evidence Concerning Cost to Repair Boat August 14, 2019 | Peter S. Lubin and Patrick Austermuehle A manufacturer of yachts was sued by a disgruntled buyer for breach of contract after the yacht he ordered was not usable in waters in the European Union as he originally specified. The buyer lost in court, however, because he argued that the yacht was a total loss, and the company presented evidence that the conversion to allow the yacht to operate in Europe would cost less than $2,000, and that it had repaired other small defects for free. Porter, Inc. is an Indiana company that manufactures boats under the Formula and Thunderbird trade names. In September 2012, Erich Schwaiger attended a boat show in Friedrichshafen, Germany, and met Alfred Zurhausen, the owner of Poker-Run-Boats, one of Porter's international dealers of Formula boats. Schwaiger expressed interest in ordering a Formula yacht with supercharged engines and high-end accessories and furnishings. Zurhausen later met Schwaiger in Munich to discuss the options and pricing in more detail. Schwaiger later, through one of his companies, SelectSun, executed a contract with Poker-Run-Boats in October 2012. The yacht and custom-built lift cost Schwaiger approximately $1 million. The contract required that the boat be CE certified, so that it would be authorized for operation in the European Union. Porter did not, however, manufacture the boat to meet that specification due to a miscommunication during the ordering process that Porter had with one of its domestic dealers, International Nautic. Schwaiger took delivery of the yacht in Germany in May 2013. He used the boat throughout much of the 2013 season in Europe. During the first few months, Porter covered a series of minor warranty repairs at no charge to Schwaiger. By the end of August, however, Schwaiger was fed up with the yacht, complaining to Poker-Run-Boats of problems with the boat's engines, steering column, exterior gel coating, and interior furnishings. Schwaiger then returned the yacht to Poker-Run-Boats

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with instructions to sell it. When the boat did not immediately sell, Schwaiger sued. Continue reading › Tagged: Best Chicago auto-fraud lawyers near Oak Brook and Naperville and Chicago Auto-Fraud Lawyers -- Chicago Business Dispute Attorneys Near Evanston and Oak Brook By Racing to Provide the Highest MPG at the Lowest Cost, Ford Allegedly Endangered Its Customers Ford started installing a new dual-clutch transmission (referred to as the DPS6 transmission) in its Focus and Fiesta models back in 2010 and as many as 1.5 million of the allegedly defective vehicles remain on the road today. The new transmission allowed the cars to reach 40 mpg, but according to recent allegations, Ford failed to properly test the new transmission before putting it out on the road, where it allegedly failed and put customers in danger. As if that wasn't bad enough, Ford allegedly ignored warnings from internal engineers and lawyers before putting the cars on the market, at which point the car company allegedly proceeded to ignore complaints from customers for more than five years. According to complaints, the new transmission allegedly did everything from losing power on highways for no apparent reason to shoot into intersections without warning. Instead of issuing a recall, Ford allegedly gave its dealers talking points that included telling them the cars were operating normally when that was far from the truth. The financial result of all this doesn't look good for Ford. The company has had to spend hundreds of millions of dollars in repair costs, many of which didn't actually fix the cars. In addition to having to litigate lawsuits from thousands of consumers, Ford has also lost a significant amount of business from many loyal fans who now say they will never buy another Ford. Combine that with word of mouth reports of the dangerous cars it let on the road, plus bad press, and it will be difficult for the company to recover financially from this mess. In fact, the company recently warned its investors that litigation over the new DPS6 transmissions poses a financial threat. According to an internal report by Ford, the total costs related to the new transmission could reach $3 billion by the end of next year. Continue reading › Tagged: Chicago Car Fraud Attorneys -- Naperville Auto-Fraud Lawyers General Motors Loses Motion to Dismiss in Alleged Certified Pre-Owned ("CPO") Truck Consumer Fraud Case June 30, 2019 | Peter S. Lubin and Patrick Austermuehle Our Chicago car fraud lawyers have been litigating for many years claims against car and truck manufacturers who decline to stand behind certified pre-owned (CPO") vehicles that turn out to be rebuilt wrecks or flood vehicles. We recently beat back a motion to dismiss by General Motors in such a case. General Motors claimed that the Texas GMC dealer who sold our client the truck at issue was a necessary party to the case and that since General Motors hadn't sold our client the truck it should be suing General Motors. You can read the court decision here which rejected General Motors argument. Super Lawyers named Chicago business dispute lawyers Peter Lubin a Super Lawyer and Patrick Austermuehle a Rising Star in the Categories of Class Action, Business Litigation, and Consumer Rights Litigation. Lubin Austermuehle's Chicago auto fraud lawyers near Oak Brook and Naperville have over thirty years of experience in litigating auto fraud, franchise and dealer termination, breach of contract, complex class action, copyright, partnership, and shareholder oppression suits, non-compete agreement, trademark and libel suits, consumer rights and many different types of business and commercial litigation disputes. Our Vernon Hills and Wheaton car fraud attorneys near Chicago litigate CPO fraud cases and rebuilt wreck and flood vehicle cases against used car dealers and automobile manufacturers. We also assist Chicago, Evanston and Oak Brook area used car consumers who are victims of fraud and consumer fraud. You can contact us by calling (630) 333-0333 or our toll-free number (833) 306-4933. You can also contact us online here. Tagged: Chicago Car Fraud Lawyers Near Wheaton and Naperville -- Chicago Auto Fra

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1,024

CommonCrawl

-0.736249

-0.287789

-0.107027

-0.870488

The Ancient City of La Coruña: Discoveries! We pulled into the port of La Coruña around breakfast, had our foreign 'face check' assuring the Spanish government we were indeed who we claimed to be, then disembarked for our city tour. The shoreline went on for miles, as it snaked around the city. It was difficult to tell what was beach and what was port. No wonder this became the largest port on the Northern Iberian Coast, launching not only commercial ships, but warships (the Spanish Armada) and expeditions—ships exploring new routes and lands. La Coruña is also known for its 2,000 year old structure, the Tower of Hercules, the oldest functioning Roman lighthouse in the world. Originally it had a ramp oxcarts used to bring wood up to light the warning fires before electricity was invented. Unfortunately it was on the other side of town, and, since we left port later than expected, we never had the chance to see it. Supposedly, Hercules fought a giant, cut off his head, and buried it with the monster's armor close the shore, and built the lighthouse on top. Which is why, according to myth, Hercules is attributed with the founding of La Coruña. To my best knowledge, it means crown. Whether that means the kingly sort, or the top of the head, I'm unsure. The first thing we noticed were the apartments lining the shore, having many glass paned windows facing the sea. When Caesar first came to La Coruña, he found a small fishing village, but, due to the rich minerals in the area, it became a thriving commercial port. The fishermen lived in these apartments and would pull their boats up under the arches at night, since the water came up to the building in those days. Since the area was very humid and rainy, they enclosed the porches, inside and out (beginning in 18th century), where warmth and humidity built up during the day. At night when it was cooler, the inside porch windows were opened to let in the warmed air. Ingenious! And here is a fancy version in the downtown area of La Coruña. . .isn't it gorgeous?? We visited a church who's bell tower was slightly off kilter. Not because of the architects supposed drunken state, but, to allow the sun in its zenith to enter the tower and reflect down on the alter below. I'd say he had his head on straight! This statue commemorates Maria Pita, a brave woman who, after losing three husbands in the battle when Francis Drake returned to fight the Spanish, refused to lose the fourth. So, she entered the fight alongside him, found the emblematic flag bearer and speared him to death. Thus, Maria ended the conflict, saving the life of her sweetheart, and all the other Spaniards along with him. Hmmmm. Could be another historical fiction brewing . . . We stopped in a sausage/ham shop where we were given a taste of the national treat: simply called jambon (ham). Raised in the country, these pigs are slaughtered, the back legs (having more meat) are buried and dried in salt for a year, then hung up for a time to lessen the fat content, then sold in shops as a snack. You see it on the left of this plate, and also hanging from the ceiling in shop in the photo above. . . Through the years, the church has had a fast or ceremony for women who wished to conceive, since large families were important in this farming community. A few hundred years ago, they found corn to be the best crop for the cool but humid climate. Curiously, still today, engaged couples bring eggs and flour to the nuns so they can make a wedding cake to bring them good luck. Wealthy families years ago would bring their young girls to the nunnery to protect them from unwanted pregnancies before they were of marriageable age. I was thrilled to visit La Coruña because my MG Historical novel in progress is not only set in this city, but also on a Spanish galleon, similar to the one we were sailing on. Time for research! Via our guide, I discovered there was an orphanage run by nuns that would have been standing in the early 1700's. Good news! But then, he was told the building no longer existed. I was disappoint

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1,024

CommonCrawl

1.579366

-0.556106

1.550359

0.446249

ed to say the least, but decided to visit the neighborhood anyway, to see what would have been standing when my character existed. I found a street named after the orphanage . . . A staircase leading up . . . And down from the street. . . And it would have been overlooking the bay and beach. That was good enough for me! All in all, it was a good day . . . Feeling Like Royalty, Dining as an Author Today was another stellar day for touring—this time, by motorcycle and sidecar. Our guide for Porto was John, who came promptly at 9:30am. We introduced ourselves, put on our helmets, and got ready for a more than ordinary ride. We liked John immediately with his kind, informative and humorous ways. He gave us the usual safety talk, along with one other warning— by riding in a sidecar vehicle, we would be instant celebrities. And he was right! People everywhere of all ages waved, smiled or gawked at us. And I followed suit by giving them my best royal wave. Up and down the hills we rolled, first along the river's edge and expansion bridge, then back into the city to see churches and government buildings. . . When the explorers brought back ceramics from China centuries ago, the Portuguese created their own version of the tile as seen on the church above. The following are a few Porto city views . . . I enjoyed Porto much more than Lisboa. It was smaller, more navigable, and somewhat less hilly. Finally across the river to Gaia, where the fishing boat industry and wine preservation continues. It's also where J.K. Rowling lived while she wrote the first two Harry Potter books. We ended with a trip up past the military base and to the highest point of the city where an old Catholic Church is situated. Many come here to take wedding or engagement photos. We had our anniversary photo taken! We returned to our hotel with time to eat at the Majestic Café, known for serving and inspiring authors and poets, including of course, J.K. Rowling. This was where she had the inspiration to write her series, and name one evil character after Spain's former dictator—a slippery sort of person! Then, a taxi took us to Leixôes (pronounced something like: Lee-shoines, believe it or not), where we caught our first glimpse of our home for the next four days. Breathtaking! Tomorrow, we visit an off-the-beaten-path location known for its natural beauty. . . Splendor in Sintra—Out of the Ordinary André and his wife own the 'Portuguese for a Day' tour company. Not only do they make a great couple, but they are also dynamite business partners. Filipa generally takes care of the reservations and business end, and leaves the touring to André (most of the time). He's been driving since he was a teen, never had an accident, and was born in the old Alfama section of Lisbon. So he knows his way around. We also discovered he is a professional Jazz Bass player, and has performed all over the world with the likes of Elton John and Michael Bublé. He has also played all over Lisbon, which is why he knows the roads so well. Last year, he decided to stay close to home and begin a tour company with his wife. And we are glad he did! Our first stop was the Pena Palace, built by Ferdinand II (a Saxe-Coburg and Uncle of Queen Victoria) who married Maria, the Queen of Portugal. In the mid-1800's, this artist-king built the Pena Palace in the Romantic style at the site of an old Monastery on the tip-top of a mountain in the historic town of Sintra, a half hour drive from Lisbon. Dan and I agreed it was the nicest and most livable palace we have seen to date-which is quite a few! The roads, although winding and extremely narrow, were not an issue for André. He was a master at getting around (or making way) for tour buses and other vehicles which had no business being on the road. Each view of the palace was more stunning than the previous. It was hard to take a bad photo. We wound in and out of the rooms, looking at the incredibly intricate ceilings, which, in the last few rooms, became faux-finished works of art. One could barely tell they were two dimensional! The one below

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A lot of แทงบอลออนไลน์ขั้นต่ํา 50 บาท know very well just how the markets and odds provided usually work. However, for all those individuals unfamiliar with the football betting might experience some problems while seeking to select the best odds within their chosen markets. Such gam.blers should find it essential to acquire free betting tips from individual sites which offer the assistance. It is important for first time bettors to understand correctly various markets and exactly how they work. Free betting tips will only be of benefit to ga.mblers if they know football betting basics. Football fans should know the typical markets before staking their funds on any fixtures. There are many possibilities for punters to stake their money in terms of football betting. The action of betting on football games has become very popular that several sites usually offer betting tips for their visitors. Tipsters often offer free betting tips on markets which are easily predictable. Information on complex markets is frequently sold to punters since their chances are high and consequently the returns when a bettor wins the bet. Popular investing arenas are explained to ensure that those new to football betting can certainly understand where they are staking their money as well as the likelihood of them to lose or win the bet. The most common kind of market available for football betting is the match betting. In this kind of market, the punter simply has to select the outcome of the game. The alternatives are usually displayed as 1X2. 1 represents the house team to win the match, X means the match to finish in a draw while 2 is short for the away team winning the encounter. This market is often super easy to calculate unless in a situation where competitive teams are facing each other. They which is most probably to win the match is normally low compared with the chances for any draw as well as the other team to win. Tipsters will probably give free tips where results of the match is somehow obvious example in a case where a strong team is facing a weaker team. When groups of equal strengths and capabilities are facing the other person, it is hard to pick winning odds. In cases like this, tipsters usually don't give free betting tips. They either sell the ideas for that game or avoid predicting at all. Lots of new bettors prefer this market since it is possible to choose and not sophisticated in any way. Another common market in แทงบอลออนไลน์ขั้นต่ํา 50 บาท is: Both teams to score. This marketplace is often displayed as GG for teams to score and NG for teams not score. It is also a favorable industry for most punters. The make was not available in many sites until Betfred introduced it. Other betting companies have since incorporated this market in their sites. A predictor can either choose that both teams will score or both teams not score according to their analysis or feel about goal scoring abilities in the teams facing each other. Free betting tips tend to be provided by tipsters with this market. Punters who definitely are uncertain which option to choose should seek services of tipsters who carry thorough analysis before deciding whether both teams will score or otherwise not. Double chance is yet another form of a market available in football betting. In this type of market, bookmakers protect the punters who are against any team to emerge victorious in a match. Such punters can select their preferred team to win or draw this game. The bet will certainly be a winning bet in the event the team either win or draw this game. Even though chances of this market are small, several bettors prefer it since it somehow reduces the potential risk of losing the bet. Free betting tips are frequently offered by tipsters concerning this market. It will be the best industry for those punters who want to back a team that they can are sure it does not lose the game. Another form of the double chance market can be in such a way that the game will never end in a draw. Denoted as 1 or 2, this kind of the double chance market implies that either irthfy A or Team B will win the match. It is the best marketplace for those bettors who are sure that the game will not end in a draw. Handicap betting is another kind of market provided for เว็บแทงบอลออนไลน์. This kind of market usually has good odds, and those who risk it successfully will always be rewarded handsomely. It is right for punters who are

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\section{Introduction} The main purpose of this paper is to describe how \dag\-Frobenius monoids are the correct tool for formulating various kinds of finite-dimensional `quantum algebras'. Since \dag\-Frobenius monoids have entirely geometrical axioms, this gives a new way to look at these traditionally algebraic objects. This difference in perspective can be thought of as moving from an `internal' to an `external' viewpoint. Traditionally, we formulate a C*\-algebra as the set of elements of a vector space, along with extra structure that specifies how to multiply elements, find a unit element, apply an involution and take norms. This is an `internal' view, since we are dealing directly with the elements of the set. The `external' alternative is to `zoom out' in perspective: we can no longer discern the individual elements of the C*\-algebra, but we can see more clearly how it relates to other vector spaces, and these relationships give an alternative way to completely define the C*\-algebra. This metaphor is made completely precise by category theory, and the passage between these two types of viewpoint is familiar in categorical approaches to algebra. We proceed in Section~\ref{strucdagcat} by introducing our categorical setting, monoidal \dag\-categories with duals, and defining an involution monoid, a categorical axiomatization of an involutive algebra. Section~\ref{frobmonsec} introduces \dag\-Frobenius monoids, and explores some useful properties of them. We specialize to the category of Hilbert spaces in Section~\ref{hilbsect}, and make the connection between \dag\-Frobenius monoids and finite-dimensional C*\-algebras precise. An important aspect of the conventional study of C*\-algebras are the spectral theorems, for commutative C*\-algebras and for normal operators. The \dag\-Frobenius perspective on C*\-algebras allows these theorems to be presented categorically in the finite-dimensional case, and we explore this in Section~\ref{genspec}. We also use the \dag\-Frobenius monoid formalism to explore the construction of alternative quantum theories. This work is relevant to the study of two-dimensional open-closed topological quantum field theories (TQFTs), which model the quantum dynamics of string-like topological structures which can merge together and split apart. It was shown by Lauda and Pfeiffer \cite{lp05-ocs} that such a theory is defined by a symmetric Frobenius monoid equipped with extra structure. If we also add the physical requirement that the theory should be \emph{unitary} \cite{b06-qq} then these become symmetric \dag\-Frobenius monoids, and thus finite-dimensional C*\-algebras by Lemma~\ref{unitarylemma} and the results of Section~\ref{hilbsect}. These are precisely the correct kinds of algebras with which to construct a state-sum triangulation model for the TQFT~\cite{fhk92-ltft,lp06-ssc}, and so we can deduce the following: the two-dimensional open-closed TQFTs which arise from a state sum on a triangulation are precisely the \emph{unitary} such TQFTs, up to multiplication by a scalar factor. \ignore{ Our results are also relevant for two-dimensional conformal field theories. It is known that such theories can be modelled in a similar way to two-dimensional topological field theories \cite{frs02-tft1, ffrs05-tcf}, except that rather than constructing the Frobenius monoids in \cat{Hilb}, the category of Hilbert spaces and bounded linear maps, they are constructed in a general modular tensor category. Suppose that our modular tensor category is the category of modules for some bialgebra, and is equipped with a monoidal forgetful functor to \cat{Hilb}, sending each module to its underlying vector space. Then any \dag\-Frobenius monoid in our modular tensor category descends to a \dag\-Frobenius monoid in \cat{Hilb}, which will be equivalent to a finite-dimensional C*-algebra as described here, and a special Frobenius algebra in the modular tensor category can then be directly obtained which is of the form required for the construction of a conformal field theory. } The results presented here are closely tied to finite-dimensional al

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gebras. The author is aware of some work in progress on infinite-dimensional generalizations \cite{ah10-csid}, which requires significant changes to the underlying algebraic structures. However, the importance of the finite-dimensional case should not be underestimated. In the study of topological quantum field theory, in particular, it is often necessary to restrict to finite-dimensional algebras for the constructions to be well-defined, as a consequence of compactness of the topological category. The construction described here can be generalized far beyond the scope of the current paper. In future work, we will describe how higher-dimensional `quantum algebras' can be described as \dag\-Frobenius pseudoalgebras, `weakened' forms of Frobenius algebras which live in a monoidal 2-category. This extends results of Day, McCrudden and Street~\cite{dms03-da, s04-fmp}. These higher-dimensional quantum algebras include the fusion C*\-categories of considerable importance in the representation theory of quantum groups~\cite{k95-qg} and in topological quantum field theory~\cite{bk01-ltc}. \subsubsection*{Why \dag\-Frobenius monoids?} The key property of \dag\-Frobenius monoids which makes them so useful is contained in the following observation, due to Coecke, Pavlovic and the author \cite{cpv08-dfb}. Let $(V,m,u)$ be an associative, unital algebra on a complex vector space $V$, with multiplication map $m : V \otimes V \to V$ and unit map $u : \mathbb{C} \to V$. We can map any element $\alpha \in V$ into the algebra of operators on $V$ by constructing its right action, a linear map $R _\alpha := m \circ (\id _A \otimes \alpha) : V \to V$. We draw this right action in the following way: \[ \psfrag{p}{\hspace{0pt}$\alpha$} \includegraphics[scale=1]{graphics/new-1-leftaction} \] The diagram is read from bottom to top. This is a direct representation of our definition of $R _\alpha$: vertical lines represent the vector space $V$, the dot represents preparation of the state $\alpha$, and the merging of the two lines represents the multiplication operation $m: V \otimes V \to V$. If $V$ is in fact a Hilbert space we can then construct the adjoint map \mbox{$R _\alpha {}^\dag : V \to V$}. Will this adjoint also be the right action of some element of $V$? In the case that $(V,m,u)$ is in fact a \emph{\dag\-Frobenius monoid}, the answer is yes. We draw the adjoint $R _\alpha {}^\dag$ by flipping the diagram on a horizonal axis, but keeping the arrows pointing in their original direction: \[ \psfrag{d}{$\alpha ^\dag$} \includegraphics{graphics/new-2-leftactiondagger} \] The splitting of the line into two represents the adjoint to the multiplication, and the dot represents the linear map $\alpha ^\dag : V \to \mathbb{C}$. The multiplication and unit morphisms of the \mbox{\dag\-Frobenius} monoid, along with their adjoints, must obey the following equations (see Definition~\ref{defdagfrob}): \[ \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/small-frobenius2}} = \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/small-frobenius3}} = \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/small-frobenius1}} \hspace{40pt} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/unitforintro-3}} = \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/unitforintro-2}} = \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/unitforintro-1}} \] On the left are the Frobenius equations, and on the right are the unit equations. The short horizontal bar in the unit equations represents the unit for the monoid, and the straight vertical line represents the identity homomorphism on the monoid. In fact, we also have two extra equations, since we can take the adjoint of the unit equations. We can use a unit equation and a Frobenius equation to redraw the graphical representation of $R _\alpha {}^\dag$ in the following way: \[ { \hspace{-10pt} \psfrag

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{d}{$\alpha ^\dag$} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/new-5-adjoint1}} \hspace{-10pt} } = { \hspace{-10pt} \psfrag{d}{$\alpha ^\dag$} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/new-6-adjoint2}} \hspace{-10pt} } = { \hspace{-10pt} \psfrag{p}{$\alpha ^\dag$} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/new-7-adjoint3}} \hspace{-10pt} } = { \hspace{-10pt} \psfrag{s}{$\alpha ^\dag$} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/new-8-adjoint4-v2}} \hspace{-10pt} } \] We therefore see that the adjoint of $R _\alpha$ is indeed a right-action of some element: $R _{\alpha} {}^\dag = R _{\alpha'}$, for $\alpha ' = (\id _{A} \otimes \alpha ^\dag) \circ m^\dag \circ u$. To better understand this transformation $\alpha {\mapsto} \alpha'$ we apply it twice to evaluate $(\alpha')'$, using the Frobenius and unit equations and the fact that the \dag\-functor is an involution: \[ \vspace{-10pt} \psfrag{a}{\hspace{11pt}$(\alpha')'$} { \hspace{-20pt} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/newalphainv-3}} \hspace{-0pt} } = { \hspace{-5pt} \psfrag{a}{\hspace{-0pt}$(\alpha' ) ^\dag$} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/new-newalphainv-1}} \hspace{-0pt} } = { \hspace{-0pt} \psfrag{a}{\hspace{-0pt}$(\alpha ^\dag) ^\dag$} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/new-newalphainv-2}} \hspace{-0pt} } = { \hspace{-0pt} \psfrag{a}{\hspace{11pt}$\alpha$} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/new-newalphainv-3}} \hspace{-0pt} } = \psfrag{a}{\hspace{11pt}$\alpha$} { \hspace{-0pt} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/newalphainv-3}} \hspace{-15pt} } \] We see that $(\alpha')'=\alpha$, and so the operation $\alpha \mapsto \alpha'$ is an involution. Since taking the adjoint $R_\alpha \mapsto R_\alpha ^\dag$ is also clearly an involution, the mapping of elements of the monoid into the ring of operators on $V$ is therefore \emph{involution-preserving}, as it maps one involution into another. We shall see that the mapping is injective and preserves the multiplication and unit of $(V,m,u)$, so in fact we have a fully-fledged involution-preserving monoid embedding as described by Lemmas \ref{embedmonoidlemma} and \ref{involembedding}. This observation is one reason why \dag\-Frobenius monoids are such powerful tools. In fact, given that the algebra of operators on $V$ is a C*\-algebra with $*$-involution given by operator adjoint, and since any involution-closed subalgebra of a C*\-algebra is also a C*\-algebra, we have already shown that every \dag\-Frobenius monoid in \cat{Hilb} can be given a C*\-algebra norm. \subsubsection*{Overview of paper} We begin with a description of the categorical structure that we will use to express our results. The categories we will be working with are \emph{monoidal \dag\-categories with duals}, with nontrivial coherence requirements between the monoidal structure, \dag\-structure and duality structure. These can be seen as not-necessarily-symmetric versions of the strongly compact-closed categories of Abramsky and Coecke \cite{ac04-csqp, ac05-apt}. We then describe the concept of an \emph{involution monoid}, a categorical version of the traditional concept of

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1,024

ArXiv

-0.186724

1.542412

-0.974499

0.041172

a $*$-algebra, which replaces the antilinear involution with a linear `involution' from an object to its dual. We prove some general results on involution monoids, \mbox{\dag\-Frobenius} monoids and the relationships between them, and give a definition of a \emph{special unitary \dag\-Frobenius monoid}. In \cat{Hilb}, the category of finite-dimensional complex Hilbert spaces and continuous linear maps, these monoids have particularly good properties, which we explore. We then use these properties to demonstrate in Theorem~\ref{maincalgthm} that special unitary \dag\-Frobenius monoids in \cat{Hilb} are the same as finite-dimensional \mbox{C*\-algebras}. The spectral theorem for finite-dimensional commutative C*\-algebras is an important classical result, and we develop a way to express it using the \dag\-Frobenius toolkit. We first summarize a result from \cite{cpv08-dfb}, that the category of commutative \mbox{\dag\-Frobenius} monoids in \cat{Hilb} is equivalent to the opposite of \cat{FinSet}, the category of finite sets and functions. We generalize this by defining a monoidal \dag\-category to be \emph{spectral} if its category of commutative \dag\-Frobenius monoids is a finitary topos. We also consider the spectral theorem for normal operators, and give a way to phrase it in an abstract categorical way using the concept of \emph{internal diagonalization}. Nontrivial examples of spectral categories are provided by categories of unitary representations of finite groupoids $\cat{Hilb ^G}$, where \cat{G} a finite groupoid. In such a category, the spectrum of a commutative generalized C*\-algebra --- that is, the spectrum of a commutative \mbox{\dag\-Frobenius} monoid internal to the category --- is not a set, but an object in a finitary Boolean topos \cat{FinSet ^G}. Categories of the form \cat{Hilb^G} can therefore be thought of as providing alternative settings for quantum theory, in which the logic of measurement outcomes --- while still Boolean --- has a richer structure. On a technical level, we also note that this gives a new way to extract a finite groupoid from its representation category, as it is well-known that the groupoid \cat{G} can be identified in \cat{FinSet ^G} as the smallest full generating subcategory. \subsubsection*{Acknowledgements} The comments of the anonymous referees have greatly improved this article, and I am also grateful to Samson Abramsky, Bruce Bartlett, Bob Coecke, Chris Heunen, Chris Isham and Dusko Pavlovic for useful discussions. I am also grateful for financial support from EPSRC and QNET. Commutative diagrams are rendered using Paul Taylor's diagrams package. \section{Structures in \dag\-categories} \label{strucdagcat} \subsubsection*{The \dag\-functor} Of all the categorical structures that we will make use of, the most fundamental is the \mbox{\emph{\dag\-functor}}. It is an axiomatization of the operation of taking the adjoint of a linear map between two Hilbert spaces, and since knowing the adjoints of all maps $\mathbb{C} \to H$ is equivalent to knowing the inner product on $H$, it also serves as an axiomatization of the inner product. \begin{defn} A \emph{\dag\-functor} on a category \cat{C} is a contravariant endofunctor \mbox{$\dag: \cat{C} \to \cat{C}$}, which is the identity on objects and which satisfies $\dag \circ \dag = \id _\cat{C}$. \end{defn} \begin{defn} \label{dagcategory} A \emph{\dag\-category} is a category equipped with a particular choice of \mbox{\dag\-functor}. \end{defn} \jnoindent These \dag\-categories have a long history, sometimes going by the name \textit{$*$\-categories}. In particular, they have been well-used in representation theory, especially by Roberts and collaborators \cite{dr89-ndt,lr97

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1,024

ArXiv

1.073993

2.528728

0.306311

1.321544

-atod} under the framework of C*\-categories, and by others in the study of invariants of topological manifolds~\cite{t94-qik}. They have also been used to study the properties of generalizations of quantum mechanics~\cite{ce08-tqc, v08-ccn}, where it is not assumed that the underlying categories are $\mathbb{C}$-linear. A useful physical intuition is that the \dag\-functor models the time-reversal of processes, and considering it as a fundamental structure gives an interesting new perspective on the development of physical theories~\cite{b06-qq}. Given a \dag\-category, we denote the action of a \dag\-functor on a morphism $f : A \to B$ as $f ^\dag : B \to A$, and by convention we refer to the morphism $f ^\dag$ as the \emph{adjoint} of $f$. We can now make the following straightforward definitions: \begin{defn} In a \dag\-category, a morphism $f : A \to B$ is an \emph{isometry} if $f ^\dag \circ f = \id _A$; in other words, if $f^\dag$ is a retraction of $f$. \end{defn} \begin{defn} In a \dag\-category, a morphism $f:A \to B$ is \emph{unitary} if $f ^\dag \circ f = \id _{A}$ and $f \circ f ^\dag = \id _{B}$; in other words, if $f$ is an isomorphism and $f ^{-1} = f ^\dag$. \end{defn} \begin{defn} In a \dag\-category, a morphism $f:A \to A$ is \emph{self-adjoint} if $f = f ^\dag$. \end{defn} \begin{defn} In a \dag\-category, a morphism $f:A \to A$ is \emph{normal} if $f \circ f ^\dag = f ^\dag \circ f$. \end{defn} \subsubsection*{Monoidal categories with duals} We will work in monoidal categories throughout this paper, and we will require that each object in our monoidal categories has a left and a right dual. In the presence of a \dag\-functor there are then some compatibility equations which we can impose, which we will describe in this section. There is an important graphical notation for the objects and morphisms in these categories \cite{js91-gtc} which we will rely on heavily. We have already made use of it in the introduction. Objects in a monoidal category are drawn as wires, and the tensor product of two objects is drawn as those objects side-by-side; for consistency with the equation $A \otimes I \simeq A \simeq I \otimes A$, we therefore `represent' the tensor unit object $I$\ as a blank space. Morphisms are represented by `junction-boxes' with input wires coming in underneath and output wires coming out at the top, and composition of morphisms is represented by the joining-up of input and output wires. For visual consistency, the identity morphism on an object is also not drawn. These principles are demonstrated by the following pictures: \[ \psfrag{a}{\raisebox{-3pt}{$\!A$}} \psfrag{b}{\raisebox{-3pt}{$\!B$}} \psfrag{c}{\raisebox{-3pt}{$\!C$}} \psfrag{f}{$\!g$} \psfrag{h}{\raisebox{-1pt}{$\!f$}} \psfrag{g}{\raisebox{-1pt}{$h$}} { \setlength\arraycolsep{15pt} \begin{array}{cccc} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/g-1}} & \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/g-2}} & \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/g-3}} & \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/g-4}} \\ \textrm{Object $A$ or} & \textrm{Morphism} & \textrm{Morphism} & \textrm{Morphism} \\ \textrm{morphism $\id_A$} & f: I \to A

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& \id _A \otimes g & h \circ (\id _A \otimes g) \end{array} } \] We will often omit the labels on the wires when it is obvious from the context which object they represent. We now give the definition of duals, and describe their graphical representation. \begin{defn} An object $A$ in a monoidal category has a \emph{left dual} if there exists an object $A^{*_\pL}$ and \emph{left-duality morphisms} $\epsilon ^\pL_A : I \to A^{*_\pL} \otimes A$ and $\eta ^\pL _A: A \otimes A^{*_\pL} \to I$ satisfying the triangle equations: \begin{align} \begin{diagram}[midshaft,nohug,height=25pt,width=35pt,labelstyle=\scriptstyle] A & & \\ \dTo <{\id _{A} \otimes \epsilon ^\pL _A} & \rdTo ^ {\id _{A}} & \\ A \otimes A^* \otimes A & \rTo _{\eta ^\pL _A \otimes \id ^{} _{A}} & A \end{diagram} && \begin{diagram}[nohug,height=25pt,width=35pt,labelstyle=\scriptstyle] A^* & & \\ \dTo <{\epsilon ^\pL _A \otimes \id _{A ^*}} & \rdTo ^{\id _{A^*}} & \\ A^* \otimes A \otimes A^* & \rTo _{\id _{A ^*} \otimes \eta ^\pL _A} & A^* \end{diagram} \end{align} Analogously, an object $A$ has a \emph{right dual} if there exists an object $A^{*_\pR}$ and \emph{right-duality morphisms} $\epsilon ^\pR _A : I \to A \otimes A^{*_\pR}$ and $\eta ^\pR _A: A^{*_\pR} \otimes A \to I$ satisfying similar equations to those given above. \end{defn} \jnoindent It follows that any two left (or right) duals for an object are canonically isomorphic. To distinguish between the objects $A$ and $A ^{* _\pL}$, we add arrows to our wires, usually drawing an object $A$ with an upward-pointing arrow and drawing $A ^{* _\pL}$ with a downward-pointing one. We use the same notation for $A ^{* _\pR}$, which will not lead to confusion since we will soon choose our duals such that $A ^{* _\pL} = A ^{* _\pR}$ for all objects $A$. We represent the duality morphisms by a `cup' and a `cap' in the following way: \[ { \setlength\arraycolsep{20pt} \begin{array}{cc} \psfrag{a}{$A$} \psfrag{d}{\hspace{-14pt}$A ^{* _\pL}$} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/g-5}} & \psfrag{a}{\hspace{-7pt}$A$} \psfrag{d}{$A ^{* _\pL}$} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/g-6}} \\ \epsilon _A ^\pL : I \to A ^{* _\pL} \otimes A & \eta _A ^\pL : A \otimes A ^{* _\pL} \to I \end{array} } \] The reason for this is made clear by the representation it leads to for the duality equations: \begin{align*} \psfrag{x}{\hspace{-5pt}$A$} \psfrag{y}{\hspace{+0pt}$A$} \psfrag{d}{$A ^{* _\pL}$} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/g-7}} = \psfrag{a}{$A$} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/g-8}} &\hspace{20pt}& \psfrag{x}{\hspace{-14pt}$A ^{* _\pL}$} \psfrag{a}{$A$} \ps

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frag{y}{$A ^{* _\pL}$} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/g-9}} = \psfrag{a}{$A ^{* _\pL}$} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/g-10}} \end{align*} We can therefore `pull kinks straight' in the wires whenever we find them. This is one reason that the graphical representation is so powerful: the eye can easily spot these simplifications, which would be much harder to find in an algebraic representation. \begin{defn} A monoidal category \emph{has left duals} (or \emph{has right duals}) if every object $A$ has an assigned left dual $A ^{* _\pL}$ (or a right dual $A ^{* _\pR}$), along with assigned duality morphisms, such that $I ^{* _\pL} = I$ and $(A \otimes B) ^{* _\pL} = B ^{* _\pL} \otimes A ^{* _\pL}$ (or the equivalent with L replaced with R.) \end{defn} \jnoindent The order-reversing property of the $(-) ^{* _\pL}$ and $(-) ^{* _\pR}$ operations for the monoidal tensor product is important: it allows us to choose a dual for $A \otimes B$ given duals of $A$ and $B$ independently. In the presence of a braiding isomorphism $A \otimes B \simeq B \otimes A$ we can suppress this distinction, but this will not be available to us in general. \begin{defn} \label{defdualityfunctor} In a monoidal category with left or right duals, with an assigned left dual for each object or a chosen right dual for each object, the \emph{left duality functor} $(-) ^{ * _\pL}$ and \emph{right duality functor} $(-) ^{*_\pR}$ are contravariant endofunctors that take objects to their assigned duals, and act on morphisms \mbox{$f: A \to B$} in the following way: \begin{align} f^{* _\pL} &:= (\id _{A^*} \otimes \eta ^\pL _B) \circ (\id _{A^*} \otimes f \otimes \id _{B ^*}) \circ (\epsilon ^\pL _A \otimes \id _{B^*}) \\ f^{* _\pR} &:= (\eta ^\pR _{B ^*} \otimes \id _{A}) \circ (\id _{B^*} \otimes f \otimes \id _{A ^*}) \circ (\id _{A^*} \otimes \epsilon ^\pR _{A ^*}) \end{align} \end{defn} \jnoindent These definitions can be understood more easily by their pictorial representation: \begin{equation} \label{picduals} \psfrag{fr}{\hspace{-5pt}\raisebox{-1pt}{$f ^{* _\pL}$}} \psfrag{f}{\raisebox{-1pt}{$\!f$}} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/dual-right-2}} := \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/dual-left-1}} \hspace{50pt} \psfrag{fr}{\hspace{-5pt}\raisebox{-1pt}{$f ^{* _\pR}$}} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/dual-right-2}} := \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/dual-right-1}} \end{equation} \subsubsection*{Monoidal \dag\-categories with duals} We now investigate appropriate compatibility conditions in the case that our monoidal category has both duals and a \dag\-functor. \begin{defn} A \emph{monoidal \dag\-category} is a monoidal category equipped with a \mbox{\dag\-functor}, such that the associativity and unit natural isomorphisms are unitary. If the monoidal category is equipped with natural braiding isomorphisms, then these must also be unitary. \end{defn} \jnoindent We will not assume that our monoidal categories are strict. A good reference for the essentials of monoidal category theory is \cite{ml97-cwm}. In a monoidal \dag\-

