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igració Jueva (Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung). Aquest estament li ordenava que s'havia de presentar per allotjar-se en un camp de treball. En aquell moment explicà a Anne un pla que Otto havia preparat amb els seus empleats més fidels i del qual Margot havia tingut coneixement des de feia algun temps: la família s'havia d'amagar en habitacions al darrere dels despatxos de la societat sobre el Prinsengracht, un carrer al llarg d'un dels canals d'Amsterdam.
La vida a la casa del darrere
El matí del 6 de juliol de 1942, la família s'instal·là a la casa del darrere. El seu pis fou deixat en un desordre aparent per donar la impressió que havien marxat sobtadament, i Otto Frank va deixar una nota indicant que se n'havien anat a Suïssa. La necessitat del secret de l'operació va fer que abandonessin el gat d'Anne, Moortje. Com que els jueus no tenien dret a utilitzar els transports públics, caminaren durant diversos quilòmetres des del seu pis, cadascun vestint diverses capes de roba perquè hom no s'adonés que transportaven maletes. L'annex o amagatall (Achterhuis) era un espai a tres nivells al darrere de l'edifici al qual s'hi accedia per un replà situat sobre els despatxos de la societat Opekta. Al primer nivell hi havia dues petites habitacions amb una cambra de bany. A sobre hi havia un vast espai obert amb una petita habitació adjacent. Des d'aquesta petita habitació, una escala donava al graner. La porta de l'Annex fou amagada per una llibreria, així s'evitava que fos descoberta. L'immoble principal, situat en un bloc de Westerkerk, era un vell edifici trivial i típic dels barris de l'oest d'Amsterdam.
Victor Kugler, Johannes Kleiman, Miep Gies i Bep Voskuijl eren els únics empleats que sabien on s'amagava la família Frank. En Jan Gies, el marit de Miep, i en Johannes Hendrik Voskuijl, el pare de Bep, els ajudaren durant el seu confinament. Eren l'únic contacte amb el món exterior i els mantenien informats dels avatars de la guerra i dels esdeveniments polítics. A més cobrien totes les seves necessitats, es preocupaven de la seguretat i els avituallaven d'aliments, una tasca cada vegada més difícil a mesura que passava el temps. Tots eren conscients que s'exposaven a la pena de mort si eren agafats per amagar jueus.
A final del mes de juliol, s'incorporà a l'amagatall la família van Daan, formada per Hermann, Augusta i el seu fill Peter de 16 anys. Després, el mes de novembre, s'incorporà Albert Dussel, un dentista amic de la família. Al principi, Anne escrigué sobre el plaer de tenir noves persones amb qui parlar, però les tensions se succeïren ràpidament perquè el grup estava forçat a viure en un entorn molt reduït. Així, després d'haver compartit la seva cambra amb Dussel, Anne el trobà insuportable, i discutí amb Augusta van Pels a qui considerava idiota. A més, la relació amb la seva mare era tensa i considerava que li era massa distant. A voltes tingué discussions amb la seva germana Margot però mai no es perdé el lligam entre elles. També cal destacar que emocionalment estava molt lligada al seu pare.
Anne passava el temps llegint, estudiant i escrivint en el seu diari. A més a més de subministrar una descripció | [
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dels esdeveniments en el seu ordre cronològic, parlà a propòsit dels seus sentiments, la por per viure amagada, les creences, les ambicions, entre les quals hi havia la d'esdevenir escriptora, i dels temes que pensava que no podia compartir amb ningú. A mesura que la confiança en el seu estil d'escriptura creixia i es feia més madura, els assumptes que abordà es feren més abstractes, com la creença en Déu i la manera com definia la naturalesa humana. Fins a la primavera 1944 escrigué per ella mateixa, però canvià de parer en escoltar a la ràdio de Londres el ministre de l'Educació del Govern neerlandès a l'exili; aquest declarà que després de la guerra caldria reunir i publicar tots els sofriments del poble neerlandès durant l'ocupació alemanya. Citava, a tall d'exemple i entre d'altres, els diaris íntims. Colpida per aquest discurs, Anne decidí que publicaria un llibre després de la guerra, fent-ne servir el diari de base. Per aquest motiu començà a copiar i reescriure el diari, corregint i suprimint els passatges que considerava menys interessants, o afegint-ne altres pouant en la seva memòria.
Detenció i deportació
El matí del 4 d'agost de 1944 l'amagatall fou envaït pels serveis de seguretat de la policia alemanya (Grüne Polizei) per indicació d'un informador que mai no ha estat identificat. Conduït pel Schutzstaffel Oberscharführer Karl Silberbauer del Sicherheitsdienst, el grup portava almenys tres membres dels serveis de seguretat de la policia. Quan Silberbauer entrà a la casa, sabia on havia d'anar de forma precisa: es dirigí recte cap a la "porta-biblioteca" giratòria que amagava la porta d'accés a l'amagatall i exigí que se li obrís. Silberbauer apostà alguns homes a l'Annex esperant l'arribada d'un vehicle per portar els presoners. Mentre interrogava Otto Frank, Silberbauer va veure una cartera de cuir. Va buidar el contingut per terra, sens dubte amb la idea de trobar joies. Però no contenia més que fulls de paper. Es tractava d'una part del diari d'Anne. Els ocupants van ser embarcats en camions i conduïts per ser interrogats.
Victor Kugler i Johannes Kleiman foren empresonats i Miep Gies i Bep Voskuijl, després de ser interrogats, foren deixats en llibertat. Més tard van tornar a l'amagatall on van trobar els escrits d'Anne, més de 300 pàgines manuscrites, escampades per terra. Les van recuperar conjuntament amb diversos àlbums de família i Gies decidí que els tornaria a Anne després de la guerra.
Els ocupants de l'amagatall foren transportats al quarter general de la Gestapo on foren interrogats i detinguts tota la nit. El 5 d'agost els transferiren a la Huis van Bewaring (Casa de Detenció), una presó superpoblada sobre el Weteringschans. Dos dies més tard, els vuit presoners jueus van ser transportats al camp de concentració de Westerbork, un camp de trànsit situat als Països Baixos on hi van passar més de 100.000 jueus. Com que els presoners havien estat capturats en un amagatall foren considerats criminals i, per tant, foren enviats als campaments de barraques de càstig per fer treballs pesats.
El 3 de setembre, el grup fou deportat amb el darrer comboi de Westerbork cap al camp d | [
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] | 1,024 | Wikipedia | 0.398803 | 0.19012 | -0.756398 | -0.723762 |
'extermini d'Auschwitz. Hi arribaren la nit del 5 al 6 de setembre de 1944, després d'un viatge de tres dies. Després foren separats segons el seu sexe, de manera que les dones i els homes no es van tornar a veure mai més. Dels 1.019 passatgers del comboi, 549 persones, de les quals la totalitat dels nens de menys de quinze anys, foren enviades directament a les cambres de gas, on van morir. Anne tenia quinze anys i tres mesos, per tant, no anà directament a la mort. Tots els membres de l'Annex van sobreviure a aquesta selecció, tanmateix Anne va creure que el seu pare havia mort.
Amb altres dones no seleccionades per una mort immediata, Anne fou forçada a despullar-se per ser desinfectada, afaitar-li el cap i, finalment, ser tatuada amb un número d'identificació sobre el seu braç. De dia les dones eren utilitzades com treballadores esclaves; a la nit, eren tancades en barraques abarrotades i glacials. Les malalties abundaven, i aviat la pell d'Anne es va veure infectada, de manera seriosa, per la sarna.
El 28 d'octubre, noves seleccions de dones van començar amb l'objectiu de deportar-les a Bergen-Belsen. Anne i Margot Frank, Auguste van Pels i vuit mil dones més foren enviades a la nova destinació, mentre que Edith Frank va romandre a Auschwitz. En el camp d'extermini de Bergen-Belsen foren aixecades tendes de campanya per allotjar l'afluència de nous presoners, entre les quals estigueren Anne i Margot. A mesura que la població de presos augmentava, l'índex de mortalitat, a causa de nombroses malalties, s'incrementava ràpidament. Anne fou breument reunida amb dues amigues, Hanneli Goslar i Nanette Blitz, que van sobreviure totes dues a la guerra. Blitz va descriure llavors Anne com calba, tremolosa i amb els trets desmillorats. Goslar diu que, si bé Anne estava malalta, deia que estava més inquieta per la Margot, que seguia estirada en la seva llitera, massa feble per caminar. Anne, a més, els explicà que pensava que els seus pares havien mort.
A partir de febrer de 1945, una epidèmia de tifus es propagà pel camp i matà, aproximadament, 17.000 presoners. Alguns testimonis certificaren que Margot caigué de la seva llitera en un estat de feblesa extrema i que morí pel xoc i que alguns dies després moria Anne. El decés succeí algunes setmanes abans que el camp fos alliberat per les tropes britàniques el 15 d'abril de 1945, i, si bé les dates exactes del decés no foren conservades, ha estat generalment acceptat que el traspàs tingué lloc entre final de febrer i mitjans del mes de març. Investigacions dutes a terme el 2015 van situar la seva mort abans de març, concretament en el mes de febrer de 1945.
Després de la guerra, s'estimà que dels aproximadament 110.000 jueus deportats dels Països Baixos durant l'ocupació nazi, només 5.000 n'havien sobreviscut.
Edith Frank, la mare d'Anne, es posà malalta i morí de gana i d'esgotament a Auschwitz-Birkenau el 6 de gener de 1945. Hermann van Pels fou incinerat el setembre de 1944 a Auschwitz-Birkenau. Fritz Pfeffer es posà malalt i morí d'esgotament | [
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el 20 de desembre de 1944 a Neuengamme. Augusta van Pels morí l'abril de 1945 a Theresienstadt. Peter van Pels morí el 5 de maig de 1945 al camp de Mauthausen.
Només Otto Frank, el pare d'Anne, sobrevisqué al camp d'extermini d'Auschwitz. Morí a Basilea (Suïssa) l'any 1980, a l'edat de 91 anys. Després de la guerra, quan ja no hi havia dubtes sobre la defunció d'Anne, Miep Gies li donà el diari de la seva filla que feu editar sota el títol dEl diari d'Anne Frank.
El diari d'una noia
Publicació del diari
Otto Frank sobrevisqué i tornà a Amsterdam. Allà fou informat que la seva dona havia mort i que les seves filles havien estat deportades a Bergen-Belsen. Volgué creure que les seves filles havien sobreviscut, però la Creu Roja, el mes de juny de 1945, confirmà les defuncions d'Anne i Margot. És només en aquest moment que Miep Gies li donà el diari. Otto li explicà més tard que no s'havia adonat que Anne hagués conservat un detall tan precís i ben escrit del temps que havien passat junts. Sabent que Anna desitjava fer-se escriptora, començà a considerar la idea de publicar el diari. Quan, anys després, se li demanà quina havia estat la seva primera reacció, digué simplement que «no sabia que la meva petita Anna era també profunda».
El diari d'Anna comença amb l'expressió privada dels seus pensaments i hi deixa escrit diverses vegades que no autoritzarà mai ningú a llegir-lo. Descriu la seva vida de manera càndida, les seves famílies i els seus companys, la seva situació, tot començant a reconèixer les ambicions d'escriure i publicar obres de ficció. A la primavera de 1944, en resposta a les paraules que escoltà a la ràdio on el ministre d'Educació del Govern neerlandès a l'exili prometia que quan acabés la guerra faria públics els testimonis de l'opressió nazi al poble neerlandès, començà a corregir els seus escrits, suprimint seccions, reescrivint altres, amb l'objectiu de publicar-los més tard. El seu diari original fou guarnit amb notes i fulls volants i creà pseudònims pels membres de l'amagatall i per les persones que els havien ajudat. La família van Pels canvià els seus noms pels de Hermann, Petronella, i Peter van Daan, i Fritz Pfeffer s'anomenà Albert Düssell. Otto Frank utilitzà el diari original, conegut sota el nom de "versió A", i la versió corregida, coneguda sota el nom de "versió B", per produir la primera edició del diari. Suprimí certs passatges, principalment aquells que parlaven de la seva dona en termes poc afalagadors, i seccions que descrivien l'evolució de la sexualitat d'Anna. A més, restaurà les identitats vertaderes dels membres de la seva família, però no modificà els altres pseudònims.
Otto Frank donà el diari a la historiadora Annie Romein-Verschoor, qui intentà sense èxit publicar-lo. El donà llavors al seu marit Jan Romein, qui escrigué un article sobre el diari titulat Kinderstem (La Veu d'un Nen), publicat al diari Het Parool el 3 d'abril de 1946, on afirmà que el diari «balbucejat per la veu d'un nen, encarna tota la crueltat del feixisme, més que no pas totes les proves que el Proc | [
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és de Nuremberg hagi pogut reunir». L'article atragué l'atenció d'editors, i el diari fou publicat l'any 1947. La primera versió americana va sortir l'any 1952 sota el títol Anne Frank: The Diary of the Young Corista (Anne Frank: el diari d'una noia). Una peça teatral de Frances Goodrich i Albert Hackett basada en el diari fou presentada a Nova York el 5 d'octubre de 1955, poc abans de guanyar el Premi Pulitzer en la categoria de drames. El 1959 es produí la pel·lícula The Diary of Anne Frank (El Diari d'Anna Frank), que fou un èxit de crítica i públic. Al llarg dels anys la popularitat del diari va créixer i a diverses escoles, en particular als Estats Units, fou inclòs al currículum escolar, fórmula que serví perquè noves generacions de lectors descobrissin Anne Frank.
El 1986, l'Institut Nacional dels Documents de Guerra dels Països Baixos publicà una edició crítica del diari. Incloïa comparacions de totes les versions conegudes i també comentaris certificant l'autenticitat del diari, així com informacions històriques suplementàries sobre la família Frank i del mateix diari.
El 1999, Cornelis Suijk, un antic director de la fundació Anne Frank i president del centre americà per l'Educació sobre l'Holocaust, anuncià que posseïa cinc pàgines inèdites que havien estat tretes del diari per Otto Frank abans de la seva publicació; Suijk declarà que Otto Frank li havia donat aquestes pàgines abans de la seva mort el 1980. Els passatges que mancaven al diari contenien observacions crítiques d'Anne respecte a les tensions entre els seus pares, i ensenya el poc afecte d'Anne envers la seva mare.
La controvèrsia va aparèixer quan Suijk reclamà els seus drets de publicació sobre les cinc pàgines i les va voler vendre per recaptar diners per la seva fundació americana. L'Institut Nacional dels Documents de Guerra dels Països Baixos, propietari del manuscrit, va reclamar la restitució de les pàgines en qüestió. El 2000, el ministre holandès d'Educació, Cultura i Ciències tanca un acord amb la fundació de Suijk aportant 300.000 USD i les pàgines foren retornades el 2001. Des d'aquesta data han estat incloses a les noves edicions del diari.
Elogis a Anna Frank i al seu diari
En la introducció a la primera publicació americana del diari, Eleanor Roosevelt es referí al diari com "un dels més sensats i trasbalsadors testimonis sobre la guerra i el seu impacte sobre els éssers humans que mai no hagi llegit". A Mesura que Anne Frank es consolidava com escriptora i humanista, es començava a parlar-ne com un dels símbols de l'Holocaust i, més generalment, com el símbol de la persecució. Hillary Rodham Clinton, en el discurs que pronuncià quan rebé el Premi Humanitari Elie-Wiesel el 1994, parlà del diari d'Anne Frank amb paraules elogioses i ho enllaçà amb els esdeveniments presents de Sarajevo, Somàlia i Ruanda.
L'any 1994, Nelson Mandela, després de rebre un premi humanitari de la Fundació Anne Frank, s'adreçà a la multitud de Johannesburg per declarar que havia llegit el diari d'Anne Frank durant el seu empresonament i que aquest li havia donat molt coratge. A més, comparà la lluita d'Anne Frank contra el nazisme amb la seva lluita contra l'Apart | [
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heid, descrivint un paral·lelisme entre ambdós sistemes amb el comentari: «Aquestes creences són evidentment falses, i perquè eren, i seran sempre, desafiades per persones semblants a Anne Frank, són consagrades al fracàs.»
El diari també ha estat reconegut per les seves qualitats literàries. Per exemple, el dramaturg Meyer Levin, qui va treballar amb Otto Frank en la posada a punt d'un drama basat en el diari poc temps després de la seva publicació, lloà la seva capacitat per «mantenir la tensió». Per la seva banda, el poeta John Berryman escrigué que es tractava d'una descripció única, no només de l'adolescència sinó també «del procés misteriós i fonamental d'una nena fent-se adulta». La seva biògrafa Melissa Müller afirmà que escrivia «amb un estil precís, econòmic i confiat, ple d'honestedat». La seva escriptura és principalment un estudi de caràcters i examina cada persona del seu cercle amb una mirada assenyada i precisa. És de vegades cruel i sovint esbiaixada, en particular en la seva descripció de Fritz Pfeffer i de la seva pròpia mare. Müller explica que va canalitzar els canvis d'humor, normals de l'adolescència, en els seus escrits. L'examen personal de l'Anne i del seu cercle és sostingut durant un llarg període de manera molt crítica, analítica i introspectiva, i en moments de frustració descriu la batalla interior entre la «minyona Anne» i la «dolenta Anne» que pensa encarnar. Otto Frank va explicar més tard al seu editor la raó per la qual creia que el diari havia estat llegit per tanta gent; segons ell, «el diari aborda tantes etapes de la vida que cada lector hi pot trobar alguna cosa que l'emocionarà personalment».