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category we can give abstract definitions of some important terminology normally associated with Hilbert spaces. \begin{defn} In a monoidal category, the \emph{scalars} are the monoid $\Hom(I,I)$. In a monoidal \dag\-category, the scalars form a monoid with involution. \end{defn} \begin{defn} In a monoidal \dag\-category, a \emph{state} of an object $A$ is a morphism \mbox{$\phi: I \to A$}. \end{defn} \begin{defn} \label{defnorm} In a monoidal \dag\-category, the \emph{squared norm} of a state $\phi:I \to A$ is the scalar \mbox{$\phi^\dag \circ \phi : I \to I$}. \end{defn} \jnoindent If our \dag\-category also has a zero object, we note that it is quite possible for the squared norm of a non-zero state to be zero. For this reason, as it stands, Definition~\ref{defnorm} seems a poor abstraction of the notion of the squared norm on a vector space. In \cite{v08-ccn} we describe a way to overcome this problem, but it will not affect us here. Monoidal \dag\-categories have a simpler duality structure than many monoidal categories, as the following lemma shows. \begin{lemma} \label{lisr} In a monoidal \dag\-category, left-dual objects are also right-dual objects. \end{lemma} \jbeginproof \begin{sloppypar} Given an object $A$ with a left dual $A ^{* _\pL}$ witnessed by left-duality morphisms \mbox{$\epsilon ^\pL_A : I \to A^{*_\pL} \otimes A$} and \mbox{$\eta ^\pL _A: A \otimes A^{*_\pL} \to I$}, we can define $\epsilon _A ^\pR := \eta _A ^\pL {}^\dag$ and $\eta _A ^\pL := \epsilon _A ^\pL {}^\dag$ which witness that $A ^{* _\pL}$ is a right dual for $A$. \qedhere \end{sloppypar} \end{proof} \jnoindent Since left or right duals are always unique up to isomorphism, left duals must be isomorphic to right duals in a monoidal \dag\-category. We will exploit this isomorphism to write $A ^*$ instead of $A ^{* _\pL}$ or $A ^{* _\pR}$, and it follows that $A ^{**} \simeq A$. However, this is not enough to imply that the functors $(-) ^{* _\pL}$ and $(-) ^{* _\pR}$ given in Definition~\ref{defdualityfunctor} are naturally isomorphic; for this we will require extra compatibility conditions. \begin{defn} \label{mondagcatduals} A \emph{monoidal \dag\-category with duals} is a monoidal \dag\-category such that each object $A$ has an assigned dual object $A^*$ (either left or right by Lemma~\ref{lisr}) with this assignment satisfying \mbox{$(A ^{*}) ^* = A$}, and assigned left and right duality morphisms for each object, such that these assignments are compatible with the \dag\-functor in the following way: \begin{align} \epsilon _A ^\pL = \eta _A ^\pR {}^\dag = \eta _{A ^*} ^\pL \!{}^\dag = \epsilon _{A ^*} ^\pR && \eta _A ^\pL = \epsilon _A ^\pR {}^\dag = \epsilon _{A ^*} ^\pL \!{}^\dag = \eta _{A ^*} ^\pR && ((-) ^{* _\pL}) ^\dag = ((-) ^\dag) ^{* _\pL} \end{align} \end{defn} \jnoindent Since the left and right duality morphisms can be obtained from each other using the \mbox{\dag\-functor}, from now on we will only refer directly to the left

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-duality morphisms, defining $\epsilon ^{}_A := \epsilon _A ^\pL$ and $\eta ^{}_A := \eta _A ^\pL$. We note that there does not yet exist a precise theorem governing the soundness of the graphical calculus for this precise type of monoidal category with duals, although we fully expect that one could be proved. The graphical calculus used in this paper should therefore be thought of as a shorthand for the underlying morphisms in the category, rather than a calculational method in its own right. The compatibility condition $((-) ^{* _\pL}) ^\dag = ((-) ^\dag) ^{* _\pL}$ looks asymmetrical, as it does not refer to the right-duality functor $(-) ^{* _\pR}$. We show that it is equivalent to two different compatibility conditions. \begin{lemma} \label{equivrequirements} As a part of the definition of a monoidal \dag\-category with duals, the following compatibility conditions would be equivalent: \begin{align*} \mathrm{1. }\,\,\, ((-) ^{* _\pL}) ^\dag = ((-) ^\dag) ^{* _\pL} && \mathrm{2. }\,\,\, ((-) ^{* _\pR }) ^\dag = ((-) ^\dag) ^{* _\pR} && \mathrm{3. }\,\,\, (-) ^{* _\pL} = (-) ^{* _\pR} \end{align*} \end{lemma} \jbeginproof From the first two sets of equations between the duality morphisms given in Definition~\ref{mondagcatduals}, it follows directly that $((-) ^{* _\pL}) ^\dag = ((-) ^\dag) ^{* _\pR}$. We combine this with condition 2 above to show that \mbox{$((-) ^{* _\pL}) ^\dag = ((-) ^{* _\pR}) ^\dag$}, and since the \dag\-functor is an involution, it then follows that $(-) ^{* _\pL} = (-) ^{* _\pR}$. Since this argument is reversible we have shown that $2 \Leftrightarrow 3$, and an analogous argument demonstrates that $1 \Leftrightarrow 3$. \end{proof} \jnoindent In a monoidal \dag\-category the three given conditions will therefore all hold, and in particular the functors $(-) ^{* _\pL}$ and $(-) ^{* _\pR}$ will coincide. We denote this unique duality functor as $(-) ^*$. We use conditions 1 for Definition~\ref{mondagcatduals} rather than the more symmetrical definition 3, since it follows from a general `philosophy' of \dag\-categories: wherever sensible, require that structures be compatible with the \dag\-functor. We can use this result to demonstrate a useful property of the duality functor $(-) ^*$. \begin{lemma} In a monoidal \dag\-category with duals, the duality functor $(-) ^*$ is an involution. \end{lemma} \jbeginproof The involution equation is $((-)^* )^* = \id$, and we rewrite this using Lemma~\ref{equivrequirements} as $((-) ^{* _\pL}) ^{* _\pR} = \id$. Writing this out in full, it is easy to demonstrate using the duality equations and the compatibility equations of Definition~\ref{mondagcatduals}. \end{proof} \jnoindent Since the \dag\-functor is also strictly involutive and commutes with the duality functor, their composite is also an involutive functor. \jnoindent \begin{defn} In a monoidal \dag\-category with duals, the \emph{conjugation functor} $(-) _*$ is defined on all morphisms $f$ by $f _* = (f ^*) ^\dag = (f ^\dag) ^*$. \end{defn} \jnoindent Since the \dag\-functor is the identity on objects, we have $A_* = A^*$ for all objects $A$. To make this equality clear we will write $A^*$ exclusively, and the $A_*$ form will not be used. For any morphism $f:A \to B$

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we can use these functors to construct $f_* : A^* \to B^*$, $f ^* : B^* \to A^*$ and $f ^\dag: B \to A$, and it will be important to be able to easily distinguish between these graphically. We will use an approach originally due to Selinger \cite{s07-dccc}, in the form adopted by Coecke and Pavlovic \cite{cp06-qmws}. Given the graphical representation of the duality functor $(-)^*$ given in (\ref{picduals}), we could `pull the kink straight' on the right-hand side of the equation. This would result in a \emph{rotation} of the junction-box for $f$ by half a turn. To make this rotation visible we draw our junction-boxes as wedges, rather than rectangles, breaking their symmetry. The duality $(-)^*$ is given by composing the conjugation functor $(-) _*$ and the \dag\-functor, and since geometrically a half-turn can be built from two successive reflections, this gives us a complete geometrical scheme for describing the actions of our functors: \[ \psfrag{a}{\hspace{0pt}\raisebox{-0pt}{$A$}} \psfrag{b}{\hspace{0pt}\raisebox{-0pt}{$B$}} \psfrag{ad}{\hspace{0pt}\raisebox{-0pt}{$A^*$}} \psfrag{bd}{\hspace{0pt}\raisebox{-0pt}{$B^*$}} \psfrag{x}{\hspace{13pt}\raisebox{-0pt}{$A^*$}} \psfrag{y}{\hspace{13pt}\raisebox{-0pt}{$B^*$}} \psfrag{f}{\raisebox{-1pt}{$f$}} \psfrag{fs}{\raisebox{-1pt}{$\!f ^*$}} \psfrag{fc}{\raisebox{-1pt}{$\!f _*$}} \psfrag{fd}{\raisebox{-1pt}{$\!f ^\dag$}} { \setlength\arraycolsep{10pt} \begin{array}{cccc} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/functors-1}} & \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/functors-4}} & \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/functors-2}} & \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/functors-3}} \end{array} } \] Our monoidal \dag\-categories with duals are very similar to other structures considered in the literature, such as C*-categories with conjugates~\cite{dr89-ndt, z05-2cc} and strongly-compact-closed categories \cite{ac04-csqp, ac05-apt}. In these contexts the functors $(-)_*$ and $(-)^*$ also play an important role. \subsubsection*{Involution monoids} An important tool in functional analysis is the \emph{$*$-algebra}: a complex, associative, unital algebra equipped with an antilinear involutive homomorphism from the algebra to itself which reverses the order of multiplication. Category-theoretically, such a homomorphism is not very convenient to work with, since morphisms in a category of vector spaces are usually chosen to be the {\em linear} maps. However, if the vector space has an inner product, this induces a canonical antilinear isomorphism from the vector space to its dual. Composing this with the antilinear self-involution, we obtain a \emph{linear} isomorphism from the vector space to its dual. This style of isomorphism is much more useful from a categorical perspective, and we use it to define the concept of an \emph{involution monoid}. We will demonstrate that this is equivalent to a conventional \mbox{$*$-algebra} when applied in a category of complex Hilbert spaces. The natural setting for the study of these categorical objects is a category with a conjugation functor, as defined above. \begin{defn} In a monoidal category, a \emph{monoid} is an ordered triple $(A,m,u)$ consisting of an object $A$, a \emph{multiplication} morphism \mbox{$m:A \otimes A \to A$} and a \emph{unit} morphism \mbox{$u : I \to A$}, which satisfy \emph

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{associativity} and \emph{unit} equations: \begin{equation} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/monoid-assoc1}} = \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/monoid-assoc2}} \hspace{30pt} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/monoid-unit2}} = \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/monoid-unit0}} = \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/monoid-unit1}} \end{equation} \end{defn} \begin{defn} In a monoidal \dag\-category with duals, an \emph{involution monoid} $(A,m,u;s)$ is a monoid $(A,m,u)$ equipped with a morphism $s:A \to A^*$ called the \emph{linear involution}, which is a morphism of monoids with respect to the monoid structure $(A^*, m_*, u_*)$ on $A^*$, and which satisfies the \emph{involution condition} \begin{equation} s_* \circ s = \id _{A}. \end{equation} \end{defn} \jnoindent It follows from this definition that $s$ and $s _*$ are mutually inverse morphisms, since applying the conjugation functor to the involution condition gives $s \circ s_* = \id _{A ^*}$. We also note that for any such involution monoid $s: A \to A^*$ and $s^*:A \to A^*$ are parallel morphisms, but they are not necessarily the same. \begin{defn} \label{morphinvmon} \begin{sloppypar} In a monoidal \dag\-category with duals, given involution monoids $(A,m,u; s_A)$ and $(B,n,v; s_B)$, a morphism $f:A \to B$ is a \emph{homomorphism of involution monoids} if it is a morphism of monoids, and if it satisfies the \emph{involution-preservation condition} \begin{equation} s_B \circ f = f_* \circ s_A. \end{equation} \end{sloppypar} \end{defn} \jnoindent If an object $B$ is self-dual, it is possible for the involution $s_B : B \to B$ to be the identity. Let $(B,n,v; \id _{B})$ be such an involution monoid. In this case, it is sometimes possible to find an embedding $f : (A,m,u; s_A) \into (B, n, v; \id _{B})$ of involution monoids even when the linear involution $s_A$ is \emph{not} trivial! We will see an example of this in the next section. The following lemma establishes that the traditional concept of $*$-algebra and the categorical concept of an involution monoid are the same, in an appropriate context. We demonstrate the equivalence for finite-dimensional algebras, since the category of finite-dimensional complex vector spaces forms a category with duals. However, involution monoids are useful far more generally, and with a careful choice of conjugation functor could be used just as well to describe infinite-dimensional algebras with an involution. \begin{lemma} \label{invollemma} For a unital, associative algebra on a finite-dimensional complex Hilbert space $V$, there is a correspondence between the following structures: \jbeginenumerate \item antilinear maps $t: V \to V$ which are involutions, and which are order-reversing algebra homomorphisms; \item linear maps $s: V \to V^*$ where $V^*$ is the dual space of $V$, satisfying $s_* \circ s = \id _{V}$, and which are algebra homomorphisms to the conjugate algebra on $V ^*$. \end{enumerate} \vspace{-5pt} Furthermore, the natural notions of homomorphism for these structures are also equivalent. \end{lemma} \jbeginproof We first deal with the implication $1 \Rightarrow 2$. We construct the linear isomorphism $s$ by defining $s \circ \phi := \jbigl t(\phi) \jbigr _*$ for an arbitrary morphism $\phi: \mathbb{C} \to V$. This

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is linear, because both $t$ and $(-) _*$ are antilinear. It is a map \mbox{$V \to V^*$} since $t(\phi)$ is an element of $V$, and the complex conjugation functor $(-) _*$ takes $V$ to $V^*$. Checking the identity $s_* \circ s = \id _{V}$, we have \[ s_* \circ s \circ \phi = s _* \circ \jbigl t(\phi) \jbigr _* = \jbigl s \circ t(\phi) \jbigr _* = \jbigl tt(\phi) \jbigr _{**} = \phi. \] The monoid homomorphism condition is demonstrated similarly, for arbitrary states $\phi$ and $\psi$ of $V$: \begin{align*} s \circ m \circ (\phi \otimes \psi) &= \jbigl t(m \circ (\phi \otimes \psi)) \jbigr _* \proofnote{definition of $s$} \\ &= \jbigl m \circ (t\psi \otimes t\phi) \jbigr _* \proofnote{$t$ is order-reversing homomorphism} \\ &= m _* \circ \jbigl (t\phi) _* \otimes (t \psi) _* \jbigr _{\phantom{*}} \proofnote{order-reversing functoriality of $(-) _*$} \\ &= m _* \circ \jbigl s\phi \otimes s\psi \jbigr \proofnote{definition of $s$} \\[5pt] s \circ u &= \jbigl t(u) \jbigr _* = u _* \proofnote{definition of $s$, $t$ is homomorphism} \end{align*} For the implication $2 \Rightarrow 1$, we define $t(\phi) := (s \circ \phi) _*$ for all elements $\phi$ of $V$. The proof that $t$ has the required properties is similar to the proof involved in the implication $1 \Rightarrow 2$. The constructions of $s$ and $t$ in terms of each other are clearly inverse, and so the equivalence has been demonstrated. We now check that homomorphisms between these structures are the same. Our notion of homomorphism between structures of type 2 is given by that in Definition~\ref{morphinvmon}, and there is a natural notion of homomorphism between monoids equipped with an antilinear self-involution. Consider algebras $(A,m,u)$ and $(B,n,v)$ equipped with antilinear involutive order-reversing homomorphisms \mbox{$t_A: A \to A$} and $t_B : B {\to} B$ respectively, and let \mbox{$f:A \to B$} be any continuous linear map. It will be compatible with the involutions if $t_B \circ f = f \circ t_A$. Acting on some state $\phi$ of $A$, and constructing linear maps $s_A : A \to A^*$ and $s_B : B \to B^*$ in the manner defined above, we obtain $t_B \circ f \circ \phi = {s_B} _* \circ (f \circ \phi) _* = {s_B} _* \circ f_* \circ \phi_*$ and $f \circ t_A \circ \phi = f \circ {s_A} _* \circ \phi _*$. Equating these and complex-conjugating we have $s_B \circ f = f_* \circ s_A$ as required. Conversely, let $(A,m,u; s_A)$ and $(B,n,v; s_B)$ be involution monoids in \cat{Hilb}, and let $f:A \to B$ again be any linear map. If the involution-preservation condition $s_B \circ f = f_* \circ s_A$ holds, then applying an arbitrary state $\phi$ we obtain $s_B \circ f \circ \phi = \jbigl t(f \circ \phi) \jbigr {}_*$ and $f_* \circ s_A \circ \phi = f_* \circ (t\phi) _*$ respectively for the left and right sides of the equation. Equating these and complex-conjugating, we obtain $t

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(f \circ \phi) = f \circ (t \phi)$ as required. \end{proof} \section{Results on \dag\-Frobenius monoids} \label{frobmonsec} \subsubsection*{Introducing \dag\-Frobenius monoids} We begin with definitions of the important concepts. \begin{defn} In a monoidal category, a \emph{comonoid} is the dual concept to a monoid; that is, it is an ordered triple $(A,n,v) _\times$ consisting of an object $A$, a \emph{comultiplication} \mbox{$n:A \to A \otimes A$} and a \emph{counit} $v:A \to I$, which satisfy \emph{coassociativity} and \emph{counit} equations: \begin{equation} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/comonoid-assoc1}} = \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/comonoid-assoc2}} \hspace{30pt} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/comonoid-unit2}} = \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/comonoid-unit0}} = \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/comonoid-unit1}} \end{equation} \end{defn} \jnoindent If an object has both a chosen monoid structure and a chosen comonoid structure, then there is an important way in which these might be compatible with each other. \begin{defn} In a monoidal category, a \emph{Frobenius structure} is a choice of monoid $(A,m,u)$ and comonoid $(A,n,v) _\times$ for some object $A$, such that the multiplication $m$ and the comultiplication $n$ satisfy the following equations: \begin{equation} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/small-frobenius2}} = \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/small-frobenius3}} = \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/small-frobenius1}} \end{equation} \end{defn} \jnoindent Reading these diagrams from bottom to top, the splitting of a line represents the comultiplication $n$, and merging of two lines represents the multiplication $m$. This geometrical definition of a Frobenius structure, although well-known, is superficially quite different to the `classical' definition in terms of an exact pairing. The equivalence of these two definitions was first observed by Abrams \cite{a96-2dtqft}, and an accessible discussion of the different possible ways to define a Frobenius algebra is given in the book by Kock \cite{k04-fa2d}. This geometrical definition was first suggested by Lawvere, and was subsequently popularized in the lecture notes of Quinn~\cite{q95-l}. An important property of a Frobenius structure is that it can be used to demonstrate that the underlying object is self-dual. If we are working in a \dag\-category, from any monoid $(A,m,u)$ we can canonically obtain an `adjoint' comonoid $(A,m^\dag, u ^\dag) _\times$, and it is then natural to make the following definition. \begin{defn} \label{defdagfrob} In a monoidal \dag\-category, a monoid $(A,m,u)$ is a \emph{\dag\-Frobenius monoid} if it forms a Frobenius structure with its adjoint $(A,m^\dag, u ^\dag) _\times$. \end{defn} \jnoindent This construction is similar to an \emph{abstract Q\-systems}~\cite{lr97-atod}. Given a \dag\-Frobenius monoid $(A,m,u)$, we refer to $m^\dag$ as its comultiplication and to $u ^\dag$ as its counit. \subsubsection*{Involutions on \dag\-Frobenius monoids} We now look at the relationship between \mbox{\dag\-Frobenius} monoids and the involution monoids of Section~\ref{strucdagcat}. We will see that a \dag\-Frobenius monoid can be given the structure of an involution monoid in two canonical ways, which in general will

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be different. \begin{defn} \label{definv} In a monoidal \dag\-category with duals, a \dag\-Frobenius monoid $(A,m,u)$ has a \emph{left involution} $s_\pL: A \to A^*$ and \emph{right involution} $s_\pR : A \to A^*$ defined as follows: \begin{equation} \label{canonicalinv} \begin{array}{ccc} { \hspace{-20pt} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/involution-left1}} \hspace{-20pt} } = { \hspace{-20pt} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/involution-left2}} \hspace{-20pt} } && { \hspace{-20pt} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/involution-right1}} \hspace{-20pt} } = { \hspace{-20pt} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/involution-right2}} \hspace{-20pt} } \\ s_\pL := \jbigl (u ^\dag \circ m) \otimes \id _{A ^*} \jbigr \circ \jbigl \id _{A} \otimes \epsilon _{A ^*} \jbigr && s_\pR := \big( \id _{A ^*} \otimes (u ^\dag \circ m) \big) \circ \big( \epsilon _A \otimes \id _{A} \big) \end{array} \end{equation} \end{defn} \jnoindent In each case the second picture is just a convenient shorthand, which should literally be interpreted as the first picture. These involutions interact with the conjugation and transposition functors in interesting ways, as we explore in the next lemma. \begin{lemma} \label{invprop} In a monoidal \dag\-category with duals, the left and right involutions of a \mbox{\dag\-Frobenius} monoid satisfy the following equations: \begin{align} \label{lri1} s_\pL {}^* = s_\pR \hspace{1pt}, \, \hspace{3.6pt} \,&\, s_\pR {}^* = s_\pL \\ \label{lri2} s_\pL {}_* = s _\pL ^{-1}, \,\,&\, s_\pR {}_* = s _\pR ^{-1} \\ \label{lri3} s_\pL ^{-1} = s_\pR {}^\dag, \, \hspace{0.4pt} \,&\, s_\pR ^{-1} = s _\pL {} ^\dag \end{align} \end{lemma} \jbeginproof The equations (\ref{lri1}) follow from the definitions of the involutions and the graphical representation of the functor $(-) ^*$, which rotates a diagram half a turn about an axis perpendicular to the page. The equations (\ref{lri2}) follow from the \dag\-Frobenius and unit equations; taking the right-involution case, we show this by establishing that \mbox{$s_\pR {}_* \circ s_\pR = \id _{A}$} with the following graphical proof: \[ { \hspace{-10pt} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/frobinv-ic1}} \hspace{-10pt} } = { \hspace{-10pt} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/frobinv-ic2}} \hspace{-10pt} } = { \hspace{-10pt} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/frobinv-ic3}} \hspace{-10pt} } = { \hspace{-10pt} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/frobinv-ic4}} \hspace{-10pt} } \] Applying the functor $(-)_*$ to this equation gives $s_\pR \circ s_\pR {}_* = \id _{A^*}$, establishing that $s_\pR$ and $s_\pR {}_*$ are inverse; applying the functor $(-) ^*$

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to this argument establishes that $s_\pL$ and $s_\pL ^*$ are inverse. The equations (\ref{lri3}) follow from the equations (\ref{lri1}) and (\ref{lri2}) and the properties of the functors $(-)^*$, $(-) _*$ and $\dag$. \end{proof} \jnoindent We note that left and right involutions could be defined for arbitrary monoids in a monoidal \dag\-category with duals, but they would not satisfy equations (\ref{lri2}) and (\ref{lri3}) above. We now combine these results on involutions of \dag\-Frobenius monoids with the concept of an involution monoid from Section~\ref{strucdagcat}. \begin{lemma} \label{dagfrobinvol} In a monoidal \dag\-category with duals, given a \dag\-Frobenius monoid $(A,m,u)$ we can canonically obtain two involution monoids $(A,m,u;s_\pL)$ and $(A,m,u; s_\pR)$, where $s_\pL$ and $s_\pR$ are respectively the left and right involutions associated to the monoid. \end{lemma} \jbeginproof We deal with the right-involution case; the left-involution case is analogous. We must show that $s_R: A \to A_*$ is a morphism of monoids, and that it satisfies the involution condition. We first show that it preserves multiplication, employing the Frobenius, unit and associativity laws: \[ { \hspace{-20pt} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/frobinv-pm1}} \hspace{-20pt} } = { \hspace{-20pt} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/frobinv-pm2}} \hspace{-20pt} } = { \hspace{-20pt} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/frobinv-pm3}} \hspace{-20pt} } = { \hspace{-20pt} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/frobinv-pm4}} \hspace{-20pt} } = { \hspace{-20pt} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/frobinv-pm5}} \hspace{-20pt} } = { \hspace{-20pt} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/frobinv-pm6}} \hspace{-20pt} } \] We omit the proof that $s_R$ preserves the unit, as it is straightforward. The involution condition $s_R {}_* \circ s_R = \id _{A}$ follows from one of the equations (\ref{lri2}) in Lemma~\ref{invprop}. \end{proof} \jnoindent This leads us to the following definition. \begin{defn} In a monoidal \dag\-category with duals, a \emph{\dag\-Frobenius left- \emph{(or \emph{right-})} involution monoid} is an involution monoid $(A,m,u; s)$ such that the monoid $(A,m,u)$ is \dag\-Frobenius, and such that the involution $s$ is the left (or right) involution of the \mbox{\dag\-Frobenius} monoid in the manner described by Definition~\ref{definv}. \end{defn} \jnoindent A homomorphism of \dag\-Frobenius left- or right-involution monoids would therefore be required to preserve the involution as well as the multiplication and unit, as per Definition~\ref{morphinvmon}. A useful property of \dag\-Frobenius right-involution monoids is described by the following lemma, which gives a necessary and sufficient algebraic condition for a monoid homomorphism to be an isometry. \begin{lemma} \label{counitunitary} In a monoidal \dag\-category with duals, a homomorphism of \mbox{\dag\-Frobenius} right-involution monoids is an isometry if and only if it preserves the counit. \end{lemma} \jbeginproof Let $

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j:(A,m,u) \to (B,n,v)$ be a homomorphism between \dag\-Frobenius right-involution monoids. Assuming that $j$ preserves the counit, we show that it is an isometry by the following graphical argument. The third step uses the fact that $j$ preserves the involution, the fifth that it is a homomorphism of monoids, and the sixth that it preserves the counit. \begin{gather*} \psfrag{j}{\raisebox{-0.5pt}{\,$j$}} \psfrag{jd}{\raisebox{-1pt}{$j ^\dag$}} \psfrag{js}{\raisebox{-0.5pt}{\!$j _*$}} { \hspace{-10pt} \vc{ \includegraphics{graphics/cu-1}} } = { \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/cu-2}} } = { \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/cu-3}} } = { \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/cu-4}} } \\ \psfrag{j}{$j$} \psfrag{jd}{$j ^\dag$} \psfrag{js}{$j _*$} \hspace{100pt} = { \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/cu-5}} } = { \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/cu-6}} } = { \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/cu-7}} } = { \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/cu-8}} } \end{gather*} Now instead assume that $j$ is an isometry. It is a homomorphism, so we have the unit-preservation equation $j \circ u = v$, and therefore $j ^\dag \circ j \circ u = u = j ^\dag \circ v$. Applying the $\dag$-functor to this we obtain $u ^\dag = v ^\dag \circ j$, which is the counit-preservation condition. \end{proof} \subsubsection*{Special unitary \dag\-Frobenius monoids} We will mostly be interested in the case when the two involutions are the same, and we now explore under what conditions this holds. \begin{defn} In a monoidal \dag\-category with duals, a \dag\-Frobenius monoid is \emph{unitary} if the left involution, or equivalently the right involution, is unitary. \end{defn} \jnoindent That these two conditions are equivalent follows from Lemma~\ref{invprop}. \begin{defn} In a braided monoidal \dag\-category with duals, a \dag\-Frobenius monoid is \emph{balanced-symmetric} if the following equation is satisfied: \begin{equation} { \hspace{-10pt} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/dbs-1}} \hspace{-10pt} } = { \hspace{-10pt} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/dbs-2}} \hspace{-10pt} } \end{equation} \end{defn} \jnoindent The term \emph{symmetric} is standard (for example, see \cite[Section~2.2.9]{k04-fa2d}), and describes a similar property that lacks the `balancing loop' on one of the legs of the right-hand side of the equation. In \cat{Hilb} this loop is the identity and so the concepts are the same, but this may not be the case in other categories of interest. \begin{lemma} \label{unitarylemma} In a monoidal \dag\-category with duals, the following properties of a \mbox{\dag\-Frobenius} monoid are equivalent: \jbeginenumerate \item it is unitary; \item it is balanced-symmetric; \item the left and right involutions are the same; \end{enumerate} \jnoindent where property 2 only applies if the monoidal structure has a braiding. \end{lemma} \jbeginproof We first give a graphical proof that $3 \Rightarrow 2$, using property 3 to transform the second expression into the third: \

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vspace{-10pt} \[ { \hspace{-10pt} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/bs-1}} \hspace{-10pt} } = { \hspace{-10pt} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/bs-2}} \hspace{-10pt} } = { \hspace{-10pt} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/bs-3}} \hspace{-10pt} } = { \hspace{-10pt} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/bs-4}} \hspace{-10pt} } = { \hspace{-10pt} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/bs-5}} \hspace{-10pt} } \] A similar argument shows that $2 \Rightarrow 3$. From equations (\ref{lri3}) of Lemma~\ref{invprop} it follows that $1 \Leftrightarrow 3$, and so all three properties are equivalent. \end{proof} \jnoindent We will mostly use the term `unitary' to refer to these equivalent properties, since it is more obviously in keeping with the general philosophy of \dag\-categories, that all structural isomorphisms should be unitary. We also note that if a \dag\-Frobenius left- or right-involution monoid is unitary then we can simply refer to it as a `\dag\-Frobenius involution monoid', as the left and right involutions coincide in that case. One particularly nice feature of unitary \dag\-Frobenius monoids is that we can canonically obtain an abstract `dimension' of their underlying space from the multiplication, unit, comultiplication and counit, as the following lemma shows. In a category of vector spaces and linear maps, this dimension will correspond to the dimension of the vector space. \begin{defn} In a monoidal \dag\-category with duals, the \emph{dimension} of an object $A$ is given by the scalar $\epsilon_A {}^\dag \circ \epsilon_A : I \to I$, and is denoted $\dim(A)$. \end{defn} \begin{lemma} \label{dimlemma} In a monoidal \dag\-category with duals, given a unitary \dag\-Frobenius monoid $(A,m,u)$, $\dim(A) = u ^\dag \circ m \circ m ^\dag \circ u$; that is, the dimension of $A$ is equal to the squared norm of $m ^\dag \circ u$. Also, $\dim(A) = \dim(A) ^*$. \end{lemma} \jbeginproof We demonstrate this with the following series of pictures: \[ \dim(A) = \hspace{-10pt} \vc{\includegraphics[scale=0.9]{graphics/dim-1}} \hspace{-10pt} = \hspace{-15pt} \vc{\includegraphics[scale=0.9]{graphics/dim-2}} \hspace{-10pt} = \hspace{-10pt} \vc{\includegraphics[scale=0.9]{graphics/dim-3}} \hspace{-10pt} = \hspace{-10pt} \vc{\includegraphics[scale=0.9]{graphics/dim-4}} \hspace{-10pt} = \hspace{-10pt} \vc{\includegraphics[scale=0.9]{graphics/dim-5}} \hspace{-10pt} = \hspace{-10pt} \vc{\includegraphics[scale=0.9]{graphics/dim-6}} \hspace{-15pt} = \hspace{-10pt} \vc{\includegraphics[scale=0.9]{graphics/dim-7}} \hspace{-10pt} = \dim(A) ^* \] The central diagram is $u ^\dag \circ m \circ m ^\dag \circ u$, so this proves the lemma. \end{proof} \jnoindent The notion of the dimension of an object is a crucial one in the theory of monoidal categories with duals, and is studied in depth throughout the literature \cite{bw99-sc, dr89-ndt, lr97-atod}. However, we do not rely on it heavily in this paper,

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and more axioms would be required for our category than those assumed here for the dimension to have good properties, such as being independent of the choice of duality morphisms, or being an element of the integers. We now introduce one final property of a \dag\-Frobenius monoid. \begin{defn} In a monoidal \dag\-category, a \dag\-Frobenius monoid $(A,m,u)$ is \emph{special} if $m \circ m^\dag = \id _{A}$; that is, if the comultiplication is an isometry. \end{defn} \jnoindent The term \emph{special} goes back to Quinn~\cite{q95-l}. A special \dag\-Frobenius monoid is the same as an \emph{abstract Q-system}~\cite{lr97-atod}, and a useful lemma proved in that reference is that if a monoid $(A,m,u)$ satisfies $m \circ m ^\dag = \id _A$, then it is necessarily a special \dag\-Frobenius monoid. It simplifies the expression for the dimension of the underlying space, as demonstrated by this lemma. \begin{lemma} \label{dimnormu} In a monoidal \dag\-category with duals, a special unitary \dag\-Frobenius monoid $(A,m,u)$ has $\dim(A) = u ^\dag \circ u$; that is, the dimension of $A$ is equal to the squared norm of $u$. \end{lemma} \jbeginproof Straightforward from Lemma~\ref{dimlemma}. \end{proof} \subsubsection*{Endomorphism monoids} Given any Hilbert space $H$, it is often useful to consider the algebra of bounded linear operators on $H$. These give the prototypical examples of C*\-algebras, with the \mbox{$*$-involution} given by taking the operator adjoint. In a monoidal category with duals we can construct \emph{endomorphism monoids}, which are categorical analogues of these algebras of bounded linear operators. These well-known constructions, which go back at least to M\"uger~\cite{m03-sct1}, form an important class of \dag\-Frobenius monoids, and that they have particularly nice properties. \begin{defn} In a monoidal category, for an object $A$ with a left dual $A^{* _\pL}$, the \emph{endomorphism monoid} $\End(A)$ is defined by \begin{equation} \End(A) := \big( A^{* _\pL} \otimes A, {\id _{A^{* _{\pL}}}} \otimes {\eta ^\pL _A} \otimes {\id _{A}}, \epsilon ^\pL _A \big). \end{equation} \end{defn} The following lemma describes a well-known connection between categorical duality and Frobenius structures. \begin{lemma} \label{endoisfrob} In a monoidal \dag\-category with duals, an endomorphism monoid is a \mbox{\dag\-Frobenius} monoid. \end{lemma} \jbeginproof That the \dag\-Frobenius property holds for an endomorphism monoid $\End(A)$ is clear from its graphical representation, which we give here: \[ { \hspace{-10pt} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/endoisfrob-2}} \hspace{-10pt} } = { \hspace{-10pt} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/endoisfrob-1}} \hspace{-10pt} } = { \hspace{-10pt} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/endoisfrob-3}} \hspace{-10pt} } \lowqedhere{50pt} \] \end{proof} \jnoindent They are examples of the unitary monoids discussed in the previous section. \begin{lemma} \label{endoequalinv} In a monoidal \dag\-category with duals, endomorphism monoids are unitary. \end{lemma} \jbeginproof Following equation (\ref{canonicalinv}) for

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the left involution associated to a \dag\-Frobenius monoid, we obtain the following: \[ \includegraphics{graphics/involutionforendo} \] This is clearly the identity on $A^* \otimes A$. The right involution is also the identity, by the conjugate of this picture. By Lemma~\ref{unitarylemma} the \dag\-Frobenius monoid must therefore unitary. \end{proof} \jnoindent We note that the order-reversing property of the duality functor $(-)^*$ is crucial here, as the only canonical choice of `identity' morphism $A ^* \otimes A \to A \otimes A^*$ would be the braiding isomorphism, but such a braiding is not necessarily present. Also, although the linear involution associated with an endomorphism monoid is the identity, the induced order-reversing \emph{antilinear} involution on $A^* \otimes A$ is certainly not the identity: it is given by taking the name of an operator to the name of the adjoint to that operator, as can be checked by going through the correspondence described in Lemma~\ref{invollemma}. The following lemma is a formal description of the intuitive notion that an algebra should have a homomorphism into the algebra of operators on the underlying space, given by taking the right action of each element. \begin{lemma} \label{embedmonoidlemma} Let $(A,m,u)$ be a monoid in a monoidal category in which the object $A$ has a left dual. Then $(A,m,u)$ has a monic homomorphism into the endomorphism monoid of $A$. \end{lemma} \jbeginproof The embedding morphism $h : (A,m,u) \into \End(A)$ is defined by \begin{equation} h := (\id _{A ^*} \otimes m ) \circ (\epsilon ^\pL _A \otimes \id _{A}), \end{equation} which has the following graphical representation: \begin{equation*} \begin{diagram}[height=30pt] A^* \otimes A \\ \uTo < h \\ A \end{diagram} = \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/embedmonoid}} \end{equation*} We show that it is monic by postcomposing with $u ^* \otimes \id _{A}$, which acts as a retraction: \[ { \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/embedmonoid-embed1}} } = { \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/embedmonoid-embed2}} } = { \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/embedmonoid-embed3}} } \] Next we show that $h$ preserves the multiplication operation, employing a duality equation and the associative law: \[ { \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/embedmonoid-mult1}} } = { \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/embedmonoid-mult2}} } = { \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/embedmonoid-mult3}} } \] Finally, we show that the embedding preserves the unit, employing the unit law: \[ { \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/embedmonoid-unit1}} } = { \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/embedmonoid-unit2}} } \eqno{\droptext{48pt}{\qedhere}} \] \end{proof} However, as we saw in the introduction, for the case of \dag\-Frobenius monoids this embedding has a special property: it preserves an involution. We establish this formally in the following lemma. \begin{lemma} \label{involembedding} Let $(A,m,u; s_R)$ be a \dag\-Frobenius right-involution monoid. Then the canonical embedding of $(A,m,u;s_R)$ into the \dag\-Frobenius involution monoid $\End(A)$ is a morphism of involution monoids. \end{lemma} \jbeginproof By Lemma~\ref{embedmonoidlemma} the embedding must be a morphism of monoids. Note that we do not need to specify whether we are using the left or right involution of $\End(A)$, since by Lemma~\ref{endo

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equalinv} they are both the identity. We must show that this embedding morphism $k : A \into A^* \otimes A$ satisfies the involution condition $k = k_* \circ s_R$ given in Definition~\ref{morphinvmon}. The proof uses the Frobenius law and the unit law. \[ { \hspace{-10pt} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/subrightinv-1}} \hspace{-10pt} } = { \hspace{-10pt} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/subrightinv-2}} \hspace{-10pt} } = { \hspace{-10pt} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/subrightinv-3}} \hspace{-10pt} } = { \hspace{-10pt} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/subrightinv-4}} \hspace{-10pt} } \eqno{\droptext{48pt}{\qedhere}} \] \end{proof} \jnoindent It is worth noting that a symmetry has been broken; this lemma would not hold with `right-involution' replaced with `left-involution'. This is a consequence of defining the underlying object of our endomorphism monoid to be $A^* \otimes A$ rather than $A \otimes A^*$. In a braided monoidal category there would be no essential difference, but we are working at a higher level of generality. \subsubsection*{An embedding lemma} We finish this section by demonstrating another general property of \dag-Frobenius involution algebras. Just as every involution-closed subalgebra of a finite-dimensional C*\-algebra is also a C*-algebra, we will show that every involution-closed submonoid of a \dag\-Frobenius involution monoid is also \dag\-Frobenius. The next section makes this analogy with C*\-algebras precise, but we can prove it here as a general result about \dag\-Frobenius algebras. \begin{lemma} \label{subalgisfrob} In a monoidal \dag\-category with duals, let $(A,m,u; s)$ be an involution monoid with an involution-preserving \dag\-embedding into a \dag\-Frobenius left- (or right-) involution monoid. Then $(A,m,u;s)$ is itself a \mbox{\dag\-Frobenius} left- (or right-) involution monoid. \end{lemma} \jbeginproof We will deal with the left-involution case; the right-involution case is analogous. Let \mbox{$p : (A,m,u; s) \into (B,n,v; t)$} be a \dag\-embedding of an involution monoid into a \mbox{\dag\-Frobenius} left-involution monoid. The \dag\-embedding property means that $p^\dag \circ p = \id _{A}$. In our graphical representation we will use a thin line for $A$ and a thick line for $B$, and a transition between these types of line for the embedding morphism $p$. The involution-preservation condition $t \circ p = p _* \circ s$ is then represented by the following picture: \[ { \hspace{-10pt} \psfrag{p}{$\,p$} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/subfrob-ip1}} \hspace{-10pt} } = { \hspace{-10pt} \psfrag{ps}{$\,\,\,p _*$} \psfrag{s}{\raisebox{-0pt}{$s$}} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/subfrob-ip2}} \hspace{-10pt} } \] Applying complex conjugation to $p ^\dag \circ p = \id _{A}$ we obtain $p ^* \circ p _* = \id _{A ^*}$, and applying this to the equation pictured above we obtain $s = p ^* \circ t \circ p$. Also, from the monoid homomorphism equation $p \circ u = v$ we obtain $u = p ^\dag \circ v$, and therefore $u ^\dag = v ^\dag \circ p$ by applying the \dag\-functor. Using these equations, along with the multiplication

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compatibility equation $p \circ m = n \circ (p \otimes p)$, we obtain the following: \[ { \lessa \psfrag{p}{$s$} \psfrag{ps}{$\,\,\,\,p^*$} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/subfrob-p1}} \lessa } = { \lessa \psfrag{p}{$p$} \psfrag{ps}{$\,\,\,\,p^*$} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/subfrob-p2}} \lessa } = { \lessa \psfrag{s}{$p$} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/subfrob-p3}} \lessa } = { \lessa \psfrag{p}{$p$} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/subfrob-p4}} \lessa } = { \lessa \psfrag{s}{$p$} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/subfrob-p5}} \lessa } = { \lessa \psfrag{s}{$p$} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/subfrob-p6}} \lessa } \] The involution is therefore the left involution associated to the monoid. We now show that the monoid is in fact a \dag\-Frobenius monoid. To start with we use the fact that $p$ is an isometry and that it preserves multiplication, along with the unit law of the monoid and the Frobenius law: \[ { \lessa \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/subfrob-big1}} \lessa } = { \lessa \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/subfrob-big2}} \lessa } = { \lessa \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/subfrob-big3}} \lessa } = { \lessa \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/subfrob-big4}} \lessa } = { \lessa \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/subfrob-big5}} \lessa } = { \lessa \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/subfrob-big6}} \lessa } \] We now employ the fact that $p$ preserves the involution, and then essentially perform the previous few steps in reverse order: \[ { \lessa \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/subfrob-big7}} \lessa } = { \lessa \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/subfrob-big8}} \lessa } = { \lessa \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/subfrob-big9}} \lessa } = { \lessa \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/subfrob-big10}} \lessa } = { \lessa \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/subfrob-big11}} \lessa } \] The proof for the other Frobenius law is exactly analogous. We have demonstrated that the monoid $(A,m,u)$ is \dag\-Frobenius, and since we have shown that the involution $s$ is the left involution associated to the monoid, it follows that $(A,m,u; s)$\ is a \dag\-Frobenius left-involution monoid. \end{proof} \section{Special unitary \dag\-Frobenius monoids in \cat{Hilb}} \label{hilbsect} From now on we will mainly work in \cat{Hilb}, the category of finite-dimensional complex Hilbert spaces and linear maps, which is a symmetric monoidal \dag\-category with duals. Special unitary \dag\-Frobenius monoids have particularly good properties in this setting. The following lemma contains the important insight due to Coecke, Pavlovic and the author, as described in the introduction and in \cite{cpv08-dfb}. \begin{lemma} \label{smallcalglemma} In \cat{Hilb}, a \dag\-Frobenius right-involution monoid admits a norm making it into a C*\-algebra.

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\end{lemma} \jbeginproof By Lemma~\ref{involembedding} a \dag\-Frobenius right-involution monoid $(A,m,u)$ has an involution-preserving embedding into $\End(A)$, which is a C*\-algebra when equipped with the operator norm. The involution monoid $(A,m,u)$ therefore admits a C*\-algebra norm, taken from the norm on $\End(A)$ under the embedding. Since the algebra is finite-dimensional, the completeness requirement is trivial. \end{proof} We will also require the following important result, which demonstrates a crucial abstract property of the category \cat{Hilb}. \begin{lemma} \label{hilbisocounit} In \cat{Hilb}, isomorphisms of special unitary \dag\-Frobenius involution monoids preserve the counit. \end{lemma} \jbeginproof Any special unitary \dag\-Frobenius involution monoid is in particular a \dag\-Frobenius right-involution monoid, and so admits a norm with which it becomes a C*\-algebra by Lemma~\ref{smallcalglemma}. Finite-dimensional C*\-algebras are semisimple, and are therefore isomorphic to finite direct sums of matrix algebras in a canonical way; an isomorphism between two finite-dimensional C*\-algebras is then given by a direct sum of pairwise isomorphisms of matrix algebras. We therefore need only show that the lemma is true for special unitary \dag\-Frobenius involution monoids which are matrix algebras, with involution given by matrix adjoint. Let $(A,m,u;s)$ and $(B,n,v;t)$ be special unitary \dag\-Frobenius involution monoids which are both isomorphic to some matrix algebra $\End(\mathbb{C} ^n)$. Any isomorphism between them must have some decomposition into isomorphisms $f:(A,m,u;s) \to \End(\mathbb{C} ^n)$ and \linebreak\mbox{$g: \End(\mathbb{C} ^n) \to (B,n,v;t)$}. The statement that $g \circ f$ preserves the counit is equivalent to the statement that the outside diamond of the following diagram commutes: \begin{equation} \begin{diagram}[midshaft,height=20pt,width=30pt,nohug] && \mathbb{C} && \\ & \ruTo(2,2) ^{u ^\dag} && \luTo(2,2) ^{v ^\dag} & \\ (A,m,u;s) && \uTo>{\mathrm{Tr}} && (B,n,v;t) \\ & \rdTo(2,2) _f ^\simeq && \ruTo(2,2) _g ^\simeq & \\ && \End(\mathbb{C} ^n) && \end{diagram} \end{equation} We will show that each triangle separately commutes, and therefore that the entire diagram commutes. We focus on the triangle involving the isomorphism $g$; the treatment of the other triangle is analogous. Our strategy is to show that $\rho_g :=\nfrac \cdot v ^\dag \circ g$ is a tracial state of $\End(\mathbb{C} ^n)$. It takes the unit to 1, since $\nfrac \cdot v ^\dag \circ g \circ \epsilon _B ^\pL = \nfrac \cdot v ^\dag \circ v = \nfrac \cdot \dim(B) = \nfrac \cdot n = 1$, where we used the fact that $g$ is a homomorphism and Lemma~\ref{dimnormu}; this is the reason that we require the \dag\-Frobenius monoid to be special. We can simplify the action of $\rho _g$ on positive elements in the following way, where $\phi : I \to \mathbb{C} ^n {}^* \otimes \mathbb{C}^n$ is an arbitrary nonzero state of $\End(\mathbb{C} ^n)$, and $\phi'$ is the result of applying the involution to this state: \begin{gather*} \psfrag{r}{$\!n\rho_g$} \psfrag{p}{$\,g

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$} \psfrag{f}{\raisebox{-1.5pt}{$\,\phi$}} \psfrag{fp}{\raisebox{-1.5pt}{$\,\phi'$}} \psfrag{g}{$\,g$} \psfrag{fd}{\raisebox{-1.9pt}{$\,\phi ^\dag$}} \psfrag{gd}{\raisebox{-1.9pt}{\,$g ^\dag$}} \psfrag{n}{} \vc{\includegraphics[scale=0.9]{graphics/pos-1}} \hspace{-15pt} = \hspace{-10pt} \vc{\includegraphics[scale=0.9]{graphics/pos-2}} \hspace{-15pt} = \hspace{-5pt} \vc{\includegraphics[scale=0.9]{graphics/pos-3}} \hspace{-10pt} = \hspace{-5pt} \vc{\includegraphics[scale=0.9]{graphics/pos-4}} \hspace{-10pt} = \hspace{-15pt} \vc{\includegraphics[scale=0.9]{graphics/pos-5}} \hspace{-15pt} = \hspace{-10pt} \vc{\includegraphics[scale=0.9]{graphics/pos-6}} \end{gather*} \jnoindent The expression on the right-hand side is the squared norm of $g \circ \phi$, which is positive because the inner product in \cat{Hilb} is nondegenerate and $\phi$ is nonzero; this shows that $\rho _g$ takes positive elements to nonnegative real numbers, and so is a state of $\End( \mathbb{C} ^n)$. By Lemma~\ref{unitarylemma} the involution monoid $\End(A)$ is balanced-symmetric, and since we are in \cat{Hilb}, the balancing loop can be neglected; this means that $\rho _g \circ (a \otimes b) = \rho _g \circ (b \otimes a)$ for all $a,b \in \End(A)$, and so $\rho_g$ is tracial. Altogether $\rho_g$ is a tracial state of a matrix algebra. However, it is a standard result that the matrix algebra on a complex $n$-dimensional vector space has a unique tracial state given by $\nfrac \mathrm{Tr}$ (for example, see \cite[Example~6.2.1]{m90-caot}). It follows that $\rho_g = \frac{1}{n} \mathrm{Tr}$, and so the triangle commutes as required. \end{proof} \jnoindent We can combine this with an earlier lemma to obtain a very useful result. \begin{lemma} \label{isosareunitary} In \cat{Hilb}, isomorphisms of special unitary \dag\-Frobenius involution monoids are unitary. \end{lemma} \jbeginproof Straightforward from Lemmas~\ref{counitunitary} and \ref{hilbisocounit}. \end{proof} Given a \dag\-Frobenius monoid in \cat{Hilb}, we will show that scaling the inner product on the underlying complex vector space produces a family of new \dag\-Frobenius monoids. We first note the following relationship between scaling inner products and adjoints to linear maps. \begin{lemma} \label{scalelemma1} \begin{sloppypar} Let $V$ be a complex vector space with inner product $(-,-) _V$ and let \mbox{$f:V ^{\otimes n} \to V ^{\otimes m}$} a linear map, with the adjoint $f ^\dag$ under this inner product. If the inner product is scaled to $\alpha \cdot (-,-) _V$ for $\alpha$ a positive real number, the adjoint to $f$ becomes $\alpha^{m-n} f ^\dag$. \end{sloppypar} \end{lemma} \jbeginproof \begin{sloppypar} Writing the scaled inner product as $(\!( -,-)\!) _V$ and denoting the adjoint to $f$ under this scaled inner product as $f ^\ddagger$, we must have \mbox{$(\!(f\circ x,y

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) \!) _{V ^{\otimes m}} = ( \!( x, f ^\ddagger \circ y ) \! ) _{V ^{\otimes n}}$}. Using $(\!(-,-)\!) _{V ^{\otimes n}} = \alpha ^n \cdot(-,-) _{V ^{\otimes n}}$ and making the substitution \mbox{$f ^\ddagger = \alpha ^{m-n} f ^\dag$}, we obtain \mbox{$(f \circ x, y) _{V ^{\otimes m}} = (x, f ^\dag \circ y) _{V ^{\otimes n}}$} which holds by the definition of $f ^\dag$, and so $f ^\ddagger$ is a valid adjoint to $f$ under the new inner product. \qedhere \end{sloppypar} \end{proof} \begin{lemma} \label{scalelemma2} For a \dag\-Frobenius monoid $(A,m,u)$, scaling the inner product on $A$ by any positive real number gives rise to a new \dag\-Frobenius monoid. Moreover, this scaling preserves unitarity. \end{lemma} \jbeginproof This is easy to show using the previous lemma. The \dag\-Frobenius equations will all be scaled by the same factor since they are all composed from a single $m$ and $m ^\dag$, so they will still hold. The unitarity property is an equation involving an $m$ and a $u ^\dag$ on each side, and so both sides of this equation will also scale by the same factor. \end{proof} We are now ready to prove our main correspondence theorem between finite-dimensional C*\-algebras and symmetric unitary \dag\-Frobenius monoids. \begin{theorem} \label{maincalgthm} In \cat{Hilb}, the following properties of an involution monoid are equivalent: \jbeginenumerate \item it admits a norm making it a C*\-algebra; \item it admits an inner product making it a special \mbox{unitary \dag\-Frobenius involution monoid}; \item it admits an inner product making it a \dag\-Frobenius right-involution monoid. \end{enumerate} \jnoindent Furthermore, if these properties hold, then the structures in 1 and 2 are admitted uniquely. \end{theorem} \jbeginproof First, we point out that the norm of property 1 is \emph{not} directly related to the inner products of properties 2 or 3, in the usual way by which a norm can be obtained from an inner product, and sometimes vice-versa. In fact, the norm of a C*\-algebra will usually not satisfy the parallelogram identity, and so cannot arise directly from any inner product. We begin by showing $1 \Rightarrow 2$. We first decompose our finite-dimensional C*\-algebra into a finite direct sum of matrix algebras. For any such matrix algebra, an inner product is given by $(a,b) := \mathrm{Tr}(a ^\dag b)$, which is normalized such that $\mathrm{Tr}(\id)=n$ for a matrix algebra acting on $\mathbb{C} ^n$. This gives an endomorphism monoid $\End(\mathbb{C} ^n)$ in \cat{Hilb} for each $n$, which is a unitary \dag\-Frobenius monoid as described by Lemmas \ref{endoisfrob} and \ref{endoequalinv}. Such a monoid is not special unless it is one-dimensional; we have $m \circ m ^\dag = n \cdot \id _{A^* \otimes A}$, where $m$ is the multiplication for the endomorphism monoid. We rescale the inner product, replacing it with $(\!(a,b)\!) := n\, \mathrm{Tr}(a ^\dag b)$. As described by Lemma~\ref{scalelemma1}, writing the adjoint of $m$ under this new inner product as $m ^\ddagger$, we will have $m ^\ddagger = \nfrac m ^\dag$, and $m \circ m ^\ddagger = \id _{A ^* \otimes A}$. By Lemma~\ref{scalelemma2} this preserves the involution and the unitarity of the monoid, and so we obtain a special unitary \dag\-Frobenius monoid with the same underlying algebra and

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involution as the original matrix algebra. Taking the direct sum of these for each matrix algebra in the decomposition gives a special unitary \dag\-Frobenius involution monoid, with the same underlying algebra and involution as the original C*\-algebra. The implication $2 \Rightarrow 3$ is trivial, and the implication $3 \Rightarrow 1$ is contained in Lemma~\ref{smallcalglemma}, so the three properties are therefore equivalent. We now show that, if these properties hold, the norm and inner product in properties 1 and 2 are admitted uniquely. It is well-known that a C*\-algebra admits a unique norm. Now assume that a finite-dimensional complex \mbox{$*$-algebra} has two distinct inner products, which give rise to two special unitary \dag\-Frobenius involution monoids. Since these monoids have the same underlying set of elements and the same involution, there is an obvious involution-preserving isomorphism between them given by the identity on the set of elements. But by Lemma~\ref{isosareunitary} any isomorphism of special unitary \mbox{\dag\-Frobenius} involution monoids in \cat{Hilb} is necessarily an isometry, and therefore unitary, and so the inner products on the two monoids are in fact the same. \end{proof} As a result, we can demonstrate some equalities and equivalences of categories. \begin{theorem} The category of finite-dimensional C*\-algebras is \jbeginenumerate \item equal to the category of special unitary \dag\-Frobenius involution monoids in \cat{Hilb}; \item equivalent to the category of unitary \dag\-Frobenius involution monoids in \cat{Hilb}; and \item equivalent to the category of \dag\-Frobenius right-involution monoids in \cat{Hilb}; \end{enumerate} \jnoindent where all of these categories have involution-preserving monoid homomorphisms as morphisms. \end{theorem} \jbeginproof We prove 1 by noting that the objects of the category of finite-dimensional \mbox{C*\-algebras} are the same as the objects in the category of special unitary \dag\-Frobenius involution monoids in \cat{Hilb}, since in both cases they are involution monoids satisfying one of the first two equivalent properties of Theorem~\ref{maincalgthm}, which can only be satisfied uniquely. The morphisms are also the same, and so the categories are equal. For 2 and 3, we note that both of these types of structure admit C*\-algebra norms by Lemma~\ref{smallcalglemma}. This gives rise to functors from the categories of 2 and 3 to the category of finite-dimensional C*\-algebras. These functors are full and faithful on hom-sets, since the hom-sets have precisely the same definition in both categories, consisting of all involution-preserving algebra homomorphisms. These functors are also surjective on objects, since given a finite-dimensional C*\-algebra, by Theorem~\ref{maincalgthm} we can find an inner product on the underlying vector space such that the $*$-algebra is in fact a special unitary \dag\-Frobenius involution monoid. Recall that the latter are the objects in the categories of 2 and 3. Since the two functors are full, faithful and surjective, they are therefore equivalences. \end{proof} \jnoindent Our use of the adjective `equal' here perhaps deserves some explanation. It is only appropriate given the way that we have defined the categories of C*\-algebras and of special unitary \dag\-Frobenius monoids, with objects being $*$-algebras that have the \emph{property} of admitting an appropriate norm or inner product. Had we instead defined the objects as being $*$-algebras \emph{equipped} with their norm or inner product, then the categories would not be equal but isomorphic. \begin{sloppypar} Having demonstrated the equivalence between finite-dimensional C*\-algebras and \mbox{\dag\-Frobenius} monoids, it becomes clear that Lemmas \ref{embedmonoidlemma} and \ref{involembedding} are precisely the finite-dimensional noncommutative Gelfand-Naim

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ark theorem, that any abstract finite-dimensional C*\-algebra has an involution-preserving embedding into the algebra of bounded linear operators on a Hilbert space. It is striking that these lemmas are quite easy to prove from the \dag\-Frobenius monoid point of view, compared to the traditional \mbox{C*\-algebra} perspective. However, to prove Theorem~\ref{maincalgthm} we used the decomposition theorem for finite-dimensional C*\-algebras from which the finite-dimensional noncommutative Gelfand-Naimark theorem trivially follows, so this does not constitute a new proof; for this, we would need a more direct way to establish the link between finite-dimensional C*\-algebras and \dag\-Frobenius monoids. \end{sloppypar} In contrast, some properties of C*\-algebras are \emph{harder} to demonstrate from the perspective of \dag\-Frobenius monoids, as demonstrated by Lemma~\ref{involembedding}. The proof of that lemma required 14 applications of identities, while the corresponding property of finite-dimensional C*\-algebras, that any involution-closed subalgebra is also a C*\-algebra, is trivial. \section{Generalizing the spectral theorem} \label{genspec} \subsubsection*{Classical structures and spectral categories} As a consequence of being able to define finite-dimensional C*\-algebras internally to a category, we are also able to state the finite-dimensional spectral theorem categorically. As an introduction to this, we first give a brief summary of some of the main ideas of \cite{cpv08-dfb}. We start by introducing an important connection between \emph{commutative} \dag\-Frobenius monoids and finite sets. \begin{defn} In a braided monoidal category, a monoid is \emph{commutative} if the braiding and the multiplication satisfy the \emph{commutativity} equation: \begin{equation} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/monoid-symm2}} = \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/monoid-symm1}} \end{equation} \end{defn} \begin{theorem} \label{theoremhilbset} The category of commutative \dag\-Frobenius monoids in \cat{Hilb} with involution-preserving\footnote{In fact, this involution-preservation condition is not required: as demonstrated in \cite{cpv08-dfb}, every homomorphism of finite-dimensional commutative C*\-algebras is involution-preserving. } monoid homomorphisms as morphisms is equivalent to the opposite of \cat{FinSet}, the category of finite sets. \end{theorem} \jbeginproof A commutative \dag\-Frobenius monoid in \cat{Hilb} is balanced-symmetric, since the balancing is the identity in that category, and is therefore unitary by Lemma~\ref{unitarylemma}. By Theorem~\ref{maincalgthm}, the category being constructed is therefore isomorphic to the category of finite-dimensional commutative C*\-algebras with algebra homomorphisms as morphisms. We apply the spectral theorem for commutative C*\-algebras to obtain the desired result. \end{proof} \jnoindent Put more straightforwardly, a choice of commutative \dag\-Frobenius monoid on a Hilbert space defines a basis for that Hilbert space. In fact, the bases for each space are in precise correspondence to the \emph{special} commutative \dag\-Frobenius monoids, as might be expected from our Theorem~\ref{maincalgthm}; the same basis will be determined by many different \dag\-Frobenius monoids. Theorem~\ref{theoremhilbset} motivates the following definition: \begin{defn} \label{defclasstruct} In a braided monoidal \dag\-category, a \emph{classical structure} is a commutative \dag\-Frobenius monoid. If the underlying object is $A$, then we say that it is a \emph{classical structure on $A$}. \end{defn} \jnoindent Classical structures were first described by Coecke and Pavlovic in \cite{cp06-qmws}, and the philosophy of that paper --- that a classical structure represents the possible

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outcomes of \mbox{a measurement ---} is embraced here. \begin{defn} \label{defclasscat} Given a braided monoidal \dag\-category \cat{Q}, its \emph{category of classical structures} $\C(\cat{Q})$ is the category with classical structures in \cat{Q} for objects, and involution-preserving monoid homomorphisms as morphisms. \end{defn} \jnoindent Using this notation, the result in Theorem~\ref{theoremhilbset} can be written as \begin{equation} \label{chilbfinset} \C(\cat{Hilb}) \simeq \cat{FinSet} ^{\mathrm{op}}. \end{equation} \begin{sloppypar} These results give a new perspective on the relationship between finite-dimensional Hilbert spaces and finite sets. We can construct a covariant forgetful functor \mbox{$\textrm{\emph{Forget}} : \C(\cat{Hilb}) \to \cat{Hilb}$} which takes a classical structure to its underlying Hilbert space. We can also construct a covariant functor \mbox{$\textrm{\emph{Free}} : \cat{FinSet} ^{ \mathrm {op}} \to \cat{Hilb}$}, which takes a set to a Hilbert space freely generated by taking that set as an orthonormal basis, and a function between sets to the adjoint of the linear map that has the same action on the chosen basis. Using the equivalence $\C(\cat{Hilb}) \simeq \cat{FinSet} ^{\mathrm{op}}$ implied by Theorem~\ref{theoremhilbset}, we see that the functors \emph{Forget} and \emph{Free} are naturally isomorphic. We have two quite different points of view, which are both equally valid: a set is a Hilbert space with the extra structure of a special commutative \dag\-Frobenius monoid, and a Hilbert space is a set with the extra structure of a complex vector space. \end{sloppypar} One possible point of view is that a classical structure represents a \emph{measurement} performed on the underlying Hilbert space, or rather, on the physical system which has that Hilbert space as its space of states. To say `the possible results of a measurement form a finite set' can then be directly interpreted by the formalism: if we are doing our quantum theory in a braided monoidal \dag\-category \cat{Q}, it is simply the statement that $\C(\cat{Q}) \simeq \cat{FinSet}$. The emergent `classical logic' with which we reason about these measurement results is then more `powerful' when the category $\C(\cat{Q})$ has more interesting properties; for example, it could be a fully-fledged elementary topos, as for the case of \cat{Hilb}. With this in mind, we make the following definition: \begin{defn} A braided monoidal \dag\-category \cat{Q} is \emph{spectral} if $\C(\cat{Q})$ is an elementary topos. \end{defn} \jnoindent Spectral categories can be thought of as generalized settings for quantum theory which admit a particularly good `generalized spectral theorem', or in which measurement outcomes admit a particularly good logic. We describe a class of spectral categories in Theorem~\ref{fqBt}, which have finite Boolean topoi as their categories of classical objects. We briefly mention a connection to other work. \label{didiscussion} D\"oring and Isham \cite{di08-nsp} have developed a topos-theoretic approach to analyzing the logical structure of theories of physics, in which a quantum system is explored through the presheaves on the partially-ordered set of commutative subalgebras of a von Neumann algebra. In finite dimensions von Neumann algebras coincide with C*\-algebras, and therefore also with special unitary \dag\-Frobenius monoids in \cat{Hilb} by Theorem~\ref{maincalgthm}. Given a \dag\-Frobenius monoid of this type, the partially-ordered set of special commutative sub-\dag\-Frobenius monoids can be constructed categorically, and so D\"oring-Isham toposes can be constructed directly from any special unitary \dag\-Frobenius monoid in any braided monoidal \dag\-category. The

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techniques of that research program can then be employed; in particular, we can test whether a generalized Kochen-Specker theorem holds. In fact, we suggest that this approach could be used quite generally to connect the ideas of D\"oring and Isham to other work on monoidal categories in the foundations of quantum physics, such as that of Abramsky, Coecke and others~\cite{ac08-cqm, ce08-tqc}. \subsubsection*{The spectral theorem for normal operators} We now turn to the spectral theorem for normal operators, which says that a normal operator on a complex Hilbert space can be diagonalized. For complex Hilbert spaces this follows from the spectral theorem for commutative \mbox{C*\-algebras}, since any normal operator generates a commutative \mbox{C*\-algebra} and the spectrum of this algebra performs the diagonalization. This will not necessarily be the case in an arbitrary monoidal \dag\-category, with C*\-algebras replaced by special unitary \dag\-Frobenius monoids. However, we can nonetheless give a direct categorical description of diagonalization. We proceed by introducing two different categorical properties which capture the geometrical essence of the spectral theorem for normal operators, and then showing that they are equivalent. \begin{defn} \label{compatdefn} In a monoidal category, an endomorphism $f:A \to A$ is \emph{compatible} with a monoid $(A,m,u)$ if the following equations hold: \begin{equation} \begin{array}{ccccc} \psfrag{s}{\raisebox{-0.50pt}{$f$}} \hspace{-10pt} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/compatible-1}} \hspace{-10pt} &=& \hspace{-20pt} \psfrag{s}{\raisebox{-0.50pt}{$f$}} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/compatible-3}} \hspace{-20pt} &=& \hspace{-10pt} \psfrag{s}{\raisebox{-0.50pt}{$f$}} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/compatible-2}} \hspace{-10pt} \hspace{-10pt} \\ m \circ (f \otimes \id _{A}) &=& f \circ m &=& m \circ (\id _{A} \otimes f) \end{array} \end{equation} \end{defn} \begin{defn} \label{intdiag} In a braided monoidal \dag\-category, an endomorphism $f:A \to A$ is \emph{internally diagonalizable} if it can be written as an action of an element of a commutative \dag\-Frobenius algebra on $A$; that is, if it can be written as \begin{equation} \begin{array}{ccc} \hspace{-10pt} \psfrag{s}{\raisebox{-0.50pt}{$f$}} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/intdiag-1}} \hspace{-10pt} & = & \hspace{-10pt} \psfrag{p}{\hspace{-6pt}$\phi _f$} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/intdiag-2}} \hspace{-10pt} \\ f &=& m \circ (\phi_f \otimes \id_ {A}), \end{array} \end{equation} where $m:A \otimes A \to A$ is the multiplication of a commutative \dag\-Frobenius algebra and \mbox{$\phi_f : I \to A$} is a state of $A$. \end{defn} \begin{lemma} \label{diagcompat} An endomorphism $f: A \to A$ is internally diagonalizable if and only if it is compatible with a commutative \dag\-Frobenius monoid. \end{lemma} \jbeginproof Assume that $f$ is internally diagonalizable by the action of an element $\phi_f :I \to A$ of a commutative \dag\-Frobenius monoid $(A,m,u)$, so that $f = m \circ (\phi _f \otimes \id _{A})$. The following pictures must be equal by the associativity and commutativity laws, where the

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multiplication is the morphism $m$: \[ \psfrag{p}{\hspace{-6pt}$\phi_f$} { \hspace{-10pt} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/diagiscomp-1}} \hspace{-10pt} } = { \hspace{-10pt} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/diagiscomp-2}} \hspace{-10pt} } = { \hspace{-10pt} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/diagiscomp-3}} \hspace{-10pt} } = { \psfrag{p}{\hspace{-2pt}$\phi _f$} \hspace{-10pt} \vc{\includegraphics{graphics/diagiscomp-4}} \hspace{-10pt} } \] The first picture is $f \circ m$, the second is $m \circ (f \otimes \id _{A})$ and the fourth is $m \circ (\id _{A} \otimes f)$, and so $f$ is compatible with the commutative \dag\-Frobenius monoid $(A,m,u)$. Conversely, assuming compatibility of $f$ with a commutative \dag\-Frobenius monoid $(A,m,u)$ and defining \mbox{$\phi _f = f \circ u$}, we have \[ m \circ (\phi _f \otimes \id _{A}) = m \circ \jbigl (f \circ u) \otimes \id _{A} \jbigr = f \circ m \circ (u \otimes \id _{A} ) = f \] and so $f$ is internally diagonalizable. \end{proof} We now show that any internally-diagonalizable endomorphism must be normal, by the properties of commutative \dag\-Frobenius monoids. \begin{lemma} \label{diagisnormal} If an endomorphism $f:A \to A$ is internally diagonalizable, then it is normal. \end{lemma} \jbeginproof The statement that $f$ is internally diagonalizable is equivalent to the statement that $f$ can be written as the left-action of a commutative \dag\-Frobenius monoid. By commutativity this is the same as a right action, and using the notation of the introduction we write this as $R _{\alpha}$ for an element $\alpha \in A$. We then have $f \circ f ^\dag= R _\alpha \circ R _\alpha {}^\dag = R _\alpha \circ R _{\alpha'}$, where $\alpha'$ is defined as in the introduction. By commutativity we have $R _\alpha \circ R _{\alpha'} = R _{\alpha'} \circ R _\alpha$, and so $f \circ f ^\dag = f ^\dag \circ f$. \end{proof} \jnoindent Every internally diagonalizable endomorphism is normal, but is every normal endomorphism internally diagonalizable? This is precisely the content of the conventional spectral theorem for normal operators, and so in \cat{Hilb} the answer is yes. \begin{lemma} \label{hilbinternaldiag} In \cat{Hilb}, every normal endomorphism $f: A \to A$ is internally diagonalizable. \end{lemma} \jbeginproof This follows from the conventional spectral theorem for normal operators. We choose an orthonormal basis set $a_i : \mathbb{C} \to A$, for $1 \leq i \leq \dim(A)$, such that each vector $a_i$ is an eigenvector for $f$. The orthonormal property can be expressed as $a _i ^\dag \circ a_j = \delta _{i j} \id _{\mathbb{C}}$. This basis set is uniquely determined if and only if $f$ is nondegenerate. We use the morphisms $a_i$ to construct a monoid $(A,m,u)$ on $A$ as follows: \begin{align*} m &:= \sum _{i=1} ^{\dim(A)} a_i \circ (a_i ^\dag \otimes a_i ^\dag) \\ u &:= \sum _{i=1} ^{\dim(A)} a_i \end{align*} It is straightforward to show that this monoid is in fact a \dag\-Frobenius monoid, which copies