El juny de 1999, la revista Time publicà una edició especial titulada TIime 100: Heroes & Icons of the 20th Century amb una llista dels polítics, dels artistes, dels inventors, dels científics i de les personalitats més influents del . Anne Frank fou escollida per formar-ne part. L'escriptor Roger Rosenblatt, autor de Children of War , escrigué el passatge consagrat a Anne Frank on es descriu l'herència que ha deixat a la Humanitat: «les passions desencadenades per aquest llibre suggereixen que Anne Frank ens pertany a tots, perquè s'ha elevat sobre l'Holocaust, el judaisme, la feminitat i el bé, per convertir-se en una icona del món modern, la moralitat individual assaltada pel mecanisme de la destrucció, insistint sobre el dret de viure, que pregunta i que espera per al futur de la condició humana.»
Conflictes al voltant de la veracitat del diari
Des de la seva publicació s'ha posat obstinació a desacreditar el diari, i des de 1970 David Irving (historiador i negacionista de l'Holocaust) afirma que el diari no és autèntic. Segons el també negacionista Robert Faurisson, el diari no va ser realment escrit per Anne Frank, car conté pàgines escrites amb bolígraf, estri inventat l'any 1938 i patentat a l'Argentina el 10 de juny de 1943, però que no hauria estat introduït a Alemanya fins un any després, data en la qual Anne ja havia estat traslladada al camp de concentració (2 de setembre de 1944) i el seu diari estava acabat. Les contínues declaracions públiques fetes pels qui neguen l'Holocaust van dur Teresien da Silva a comentar, l'any 1999, en nom de la Casa d'Anne Frank, el següent:
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«Per molts extremistes de dretes (Anne) demostra ser un obstacle. El seu testimoniatge de la persecució dels jueus i la seva mort en un camp de concentració estan bloquejant el camí per la rehabilitació del nacional-socialisme».
Des dels anys 50 la negació de l'Holocaust ha estat una infracció criminal en alguns països europeus, i s'ha fet ús de la llei per prevenir un augment de l'activitat neonazi. L'any 1959 Otto Frank prengué accions legals a Lübeck contra Lothar Stielau, un professor de col·legi i antic membre de les Joventuts Hitlerianes qui publicà un document estudiantil on descriu el diari com una falsificació. La Cort va examinar el diari i va concloure l'any 1960 que aquest era autèntic. Stielau es retractà de la seva afirmació, i Otto Frank no va dur la seva demanda més enllà.
L'any 1958, un grup de manifestants va desafiar a Simon Wiesenthal durant una representació del Diari d'Anne Frank a Viena assegurant que Anne Frank mai no havia existit, i li van demanar que en provés l'existència trobant l'home que l'havia arrestada. Va començar a buscar Karl Silberbauer i el va trobar uns anys després, l'any 1963. Quan va ser entrevistat, Silberbauer admeté el seu paper i, a més a més, identificà Anne Frank en una fotografia com una de les persones que foren arrestades. Proporcionà una versió completa dels esdeveniments i recordà haver buidat i escampat per terra una maleta plena de papers. La seva declaració va corroborar la versió dels fets que havien presentat anteriorment testimonis com Otto Frank.
L'any 1976 Otto Frank emprengué accions judicials contra Heinz Roth, de Frankfurt, qui publicà fulletons on s'indicava que el diari era una falsificació. El jutge decidí que, si publicava noves afirmacions en aquesta línia seria condemnat a pagar una multa de 500.000 marcs alemanys i s'enfrontaria a una sentència de sis mesos de presó. Dos casos més foren desestimats pels tribunals alemanys els anys 1978 i 1979 emparant-se en el dret a la llibertat d'expressió, perquè la queixa no havia estat duta a terme per cap "part perjudicada". El tribunal va declarar en cada cas que es fes una nova petició des d'una part perjudicada, com Otto Frank, es podrien obrir diligències per difamació.
La controvèrsia va arribar al seu punt més alt l'any 1980 amb l'arrest i el judici de dos neonazis. Ernst Römer i Edgar Geiss foren jutjats i trobats culpables de la creació i distribució d'impresos denunciant la falsedat del diari, a aquests successos seguí una querella d'Otto Frank. Durant l'apel·lació, un equip d'historiadors examinà els documents d'acord amb Otto Frank, i determinà la seva autenticitat.
Amb la mort d'Otto Frank l'any 1980, el diari original, incloent-hi cartes i fulles soltes, fou deixat en herència a l'Institut per la Documentació de la Guerra dels Països Baixos. Aquesta institució dugué a terme, l'any 1986, un estudi forense del diari amb l'ajut del Ministeri de Justícia dels Països Baixos. Després de confrontar la cal·ligrafia amb exemplars d'autoria provada determinà que coincidien, i que el paper, cola i tinta emprats eren fàcils d'adquirir durant el període en el qual s'af | [
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irmava que el diari havia estat escrit. En conseqüència, determinaren que el diari era autèntic. El 23 de març de 1990 el Tribunal Regional d'Hamburg confirmà la seva autenticitat.
Reconeixements i honors
Fundació Anne Frank i la Casa d'Anne Frank
El 3 maig de l'any 1957, un grup de ciutadans, entre ells Otto Frank, creà la fundació de la Casa d'Anne Frank amb l'objectiu inicial de salvaguardar l'immoble PrinHerènciasengracht amenaçat de demolició i fer-lo accessible al públic. La Casa d'Anne Frank va obrir les portes el 3 de maig de 1960. Comprèn el magatzem i els despatxos de la societat Opekta així com l'amagatall no moblat perquè els visitants puguin circular lliurement per les habitacions. S'hi poden veure efectes personals dels ocupants que hi han quedat, com un cartell d'una estrella de cinema enganxada al mur per l'Anne, un tros de paper pintat sobre el qual Otto Frank marcava la talla de les seves filles a mesura que creixien i un mapa sobre el mur on anotava l'avanç de les forces aliades. Des de la petita habitació que va ser de Peter van Daan, s'enllaça l'immoble amb els edificis veïns comprats per la Fundació. Aquests altres immobles són emprats per albergar el diari, però també exposicions sobre diferents aspectes de l'Holocaust i estudis contemporanis sobre la intolerància racial en diferents llocs del món. La Casa d'Anne Frank s'ha convertit en el focus d'atracció turística més freqüentat d'Amsterdam, amb més d'un milió i mig de visitants cada any.
L'any 1963, Otto Frank i la seva segona dona, Elfriede Geiringer-Markovits, transformaren la Fundació Anne Frank en una organització benèfica, amb seu a Basilea, Suïssa. La Fundació recapta els diners per donar-los a causes lloables. Fins a la seva mort, Otto va llegar els seus drets sobre el diari a la Fundació, amb la condició que els primers 80.000 francs suïssos d'ingressos anuals fossin distribuïts als seus hereus; la resta ha d'ésser abonada a la Fundació pels projectes que els seus administradors jutgin vàlids. Això ha permès sostenir tots els anys el tractament mèdic dels Justos entre les Nacions, d'educar joves contra el racisme i de prestar alguns escrits d'Anne Frank al museu americà dedicat al Memorial de l'Holocaust de Washington per una exposició l'any 2003. L'informe anual del 2003 permet, a més, fer-se una idea dels treballs portats a terme i del suport d'Alemanya, d'Israel, de l'Índia, de Suïssa, d'Anglaterra i dels Estats Units.
Dedicació d'espais públics, equipaments i estàtues
Hi ha una extensa llista de ciutats, poblacions, països i institucions arreu del món, particularment a Europa, que han honrat la seva memòria dedicant-li carrers, places, avingudes, estàtues, escultures, parcs i equipaments, entre d'altres.
Desenes d'escoles del món han estat batejades amb el nom d'«Anne Frank», en record seu.
Barcelona: plaça d'Anna Frank i paviment d'Anna Frank
La ciutat de Barcelona inaugurà, el 13 de febrer de l'any 1998, un espai públic amb el seu nom al barri de Gràcia, la Plaça d'Anna Frank, molt a prop de | [
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Tag Archives: Europeans
CANADIAN ELECTION – LIBERALS WIN
October 21, 2015 Melvin 2 Comments
Justin Trudeau has just become the 29th Canadian prime minister. Son of the most famous Canadian Prime Minister, Pierre Trudeau, the new PM also leads the Liberal Party. His party received 39% of the vote. Conservative Stephen Harper, who has led the country for almost a decade, conceded defeat.
Canadian elections do not normally make a big difference. This one might.
Within 24 hours of taking over, Mr. Trudeau ordered the Royal Canadian Air Force to stop bombing ISIS in Syria, thereby effectively withdrawing from the Coalition against the terror group. By doing this, it is hoped that Canada will not suffer further terrorist attacks.
This decision came a day after ISIS called for Palestinians in Israel to step up their attacks on Israelis. Instead of stabbing Jews or running them over, they are now being urged to set them alight. The strength of ISIS is in Syria and Iraq. Mr. Trudeau's second act is likely to be opening the doors wider for Syrian refugees, ironically a move that almost guarantees further terrorist attacks. What's happening in Israel is almost certainly going to become a daily occurrence in Europe, North America and Australia in the months and years to come.
However, it's all part of a trend throughout Western countries, of compromise with Islam, compromise that is assuredly leading to the Death of the West.
Yesterday, Bret Stephens, one of my favorite writers, wrote in his weekly Wall Street Journal column, that Europe is compromising itself out of existence, pointing out the same threat from Islam. The Europeans are unwilling to spend more on defense and are yielding to international pressure on immigration. He seemed to write off European civilization, which is now in its death throes. Europe has lost its way.
"What Europeans no longer believe in are the things from which their beliefs spring: Judaism and Christianity; liberalism and the Enlightenment; martial pride and capability; capitalism and wealth. Still less do they believe in fighting or sacrificing or paying or even arguing for these things. Having ignored and undermined their own foundations, they wonder why their house is coming apart." ("In Defense of Christendom," Bret Stephens, Wall Street Journal, 10/19/15).
What Mr. Stephens had to say was absolutely correct, as is almost always the case when he writes. What he did not say, however, is that the same suicidal tendencies exist on this side of the Atlantic, as we saw in Monday's Canadian election. We see it also in the US, as I wrote last week in my post "Islamization continues."
While Americans may lament the state of Europe, they often fail to see the same problems in the US.
It's true that Europeans no longer believe in the Judeo-Christian beliefs that were a part of their history, but nor do most Americans.
Mr. Stephens also wrote: "Europe is dying because it has become morally incompetent. It isn't that Europe stands for nothing. It's that it stands for shallow things, shallowly. Europeans believe in human rights, tolerance, openness, peace, progress, the environment, pleasure. These beliefs are all very nice, but they are also secondary."
Europeans, North Americans and Australians have turned their backs on their Judeo-Christian heritage and can no longer see clearly the threats posed to their existence.
They should heed the words from that Christian heritage: "Where there is no vision, the people perish" (Proverbs 29:18). The West has lost its vision.
The entire Western world is compromising itself out of existence.
I should add that not all Europeans have lost their vision – Russia's leader still has his. The world woke up today to see Syria's President Bashar Assad in Moscow, visiting his benefactor and protector, Vladimir Putin. Russian military might is making a big difference in Syria. This is the first time in four years the Syrian president has felt secure enough to leave the country! Putin has the will to defeat ISIS –whether he can or not remains to be seen.
With that in mind, note the following headline from MEMRI (The Middle East Media Research Institute):
"Australian Islamic Leader Al-Wahwah: | [
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] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | 0.64198 | 0.199205 | 0.356073 | -0.126108 |
Syria Will Become The Graveyard Of The Russian Czars And The Infidel West."
Al-WahwahAtlanticAustraliaBashar AssadBret StephensCanadaCanadian electionChristianityCoalitionDeath of the WestEnlightenmentEuropeEuropeansIraqISISislamIsraelJewsJudaismJudeo-ChristianJustin TrudeauLiberal PartyliberalismMEMRIMoscowNorth AmericaPalestiniansPierre TrudeauRoyal Canadian Air ForceRussiaStephen HarperSyriaThe Middle East Media Research InstituteUSVladimir PutinWall Street Journal
THE POPE AND THE PRESIDENT
September 23, 2015 Melvin 2 Comments
U.S. President Barack Obama shakes hands with Pope Francis (R) during their meeting at the Vatican March 27, 2014. Obama's first meeting on Thursday with Pope Francis was expected to focus on the fight against poverty and skirt moral controversies over abortion and gay rights.
The Founding Fathers of the United States could not have imagined such a scene ever taking place in this country.
The scene was played out this morning on the White House lawn. The head of the Roman Catholic Church, Pope Francis, together with a US president of African heritage with a Muslim father and other definite Muslim connections.
Whereas the US was 98% Protestant at its founding, today there are arguably only two faiths that matter – Catholicism and Islam.
Certainly, these are the only two that dominate news headlines.
Just a few days ago, the leading Republican presidential candidate, Donald Trump was asked a question by a man who believed that President Obama is a Muslim. Because he did not correct the man, it is assumed he believes the same way and he has been greatly criticized for it. Of course, if there's nothing wrong with Islam, why should anybody get upset if described as being Muslim!
A day or two later, Ben Carson, another Republican candidate, a quiet, reserved and respectful man who is a double minority, both black and a Seventh Day Adventist Christian, was asked what he thought of having a Muslim president. He was not in favor of it and has since been accused of racism!
Fifty years ago, when Senator Edward Kennedy sponsored the bill, which became the new immigration law, he said Americans would not see any noticeable change in the fabric of the country. Here we are five decades later in a very different religious landscape thanks to that immigration act.
It doesn't take a Donald Trump or a Ben Carson for Islam to make the news every day. Migrants moving into Europe from the Middle East and Africa underline the dysfunctionality of Islamic countries, racked with ethnic, ideological and religious strife. Under international law, when people flee one country they should register for refugee status in the first country they come to; but international laws are being broken every day as people push their way through borders and barriers toward their number one goal, Germany or Sweden. None seems to want to go to any oil rich Arab country, which speaks the same language. One migrant made it clear when he said: "Europeans have more compassion!"
That compassion stems from Christianity, both Catholic and Protestant. For centuries, monks and nuns provided the only hospital care available for travelers and locals alike. They also provided food and drink to the poor.
Yes, Christianity and Islam are very different. Only the Hungarian leader, Viktor Orban, seems to be pointing that out, saying his country does not want the migrants. Hungary suffered for almost two centuries under Islamic rule, so it's not surprising that they don't want Muslims back. Mr. Orban has said that the massive movement of migrants into the country threatens the nation's Christian heritage. For this realistic comment, he is being condemned by the emotional majority more influenced by television images of people pushing further into Europe.
It is doubtful the enthusiasm for Muslim immigrants will last long. Then what?
Catholicism and Islam have clashed repeatedly throughout history – and could do so again. People in the West have largely forgotten this past history or don't care. But that's not the case in the Islamic world where the term "crusaders" is often used to describe westerners, a reference to the Crusades between Catholic Europe and the forces of Islam that began in 1095 and lasted for two centuries.
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were other less famous clashes between the two. In the eighth century Muslims invaded Spain and France, until they were defeated in 732 by Charles Martel. His grandson Charlemagne was still fighting the North African invaders decades later. After the Crusades ended, there were other clashes as the Ottoman Turks advanced westward, conquering islands in the Mediterranean and moving fairly rapidly into the heart of Europe.
The historic rivalry between Rome and the Islamic world will likely be a part of the prophesied clash between the King of the North and King of the South in the last verses of the Book of Daniel, chapter 11. Earlier this year the leaders of ISIS threatened to invade Rome and kill the pope.
Islam has certainly succeeded in dividing the West in the early years of this century, as both Americans and Europeans hold different opinions on how best to deal with the migrant crisis. Some are fearful about security while others just want to help, not realizing there are a number of rich Arab countries, which could take the Syrians in. Not all the migrants are Syrians – a British newspaper revealed last Saturday that only 1 in 5 migrants is a Syrian refugee. The others are economic migrants and could be sent home under international law.
Is this the end of western civilization, as Mr. Orban fears? That's not likely. What is more likely is that westerners will change their thinking when they experience the reality of greater numbers of Muslims. Anti-immigrant parties are likely to come to power, promising to do something to restore their countries to what they were.
Islam means "submission," In spite of denials by national news presenters, this makes the religion incompatible with the US Constitution, which is based on freedom. And just as Islam is incompatible with freedom, so is Roman Catholicism, a religion that dominated Western Europe for over a thousand years, until the Protestant Reformation introduced an element of religious freedom. It was English Protestants who founded James Town and Protestants of mostly British descent who founded the United States. Today's Protestants seem to have very little influence in the country, a fact that increasingly threatens religious freedom.
What we saw today on the White House lawn was, in a sense, a profile of three religions – Catholicism, represented by the Pope; Islam, represented by the American son of a Muslim Kenyan father; and Protestantism, represented by the White House itself, the US Constitution, and the soldiers in early American uniforms.
The first two are on the rise – the Church of Rome and Islam!
AfricaAmericansArabBen CarsonCatholicismCharles MartelChristianityCrusadesDonald TrumpEdward KennedyEuropeEuropeansFounding FathersFranceGermanyHungarianISISislamJames TownMediterraneanMiddle EastmigrantsMuslimOttoman TurksPope FrancisPresident ObamaProtestantProtestant ReformationrepublicanRoman Catholic ChurchRomeSpainSwedenUnited StatesUSUS ConstitutionViktor OrbanWhite House
"METHINKS HE PROTESTS TOO MUCH!"