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the chosen basis for $A$. Since this monoid only copies eigenvectors of $f$ it follows that it is compatible with $f$ in the sense of Definition~\ref{compatdefn}, and so by Lemma~\ref{diagcompat}, the morphism $f$ is internally diagonalizable. \end{proof} \subsubsection*{Classical structures in categories of unitary finite-group representations} \begin{sloppypar} An important class of `generalizations' of \cat{FinSet} is given by the \textit{finitary toposes}. A \textit{topos}~\cite{m95-ecet} is a category where the operations familiar from traditional constructive logic can all be defined; in particular, unions, products, function sets and powersets are all available. Technically, a topos\footnote{Experts will notice that this is the definition of an \emph{elementary} topos, the most basic type of topos.} is a category with all finite limits, in which every object has a power object; the other constructions just mentioned can then be derived. An example is the category of finite \cat G-sets, for a finite group \cat G: objects are finite sets equipped with a \cat G-action, and morphisms are functions between the underlying sets which are compatible with the group actions. That such a category is in fact a topos is far from obvious, and relies on powerful general theorems \cite{mm92-sgl}. Given the explicit connection between \cat{FinSet} and \cat{Hilb} established by the equivalence \mbox{$\cat{FinSet} ^\mathrm{op} \simeq \C(\cat{Hilb})$}, it is natural to ask whether there exist generalizations of \cat{Hilb} which have other finitary topoi as their categories of classical structures. A topos obtained in this way could be interpreted as giving the classical counterpart to a quantum theory, in contrast to the D\"oring-Isham toposes discussed on page~\pageref{didiscussion} which give a direct topos-theoretical view of the quantum structure itself. \end{sloppypar} A heuristic argument puts a stumbling block in front of any such attempt.\footnote{I am grateful to Christopher Isham for this argument.} A striking feature of many toposes is that the law of excluded middle can fail, and as a consequence, given a subobject of an object in the topos, the union of the subobject and its complement can fail to give the original object. For a given Hilbert space, a good way to characterize its subobjects is by the projectors on the space. Two projectors $P$ and $Q$ on a Hilbert space represent disjoint subobjects if $PQ = 0$, and in that case their union as subobjects is represented by the projector $P+Q$. We now work in a category intended as a generalization of \cat{Hilb}, assuming only that it is a \dag\-category with hom-sets which are complex vector spaces. Projectors can be defined in this setting as endomorphisms $P$ satisfying $P ^\dag = P^2 = P$, and we can describe disjointness and union using our categorical structure in the manner just described. Given any projector $P$ we will be able to use the complex vector space structure of the hom-sets to construct a new projector $(1 - P),$ where $1$ is the identity on the space. This new projector is disjoint with $P$, and gives the identity under union with $P$, using the general definitions of these terms given above. In a sense, it therefore seems that the law of excluded middle holds. To avoid this conclusion either the \dag\-functor must go so that projectors cannot be straightforwardly defined, or the complex numbers must go so that we cannot ask that the hom-sets be vector spaces over them, but both are core parts of the mathematical formalism of quantum mechanics which cannot be lightly abandoned. We will skirt around this argument by focusing on those toposes for which the excluded middle \emph{does} hold: the Boolean toposes, or at least a finitary subclass of these. We will focus on the following types of category: \begin{defn} \label{fqBt} A \emph{finite quantum Boolean topos} is a symmetric monoidal \dag\-category which has a strong symmetric monoidal \dag\-equivalence to a category \cat{Hilb ^G} of finite-dimensional unitary representations of

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some finite groupoid \cat{G}, where \cat{Hilb} is the category of finite-dimensional complex Hilbert spaces and continuous linear maps. \end{defn} \begin{defn} \label{fBt} A \emph{finite Boolean topos} is a category equivalent to a topos of the form \cat{FinSet ^G} for some finite groupoid \cat{G}, where \cat{FinSet} is the topos of finite sets and functions. \end{defn} \begin{theorem} \label{frobtopos} The category of classical structures in a finite quantum Boolean topos is equivalent to a finite Boolean topos, and every finite Boolean topos arises in this way. \end{theorem} \jbeginproof Let \cat{Q} be a finite quantum Boolean topos, for which by definition there exists a strong symmetric monoidal \dag\-equivalence \mbox{$\cat{Q} \simeq \cat{Hilb ^G}$} for a finite groupoid \cat{G}. There is a canonical forgetful \dag\-preserving functor $F: \cat{Hilb ^G} \to \cat{Hilb}$ that takes a unitary \cat{G}\-representation to the Hilbert space on which \cat G is acting. By abuse of notation we will also write $F: \cat{Q} \to \cat{Hilb}$, suppressing the equivalence $\cat{Q} \simeq \cat{Hilb ^G}$. A commutative \dag\-Frobenius monoid $( A, m, u )$ in \cat{Q} gives a commutative \dag\-Frobenius monoid $\jbigl F(A), F(m), F(u) \jbigr$ in \cat{Hilb}, and therefore defines a basis for the Hilbert space $F(A)$ by Theorem~\ref{theoremhilbset}. Each object $A$ of \cat{Q}, via the equivalence with \cat{Hilb ^G}, is actually a \dag\-functor $A :\cat{G} \to \cat{Hilb}$, and for each $g \in \cat{G}$ the morphism \mbox{$A(g) : F(A) \to F(A)$} is a unitary linear map in \cat{Hilb}. The morphisms $F(m)$ and $F(u)$ are intertwiners, which can be expressed by the following commuting diagram that holds for all $g \in \cat{G}$: \[ \begin{diagram}[midshaft,width=75pt,height=23pt] F(A) \otimes F(A) & \rTo ^{A (g) \otimes A(g)} & F(A) \otimes F(A) \\ \dTo <{ F(m) } && \dTo > {F(m)} \\ F(A) & \rTo ^{A (g)} & F(A) \\ \uTo <{F(u)} && \uTo >{F(u)} \\ F(I) & \rEq & F(I) \end{diagram} \] Read differently, this diagram is also precisely the condition for $A(g)$ to be a monoid homomorphism for the commutative \dag\-Frobenius monoid $\jbigl F(A), F(m), F(u) \jbigr$ in \cat{Hilb}. Since the morphism $A(g)$ is invertible, it must act as a permutation of the basis of $F(A)$ defined by the monoid, and the commutative \dag\-Frobenius monoid $( A,m,u )$ therefore corresponds to an action of the groupoid \cat{G} on this basis. Every finite \cat{G}-action must arise in this way, since any \cat{G}-action on a finite set gives rise to a linear \cat{G}-representation on the complex Hilbert space with basis given by elements of the set. Morphisms between commutative \mbox{\dag\-Frobenius} monoids have adjoints which act as set-functions for the induced bases, and these adjoints are compatible with the induced \cat{G}-actions on the basis elements. It follows that the category of commutative \dag\-Frobenius monoids in \cat{Q

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Injury Claims Shelby County, IL Personal Injury Claims Shelby County, IL. The Drummond Law Firm specializes in helping injured victims in the Shelby County and greater Southern Illinois area. It is critical for victims to get legal representation to assist with claims and lawsuits. The trial lawyers at Drummond Law specialize in injury law, Social Security, and other practices. Please contact us today for more information and a free case review and consultation. Our Shelby County, IL, injury claim lawyers are here to help clients get the reimbursement they deserve. Drummond Law has more than 40 years of experience in helping clients. It is crucial to get top-notch legal representation if you or a family member has been seriously injured in order to settle a claim. Below, we provide a few statistics about Shelby County, IL, claims and cases: The majority of injury claims involve cars and trucks, according to the Bureau of Justice Statistics. Nearly 5 percent of claims are related to product liability and 15 to medical malpractice. The rest of claims are categorized as "other." The types of compensation you can get varies on multiple factors. The type of injury, the state you are in, and fault, are all considered. We'll discuss this further down this page. There are special and general damages to consider. If you believe you have a claim, there's no harm in contacting to one of our Shelby County personal injury claim lawyers. According to OSHA, unintentional falls at work account for nearly 34,000 deaths a year, which is similar to vehicle mortality rates. It's vital for families to get in touch with a local Shelby County claims lawyer ASAP if there is a serious injury and/or a fatality. You deserve reimbursement for your loss. The CDC notes that there's more than 140,000 unintentional injuries every year. Drummond Law's legal services are free. Our personal claim attorneys are available 24/7 at (844) 706-7710 and can offer advice on how to proceed after an injury. We charge on contingency, which means that if we don't win a claim, you don't pay anything. If you need legal representation for an injury claim or work-comp case, don't hesitate to call. The Drummond team is here to help. Will your claim go to trial? Probably not. Around five percent of cases go to trial. Most are settled out-of-court due to privacy, cost, and efficiency. For a more in-depth look at injury cases and claims, you can reach out to our team today. Drummond Law is a leading workers compensation and Social Security Disability law firm in the Shelby County, IL, area. If you have been in an accident due to negligence or in the workplace, feel free to reach out to our Shelby County injury claims firm now for a free consultation and case review. We've recovered millions for clients and make your reimbursement our number one priority. Your Shelby County, IL, Injury Attorneys There are countless ways you can be injured. commuting to work, riding a rollercoaster, being prescribed the wrong medication, falling down the steps of a bus, and any number of other situations that may cause you harm. The key to winning a personal injury case is proving negligence. There are a couple ways to do this. Here, we list the basic elements of proving negligence: Reasonable Duty of Care: We as a society have a moral "duty of care" in everyday interactions. Proving that there is a duty of care is the first step in proving negligence after an accident. For example, it is a business owner's "duty" to protect their customers from harm, such as fixing protruding nails or a dangerous stairway. Breach: The next step for proving negligence is showing how a person or entity "breached" their duty of care. An example would be a driver blows through a stop sign and hits a car or truck. They know they were supposed to stop, but breached their duty of care by not stopping. Causation: Causation is simply what caused the breach, like a driver knowing they're going too fast. This is the negligent act that breaches any expected duty of care.

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"Greenbergiana", 1989-1996 Writings and Related Materials, 1966-2013 "A Year in the Life of Present Modernism", 1996-1998 Piri Halasz papers, circa 1950-2017 Series 3: Writings and Related Materials , 1966-2013 Boxes 1-4 Included are partial drafts and final texts of articles (published and unpublished) and lectures. Also found are related materials such as correspondence about and contracts for lectures, and correspondence concerning articles not present in Halasz's papers. The lecture titled "1946: As it Saw Itself" is about Ad Reinhardt. Included with this text is a reworking of Ad Reinhardt's Tree of Modern Art drawing by Smithsonian Fellows to commemorate Halasz's departure from her position of fellow. The folder titled "National Museum of American Art" contains the text of a talk about Abraham Rattner. Materials regarding "Ella Blooms at the Gershwin" include the article published in Lingo #7, a photograph and the transcript of an interview with Randy Bloom. The series also contains a manuscript for Halasz's 1985 novel, The Artist's Widow and supplemental material related to her book, A Memoir of Creativity, 1956-2008. Born-digital material includes two PowerPoint presentations related to lectures. Articles, Published Select: Articles, Published "The Impact of Expressionism in N.Y. in the 1940s", 1981 Select: "The Impact of Expressionism in N.Y. in the 1940s", 1981 Correspondence in response to Article on Multi-Referential Imagery, 1983 Select: Correspondence in response to Article on Multi-Referential Imagery, 1983 Interview with Stanley William Hayter, and Article, 1983-1984 Select: Interview with Stanley William Hayter, and Article, 1983-1984 Correspondence regarding "Growing up Progressive,", 1988-1990 Select: Correspondence regarding "Growing up Progressive,", 1988-1990 "Ella Blooms at the Gershwin,", 1991-1997 (2 folders) Select: "Ella Blooms at the Gershwin,", 1991-1997 (2 folders) Select: Art in America, 1982 ARTnews, 1973-1979 Select: ARTnews, 1973-1979 Arts Magazine, 1978-1985 Select: Arts Magazine, 1978-1985 A Gathering of the Tribes Website, 2004-2010 Select: A Gathering of the Tribes Website, 2004-2010 Night Magazine, 1997-1999 Select: Night Magazine, 1997-1999 NYArts, 1998-2005 Select: NYArts, 1998-2005 Smithsonian Magazine, 1973-1986 Select: Smithsonian Magazine, 1973-1986 Assorted Articles, 1966-1969 Select: Assorted Articles, 1966-1969 Articles, Unpublished Select: Articles, Unpublished "Response to an Exhibition" and "A Postscript to Picasso at the MOMA", 1980 Select: "Response to an Exhibition" and "A Postscript to Picasso at the MOMA", 1980 "N.Y. Museum Exhibitions... Multi-Referential Imagery", 1983 Select: "N.Y. Museum Exhibitions... Multi-Referential Imagery", 1983 "Morris Louis and His Critics;" "Poons and Steiner: Growing Up; "2

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Free UK visa extensions for all health care worker... Free UK visa extensions for all health care workers on list Thu, 2020-04-23 01:53 AM Daniel Waldron and Sanwar Ali Sanwar Ali nw-thankyoucollage.jpg Artist Nathan Wyburn Support migrant centric journalism today and donate Latest Update: All health care workers on list in all visa categories included UK visas at the Home Office has confirmed on 29 April 2020 that the free one year extension covers all visa holders on the list of front line health care workers, whose visa is due to expire by 1 October. Not just Tier 2 visa holders and not just NHS health care workers. On the same day UK visas at the Home office extended the free one year visa extension scheme to cover other "frontline workers, including midwives, radiographers, social workers and pharmacists". Those previously included on the list were doctors, nurses and paramedics. It has been commented that UK visas has not published a comprehensive list of health care workers who can come under the free one year extension scheme. Sanwar Ali comment: Unfortunately, UK visa at the Home Office and the Government seem to do this quite a lot. Incomplete information is provided so leading to confusion. So we and others need to provide an analysis of what we think the Government means! Even when the Government provides enough detail we frequently have the opposite problem. it is so long and complicated that people do not have the time to read it and/or do not understand it. For example the Tier 2 Sponsor Guidance for employers to employ people on Tier 2 visas. The Home Office has been accused of causing foreign NHS workers on the frontline in the battle against coronavirus, 'unnecessary distress', over promises made about free UK visa extensions. It's rumoured that the Home Office has restricted the offer of a one-year visa extension to NHS workers with a Tier 2 visa only. On 31 March, 2020 the UK's Home Secretary, Priti Patel announced that foreign workers employed by the NHS – including doctors, nurses and paramedics – whose visas were set to expire before October, would be granted an automatic, one-year visa extension. At the time, Patel said: "I don't want non-UK NHS workers distracted by UK visa and immigration issues as they contribute to the national effort to combat coronavirus." Home Office on UK visas position seemingly changed However, since Patel's announcement on 31 March, it seems the Home Office's position on free UK visa extensions for foreign NHS workers has changed. The UK government's website indicates that the offer is only available to NHS employees with a Tier 2 skilled worker visa. If this is the case, NHS workers with a different type of UK immigration status - for example, those on a family reunion visa or with limited leave to remain - who need to apply for an extension prior to October, would not be eligible for the extension scheme. The Home Office has failed to clarify whether the extension scheme applies to Tier 2 visa holders only, and instead referred to information from the announcement made by the Home Secretary on 31 March. Addressing MPs in the Home Affairs Select Committee on 21 April, chair of the Immigration Law Practitioners' Association (ILPA), Adrian Berry, said: "There's either been a shift in policy or a lack of clarity." Berry insisted that whatever the case, the scheme should be made available to 'all NHS workers.' Berry argued that immigration lawyers are forced to rely on Home Office notifications posted online, which occur sporadically and often give no indication that there has been any changes. The ILPA chair said: "We're all forced to look online and try to find out. There isn't a single source of information." Home Office communication is terrible In a briefing statement published on 20 April, the ILPA said: "If the policy has been adjusted to exclude anyone who is not on a Tier 2 visa, this is 'clearly unfair' to anyone covered by the earlier announcement, but not under these changes and amounts to an 'entirely unsatisfactory' manner in which to make such policy changes, not least because the earlier version was not easily accessible." Legal director of the ILPA, Sonia Leneg

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an, said that the Home Office needs to clarify the NHS visa extension issue as a 'matter of urgency.' Ms Lenegan told The Independent: "This is frustrating both for those non-Tier 2 NHS workers who do not know whether or not they will need to apply to extend their leave, as well as for immigration lawyers who are having to try and advise clients on the basis of information that is constantly shifting, with no explanation being provided from the Home Office." The ILPA's legal director added that the situation will cause additional distress for foreign NHS staff, which could have been avoided. Exclusion of private sector healthcare workers and others The exclusion of private sector healthcare workers, as well as members of the NHS workforce such as cleaners and porters, from the visa extension scheme has also raised concerns. Adrian Berry told MPs: "It doesn't extend to agency workers who are employed by private hospitals but who are now providing NHS care because the private sector has been brought into that. They need to be included as well." "The scheme should be extended to hospital porters, healthcare assistants and cleaners working for the NHS. These are the sort of people that without whom, hospitals could not function properly. The scheme should not be limited to a certain type of NHS worker," Mr Berry added. Rumours that the extension scheme will only apply to Tier 2 visa holders comes after MPs urged the Home Office to open the scheme to foreign workers in the social care sector, arguing that they too are working to support the national effort in the battle against coronavirus. Chair of the Home Affairs Select Committee, Yvette Cooper, said: "Care workers should also be included in the changes so that they do not have to go through a 'costly and burdensome' visa process during this time." Coronavirus in the UK As of 22 April, the number of confirmed coronavirus cases stood at 129,044 with 17,337 deaths reported. However, there are reports that the death toll could be as much as double the amount specified by official figures. Coronavirus related deaths recorded on Tuesday, 21 April amounted to 828, nearly double the 449 reported on Monday, 20 April. Latest coronavirus updates, visa and immigration restrictions For the latest updates on the coronavirus, plus details of visa and immigration restrictions worldwide, check Workpermit.com's news feed to stay informed. To apply for a UK visa extension amid the coronavirus pandemic, see this recent Workpermit.com news report. Workpermit.com can help with Tier 2 Visa Sponsor Licence and Tier 2 Visa If you need help with a Tier 2 visa, or a Tier 2 Sponsor Licence, including help with complying with your Tier 2 Sponsor Licence obligations, workpermit.com can help. For more information and advice on Tier 2 Sponsor Licences, UK immigration law and UK visa applications please contact us on 0344 991 9222 or at london@workpermit.com Tags: Labor Sonia Lenegan Yvette Cooper Home Office UK government Immigration Law Practitioners' Association NHS Adrian Berry Home Office on UK Home UK visa extensions for more health care workers announced 1:33 30/04/2020 Sanwar Ali comment: Many overseas healthcare workers will surely be pleased to hear the good news that more people will receive automatic one year visa extensions. Priti Patel the Home Secretary has... 7145691679_88df1bae47_z.jpg Worried cancer patient with UK visa told to return to Ukraine Sanwar Ali comment: Fortunately, since this report initially came out, UK visa policy has changed and now all foreign nationals whose visa expires between 24 January 2020 and 31 May 2020 and who are... 14502614406_aec3187f2a_z.jpg Brexit day and UK immigration and visa update 31 Jan 20 Sanwar Ali comment: Finally after all the arguments, and drama over the last few years Britain is leaving the EU tonight at 11pm UK time. As

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1,024

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The people behind the numbers Twenty-three homeless people are estimated to have died in Bristol in 2019, according to the Office for National Statistics. Along with cities like Liverpool, Manchester, and Birmingham, Bristol tragically ranks amongst the most affected in England and Wales. Homelessness is a complex issue but the simple truth is this: one person sleeping rough is one person too many; one death on our streets is one death too many. The pandemic has only further highlighted this long-standing injustice. Working together as One City, since March we have supported 1,200 people with housing placements and helped 700 more families keep a roof over their heads. Across Bristol, people are struggling to make ends meet – only a few steps away from crisis. It has never been more important to safeguard our city's safety net, and we continue to provide a range of support to Bristolians. To seek advice if you, or someone you know, is at risk from homelessness, please visit our dedicated website for advice and support. If you are concerned about someone sleeping rough, please make a referral through Street Link. It is welcome that Bristol has secured almost £5 million of funding towards longer-term solutions, including additional accommodation and wrap-around services. Our hope is that there will be a clear and sustainable funding settlement for homelessness, so that we never return to the endless bidding-and-waiting bingo structure; otherwise uncertainty will continue to compound crises, with all that means for those depending on councils to help end this injustice. Human Rights Day: Treating everyone with dignity and respect To mark this occasion, today's blog comes from my Inclusion Adviser on Migration, Forward Maisokwadzo Today is Human Rights Day, 10 December – the day the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) in 1948. This milestone document proclaims the inalienable rights to which everyone is entitled as human beings – regardless of race, colour, religion, sex, gender, language, political or other opinion, national or social origin, or any other status. The Declaration arose from a desire to never again witness the dreadful inhumanity which had led to millions of people being killed in a war that had affected the globe. It was never a set of supreme statements but a set of practical standards by which humanity should seek to live and conduct itself, by which the nations of the world would co-exist in peace and unity. It is all about what it means to be human. This year's Human Rights Day theme, Recover Better – Stand Up for Human Rights, relates to the COVID-19 pandemic and focuses on the need to build back better by ensuring Human Rights are central to recovery efforts. It could not be more relevant. We will only achieve our common global goals if we are able to create equal opportunities for all, address the failures exposed and fueled by the COVID-19 crisis, and apply human rights standards to tackle entrenched, systemic, and intergenerational inequalities, exclusion and discrimination. December 10is an opportunity to reaffirm the importance of human rights in re-building our city and the world we want, the need for global solidarity, (including city to city) as well as to celebrate interconnectedness and shared humanity. The UN Human Rights' generic call to action "Stand Up for Human Rights" aims to engage the general public and the UN family to bolster transformative action and showcase practical and inspirational examples that can contribute to recovering better and fostering more resilient and just societies. From here in Bristol I am aware of so many events and debates being held, nationally and across the globe, to acknowledge and celebrate this day. I am sure these events, debates and discussions, the majority of them being held virtually due to the pandemic, will provide an opportunity to highlight what has been achieved to date while at the same time pointing us all to the work that still needs to be done. Three global issues – the pandemic, racial inequality, and the climate emergency – show that what we have in common as human beings is far more important than our differences. As we look ahead to 2021, what are the pivotal human rights issues that all of us should be paying attention to? We are at the dawn of a decade when the decisions we make as a City and in society at large on how to address economic inequality, climate change, techn

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1,024

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ological innovation, and political polarisation will shape our shared future for generations to come. I hope there will be a sense that human rights are the concern of all, and not just the concern of a particular minority interest group. The challenge is increasingly to make human rights part and parcel of ordinary discourse, debate and priority especially in the current environment where political debate has often become toxic and divisive, and basic human rights become invisible. The world does not stand still and as we celebrate human rights today we need to consider the challenges which are affecting our communities now. We must stand united with so many groups across Bristol, the UK and globally who are calling for everyone to be treated with dignity and respect: the carers, LGBT communities, children, older people, people affected by dementia, black and minority ethnic communities, people seeking sanctuary and other migrant communities, people with learning disabilities, people affected by the Windrush scandal, women experiencing domestic violence, among many others. The UK has long played a leading role in protecting human rights across the globe and was one of the first nations to sign the UDHR. British lawyers drafted the European Convention on Human Rights in 1950, which in 1998 was given further effect in UK law through the Human Rights Act. As we celebrate this global Human Rights Day and in the midst of a pandemic, it is worrying the Government has recently ordered to review the Human Rights Act. Such a move Amnesty International says puts some communities and rights at risk. The human rights watchdog stressed that it is important for Government to understand that promoting universal human rights should not just be abroad, but here at home as well. Hillsborough, Grenfell, and other issues underline the importance of an effective Human Rights Act here in the UK. As we celebrate Human Rights Day the Government needs to reflect on whether there is need to review the rights and freedoms that underpin our democracy. End Our Cladding Scandal Posted on December 8, 2020 by marvinjrees Three-and-a-half years on from the tragic fire at Grenfell Tower, there is still a real lack of clarity from the Government on how to tackle remaining cladding issues. Justice4Grenfell, the Fire Brigades' Union, and other campaigners are right to continue to highlight dangerous building materials and need for stronger regulations. Bristol residents remain understandably worried about if and when cladding will be replaced, who will be doing the work, and who will be footing the bill. In the meantime, around the country, concerning reports are emerging of leaseholders not being able to move or sell due to a shortage of certified inspectors; properties being mis-advertised amid a market crisis; freeholders refusing inspections; and forms being signed off by unqualified persons. This issue cuts across a number of national government departments – demanding both major attention and, most likely, several billion pounds worth of funding. Full Council is due to consider a cross-party motion this afternoon on this subject, which has been published on the council's website. Ahead of the meeting, I can confirm my support for the End Our Cladding Scandal campaign, calling for much needed additional support from national government. While only national government currently has the resources to fund a comprehensive solution, options are being explored for how the council might support residents. This could include lobbying private building owners and housing associations, and looking at what scope exists for pre-occupation planning conditions to be withheld where there are outstanding issues in Bristol. The motion, strengthened by Cllr Nicola Beech, my Cabinet Member for Spatial Planning and City Design, also explores whether the Council might be able to use freeholder application fees to upskill and sustain a dedicated building control team to perform EWS1 assessments. There is also consideration of a training scheme for local councillors and encouraging these representatives to increase pressure on freeholders as needed. For more information about improvements to fire safety in council houses and high-rise blocks, please visit the Council's dedicated webpage. Supporting Bristol's hospitality sector The Government has placed Bristol into tier 3, but left the city's businesses and council with a multi-million pound shortfall. We support the calls by the Bristol Association of Restaurants, Bars, and Independent Establishments (BARBIE) for more support from the Government. Here's my full reply to their recent letter. Dear Brendan, Thank you for

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sharing the attached letter with me and for reaching out regarding support for Bristol's hospitality sector. I appreciate how challenging this year has been, particularly for those working in hospitality. The way in which businesses have adapted to keep people safe in recent months has been phenomenal, although this will have undoubtedly taken its toll. I recognise there are gaps in support and have written to government several times on the issue. I have also spoken publicly about the need for more comprehensive support, most recently alongside Andy Burnham, Sadiq Khan and Steve Rotherham in collaboration with ExcludedUK. Unfortunately, I have no power to ask that landlords don't collect rent and Bristol City Council is not in a position to pay the rents of hospitality businesses. We are facing a multi-million pound black hole as a result of the pandemic, with the real prospect of cuts being made as a result of inadequate support from government. I am pleased to see you including the city's MPs in the conversation, as they are well placed to raise these issues on the national stage. I'm keen we continue working closely with the sector and would be grateful if you could help us to quantify the impact on hospitality businesses in the city. For example, do you have figures relating to the rent arrears that businesses may be facing and the costs associated with your asks? This will allow us to consider how best to highlight this issue. We will continue to use the tools available to us to support all those who have signed your letter, as well as drawing attention to the challenges facing the sector more broadly. Thank you once again for reaching out and I look forward to hearing from you. Marvin Rees Mayor of Bristol Today's guest blog is from Councillor Afzal Shah, Cabinet Member for Sustainable Growth, Climate, and Ecology and Labour Councillor for Easton. Small Business Saturday is a welcome opportunity for us to celebrate the vital importance of small businesses to local neighbourhoods and communities. By shopping at our local businesses, and on our local high streets, we help ensure that they receive the vital support which they deserve in the run up to the all-important Christmas shopping period. Simply put: shopping locally is shopping sustainably. Small local businesses employ local people and invest locally, but have faced unprecedented difficulty throughout the year. We are keen to ensure our high streets and local businesses are vibrant, sustainable, and continue to thrive as much as possible. We know that 2020 has been tough, and continue to provide a range of support to local businesses and call for more help from national Government. In Easton, as local residents and councillors, Councillor Ruth Pickersgill and I know how loved local independent businesses are. Along Stapleton Road and St Marks Road, local eateries, pubs, grocers, supermarkets, florists, gift shops, post offices, and much more besides contribute much to our vibrant local identity – alongside charities, places of worship, and other community groups. Traders associations have brought an entrepreneurial buzz to the area, with still more potential in the regeneration of the old job centre building. To help highlight Bristol businesses, Thangam Debbonaire, the MP for Bristol West, has started the #IndependentBristol campaign on social media, encouraging people to use the hashtag to profile independent shops, restaurants and other small businesses in the run up to Christmas. With Marvin, Ruth and I showcased Britain's best high street to David Lammy MP during the summer Local small businesses continue to play a pivotal in local communities, especially when most of us were confined to our homes for much of this year. Local businesses espouse a sense of friendship and interaction between shoppers and staff. It is these local businesses that, according to the Federation of Small Businesses, offer employment to almost 3 million people, and nobody quite knows local communities in the same way as local retailers and shopkeepers. All in all, local small businesses make a huge contribution to the local economy, locally investing over 60 pence in every £1 – they really are the lifeblood of the UK's economy. International Day of People with Disabilities 3rd December is International Day of People with Disabilities; to mark this day I have invited the Disabled Colleagues Network at Bristol City Council to write today's blog

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. The Disabled Colleagues Network strives to drive change for disabled people within the council, working with colleagues from all service areas and departments to make Bristol City Council a great place for disabled people to work and feel valued. International Day of People with Disabilities promotes equality for people with disabilities in all areas of society and brings to attention the benefits that disabled people contribute in every aspect of political, social, economic and cultural society. This year's theme is 'Not all Disabilities are Visible', aiming to spread awareness of invisible disabilities as well as the impact that Covid-19 has had on mental health. This year's theme highlights that many disabilities are not immediately apparent but can still have an impact on people's lives, these include but are not limited to mental health problems, chronic pain or fatigue, sight or hearing impairments, HIV, cancer, diabetes, epilepsy, brain injuries, neurological disorders, conditions on the autistic spectrum and learning difficulties. In this blog we are celebrating our diversity, how we are all differently able and championing the rights to equality under the social model of disability. Imagine a world where there are no barriers to education, housing, health and social care, buildings and facilities and where flexible policies, practices and procedures are in place for everyone. The social model of disability states that it is society which disables impaired people. If society was set up in a way that was accessible for people with disabilities then they would not be excluded or restricted and there would be no limits to what can be achieved. Disabled people are extremely resourceful, great problem solvers, creative thinkers and warriors in their determination to succeed. There are numerous examples of disabled people working doubly hard to overcome the barriers set by society and in their work places to achieve enormous feat's and make the world a better place. Here are but a few: Marsha de Cordova the Labour Shadow Secretary of State for Women and Equalities, continues to expose deep-rooted structural inequalities in our society; Teenage climate activist Greta Thunberg states 'I have Aspergers and that means I'm sometimes a bit different from the norm. And – given the right circumstances- being different is a superpower'; Actor Daniel Radcliffe who is most famous for his role as Harry Potter declares "Go boldly and honestly through the world. Learn to love the fact that there is nobody else quite like you." Michael Phelps, American Swimmer noted " You can't put a limit on anything. The more you dream, the further you get." Dr Benjamin Zephaniah a nationally recognised poet and author points out "If someone can't understand dyslexia it's their problem. In the same way, if someone oppresses me because of my race I don't sit down and think, "How can I become white?" It's not my problem, it's theirs and they are the ones who have to come to terms with it." Even the Royal Family live with disabilities, with Prince Harry revealing his struggles with mental health and advocating for more awareness and support for those with mental health problems. Over a billion people, about 15% of the world's population, have some form of disability and rates of disability are increasing due to population ageing and increases in chronic health conditions, among other causes. Despite disabled people making up a large proportion of the world's population we still face challenges in education and employment and disabled people are significantly more likely to be victims of crime than non-disabled people. These structural inequalities in our society have been exposed as a result of the Covid-19 pandemic, leaving many disabled people isolated, disconnected, coping with disrupted routines and diminished services, greatly impacting on their lives and mental wellbeing. Due to the stigma surrounding disability many people choose not to identify as disabled for fear of discrimination. This creates disproportionate data for disabled people and leaves many without the support they need to live their daily lives. This is why it is important we start a more inclusive conversation about disability to break the silence and realise the endless possibilities for disabled people and their value to society. On 21 September 2020 Councillor Asher Craig announced the launching of the Mayor's Disability Equality Commission. The commission is being established in recognition of the inequalities faced by disabled people in the city, in addition the particularly negative impact Covid 19 pandemic is having

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on disabled people. It is important that the whole city is involved and that the commission is accessible to all social-demographics. This will feed into the experiences and position of Disabled people in Bristol and develop strategic plans to tackle inequality. The advertisement for the independent Chair of the Commission will be shared through Disabled networks in the city in December 2020. Following the appointment of an Independent Chair, they will then lead on the recruitment of Commissioners. It is hoped the commission will be officially launched by spring 2021, when it will be handed over to a Disability organisation in Bristol who will help to support and co-ordinate the Commissions work. The Mayor and Deputy Mayor for Communities, Equalities and Public Health committed to taking positive action and that is what the Commission is doing. "You said We did". If you are a Disabled person, a Disabled staff network, an organisation of Disabled people or an organisation working on Disabled people's issues and would like to be included in the consultation process please email mayor@bristol.gov.uk To all disabled people across the world we wish you a Happy International Day of People with Disabilities. Today's guest blog is from Aled Osborne, Fundraising and Communications manager for Brigstowe and LGBT & HIV activist. World AIDS Day is a global awareness day that is held annually on December 1st. This day is an opportunity for people worldwide to unite in the fight against HIV, to show support for people living with HIV, and to commemorate those who have died from an AIDS-related illness. In the UK over 105,000 people are living with HIV. Despite the virus only being identified in 1984, more than 35 million people have died, making it one of the most destructive pandemics in history. 2020 for all of us has been a challenging year but here at Brigstowe, along with our city-wide partners, we are all dedicated in ensuring this year's World Aids Day is no different. Brigstowe are a local HIV support charity. We support anyone living with or affected by HIV in Bristol and the surrounding area and have been doing so for nearly 25 years. Today, advancements in treatment mean that people living with HIV can live long and healthy lives. This treatment means they cannot pass HIV onto their sexual partners. Men and women living with HIV can now start families safe in the knowledge that their child will not be diagnosed as HIV positive. This is known as U=U or Undetectable=Untransmittable. Despite these medical advancements, societal attitudes still remain in the past. People do not know the facts of living with HIV in 2020 and stigma and discrimination remain a reality. 1 in 3 people living with HIV have faced HIV-related stigma and people living with HIV are twice as likely to be diagnosed with depression as the general public. It is also this stigma that prevents people from getting tested. In Bristol it is estimated that 8% of people living with HIV are undiagnosed. It is also this stigma which, for the approximately 1000 people living with HIV in Bristol, can prevent them from feeling part of a community and maintaining long and meaningful relationships. From City Leadership, NHS Services to third sector we are all committed to ending new HIV diagnoses by 2030 and to eradicating HIV-related stigma. That is why we as a City are part of the global Fast Track Cities Initiative. The Bristol Fast Track City action plan is also included in the Bristol One City plan. The work Bristol is doing is leading the way. Our partners at Unity Sexual Health were able to be one of the first UK cities to deliver on the National PrEP (Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis – a drug which has been proven to prevent HIV acquisition) roll-out and during the first lockdown initiated a programme to test the homeless communities of Bristol. As a result of our Fast Track Cities partnership, nearly £500k in funding has recently been secured from The Health Foundation for a three year project to tackle HIV inequalities in African and Caribbean heritage communities of Bristol. In March, Bristol was visited by the National HIV Commission. Information from their visit fed into their forthcoming recommendations to Government on how to end HIV transmission in the UK by 203

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0. These will be published today, on World AIDS Day, in an event including Sir Elton John. Standing up for #ExcludedUK Posted on November 30, 2020 by marvinjrees Since the pandemic, three million people have been excluded from meaningful national government financial support. New starters, newly self-employed, new small businesses, those on parental leave, on freelance short-term contracts, and other workers left behind make up 10% of the UK's workforce. After being left to fall through the cracks, Excluded UK was set up to campaign for more support. Key sectors in and around our city have been hit hard this year – with support from Government lacking so far. Bristol's economy now has at least 8,000 fewer jobs than at the start of the pandemic. 100,000 Bristolians are employed in, or in work supported by, the night time economy and creative and cultural sectors. We have quadrupled the council's business team so that they can distribute grants swiftly to those who are eligible, but we share the frustration about gaps in the national system and strict conditions attached to the funding which we do have. As administration, we have also supported the #LetUsDance campaign, to extend protection for the dance music sector, and the Raise the Bar campaign, to give thousands more businesses access to business rates relief. With Andy Burnham, the Mayor of Greater Manchester, and Steve Rotheram, the Mayor of Liverpool City Region, last week I met with Excluded UK and heard first-hand about the impact of the Government's lack of support. People affected are really struggling, and so I have written to the Chancellor of the Exchequer to highlight the issues raised and call for more to do be done to help people through this crisis. I have also signed a joint letter organised by Prospect and Bectu with other trade unions, business leaders, industry bodies, and Mayors. You can check out the video from last week's event and the letters, below. My letter to the Chancellor in support of ExcludedUK and the Alliance for Full Employment Joint letter to the Chancellor with trade unions, businesses, and Mayors Sadiq Khan, Andy Burnham, Steve Rotheram, and Dan JarvisDownload The importance of aid One of my first jobs was with Tearfund, a leading UK charity working to end poverty around the world. I met fellow development workers and the people whose lives were changing for the better, and was inspired to support Jubilee 2000's campaign for debt relief for the world's poorest countries. British aid can be a truly powerful force for good, as we saw last year after a cyclone destroyed 90% of Beira, Bristol's twin city in Mozambique. Some say that charity starts at home. That's a perfectly valid point of view, and a sentiment which people will no doubt have added sympathy for in times as tough as these. But Bristolians will struggle to believe that is the approach of this Government, who just weeks ago refused to feed hungry children in Bristol and across the UK during the October half-term. Like the Prime Minister dissolving the Department for International Development within two months of taking office, cutting international aid is a short-sighted and backward step. The current legislation sets our contribution at 0.7% of Gross National Income: rising when the economy grows, and falling when it contracts. In the midst of a crisis like the current pandemic, that makes sense – but the Government has instead chosen to cut aid spending by almost three-times the forecasted fall in the UK's economy. Nor is this a party political issue. Government Ministers who understand the economic logic of 'aid then trade' have resigned over this. A Conservative former Secretary of State for International Development has warned that these cuts risk pushing more people into extreme poverty and – by reducing childhood immunisations and scaling back healthcare investments which stop women from dying in childbirth – contributing to 100,000 preventable deaths around the world. Through international networks like the Mayors' Migration Council and Global Parliament of Mayors, and in partnership with the C40, we work together with cities from every continent to tackle common challenges. For a city like Bristol – with nearly 100 languages spoken and home to communities hailing or descending from places all over the world – the global is