June 30, 2015 Melvin 2 Comments
(If you would like to help defray the costs involved in producing this blog, please note the Paypal donation box on the Home page.)
After the gruesome murders of over thirty British tourists on a Tunisian beach Friday, the British Prime Minister David Cameron was quick to condemn the atrocity. But he was also quick to remind those listening that Islam is a religion of peace and that terrorists have seized and perverted Islam.
He is now calling on the national media to stop referring to "Islamic State," the name that ISIS calls itself.
For years now, we've been hearing of terrorist acts committed by Muslims in many different countries. Yes, occasionally, we hear of a terrorist act committed by Hindus and individual acts of violence by supposed Christians, like the one in Charleston two weeks ago. But most terrorism is committed by Muslims, both Shia and Sunni.
Sometimes, it's hard for politicians to come out and tell the truth, but one day somebody will have to, if we are to ever win "the Great War of our time," as Michael Morell calls it. Mr. Morell was the former deputy director of the CIA.
Mr. Cameron's call to end the use of the term "Islamic State" led to a discussion on the BBC World Service (radio) this morning. It amazes me with so | [
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much going on, with terrorist attacks threatening us all and with IS constantly expanding its territory, that we can indulge ourselves in discussions of semantics on worldwide radio.
At one point, the term "Islamic State" was being discussed. One contributor said we should not use it as ISIS is not Islamic and not a State. What is it then?
I googled a definition of "state." The following definition came back: "a nation or territory considered as an organized political community under one government." Based on this definition, IS is certainly a state, or country. It's not a "state" as in the US, which is a federation of 50 states. But it is as much a state as Germany, Italy, France, Saudi Arabia, Iran, etc.
It has territory. In fact, it has more of it every week. It now controls most of Libya and has clearly expanded its influence into Tunisia, with two major terrorist attacks in three months.
It's also an "organized political community under one government." It's certainly not organized like other countries, but in its own way it's organized and has a central authority that lords it over the people, just like other governments.
So why can't it call itself "Islamic State?"
The problem is that it gives Islam a bad name.
But, that's nothing new. Islam has had a bad name for 1400 years, ever since its founder, the prophet Muhammed, told his followers to go out and kill all infidels, to conquer the world.
Our ancestors knew that this was reality. On a number of occasions during this long time period Europeans were in a state of armed conflict trying to stop Muslims from conquering Europe or the Middle East. Yes, President Obama was correct when he reminded listeners that Christians did some terrible things, but now is now. It's not Christians that are threatening to shoot or behead us en masse, it's Muslims in general, al-Qaeda, al-Shahaab and ISIS in particular.
And it doesn't help when Messrs Cameron and Obama keep repeating that Islam is a religion of peace.
In fact, it shows them up as being ignorant of history.
It also shows that they haven't read Graeme Wood's groundbreaking article on ISIS in the March issue of The Atlantic, the most read article in the magazine's long history. Wood's long article showed that ISIS represents true Islam, that the organization's roots can be found in the seventh century and that they see themselves fulfilling eschatological prophecies before the advent of the Messiah.
Refusing to recognize this is irresponsible. People cannot defend themselves if they cannot clearly identify the enemy. ISIS is the real Islam and it has territory, so it has every right to call itself "Islamic State." In fact, it's the perfect name for this political entity.
One of Mr. Cameron's predecessors as prime minister, a fellow Conservative leader, Winston Churchill, did not come on the radio after every Nazi attack to remind the British people that it wasn't the Germans who were doing this, it was only the Nazis who represented hardly anybody. If he had, it's doubtful that victory would have been achieved.
Mr. Cameron's England is more reminiscent of a book written shortly after World War II. In George Orwell's "1984," the Ministry of Truth told nothing but lies, even going so far as to rewrite history for the newspapers. It was almost impossible to think for yourself. If you did, it wouldn't be long until the Thought Police caught up with you. Today's "thought police", employees of the Ministry of Truth, are the multiculturalists who keep telling us that Islam is a religion of peace and threaten us with prison if we say otherwise.
Meanwhile, the "proles," the proletariat, the ordinary people of Orwell's England, were fobbed off with endless entertainment, so they wouldn't think too much. It's a good thing he died in 1950 – an evening with cable television would have finished him off, anyway.
Mr. Cameron should remember Hans Christian Anderson's tale of "The Emperor's New Clothes," the story of a gullible king who was sold a miracle new fabric that only his loyal subjects could see. Then, one day while riding in a parade, a little boy, who was not privy to the secret of the new | [
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] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | 0.757455 | 0.584647 | 0.594571 | 0.108527 |
fabric, shouted out before all, that the king had no clothes on. As Danny Kaye sang it in song: "Look at the king, the king, the king…..the king is in the all-together, the all-together, as naked as can be."
One day, with increased acts of terrorism in our own countries, it will become impossible to keep repeating the mantra that Islam is a religion of peace.
But, by then, it may be too late!
1984Al-Qaedaal-ShahaabBBC World ServiceBritish peopleBritish touristsCharlestonChristiansCIADanny KayeDavid CameronEnglandEuropeEuropeansFranceGeorge OrwellGermanyGraeme WoodHans Christian AndersonHindusinfidelsIranISISISislamIslamic StateItalyLibyaMessiahMichael MorellMiddle EastMinistry of TruthMuhammedMuslimsNaziPresident Obamaprolesproletariatreligion of peacerewrite historySaudi ArabiaShiaSunniterrorismterroristsThe AtlanticThe Emperor's New ClothesThe Great War of Our TimeThought PoliceTunesiaUSWinston ChurchillWorld War II
INTERESTING DEVELOPMENTS IN EUROPE THIS WEEK
June 10, 2015 Melvin Leave a comment
German Chancellor Angela Merkel with US President Barack Obama outside the Elmau castle in Kruen near Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany, on Monday. (Reuters)
The week began with the 41st G7 summit, held this year in the Bavarian town of Krun.
The former G8 is now down to 7 since Vladimir Putin started misbehaving himself and invaded Ukraine. He never really belonged anyway. The group is made up of the seven biggest industrial powers in the world – Russia was never the eighth. Even the Belgian economy is bigger than Russia's. At the same time, Russia under Putin can hardly be described as a model democracy.
The leaders of the seven seem to have had the usual amicable two-day session, during which they discussed Russia and Ukraine, global warming and ISIS. President Obama was more than candid when he said that the US does not have a "complete strategy" when it comes to dealing with the terror group. One year after ISIS captured the city of Mosul, the Administration still doesn't know what it's doing! It's a good thing the president wasn't in power at the time of Pearl Harbor – Hitler and Tojo would have won!
Fortunately, there are leaders out there who do know what they are doing and who seem to have a clear strategy. Unfortunately, they live in Moscow and the Vatican.
Today, the leader of Russia, no doubt sore at being barred from the summit and all that Bavarian beer, met with the Pope in the Eternal City. This was the second time the two men have met, the first since the Russian annexation of Crimea. Note what Russia Today had to say:
"The two men champion similar conservative values in a rapidly changing world, as well as concerns for emerging threats to Christianity. During their last meeting in 2013, Putin and the Pope discussed the danger Christians face in the Middle East at the hands of radical Islamists.
"The meeting is expected to touch upon Ukraine and the civil war in the east of the country. Pope Francis has been rejecting calls from the Ukrainian Catholic Church to condemn Russia over allegations that it's fueling aggression, and instead called on all parties involved to cease hostilities."
Today's meeting was a test of the pope's diplomatic skills. Fresh from a visit to Cuba, which was appreciated in both Washington and Havana, the pope was instrumental in breaking the ice between the US and the communist country. Can he help break the logjam over Ukraine?
Perhaps more important to the pope is the state of Christians in the Middle East. Extremists throughout the region are killing Christians at an alarming rate and in a most alarming manner. Russia's president has said that Russia will protect them. The pope has called for world leaders to intervene and use force against those persecuting Christians. The US president is on record as saying that the US is a "post-Christian" country – he will not be seen to favor Christians over Muslims, reminding people a few weeks ago that Christians did some terrible things to Muslims during the Crus | [
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ades. At the same time, Christianity is a thing of the past to most western Europeans.
So, what next in Europe and particularly Germany, Rome and Moscow?
Bible prophecy shows that prior to Christ's Second Coming, there will be a revival of the Roman Empire, in which Rome and Germany will play major roles. You can read about the revived Roman Empire in Revelation, chapter 17. History students will know that this union is not improbable. In 1922, Mussolini proclaimed a revival of the Roman Empire. After his plans failed, six European nations came together to sign the Treaty of Rome in 1957, pledging to form "an ever closer union", in effect a nicer Roman Empire, not built by force.
For this revival of the Roman Empire to come into its final form, a German led Europe and America are set to go their separate ways. Clearly, there are already differences between Washington and Berlin, the only European capital that counts. Germany is witnessing increasing anti-Americanism, which is likely to get worse with the publication of "Schindler's List." Gerhard Schindler is the president of Germany's BND, the equivalent of America's National Security Agency (NSA). He has in his possession a list of people in Germany that his BND has been spying on at the behest of the NSA.
"This list has become a potential time bomb both for Germany's ruling coalition and for the transatlantic relationship. It refers to the documentation of millions of "selectors"— search terms for phone numbers, e-mail addresses and so on — that America's National Security Agency (NSA) has over the years fed into the computers of its German equivalent, the BND. The Germans monitored these and passed the intelligence back to America. Under a 2002 deal, the selectors may not point to German citizens, European firms or European Union governments.
"But for years the BND failed to check the selectors, according to parliamentary testimony by Gerhard Schindler, its president. It began doing so properly only after revelations of American mass surveillance by Edward Snowden in 2013. The BND then rejected thousands of search terms as impermissible, apparently because they aimed at European firms and governments, including France's. A big question is just how many problematic selectors had got through. Mr. Schindler says he was informed of the situation only in March. How much Chancellor Angela Merkel knew is unclear." ("Germans are angry not only with America's spies but also with their own," The Economist, June 6th.)
There is likely to be considerable fallout when the list is revealed. In turn, this could affect transatlantic relations.
Add to this a growing disillusionment with a do-nothing Washington that is no longer committed to Europe and seems averse to doing anything significant in the Middle East. This leaves a vacuum in the Western world. Europe is not ready to fill the vacuum yet, but if the West is to be saved, it must do so. And do so soon.
Rome will also play a role here. A revived Roman Empire is not possible without the papacy. Note the following comment in Time Magazine one day before the pope met with President Putin.
"The Bishop of Rome may not represent the United States or Germany, but he is increasingly a superpower in his own right, and the Wednesday meeting is a diplomatic test of how Francis will use his influence."
("Vladimir Putin Tests the Limits of Pope Francis' Powers," Elizabeth Dias, Time Magazine, June 9th.)
Little attention is given to Berlin, Rome, or Moscow on American television news programs, but developments in these three cities could affect America's future and very soon.
America's National Security AgencyAngela Merkelanti-AmericanismBavariaBelgiumBerlinBishop of RomeChrist's Second ComingChristiansCrimeaCrusadesCubademocracyEdward SnowdenEternal CityEuropean UnionEuropeansFranceG7 SummitGerhard SchindlerGermanyGermany's BNDHavanaHitlerISISKrunMiddle EastMoscowMosulMuslimsMussoliniNSAPearl HarborPopePope Francispost-Christian countryPresident Obamaradical IslamistsRevelationRoman EmpireRomeRussiaRussia TodaySchindler's ListselectorsThe VaticanTime MagazineTojoTreaty of RomeUkraineUkrain | [
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ian Catholic ChurchUnited StatesUSVladimir PutinWashington
RECORD NUMBERS OF REFUGEES REACHING EUROPE
April 15, 2015 Melvin 1 Comment
One of the great ironies of the last fifty years is that the peoples who supposedly rose up against their colonial masters and achieved independence have been moving en masse to the very countries they rebelled against!
This exodus of people from Africa and the Middle East has increased in recent months with increased turbulence in Libya, Somalia, Yemen, Syria and Iraq. Eritreans are also moving to Europe to get away from that country's brutal dictatorship. Many flee by land to Libya, then cross to Italy by sea. Over 400 died today when their boat capsized, a fairly regular occurrence.
The Europeans, it seems, cannot do enough to help resettle all these refugees. The United Nations is criticizing, claiming they are not doing enough. It should be realized that the U.N. is dominated by people from the same areas of the world as the refugees. As failed states rapidly fall apart, people want to seek refuge in western Europe.
It should be noted that the six countries all mentioned above are Islamic. The problems these countries face are deeply rooted in the Muslim religion. People flee from these lands, but when they arrive in their new countries, what do they want to do? They want their new countries to embrace Islam! They have clearly learned nothing. At the same time, they want to make everybody else's lives miserable.
So, what should western countries do?
The first priority of every government is national security. Who is to say that, amongst all those fleeing Islamic lands, there may be some who want to get to Europe, North America and Australia, in order to stage terrorist acts? It's not only possible, it's actually quite likely.
The perception of increased threats to security is fueling the growth of right-wing political parties in some European countries. This poses a serious threat to liberal democracy and the cohesion of the western alliance.
At the same time, the sheer numbers of people in transit constitutes the equivalent of an invading army. If the cultural identity of nations is to be preserved, something must be done to stop the invasion.
But what? What can be done?
Clearly, European rule of these nations cannot have been so bad, if the native peoples are now moving to the former rulers for "freedom."
Perhaps a solution is for those same western European nations to seize a small coastal area of the troubled countries, establishing an enclave, or "colony," which would enable those citizens who want to flee to the West to remain and live under western rule? This is, after all, what Hong Kong was all about.
Of course, this is not going to happen. The United Nations would throw a fit, screaming "colonialism." As they cannot say anything positive about any of the countries taking in the refugees, perhaps they should open up the United Nations building and all available surrounding land to house them and feed them – at their own expense, of course.
AfricaAustraliaEuropeEuropeansHong KongIraqIslamicItalyLibyaMiddle EastMuslimNorth AmericarefugeesSomaliaSyriaUNUnited Nationswestern allianceYemen
PROXY WAR PITS SAUDIS AGAINST IRAN
April 9, 2015 Melvin 1 Comment
Shia-Houthi rebels
The Middle East continues to dominate the headlines.
A proxy war is taking place in strategically located Yemen, between Iran and Saudi Arabia, backed by the US.
The country's Sunni president was overthrown in January by Shia Houthi rebels from the north. Supported by Iran, they are moving south, establishing control over a wider area.
Meanwhile, Saudi Arabia is leading a coalition of ten Arab countries in an attempt to restore the Sunni led government to power. The US backs Saudi Arabia, but, as usual, it's more complicated than that. AQAP (Al Qaeda in Yemen) is also fighting the Houthis. Even Islamic State, a long way from home, is involved.
It gets messier.
Last week, the 22-nation Arab League met in Sharm el-Sheikh. In a final communiqué, the 22 nations pledged to form a unified military force to | [
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] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | -0.042719 | 0.081106 | 0.523739 | -0.205163 |
deal with regional security issues. This primarily means Iran.
The Sunni-Shia conflict is widening and now pits all 22 Arab nations against Iran.
The war in Yemen could also get worse. Most non-Yemenis have flown out of the country, rescued in aircraft sent to the country by their home governments.
Yemen is very important to the Saudis, who neighbor them to the north. Saudi Arabia is feeling increasingly encircled by Iranian proxies, to the south in Yemen, to the north in Iraq and Syria and also Hezbollah in Lebanon
There is a growing fear that the war could spill over into Saudi Arabia, which has a small Shi'ite population. It could also affect Oman, which has been an oasis of peace under its current leader, Sultan Qaboos. Bahrain, too, which is the regional naval base for the US Fifth Fleet, could be seriously affected. It's Sunni king walks a tightrope ruling over a majority Shi'ite population, estimated to be about two thirds of the total number of Bahraini citizens.
Iran has effectively declared war on Sunni Islam. The country is aiding the Iraqi majority Shi'ite government against ISIS. The US has been helping bomb the rebels, thereby risking accusations of being an Iranian proxy. But, further south, the US is supporting the Sunnis in Yemen against Iran.
No wonder everybody is confused. And no wonder our domestic news channels tend to avoid getting into this. To fully understand the situation, you need a degree in history, another in geography and a third in comparative religion!
Suffice it to say, it's a real mess.
Interestingly, this week Senator Rand Paul has entered the US presidential campaign. His isolationist message will inevitably appeal to voters anxious to get out of the Mideast and leave the Sunnis and Shi'ites to fight to the (very) bitter end. (One opinion poll today shows him leading over Hillary Clinton.)
However, it's not as simple as that. The Bible shows us that, out of this quagmire, will come a regional leader who will attack Europe. A revival of the Roman Empire (the King of the North) will then have to intervene in the region. You can read about this in the last few verses of Daniel, chapter 11 (verses 40-44).
We can already see the Europeans waking up to the seriousness of the threats coming from the nearby Middle East. A 25,000 strong rapid reaction force has been established to deal with further Russian aggression. But it can also be used to deal with problems that arise in the Middle East that may threaten Europe.
The Middle East is not going to calm down. The problems in the region are only likely to worsen in the future, as we near the time of Christ's return.