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Bespoke treatments, custom formulas and dreamy locations come together to up the luxe quotient in the Queenstown region. Tina Mathieson first fell in love with the region when walking the Milford Track with her husband over 16 years ago. "We were hooked! We purchased land, built a home on a lifestyle block and have never looked back," she says. Today Mathieson runs Caci's picturesque clinic. The Remarkables from the clinic's dramatic backdrop. With an array of appearance medicine treatments and facials customised to individual skin types, Caci caters to both local residents and visitors. Whether you want to end an action-packed day or pampering session the perfect way, no Queenstown getaway is complete without a soak in one of Onsen's Japanese-inspired cedar hot pools. Perched above the Shotover Canyon, the pools take relaxation to the next level. Pure natural water fills and refreshes each of the hot tubs. Try: Opt for The Onsen by Lantern Light ($108 for two adults). You'll be surrounded by Japanese lanterns and, on a clear night, a sky full of stars. Onsen Hot Pools, 160 Arthurs Point Rd, Arthurs Point, Queenstown, ( 03 ) 442 5707, onsen.co.nz. For those looking for a familiar, trusted spa that'll cater to all those holiday beauty needs, make a beeline for this contemporary spot. Looking for some waxing, nail work or an efficacious facial? Visit the quaint yet contemporary Spring Queenstown, an offshoot of Auckland's award-winning East Day Spa. Step inside the bright, cheery space to be greeted by friendly staff. You'll find just what you need on the treatment menu: the clinical facials use leading cosmeceutical brand Environ, and there's even a Jet Lag Remedy – banish swollen limbs quickly – and a Trail Blazer treatment, perfect for post-tramping aches and pains. Try: The Margaret Dabbs Supreme Manicure ($95 for 60 minutes) will ensure your nails look the part for your Queenstown getaway. Pick from a fabulous array of nail colours – from wearable nudes to vibrant corals – and experience this indulgent manicure that uses the full range of the renowned Margaret Dabbs collections. The treatment concludes with a relaxing hand-and-arm massage. Spring Queenstown, cnr Earl St & Church Ln, Queenstown, (03) 409 0077, springspa.com. Sofitel's So Spa takes a unique approach to pampering. With treatments inspired by dining menus – pick from starters, mains or desserts – you can build your personalised pampering session. Combine one of each for a serious day of relaxation and indulgence or opt for one treatment if you're short on time. So Spa offers quality local and international products and treatments. Indulge in a Greenstone massage, which uses warmed greenstone to melt away tension, or be whisked away to Japan with a Hanakasumi massage. Try: The Manuka Honey Facial ($135 for 60 minutes) uses an antioxidant-rich ingredient that boosts skin hydration, repairs damaged skin and will leave you with a radiant complexion. Sofitel So Spa, 8 Duke St, Queenstown, (03) 450 0045, sofitel-queenstown.com. There's something cathartic about taking to Queenstown's lake-fringed roads, and the 20-minute drive to Millbrook Resort sets the scene for what's to come. our destination, it's easy to see why The Spa at Millbrook has acquired impressive accolades over the years – the spa won the 2016 Luxury Spa Hotel award and was named New Zealand's Best Resort Spa at the World Luxury Spa Awards 2016. Nestled away in a tranquil corner of the resort's sprawling 200-or-so hectares, the award-winning spa boasts a handful

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Need a Vacation? Hotel/Condo Flight + Hotel Flight + Hotel + Car Flight + Car Hotel + Car Time Any Morn. Noon Eve. 12 AM 1 AM 2 AM 3 AM 4 AM 5 AM 6 AM 7 AM 8 AM 9 AM 10 AM 11 AM 12 PM 1 PM 2 PM 3 PM 4 PM 5 PM 6 PM 7 PM 8 PM 9 PM 10 PM 11 PM Europe> Germany> Berlin Vacations & Travel Berlin Vacations Berlin, Germany's capital, and largest city is recognized as a global center of culture and creative industry. Berlin Travel Packages Region: Germany Featured Berlin Hotel Hilton Berlin Our 4-Star classification designates those properties with well-appointed, deluxe accommodations, extensive amenities and comprehensive guest services. Expect attention to detail and a warm and hospitable staff ready to cater to your needs. These superb properties offer a truly refined getaway. With beautiful, modern accommodations and a perfect location in Berlin's city center, this hotel offers the perfect venue to begin your adventure in Germany. See All Berlin Hotels > The infamous Berlin wall that once divided the city came crashing down on November 9, 1989, to unite the country in democracy. Today, Berlin's 18th-century Brandenburg Gate stands as a symbol of reunification. The city is a bastion of culture, politics, media, and science as it looks forward to tomorrow with its extensive biomedical, electronics and high-tech firms. Many vacationers who visit Berlin in search of history, leave with a new appreciation of its culture through its renowned museums, orchestras, entertainment venues and fabulous food. Visit Berlin's impressive Brandenburg Gate, a former symbol of a divided city's Iron Curtain. View the infamous Checkpoint Charlie border crossing between East and West Berlin and its informative museum. Experience the moving monument to the Jewish victims of WWII at the Holocaust Memorial, designed by New York architect Peter Eisenman in 2005. Explore some of the more than 19,000 animals of the Berlin Zoo, which first opened in 1844. View the city's largest church, The Cathedral of Berlin (Berliner Dom), which is a center for the Protestant Church of Germany. Visit the imposing neo-Renaissance Reichstag, the seat of the German parliament from 1871 to 1918. In 1999, the parliament once again assembled within the rebuilt Reichstag building, with its newly designed glass dome, located near the Brandenburg Gate. Shop and people watch along the Kurfürstendamm, one of Berlin's most famous boulevards. Visit the shops, restaurants, and theatres on Friedrichstraße in the districts of Mitte and Kreuzberg. Search for art, antiques, food and seasonal items at Berlin's renowned weekly markets located across the city. Take plenty of time to explore the eight-story Kaufhaus des Westens (Department Store of the West), called KaDeWe. Originally constructed in 1907, it was destroyed during WWII and reopened during the 1950s. KaDeWe is Europe's second largest department store, after Harrods in London, and attracts nearly 50,000 visitors per day. The store is located on Tauentzienstraße near the center of the former West Berlin. From warehouse clubs to techno clubs, charming beer gardens to fancy cocktail caverns, and sassy cabarets to elegant orchestras, Berlin caters to every taste, budget and age group. Before Germany's reunification, there was no official closing time in West-Berlin, so partying until dawn was officially legal. This trend continued after reunification, and today the city is renowned as the capital of warehouse clubs and techno clubs. Prater Garten has been around since 1897, making it the oldest beer garden; it even survived bombings in WWII. Berlin with Kids Kids love to visit the Berlin Zoo, home to thousands of animals from giraffes to sea lions. Paddle a boat along

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Terrorist attack, women ban mar biggest by-polls Dawn.comUpdated August 22, 2013 A Pakistani election worker helps a woman to place her thumb print on a ballot paper during elections in Islamabad, Pakistan, Thursday, Aug. 22, 2013. – AP Photo — File photo — File photo/AFP ISLAMABAD: The votes in the biggest ever by-elections in Pakistan's history have now almost completely been counted. By and large the polls were conducted in an orderly manner although it has been marred by few allegations of rigging, terrorist attack on Pakistan Army troops and women being denied the right to vote. The polls are not expected to shatter the status quo in the country's political discourse; however it will indicate the mood of the public regarding the incumbent political parties. No massive change was witnessed in Sindh and Balochistan, like in the May 11 general elections, as the ruling Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz (PML-N) again topped the electoral race bagging 18 of 39 national and provincial seats. However, few unexpected results have emerged in Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa provinces. The National Assembly seat vacated by PTI chief Imran Khan in Peshawar has been claimed by his May 11 rival, Ghulam Ahmed Bilour of Awami National Party (ANP). PTI's Asad Umar has defeated his Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz rival Chaudhry Ashraf Gujjar to win the Islamabad seat, vacated by Javed Hashmi while Shmasun Nisa Memon – mother of the May 11 winner and subsequently disqualified by the SC, Sadiq Memon – has defeated PML-N's Syed Riaz Hussain Shah Sherazi to win NA-237 Thatha seat. Meanwhile, Secretary Election Commission of Pakistan (ECP) Ishtiaq Ahmed Khan has said the commission has taken notice of the news of counting of votes at some polling stations before the valid time of 5:00 pm, APP reported. "Counting cannot be started even one minute before the legal time. We have taken notice of the matter and would ask from the concerned presiding officers," he told the media while announcing the first result of the by-polls. 23:50— After conclusion of vote count in NA-48 Islamabad constituency, Asad Umar of Pakistan Tehrik-i-Insaf has been declared winner unofficially over his Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz rival Chaudhry Ashraf Gujjar. Umar bagged 48,073 votes whereas Ashraf Gujjar managed to secure 41,186 votes. 23:45— According to unofficial results, Shams-ul-Nisa of Pakistan People's Party has been declared winner over Riaz Shah Sherazi of Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz in NA-237 Thatha, Sindh. The PPP candidate secured 81,510 while Sherazi of PML-N bagged 61,538 votes. 23:00— Sardar Shafqat Hayat Baloch of PML-N has won the by-election in NA-68 Sargodha by defeating PTI candidate Malik Nazir Ahmad Sobhe, according to unofficial results of all 320 polling stations. Baloch secured 69,431 votes whereas Sobhe bagged 43,508 votes. 22:45— According to unofficial preliminary results of NA-27 Lakki Marwat, Col. Amirullah of Pakistan Tehrik-i-Insaf (PTI) is ahead with 14,767 votes over Maulana Attaur Rehman of JUI-F who secured 7,960 votes. 22:30— Shazia Mari, a candidate of Pakistan People's Party (PPP) is leading in by-election of NA-235-Sanghar with 36,355 votes, according to progressive results of 52 per cent polling stations. The Pakistan Muslim League-Functional (PML-F) candidate, Khuda Bakhsh Daras was trailing with 35,522 votes. 21:50— Vote count is concluded in

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1,024

CommonCrawl

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NA-1 Peshawar and according to unofficial results, Ghulam Ahmed Bilour of Awami National Party (ANP) has won the by-poll against his PTI competitor Gul Badshah by securing 29,178 votes. Badshah managed to bag 19,464 votes. 21:30— Unofficial preliminary results suggest Muttahida Qaumi Movement (MQM) candidate Mohammad Ali is leading his competitor Naeem Sheikh of Pakistan Tehrik-i-Insaf (PTI) by securing 18,100 votes. Shiekh is trailing with 2,057 votes after vote counts in 55 polling stations of NA-254 Karachi constituency. 21:00— Independent candidate Nawabzada Tarique Magsi has won by-election in PB-32 Jhal Magsi of Balochistan province. According to unofficial results, Magsi secured 21,280 votes and his political rival, Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz (PML-N) candidate Sardar Dhani Bakhsh received 4,228 votes. 20:40— According to preliminary and unofficial results, Ghulam Ahmed Bilour of Awami National (ANP) is ahead of his rival candidate Gul Badshah of Pakistan Tehrik-i-Insaf (PTI) by securing 18,585 votes in NA-1 Peshawar constituency. After almost 50 per cent vote count, PTI's Badshah is trailing with 10,900 votes. 20:00— The chief election commissioner, on the directive of Chief Justice Peshawar High Court Dost Muhammad Khan, has withheld the by-polls results in NA-5 Nowshera, NA-27 Lakki Marwat and PK-27 Mardan. The PHC chief justice, by taking suo motu notice, had also ordered to arrest Tribal Jirga members or individuals involved in barring women form voting in the said constituencies. 16:15— None of the 456 registered women voters casted their ballots during the by-polls held in polling station No 95 in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa's Swabi area. 16:00— Women were reportedly stopped from ballotting their votes during by-polls in Mandi Bahauddin's PP-188 constituency in Punjab. 14:30— Polling was suspended in Shikarpur's PS-12 constituency after the recovery of a bag full of votes. One suspect was also taken into custody in this regard. 14:15— Acting chief election commissioner Justice Tassaduq Jilani visited various polling stations in Karachi during which he said that action would be taken if any information regarding rigging was received. He added that the use of mobile phones was banned to ensure transparency of polls and that it was difficult to pre-maturely comment on the turnout. 13:45— A clash between two rival groups in Sangarh's NA-235 claimed the life of at least one person and injured five others. 12:40 — A clash took place between two political parties in Punjab Assembly's PP-193 (Okara) constituency, following which one person was arrested. Panic spread amongst people after the clash due to which polling has been temporarily suspended in the area. **12:35 **— Women were prevented from casting their votes in several polling stations on Mianwali's NA-71 constituency in Punjab. 12:24 — Women have been 'barred' from voting in several polling stations of Lakki Marwat's NA-27 constituency. **12:06 **— The ECP has decided to monitor vote-casting by women. It has moreover directed presiding officers to separate female voter results from their male counterparts. 11:40 — Women have been barred from voting in Nowshera's NA-5 constituency. 11:28 — A low voter turnout was reported from most parts of the country. According to media reports, few people turned up for voting due to a general lack of interest in the by-election. 1

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1,024

CommonCrawl

-0.990974

-0.418521

0.929904

-0.790643

1:12 — A clash took place between supporters of Malik Noor Rabbani and Jamshed Dasti in Muzaffargarh's NA-177 constituency. Later, army personnel intervened to resolve the matter. 10:55 — During by-polling in Karachi's NA-254 constituency, Pakistani army personnel prevented duplicate identity card holders from voting. The army personnel said that as per the orders of the ECP, only those with a real identity card could cast their vote. However, individuals with duplicate identity cards demanded that they should be allowed to vote. 10:32 — Acting CEC Justice Tassaduq Jilani visited various polling stations in Lahore and expressed satisfaction on the way polling was being conducted. He said out of the 41 polling stations, not even one had complained of poll rigging. NA SEATS: The National Assembly constituencies where by-elections are being held include NA-1 (Peshawar), NA-5 (Nowshera), NA-13 (Swabi), NA-25 (D.I. Khan-cum-Tank), NA-27 (Lakki Marwat), NA-48 (Islamabad), NA-68 (Sargodha), NA-71 (Mianwali), NA-83 (Faisalabad), NA-129 (Lahore), NA-177 (Muzaffargarh), NA-235 (Sanghar), NA-254 (Karachi) and NA-262 (Killa Abdullah). Earlier, NA-1 and NA-71 seats had been vacated by PTI chief Imran Khan who chose to retain NA-56 (Rawalpindi). Mr Khan had contested for four NA seats and lost only one in Lahore to incumbent National Assembly Speaker Sardar Ayaz Sadiq. The NA-68 seat had been vacated by Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif who retained his home constituency (NA-120 Lahore). NA-129 had been left by Shahbaz Sharif who retained his Punjab Assembly seat to become chief minister. NA-5 and NA-13 seats had been vacated by Pervez Khatak and Asad Qaisar of the PTI who retained their provincial assembly seats and were made chief minister and speaker of the KP Assembly, respectively. JUI-F chief Maulana Fazlur Rehman had decided to quit NA-27 and retain NA-24. The Maulana had also won the NA-25 (D.I. Khan) seat where by-election has been postponed for a few weeks because of threat of terrorist attacks. NA-177 had been vacated by Jamshed Ahmad Dasti, NA-235 by Pir Sadruddin Shah Rashdi of the PML-F and NA-216 by Pakhtunkhwa Milli Awami Party chief Mehmood Khan Achakzai. They had won more than one seat. NA-83 and NA-254 seats fell vacant after the death of contesting candidates. By-elections will also be held for 15 seats of the Punjab Assembly, four of the Sindh Assembly, three of the Balochistan Assembly and four of the KP Assembly. PUNJAB ASSEMBLY: Interior Minister Chaudhry Nisar Ali Khan had vacated his provincial assembly seat (PP-6) and chose to retain his National Assembly seat. The election in PP-51 could not be held due to death of Mohammad Amjad Rafique. Monis Elahi of the PML-Q gave up his PP-118 seat. Khawaja Mohammad Asif of the PML-N had decided to quit PP-123 and retain NA seat to become Minister for Water and Power. PP-161 and PP-247 had been vacated by Shahbaz Sharif and PP-243 by Zulfiqar Ali Khosa. BALOCHISTAN ASSEMBLY: By-elections will be held in three constituencies — PB-29, PB-32 and PB-44. KP ASSEMBLY: By-elections will be held in four constituencies -— KP-23 vacated by former chief minister Amir Ha

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1,024

CommonCrawl

-1.113242

-0.379932

0.61609

-1.031127

The Unlikely Journey The All Good Books group will meet using Zoom at 7 PM this Thursday, June 18, 2020 to discuss The Unlikely Pilgrimage of Harold Fry by Rachel Joyce. There are discussion questions at the end of the novel, but since I was unaware of that, I started writing discussion questions as I read. The result is 43 questions (too many to discuss in an hour meeting). So, I'm listing the questions below, but have put ten in boldface. We can discuss whatever you wish, but the boldface questions might be a good place to start. Discussion Questions: The Unlikely Journey of Harold Fry The girl in the garage who helps Harold warm up a hamburger says (on page 15), "You have to believe. That's what I think. It's not about medicine and all that stuff. You have to believe a person can get better." What's her story? What do you discover later in the story? The author describes the same girl in the garage while "resuming her place, in front of cigarettes and lottery tickets. Harold tried to catch her eye but she wouldn't meet his. She had returned to being dull and empty again, as if their conversation about her aunt had never happened." What happened? The author, on page 37, describes how the people that Harold met, "They believed in him. They had looked at him in his yachting shoes, and listened to what he said, and they had made a decision in their hearts and minds to ignore the evidence and to imagine something bigger and something infinitely more beautiful than the obvious." What's the meaning of that observation? Do you have a personal example of how that has occurred? Why does Harold (on page 47) untie his shoelaces when his son, David, is being swept out by a riptide? What would you have done? What episodes in the novel define who Harold is as an adult? How would you describe his character traits in a sentence? On page 48 early in Harold's pilgrimage the author describes how, "Several cars slowed, but he waved them on, not wanting their attention." Why won't Harold accept a ride? The author comments that "A child's growing [is] a constant pushing away (page 51). Agree or disagree? Elizabeth (Rex's deceased wife) "had once confided across washing lines that his mother's fussing had turned him (Rex) into the most appalling hypochondriac." Is that the image you get of Rex? On page 63 Harold meets an inn keeper who complains about South Brent but then tells him "I won a holiday to Benidorm once. All I had to do was pack my suitcase. But I couldn't do it. They sent me the ticket in the post, and I never opened the envelope. Why is that? Why, when the chance to escape came, couldn't I take it?" How would you respond to the inn keeper who asked that question? Harold remembers all the failures he had with his son, David. He asks himself, "Why must [I] remember?" Do you remember failures more than successes? If so, why? What was the lesson learned (pages 71-74) when Harold meets the husband and wife hikers (the woman loved Jane Austin and the husband loved hiking)? Harold describes his transition from countryside to city on page 84: "What had been so clear to him when he was alone, two feet on the ground, became lost in this abundance of choices and streets and glass-fronted shopping outlets. He longed to be back in the open land." Which is your preference: city or country? Do you understand Harold's distress? Is there a lesson to be learned from the "silver-haired gentleman" that Harold meets in a café and shares his teacake with Harold (on page 89)? Have you ever had an experience like Maureen has when she goes to the doctor's office? What happened to Maureen and to you? How does Maureen initially react to Harold's journey? Does her attitude change over time? (see page 109) How? What is she experiencing? Maureen has a dream on page 93 where she imagines that "She must remain very still and very quiet and no one must know she was nursing her entrails."

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1,024

CommonCrawl

0.629753

-0.215438

0.039569

1.442972

How would you interpret her dream? On page 107 Harold thinks that "If he kept looking at the things that were bigger than himself, he knew he would make it to Berwick." What did Harold see that gave him hope? What gives you hope? How would you describe Mr. Napier (page 117)? Was he a good boss? How would you describe a Harold and Maureen's marriage? Can harsh words ever be unsaid as suggested on page 122? As you began the book what did you think was the relationship between Harold and Queenie? How did he define friendship (page 141)? How do you define it? What was Martina from Slovenia's story? See page 143. What was Maureen's story? What did she mean on page 146 by "She had bleached and annihilated every waking moment of the last twenty years"? What happened 20 years ago to change everything? On page 157 the author says Harold "had learned that it was the smallness of people that filled him with wonder and tenderness, and the loneliness of that too. The world was made up of people putting one foot in front of the other; and a life might appear ordinary simply because the person living it had been doing so for a long time. Harold could no longer pass a stranger without acknowledging the truth that everyone was the same, and also unique; and that this was the dilemma of being human." What are your reactions to that statement? How did Harold and Maureen first meet? Do you remember how you first met your spouse or partner? What are the major life lessons from Harold's unlikely pilgrimage? In 3-4 sentences how would you describe the novel to a friend to either encourage or discourage them from reading it? Do you see any parallels between Harold's unlikely pilgrimage and the life of other historical or literary characters? Was there a significance to Harold's side trip (page 168) to the Roman baths? Harold has a "new beginning in one chapter and the (page 177) he meets the actor and the physician. What the meaning of those two chapters? Why did the author juxtaposition one after the other? What was Rex's "plan up his sleeve" for Maureen (page 184)? Was it a good plan? On page 187, Maureen describes the current state of her relationship with Harold. She says, "I say so many things that I don't mean. It's as if, even if I think something nice about Harold, by the time it's got to my mouth it's become not nice. He goes to tell me something and I'm saying 'I think not' before he's finished the sentence." Have you ever been in a similar situation with a friend or spouse? Why do we sometimes get in that kind of rut with friends and loved ones? What was David's problem? Could his parents have done more to help him? At one point in Harold's journey, he starts giving away much that he has. Why? What was the result of the newspaper article about Harold's journey? See page 209. Who is Rex? On page 211, Rex describes loss in this way: "It's like discovering a great hole in the ground. To begin with, you forget it's there and you keep falling in. After a while, it's still there, but you learn to walk round it." What lesson does Rex's comment teach about loss? At one point in Harold's journey he attracts all different sorts of followers. How did that affect the goal of reaching Queenie? What's the lesson in that segment of his pilgrimage? Who was Rich? Kate? Wilf? Why couldn't Harold continue his quest alone (page 238) without them and the other followers? Why do you think Maureen would not accept Harold's offer to walk with him? On page 254, Harold expresses a belief that "there was a basic goodness to be found in everyone, and that… [he] could tap into it." Was he able to do so? Do you share a belief in the basic goodness in everyone? On page 310, Kate says, "You got up, and you did something. And if trying to find a way when you don't even know you can get there isn't a small miracle; then I don't know

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1,024

CommonCrawl

0.221685

-0.200513

-0.031264

1.46321

what is." Why is that a small miracle? When you consider Harold's conversation with the girl in the garage, and his final meeting with Queenie, what does the novel say about faith? Was Harold's meeting with Queenie what you expected? How did you react to it? Would you have written a different ending? Tags book club, cancer, Faith, Hope, journey, loss The Giver of Stars: Discussion Questions The All Good Books group will meet online using Zoom tomorrow, Thursday, May 21, 2020, at 7 PM. Information on how to access Zoom will be sent separately. The following are questions that we can use to generate discussion if necessary. I look forward to chatting with you on Zoom tomorrow evening! How would you describe each of the main characters? Alice Van Cleve, Bennett Van Cleve, Geoffrey Van Cleve, Annie, Isabelle Brady, Mrs. Brady, Sven Gustavsson, Frank O'Hare, Margery O'Hare, Sophia, William, Beth Pinker, Kathleen Bligh. On the first day with Isabelle (Izzy on the circuit, Alice thinks, "Perhaps it would be easier if the girl weren't so sullen: her mood seemed to cast a pall over the morning, and even the glorious sunshine and soft breeze couldn't alleviate it." Have you ever known someone whose attitude darkens the whole day? How do you handle that?" See page 53. On page 58, Margery looks at Alice and says, "This is what people don't see, wrapped up in their cities, with the noise and the smoke, and their tiny boxes for houses. Up there you can breathe. You can't hear the town talking and talking. No eyes on you, 'cept God's. It's just you and the trees and the birds and the river and the sky and freedom….Out there, it's good for the soul." If you're a city dweller, how do you respond to nature? If you live in a rural area, is your view different or the same as Margery's? What's your reaction to the descriptive passages in the novel, such as on page 63 where the author writes, "As they rode, Margery talked to Alice of milkweed and goldenrod, pointing out Jack-in-the-pulpit and the tiny fragile flowers of touch-me-nots, so that once where Alice had just seen a sea of green, she had pulled back a veil to reveal a whole new dimension." Too much, too little, just enough description? Does it add to the novel or interfere with the plot line? How would you respond to the Louisa May Alcott's quote on page 65 that "…marriage, they say, halves one's rights and doubles one's duties." Why is Margery resistant to marrying Sven? See page 66. On page 68, sundowners are labeled as such because "They're good old boys in daylight hours, but come nightfall when they get to drinking, they're basically a pair of fists looking for a target." Do we have sundowners today? "Mountain people, Margery had instructed her, were proud. Many of them didn't feel comfortable receiving without giving something back. (page 74). Are city folks like that too? On page 82 Margery thought, "A certain kind of man looked at God's own land, she thought, as she drew closer, and instead of beauty and wonder, all he saw was dollar signs." Any such examples today? The quote from the Farm Journal (page 91 of the novel) states" My mother didn't hold with twenty-four-hour-old pies, except mince. She would get up an hour earlier in order to bake a pie before breakfast but she would not bake any kind of custard or fruit pie, even pumpkin, the day before it was to be used, and if she had my father wouldn't have eaten it." Is that typical of "fathers" when you were growing up? How about now? Page 91 refers to a "raconteur." What is a raconteur? Ever known one? Why isn't Alice getting pregnant? What's your theory? See pages 93-95. The mine conditions are described on page 116. Were you aware of the depression

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1,024

CommonCrawl

0.728926

-0.194511

0.359659

1.291187

era mine conditions? Why did miners keep working in such a dangerous environment? The author describes hog-slaughtering time (page 120). What was your reaction to that mining town event? Why would Sophia say, "I'm not crazy about places where there are crowds" (on page 123). Sophia states (page 125) "Life is complicated. Which is why finding a little joy where you can is important." Do you agree? Why do you think the author started chapter 8 (page 137) with the Steinbeck quote? "Out of a thousand centuries they drew the ancient admiration…that a man on a horse is spiritually as well as physically bigger than a man on foot." Henry Porteus states (page 138) regarding the library, "There are reports of wives no longer keeping house because they are too busy reading fancy magazines or cheap romances. There are children picking up disruptive ideas from comic books. We're struggling to control what influences are coming into our homes." Why has each generation had proponents of book censorship? Do you believe a library should restrict the materials it offers to patrons? What does the dispute over hiring Sophia in the Library and subsequent town meeting say about the role of women and people of color in the novel? See pages 137-143. Are there differences between funeral practices in the depression era mining community described (pages 143-146) and how funerals or wakes occur in today's society? Have such practices changed over your lifetime? Why was Margery so scared that she started carrying a Colt .45 pistol (page 169)? On page 173 considers the life of Mrs. Van Cleve; "Every day Alice was reminded of a life that had been almost solely focused on the inside of these walls, on tiny, meaningless tasks, tasks Alice felt increasingly strongly that no adult woman should view as the sum total of her day's activities: dolls, embroidery, the dusting and precise rearranging of totems that no man noticed anyway. Until she had gone, after which they had become a shrine to a woman they now insisted they idolized." Is there anything wrong with a life dedicated to four walls and a family? How did you react to Alice's mother's letter stating she was not welcome to return home? Why did she react that way? Would there ever be a case where you would not let a family member return home? Why? Do you think Alice should have had the opportunity to return home? On page 187, Margery tells Alice "There is always a way out of a situation. Might be ugly. Might leave you feeling like the earth has gone and shifted under your feet. But you are never trapped, Alice. You hear me? There is always a way around." Do you agree? Explain. Did Margery follow her own advice? On page 197, Margery says, "You know the worst thing about a man hitting you?" "Ain't the hurt. It's that in that instant you realize the truth of what it is to be a woman. That it don't matter how smart you are, how much better at arguing, how much better than them, period. It's when you realize they can always just shut you up with a fist. Just like that." How does that describe women's rights today? Who was Selena to Fred (page 201)? What did she do? When Mr. Van Cleeve's sends a message to Alice with $50 he says, "This was always a fruitful measure with my dear late Dolores and I trust you will view it equally favorably. We can all let bygones be bygones." What was your reaction? What does the novel say about rumors (page 214)? On page 219, Pastor Macintosh comes to persuade Alice to return home. Why does she say, "I do so enjoy our Bible studies!" What did you think of the Pastor's arguments? The author states (page 228), "Alice had discovered how, for a woman at least, it was much easier to feel anger on behalf of someone you cared about, to access that cold burn, to want to make someone suffer if they had hurt someone you loved." What makes it easier for Alice to fight for someone she loves than for herself? On page 240, the author describes the mood of Alice and Fred as

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1,024

CommonCrawl

0.417822

0.009728

0.703958

1.579578

, "Time flew, and each ended the night full and happy, with the rare glow that comes from knowing your very being has been understood by somebody else, and that there might just be someone out there who will only ever see the best in you." Have you ever experienced that sentiment? What's the significance of the Faulkner quote from As I Lay Dying, on page 243? What does the following quote foreshadow? "That's the one trouble with this country: everything, weather, all, hangs on too long. Like our rivers, our land: opaque, slow, violent; shaping and creating the life of man in its implacable and brooding image." On page 270, the end of Mrs. Brady's disagreement with her husband concludes with this thought; "deflated a little in victory, [she] felt a sudden tenderness for her husband and, after a moment, reached out a conciliatory hand. And it was like this, as the light broke, that the maid found them an hour and a half later, still fully dressed, and snoring on the huge mahogany bed, their hands entwined between them." There's a saying that you should never go to bed angry (with a spouse or partner), do you believe that? Do you practice it? The quote from The Women Was Too Tough by Virginia Culin Roberts states (page 283), "Men expected women to be calm, collected, cooperative, and chaste. Eccentric conduct was frowned upon, and any female who got too far out of line could be in serious trouble." Do you believe that quote reflects what men in the 1930s thought about women? What about today? Fred called Alice out of the cabin to view a field of fireflies. What's so special about fireflies? See page 308. How did you react to Margery's request that Sven take Virginia and never return to Baileyville (page 328)? Would you have taken that action? Any reaction to the clerk's announcement that "Women…would be allowed to leave [the courthouse] several minutes before the men at lunchtime and at the end of the day in order to prepare meals? Did you enjoy the book? Why or why not? Would you recommend the novel to someone else? Any stipulations on who you would recommend it to and who not? How would you summarize the important issues, if any, raised by the novel? Discussion Questions for "The Confession Club" The All Good Books discussion group will meet online today, April 16, 2020, using Zoom at 7 PM. We'll discuss Elizabeth Berg's novel, The Confession Club. Some potential discussion questions covering the first portion of the book follow (sorry, I didn't find any discussion questions posted online and ran out of time to complete questions for the remainder of the novel). How would you compare "The Confession Club" with the other two Mason, Missouri novels by Elizabeth Berg ("The Story of Arthur Truluv" and "Night of Miracles")? Who was your favorite character in the novel? Why? Which confession from the novel was the most significant? Why did John leave Chicago? Have you ever thought about what it would be like to be homeless? What are your thoughts? Iris driving back from getting "black cake" recipe supplies thinks, "All hope is in the early morning." What does that mean to you? Explain why you think Joanie, a librarian, defaces a book she's reading? She says, "you all know how I used to feel about people defacing books, but listen: It made it my book. It was me being me. I beat the hell out of that book, and it's now the one that I love the best." In her confession, Joanie quotes Samuel Pepys, "Saw a wedding in the church. It was strange to see what delight we married people have to see these poor fools decoyed into our condition." What does that mean to you? Why does Joanie quote it? When first introduced to the Confession Club, Joanie says, "Talking about things you're ashamed of is nothing to be ashamed of." To which Maddy replies, "…anyway, isn't listening to things like that what good friends do for one another all the time?" Do you agree? Do you have friends you can tell anything to? What does "kissing the glass"

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1,024

CommonCrawl

0.648773

-0.554484

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0.972438

mean and would you do it? "The things people throw away! Iris thinks. She'd like to go to the dump, too. She does have an eye for what's worth salvaging, or her consignment store never would have done so well. She can spin the word vintage with the best of them. And she has always had a great deal of appreciation for the odd adventure." Do you enjoy salvaging at flea markets, antique shops and consignment shops? What's something you found that you were really excited about? Growing up we're you taught that "Girls didn't go after boys. Girls waited"? What does it mean and was that true when you were dating? Is it true now? Iris has "heard often enough that one should not give money to the homeless, that one should instead direct them to a shelter where they might get help. But a woman she worked with who routinely gave money to people on the street said something else. 'Isn't it hard enough for them to even ask?' she said. 'Do I really need to tell them what to do with their lives when I know absolutely nothing about them? I just feel an obligation to try to help in some way. What else can I do to help someone?'" Do you agree? Have you given money or meals to the homeless or referred them to shelters? Which do you think is best? In the novel, is a statement that "If there was anything Maddy learned after Arthur and Lucille took her in as a pregnant teenager, it was that families don't have to be biological. She finds it hard to let go of the notion that you should matter to your father, though." How did you react to that statement? In a conversation with Maddy, Iris says, "I've learned that blaming doesn't get you far. Self-reflection helps. Trying to change helps, too. But it's hard, Maddy, I'll give you that. It's hard, but I think it's worth it to try. Sometimes little successes here and there can all of a sudden…I don't know…consolidate, I guess, and you see that you really are a different person." What were the circumstances of the conversation? Do your life experiences suggest that Iris is correct? In the novel, Maddy expresses concern that "if she spends too long with people, she will be found out." What do you think she means and why does she have that fear? Iris envies Nola for "her default setting of goodwill toward man, beast, or weather." Why does that approach to life seem so easy for children and so difficult as we age? Maddy reflects at one point on a conversation with Arthur while fishing about why people care what other people think. Arthur calls it a design flaw. What do you think? After a time of self-doubt, Maddy thinks "You can't ask your children to save you. But they do it anyway." Do you agree? How do our children save us? Why does John think that falling in love with Iris is bad news? Gretchen says "We're all mean to our mothers. It's a daughter's duty." Is that true? Why? Dodie suggests to Gretchen that she divorce her sons. Why and have you ever "divorce" someone mentally? Ollie cautions John about going back to someone he's hurt in the past to make amends. She says, "I had a good friend practically fall apart when her husband came back to see her to make 'amends.' There she was all fine in a new relationship, and here he comes, waltzing back into her life, looking real good, all cleaned up, and it just threw her for a loop….He comes in and says, 'I'm sorry,' and that makes him feel all good about himself and then he leaves again…." What do you think about someone reentering someone's life just to clear their conscience? How would you react if a close friend asked you to assist with his/her suicide? Would their age or health or pain level alter your response? What was your reaction to the novel's ending? Expected? Was it a surprise? Were you disappointed? Or pleased? Which of the following best describes the novel? A roller coaster ride? A gentle float trip down a calm river? Walking through a corn maze? A Sunday afternoon drive down a known road? Running through a mine field with no mine detector? Would you recommend the book to a friend