Al-QaedaAQAPArabArab LeagueBahrainBahrainiBibleChrist's returnDanielEuropeEuropeansHezbollahHillary ClintonIranIraqIslamicisolationistLebanonMiddle EastMideastRussianSaudia ArabiaSaudisSenator Rand PaulSharm el-SheikhShia HouthiShiiteSultan QaboosSunniSunni IslamSunni-Shia conflictUSUS Fifth FleetUS presidential campaignYemen
UK ELECTION SET FOR MAY 7th
March 30, 2015 Melvin Leave a comment
A turbulent six weeks lies ahead as Britain prepares to vote on May 7th.
Americans are already in the midst of electioneering, for an election that's still 22 months away. They can be forgiven a case of envy when they learn that the United Kingdom's election period will only last 38 days.
Elections used to be fairly routine, with either the Conservative or the Labour party winning.
In 2010, that changed. Neither party won a majority. David Cameron, the leader of the Conservative Party and Nick Clegg, the leader of the Liberal Democrat Party agreed to form a Coalition government. Later, the two had to agree on austerity measures to get Britain out of the international financial crisis.
Today, the country has the fastest growing economy out of all the major western democracies. Austerity seems to have worked better in Britain than elsewhere in Europe.
This | [
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State Farm thinks it's 'ridiculous' that it must provide the benefits promised in its policy language
January 8, 2014 by Steven M. Gursten
Federal ruling puts brakes on State Farm's attempt to ignore its own policy language in order to deny personal injury benefits to auto accident victim
"Your words, not mine."
Sometimes, that is all that's necessary to win in court.
And it proved true for auto accident victim Barbara Bennett, when she sued State Farm Insurance Company for personal injury benefits after State Farm's insured customer drove his car into Ms. Bennett while she was walking her dog.
Ms. Bennett claimed she was entitled to injury benefits as an "occupant" of the motor vehicle belonging to State Farm's insured customer because "at the time she was on the vehicle's hood" she was, as the term is defined in State Farm's auto insurance contract, "occupying" the vehicle.
State Farm said Ms. Bennett's argument was "ridiculous."
But the U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit disagreed.
Not only is it uncivil to call an opponent's argument "ridiculous," said the federal appeals court, but it's also unwise especially when "the argument that State Farm derides as ridiculous is instead correct."
The federal judges acknowledged that, "as a matter of ordinary English usage, one might be skeptical that Bennett was an 'occupant' of the [vehicle] during the time she was on its hood. Occupants are normally inside vehicles, not on them."
Yet, the judges said, it's not "ordinary English usage" that matters in this case. It's what the policy says that matters:
"[T]he parties to a contract can define its terms as they wish; and State Farm has done so here."
"Its policy for the [vehicle] defines 'occupying' as '… on …' And the parties have stipulated that Bennett was on the [vehicle] — specifically, on its hood — and that she 'suffered further bodily injuries' while she was there."
"Per the policy's terms, therefore, Bennett was an 'occupant' of the vehicle and thus entitled to coverage for those additional injuries."
Unwilling to play by the rules that it, alone, wrote into its auto insurance contract, State Farm ignored its own contractual definition of "occupant" and, instead, urged the court to apply definitions crafted by "other courts."
The federal judges instantly saw through and rejected State Farm's ploy:
"We cannot [consider other courts' definitions of what an 'occupant' is] … since the policy [in this case] does define the term."
"In this case … the policy marks out its zone of coverage in primary colors. The policy's terms therefore control."
As an insurance attorney, I try to read every no fault and insurance case that comes down in my own area of law. And I frequently write about the cases on the pages of this legal blog. But it is not often that I have as much fun writing about a case as I did writing about this one.
For nearly two decades now, the Republican courts in Michigan, at the behest of the insurance companies and their lawyers, have systematically dismantled Michigan law. This has been accomplished by abolishing the doctrine of reasonable expectations that has always existed in this state, and then denying coverage in case after case using onerous and one-sided policy language written by insurance companies and their lawyers.
How nice it is to see this federal case come down, proving that at least in this limited context, what's good for the goose is good for the gander too.
State Farm: Repeat Offenders In Abusing Auto Accident Victims Award
State Farm insurance: NOT like a good neighbor
Have State Farm's mad dog tactics taken a bite out of you?
Car Insurance, Car Insurance Companies
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Michigan auto insurance company profits hit "record-smashing" highs in 2020 durin...
Independent Medical Examination (IME): Why They Are No Laughing Matter
Michigan injury attorney explains what an independent medical examination is and how ...
Car Insurance, Car Insurance Companies | [
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<?php
namespace Magento\UrlRewrite\Block\Cms\Page;
/**
* Test for \Magento\UrlRewrite\Block\Cms\Page\Edit
* @magentoAppArea adminhtml
*/
class EditTest extends \PHPUnit_Framework_TestCase
{
/**
* Test prepare layout
*
* @dataProvider prepareLayoutDataProvider
*
* @param array $blockAttributes
* @param array $expected
*
* @magentoAppIsolation enabled
*/
public function testPrepareLayout($blockAttributes, $expected)
{
/** @var $layout \Magento\Framework\View\LayoutInterface */
$layout = \Magento\TestFramework\Helper\Bootstrap::getObjectManager()->get(
'Magento\Framework\View\LayoutInterface'
);
/** @var $block \Magento\UrlRewrite\Block\Cms\Page\Edit */
$block = $layout->createBlock(
'Magento\UrlRewrite\Block\Cms\Page\Edit',
'',
['data' => $blockAttributes]
);
$this->_checkSelector($block, $expected);
$this->_checkLinks($block, $expected);
$this->_checkButtons($block, $expected);
$this->_checkForm($block, $expected);
$this->_checkGrid($block, $expected);
}
/**
* Check selector
*
* @param \Magento\UrlRewrite\Block\Cms\Page\Edit $block
* @param array $expected
*/
private function _checkSelector($block, $expected)
{
$layout = $block->getLayout();
$blockName = $block->getNameInLayout();
/** @var $selectorBlock \Magento\UrlRewrite\Block\Selector|bool */
$selectorBlock = $layout->getChildBlock($blockName, 'selector');
if ($expected['selector']) {
$this->assertInstanceOf(
'Magento\UrlRewrite\Block\Selector',
$selectorBlock,
'Child block with entity selector is invalid'
);
} else {
$this->assertFalse($selectorBlock, 'Child block with entity selector should not present in block');
}
}
/**
* Check links
*
* @param \Magento\UrlRewrite\Block\Cms\Page\Edit $block
* @param array $expected
*/
private function _checkLinks($block, $expected)
{
$layout = $block->getLayout();
$blockName = $block->getNameInLayout();
/** @var $cmsPageLinkBlock \Magento\UrlRewrite\Block\Link|bool */
$cmsPageLinkBlock = $layout->getChildBlock($blockName, 'cms_page_link');
if ($expected['cms_page_link']) {
$this->assertInstanceOf(
'Magento\UrlRewrite\Block\Link',
$cmsPageLinkBlock,
'Child block with CMS page link is invalid'
);
$this->assertEquals(
'CMS page:',
$cmsPageLinkBlock->getLabel(),
'Child block with CMS page has invalid item label'
);
$this->assertEquals(
$expected['cms_page_link']['name'],
$cmsPageLinkBlock->getItemName(),
'Child block with CMS page has invalid item name'
);
$this->assertRegExp(
'/http:\/\/localhost\/index.php\/.*\/cms_page/',
$cmsPageLinkBlock->getItemUrl(),
'Child block with CMS page contains invalid URL'
);
} else {
$this->assertFalse($cmsPageLinkBlock, 'Child block with CMS page link should not present in block');
}
}
/**
* Check buttons
*
* @param \Magento\UrlRewrite\Block\Cms\Page\Edit $block
* @param array $expected
*/
private function _checkButtons($block, $expected)
{ | [
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] | 1,024 | Github | -1.463743 | 0.2602 | -1.22555 | -0.491499 |
$buttonsHtml = $block->getButtonsHtml();
if (isset($expected['back_button'])) {
if ($expected['back_button']) {
if ($block->getCmsPage()->getId()) {
$this->assertSelectCount(
'button.back[onclick~="\/cms_page"]',
1,
$buttonsHtml,
'Back button is not present in CMS page URL rewrite edit block'
);
} else {
$this->assertSelectCount(
'button.back',
1,
$buttonsHtml,
'Back button is not present in CMS page URL rewrite edit block'
);
}
} else {
$this->assertSelectCount(
'button.back',
0,
$buttonsHtml,
'Back button should not present in CMS page URL rewrite edit block'
);
}
}
if ($expected['save_button']) {
$this->assertSelectCount(
'button.save',
1,
$buttonsHtml,
'Save button is not present in CMS page URL rewrite edit block'
);
} else {
$this->assertSelectCount(
'button.save',
0,
$buttonsHtml,
'Save button should not present in CMS page URL rewrite edit block'
);
}
if ($expected['reset_button']) {
$this->assertSelectCount(
'button[title="Reset"]',
1,
$buttonsHtml,
'Reset button is not present in CMS page URL rewrite edit block'
);
} else {
$this->assertSelectCount(
'button[title="Reset"]',
0,
$buttonsHtml,
'Reset button should not present in CMS page URL rewrite edit block'
);
}
if ($expected['delete_button']) {
$this->assertSelectCount(
'button.delete',
1,
$buttonsHtml,
'Delete button is not present in CMS page URL rewrite edit block'
);
} else {
$this->assertSelectCount(
'button.delete',
0,
$buttonsHtml,
'Delete button should not present in CMS page URL rewrite edit block'
);
}
}
/**
* Check form
*
* @param \Magento\UrlRewrite\Block\Cms\Page\Edit $block
* @param array $expected
*/
private function _checkForm($block, $expected)
{
$layout = $block->getLayout();
$blockName = $block->getNameInLayout();
/** @var $formBlock \Magento\UrlRewrite\Block\Cms\Page\Edit\Form|bool */
$formBlock = $layout->getChildBlock($blockName, 'form');
if ($expected['form']) {
$this->assertInstanceOf(
'Magento\UrlRewrite\Block\Cms\Page\Edit\Form',
$formBlock,
'Child block with form is invalid'
);
$this->assertSame(
$expected['form']['cms_page'],
$formBlock->getCmsPage(),
'Form block should have same CMS page attribute'
);
$this->assertSame(
$expected['form']['url_rewrite'],
$formBlock->getUrlRewrite(),
'Form block should have same URL rewrite attribute'
);
} else {
$this->assertFalse($formBlock, 'Child block with form should not present in block');
}
}
/**
* Check grid
*
* @param \Magento\UrlRewrite\Block\Cms\Page\Edit $block
* @param array $expected
*/
private function _checkGrid($block, $expected)
{
$layout = $block->getLayout();
$blockName = $block->getNameInLayout();
/** @var $gridBlock \Magento\UrlRewrite\Block\Cms\ | [
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] | 1,024 | Github | -1.69741 | -0.279354 | -1.451496 | -0.789852 |
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/maven-v4_0_0.xsd">
<modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
<groupId>cz.jiripinkas.example</groupId>
<artifactId>example-testimonials-spring</artifactId>
<packaging>war</packaging>
<version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
<name>example-testimonials-spring</name>
<properties>
<project.build.sourceEncoding>UTF-8</project.build.sourceEncoding>
<spring.version>3.2.4.RELEASE</spring.version>
<slf4j.version>1.5.10</slf4j.version>
<java.version>1.6</java.version>
<junit.version>4.8.2</junit.version>
<jackson.version>2.2.1</jackson.version>
</properties>
<dependencies>
<!-- iText - last iText release using LGPL/MPL -->
<dependency>
<groupId>com.lowagie</groupId>
<artifactId>itext</artifactId>
<version>4.2.1</version>
<!-- Causes really slow startup, so I removed this dependency. So far
everything works without it :) -->
<exclusions>
<exclusion>
<artifactId>bctsp-jdk14</artifactId>
<groupId>org.bouncycastle</groupId>
</exclusion>
</exclusions>
</dependency>
<!-- Jackson -->
<dependency>
<groupId>com.fasterxml.jackson.core</groupId>
<artifactId>jackson-core</artifactId>
<version>${jackson.version}</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>com.fasterxml.jackson.core</groupId>
<artifactId>jackson-databind</artifactId>
<version>${jackson.version}</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>com.fasterxml.jackson.core</groupId>
<artifactId>jackson-annotations</artifactId>
<version>${jackson.version}</version>
</dependency>
<!-- Bean Validation Dependencies -->
<dependency>
<groupId>javax.validation</groupId>
<artifactId>validation-api</artifactId>
<version>1.0.0.GA</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.hibernate</groupId>
<artifactId>hibernate-validator</artifactId>
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</dependency>
<!-- JPA Persistence Dependencies -->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.hibernate</groupId>
<artifactId>hibernate-entitymanager</artifactId>
<version>4.3.0.Beta4</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.hsqldb</groupId>
<artifactId>hsqldb</artifactId>
<version>2.3.0</version>
</dependency>
<!-- Spring Dependencies -->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-context</artifactId>
<version>${spring.version}</version>
<exclusions>
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A looming showdown in Goma, DRC
By Prince Ofori-Atta and Konye Obaji Ori
Posted on Wednesday, 11 July 2012 12:07
The streets and roads in Kiwanja, a town northeast of Goma in Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), were inaccessible on Saturday. Aside from sporadic gunshots, Kiwanja – occupied by uncontrolled armed soldiers, was all but a ghost town.
Shops and offices were being looted by retreating elements of the national army, FARDC (Forces Armées de la République Démocratique du Congo) as M23 soldiers advanced towards Goma, the provincial capital of north Kivu.
Unable to get out of Kiwanja the previous evening, Flory Nyamwoga, a Congolese Environmental and Carbon Finance Expert with Human Dignity in the World and currently working on one of the area's community farms, thought it would be safer to move towards Goma on Sunday.
But after being holed-up in his office for nearly 24 hours, he decided to launch a desperate call for help via email. "The shops outside are being looted by soldiers, and I do not know if they will not soon get into my office, where I am currently hiding, with two security agents," his email, sent on Sunday at 13:39 local time, read.
Two hours later, Nyamwoga sent another email to say that the shootings had ceased after the arrival of UN's mission in DRC, known by the acronym MONUSCO. But while it was impossible to know who was in control on Sunday, no clashes were confirmed. "Thank God those terrible shootings are over," he concluded.
A number of villagers who fled the town have since returned, and a semblance of normalcy was felt on Monday in Kiwanja when Police stations were re-opened. Administrative buildings were also opened for work on Tuesday as government forces began normal patrols in the town.
"But it is not clear whether the Bunagana road towards Uganda is still safe," says Nyamwoga. The border town of Bunagana, which is also close to Rwanda, was the first town to fall into the hands of the Bosco Ntaganda-led M23 rebels.
In recent weeks, 220,000 people have been displaced in eastern DRC since the group of former rebels mutinied and began capturing towns and territory in North Kivu Province. The total number of internally displaced persons (IDPs) in the same area is estimated to be around two million.
The rebel war in Africa's Great Lakes Region has drawn the attention of the United Nations as mutineers and soldiers from DRC, and political supporters from Rwanda prepare for a showdown in Goma.
In defence of the strategic tow, DRC is moving its US-trained battalion from the north of the country to Goma and has also sent battalions previously used in the hunt for Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) fighters to North Kivu.
The conflict continues to threaten the region's stability with around 20,000 people, including 600 FARDC soldiers, having sought refuge in neighbouring Uganda and Rwanda. The M23 mutineers, who experts allege are receiving external support from Rwanda, are well-armed, trained and equipped. Kigali, which has been singled out for backing the rebels, has denied any connection or involvement with the mutineers.
"Our great concern is that the M23, having taken these towns [significant small towns around Goma] would then be planning some sort of advance against Goma," head of the UN mission in Congo, Roger Meece was quoted as saying.
DRC, Rwanda and the AU
Meanwhile, MONUSCO is moving troops and special forces from its 18,000-strong peacekeeping force to Goma where it is suspected that the M23 is trying to form alliances with other rebel groups in the region.
"The UN mission is doing its utmost in coordination with the Congolese army to protect civilians," Meece added.
As military personnel are put in place to fend off the M23 mutineers and protect civilians, international leaders are to use an African Union summit in Addis Ababa this | [
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Civil Society Groups Seek More Time to Review, Comment on Rushed Global Treaty for Intrusive Cross Border Police Powers
By Karen Gullo
Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF), European Digital Rights (EDRi), and 40 other civil society organizations urged the Council of Europe's Parliament Assembly and Committee of Ministers to allow more time for them to provide much-needed analysis and feedback on the flawed cross border police surveillance treaty its cybercrime committee rushed to approve without adequate privacy safeguards.
Digital and human rights groups were largely sidelined during the drafting process of the Second Additional Protocol to the Budapest Convention, an international treaty that will establish global procedures for law enforcement in one country to access personal user data from technology companies in other countries. The CoE Cybercrime Committee (T-CY)—which oversees the Budapest Convention—adopted in 2017, as work on the police powers treaty began, internal rules that fostered a narrower range of participants for the drafting of this new Protocol.
The process has been largely opaque, led by public safety and law enforcement officials. And T-CY's periodic consultations with civil society and the public have been criticized for their lack of detail, their short response timelines, and the lack of knowledge about countries' deliberation on these issues. The T-CY rushed approval of the text on May 28th, signing off on provisions that put few limitations and provide little oversight on police access to sensitive user data held by Internet companies around the world.
The Protocol now heads to the Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly (PACE) Committee on Legal Affairs and Human Rights, which can recommend further amendments. We hope the PACE will hear civil society's privacy concerns and issue an opinion addressing the lack of adequate data protection safeguards.
In a letter, dated March 31st, to PACE President Rik Daems and Chair of the Committee of Ministers Péter Szijjártó, digital and human rights groups said the treaty will likely be used extensively, with far-reaching implications on the security and privacy of people everywhere. It is imperative that fundamental rights guaranteed in the European Convention on Human Rights and in other agreements are not sidestepped in favor of law enforcement access to user data that is free of judicial oversight and strong privacy protections. The CoE's plan is to finalize the Protocol's adoption by November and begin accepting signatures from countries sometime before 2022.
We know that the Council of Europe has set high standards for its consultative process and has a strong commitment to stakeholder engagement," EFF and its allies said in the letter. "The importance of meaningful outreach is all the more important given the global reach of the draft Protocol, and the anticipated inclusion of many signatory parties who are not bound by the Council's central human rights and data protection instruments."
In 2018 EFF, along with 93 civil society organizations from across the globe, asked the TC-Y to invite civil society as experts in the drafting plenary meetings, as is customary in other Council of Europe Committee sessions. The goal was for the experts to listen to Member States opinions and build on those discussions. But we could not work towards this goal since we were not invited to observe the drafting process. While EFF has participated in every public consultation of the TC-Y process since our 2018 coalition letter, the level of participation allowed has failed to comply with meaningful multi-stakeholder principles of transparency, inclusion and accountability. As Tamir Israel (CIPPIC) and Katitza Rodriguez (EFF) pointed out in their analysis of the Protocol:
With limited incorporation of civil society input, it is perhaps no surprise that the final Protocol places law enforcement concerns first while human rights protections and privacy safeguards remain largely an afterthought. Instead of attempting to elevate global privacy protections, the Protocol's central safeguards are left largely optional in an attempt to accommodate countries that lack adequate protections. As a result, the Protocol encourages global standards to harmonize at the lowest common denominator, weakening everyone's right to privacy and free expression.
The full text of the letter:
Re: Ensuring Meaningful Consultation in Cybercrime Negotiations
We, the undersigned individuals and organizations, write to ask for a meaningful | [
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opportunity to give the final draft text of the proposed second additional protocol to Convention 185, the Budapest Cybercrime Convention, the full and detailed consideration which it deserves. We specifically ask that you provide external stakeholders further opportunity to comment on the significant changes introduced to the text on the eve of the final consultation round ending on 6th May, 2021.
The Second Additional Protocol aims to standardise cross-border access by law enforcement authorities to electronic personal data. While competing initiatives are also underway at the United Nations and the OECD, the draft Protocol has the potential to become the global standard for such cross-border access, not least because of the large number of states which have already ratified the principal Convention. In these circumstances, it is imperative that the Protocol should lay down adequate standards for the protection of fundamental rights.
Furthermore, the initiative comes at a time when even routine criminal investigations increasingly include cross-border investigative elements and, in consequence, the protocol is likely to be used widely. The protocol therefore assumes great significance in setting international standards, and is likely to be used extensively, with far-reaching implications for privacy and human rights around the world. It is important that its terms are carefully considered and ensure a proportionate balance between the objective of securing or recovering data for the purposes of law enforcement and the protection of fundamental rights guaranteed in the European Convention on Human Rights and in other relevant national and international instruments.
In light of the importance of this initiative, many of us have been following this process closely and have participated actively, including at the Octopus Conference in Strasbourg in November, 2019 and the most recent and final consultation round which ended on 6th May, 2021.
Although many of us were able to engage meaningfully with the text as it stood in past consultation rounds, it is significant that these earlier iterations of the text were incomplete and lacked provisions to protect the privacy of personal data. In the event, the complete text of the draft Protocol was not publicly available before 12th April, 2021. The complete draft text introduces a number of significant alterations, most notably the inclusion of Article 14, which added for the first time proposed minimum standards for privacy and data protection. While external stakeholders were previously notified that these provisions were under active consideration and would be published in due course, the publication of the revised draft on 12th April offered the first opportunity to examine these provisions and consider other elements of the Protocol in the full light of these promised protections.
We were particularly pleased to see the addition of Article 14, and welcome its important underlying intent—to balance law enforcement objectives with fundamental rights. However, the manner in which this is done is, of necessity, complex and intricate, and, even on a cursory preliminary examination, it is apparent that there are elements of the article which require careful and thoughtful scrutiny, in the light of which might be capable of improvement.[1]
As a number of stakeholders has noted,[2] the latest (and final) consultation window was too short. It is essential that adequate time is afforded to allow a meaningful analysis of this provision and that all interested parties be given a proper chance to comment. We believe that such continued engagement can serve only to improve the text.
The introduction of Article 14 is particularly detailed and transformative in its impact on the entirety of the draft Protocol. Keeping in mind the multiple national systems potentially impacted by the draft Protocol, providing meaningful feedback on this long anticipated set of safeguards within the comment window has proven extremely difficult for civil society groups, data protection authorities and a wide range of other concerned experts.
Complicating our analysis further are gaps in the Explanatory Report accompanying the draft Protocol. We acknowledge that the Explanatory Report might continue to evolve, even after the Protocol itself is finalised, but the absence of elaboration on a pivotal provision such as Article 14 poses challenges to our understanding of its implications and our resulting ability meaningfully to engage in this important treaty process.
We know that the Council of Europe has set high standards for its consultative process and has a strong commitment to stakeholder engagement. The importance of meaningful outreach is all the more important given the global reach of the draft Protocol, and the anticipated inclusion of many signatory parties who are not bound by the Council's central human rights and data protection instruments. Misalignments between Article 14 and existing legal | [
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frameworks on data protection such as Convention 108/108+ similarly demand careful scrutiny so that their implications are fully understood.
In these circumstances, we anticipate that the Council will wish to accord the highest priority to ensuring that fundamental rights are adequately safeguarded and that the consultation process is sufficiently robust to instill public confidence in the Protocol across the myriad jurisdictions which are to consider its adoption. The Council will, of course, appreciate that these objectives cannot be achieved without meaningful stakeholder input.
We are anxious to assist the Council in this process. In that regard, constructive stakeholder engagement requires a proper opportunity fully to assess the draft protocol in its entirety, including the many and extensive changes introduced in April 2021. We anticipate that the Council will share this concern, and to that end we respectfully suggest that the proposed text (inclusive of a completed explanatory report) be widely disseminated and that a minimum period of 45 days be set aside for interested stakeholders to submit comments.
We do realise that the T-CY Committee had hoped for an imminent conclusion to the drafting process. That said, adding a few months to a treaty process that has already spanned several years of internal drafting is both necessary and proportionate, particularly when the benefits of doing so will include improved public accountability and legitimacy, a more effective framework for balancing law enforcement objectives with fundamental rights, and a finalised text that reflects the considered input of civil society.
We very much look forward to continuing our engagement with the Council both on this and on future matters.
Electronic Frontier Foundation (international)
European Digital Rights (European Union)
The Council of Bars and Law Societies of Europe (CCBE) (European Union)
Access Now (International)
ARTICLE19 (Global)
ARTICLE19 Brazil and South America
Association for Progressive Communications (APC)
Association of Technology, Education, Development, Research and Communication - TEDIC (Paraguay)
Asociación Colombiana de Usuarios de Internet (Colombia)
Asociación por los Derechos Civiles (ADC) (Argentina)
British Columbia Civil Liberties Association (Canada)
Chaos Computer Club e.V. (Germany)
Content Development & Intellectual Property (CODE-IP) Trust (Kenya)
net (Sweden)
Derechos Digitales (Latinoamérica)
Digitale Gesellschaft (Germany)
Digital Rights Ireland (Ireland)
Danilo Doneda, Director of Cedis/IDP and member of the National Council for Data Protection and Privacy (Brazil)
Electronic Frontier Finland (Finland)
works (Austria)
Fundación Acceso (Centroamérica)
Fundacion Karisma (Colombia)
Fundación Huaira (Ecuador)
Fundación InternetBolivia.org (Bolivia)
Hiperderecho (Peru)
Homo Digitalis (Greece)
Human Rights Watch (international)
Instituto Panameño de Derecho y Nuevas Tecnologías - IPANDETEC (Central America)
Instituto Beta: Internet e Democracia - IBIDEM (Brazil)
Institute for Technology and Society - ITS Rio (Brazil)
International Civil Liberties Monitoring Group (ICLMG)
Iuridicium Remedium z.s. (Czech Republic)
IT-Pol Denmark (Denmark)
Douwe Korff, Emeritus Professor of International Law, London Metropolitan University
Laboratório de Políticas Públicas e Internet - LAPIN (Brazil)
Laura Schertel Mendes, Professor, Brasilia University and Director of Cedis/IDP (Brazil)
Open Net Korea (Korea)
OpenMedia (Canada)
Privacy International (international)
R3D: Red en Defensa de los Derechos Digitales (México)
Samuelson-Glushko Canadian Internet Policy & Public Interest Clinic - CIPPIC (Canada)
Usuarios Digitales (Ecuador)
org (Netherlands)
Xnet (Spain)
[1] See, for example Access Now, comments on the draft 2nd Additional Protocol to the Budapest Convention on Cyber | [
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crime, available at: https://rm.coe.int/0900001680a25783; EDPB, contribution to the 6th round of consultations on the draft Second Additional Protocol to the Council of Europe Budapest Convention on Cybercrime, available at: https://edpb.europa.eu/system/files/2021-05/edpb_contribution052021_6throundconsultations_budapestconvention_en.pdf.
[2] Alessandra Pierucci, Correspondence to Ms. Chloé Berthélémy, dated 17 May 2021; Consultative Committee of the Convention for the Protection of Individuals with Regard to Automated Processing of Personal Data, Directorate General Human Rights and Rule of Law, Opinion on Draft Second Additional Protocol, May 7, 2021, https://rm.coe.int/opinion-of-the-committee-of-convention-108-on-the-draft-second-additio/1680a26489; EDPB, see footnote 1; Joint Civil Society letter, 2 May: available at https://edri.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/20210420_LetterCoECyberCrimeProtocol_6thRound.pdf.
International Privacy Standards
Surveillance and Human Rights
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journals lined up in a row on a shelf [View Image]
Peer-Reviewed Journal Articles
* indicates author was a student when the manuscript was written
Sosnowski*, D. W., Booth*, C., York, T. P., Amstadter, A. B., & Kliewer, W. (2018). Maternal prenatal stress and infant DNA methylation: A systematic review. Developmental Psychobiology, 1-13, doi: 10.1002/dev.21604.
Kliewer, W., Yendork, J. S., Wright*, A. W., & Pillay*, B. J. (in press). Adjustment profiles of low-income caregivers from the United States and South Africa: Contrasts and Commonalities. Journal of Child and Family Studies, doi:10.1007/s10826-017-0907-1.
Sosnowski*, D. W., Booth, C., York, T. P., Amstadter, A. B., & Kliewer, W. (in press). Maternal prenatal stress and infant DNA methylation: A systematic review. Developmental Psychobiology, doi: 10.1002/dev.21604.
Wright*, A. W., Austin, M., Booth, C, & Kliewer, W. (2016). Exposure to community violence and physical health outcomes in youth: A systematic review. Journal of Pediatric Psychology. doi: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsw088.
Sosnowski*, D. W., Kliewer, W., & Lepore, S. J. (2016). The role of sleep in the relationship between victimization and externalizing problems in adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 45, 1744-1754.
Kliewer, W., Riley*, T, Zaharakis*, N., Borre*, A., Drazdowski*, T., & Jaggi*, L. (2016). Emotion dysregulation, anticipatory cortisol, and substance use in urban adolescents. Personality and Individual Differences, 99, 200-205. DOI 10.1016/j.paid.2016.05.011.
Kliewer, W., Borre*, A., Wright*, A., Jaggi*, L., Drazdowski*, T., & Zaharakis*, N. (2016). Parental emotional competence and parenting in low-income families with adolescents. Journal of Family Psychology. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/fam0000136
Kliewer, W. (2015). Victimization and Biological Stress Responses in Urban Adolescents: Emotion Regulation as a Moderator. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 45, 1812-1823. doi:10.1007/s10964-015-0398-6
Jaggi*, L. & Kliewer, W. (2016). "Cause that's the only skills in school you need": A Qualitative Analysis of Revenge Goals in Poor Urban Youth. Journal of Adolescent Research, 31, 32-58. DOI: 10.1177/0743558415569728
Razali, M., & Kliewer, W. (2015). Risk and Protective Factors for Recreational and Hard Drug Use among Malaysian Adolescents and Young Adults. Addictive Behaviors, 50, 149-156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.06.022
Razali, M., & Kliewer, W. (2015). Validation of the Communities that Care Measure Adapted for Use with Adolescents and Young Adults in Malaysia. International Perspectives in Psychology | [
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: Research, Practice, Consultation, 4, 267-280. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/ipp0000039
Rawatlal*, N., Kliewer, W., & Pillay, B.J. (2015). Socioeconomic status, family related variables and caregiver-adolescent attachment. South African Journal of Psychology, 45, 551-563. DOI: 10.1177/0081246315588906
Rawatlal*, N., Kliewer, W., & Pillay, B.J. (2015). Association between adolescent attachment and family functioning on adolescent depressive symptoms. South African Journal of Psychiatry, 21, 80-85. DOI:10.7196/SAJP.8252
George, M, Kliewer, W. & Rajan, I. (2015). Rather than talking in Tamil, they should be talking to Tamils": Sri Lankan Tamil refugee readiness for repatriation. Refugee Survey Quarterly, 34, 1-22. doi: 10.1093/rsq/hdv004
Davis*, T., Ammons*, C., Dahl*, A., & Kliewer, W. (2015). Community Violence Exposure and Callous-Unemotional Traits in Adolescents: Testing Parental Support as a Promotive Versus Protective Factor. Personality and Individual Differences, 77, 7-12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.12.024
Kaynak, O., Lepore, S.J., Kliewer, W., & Jaggi*, L. (2015). Peer victimization and subsequent disruptive behavior in school: The protective functions of anger regulation coping. Personality and Individual Differences,73, 1-6. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.09.012
Kliewer, W., & Lepore, S.J. (2015). Exposure to violence, social cognitive processing, and sleep problems in urban adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 44, 507-517. doi: 10.1007/s10964-014-0184-x
Drazdowski, T*., Jaggi, L.*, Borre, A.*, & Kliewer, W. (2015). Use of Prescription Drugs and Future Delinquency among Adolescent Offenders. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 48, 28-36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2014.07.008
Garth*, R., Sullivan, T.N., & Kliewer, W. (2015). Longitudinal Relations Between Adolescent and Parental Behaviors, Parental Knowledge, and Internalizing Behaviors Among Urban Adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 44, 819-832. doi: 10.1007/s10964-014-0112-0
Zaharakis*, N., Taylor*, K.A., & Kliewer, W. (2015). What do urban black mothers tell their adolescents about alcohol and other drugs? Journal of Research on Adolescence, 25, 75-80. DOI: 10.1111/jora.12094
Borre*, A., & Kliewer, W. (2014). Parental Strain, Mental Health Problems, and Parenting Practices: A Longitudinal Study. Personality and Individual Differences, 68, 93-97. doi: http://dx | [
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Sanders-Phillips, K., Kliewer, W., Tirmazi, T., Nebbitt, V., Carter, T.& Key, H. (2014). Perceived Racial Discrimination, Drug Use, and Psychological Distress in African American Youth: A Pathway to Child Health Disparities. Journal of Social Issues 70, 279-297. DOI: 10.1111/josi.12060
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Ho, M.Y., Cheung, F.M., You, J., Kam, C., Zhang, X., & Kliewer, W. (2013). The Moderating Role of Emotional Stability in the Relationship between Exposure to Violence and Anxiety and Depression. Personality and Individual Differences, 55, 634-639. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2013.05.004
Kliewer, W., & Zaharakis*, N. (2013). Community violence exposure, coping, and problematic alcohol and drug use among urban, female caregivers: A prospective study. Personality and Individual Differences, 55, 361-66. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2013.03.020
Lepore, S.J., & Kliewer, W. (2013). Violence exposure, sleep disturbance, and poor academic performance in middle school. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 41, 1179-1189. doi: 10.1007/s10802-013-9709-0
Taylor*, K.A., Sullivan, T.S., & Kliewer, W. (2013). A longitudinal path analysis of peer victimization, threat appraisals to the self, and aggression, anxiety, and depression among urban African American adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 42, 178-189. doi: 10.1007/s10964-012-9821-4
Farrell, A.D., Bettencourt*, A., Mays*, S., Kramer*, A., Sullivan, T.N., & Kliewer, W. (2012). Patterns of Adolescents' Beliefs About Fighting and Their Relation to Behavior and Risk Factors for Aggression. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 40, 787-802. doi: 10.1007/s10802-011-9609-0
Giannotta*, F., Settanni*, M., Kliewer, W., & Ciairano, S. (2012). The Role of Threat Appraisal in the Relation Between Peer Victimization and Adjustment Problems in Early Italian Adolescents. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 42, 2077-2095. doi: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2012.00931.x
Kliewer, W., Dibble*, A.E., Goodman*, K. & Sullivan, T.N., (2012). Physiological correlates of peer victimization and aggression in African American urban adolescents. Development and Psychopathology, 24, 637-650. doi: 10.1017/S0954579412000211
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Kliewer, W., Reid-Quinones*, K., Shields*, B.J., & Foutz*, L. (2009). Multiple Risk, Emotion Regulation Skill, and Cortisol in Low-Income African American Youth: A Prospective Study. Journal of Black Psychology, 35, 24-43. doi: 10.1177/0095798408323355
Cunningham*, J.N., Kliewer, W., & Garner, P. (2009). Emotion socialization, child emotion understanding and regulation, and adjustment in urban African American families: Differential associations across child gender. Development and Psychopathology, 21, 261-283. doi: 10.1017/S0954579409000157
Kliewer, W., & Sullivan, T.N. (2008). Community Violence Exposure, Threat Appraisal, and Adjustment in Adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology 37, 860-873. doi: 10.1080/15374410802359718
de los Reyes, A., Goodman*, K., Kliewer, W., & Reid-Quinones*, K. (2008). Whose Depression Relates to Discrepancies? Testing Relations between Informant Characteristics and Informant Discrepancies From Both Informants' Perspectives. Psychological Assessment, 20, 139-149. doi: 10.1037/1040-3590.20.2.139
Farrell, A.D., Erwin, E.H., Bettencourt*, A., Mays*, S., Vulin-Reynolds*, M., Sullivan, T., Allison, K.W., Kliewer, W., & Meyer, A. (2008). Individual factors influencing effective nonviolent behavior and fighting in peer situations: A qualitative study with urban African American adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 37, 397-411. doi: 10.1080/15374410801955821
Ciairano, S., Kliewer, W., Bonino, S., & Bosma, H.A. (2008). Parenting and adolescent well-being in two European countries. Adolescence, 43, 99-117.