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1,024

CommonCrawl

0.621602

-0.51847

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? If so, why or why not? Tags assisted suicide, Confession Club, elizabeth berg, homeless, homelessness, Love, secrets, self-reflection, Women Next All Good Books Meeting Will Be Online April 6, 2020 // The next All Good Books discussion group meeting will be held online using Zoom. We'll meet online at 7:00 PM on Thursday, April 16, 2020. This page will be updated as we get closer. Eleanor Oliphant is completely fine discussion on Thursday March 10, 2020 // The All Good Books discussion group will meet this Thursday, March 12, 2020 at 7 PM in the Community of Christ Church Library (7842 Mission Road, Prairie Village, KS). We'll discuss Eleanor Oliphant is Completely Fine by Gail Honeyman. The following are some discussion questions drawn from Book Club Babble (except the last two) at https://bookclubbabble.com/book-club-questions-for-eleanor-oliphant-is-completely-fine-by-gail-honeyman/ that we can use to kick-start the discussion. We hope to see you all on Thursday! Can you picture yourself being friends with Eleanor? Without any female friends or relatives to relate to, where does Eleanor derive her concept of what it means to be a woman? This story begs the question of nature versus nurture. Obviously, Eleanor wasn't brought up in a loving, thoughtful environment that gave her tools on how to deal with the world. But is there any evidence that she might still have been socially awkward even had she been born to "normal" parents? The men and women at Eleanor's workplace don't make an effort to be compassionate and understanding of her. In fact, the way they act towards her is reminiscent of immature middle-schoolers. Why don't some people have a better acceptance of those who stand out because they are different? When Eleanor talks to her mother once a week despite the past and present emotional abuse her mother inflicts on her do you wonder why she continues to do so? Do you think Eleanor needs to make peace with her past or forget about it to move on? What are the first signs that Eleanor is starting to see life from a hopeful perspective? Eleanor has no social reference from which to interact with others. Yet, she suddenly decides she can have a meaningful personal encounter with a rockstar. How does her chosen "project" change the direction of her life? When Raymond shows an interest in Eleanor do you find yourself rooting for him? Why? What is interesting about their interaction? What are some other pivotal experiences that cause Eleanor to grow? Does the surprise twist at the end change your opinion of Eleanor and her perceived state of mental health or lack of it throughout the book? Did "Eleanor Oliphant is completely fine" leave you feeling uplifted and hopeful or concerned and doubtful? Have you ever known anyone like Eleanor? How did you relate to them? Would you recommend the book to your friends? Why or why not? Tags childhood, Eleanor Oliphant, emotional abuse, friendship, Gail Honeyman, novel, social awkwardness, trauma February Book Club Meeting Cancelled Because I have no voice, I'm canceling Thursday evening's All Good Books Club meeting. We'll shift all the novels for discussion one-month later. That means we'll discuss "Eleanor Oliphant is Completely Fine" by Gail Honeyman on Thursday, March 12, 2020, at 7 PM in the Church Library (Community of Christ, Mission Road Congregation). My apologies for this postponement. I'll try not to ever get sick again! 🙂 If you know anyone who attends and doesn't use Facebook or get email from the book club, please alert them to the cancellation. January Meeting Focuses on Educated: A Memoir On Thursday, January 9, 2020, the All Good Books group will discuss Educated: A Memoir by Tara Westover. Notice the

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meeting date is one week earlier than our normal third Thursday meeting date. The group meets at the Community of Christ (7842 Mission Road, Prairie Village, KS) in Church Library starting at 7 PM. Everyone is welcome. Note: The book club does not meet in December. The following discussion questions are drawn from Bookbub.com (see https://www.bookbub.com/blog/book-club-questions-for-educated-by-tara-westover). 1. Tara Westover's memoir recounts her life as the daughter of Mormon survivalist parents who leaves rural Idaho to pursue an education. What do you think she's referring to with the title Educated? And what statement do you think the book makes on education at large? 2. Westover's quest for an education is a dramatic rebellion by her father's standards. How does her rebellion differ from that of her older brother Tyler, if at all? 3. Do you think being the youngest child in the family impacted Westover ultimately leaving her family? Would it have made a difference if she'd been the oldest child? 4. Why is it significant that Westover didn't know the word "holocaust" and had no knowledge of race issues in the United States? 5. Which family member had the biggest influence on Westover's quest for a different life? Which non-family members were influential on her life? 6. Westover's life changes dramatically thanks to an encouraging professor at Brigham Young University. How might her life be different if she hadn't applied for the study abroad program at Cambridge University? 7. Westover eventually finds her voice and realizes it's just as powerful as the people who have influenced her life. What is voice, and how important is it that every child be encouraged to find their own? 8. What impact does Westover's pursuit of formal education have on her parents and family? 9. How does education change Westover's view of her childhood? How does she come to terms with how she was raised once she knows the value of education? 10. Westover makes great efforts to ensure the story is as objective as possible, including footnotes where accounts of an event differ, or comparing her diary entries to her memory. As a reader, how important is objectivity in this story, and more largely, in memoirs in general? 11. At 30, Westover is still relatively close in age to the events that occur in this book. How do you think the memoir would be different were it written when Tara was significantly older and more distanced from this time in her life? In what ways would it alter your interpretation of these experiences? Tags Bookbub, Educated, education, family, Holocaust, memoir, mormon, race, race relations, Westover REVISED: November Book: Little Fires Everywhere by Ng RESCHEDULED: The All Good Books group will meet on Thursday, November 14, 2019 at 7 PM to discuss "Little Fires Everywhere" by Celeste Ng. The book club will meet in the Community of Christ Church Library (7842 Mission Road, Mission, Kansas). All are invited to attend. Discussion questions for the novel are available at https://www.readinggroupguides.com/reviews/little-fires-everywhere/guide. Tags best seller, book club, celeste ng, community, Community of Christ, family, mothers, novel "China Rich Girlfriend" Novel Discussion August 11, 2019 // The All Good Books club will meet on Thursday, August 15, 2019 at 7:00 PM in the Community of Christ Church Library (7842 Mission Road, Prairie Village, KS) to discuss Kevin Kwan's "China Rich Girlfriend" the second novel in his Crazy Rich Asian's trilogy. All are invited, whether you've read the book or not. Discussion questions (#1-9 below) are drawn from the LitLovers website and may be useful in generating discussion. I've also added a few more question (#10 and beyond). Consider the book's title: what does "China rich" mean? How is it different (or is it…?) from "Singapore rich" where Crazy Rich Asians (CRA) takes place? Like the previous book, China Rich Girlfriend is filled with j

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Login | Register | Français Benefits of Biological Insurance – 3i's Bank in 3 easy steps Umbilical Cord Blood Umbilical Cord Tissue Cord Blood and Tissue FAQs Banking with CBBC About Cord Blood Bank of Canada Inc. Our dedication Why Choose Cord Blood Bank of Canada Singleton Pregnancy Twin Pregnancy Triplet Pregnancy Donate your baby's Biological Insurance participate in our poll – rate your maternity photographer participate in our poll – rate your prenatal class beef recall expanded again Uploaded By: admin Wednesday, October 10/17/12 // Cord Blood The public warning issued on October 12, 2012 has been updated to include additional products. The CFIA is warning the public, distributors and food service establishments not to consume, sell, or serve the beef products described below because the products may be contaminated with E. coli O157:H7. The affected products are associated with the same XL Foods manufacturing dates of August 24, 27, 28, 29 and September 5, 2012, as the previously recalled ground beef products. The trace out from XL to secondary and tertiary distributors, manufacturers and retailers could result in a large number of affected products over a wide range of codes and dates. This recall also includes unlabelled and/or unbranded beef products sold at retail stores not identified in theCFIA's product list below, which may include small retailers, local meat markets and butcher shops, etc.. Therefore, the CFIA is advising consumers who are unsure if they have the affected beef products in their homes to check with the store(s) where the products were purchased or throw them out. The following beef products, made from beef voluntarily recalled by XL Foods (Est. 38), are affected by this alert: Codes / Dates Freson Bros. BEEF KIDNEY Various Starts with 220605 Packed on dates between AU.27.12 and OC.15.12 Certain stores in AB BEEF TONGUE Various Starts with 220607 Packed on dates between AU.28.12 and OC.15.12 Certain stores in AB Beef Stew Various Various Packed on dates from Aug 26 to Sept 28 BC – certain stores only Outside Round Roast Various Various Packed on dates from Aug 26 to Sept 28 BC – certain stores only Extra Lean Beef Stew Various Various Packed on dates from Aug 26 to Sept 28 BC – certain stores only Beef Kidneys Various Various Packed on dates from Aug 24 to Oct 3 BC – certain stores only Beef Liver Various Various Packed on dates from Aug 24 to Oct 3 BC – certain stores only Beef Heart Various Various Packed on dates from Aug 24 to Oct 3 BC – certain stores only Oxtail Various Various Packed on dates from Aug 24 to Oct 3 BC – certain stores only The CFIA is advising consumers who are unsure if they have the affected beef in their home to check with the store(s) where the product was purchased or throw it out. Public health authorities have confirmed a number of illnesses linked to products from XL Foods Inc. or illnesses associated with the XL Foods Inc. food safety investigation. This voluntary recall is part of an ongoing food safety investigation. The CFIA is working with the recalling firms and distributors to identify and verify all affected products. As additional affected products are confirmed, this table will be updated on theCFIA website. To stay informed of product updates throughout the investigation, consumers are also encouraged to subscribe to CFIA food recalls and allergy alerts at www.foodsafety.gc.ca. Food contaminated with E. coliO157:H7 may not look or smell spoiled. Consumption of food contaminated with these bacteria my cause serious and potentially life-threatening illnesses. Symptoms include severe abdominal

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pain and bloody diarrhoea. Some people may have seizures or strokes and some may need blood transfusions and kidney dialysis. Others may live with permanent kidney damage. In severe cases of illness, people may die. There are no reports of E. coli infection during pregnancy causing birth defects in humans. Because diarrhea causes the body to lose a lot of fluids, pregnant women with an E. coli infection can easily become dehydrated. In rare cases, they may start to bleed heavily. There may be a risk for miscarriage or premature delivery with severe E. coli infection. If you are pregnant and you think you have an E. coli infection, you should see a doctor right away so that you can be diagnosed and treated if necessary. The manufacturer, XL Foods Inc., Edmonton, Alberta and various retailers, processors and distributors are voluntarily recalling the affected products from the marketplace. The CFIA is monitoring the effectiveness of the recall. For more information, consumers and industry can call the CFIA at 1-800-442-2342 / TTY 1-800-465-7735 (8:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m. Eastern time, Monday to Friday). CFIA recalls clef des champs organic ground ginger Saturday, October 10/13/12 // Cord Blood The Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) is warning the public not to consume certain Clef Des Champs brand Organic Ground Ginger because these products may be contaminated with Salmonella bacteria. The following Clef Des Champs brand Organic Ground Ginger products are affected by this alert: Organic Ground Ginger 35 g 6 97026 73441 7 BFO11441B06 500 g 6 97026 70441 0 BFO11441B07 These products have been distributed nationally. There have been no reported illnesses associated with the consumption of these products. Food contaminated with Salmonellamay not look or smell spoiled. Consumption of food contaminated with these bacteria may cause salmonellosis, a foodborne illness. In young children, the elderly and people with weakened immune systems, salmonellosis may cause serious and sometimes deadly infections. In otherwise healthy people, salmonellosis may cause short-term symptoms such as high fever, severe headache, vomiting, nausea, abdominal pain and diarrhea. Long-term complications may include severe arthritis. Salmonellosis is a food-borne infection caused by the bacteria Salmonella. Salmonellosis during pregnancy is especially troublesome because, pregnant women are more vulnerable to complications, so have a lower threshold for investigation, admission and treatment, febrile illness in pregnancy may cause miscarriage or premature labour, acute abdominal conditions are more difficult to diagnose during pregnancy and finally salmonellosis can directly harm an unborn baby. The manufacturer, Herboristerie La Clef Des Champs Inc., Val-David, Quebec is voluntarily recalling the affected products from the marketplace. The CFIA is monitoring the effectiveness of the recall. kellogg's is recalling certain types of mini-wheats Thursday, October 10/11/12 // Cord Blood Kellogg's is recalling certain types of its Mini-Wheats breakfast cereal over fears that it could contain metal fragments from a faulty manufacturing part. The recall is said to affect at least three million boxes of Mini-Wheats cereal. The products were sold in Canada, the United States and Mexico. In Canada, the recalled cereals include: Mini-Wheats Original Frosted cereal Mini-Wheats Brown Sugar Flavour Frosted cereal Most of the products have best-before dates between April 1, 2013 and July 29, 2013. Kellogg's has warned that tiny pieces of "flexible metal mesh" could be in the cereal.

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Mature and poised Lightning make a statement in Game 1 marathon The Tampa Bay Lightning probably don't win a game like this a year ago. But after suffering one of the most ignominious defeats in NHL history in 2019, they showed the kind of maturity that winning teams do in the most important games. By the time the Tampa Bay Lightning and Columbus Blue Jackets had played as much playoff hockey last year as they did in Game 1 of their series in 2020, the Lightning had been outscored 11-4 and essentially were trailing 3-0 in their series against the Jackets. But that's not what makes 2020 so different than 2019 for the Lightning. If they do fulfill their promise and win the Stanley Cup, they might just be able to point to the first game of the playoff marathon as their statement game. There was a time when the Lightning would not have had the maturity and patience to stay comfortable in a situation that was as uncomfortable as a five-overtime game. But not once did they panic. Not once did they waver or lose their energy. Not once did they break down in 150 minutes and 27 seconds of hockey and six hours and 13 minutes of real time, which represents the fourth-longest game in NHL history. It was truly remarkable. If Brayden Point had not scored at 10:27 of the fifth overtime period with his ninth shot on goal in the game, the two teams would have combined for at least 300 shot attempts. The Lightning and Blue Jackets combined for 105 hits and the Blue Jackets blocked a ridiculous 62 shots. Victor Hedman had 12 of his shots blocked alone. Blue Jackets defenseman Seth Jones played 65 minutes and six seconds, the most ice time a player has logged since the NHL became keeping track of time on ice. In fact, there was a rumor that Blue Jackets coach John Tortorella, who has been raising eyebrows by wearing a tracksuit behind the bench, was prepared to emerge from his team's dressing room wearing his pajamas if the game had gone into another overtime period. Here's how long this game was: When it started, Eddie Olczyk and Anson Carter were the intermission analysts for NBC Sports and Keith Jones and Patrick Sharp were the analysts by the time it ended. By the time the Lightning and Blue Jackets had played 110 minutes and 27 seconds in the first round last year, they were trailing 2-0 in games and down 2-0 in Game 3. The Lightning went on to get swept in that series in one of the most ignominious choke jobs in NHL history. This time had to be different. And thanks to their effort in Game 1, it was. And even though the game lasted the equivalent of 2 ½ regulation games, it was early in the proceedings that the Lightning established their identity. That was when Pierre-Luc Dubois opened the scoring for the Blue Jackets just 2:39 into the first period. " 'Don't sacrifice defense for offense.' I must have said that 100 times," said Lightning coach John Cooper. "It's when things go awry, a.k.a. we don't get the first goal, are we going to go away from our game plan? And we didn't. I think it was a good step for us." It was not so much that the Lightning won Game 1, it was how they won it that impressed. They took the game the Blue Jackets gave them and did not waver, even when they knew they were outplaying their opponent with nothing to show for their efforts. To play all that hockey and come up empty can be nothing but demoralizing for the Blue Jackets, who have played a lot of hockey since the qualifying round began and have had to work so hard for everything they've earned. They play a style of hockey that is not easy to play. It requires sacrifice and physical punishment and, even when it has almost five months off, that can wear on a team. Building a team that can win a Stanley Cup takes a long time and there's always that school of thought that a heavily favored team needs to take the equivalent of a kick to the pills with a pair of steel-toed boots from an underdog in order to learn what it takes to be a champion.

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New Books Released In Aug 2022 That Caught My Eye Here are a few books that caught my eye that are released in August 2022. Here is my YouTube version… 1-Ravenfall Middle Grade, Fantasy, Paranormal, Halloween by Kalyn Josephson Release Date August 30, 2022 Good Reads gave it 4.68 stars Overview From GoodReads One magical inn, two kids with supernatural powers, and an ancient Celtic creature trying to destroy their world by Halloween night… Halloweentown meets Supernatural in this spooky middle-grade series from the acclaimed author of the Storm Crow duology! Thirteen-year-old Annabella Ballinkay has never been normal, even by her psychic family's standards. Every generation uses their abilities to help run the Ravenfall Inn, a sprawling, magical B&B at the crossroads of the human world and the Otherworld. But it's hard to contribute when your only power is foreseeing death. So when fourteen-year-old Colin Pierce arrives at Ravenfall searching for his missing older brother and the supernatural creature who killed their parents, Anna jumps at the chance to help. But the mysteries tied to Colin go much deeper than either of them expects. . . . As the two team up to find answers, they unearth Colin's family's secret past and discover that Colin has powers beyond his imagination. And now the supernatural creature, one with eerie origins in Celtic mythology, is coming after him. If Anna and Colin can't stop the creature by Halloween night, the veil to the Otherworld could be ripped open—which would spell destruction for their world as they know it. 📚📚📚📚📚📚📚📚📚📚 2-Daisy Darker Mystery, Fiction, Thriller, Suspense Release Date Aug 30, 2022 Author-Alice Feeney Goodreads gave it 4.15 stars Overview From the GoodReads Site The New York Times bestselling Queen of Twists returns…with a family reunion that leads to murder. After years of avoiding each other, Daisy Darker's entire family is assembling for Nana's 80th birthday party in Nana's crumbling gothic house on a tiny tidal island. Finally back together one last time, when the tide comes in, they will be cut off from the rest of the world for eight hours. The family arrives, each of them harboring secrets. Then at the stroke of midnight, as a storm rages, Nana is found dead. And an hour later, the next family member follows… Trapped on an island where someone is killing them one by one, the Darkers must reckon with their present mystery as well as their past secrets, before the tide comes in and all is revealed. With a wicked wink to Agatha Christie's And Then There Were None, Daisy Darker's unforgettable twists will leave readers reeling. 3-I'm Glad My Mom Died Nonfiction, Memoir, Mental Health by Jenette McCurdy GoodReads give it 4.53 stars out of 5. A heartbreaking and hilarious memoir by iCarly and Sam & Cat star Jennette McCurdy about her struggles as a former child actor—including eating disorders, addiction, and a complicated relationship with her overbearing mother—and how she retook control of her life. Jennette McCurdy was six years old when she had her first acting audition. Her mother's dream was for her only daughter to become a star, and Jennette would do anything to make her mother happy. So she went along with what Mom called "calorie restriction," eating little and weighing herself five times a day. She endured extensive at-home makeovers while Mom chided, "Your eyelashes are invisible, okay? You think Dakota Fanning doesn't tint hers?" She was even showered by Mom until age sixteen while sharing her diaries, email, and all her income. In I'm Glad My Mom

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Died, Jennette recounts all this in unflinching detail—just as she chronicles what happens when the dream finally comes true. Cast in a new Nickelodeon series called iCarly, she is thrust into fame. Though Mom is ecstatic, emailing fan club moderators and getting on a first-name basis with the paparazzi ("Hi Gale!"), Jennette is riddled with anxiety, shame, and self-loathing, which manifest into eating disorders, addiction, and a series of unhealthy relationships. These issues only get worse when, soon after taking the lead in the iCarlyspinoff Sam & Cat alongside Ariana Grande, her mother dies of cancer. Finally, after discovering therapy and quitting acting, Jennette embarks on recovery and decides for the first time in her life what she really wants. Told with refreshing candor and dark humor, I'm Glad My Mom Died is an inspiring story of resilience, independence, and the joy of shampooing your own hair. 4 Other Birds Magical Realism, Fiction, Fantasy GoodReads give it 4.29 Stars Overview found on GoodReads From the New York Times bestselling author of Garden Spellscomes an enchanting tale filled with magical realism and moments of pure love that won't let you go. Between the real and the imaginary, there are stories that take flight in the most extraordinary ways. Right off the coast of South Carolina, on Mallow Island, The Dellawisp sits—a stunning old cobblestone building shaped like a horseshoe, and named after the tiny turquoise birds who, alongside its human tenants, inhabit an air of magical secrecy. When Zoey comes to claim her deceased mother's apartment on an island outside of Charleston she meets her quirky and secretive neighbors, including a girl on the run, two estranged middle-aged sisters, a lonely chef, a legendary writer, and three ghosts. Each with their own story. Each with their own longings. Each whose ending isn't yet written. 5 The Lost Girls of Willowbrook By Ellen Marie Wiseman Historical Fiction, Mystery, Mental Health, Thriller Good Reads rating is 4.36 out of 5 stars In her most powerful novel to date, New York Times bestselling author Ellen Marie Wiseman masterfully viscerally evokes the real-life Willowbrook State School, the infamous Staten Island, New York, mental institution that shocked a nation when exposed in the 1970s as a dumping ground for unwanted children. Girl, Interrupted meets One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest in this gripping narrative of social injustice, survival, and a young woman determined to find her sister. Sage Winters always knew her sister was a little different even though they were identical twins. They loved the same things and shared a deep understanding, but Rosemary—awake to every emotion, easily moved to joy or tears—seemed to need more protection from the world. Six years after Rosemary's death from pneumonia, Sage, now sixteen, still misses her deeply. Their mother perished in a car crash, and Sage's stepfather, Alan, resents being burdened by a responsibility he never wanted. Yet despite living as near strangers in their Staten Island apartment, Sage is stunned to discover that Alan has kept a shocking secret: Rosemary didn't die. She was committed to Willowbrook State School and has lingered there until just a few days ago, when she went missing. Sage knows little about Willowbrook. It's always been a place shrouded by rumor and mystery. A place local parents threaten to send misbehaving kids. With no idea what to expect, Sage secretly sets out for Willowbrook, determined to find Rosemary. What she learns, once she steps through its doors and is mistakenly believed to be her sister, will change her life in ways she never could imagined… 6-Good Grief: On Loving Pets, Here and Hereafter Non-Fiction, Animals by E B Bartels GoodReads Rating 4.62 Stars An unexpected, poignant, and personal account of loving and losing pets, exploring the singular bonds we have with

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1,024

CommonCrawl

1.660878

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0.436768

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package gov.nasa.worldwind.retrieve; import gov.nasa.worldwind.NamedObject; import gov.nasa.worldwind.cache.FileStore; import gov.nasa.worldwind.event.BulkRetrievalListener; import gov.nasa.worldwind.geom.Sector; /** * Interface for classes whose data may be retrieved in bulk from its remote source. When used, will copy the requested * data to either the local World Wind cache or a specified filestore. Data already contained in the specified location * is not recopied. * * @author Patrick Murris * @version $Id: BulkRetrievable.java 12882 2009-12-09 23:28:34Z tgaskins $ */ public interface BulkRetrievable extends NamedObject { /** * Initiates data retrieval to the current World Wind data cache. The method starts a new thread to perform the * retrieval. The thread terminates when either all the requested data has been retrieved or when any data not * retrieved is determined to be unretrievable. * * @param sector the sector for which to retrieve the data. * @param resolution the resolution desired. All data within the specified sector up to and including this * resolution is downloaded. * @param listener an optional bulk-download listener that can be used to monitor the success or failure of * individual retrievals. Note: The listener is called on the thread performing the download, * which is not the event dispatch thread. Therefore any interaction with AWT or Swing within the * call must be done within a call to SwingUtilities.invokeLater(). * * @return returns the running thread created to perform the retrieval. */ BulkRetrievalThread makeLocal(Sector sector, double resolution, BulkRetrievalListener listener); /** * Estimates the amount of data, in bytes, that must be retrieved to the World Wind data cache for a specified * sector and resolution. * * @param sector the sector for which to retrieve the data. * @param resolution the resolution desired. All data within the specified sector up to and including this * resolution is downloaded. * * @return the estimated data size, in bytes. */ long getEstimatedMissingDataSize(Sector sector, double resolution); /** * Estimates the amount of data, in bytes, that must be retrieved to a specified filestore for a specified sector * and resolution. * * @param sector the sector for which to retrieve the data. * @param resolution the resolution desired. All data within the specified sector up to and including this * resolution is downloaded. * @param fileStore the location to place the data. If null, the current World Wind cache is used. * * @return the estimated data size, in bytes. */ long getEstimatedMissingDataSize(Sector sector, double resolution, FileStore fileStore); /** * Initiates data retrieval to a specified filestore. The method starts a new thread to perform the * retrieval. The thread terminates when either all the requested data has been retrieved or when any data not * retrieved is determined to be unretrievable. * * @param sector the sector for which to retrieve the data. * @param resolution the resolution desired. All data within the specified sector up to and including this * resolution is downloaded. * @param listener an optional bulk-download listener that can be used to monitor the success or failure of * individual retrievals. Note: The listener is called on the thread performing the download, * which is not the event dispatch thread. Therefore any interaction with AWT or Swing within the * call must be done within a call to SwingUtilities.invokeLater(). * @param fileStore the location to place the data. If null, the current World Wind cache is used. * * @return returns the running thread created to perform the retrieval. */ BulkRetrievalThread makeLocal(Sector sector,

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1,024

Github

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0.766337

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L'incendie survenu le dans un local associatif de Göteborg, transformé pour un soir en discothèque, est l'une des plus grandes catastrophes de l'histoire moderne de la Suède : il a causé la mort de , âgés de douze à vingt ans. Les flammes s'étant déclarées dans l'unique escalier de secours, l'évacuation n'était possible que par l'entrée et par les fenêtres, et de nombreuses personnes furent prises au piège dans un local dont la capacité d'accueil était largement dépassée. La piste criminelle fut immédiatement évoquée, mais ce n'est qu'en 2000 que les coupables furent arrêtés et condamnés. Les faits L'incendie se déclare dans la soirée du peu après , dans un bâtiment du quartier de Backaplan à Göteborg, abritant entre autres un local appartenant à une association d'immigrés macédoniens. Transformé en discothèque à l'initiative de quatre amis âgés d'une vingtaine d'années, cet espace associatif accueille ce soir-là une foule nombreuse de jeunes pour l'essentiel issus de l'immigration. Situé au premier étage du bâtiment, le local est accessible par deux escaliers menant à deux portes (entrée et sortie de secours) larges de seulement . Les nombreuses fenêtres sont situées à du sol à l'intérieur, et à une hauteur d'environ cinq mètres sur la façade. Le soir de l'incendie, des tables et des chaises sont entreposées dans l'escalier de secours, le rendant impraticable. La soirée est par ailleurs un succès, et se sont près de quatre cents jeunes qui se pressent dans une salle prévue à l'origine pour un maximum de cent cinquante personnes. L'incendie se déclare dans l'escalier menant à la sortie de secours et y reste longtemps circonscrit, avant que deux jeunes filles ne remarquent de la fumée et alertent le disc-jockey, qui ordonne l'évacuation des lieux peu avant . Deux cent cinquante jeunes parviennent à s'extraire du bâtiment dans les dix minutes qui suivent, mais cent cinquante restent coincés à l'intérieur. Alertés dès , les pompiers arrivent en quelques minutes sur les lieux, mais l'assistance aux personnes prises au piège dans le bâtiment est une tâche longue et difficile. Le bilan final de l'incendie, établi quelques jours plus tard, est de et plus de . Il s'agit alors de la plus grande catastrophe qu'ait connue la Suède depuis la Seconde Guerre mondiale, après le naufrage de l'Estonia en 1994<ref group=nt>Environ ont trouvé la mort lors du naufrage de lEstonia. En 2004, le tsunami dans l'océan Indien a fait 543 victimes suédoises.</ref>. Suites judiciaires La catastrophe suscite une émotion considérable en Suède et à l'étranger. L'hypothèse d'un acte criminel est rapidement évoquée, et des moyens importants sont mis en place pour retrouver le ou les coupables : cent policiers sont mobilisés dans les premiers jours, et le travail des enquêteurs est placé sous la responsabilité de deux procureurs. Malgré cela, l'enquête piétine pendant de longs mois. Plus d'un an après le drame, en , une récompense de trois millions de couronnes est promise pour toute information permettant d'identifier le ou les meurtriers, et un appel à témoin est lancé à la télévision. Ce nouvel élan donné à l'enquête porte rapidement ses fruits, et des suspects sont arrêtés début 2000. Il s'agit de quatre jeunes hommes d'origine iranienne, âgés au moment des faits de 19, 18, 18 et . L'hypothèse d'un crime raciste - la majorité des victimes étant issue de

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l'immigration - est donc écartée. Le procès a lieu en . En raison du très grand nombre de parties civiles, les débats sont organisés dans un centre de conférence de Göteborg, la Svenska Mässan. Trois salles reliées par un système de vidéo-conférence sont nécessaires pour accueillir les familles des victimes, tandis que les huit chaises destinées aux proches des accusés restent vides. L'un des quatre jeunes hommes reconnait avoir mis le feu à des papiers dans la cage d'escalier, dans l'espoir de déclencher l'alarme incendie, et d'interrompre les festivités. À l'origine de cet acte inconsidéré, le dépit ressenti après s'être vu imposer l'achat d'un billet d'entrée, alors qu'il se considérait comme proche des organisateurs. Les quatre accusés nient toute intention meurtrière, ce que la cour ne conteste pas : le chef d'inculpation est « incendie volontaire aggravé » (), une qualification qui n'implique pas la présence de victimes. En appel, les trois accusés les plus âgés sont condamnés à des peines de huit, sept et sept ans d'emprisonnement, tandis que le quatrième, mineur au moment des faits, est condamné à trois ans en centre fermé pour jeunes. Malgré les manquements relevés à la sécurité (local bondé, sortie de secours obstruée), les organisateurs de la soirée n'ont pas été poursuivis par la justice suédoise. Rapport sur les facteurs Un rapport officiel en langue anglaise de cet accident a été émis par l'organisme suédois chargé des enquêtes sur les accidents de la route et les accidents non liés aux transports (havkom). Facteur identifiés contributeurs à l'accident: Nombre de personnes supérieur à ce que permettaient les sorties d'urgence Blocage des escaliers d'évacuation avec une à deux tonnes de matériaux combustibles. La présence de matériel combustible sur le lieu où un incendie a été volontairement déclenché a créé un feu initialement intense La porte à proximité de la sortie d'urgence était ouverte facilitant l'alimentation du feu par une entrée d'air frais Le feu a pu se développer pendant dix à vingt minutes avant d'être découvert La porte pour rejoindre l'escalier d'évacuation ne fonctionnait pas L'évacuation a été retardée en raison d'un échec à signaler clairement la sévérité de la situation La fumée et les gaz toxiques ont rendu difficile l'évacuation La seule autre route d'évacuation était partiellement bloquée par une table. Un groupe restreint de personnes allongées sur le sol s'est retrouvé coincé dans l'ouverture de la porte. Une incompréhension avec les organismes de secours d'urgence a retardé l'intervention des secours d'environ deux minutes! Le chaos sur les lieux a rendu difficile l'intervention de l'équipe de secours Le centre de secours n'a pas appelé toutes les ressources nécessaires Le commandement opérationnel de l'opération de sauvetage n'était pas structuré et manquait de personnel de soutien. Aucune extinction d'incendie n'a eu lieu pendant la période de sauvetage de l'opération. L'opération de sauvetage externe par la fenêtre du vestiaire n'a pas eu lieu Monument Le , un monument à la mémoire des victimes est inauguré à proximité du lieu de l'incendie. Œuvre de l'artiste Claes Hake, il porte le nom et l'âge des . À l'arrière du monument, on peut lire l'inscription suivante : Notes et références NotesP3 dokumentär om DiskoteksbrandenLe , la station de radio suédoise P3 a diffusé un documentaire réalisé par Anton Berg sur l'incendie de Göteborg.Autres références

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Der Altiplano (auf Quechua und Aymara Qullaw) ist eine abflusslose Hochebene in Südost-Peru und West-Bolivien zwischen den Hochgebirgsketten der West-Anden (Cordillera Occidental) und der Ost-Anden (Cordillera Oriental). Lage Als Altiplano wird das ausgedehnte Plateau bezeichnet, das sich in den Zentralanden zwischen 13° S und 27° S befindet. Praktisch ist es das Gebiet, das die 3 km-Höhenlinie umschließt. Danach verläuft der Altiplano über 1800 km entlang des Rückgrats des Gebirges von Süd-Peru, über West-Bolivien bis nach Nord-Chile und Nord-Argentinien und variiert zwischen 350 und 400 km Breite. Der Altiplano liegt auf einer durchschnittlichen Höhe von und erstreckt sich über eine Fläche von etwa 170.000 km². Im Norden des Altiplano liegt der Titicacasee, der größte Hochgebirgssee der Erde. Entstehung Der Altiplano entwickelte sich, seit sich diese Region mit Beginn des Känozoikums (vor 65 Mio. Jahren) gegenüber der westlichen und östlichen Kordillere stark absenkte, so dass sich kilometerdicke Sedimentablagerungen bildeten. Seit dem Miozän (20 Millionen Jahre) herrscht in der Westkordillere rege vulkanische Aktivität, durch die sich Stratovulkane von heute bis zu 6000 m Höhe gebildet haben. Noch heute zeugen heiße Dampf- und Schwefelquellen am Rande des Altiplano von diesem jungen Vulkanismus. Seit Beginn des Pleistozän vor zwei Millionen Jahren hat eine Hebung der intermontanen Becken eingesetzt. Das Zentrum des Altiplano und kleinere Teilbecken im Süden waren in den vergangenen 30.000 Jahren von großen Seen (Ballivián-See) beherrscht. Die Süßwasserseen aus dieser Zeit hatten eine mittlere Tiefe von 20 bis 70 Metern, was auf eine deutlich höhere Niederschlagstätigkeit als heute hinweist. Das Ende der letzten Kaltzeit und der Beginn des Holozän vor etwa 10.000 Jahren leiteten einen deutlichen Klimaumschwung ein – es wurde zwar wärmer, aber die Niederschlagsmengen gingen zurück. Klima und Vegetation Das Klima des Altiplano ist kalt und semiarid bis arid. Die jährlichen Durchschnittstemperaturen schwanken zwischen 2 °C in höheren, wasserlosen Gebieten und etwa 10 °C am Titicacasee. Die Nachttemperaturen liegen häufig unter dem Gefrierpunkt, vor allem während der Trockenzeit (Mai bis August), die durchschnittlichen Tagestemperaturmaxima hingegen erreichen je nach Lage bis 15 °C. Die Jahresniederschläge variieren je nach Topografie und Breitenlage. Gegen den südlichen Wendekreis hin liegen sie bei unter 200 mm, während sie im Norden an den Ufern des Titicacasees und gegen die Cordillera Real hin über 800 mm erreichen können. Schneefall ist selten und tritt am ehesten zwischen April und September auf. Der gesamte Altiplano gehört zur Vegetationsform der baumlosen Hochlandsteppen. Der größte Teil weist Charakteristiken der Puna auf, einer Hochgebirgssteppe mit wechselfeuchtem Klima. Allgegenwärtig ist hier das spröde Ichugras, welches in der Trockenzeit eine goldgelbe Farbe annimmt. Einige Randbereiche des nördlichen Altiplano haben eine Vegetation, welche dem Páramo gleicht, einem Landschaftstyp mit relativ hoher Feuchtigkeit bei geringen Jahrestemperaturschwankungen. Der südwestliche Teil des Altiplano ist wüstenhaft. Gewässer Wichtige Gew

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Hallmark: SIGNED, SEALED, DELIVERED: The Series Ten One-Hour Episodes of the Award Winning Hallmark Series Starring Eric Mabius Arrives On DVD And Digital HD April 21 Los Angeles, CA – Handwritten letters change lives in the popular, award winning drama Signed, Sealed, Delivered: The Series arriving on DVD and Digital HD April 21 from Cinedigm (NASDAQ: CIDM). Starring Eric Mabius ("Ugly Betty"), and featuring must-see appearances from special guest stars, including Carol Burnett ("The Carol Burnett Show"), Della Reese ("Touched By An Angel"), Valerie Harper ("Rhoda"), Valerie Bertinelli ("Hot in Cleveland"), and Marilu Henner ("Taxi"), it's easy to see why Entertainment Weekly called the series "an instant classic." Signed, Sealed, Delivered: The Series is a wonderful combination of romance, comedy and drama for the whole family. The ten one-hour episodes follow four postal workers, the PO-stables, who transform themselves into an elite team of Dead Letter detectives to track down intended recipients of undeliverable mail. Their missions take them out of the office and into an unpredictable world where redirected letters and packages can save lives, solve crimes, reunite old loves and change futures by arriving late but somehow on time. The team includes the group's leader, charming Oliver O'Toole (Mabius), a man of faith who upholds traditional values in his life and work; Shane McInerney (Kristin Booth), a technophile who brings 21st century sensibility to the group; free-spirited, "girl next door" Rita Haywith (Crystal Lowe) who has a photographic memory; and lovable Norman Dorman (Geoff Gustafson), a master in conventional research methods. By the end, it becomes evident that the missions of the PO-stables aren't just making an impact on the lives of others; they're being changed, too. Initially airing on the Hallmark Channel as an original movie, the season of "Signed, Sealed, Delivered" boosted the Hallmark Channel's ranking as the #5 rated cable network on Sundays from 8-9 p.m. "Signed, Sealed, Delivered" is executive produced by Martha Williamson, best known as the executive producer of "Touched by an Angel" and beloved for her signature brand of family entertainment. The narratives of the "Signed, Sealed, Delivered" franchise continue as an enhanced two-hour format on Hallmark Movies & Mysteries. "Signed, Sealed, Delivered From Paris With Love" (wt) is slated to debut June 2015 and is the first of three "Signed Sealed Delivered" movies being produced for Hallmark Movies & Mysteries. "Signed, Sealed, Delivered From Paris With Love" (wt) explores the mystery of love when Oliver's estranged wife suddenly returns from Paris the same day he and his Postables team, Shane, Rita and Norman, deliver divorce papers to a happy couple. Jeremy [Howlin' Wolf] Hosted by Jeremy [Retro] at 4:30 AM Intrada: LADY AND THE TRAMP [2Cd] - Walt Disney Re... Intrada: THE GHOST AND THE DARKNESS [2Cd] - JERRY ... Intrada: CONEHEADS/TALENT FOR THE GAME/THE ITSY-BI... Lionsgate: BARK RANGER [DVD] Olive Films: PETER BENCHLEY'S CREATURE [FIRST TIME... Olive Films: IT! THE TERROR BEYOND SPACE [FIRST TI... Sylvester McCoy at C2E2 in CHICAGO [2015] Cheezy Flicks: Monster From a Prehistoric Planet Hallmark: MOM'S DAY AWAY [DVD] Olive Films: FLAWLESS [FIRST TIME ON BLU-RAY!] - M... Olive Films: EXTREMITIES [FIRST TIME ON BLU-RAY!] ... Olive Films: REMEMBER AP

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Jacksonville residents' innovative solutions to fight hunger head to state competition Beth Reese Cravey @BethReeseCravey Their pitches involved selling fresh food in street-side food machines, establishing small farms along the developing "emerald necklace" trail and delivering farm-fresh bags of vegetables to seniors in subsidized housing. The state winner receives $20,000 prize to implement their vision. Three Jacksonville women who came up with innovative direct-from-the-farm ideas about how to combat hunger in Northeast Florida won top honors in a regional competition and next month will pitch their projects in a state contest. Angela TenBroeck of Foodery Farms aims to sell fresh food in street-side food machines and Valerie Herrman of Ohana Nō Ka 'Oi envisions "convenience farm" franchises along the planned Emerald Trail. Meanwhile, Alina Gonzalez of Urban Folk Farm wants to expand an initiative she already has underway: delivering farm-fresh bags of vegetables to homebound seniors in subsidized housing, who can use food stamps as payment, and showing them easy-to-follow cooking variations. They were the finalists among 16 entrepreneurs who participated in the inaugural Block by Block Food Insecurity Challenge in Jacksonville, one of four regional competitions sponsored by Guidewell, the parent company of Florida Blue. On Oct. 16 they and nine other finalists from across the state, each of whom received $2,000 prizes at the regional level, will compete for a $20,000 prize to implement their vision. "That would be awesome," Gonzalez said. "I want to share this [senior feeding] program. It is so easy and so sustainable for other small farms." The Block by Block Food Insecurity Challenge stemmed from longtime discussions at Guidewell Innovations, a nonprofit unit of Guidewell that focuses on health and wellness, about how to address food insecurity, said Executive Director Kirstie McCool. About 3 million people in Florida, including 800,000 children and 500,000 seniors, are food insecure, which means they do not have close access to sufficient and nutritious food. In July a statewide challenge was issued "to all entrepreneurs, nonprofits, innovators and organizations to accelerate innovative thinking and make Florida communities more food secure." Guidewell's statewide partners are Synapse and AdventHealth. "We want to applaud all of the applicants for their passion and commitment to developing innovative strategies that address food insecurity in our communities, a key social determinant of health that affects millions of people throughout Florida," she said. "Our goal with a challenge like this is to foster innovation and collaboration while providing resources to improve the health and well-being of people in our communities." Putting the question out to entrepreneurs who are already working on the issue across the state proved eye-opening, McCool said. "The work that all the participants are doing is just unbelievable — the focus and the level and quality of what we have going on," she said. "It's amazing work they are doing with limited budgets and resources." At the Jacksonville event, the judges were so impressed with the offerings that they created a fourth award. They gave a $2,000 Community Service Award to Hippie Que, a nonprofit food truck that collects nearly expired food from grocery stores and food waste from restaurants and other local sources and transforms it into hot meals for homeless people. Also, McCool saw potential for applicants to help each other make progress. So she decided to bring them back together at a later date. "It was moving for me personally to watch the collaboration going on between everyone in the room, connecting the dots that can be connected," she said. Foodery Farms' mission is simple and ambitious: "To feed our community with healthy, consistently fresh and always safe food while educating future generations about the value of a healthy diet. We are passionate about changing lives with agriculture." CEO TenBroeck and her family have farmed hydroponically in North Florida since the 1970s. Hydroponics is a method of growing plants without soil by floating their roots in chemically enhanced water. She launched Foodery Farms in the Whitehouse section of Jacksonville, in a food desert and brown

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1,024

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Graphics Interface 92 http://www.graphicsinterface.org/ GI - Graphics Interface Graphics Interface is the Canadian annual conference devoted to computer graphics and interactive techniques." The first GI conference was held in 1982. Together with its precursor, the biennial Canadian Man-Computer Communications Conference (CMCCC), which was first held in 1969, "it is the oldest regularly-scheduled computer graphics and human-computer interaction conference. Fong, Philip, Seidel, Hans-Peter (1992): An implementation of multivariate B--spline surfaces over arbitrary triangulations. In: Graphics Interface 92 May 11-15, 1992, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. pp. 1-10. Fishkin, Ken (1992): Performing in--place affine transformations in constant space. In: Graphics Interface 92 May 11-15, 1992, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. pp. 106-114. Naylor, Bruce F. (1992): Interactive solid geometry via partitioning trees. In: Graphics Interface 92 May 11-15, 1992, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. pp. 11-18. Li, Jin, Mantei, Marilyn (1992): Working together virtually. In: Graphics Interface 92 May 11-15, 1992, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. pp. 115-122. Buxton, Bill (1992): Telepresence: Integrating shared task and person spaces. In: Graphics Interface 92 May 11-15, 1992, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. pp. 123-129. Mantei, Marilyn (1992): CSCW -- WCSC: Computer--supported cooperative work -- What changes for the science of comp. In: Graphics Interface 92 May 11-15, 1992, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. pp. 130-139. MacKenzie, I. Scott (1992): Movement time prediction in human--computer interfaces. In: Graphics Interface 92 May 11-15, 1992, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. pp. 140-150. Shoemake, Ken (1992): ARCBALL: A user interface for specifying three--dimensinal orientation using a mouse. In: Graphics Interface 92 May 11-15, 1992, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. pp. 151-156. Harrison, Beverly L., Baecker, Ronald M. (1992): Designing video annotation and analysis systems. In: Graphics Interface 92 May 11-15, 1992, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. pp. 157-166. Schroder, Peter, Drucker, Steven M. (1992): A data parallel algorithm for raytracing of heterogeneous databases. In: Graphics Interface 92 May 11-15, 1992, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. pp. 167-175. Jevans, David A. (1992): Object space temporal coherence for ray tracing. In: Graphics Interface 92 May 11-15, 1992, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. pp. 176-183. Woo, Andrew (1992): Ray tracing polygons using spatial subdivision. In: Graphics Interface 92 May 11-15, 1992, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. pp. 184-191. Watson, Benjamin, Hodges, Larry F. (1992): Fast algorithms for rendering cubic curves. In: Graphics Interface 92 May 11-15, 1992, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. pp. 19-28. Paglieroni, David W., Petersen, Sidney M. (1992): Parametric height field ray tracing. In: Graphics Interface 92 May 11

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1,024

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-15, 1992, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. pp. 192-200. Naylor, Bruce F. (1992): Partitioning tree image representation and generation from 3D geometric models. In: Graphics Interface 92 May 11-15, 1992, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. pp. 201-212. Prusinkiewicz, Przemyslaw, Hammel, Mark S. (1992): Escape--time visualization method for language--restricted iterated function systems. In: Graphics Interface 92 May 11-15, 1992, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. pp. 213-223. Hart, John C. (1992): The object instancing paradigm for linear fractal modeling. In: Graphics Interface 92 May 11-15, 1992, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. pp. 224-231. Manocha, Dinesh, Demmel, James (1992): Algorithms for intersecting parametric and algebraic curves. In: Graphics Interface 92 May 11-15, 1992, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. pp. 232-241. Gleicher, Michael, Kass, Michael (1992): An interval refinement technique for surface intersection. In: Graphics Interface 92 May 11-15, 1992, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. pp. 242-249. Figueiredo, Luiz Henrique de, Gomes, Jonas de Miranda, Terzopoulos, Demetri, Velho, Luiz (1992): Physically--based methods for polygonization of implicit surfaces. In: Graphics Interface 92 May 11-15, 1992, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. pp. 250-257. Shoemake, Ken, Duff, Tom (1992): Matrix animation and polar decomposition. In: Graphics Interface 92 May 11-15, 1992, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. pp. 258-264. Hodgins, Jessica, Sweeney, Paula, Lawrence, David G. (1992): Generating natural--looking motion for computer animation. In: Graphics Interface 92 May 11-15, 1992, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. pp. 265-272. Stewart, A. James, Cremer, James (1992): Beyond keyframing: An algorithmic approach to animation. In: Graphics Interface 92 May 11-15, 1992, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. pp. 273-281. Pike, Rob (1992): A minimalist global user interface. In: Graphics Interface 92 May 11-15, 1992, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. pp. 282-293. Bajaj, Chandrajit L., Royappa, Andrew V. (1992): Parameterization in finite precision. In: Graphics Interface 92 May 11-15, 1992, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. pp. 29-36. Fekete, Jean-Daniel (1992): A multi--layer graphic model for building interactive graphical applications. In: Graphics Interface 92 May 11-15, 1992, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. pp. 294-300. Helm, Richard, Huynh, Tien, Lassez, Catherine, Marriott, Kim (1992): A linear constraint technology for interactive graphic systems. In: Graphics Interface 92 May 11-15, 1992, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. pp. 301-309. Bian, Buming, Wittels, Norman, Fussell, Donald S. (1992): Non--uniform patch luminance for global illumination. In: Graphics Interface 92 May 11-15, 1992,

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As a week-long US operation ends, residents and some troops worry that insurgents will soon return. Walking in from the desert before dawn, the marines entering the ancient city of Hit bristled with armaments. Flak jackets bulged with extra ammo clips. Packs were heavy with spare mortar rounds and grenades. Many of the men recalled the last time they entered the city in October, calling it a miracle that none was killed in a determined insurgent ambush. Yet pulling out of the city five days later, every one of those mortars and grenades remained intact. The 250 marines, most from Bravo Company of the 1st Marine Division's 23rd Regiment out of Houston, had fired fewer than 100 rifle rounds. There were few signs of the fighters that made Forward Operating Base Hit one of the most mortared US positions in Iraq. It was much the same story in a recent Marine offensive across Anbar Province, the center of Iraq's insurgency. As part of "River Blitz," Marines took over trouble-spots like Hit, Haditha, Baghdadi, and Ramadi with hardly any shots being fired. But from the upper ranks to the most junior boots on the ground, few believe the relative ease of this operation means the insurgency in Anbar is over. Instead, the militants are fleeing before the marines arrive, only to return when the marines withdraw. The temporary nature of the Marine takeovers is hampering US efforts to get local cooperation on security. "They called it River Blitz, but it's been more like operation River Dance,'' says Sgt. Bob Grandfield, from Boston. "This is what insurgents are supposed to do. Run away when we come in. If they fight, they know we'll just kill them." "They're very perceptive, not stupid at all, and they probably saw tanks were moved here. So they left,'' says Lt. Col Stephen Dinauer from Verona, Wisc, commander of the 3rd Light Armored Reconnaissance Battalion, which headed up operations in Hit. "It's frustrating, because we can't be everywhere at once." While acknowledging that most top insurgents probably fled prior to the assault, Colonel Dinauer still rates operations in Hit (pronounced Heat) a success. About 40 men were detained, and a number of weapons caches were uncovered. He also believes that insurgents in the area have been "knocked back on their heels," preventing them from planning more attacks and making it easier to move troops around the province. But while Marines conducted their offensive in Anbar, insurgents struck elsewhere. A suicide car bomb in Hilla, south of Baghdad, killed 125 people - the deadliest single attack since the toppling of Saddam Hussein. Wednesday, unknown gunmen in Baghdad shot and killed a judge involved in the trial of Mr. Hussein. As the Marines involved in "River Blitz" pull out Anbar Province, a smaller US force is replacing them. One senior marine said he feels "guilty about leaving" Hit because he worries that insurgents will seek reprisals on residents in the absence of local police. These sentiments echo the scaled-back expectations among troops on the ground. Gone is the talk about breaking the back of the insurgency that was floated before the November battle for Fallujah, where hundreds of militants were dug in and ready to fight. Instead, the troops speak about a long, painstaking process of intelligence gathering, slowly constricting the corridor along the Euphrates river that has helped foreign militants move into Iraq from Syria and helped domestic militants move men and money. And they speak about slowly finding a way to train and motivate Iraqi troops to replace the largely failed experiment with the Iraqi National Guard, which has been plagued by desertions, insurgent infiltration, and a refusal to fight because of fears of reprisals against their family members. Patrolling Hit, a city of 100,000 people, the marines encountered no open hostility. Little boys fascinated by their guns chased after them and young men peppered them with questions in broken English. In five days in the city, one sniper was killed by the marines, and another man was killed after a drive by shooting. In Anbar

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The Personal Scientific study Animation Dissertation This study document seemed to be undertaken to get and examine character performing in animation, and the distinct methods which is used to express experiencing and spirit. The document is focused all around how the audience is normally influenced simply by techniques involving character working, and what components contribute to the believability. Analysis of various materials, articles together with online options have been embarked to aid the very analysis and conclusion. The data researched, seems to indicate that thought process have to occur before an action comes together by the personality. Developing a charm with sympathy through their valuable emotions allows the market relate to these products, contributing to the richer, more believable result. Various tactics are used to specific thought process and also emotion, nonetheless , discovery contributed to the realizing that body language will be just as significant without dialogue. Internal thought process is best shown through a figures eye motions in conjunction with body language. The aim of this researching document would be to gain some deeper knowledge and know-how about how working methods inside character movement can be utilised and articulated to express emotions through the present of essential thought processes in a persona. This research will investigate the methods made use of by animators to make the 'illusion of life' and discover exactly how it can become believable and engaging in the audience.can you help me with homework in canada "Acting is defined as the ability of practise connected with representing a personality on a period or previously cameras as well as derives from Latin statement 'agere', signifying to do… an useless meaning for that word appearing is animate. " (John Kundert-Gibbs, 2011, p4) Study will be put to use on specific techniques of real/stage drama to develop an awareness of performing in persona animation. Background to the Research "Animate : verb /annimayt/ 1 . give life or simply activity. two give (a film or possibly character) the appearance of movement utilizing animation. coordinating conjunction /annimt/ to life; having existence. Derives, tegnefilmstegner noun. Source, Latin animare, from ossatura 'life, soul'. " (Oxford English Dictionary) Animation continues to be thought to include originated above 35, 000 years ago, following the discovery of ancient wall paintings throughout places enjoy Altamira along with Lascaux; which will depicted a variety of humans, products and critters as Rich Williams (2001, p13) makes clear, sometimes using four pairs of feet to show movements. In the premature 1800's, Williams shows (2001, p14-15) there were different different products developed for your sole function of creating the illusion of motion such as the Thaumatrope, the Phenakistoscope, the Zoetrope, the Paxinoscope and the Flipper book. Each one of these devices have been based on the rediscovery, in 1824, of 'The persistence for vision' through Peter Mark Roget. The essential of this is located, "…on the belief that our sight temporarily support the image about anything they've just viewed. " (Williams, 2001, p13) In 1896, this caused the interest associated with Thomas Edison, who been for a while publicly release a combination of pictures, drawn just by James Stuart Blackton, in sequence called 'Humorous Phases for Funny Faces'. Since then, we still have seen numerous approaches to the genre regarding animation. Using the rise regarding Disney computer animation studios, throughout 1928, 'Steamboat Willie' ended up being introduced along with synchronised perfectly a new figure, Mickey Mouse. Simply by 1936, 'Snow White and then the Seven Dwarfs' was released that received fantastic success. I thought this was the place to start of the 'Golden Age' of animation this was shortly pursued by the popular Disney titles: Pinocchio, Dumbo, Bambi and Fantasia. It was not until Nov., 1995 which Toy Story, the first full length computer cartoon film was released by Pixar Animation Broadcasters. This caused another completely new era with animation. Ateliers like Dreamworks and Pink Sky rapidly followed. Behaving in birth has been acquired as the primary factor for designing believability inside an animated range, "But to make these layouts work, the main movements has to be bel

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1,024

CommonCrawl

0.201137

0.353641

0.478236

0.924372

ievable – which leads here we are at realism… That which we want to reach isn't realism, it's believability. " (Williams, 2001, v. 34) Just about all animated operating is designed to supply a character persona and believability. Just like within stage operating. Doron Meir (2008) talks about that believable acting is because the visitors feeling a good character's tactics of its very own inner purposes. Williams (2001) notes of which animation standards that were made by Disney Galleries very at the beginning, are still utilized today in any types of cartoon to bring people to life. Research Thought How are emotions as well as internal notion processes expressed through methods of working in individuality animation to generate characters believable and engaging to audience? Survey for Literature & Works Acting is an extremely broad area of interest, and can be placed on many different styles of behaving for time and photographic camera. Animation has already established a direct effect by the solutions and discoveries on how to express a character with movement. Because of this 'To often the Actor: Around the Technique of Acting' by Elizabeth Chekhov is an ideal choice this links with the acting. Chekhov is once known for her in-depth drama methods, and possesses stood for being an iconic educator for prominent actors today. Chekhov indicates the methods used to call up sensations, develop personalities and strengthen awareness being an actor. Almost all these things assist in develop particular 'Psychological Gestures' that he talks about within the e book, that show the audience what are the character is attempting to express via body language, and that is the key to some character's believability in an animated sequence. To get a more precise understanding of ways characters proceed, and the concepts surrounding nature animation for art, 'The Animators Endurance Guide' by way of Richard Williams is an exhaustive manual for the style plus techniques associated with hand-drawn computer animation. Containing the exact principles as used by animators to produce believable activity. "Williams have been one of the legitimate innovators, as well as serves as one of the links between the gold colored age of computer animation by hand and even new laptop animation achievements. " (Williams, 2001, blurb) Everything with this book deals with the overall goal of producing a personality that goes in a believable way. Drama relies on most of these techniques which can be shown by means of drawing methods of frame by simply frame animation. By starting these procedures, animators is often taught to check the details of the body to further realize how to produce triumphant animated people. The study of how character types display experience needs to be taken into consideration throughout this research. 'Acting for Animators' by Impotence Hooks talks about the thoroughly tested methods in acting the fact that reflect identity and sensing within a charm. This e-book takes people through Hook's lessons with acting as well as the theoretical tactic behind this techniques. Sympathy occurs a whole lot in this arrange, answering the necessity to create personas with sensation, for the visitors to empathise with. Investigation into personality movement and acting by simply example lets the treasure of tactics used in favorite film. 'Acting in Toon: A Look at fjorton Films' is really a second book by Erection dysfunction Hooks, which is where he examines twelve different animated videos, going through segment by segment, describing the main expressive together with emotive approaches used in each scene. Guided by all these film instances, the tactics discovered as a result of research, may be firmly recognized. Theoretical Approach for Selecting Data Data is going to be collected, analysed and available from a assortment of published extra sources which include: books, posts, web posts, web weblogs and seminars. All data files and vital information will probably be collected when it comes to research, but will not all often be related to the particular analysis with animation. Acting technique along with method may be the main area source of exploration, which will provide a broader backdrop ? setting to foundation opinions, creative ideas and feelings discovered in alternative literature information by some people in the industry. Novels sources comprising examples of tested practise will be used to further use the topic of homework. Information of Suggested Practise By lengthy discovery along with analysis regarding character performing in sprightliness, I plan to produce at the least six intriguing and possible artefacts this reflect advantage gained as a result of this homework

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1121, 310, 445, 3271, 1287 ]

1,024

CommonCrawl

0.348537

0.356237

-0.242864

1.225413

document, that should provide further understanding about how precisely precisely emotion makes it possible for an market to empathise with an cartoon character. The very preliminary pattern practise include the development of essential character creates to emphasise specified emotions right influenced through an internal spirit. This will then indicate how a character is usually developed more into a array believable toon sequences. Each one artefact designs to consist of one of the half a dozen basic emotional baggage, as stated simply by Ed Hook varieties, "…happiness, shock, fear, annoyance, disgust along with sadness…" (2000, p. 36) Characters utilised will be fashioned and rigged by a second source, that may provide a basic, easy to use marionette for the purpose of birth. Dialogue is definitely not used, as this may have as a distraction from the thoughts that are was executed to be stated through beahvior and cosmetic expressions. These types of artefacts can provide a sharper understanding of depths of the mind body actions that are usually overlooked. Character toon can take a lot of forms around the context connected with animation inside the traditional feel as well as in fashionable computer animation. "The using principles had been developed in addition to named: 1 . Squash in addition to Stretch… charge cards Timing in addition to Motion… several. Anticipation… 5. Staging… some. Follow Through as well as Overlapping… 6. Straight Ahead Action and Pose-to-Pose… 7. Slowly In plus Out… almost eight. Arcs… nine. Exaggeration… 10. Secondary Action… 11. Appeal…Personality in charm animation will be the goal out of all the above. " (John Lasseter, 1987, pp. 35-44, 7: 4) Lasseter explains how the specific common animation principles and tactics developed while in the 1930's by Walt Disney Studios need to be incorporated directly into all super-hero media "…especially character animation…" to develop roles look to get them to be "…more practical and entertaining" (Lasseter, 1987, pp. 35-44) Richard Williams explains, "The old knowledge applies to any kind of approach to typically the medium whatever the advances within technology. " (2001, r. 20) This shows that successful, believable animation of all kinds have spawned on the basis and influence of these conventional principles together with techniques. Rich Williams in addition tells us which will, in relation to 'classical' and personal pc animation, "Both share the same problems showing how to give a good performance by using movement, weight, timing together with empathy. " (2001, p. 20) This particular underlines a key point into the progresses of concept in birth, showing in which 3D animation software bundles only can be a technique regarding animating and never an easier way so that you can influence believable movement. Lasseter explains, "To make a character's personality feel real a good audience, she must be different versus the other characters on the display screen. A simple way to distinguish the celebrities of your personas is with contrast of motion. No 2 characters would likely do the exact same action quite as. " (1994) Creating a exclusive character, generates its style. John Kricfalusi (2006) reminisced of how he or she got used by Spinning chuck Jones' toons, noticing the initial expressions your dog drew. In particular as an example, the best way he comes two whites of the vision joined together with each other, one bigger than the other to create a "D-uh" expression. You find that uniqueness is very important if introducing individuality to a charm, Chekhov (1953, p. 83) explains with regards to characterisation, that particular features indigenous to a charm; like a typical movement, method of speech, chronic habit, peculiar way of running and so on, conveys the 'finishing touches' to your character. Personas become more lively and more human with this smaller feature. Hook varieties (2000, delaware. 36) details, "When we speak of creating the illusion about life around animation, the item boils decrease not to gestures and naturalistic movement, but for emotion". Tow hooks continues to report that theoretically discussing

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1,024

CommonCrawl

0.041

0.286156

-0.325128

0.575266

, emotion is the essential component of acting because the point regarding empathy for your audience. Hooks, "Empathy will be as essential to active acting while oxygen should be to water. " (2000, r. 9) Personalities of all points, in an attempt to get them to be believable from an audience, need to have a particular persona. The target audience needs to be immediately affected by your character's onscreen emotion, to truly feel a sense empathy. Not having, the audience will lose attention easily and the objectives inside the storyline will be able to diminish. Hook varieties (2000, r. 41), demonstrates Charlie Chaplin as one of the a good number of influential comedians that applied a great deal of agape in his deliver the results to touch the exact audiences' behavior. He details that the innovation as being a performer has already established a huge determine on the regarding comics as well as animation. As Chuck Williams has said "I admire Chaplin very much books could discover him imagine, and strategy, and you taken care of him. " (Hooks, 2000, p. 40) Chaplin's unique relationship while using audience includes seen an awesome influence at character spirits from the beginning regarding Walt Disney's profession. Dick Huemer (Hooks, 2000, r. 40), Disney storyman, tells us Walt experienced an image for Mickey Mouse as being a little Chaplin. In order to efficiently accomplish agreement within a identity, there needs to be elements of identity to goad ? prod ? sting emotions. Such can be engineered through straightforward recurring gestures that correspond with the character's thoughts along with actions. Atlanta divorce attorneys respect, the actual audience needs to be the main effect when figuring out a character's actions. Barbs states individuals express 6 basic sentiments, "…happiness, amaze, fear, fury, disgust along with sadness…" (2000, p. 36) He in addition tells us there is disagreement upon whether facelift expression is normally primarily a reflection of the central emotional point out, or if it is simply a community 'display'. These sharp "claws" concludes going without shoes could be possibly, depending on the problem. Emotion might be expressed by both cosmetic expression in addition to body language, however the influence regarding method are usually different. Williams (2001, r. 324) states that terms should be secured to a lowest and as a great animator, generate everything when clear as you possibly can through pantomime using only our bodies to tell the storyline. The motion of the shape are thought around a lot more by simply animators compared to real personalities, as computer animators have to 'create' it as an alternative to 'do' that, although the natural expressive character of emotions are the identical. Different types of sentiments can be listed easily seeing that Chekhov displays, "…grasping as well as catching (greed, avarice, cupidity, miserliness)… close to with palms turned earthward… lusts so that you can overpower, to possess. " (1953, p. 67) Equally, Chekhov (1953, g. 73) talks about here the fact that in order to increase that your characters expressive character, hands and also arms should really act first of all for example; possession up towards the chin discloses unavoidability plus loneliness, palms turned outwards displays self-defense, self-protection and minor humour is usually evoked while bending the 3 middle kiddy hands of each hands. Hooks believes, "The the truth is that our fingers and biceps are the a lot of expressive features of our bodies". (2000, r. 60) An illustration to this, Barbs demonstrates, "Arms folded all over the chest suggest that the particular person is 'closed', intractable… If you find yourself embarrassed, everyone tend to greatly reduce in place. " (2000, p. 62) This unveils that many body gestures patterns for human results are emphasised through the mobility of hands and wrists and fists. Williams (2001, p. 324) explains an approach called 'Twinning' where abs and possession are doing the work same thing, equally. He

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1,024

CommonCrawl

-0.044036

-0.031801

-0.96374

-0.020491

instructs that this is needed to show specialist by preachers, leaders, people in politics and so forth. Kevan Shorey confirms that, "Symmetry is a good means of adding compel to an steps to get a way! " (2008) Both animators, believe that twinning should be split up to avoid a perfect mirror image of actions that would make unbelievable emails to the audience. Jeff Lew (2004) makes clear that in making twinning toon look better, the perspective with shot has to be changed so they don't literally look identical at a unique camera approach. Walt Disney in nineteen thirties found that expression is better when the body is involved and not only the eye, "Movement starts out in the area of your personal navel as well as radiates outwards into your limbs. " (Hooks, 2000, l. 60) Steve Kricfalusi (2006) explains the fact that animators have evolved an appearance that has become more stagy compared with live action by studying characters' emotions through gesture and techniques. Evidentially, facelift expressions are not enough towards provoke a good meaningful experience, and that the whole body needs to be articulating through grip gestures and also arm moves to accompany facial expressions, to achieve a good believable feeling through a character. In an case from Model Story some, Hooks records, "She (Jessie) doesn't simply just greet Woody enthusiastically, the girl turns them over and gives you him nuggies! She throws him with this and that. Your girlfriend emotion is usually leading your ex to vivaciously celebrate. " (2005, p. 90) This is a specific sort of how gestures is sending emotion productively. If this similar bit of appearing was served on the phase, or in front of a surveillance camera with actual actors tutorial it would use a different results. The feeling may be related, but one way of emphasising actions utilized for animation is through exaggeration. Shawn Kelly (2009) conveys us does not was tutored to exacerbate something in excess of it should be, then simply double that. Exaggeration is amongst the original toon principles. Lasseter (1987, pp. 35-44, twenty one: 4) proposes exaggeration of characters by way of the animator need to be very carefully decided. If there is a lot of distortion it could possibly result in a great unrealistic take a look. Looking again much before, to 1927, the classic film "Sunrise: A Song connected with Two Humans" was released. Devoid of synchronised debate, films on this era must rely on often the character's representing and the support compositions given that the two principal elements to the story. "Sunrise is considered amongst the finest movies of the silent era, and also Janet's Gaynor's performance is definitely one its most effective virtues… The supple encounter and soulful eyes include a range of imagination and behavior that web sites of discussion could mainly suggest. " (DeFreitas, 2009) Later, DeFreitas (2009) informs us that Sunrise became a victor of the 1929 'Best Picture' Oscar with regard to 'Unique as well as Artistic' Output. This film sets for an evidential sort of how acting without dialog can influence and empathise with an market just as fine, if not more thus. Often around animation, Lasseter (1987, pp. 35-44) clarifies that the observation can easily get when the motion of a character seems to pass away, which can run into as looking particularly imitation and impressive. To get this diminished motion, Lasseter uses a 'moving hold' aid which is a technique applied that remains the routine of a body system part subsequently after an action. This particular breaks up the main animation and also results in a new smoother and even more believable range. Preston Blair (Hooks, i b?rjan p? tv?tusentalet, p. 60), states that an actor your pause without a specific good reason, and when some pause takes place, it should be displayed for for a long time so the market can register it. However these are both procedures that participate the market into the actual character is normally acting out and about. Before a good movement for any

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1,024

CommonCrawl

0.015358

0.107062

-0.246899

0.036429

type can occur, imagined processes should become evident through the character. Hooks marks, "Thinking will probably lead to final thoughts; emotion is likely to lead to activity. " (2000, p. 1) Hooks describes a way of thinking as a approach in discovering a in sum. Lasseter (1994) mentions that movement associated with a particular nature must can be found for a explanation, and, in the long run, develop feelings in a individuality through their particular thought functions. As an watching with interest, before a human being applies his body into actions, a way of thinking must appear. In movement, this way of thinking must be shown to the target audience to show you believability associated with an action that has just ended up revealed. To show a way of thinking in a charm, Disney animator/teacher Eric Larson shows a method, in Frank Thomas along with Ollie Johnson's 'Illusion regarding Life', "The subject slowly lowered his particular brows towards a frown rapid paused — and then raised one brow and glanced to the side, an individual immediately would sense an alteration from one considered to another…" (Richard Williams, 2001, p. 320) This action has been discovered when first Disney characters with reallly big ears shorts were being created, and even stands to be a key element into how adjust of concept can magnify a important thought process. Shawn Kelly (2009) expresses the ideas, clearing up that there isnt anything more critical than featuring a character's thought process in addition to changes of which occur within it to provoke inner thoughts and physical activities. It is up to these imagined processes, your dog concludes, which drives anything we complete. Looking at character animation around Toy Story 2, Tow hooks (2005, r. 87) explains how Woody's realisation in which Andy was subjected to to get away without your man, leads them to her express despair (emotion) which then leads him to take away to the back notch, out of view. He add that, "The more specified the character's thought process, the higher quality the performance". (2005, g. 87) Spirit in personality animation, as stated, is very important for believability. It is been true for quite a while since the starting of Disney's 'Golden Age' in toon. Walt Disney said, "In most instances, the power behind the main action is a mood, often the personality, the main attitude of the character-or all. Therefore , to get is the preliminary. We think of things until the body may them. " (Lasseter, 1987, pp. 35-44, 21: 4) It is commonly agreed that thought process is the main building block that must be perfected in addition to shown properly in any computer animated character. Bill Tytla (Hooks, 2005, k. 3), concluded that "the position is a a reaction to something". Barbs refers to Aristotle, "Aristotle detailed this as being a unity with action – small actions that lead to more substantial action, or perhaps objective. This kind of simple rule among bodybuilders lies in the base of most acting theory. An action with out using thought can be impossible, and action lacking any objective is simply mechanical matter, moving areas of the body. " (Hooks, 2005, l. 4-5) Aristotle finds that thought process of a character stands between a character along with 'life' to your robotic, inactive machine. Numerous earlier, Derek Larson's means of showing a good thought process in a character is very believable. And specifically, it is often discovered that the actual eyes are a very important parts of the character to express and emphasis all these thoughts. Williams (2001, r. 325) recommends on how the eyes are typically the focal point that men watch in a character. Such as, he information, "When tuning in on the phone typically the eyes glint around inside a Staccato fashion reflecting the very listener's moving thoughts on reaction all of our eyes are not usually still. " (2001, g. 326) The very eyes, typically the driving force driving a character's actions. Kelly agrees that decisions is often reflected correctly with the view, "They could very often dart their little brown eyes around a touch as they give some thought to and examine their alternatives. It's pretty much as

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1,024

CommonCrawl

0.13321

0.15508

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if they are really reading a good imaginary listing of possible decisions! " (2009) Lasseter (1987), explains the fact that eyes cause before the steps, and that the solely time some people wouldn't guide, would be when there was an external force appearing upon the character. He plugs further, the fact that trick to be able to showing spirit through the eye lids of a identity is with expectation. The little brown eyes should proceed first, then the head and next the rest of the body. "The vision of a individuality are the panes to its thoughts; often the character's ideas are presented through the measures of their eyes. " (Lasseter, 1987) As well as eyes movements, typically the timing plus speed to a character's blinks can also affect the outcome of what exactly is portrayed as a thought process. Kelly (2009), talks about that different blinks may offer up some of our different ideas of exactly what character can be thinking. "A ton associated with blinks will feel as though the type is going to weep, is tense, uncomfortable, timid, or possibly treated after a significant build up; even while very little that will no is most beneficial will sometimes feel expended, stoned uneasy, angry, or only very strong. " (Kelly, 2009) Kelly teaches in which blinks needs to be there to get a reason minimize the stress enhance a selected emotion. Just before an tegnefilmstegner can even learn to animate a selected thought process, they have to know about the type to be able to learn what they would often be feeling for a certain time, in an attempt to achieve believable benefits. The most important foundation of believable nature acting begins with finding out about a specific character. Williams states, "Got to get into the character. How much does he/she/it want? and even more fascinating – each and every the character want it? " (2001, p. 20) To develop our understanding of how character is actually thinking, and in order to provoke sentiment in a individuality, these concerns need to be courtesy of. Ed These sharp "claws" also makes clear to you that, "Every character inside a scene can answer the particular question. 'What am I carrying out? ' – in a theatrical sense. This means that, what steps am I playing in pursuit of precisely what objective? And what is the obstacle/conflict? " (2005, p. 89) Just like this particular, in the background ? backdrop ? setting of acting for an crowd, Michael Chekhov suggests that will, "Ask on your own what the principal desires in the character might be" (1953, p. 67) This approach pieces the scenario for any figure in order to discover exactly what characters individuality is trying to portray regarding they are considering or undertaking. Hooks says, "If you intend to understand what a personality is sense, it is best to get started asking the actual character is actually thinking and exactly his benefits system is. " (2000, g. 2) To know how a character must switch, the filmtegner needs to have the atmosphere and also influence within the obstacle the fact that character is now being confronted with. Simply then could a thought process occur, along with a feeling often be evoked by a specific condition or war. Jeff Lew (2004), connotes his thoughts on the development of your character's biography before mastering how a personality will act in response in any cartoon scene. That develops further understanding of some character's background that could be important in influencing the way most of their emotions are expressed. This specific evidence demonstrates us there are a lot of components contributing to creating a character's developmental state and to make it believable to the viewers. To develop her understanding of a personality and what they are thinking, Impotence Hooks runs on the definition created by Elizabeth Chekhov called a "Psychological Gesture", which, Chekhov explains as the psychology of the character that contains thoughts, sensations and a human being free could which is shown physically as a result of external sensations, thoughts as well as desires. Hook varieties gives the case in point, "Have one ever realized someone who wrings his possession a lot whereas he's speaking? … Some Bully punches someone during the chest along with finger. Which is a psychological motion. " (2000, p. 66)