Sullivan, T.N., Farrell, A.D., Kliewer, W., Vulin*, M.I., & Valois, R.F. (2007). Exposure to violence in early adolescence: The impact of self-restraint, witnessing violence, and victimization on aggression and drug use. Journal of Early Adolescence, 27, 296-323. doi: 10.1177/0272431607302008
Farrell, A.D., Erwin, E.H., Allison, K., Meyer, A., Sullivan, T., Camou*, S., Kliewer, W, & Esposito*, L. (2007). Problematic situations in the lives of urban African American middle school students: A qualitative study. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 17, 413-454. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-7795.2007.00528.x
Kliewer, W., & Murrelle, L. (2007). Risk and Protective Factors for Adolescent Substance Use: Findings from a Study in Selected Central American Countries. Journal of Adolescent Health, 40, 448-455. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth | [
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Mejia*, R. & Kliewer, W. (2006). Socio-emotional development during childhood: theories and research trends. Revista CES Medicina, 20, 49-54.
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Farrell, A.D., Sullivan, T.N., Kliewer, W., Allison, K., Erwin, E., Meyer, A.L., & Esposito*, L. (2006). Peer and school problems in the lives of urban adolescents: Frequency, difficulty, and relation to adjustment. Journal of School Psychology, 44,169-190. doi: 10.1016/j.jsp.2006.02.001
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Ciairano, S., Bonino, S., Kliewer, W.,Miceli, R., & Jackson, S. (2006). Dating, sexual activity, and well-being in Italian adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 35, 275-282. doi: 10.1207/s15374424jccp3502_11
Kliewer, W. (2006). Violence Exposure and Cortisol Responses in Urban Youth. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 13, 109-120. doi: 10.1207/s15327558ijbm1302_2
Taylor*, K.W., & Kliewer, W. (2006). Violence Exposure and Early Adolescent Alcohol Use: An Exploratory Study of Family Risk and Protective Factors. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 15, 201-215. doi: 10.1007/s10826-005-9017-6
Sullivan, T.N., Farrell, A..D., & Kliewer, W. (2006). Peer Victimization in Early Adolescence: Association Between Physical and Relational Victimization and Drug Use, Aggression, and Delinquent Behaviors among Urban Middle School Students. Development and Psychopathology, 18, 11 | [
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9-137. doi: 10.1017/S095457940606007X
Obando, C.P., Kliewer, W., Murrelle, L., & Svikis, D.S. (2004). The comorbidity of substance abuse and depressive symptoms in Costa Rican adolescents. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 76, 37-44. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2004.04.008
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22-006X.69.6.971
Plybon*, L.E., & Kliewer, W. (2001). Neighborhood types and externalizing behavior in urban school-age children: Tests of direct, mediated, & moderated effects. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 10, 419-437. doi: 10.1023/A:1016781611114
Polce-Lynch*, M., Myers, B., Kliewer, W., & Kilmartin, C. (2001). Adolescent self-esteem and gender: Exploring relations to sexual harassment, body image, media influence, and emotional expression. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 30, 225-244. doi: 10.1023/A:1010397809136
Fearnow-Kenney*, M.D., & Kliewer, W. (2000). Threat appraisal and adjustment among children with cancer. Journal of Psychosocial Oncology, 18, 1-17. doi: 10.1300/J077v18n03_01
Wilson, D.K., Kliewer, W., Plybon*, L.E., & Sica, D. (2000). Socioeconomic status and blood pressure reactivity in healthy black adolescents. Hypertension, 35, 496-500.
Wilson, D.K., Kliewer, W., Bayer*, L., Jones*, D., Welleford, A., Heiney*, M., & Sica, D.A. (1999). The influence of gender and emotional versus instrumental support on cardiovascular reactivity in African-American adolescents. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 21, 235-243. doi: 10.1007/BF02884840
Johnson*, P.D., & Kliewer, W. (1999). Family and contextual predictors of depressive symptoms in urban minority youth. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 8, 181-192. doi: 10.1023/A:1022087801526
Wilson, D.K., Kliewer, W., Plybon*, L., Zacharias*, J., Teasley*, N., & Sica, D.A. (1998). Violence exposure and ambulatory blood pressure in African American adolescents. International Journal of Rehabilitation and Health, 4, 223-232. doi: 10.1023/A:1022914812723
Kliewer, W. & Kung*, E. (1998). Family moderators of the relation between hassles and behavior problems in inner city youth. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 27, 278-292. doi: 10.1207/s15374424jccp2703_5
Kliewer, W., Lepore, S.J., Oskin*, D., & Johnson*, P.D. (1998). The role of social and cognitive processes in children's adjustment to community violence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 199-209. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.66.1.199
Kliewer, W., Fearnow*, M.D., & Walton*, W.N. (1998). Dispositional, environmental, and context-specific predictors of children's threat appraisals in everyday stressful situations. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 27, 83-100. doi: 10.1023/A:1022880815914
Dowdy*, B.B., & Kliewer, W. (1998). Dating, conflict, and autonomy. Journal of Youth | [
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and Adolescence, 27, 473-492. doi: 10.1023/A:1022852102847
Kell*, R.S., Kliewer, W., Erickson, M.T., & Ohene-Frempong, K. (1998). Psychological adjustment of adolescents with Sickle Cell disease: Relations with demographic, medical, and family competence variables. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 23, 301-312. doi: 10.1093/jpepsy/23.5.301
Polce-Lynch*, M., Myers, B.J., Kilmartin, C.T., Forssmann-Falck, R., & Kliewer, W. (1998). Gender and age patterns in emotional expression, body image, and self-esteem: A qualitative analysis. Sex Roles, 38, 1025-1048. doi: 10.1023/A:1018830727244
White*, K.S., Bruce*, S.E., Farrell, A.D., & Kliewer, W. (1998). Impact of exposure to community violence on anxiety: A longitudinal study of family social support as a protective factor for urban adolescents. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 7, 187-203. doi: 10.1023/A:1022943216319
Reese, F.L., Kliewer, W., & Suarez*, T. (1997). Control appraisals as moderators of the relationship between intrusive thoughts and coping. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 27, 1131-1145. doi: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.1997.tb01798.x
Kliewer, W., Fearnow*, M.D., & Miller, P.A. (1996). Coping socialization in middle childhood: Tests of maternal and paternal influences. Child Development, 67, 2339-2354. doi: 10.2307/1131627
Wilson, D.K., Kliewer, W., & Bayer*, L. (1996). Cardiovascular reactivity in black adolescents: Influences of gender and emotional social support. Journal of Gender, Culture, and Health, 1, 37-50.
Lewis*, H., & Kliewer, W. (1996). Hope, coping, and psychological and physical adjustment among children with sickle cell disease: Testing moderator and mediator models. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 21, 25-41. doi: 10.1093/jpepsy/21.1.25
Kliewer, W., & Lewis*, H. (1995). Family influences on coping processes in children and adolescents with sickle cell disease. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 20, 511-525. doi: 10.1093/jpepsy/20.4.511
Miller, P.A., Kliewer, W., Hepworth, J.T., & Sandler, I.N. (1994). Maternal socialization of children's postdivorce coping: Development of a Measurement Model. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 15, 457-487. doi: 10.1016/0193-3973(94)90042-6
Kliewer, W., & Sandler, I.N. (1993). Social competence and coping among children of divorce. The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 63, 432-440. doi: 10.1037/h0079441
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] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | -0.721985 | 0.431508 | -0.249477 | 0.830771 |
2). Locus of control and self-esteem as moderators of stress-symptom relations in children and adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 20, 393-413. doi: 10.1007/BF00918984
Sandler, I.N., Reynolds, K.D., Kliewer, W., & Ramirez, R. (1992). Specificity of the relation between life events and psychological symptomatology. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 21, 240-248. doi: 10.1207/s15374424jccp2103_5
Kliewer, W. (1991). Coping in middle childhood: Relations to competence, Type A behavior, monitoring, blunting, and locus of control. Developmental Psychology, 27, 689-697. doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.27.4.689
Novaco, R.N., Kliewer, W., & Broquet, A. (1991). Home environment consequences of commute travel impedance. American Journal of Community Psychology, 19, 881-909. doi: 10.1007/BF00937890
Kliewer, W., Lepore, S.J., & Evans, G.W. (1990). The costs of Type B behavior: Females at risk in achievement situations. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 20, 1369-1382. doi: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.1990.tb01478.x
Kliewer, W., Lepore, S.J., Broquet, A., & Zuba, L. (1990). Developmental and gender differences in anonymous support-seeking: Analysis of data from a community help line for children. American Journal of Community Psychology, 18, 333-339. doi: 10.1007/BF00931308
Kliewer, W., & Weidner, G. (1987). Type A behavior and aspirations: A study of parents' and children's goal-setting. Developmental Psychology, 23, 204-209. doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.23.2.204
Whalen, C.K., Henker, B., Swanson, J.M., Granger, D., Kliewer, W., & Spenser, J. (1987). Natural social behavior in hyperactive children: Dose effects of methylphenidate. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55, 187-193. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.55.2.187
Book and Encyclopedia Chapters
Kliewer, W. (in press). Chronic stressors. In M.H. Bornstein (Ed.) The SAGE Encyclopedia of Lifespan Human Development. New York, NY: Sage. 19.
Kliewer, W. (in press). Community violence. In M.H. Bornstein (Ed.) The SAGE Encyclopedia of Lifespan Human Development. New York, NY: Sage.
Kliewer, W., Mejia, R., & de los Torres, Y. (2015). Effects of Microcultural Environments of Violence on Resilient Responses Among Adolescents and Young Adults in the City of Itagui, Colombia. In L. Theron, M. Ungar, & L. Liebenberg (Eds.), Resilience and Culture(s): Commonalities and Complexities (pp. 171-186). New York, NY: Springer.
Jennings*, J., Kliewer, W., Ray*, M., & Worthington, E. (2014). Religion and spirituality during adolescence. In Gullotta, T. P., & Bloom, M. (Eds.). Encyclopedia | [
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Envirologue by Dave Hansford
9:58AM Mar 17, 2015 • Read Post
Envirologue: The Agony of Vanuatu and the New Climate Colonialism
First ←Older Page 1 2 3 4 5 Newer→ Last
Marianne Elliott, 09:58 Mar 17, 2015
Thank you. For articulating this so well. This whole business of giving aid with one hand while we advocate for non-binding emissions targets (and deliver mass data to the NSA) with the other is the worst kind of neighbourly behaviour imaginable.
New Zealand • Since Sep 2014 • 6 posts Report Reply
Peter Griffin, 10:03 Mar 17, 2015
Some commentary from our colleagues at the UK Science Media Centre about Cyclone Pam and the link to climate change http://www.sciencemediacentre.co.nz/2015/03/17/vanuatu-pam-and-climate-change-expert-reaction/
Wellington • Since Apr 2011 • 3 posts Report Reply
Hebe, 10:20 Mar 17, 2015
Great work. I will share this far and wide.
Tom Bennion, 10:35 Mar 17, 2015
Thank you for this beautifully written, very important and moving statement.
Also see the Guardian newspaper this morning. When you load up the front page it displays a major campaign asking the Gates Foundation to divest from fossil fuels. Bill McKibben is tweeting that Oxford's University's former Director of Finance has joined the sit-in demanding the university divest. The UN has joined the call for divestment. Things are afoot.
Wellington Region • Since Nov 2006 • 4 posts Report Reply
Ian Dalziel, 11:20 Mar 17, 2015
Last year it was announced (alleged?) that aerosol pollution from China was creating bigger storms in the pacific and affecting North American weather, and ours also as the bigger storm tracks were pushing the storms towards both arctic regions – just as we have seen in recent years.
I've never understood why all the debate goes on about anthropogenic climate change causes when the real debate should be about planning for what we will have to deal with, the weather and climate will do what it wants – it's us that are the mutable elements.
Deeper detail here
Martin Connelly, in reply to Ian Dalziel, 11:41 Mar 17, 2015
I agree with Ian Dalziel. It may be true that NZ is the 4th highest per-capita emitter in the world. But if NZ just vanished it would not make one iota's difference to what happens next - climate wise. On the other hand we could put some energy/thought/investment into matters such as architecture and infrastructure that would help our neighbors deal with such events.
New Zealand • Since Jun 2012 • 28 posts Report Reply
Gareth, 12:06 Mar 17, 2015
Good to have you back on the climate beat, Dave.
Ian/Martin: The problem is that the present government long ago decided that climate change was a foreign policy problem, and that the best course of action - that is, the course of least aggravation for their supporters - would be to pay only lip service to emissions reductions. Hence we have an emissions trading scheme that has had zero impact on domestic emissions.
At the same time, because this view is really only tenable if you believe that the impacts of climate change are either not going to be too bad, or only for some distant future, you have no incentive to address the really difficult policy decisions associated with adapting to present and future changes.
Can you really just leave dealing with the impacts of sea level rise on coastal property (Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch, Dunedin etc) to the insurance market, or should we be doing some serious planning for how to cope? Like not rebuilding a major city on ground that will almost certainly be returning to the sea over the next 100 years...
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69 posts Report Reply
Russell Brown, in reply to Tom Bennion, 12:17 Mar 17, 2015
Thanks for popping in Tom :-)
cindy baxter, 12:23 Mar 17, 2015
Ian/Martin
The other side of this "if we disappeared there'd be no impact on global emissions" argument is how New Zealand behaves at the climate talks.
So the UNFCCC's a consensus-driven process (yes, I know, it ought to not be, but the rule introducing a vote-based decisionmaking process has been permanently blocked by the Saudis). New Zealand plays this one pretty hard and fast at the meetings. A couple of examples. The NZ delegation has:
* sided with Russia, Ukraine, Khazakstan, et al on opposing a proposal to get the Eastern European "hot air" out of the system (because we want to keep our precious 'kyoto forests' in order to be able to appear to be acting on climate without actually doing anything)
* pushed for extremely weak LULUCF rules (extending them further so that we can, again, play with these to look like we're taking action)
* tried to push (in Doha) a rule that would allow anyone to trade as part of the Kyoto system, without signing up to CP2. This was rejected in Doha, but the NZ delegation thinks the wording of that decision is sufficiently vague and has wilfully misinterpreted it to mean the opposite of its intention
You get the picture. We side, in the UNFCCC, with a bloc including the US, Canada and Australia, and certainly we rarely side with the Small Island States, our Pacific neighbours.
So while we are small in emissions, we play a starring role (and not in a good way) on the international stage.
william blake, 12:40 Mar 17, 2015
Yes climate change. Yes much to do.
The population of Tuvalu in 1950 was less than 5,000. Global population growth is implicated in spiralling consumption based on petrochemicals, which increase climate change but also demand that people live in greater vulnerability. Both economically and literally, with poor housing in places exposed to the full force of the elements.
Two solutions are obvious both requiring revolution. One would be a dramatic redistribution of wealth the other a one child policy. Both of these have been tried and have some very bad side effects, neither is likely to happen without authoritarian governance.
I think it will need a cyclone of Pams' magnitude to rip through Auckland, Sydney, Tokyo, Shanghai and many other powerful population centres before the majority will willingly start to change their behaviour on a meaningful, world population scale.
Force is required to effect behaviour change on this scale either from an authoritarian state of by reaction to the simple force of nature. Neither option is palatable but if left alone nature will reduce the worlds population until it is back in balance, as it has done before.
Dave Hansford, in reply to Martin Connelly, 12:48 Mar 17, 2015
Hi Martin: one can continue to argue that New Zealand's contribution to climate change is negligible, but that disregards a number of points that I think are important. One: if every nation formulated climate policy on that basis, we would never achieve anything – Groser is right when he insists on collective action, because this is a collective problem. Two: it is absolutely vital that we try – as the minimum responsibility to those generations in front of us – to constrain warming to 2ºC. Whether we can, or whether it's already too late, is moot: we must have a global ambition. That immediately makes New Zealand's emissions significant, and the fact they're on track to blow out by another 50 per cent makes our climate policy critically important. Yes, adaptation is a critical part of our response, but we must rise up to the responsibility we bear to do no further harm in the first place.
Nelson • Since Apr 2008 • 28 posts Report Reply
Euan Mason, in reply to Martin Connelly, 12:50 Mar 17, 2015
But if NZ just vanished it would not make one iota's difference to what happens next - climate wise.
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] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | -0.159553 | -0.242367 | -0.147599 | -0.229353 |
this, and yet we all contribute to the problem. Per capita we in NZ contribute far more than most. This is a shameful excuse for doing nothing.
Canterbury • Since Jul 2008 • 259 posts Report Reply
Steve Barnes, 13:02 Mar 17, 2015
On a side note...
I was appalled this morning when I watched the early News..
49 "Kiwis" were flown home on a Hercules aircraft.
My first thought was "Why didn't they get out earlier?" I was gobsmacked to hear the next statement. "Nobody knew it was going to be this bad, the first thing we knew it was on us, nobody was prepared"
Considering this has been forefront on the News for the last week here with panicky scare stories of what a disaster it was going to be I was outraged that , even though we are spying on these people for the Americans, nobody thought to let them know what was going on or how bad it could be for them.
And of course, the real "story" was that "Kiwis" were in danger.
Sucks to be brown eh?.
LizR, 13:12 Mar 17, 2015
This is great, and I have spread it around as much as possible - but I do have one question - where does the figure that NZ has the fourth highest per capita GHG emissions come from? I've searched for this on the web but all the lists I could find had us way down. I admit the search wasn't 100% thorough however, and probably turned up a lot of outdated info.
Auckland • Since Mar 2015 • 3 posts Report Reply
Carol Stewart, in reply to Steve Barnes, 13:22 Mar 17, 2015
I don't think that's quite fair, Steve. One of my colleagues headed up there last Wednesday, fortunately for her to Port Vila rather than the outer islands where she usually goes. I was just looking at last Wednesday's coverage on the Herald and at that stage Pam had just been upgraded to category 3 and the Fijian met service were predicting that it would track well to the east of Vanuatu. Given the difficulties of communication on Vanuatu I'm not that surprised that the ferocity took them somewhat by surprise. Hindsight is a wonderful thing.
However I kind of agree with your final point. Disappointing how the Herald has already moved on to more pressing matters such as X-Factor dramas.
Apologies for the tangent to what is a very compelling and timely post and discussion.
I really can't see the problem. Climate change has and continues to be observed and is inextricably linked to the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere.
The human race has been pumping CO2 into the atmosphere for over 200 years and has increased that amount year after year.
Whether or not Humans are totally or in part responsible for that change is a moot point but it would take a complete self centred moron to claim putting more CO2 into the atmosphere is the correct thing to do.
QED.
Bart Janssen, 13:27 Mar 17, 2015
Our actual emissions are irrelevant.
But being part of the club that take climate change seriously is not irrelevant.
And most importantly we could develop innovations to reduce our emissions that could be applied worldwide, proven on our small (irrelevant) farms.
The problem has always been our politicians are not statepersons. They think only of their own short career and how much wealth and power they can personally accumulate from it. None of them think or act for the good of the whole of New Zealand let alone the world.
That's our fault. We voted for them. We sit back between elections and go tut-tut when they break every promise and sell our future to the fattest brown envelope.
Steve Barnes, in reply to Carol Stewart, 13:31 Mar 17, 2015
I don't think that's quite fair, Steve.
I had been tracking this cyclone for a few days previous to it striking Vanuatu and couldn't understand why the Met service was saying it would track that far east as the small cyclone off the northern coast of Australia would tend to pull it westwards, as it did. It | [
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was only after Pam had passed south of the Australian system that it tracked east, putting Vanuatu clearly in its path.
LizR, in reply to william blake, 13:39 Mar 17, 2015
I agree with what you say, and suspect that nature will takes its course, though I hope not of course. Luckliy the Western powers seem hell bent on turning every country into a totalitarian regime, with increasing powers of surveillance that George Orwell could hardly have imagined, in the name of protecting us from terrorism - so we may just get those authoritarian regimes. Although it seems to me they will probably just look after themselves...
A worthwhile read...
Why Do Many Reasonable People Doubt Science?
We live in an age when all manner of scientific knowledge—from climate change to vaccinations—faces furious opposition.
Some even have doubts about the moon landing.
LizR, in reply to Bart Janssen, 13:40 Mar 17, 2015
The problem is you can only vote for whoever is available, or not vote. Personally I've voted Green for decades in the hope they're slightly more ethical and climate aware.
Dave Hansford, in reply to LizR, 14:09 Mar 17, 2015
Hi Liz: you'll find it here: http://www.stuff.co.nz/manawatu-standard/news/9939453/Kiwis-big-greenhouse-emitters
More input:
http://www.theguardian.com/environment/climate-consensus-97-per-cent/2015/mar/16/climate-change-in-the-arctic-is-messing-with-our-weather
POTSDAM, Germany, March 16 (UPI) -- Researchers with the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research say melting ice caps are pacifying summer storm activity in the Western Hemisphere. It seems like a positive implication. But what sounds like a recipe for more pleasant weather is really an invitation for longer periods of stagnant weather and intense heat.
and here's the Press Release from the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research:
https://www.pik-potsdam.de/news/press-releases/summer-storm-weakening-leads-to-more-persistent-heat-extremes
**The Arctic factor: warming twice as fast as most other regions**
Rapid warming in the Arctic might be the driver of the observed changes in circulation, according to the study. Greenhouse-gas emissions from burning fossil fuels make temperatures rise globally, but in the high North the warming is faster. Since the Arctics' sea-ice cover is shrinking due to global warming, the polar region takes up more heat. The ice-free dark sea-surface reflects less sunlight back to space than white ice would do. Warmer waters then warm the air, which reduces the temperature difference between the cold polar region and the warmer rest of the Northern hemisphere. Since the temperature difference drives air motion, the reduction of this difference weakens the jet-stream, something the scientists also observed. Furthermore, they link this weakening to the observed reduction in storm activity.
we live in a dynamic system which could swing either way (a Hot/Cold Chocolate Wheel perhaps) as it becomes unbalanced by its own standards (not ours) but it does seem that massive amounts of methane that has been kept inert for millennia in the Arctic is now becoming atmospherically viable - witness the mysterious 'blow out holes' in Siberia recently and all that tundra getting moist and continuing its rotting processes - who knows how much methane could suddenly be pumped into the atmospheric system (shallow little layer that it is) coupled with a coupla earth directed solar flares adding energy to the upper reaches we could see rapid changes...
Peter Malcolm, 14:59 Mar 17, 2015
Great stuff. It should be compulsory reading for all New Zealanders Peter Malcolm
Tauranga • Since Mar 2015 • 6 posts Report Reply
Samuel Buckman, 15:40 Mar 17, 2015
we're the largest global trader in | [
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High profile US senator Elizabeth Warren, (D), has released a DNA test that suggested she had a distant Native American ancestor.
It's a subject on which she has clashed with US President Donald Trump who disparaged her with the nickname "Pocahontas".
Does the move help her with a potential 2020 presidential bid? Pundits weigh in.
Senator Elizabeth Warren shouldn't be underestimated as a political strategist or written off as an ideological twin of Senator Bernie Sanders.
She has done three smart things in the early preseason of the 2020 Democratic presidential race.
Firstly, she rolled out what is - remarkably - still the only comprehensive, Democratic anti-corruption platform.
There is plenty in the multipronged plan for her base to like (e.g. limiting business lobbying), but also for those who hardly consider themselves to be progressives.
"It's time to ban elected officials and senior agency officials from owning or trading any company stocks while in office. They can put their savings in conflict-free investments like mutual funds or they can pick a different line of work," she argued, for example. Why not?
She wants to "strengthen the code of conduct for all federal judges - no stock trading, no payments from corporations for attending events, no honoraria for giving speeches, no lavish getaways and fancy hunting trips funded by billionaires." Does anyone think that is a bad idea?
Secondly, she has demonstrated a level of seriousness about state organising that we have yet to see from other potential Democratic opponents.
The Washington Post's Matt Viser reported: "Her effort, which goes far beyond the fundraising and endorsement speeches in which prospective presidential candidates typically engage, has encompassed work in all 50 states and close coordination with more than 150 campaigns. The result is a wide-ranging network that includes those running for state treasurer in Nevada, state legislature in Iowa and congressional offices across the country."
Obviously partisans gonna partisan but in light of her subsequent career as an influential author, government official, and US Senator it seems kind of hard to dispute that Elizabeth Warren was a good hire on the merits for various law schools.
Other candidates can do the same, but her focus and preparedness are impressive. In a race in which 20 Democrats could conceivably enter, it won't be enough to deliver a killer stump speech.
And then there was her counter-punch today against President Donald Trump, who has been deriding her claim to have Native American ancestry.
"Remember saying on 7/5 that you'd give $1M to a charity of my choice if my DNA showed Native American ancestry? I remember - and here's the verdict. Please send the [cheque] to the National Indigenous Women's Resource Centre."
"I took this test and released the results for anyone who cares to see because I've got nothing to hide. What are YOU hiding, @realDonaldTrump? Release your tax returns - or the Democratic-led House will do it for you soon enough. Tick-tock, Mr President."
Trump and his surrogates tried to brush off the issue (after they had dwelled on it for months), but Warren made her point.
Trump talks a good game but doesn't keep his word. He's a cheapskate, to boot. Does this make any difference?
Well, if Democrats want to win as much as they say, then they'll be looking for someone who they think can throw a punch or two. One can see former Vice-President Joe Biden doing that (and he has been increasingly aggressive in taking on Trump), but others are going to have to demonstrate some toughness and good humour.
Warren is doing exactly what you'd expect someone planning a presidential run would do. Her 2020 opponents will need to match her on substance, organisation and anti-Trump jabs.
Democratic senator and potential 2020 presidential candidate Elizabeth Warren of Massachusetts released a genetic analysis, with an accompanying video, aimed at proving her Native American heritage and rebutting a frequent attack from President Donald Trump that she lied about her ancestry.
The critique of Warren has been a frequent one since 2012, when the Boston Herald reported that Harvard Law School had listed Warren's Native | [
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] | 1,024 | C4 | 1.087578 | 0.113551 | 0.863555 | 0.772587 |
American ancestry in touting its diversity. Warren said she did not know the school was doing that.
Her critics seized on the idea that Warren touted her heritage to take advantage of the professional opportunities set aside for people of colour.
As recently as July, Trump told his supporters at a Montana rally that he would donate US$1 million to charity if Warren would take a DNA test to prove her Native American heritage. For years, he has been deriding her as "Pocahontas," which some in the Native American community have interpreted as a racial slur.
Trump's disparagement of Warren is not only a response to her continual criticism of him and a recognition that his base is already inclined to dislike a liberal firebrand.
It also comes from Trump's awareness that Warren will likely vie to be his Democratic rival in the 2020 presidential election. A recent CNN poll shows her ranking fourth in its first survey of the 2020 Democratic presidential field.
Making a statement that she won't back down from Trump was probably top of mind for Warren in today's rollout, which is being interpreted as clear evidence that she is ready to run.
There were a few key targets for her highly produced video, featuring her former bosses, a genetics doctor and her "Fox News-watching" relatives in Oklahoma.
Early estimates about the list of potential 2020 Democratic candidates suggests that it might be one of the biggest fields in recent history. And while Warren enjoys name recognition and certainly some popularity with many on the left, much of the attention about the future of the Democratic Party is directed at the base, which is largely made up of people of colour.
Given the perception by some liberal people of colour that the Democratic Party takes voters of colour for granted while focusing on winning back white working-class votes, the idea that Warren could have used stories about her past ancestry to take advantage of opportunities reserved for people of colour would be met with significant criticism and perhaps doubt that Warren truly could connect with Americans of colour - especially when compared to other prospective 2020 candidates such as Senator Cory Booker and Senator Kamala Harris.
Asked about Elizabeth Warren, Trump now says that he'll only give her the money he promised if he can do the DNA test himself.
This is perhaps why, in addition to proving that she was not being dishonest, Warren is attempting to tackle the issue head-on by providing evidence that she did not use family folklore to get a job as a Harvard professor.
The Washington Post reported last week about how 2018 has been a breakout political year for Native American women, with "far more than ever running" for office.
This level of political engagement, combined with concerns from some of the country's various Native American communities that Trump's focus on the opioid epidemic, the loss of jobs in many rural areas and other issues popular with his base has often left Native American communities out of the conversation, suggests that the concerns of Native Americans will not be ignored heading into the next presidential election.
This is perhaps why Warren spoke to a Native American group earlier this year, arguing that it is not she who is disrespecting America's indigenous community, but the President himself.
The move does carry some risk of backfiring with Native Americans and other minority groups. Some on the left have criticised Warren's move as potentially setting a new standard for what presidential candidates may have to prove about ethnicity or race.
Not really understanding the criticism Elizabeth Warren is receiving for releasing results of a DNA test. She proved Trump wrong. Period. And if there's one thing we should've learned by now, it's that you can't ignore or deflect Trump's attacks. You have to confront him head-on.
Just months after Trump told his supporters that he would give US$1 million to Warren's favourite charity "if you take the test and it shows you're an Indian," he has denied making the claim.
To be accurate, Warren never claimed she was "an Indian". She claimed to have Native American ancestry. The genetic analysis she released found "strong evidence" that Warren's DNA had a Native American ancestor six to 10 generations ago.
But it seems like a stretch to think Trump and his supporters will care about the details behind Warren's ancestry.
It's not likely to settle the issue for many of them. The liberal lawmaker embraces a worldview that is arguably the diametrical opposite of Trumpism, though she did make a | [
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point in the video to highlight her Republican relatives and roots in Oklahoma, solid Trump country.
Elizabeth Warren is all but certain to run for president in 2020, and if she winds up becoming the Democratic nominee, this day could be one of the key early moments of that campaign.
Today brings two interesting developments regarding Warren's probable campaign.
The first a Washington Post article detailing the impressive operation Warren has already built to lay the groundwork for a 2020 run by distributing money, advice, and moral support to Democratic candidates all over the country.
Warren plainly wants discussion of her potential presidential campaign to increase in volume, especially if she can position herself as the chief anti-Trump spokesperson of the Democratic Party.
Which brings us to the other major Warren development of the day. Warren has long said that the story her family told about itself was in part about its Native American ancestry on her mother's side; such stories are hardly uncommon for people from Oklahoma.
Because of that, President Donald Trump refers to her as "Pocahontas," something he persists in doing no matter how many people tell him it's racist and offensive to Native Americans.
At a rally in July, Trump imagined facing Warren in a debate, then said he would bring a DNA test and toss it to her. "I will give you a million dollars to your favourite charity, paid for by Trump, if you take the test and it shows you're an Indian," he said.
Just as Barack Obama ultimately produced his birth certificate to debunk Trump's "birther" lie, Warren did indeed take a DNA test to prove that she has some Native heritage. She released a video not only explaining the DNA results, but including interviews with her brothers (Republicans, by the way) and other relatives talking about their family and condemning Trump.
Warren tweeted: "My family (including Fox News-watchers) sat together and talked about what they think of @realDonaldTrump's attacks on our heritage. And yes, a famous geneticist analysed my DNA and concluded that it contains Native American ancestry."
Warren also informed Trump that he can fulfill his promise by donating US$1 million to the National Indigenous Women's Resource Centre. You don't have to guess whether he'll follow through, because this morning he was asked about his promise. "I didn't say that," he lied. "Nah, you'd better read it again."
What he will do, however, is keep calling Warren "Pocahontas".
"That's not what Democrats should be focused on right now"
He doesn't do it because it's based in some set of facts. He does it because he's a racist, and he wants to activate racism in others. It was racist when all we knew was her family lore, it's racist when we have DNA evidence, and it would have been racist whether she had Indian ancestry or not.
To understand this in full, we have to look one layer deeper to a lie that has been told about Warren, that she used her Native ancestry to gain some kind of undeserved advantage in her career through affirmative action programmes.
For instance, last year at a White House event honouring Native American "code talkers," Trump went on a cringe-inducing riff about Warren ("You were here long before any of us were here, although we have a representative in Congress who, they say, was here a long time ago. They call her 'Pocahontas'"). It was as though he was asked to honour the Tuskegee Airmen and said, "You know, looking at you I'm reminded of a little guy named Sambo."
When Sarah Huckabee Sanders was asked afterward about Trump's appalling performance, she said, "I think what most people find offensive is Senator Warren lying about her heritage to advance her career."
Here are the facts. Warren grew up being told that her family on her mother's side was part Native American. Though at various times in her career as a law professor she was listed in faculty directories as a minority, she never lied about it and she never used it to get any job.
The Boston Globe conducted a comprehensive investigation and found that Warren's ancestry played no part in her professional advancement (she was an academic star who could have been hired at pretty much any law school she wanted).