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Tag Archives: zines Shamass? What! December 7, 2022 thesinisterscientist Leave a comment Meanwhile, just when you thought you'd never hear of Dr. Shamass again… works & days fig. 1. Could this be Shamass? It occurs to me that I haven't updated all of the loyal Shamassians who, for whatever reasons, have failed to receive the last few Shamass cards (new series). Yeah, that's right folks, there is a NEW SERIES of Shamass cards circulating in the Shamassoverse! The good news is that they actually exist. The bad… well, there is no bad news in the Shamassoverse, even when there is. Some of you will be pleased to know that Shamass has moved to the postcard format–see below–having reached the limits of the folded card and christmas cheer. And some of you, no doubt, will be displeased, whether by this or something else. You will, however, be most pleased to know that the latest series is a direct sequel to that sometimes puzzling, always entertaining Shamass TV episode we unearthed some years back. It could be that… antyphayesDoctor Shamasspoetrypoiesisscience fictionscience fiction spectacleSFShamassshort storyThe Clockwork Masterplanzineszinester science fiction, the sinister science A tale of Shamass as told by Miss Verity Hawkins August 31, 2021 antyphayes 1 Comment The following tale was related to me in a dream. Its source is indisputable, as too its author. It first appeared as A Christmas tale in Julius of H. H. B. Shamass, as told to Miss Verity Hawkins, 104 O.P. More Shamass available here. fig. 1. A broken gadget. He told me of a dream, or was it the memory of a voyage? He found himself in a far country. Alone on a dark plain he was seized by a great birdlike creature that blotted out what little remained of the pitiful sky. Caught up in its talons and their dread passage, he was unsure for a time if he was the bird or the disquiet of the air. Soon, he was rudely deposited at the gates of a metropolis. He drifted into the sprawling city. Beneath the dismal sun, its citizens existed in a perpetual twilight. They called the city Izdubal—or possibly Gilgitron. Its drab streets and ravaged buildings and towers were encircled by an immense putrid river that beat upon its crumbling shores. Here, life was just so much rot in a universe of decay. Though rank and festering, the blight of the city was far from the strangest sight. He noted that all the people he came across—all but one as he was to discover—had encumbered themselves with a most puzzling contraption. Carried upon their chests a device was slung that contained in its centre a small, polished screen. Across the surface images flittered that bore a striking resemblance to the bearer. He stopped, fascinated by these stuttering forms, and soon realised that they were moving at a slightly faster rate than the lives so represented. "My future," one of the city-folk whispered. "All of our futures," another mumbled, whose screen was dark—or rather, a clutter of static. He pondered these words and realised that for many, indeed for all these people in the fullness of time, their screen life outpaced their actual. He soon saw many more of them, young, old and the barely living, whose screens were dead. Indeed, it seemed to him that no one here was fully alive or dead, and time itself was neither overripe nor completely barren—just uniformly dull. Screen life as bare recompense for something lost; a burden disguised as an apt distraction. All waiting for their dead life to catch up with its representation. On the outskirts, across the raging river and past the ruins of the old city of the sun god Shamm, he found a refugee from Izdubal. She, like he, wore a helmet to guard against the foul air that some called atmosphere. On a mound, near a lone tree whose roots broke through a nearby burial chamber of a long-forgotten

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1,024

CommonCrawl

0.630432

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priest of the sun, she stood bereft of screen and so too her double life. At her feet, the gadget lay broken. There, with neither concern nor the complications of abstraction, she sung the day into being: I believe in the gods. There are good reasons. They dress only in feathers. Eat and in turn are eaten. They are the vaults of heaven. I know this. I have heard these things. For I am their scribe. The suffering of their transcendence. In truth I am only a leaf. The entropy of contentment. Mark these words. Be their filth. Anticipate the transition between one sound and the next. Find necessity, never freedom, in these gaps. And as penance, dwell there. For they are divine in all but name . . . He tried to join her upon the mound, but was never able to gain a sure footing. She smiled, wiped the tears from her face and continued to sing. fig. 2. In the ruins of the old city of the sun god Shamm A Christmas tale in Julius of H. H. B. ShamassA Christmas Tales of H. B. ShamassDoctor ShamassdreamdystopiaMiss VerityMs. Verityscience fictionShamasssurrealismutopiaVerity Hawkinszinezines Frederik Pohl's mass consumer (2): The Tunnel Under the World February 28, 2021 thesinisterscientist 4 Comments fig. 1. Interior illustration by Ed Emshwiller, for The Tunnel Under the World, Galaxy Science Fiction magazine, January 1955, p. 7. The following is a bit of a mess—two, possibly three articles struggling to be one. A book review, a critique of book reviews, and a valiant attempt to make of the review something more critical. I'm not sure I achieve any of these goals, but in the attempt, something emerges: ideas, criticisms, elusive thoughts. A failed whole that underlines its failure. Much like the lot of all mortal things. In the preamble to my review of Frederick Pohl's The Midas Plague, I denounced the book review as a literary form. You may think that it was not the wisest of opening moves in a review of my own. To be fair to my paradoxical self, I was taking aim at a particular type of review, one that eschews critique in favour of plot summary and bland opinion ("It's great, read it!"). But to be unfair to myself, who says—apart from me—that my reviews escape the morass of opinion? Like all artefacts, at the heart of the book review lies the problem of our historical moment itself. Even and especially when that beating heart appears absent. The following can seem so obvious, so platitudinous, that for many it is of little or no consequence: books appear today primarily as commodities. They are produced not only by authors, but given the mass market in books, also and especially by workers in factories, before being circulated and transported by still more workers, finally to be sold by booksellers or increasingly bought and sold online by still other workers. That books exist in a book trade may appear hardly surprising; but once we begin to examine the nature of that trade, particularly the modern book trade from the time of the first industrialised production of books as recently as the mid-19th century, right up until the vast warehouses of the internet behemoths of the present, we begin to see that the book trade is far from the simple or transparent fact it sometimes imagines itself to be. What Marx once evocatively noted of the commodity in general, can be said of the book trade and all that it entails in particular: "at first sight [it appears] as an extremely obvious, trivial thing. But itsanalysis brings out that it is a very strange thing, abounding in metaphysical subtleties and theological niceties." Even when books do not immediately appear as commodities—for example, when they are presented as zines for free—their form implicitly references the commodity, albeit as a critique (even if only implicit) of the purported necessity of the commodity form. That books appears today under these historical and social conditions—conditions largely beyond the control of any single author, reader, print worker, courier, bookseller or zinester—requires that we confront such conditions. Of course, we can remain silent about such issues, or even

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1,024

CommonCrawl

1.851072

0.584647

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confuse and obfuscate them. But the necessity of making sense of this world remains—one either takes up this task or ignores it at their peril. That we review the explicit content of books while saying little or nothing of their forms of appearance—which is to say the ways in which they are produced, circulated, sold and consumed—is perhaps a greater story than any so far told. The task of addressing the book or story appearing in the form of a commodity can seem somewhat easier when the explicit content of the story itself deals with this question. For instance, Frederick Pohl's The Tunnel Under the World. Here, Pohl takes aim at the lengths to which capitalists will go in order to sell a commodity. But it is unclear whether he has a problem with commodities or just creeping commodification. In this Pohl is little different than those orthodox Marxists (from which Pohl himself hailed as a callow youth) who consider the problem of capitalist wealth as primarily one of distribution rather than the truly horrible fact that the entirety of human activity has been progressively forced to appear "as an immense collection of commodities" (Marx again). Nonetheless, Pohl effectively conjures the grinding repetitiveness of much of what passes for social life in a society dominated by commodity production and consumption—much more so than his failed satire, The Midas Plague. fig. 2. Interior illustration by Ed Emshwiller, for The Tunnel Under the World, Galaxy Science Fiction magazine, January 1955, p. 13. Published in Galaxy Science Fiction magazine in January 1955, The Tunnel Under the World presents a world of the then not-too-distant future—sometime in the 1980s I reckon. In Pohl's imagined future the burgeoning advertising machine of post-war USA has reached an apotheosis of sorts. "On the morning of June 15th, Guy Burkhardt woke up screaming out of a dream. "It was more real than any dream he had ever had in his life." Burkhardt, a white, middle class Yankee Everyman—familiar to the entire planet thanks to the Twentieth Century—soon discovers things are not as they seem. Not only is his Everytown, Tylerton, beset by peculiarly aggressive advertising campaigns, he further discovers that unbeknownst to most of its denizens the entire town is reliving June 15th over and over again. "And every day the same—always the 15th of June, always my landlady, Mrs. Keefer, is sweeping the front steps, always the same headline in the papers at the corner. It gets monotonous, friend." Soon Burkhardt realises that the never-ending day and the offensive advertising are far from unrelated. In fact [OBLIGATORY AND LATE SPOILER ALERT] he soon discovers that the entire town is a miniaturised simulation of the town he thinks he is living in. The horrible truth that Guy Burkhardt uncovers is that he, and the "twenty or thirty thousand other people" of Tylerton have been killed by a tremendous leak and consequent explosion at the Contro Chemicals plants on the town's outskirts. Seizing upon this "opportunity" a group of advertisers, presumably with the connivance of the US state, move in and retrieve the personalities from the corpses (the high point of the science fictional handwaving of the story), in order to imprint them on tiny robots. And so, they rebuild Tylerton, "a perfect slice of America", as a scale model city, populated by tiny robot simulacra, all for the nefarious purposes of the dreaded admen and their market research. "They aren't Russians and they aren't Martians. These people are advertising men!" While reading The Tunnel Under the World I was struck by how Philip K. Dickian it felt—with a dash of Samuel Beckett's absurdity. Pohl evokes a dream like setting seemingly more real than the real, in which the unwitting characters are stuck, perpetually repeating their lives like clockwork. Here, only the broken machines become aware, and yet this awareness is little recompense. Those who escape their programming finally understand the awful truth that lies beyond appearance: there is no escape, except death—and perhaps not even

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1,024

CommonCrawl

1.563064

0.971387

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then. Pohl's story most resembles, to my mind, Philip K. Dick's Adjustment Team (1954). Dick had published this work some four months before Pohl's The Tunnel Under the World.[1] I do not know if Pohl had read Dick's work prior to writing The Tunnel Under the World, but the similarities are striking. In Adjustment Team the protagonist, Ed Fletcher, accidentally discovers that his reality is "adjusted" by unseen manipulators that are more bureaucrat than numinous divinity. Indeed, Adjustment Team can seem like the template for a key Dickian theme that Philip K. would chisel away at for the rest of his life: nothing is as it seems. "There was Tylerton—an ersatz city, but looking so real and familiar that Burckhardt almost imagined the whole episode a dream. It was no dream, though." Where Pohl's version of Dick seems superior to my mind—at least to the version presented in Adjustment Team—is in the way Pohl evokes the bleak repetitiveness of life in modern capitalist societies. Inevitably, Guy Burkhardt's reliving of June 15th is given a definitive science fictional explanation in the story. But in truth, Burkhardt realisation that he is trapped in an endless cycle of work and consumption effectively presents the grim monotony of everyday capitalist life. By having the workers of Tylerton being forced to continue the living death of alienation beyond their physical extinction, Pohl cleverly draws attention to what the situationists would come to call the "dead time" of life under capitalism. However, the circularity of the story also reveals the limits of Pohl's tale—and perhaps also reveals the story's limitation as itself a commodity. There is no escape from the little town of Tylerton, and the story ends as bleakly as it began. Burkhardt's growing awareness, and final discovery of the truth leaves him in no way able to challenge his position. His only option appears to be: cooperate or die. Certainly, Pohl paints him into a science fictional corner. But I feel that it reflects Pohl's own pessimism about the impossibility of confronting the mundane horror of capitalism. Burkhardt's awareness cannot lead to a revolutionary consciousness or praxis within the bounds of the story; but in truth, Pohl had become dominated by a cynicism regarding the potentialities and possibilities facing his fellow humans after his less than inspiring brush with Stalinism as a teenager. Indeed, his cynicism is on full display when Burkhardt is confronted with the choice made by another of the town's denizens, Alice Horn. Horn, "the most beautiful thing he had ever seen in Tylerton," first appears as another town dweller. Soon, Burkhardt begins to realise that she is somehow in on the mysterious plot that surrounds the town. Finally, when she reveals the actual fate of the town to Burkhardt, she also reveals her role in the deception as a in situ agent of the advertisers: "I was an ugly woman, Mr Burkhardt, and nearly sixty years old. Life had passed me. And when Mr. Dorchin offered me the chance to live again as a beautiful girl, I jumped at the opportunity. Believe me, I jumped, in spite of its disadvantages." Perhaps more distantly, Pohl's fictional townspeople, repetitively going about their daily undead lives, recalls for me a stunning sequence from Raymond Roussel's quasi-proto-surrealist fable Locus Solus (1914). Roussel's work tells the story of the scientist and inventor Martial Canterel guiding a group of guests around his country estate, Locus Solus. Similar to his earlier "novel",[2] Impressions of Africa (1910), the plot is largely irrelevant, playing mostly the part of vehicle for presenting a series of vignettes in which Canterel shows a series of bizarre contraptions to the guests. In one particularly long and evocative sequence, the guests are shown a series of eight glass enclosures that contain reanimated cadavers. Within, pumped full of the suitably science fictional drugs "vitalium" and "resurrectine," the undead on display perpetually re-enact

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"certain outstanding minutes" of their lives.[3] Roussel's fiction is deeply unsettling, though equally bizarre and fascinating. His stories are intensely otherworldly in a way few science fiction or fantasy writers achieve. Indeed, apart from the trappings of everyday existence (scientists, travellers, foreign locales, etcetera, etcetera), Roussel's fiction seems to bear only the most tangential connection to our world. Pohl, on the other hand, wanted to interrogate reality—after a fashion. The target in The Tunnel Under the World is clearly US capitalism circa the 1950s. The horror of the story draws its power from the real horror of capitalism. Tylerton is merely an exaggeration of a situation that already existed in the 1950s. "You finally understand. There's no place to go. You know it now. I could have told you, but you might not have believed me, so it was better for you to see it yourself." The more terrifying conclusion to be drawn by readers is that for the capitalist nothing is beyond the realm of possibility when it comes to improving sale's figures. The Tunnel Under the World is a cautionary fable about the limits of commodification. By Pohl's reckoning, there is no escape from the perils of capitalism in suburban USA, only a labyrinth that draws you further in to its repetitive cycles. "Sometimes he screams, sometimes he wheedles, threatens, begs, cajoles… but his voice goes on and on through one June 15th after another." A final note on the role of repetition in the tale. Re-watching an old skool Doctor Who story recently, Robert Holmes' Carnival of Monsters (1973), I was struck by his use of repetition. In a set up that has become more familiar since the appearance of the film Groundhog Day in 1993, the Doctor and Jo find themselves in a moment of time that continues to repeat itself. Importantly they can affect some of the detail and content of the moment, but not the overarching formal structure—the moment repeats itself despite any minor changes that are made. As a representation of the historical dilemma we face in capitalist societies—of the sense of never-ending entrapment being caught in the web of wage labour and exclusive property with no way out—the cinematic evocation of this circularity is particularly effective. To what extent were such narrative structures themselves only made possible with the advent of the cinema; the cinema's singular ability to record and replay an instance of time over and over? However, this apparent perfection of cinematic repetition was itself made possible by the machine-like rhythms of the factory and industrialism. The cinema is the first, truly capitalist art form, in the sense that it is the product of the advanced industrial and scientific techniques that emerged from the development of industrialism in the 19th century. The cinematic evocation of circular time is the technological realisation of a social fact, the inscription of the capitalist imaginary into the ephemeral reality of its brief historical passage. Its failing as representation, and so as an ideological representation, is to be found in its various uses and interpretations. The apparent technical perfection of cinematic repetition can lend itself to the maladroit theories that read the historical specificity of capitalist alienation into the very substance of existence—for instance, the misplaced ontologies of Heidegger and Foucault. Not unlike Kant mistaking the structures of capitalist modernity for the eternal verities of the supersensible things-in-themselves. Did the cinema influence Raymond Roussel's repetitious fancies? Possibly. Frederick Pohl and Philip K Dick were deeply affected, undoubtedly, by their cinema drenched upbringing in the US of the 1920s, 30s and 40s. The truth of these various Groundhog Days is not the eternal lie of capitalism, i.e., that we can only make use of these structures, never change them. Rather, the truth is that cinema time, just like capitalist time, is a structure in the making and, even more so, in the unmaking. [1] Dick submitted the manuscript to his literary agent early in 1953. See 'Notes' in The Collected Stories of Philip K. Dick, Volume Two: Adjustment Team (1952

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-1953), Subterranean Press, 2011, pp. 400-401. [2] I use the term "novel" hesitantly, simply because Roussel's work can also be categorised in terms of the modernists anti-novels that were calling into question, around the same time as his work, the form and content of the 19th century bourgeois novel. [3] Raymond Roussel, Locus Solus, translated by Rupert Copeland Cunningham, London: John Calder, 2003, p. 118. fig. 4. Strictly speaking, this article is not a part of the not-a-challenge, considering that the month in question is January. However, I began writing this piece with an eye to making it my second contribution, and the bulk of the text was completed in January 2021. Plus I like the image. Plus I like the good folk of The Vintage Science Fiction Month not-a-challenge. So there. 1950s1955Adjustment TeamAnglo-American science fictionAnglo-American SFbook reviewbook tradebooksbourgeois literaturebourgeois realismcapitalist industrialismCarnival of Monsterscinemaconsumer societyDoctor WhoEd EmshwillerFrederik PohlGalaxy magazineGuy BurkhardtindustrialismliteratureLocus SolusPhilip K DickRaymond RousselrealismrepetitionRobert HolmesSamuel Beckettscience fictionscience fiction spectacleSFsociological science fictionThe Midas PlagueThe Tunnel Under the WorldVintage Science Fiction not-a-challengeworkerszinezineszinester The doctor who is Shamass November 23, 2020 thesinisterscientist 1 Comment fig1. Who is this Doctor? Today is the 57th anniversary of the first broadcast of Doctor Who in the UK. Hence it is known in some quarters of the universe as Doctor Who Day. While celebrating this day in whatever way, as any fan should and must, I have a related anniversary to mark of my own—Doctor Shamass Day, if you will. "Doctor what?" you might well ask. A bit over 23 years ago I published the first version of a zine called The Journal of Doctor Shamass. I wrote it around the middle of 1996 and self-published it the following year. For those many Shamassians out there, more info on the particulars of this writing and publishing can be found here. Perhaps Shamass is everything I wished I was—at that time as now: an exotic loner adrift upon the capricious waves of time and space. Sound familiar? These dreams are, like most, brought on by the humdrum of existence. Though to be fair to existence, the present "humdrum" is without doubt overwhelmingly a product of the stupidity of organising everyday life around work, wage-labour and commodity production. Oh to find a different time and space—or better, to make one. The inspiration for my Doctor's name was the Assyrian and Babylonian god Shamash, itself a later version of the Sumerian Utu. That winter in 1996 I had poured over The Epic of Gilgamesh, entranced by the story of the King of Uruk and his friend Enkidu. I imagine I was looking for the source of it all, or at least the source of literature and science fiction. In Gilgamesh I found a dual progenitor: of culture, and that literary form most redolent of our industrial, post-industrial world—sf. I cannot clearly recall if I set out to consciously evoke Doctor Who in Shamass. A mysterious stranger who accumulates time, and apparently travels in it—what else could it be? At the time, though, my concern was more literary, and my references more arcane. I was a reader of Arthur Rimbaud, the Comte de Lautréamont, André Breton, René Daumal, Karl Marx, Guy Debord and J. G. Ballard. If it is true that I wanted to evoke a fictional character of which I was immoderately obsessed during a childhood spent in the 1970s and 1980s, now—in 1996—the passion

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Every season is different, yet the Patriots are back in the Super Bowl. And the biggest difference from a year ago is at cornerback. Debate Bill Belichick's decision to bench Malcolm Butler in Super Bowl LII all you want. The fact is, it brought special teamers Johnson Bademosi and Jordan Richards into the game on defense. It forced other defensive backs into unfavorable matchups. Whether Butler would have made a difference or not, it didn't go the Patriots' way. Sunday against the Rams in Super Bowl LIII should be different. A year removed from losing in ugly fashion to the Philadelphia Eagles, the Patriots secondary is much better-equipped to have success against the Rams' pass-catchers. This season, the Pats have struck a balance between All-Pro talents in their prime (Stephon Gilmore), savvy veterans put in positions to succeed (Jason McCourty), and a talented rookie who improved over the course of the season (J.C. Jackson). Add in the return of slot corner Jonathan Jones, who missed Super Bowl LII with an ankle injury, and you have a unit that's poised to atone for a game that got away from them last February. Not that the younger McCourty (by about 27 minutes) or Jackson experienced that loss first-hand. But the important thing is they've played well as a group and they love to play for each other. It's especially impressive when you look at the scope of the changes at cornerback in recent years. From the departure of Asante Samuel in 2008 to the arrival of now-Rams cornerback Aqib Talib in 2012, the Patriots mostly struggled to draft, develop, or acquire a viable secondary. That flipped once Talib came to town, and they've continued to play at a mostly high level amid rampant roster turnover. Only in 2015-16 did the Pats end the season with the same two starting corners. On Sunday, it's likely either McCourty or Jackson opposite Gilmore, marking five of six seasons with at least one new starter at cornerback. Yet when was the last time that the position was a major concern? How have the Patriots stayed relatively consistent, despite the constant changes? "I would say it's a credit to the players," cornerbacks coach Josh Boyer told 985TheSportsHub.com. "We've had good players who have worked hard and they've developed. Guys are coming from different teams, or coming up through our organization. They've made tremendous strides to try to improve and improve collectively as a group. I think the way we approach it is we try to get the best out of each individual every day, and from that day we go to the next day and try to improve what we did the day before. "I think whether it's a guy that's had success in the league or a guy thats new to the league, our goal is always the same - to make that player the best player that player can be." The Patriots have especially maximized the talents of undrafted cornerbacks in recent years. From Kyle Arrington, to Butler, to Jon Jones, and now Jackson, they've consistently found players ranging from useful to excellent after the final draft picks hit the board. Even castoffs like Cre'Von LeBlanc, who carved out a prominent role on the Eagles in 2018, have found success in the league. "They work as hard as they possibly can and it's not just an effort thing," said Boyer. "They're actually making progress as they're working. It's not just, 'OK, if I come into the facility and I spend x amount of hours, I'm going to be better'. It's quality, productive work while they're there. And then [they have] the ability to take coaching, the ability to learn from veteran players." There's a clear bond between the 23-year-old Jackson, who has averaged 54.7 snaps a game since Week 12, and his veteran counterparts. The rookie credited guys like Gilmore and the elder McCourty, Devin, for helping him navigate the overwhelming circus-like buildup to the Super Bowl. "Follow the vets. Watch the vets, see how they move, guys who have experience who have been in this situation before," Jackson said. "

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I just watch those guys, see how they're acting, what do they do to stay focused for a big game like this." It's important for Jackson to have a short memory. He committed three potentially costly penalties against the Chiefs in the AFC Championship Game and allowed a third-quarter touchdown to tight end Travis Kelce. Up to that point, Jackson mostly excelled as a press-man boundary corner and the matchups weren't always easy. He most notably shut down the Steelers' JuJu Smith-Schuster to the tune of four catches on 10 targets and no touchdowns in Week 15. "My coaches believe in me. They have me out there on the field, so that means a lot to me," said Jackson. "But I just try to not make the same mistakes twice. I'm a grinder, man. I just go to work and I try to get better each and every day." It's good to have cornerbacks who play well together. But it's even better to have a group that supports each other as people. "My guy Jerald," said a beaming Jason McCourty of Jackson before the AFC Championship Game. "He's been fun to watch for me as an older guy here and him coming in as a rookie and talking to him all throughout training camp. I remember like a day or two into training camp, I went up to him and was like, 'How did you not get drafted?' I think early on, you guys saw it too, preseason games, training camp practices, he just was always around the ball making plays, catching picks, batting balls down. He's just continued to grow and not only his ability, but his knowledge of the game picking up on defense from a game plan standpoint, starting to understand what ways offenses are going to try to attack us. "It's always fun as an older guy just to watch that and continue to talk to him, not only about game plan and football but also about life. Just going through and remembering back in those days when I was a rookie and everything that you go through, just continuing to talk to those guys I think is a ton of fun and it's always exciting to see him have success." "We don't strive to be playing our best football in September" At the center of the cornerbacks' success this season, however, is Gilmore, the Patriots' high-priced anchor in the secondary. He got the recognition he deserved from writers and peers as a first-team All-Pro and Pro Bowler in his second season in New England. He's also drawn unfair comparisons to Darrelle Revis or Hall of Fame finalist Ty Law. Hot takes aside, Gilmore emerged as a high-end corner after he looked like a mistake just four weeks into his Patriots career in 2017. It almost always looks off-kilter for the Patriots at the start of the season. In some ways, it's by design. "We don't strive to be playing our best football in September," said Boyer. "Sometimes it's good to see some adversity, and sometimes you put guys in situations just to see how they can handle it. There's always an element of, 'OK, if a guy's productive and you give him an opportunity, then they earn more opportunities." Gilmore's opportunities grew over the course of his first two seasons in New England, and so has his production. He'll once more be a key player for the Patriots defense against the Rams in Super Bowl LIII, where he's likely to draw a matchup against former Bills teammate Robert Woods. Gilmore got to this point with his resilience as much as his physical gifts. "You've got to be mentally strong to be a New England Patriot," Gilmore told reporters on Wednesday during the Patriots' media availability. "But I think that it gets the best out of you, day in and day out, week in and week out. It tests you mentally, and that's what it's about. It makes you stronger on the field and able to adapt." The Patriots secondary has had to adapt as much as any positional group on the team. That's no more evident than the AFC Championship Game, in which Gilmore and Jackson split duties between Kelce and Sammy Watkins, and Jon Jones frequently covered the speedy Tyreek Hill with safety help. They made Belichick's bold decisions look like another Hoodie masterstroke

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Śambhala (sanscrito, devanāgarī: शम्भल; tibetano: བདེ་འབྱུང, bde 'byung; anche sham bha la, ཤམ་བྷ་ལ; anche Sambhala o adattato come Shambhala) è, secondo il Kālacakratantra, e quindi per la tradizione del buddhismo tibetano, il nome di un regno mitico e segreto situato a nord dell'India, o a nord della regione himalayana. Il toponimo "Śambhala" ha origine nella tradizione hindū dove, nel Mahābhārata e in alcuni Purāṇa, indica un villaggio di brahmani, collocato in luogo imprecisato, nel quale, secondo le profezie lì riportate, alla fine di questa era oscura detta del kali-yuga nascerà l'ultimo avatāra di Visnù, Kalki, al fine di ristabilire la giustizia e il dominio dei brahmani. Nella religione tibetana non-buddhista detta Bon, la località mitica di Tazik (anche Wolmo Lungrig, Olmo lung ring) sarebbe un corrispettivo allo Śambhala buddhista. Origini e contenuti del mito buddhista tibetano di Śambhala Il mito inerente al regno segreto di Śambhala attiene a quella scrittura, databile intorno al X secolo, conservata nel Canone buddhista tibetano (al Toh. 362 con il titolo དུས་ཀྱི་འཁོར་ལོ་རྒྱུད, dus kyi 'khor lo rgyud) avente il titolo comune in lingua sanscrita di Kālacakratantra. In tale testo, introdotto nel Tibet intorno all'XI secolo con l'arrivo di paṇḍita indiani di fede buddhista, viene narrato che il Buddha Śākyamuni (in tibetano: སངས་རྒྱས་ཤ་ཀྱ་ཐུབ་པ, Sangs rgyas sha kya thub pa), il 15º giorno del terzo mese dall'illuminazione si trovava sul Gṛdhrakūṭaparvata (tibetano: བྱ་རྒོད་ཕུང་པོའི་རི་, Bya rgod phung po'i ri), ove stava insegnando lo Śatasāhasrikāprajñāpāramitā (tibetano: ར་ཕྱིན་སྟོང་ཕྲག་བརྒྱ་པ།, Sher phyin stong phrag brgya pa, al Toh. 8) quando, su richiesta di Sucandra (tibetano: ཟླ་བ་བཟང་པོ Zla ba bzang po), il re del Dharma (dharmarāja) del mitico regno di Śambhala, il quale voleva conseguire il Dharma senza abbandonare il mondo, si manifestò nello stūpa di Śrī Dhānyakataka (དཔལ་ལྡན་འབྲས་སྤུངས་ཀྱི་མཆོད་རྟེན, dPal ldan 'bras spungs kyi mchod rten; nei pressi di Amārvati, Sud dell'India), insegnando il Kālacakratantra al re e a una vasta assemblea di devoti divini e umani.. Rientrato nel segreto regno di Śambhala, Sucandra comporrà questo mūlatantra in dodicimila versi insegnandolo ai suoi sudditi, insieme a un commentario in sessantamila versi. Ambedue questi testi sarebbero

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andati perduti. Sucandra avrebbe anche eretto un gigantesco maṇḍala tridimensionale trasformando Śambhala in un regno buddhista ideale con 960 milioni di villaggi. Secondo questa tradizione religiosa il regno segreto di Śambhala dovrebbe collocarsi a nord del fiume Sita (oggi fiume Tarim, nel Turkestan orientale). Descrizione del regno buddhista di Śambhala Una delle descrizione più esaustive di questo regno segreto viene riportata nel Dang po'i sangs rgyas dpal dus kyi 'khor lo'i lo rgyus dang ming gi rnam grangs, opera del dotto poligrafo tibetano del XVIII secolo KLong rdol bla ma Ngag dbang blo bzang. Essendo un regno di seguaci del tantrismo, le sue caratteristiche fisiche riflettono i simboli questa via spirituale: la sua forma è quella di un gigantesco fiore di loto, circondato da gigantesche montagne innevate, presenti, unitamente a splendidi boschi e laghi, anche negli interstizi dei petali di loto che costituiscono il regno. La parte centrale del fiore di loto si eleva leggermente e lì si colloca la capitale di questo regno, Kalapa, che possiede un diametro di dodici leghe e su cui sono stati eretti palazzi costruiti con l'oro, l'argento, con pietre preziose di ogni genere che rendono a tal punto splendente la capitale che la Luna piena al suo confronto emette un pallido bagliore. Per questa ragione la notte, a Kalapa, non può essere distinta dal giorno. All'interno di questi palazzi sono collocati degli specchi di cristallo che consentono di vedere ciò che accade lontano. Allo stesso modo sui soffitti sono collocati dei lucernari che consentono di osservare i corpi celesti e la vita che lì si conduce. Tutti i palazzi della capitale sono circondati da alberi dai legni aromatici che profumano l'aria per miglia. Gli arredamenti dei palazzi di Kalapa sono preziosi e di perfetta fattura. A nord della capitale sorgono dei picchi in cui sono raffigurati migliaia di volti di buddha, bodhisattva e deva. Mentre a sud di Kalapa si collocano profumate foreste di sandalo, con, ai loro lati, due laghi di dodici leghe di diametro dove uomini e nāga trascorrono il tempo in piacevoli attività su barche adornate di gioielli. Al centro del bosco, questo posto tra i due laghi, si colloca il maṇḍala tridimensionale eretto da Sucandra. Questo mandala, costruito con i cinque metalli preziosi (oro, argento, turchese, corallo e perle) si sviluppa per quattrocento cubiti di ampiezza. Ogni petalo di cui si compone Śambhala contiene 120 milioni di villaggi, essendo otto i petali complessivamente il regno segreto ospita 960 milioni di villaggi. Su dieci milioni di villaggi vigila un governatore sottomesso al re, quindi vi sono 96 di questi governatori che insegnano al popolo le dottrine del Kālacakratantra. Le case di Śambhala sono piacevoli a vedersi, erette su due piani ospitano i loro ricchi abitanti dai corpi sottili. I più poveri di Śambhala posseggono comunque centinaia di forzieri ricolmi di gioielli. Gli uomini indossano abiti di cotone dal colore bianco o rosso, mentre le donne vestono meravigliosi abiti di colore bianco o blu riccamente disegnati. Non esistono rei, punizioni o prigioni a Śambhala in quanto i suoi abitanti sono naturalmente virtuosi. Gli abitanti del

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regno non soffrono di alcuna malattia o sofferenza e ottengono l'illuminazione in questo corpo e in questa vita mediante le corrette pratiche religiose. Le profezie Intorno al XII secolo, secolo in cui numerosi buddhisti abbandonano l'India oggetto della conquista islamica, si attestano delle leggende tibetane che profetizzano degli accadimenti lungo i secoli che riguardano questo regno segreto. Il mito vuole che tra il primo re Sucandra, autore del Paramādibuddhatantra e l'ottavo re Mañjuśrīkīrti, autore della sua sintesi che corrisponde al noi pervenuto Kālacakratantra si collochino altri sei re, ognuno con la durata del proprio regno di cento anni: Candra, Devendra, Tejavsi, Candradatta, Deveśvara, Viśvarupa e Deveśa. Il successore di Deveśa sarà il primo a vedersi assegnato l'appellativo di kulika ("detentore del lignaggio; རིགས་ལྡན, rigs ldan). Anche i kulika si avvicenderanno al trono di Śambhala ogni cento anni. Così il secondo kulika risulterà Puṇḍarīka (པད་མ་དཀར་པོ, Pad ma dkar po) autore del commentario al Kālacakratantra indicato con il titolo Vimalaprabhā ("Luce immacolata", Vimalaprabhānāmakālacakratantraṭīkā དུས་འཁོར་འགྲེལ་བཤད་དྲི་མེད་འོད། dus 'khor 'grel bshad dri med 'od, ai Toh. 845/1347). Attualmente a Śambhala regnerebbe il XXI kulika/kalkin Aniruddha (མ་འགགས་པ, Ma 'gags pa; regno 1927-2027), mentre il suo successore sarà Narasiṃha (མི་ཡི་སེང་གེ Mi yi seng ge, regno: 2027-2127). Secondo il mito, quando il XXV kulika/kalkin, Rudracakrī (དྲག་པོ་འཁོར་ལོ་ཅན Drag po 'khor lo can) salirà al trono di Śambhala nell'anno 2327, il re dei miscredenti (detti mleccha, "barbari"; tibetano: ཀླ་ཀློ, kla klo, Lalo; intende qui i musulmani) scoprirà l'esistenza di Śambhala e condurrà le sue truppe oltre il fiume Sītā per il tentativo della sua conquista prevista per il 2425. Allora Rudracakrī, riunito un esercito e con l'aiuto di dodici grandi divinità, lo annienterà, ristabilendo sulla Terra il Dharma del Kālacakratantra per altri diciotto secoli. Il mito di Shamballa in Occidente Oltre che presso i tibetani, il mito di Shamballa ha goduto di particolare fortuna anche in Occidente, in cui analogamente è stata ritenuta la dimora di uomini e donne perfetti, capaci di vivere in una condizione di costante armonia e di recepire energie da altri mondi. Già agli inizi del I secolo Apollonio di Tiana, a seguito del suo viaggio in India come riportato nella sua biografia Vita di Apollonio di Tiana di Flavio Filostrato, aveva fornito una testimonianza riguardo ad un paese trans-himalayano, nel quale, secondo questi resoconti

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