But this false idea is one of the key reasons, perhaps the key reason, why Trump uses the | [
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] | 1,024 | C4 | 0.768323 | 0.169355 | 0.843829 | 0.467752 |
COFFEE TABLE BOOK TALES: Everson's Trio of Crime Film Classics
February 3, 2021 / Brad
William K. Everson (1929 – 1996) was a film historian, educator and archivist who was one of the guiding lights in preserving films from the silent period through the 1940's. Born in England, he emigrated to the U.S. in 1950 where he put his experience in film publicity to use for Monogram Pictures, a small, strictly Poverty Row studio. Eventually, Everson went freelance, and his interest in genre films that had been largely cranked out and forgotten was a godsend to movie fans today. He wrote extensively, mostly coffee table books, on westerns, horror movies, and screwball comedies. And in 1972, in honor of my high school graduation, Everson wrote The Detective in Film, a history of the celluloid mystery genre that was right up my alley!!
In the book, Everson covers the silent period, early talkies, all the way up to 1970 and Klute. He talks about gentlemen detectives and P.I.s, exotic sleuths, comical sleuths, the British vs. the Americans. It's a terrific book, and if it's terribly opinionated, more often than not Everson's opinions are correct or, at least, understandable.
Early in the book, Everson offers a chapter called "Three Classics," which begins:
"Since a great deal of crime and detection is going to be discussed in this book, it might be as well to pause for a moment and consider the standards by which movie mysteries are judged. It would seem that there are three basic and not necessarily interrelated yardsticks: 1) How faithful is the movie to its source material? 2) How successful is it as a mystery, in successfully diverting the audience up the proverbial garden path without cheating in the dénouement? 3) Can it possibly transcend the realm of mystery and detection to become a separate classic in its own right?"
To illustrate his point, Everson offers three films that he feels embodies the best of the genre. He goes on to show how all three fulfill the qualities of the first two questions, while he would argue that only one of them transcends its trappings of genre to be considered a fine film in its own right. I won't argue with Everson on this score, although I have stronger feelings about another of these films than he does. These are not rare films: they can all be purchased on DVD, and they appear with some regularity on TV. In fact, two of them played last week on Turner Classic Movies as part of a month-long celebration of mysteries (Whodunnit Wednesdays should occur year-long, in my opinion!) Nevertheless, I had such a good time re-watching these that I took down the Everson book from my shelves and thought I would share with all of you that sense of discovery I felt as a high school senior who, at the time, had seen none of these but managed to rectify that matter in due course.
One thing Everson's book makes clear – and these three films are evidence of it – is that the mystery genre enjoyed far greater popularity during the Golden Age of Hollywood than it does today. In an era when super-heroes were mostly relegated to Saturday afternoon serials, murder mysteries could receive prestige productions or be ground out at the smaller studios for little money. Many of the best detectives on the page found their way into successful film series: Charlie Chan, Ellery Queen, Nero Wolfe, Bulldog Drummond, the Saint, Nick and Nora Charles, Philip Marlowe, Mr. Moto and Mr. Wong, the Shadow and Dick Tracy. The studios loved a good formula; hence, "old dark house" whodunnits were cranked out by the dozens, most of them forgettable but some truly fun. The three films here are better than most – and one of them is a true classic that transcends genre. If you haven't seen any of them – well, if you haven't seen the second of these films, I imagine you are a difficult person. As for the first and third film on this list, well . . . what are you waiting for?
*. *. *. *. *
Beginning in 1933, which we | [
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] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | 1.55763 | 0.109657 | 1.388969 | 1.017973 |
have previously determined to be one of the best years ever for crime films – heck, for all films, really! – we have The Kennel Murder Case, based on the 6th detective novel by S. S. Van Dine and featuring his obnoxiously aristocratic sleuth, Philo Vance. Crisply directed by the great Michael Curtiz, whose vast body of work includes some of my favorite films (The Adventures of Robin Hood, Casablanca, Mildred Pierce, The Unsuspected), the film provides a complex puzzle and plenty of drama with a becoming economy.
Clocking in at around 75 minutes, we're only twelve minutes into the film when Archer Coe (Robert Barrat) is discovered sitting dead in an armchair in his bedroom, a bullet through his brain. As the door was locked from the inside, the police initially believe Coe committed suicide, but we know this can't be true! First, there's the title of the film. Next, the medical examiner, Dr. Doremus, determines that Coe was actually stabbed to death and then shot. Finally, we have previously been treated to a whirlwind of activity in which Archer Coe has established himself as a perfect murder victim: he has refused to lend his niece Hilda Lake (Mary Astor) $1,000 out of her own trust fund so that she could bet against his Scottie in a big dog show; he is most likely behind the murder of a rival dog owned by Hilda's beau, Sir Thomas MacDonald (Paul Cavanaugh) – and yes, this could be the murder in the kennel from the title, but it's not, okay?; he throws over his current paramour, Doris Delafield, (Helen Vinson) out of jealousy and pulls out of a valuable deal to buy some Chinese antiques from Eduardo Grassi (Jack La Rue) because Grassi was seen flirting with Doris; he disappoints his cook Liang (James Lee), who has discovered that Coe plans on selling his art collection, and who gets dismissed by his employer with a racist screed; and he generally miffs, annoys, and frightens his brother Brisbane (Frank Conroy), his secretary Raymond Wrede, (Ralph Morgan), and his butler Gamble (Arthur Hohl).
The team: Markham (Robert McWade), Heath (Eugene Pallette) and Vance (William Powell)
It's a colorful rogue's gallery of suspects, particularly since, as Everson points out, "all of (them) on other occasions had turned out to be the murderer in the final reel." The real joy here is that the case falls into the hands of Philo Vance, played with his customary wry perfection, by William Powell. This would be Powell's fourth and final portrayal of Vance on film (although the series would go on with lesser lights), and the next year the actor would strike even brighter gold as Nick Charles in the first of a six-film Thin Man series. (Giving Vance a Scottie named Captain to help solve the case provided an excellent primer for when Powell would play Charles and try to steal the screen from Asta!) Instead of Myrna Loy, Powell/Vance joins forces with District Attorney Markham (Robert McWade) and Sergeant Heath (Eugene Palette). Both these men were no strangers to these roles, and we previously saw McWade in The Phantom of Crestwood as a suspect and Palette in a very Heath-like role in From Headquarters. Both these films were made the same year as Kennel, and if you watch enough old mysteries, it starts to feel like you're enjoying a repertory company – which, of course, is exactly what the Hollywood studio system created at the time. And let's face it: in his way, Palette is almost as good a foil for Powell as Loy was!
So is Etienne Girardot, in the first of several appearances as the irascible medical examiner, Dr. Doremus, whose crotchety persona and perpetual hunger is further proof that the classic detective film medical man was once a prime source of humor. Once Doremus proves that this is a case of murder, Vance is quick to come up with a solution, only to have his initial deductions grounded by a second, surprise murder. From there, clues are uncovered and | [
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interpreted and suspects are interrogated with a pace far livelier than one may find in earlier Vance films, or even in the novels, which tend to bog down over Vance's tendency to show off his self-professed intellectual superiority.
Powell, Mary Astor and Paul Kavanaugh
Vance uses some beautiful models for the brownstone houses around Coe's property (a perfect homage to the gorgeous maps found in the original editions of the books) to help him solve a complex crime, which is then rendered in a fine set of flashbacks. All in all, The Kennel Murder Case is one of the best examples of the classic 1930's whodunnit rendered on film.
Everson's second classic, The Maltese Falcon (1941) couldn't be a more different animal. It is also clearly Everson's favorite of the three selected "classics," for he spends far more time on it than the others. Much of his discussion takes on the lowly status of the film at the time of its release and provides a fascinating look at the changing mores in classic Hollywood.
Part of Falcon's contemporaneous bad luck was its timing. If the early 1930's were a great time for the mystery genre, 1941 was anything but. The industry was consumed by Citizen Kane, which symbolized the meteoric rise and just-as-quick fall of its wunderkind director, Orson Welles. The most lauded film that year was How Green Was My Valley, and the best films included five of the greatest screwball comedies of all time: Sullivan's Travels, Meet John Doe, The Lady Eve, Ball o' Fire, and The Devil and Miss Jones. (If anyone needs proof that Jean Arthur and Barbara Stanwyck were two great actresses, look no further than 1941.)
Maybe a few of you are unaware that the '41 Falcon was the second remake by Warner Brothers of its original 1931 take on the 1930 novel. The first iteration, also called The Maltese Falcon, is actually delightful, with a great cast headed by Ricardo Cortez (The Phantom of Crestwood) and Bebe Daniels, and a very similar script that faithfully adheres to Dashiell Hammett's cinematic dialogue in the novel. Everson credits the direction of Roy del Ruth and the film's adherence to the novel's downbeat ending, despite the fact that this was pre-Code when a happy ending that depended on a beautiful woman getting away with murder would have been no problem!
The thing is, in 1931 no one was setting out to make a classic, nor did they need to. The first Falcon did good business and, as Everson describes:
"Although it doesn't have the photographic style or casting advantages of the 1941 version, it was still a remarkably good film – and at times so similar to the later Bogart version that it seems inevitable that John Huston screened it at least once."
Like Welles, Huston was a neophyte, and one wonders if he also screened the first remake, 1936's Satan Met a Lady. In the novel, detective Sam Spade is described as "satanic" in appearance, but I can't think of a less satanic figure here than Warren William as Spade. Bette Davis fares better in the Brigid O'Shaughnessy role, but Everson describes her unhappiness with the comical hijinks that permeated this version, and when Davis was unhappy on the set, a film suffered for it.
If the powers-that-be basically got it write in 1931, ten years later, they pretty much got it perfect. Of course, this sometimes came about despite the machinations of the studio. Their original top choices for Spade and Brigid were George Raft and newcomer Geraldine Fitzgerald. But Raft, thankfully (for us), turned the role down, and Huston, having secured Humphrey Bogart as Spade wanted Mary Astor for the role. Some have quibbled that Astor was, at 35, too old for the part. This is simply not true. Her combination of elegance and sly sexual heat is the perfect combination, and the story goes that Huston kept her in a perpetual state of breathlessness to | [
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give the many lies she utters the appearance of truth.
Sam Spade (Humphrey Bogart) caught between angel and devil
The private eye whodunnit follows a more linear path than a traditional "closed circle" mystery like The Kennel Murder Case, and yet it evolves into a very twisted line as Sam Spade and his partner Miles Archer take on the case of Ruth Wonderly, who is looking for her sister, who ran off with a man named Floyd Thursby. Within a few minutes of film time, both Archer and Thursby are dead, and we learn that Miss Wonderly is not Miss Wonderly and has no sister. From there, Bogie's Spade, fighting his attraction to Brigid, fending off the advances of Archer's widow, and seeking solace from his secretary Effie (Lee Patrick, playing as perfect a companion as Della Street, if only her boss knew it), tries to solve his partner's murder and protect his client, who needs no protection. Along the way, he comes across as perfectly cast a trio of crooks as one could hope to find: Peter Lorre at his most charming, Sidney Greenstreet in his first screen role, and Elisha Cook, Jr. who I think has been almost dismissed in a part he would play over and over and over again, but who shines here as the gunsel Wilmer, the violent homosexual partner to Greenstreet's charming but equally dangerous lawyer.
Bogie, Peter Lorre, Astor and Sidney Greenstreet
Historically speaking, The Maltese Falcon isn't really a film noir because that movement took official shape after World War II. Still, it's a major progenitor for the noir movement and, unlike a great many films that one often dismisses as "just another genre movie," is one you can re-watch over and over again, with increased pleasure every time. Like Casablanca, this is a film that I sometimes watch like comfort food, and I mouth the dialogue along with the characters as if I were lip synching a favorite song.
Spade crosses paths with Wilmer, the gunsel (Elisha Cook, Jr.)
I would hazard a guess that within the triumvirate described here, The Maltese Falcon is Everson's favorite film: he dedicates two thirds of the chapter, both in text and photos, to Falcon alone. Here's how he introduces the third film;
"Almost any film discussed after The Maltese Falcon would unavoidably suffer from an anticlimactic inferiority climax. But, fortunately, our third classic is a quiet, unspectacular film which makes comparisons unnecessary: its principal forte is not in being a dynamic piece of film making, but in being a thoroughly satisfying work that plays scrupulously fairly with its audience."
This opening seriously undersells Green for Danger, which can be compared to Falcon insofar as they are both classified as mysteries, both have murders, and both feature a detective solving those murders. Other than that, the two films are as different from each other in content and tone as night and day. But then, the bigger problem here is that the author who inspired this film with her brilliant novel of the same name is also undersold and underappreciated these days. The fact that she ranks as one of my top three favorite GAD authors makes this fact particularly galling.
Here's the thing: fair or not, the film industry has a lot to do with the literal shelf life of an author. If John Brabourne's royal antecedents hadn't dazzled Agatha Christie enough to ease her doubts about the moviemakers and allow him to produce 1974's Murder on the Orient Express, would all the subsequent films and TV series have existed and would we continue to have conversations about her work forty-five years after her death? Conversely, why are Ellery Queen and John Dickson Carr, two Kings of Crime, barely known if at all beyond their coterie of fans? Could it have anything to do with the fact that the film versions of Queen's novels were mostly Poverty Row and featured some real duds (Ten Days Wonder, anyone?); even the TV show, which was stylish and smart in a Burke's Law kind of way, couldn't last more than a season. And Carr fared worse, with a bare scattering of adaptations in existence.
S. S. Van Dine's dozen Philo Vance novels were hugely popular | [
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in their day and inspired fifteen films. The first four have some stylistic points of interest but move at a glacial pace. Then comes The Kennel Murder Case is arguably the best of the bunch and deserves Everson's high praise. After this film, however, the quality began to dip dramatically, and the final films of the 40's remind one of the Poverty Row Charlie Chan films that ended a lucrative franchise. After 1947, the character of Philo Vance would disappear from movie screens and from the hearts and minds of fans of mystery literature and film.
Dashiell Hammett wrote only five novels in five years, from 1929 to 1934. He was, by far, a better and more important writer than Van Dine, but I would suggest that a great deal of Hammett's lasting reputation rests on the high quality of the films made from three of his novels: The Maltese Falcon and The Thin Man are classics. The former provided an archtype for a thousand P.I. films to follow, and the latter prompted five sequels and inspired every studio in Hollywood to attempt to reproduce that romantic detective magic of Nick and Nora Charles. Then there's The Glass Key, which some consider Hammett's best work, and which resulted in two adaptations (in 1935 and 1942), repeating the remake success of Falcon, only for Paramount Pictures instead.
Christianna Brand was far more prolific in the long form than Hammett and more varied than Van Dine. Under her own name, plus four aliases, she wrote romantic and historical fiction and children's books. If she is known at all today to the general public, it's as the creator of Nurse Matilda, who was translated to film as Nanny McPhee. She only wrote ten mystery novels, plus numerous short stories, so why should she be remembered for that?
Alistair Sim as Inspector Cockrill
Because she was fabulous. That's the long and short of it. Her crime fiction appeared between 1941 and 1955 (and provided a surprise coda with one last whodunnit in 1979), so Brand bridged the transition from the Golden Age of Detection to the Silver with brilliant puzzle mysteries that also included the novelistic qualities embraced by the next generation of writers. She did not write psychological suspense, but her characters leapt off the page. Her dialogue crackled with humor and made us love the people on the page, all so she could shatter them – and us – at the end.
Green for Danger (1944) was Brand's third novel, and just as Roger Ackroyd did for Christie, this novel showed how Brand's talents had blossomed to full flower. It was popular enough to become a "prestige film" for the J. Arthur Rank studios two years later. Everson describes the fate of that film:
"Green for Danger was one of those few films that really seemed to have crashed the American market successfully. It opened with a big commercial splash at New York's large Winter Garden theater, and collected a state of rave reviews with unanimous enthusiasm for Alastair Sim (who played Inspector Cockrill). A wide variety of alternate ads enabled the film to be sold as a "class" thriller, as a comedy, as a thick ear melodrama, and as a sex thriller. Yet it wasn't too long before its well-earned reputation had been largely forgotten and, retitled The Mad Killer, it was sent into the grindhouse market on a double bill ."
Whether the film faded into obscurity due to poor marketing or to a glut of films on the U.S. and British market, it was critics like Everson who wrote feelingly about the movie's merits and raised the public's consciousness about the film. There was only one more attempt to adapt a Brand novel to the screen: her first title, Death in High Heels, was made in 1947 as one of the first features by the new Hammer Studios. It ran a little over fifty minutes in length and was relegated to obscurity soon after.
The film version of Green for Danger deserves every accolade. Despite cutting out one suspect, it is a mostly faithful rendering of the novel, with a sterling cast headed by Sims, who embodies to perfection the humorous eccentric | [
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] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | 2.073871 | 0.571669 | 1.693817 | 0.719462 |
ities of Brand's sleuth. Sim/Cockrill narrates the film up until his entrance, which allows us to hear some semblance of the excellent narrative prose Brand produced on the page.
We are introduced by Cockrill to the setting (a country teaching hospital at the height of the Blitz) and the main characters: Joseph Higgins, an elderly postman who is caught in a bombing raid, and the hospital team who will operate on him. As Higgins is rescued from the rubble, brought in, cleaned up, and prepped for surgery, director Sidney Gilliat fills us in on the tensions within this medical team: the head doctor who throws off the operating sister for the pretty young nurse, who breaks her engagement with the anesthesiologist, who may have killed a past patient; the nurse who has lost her mother in an earlier raid and can't stop grieving; the jovial nurse with the voice that causes Higgins to stir in a panic.
Great angles and lighting give aspects of this classic mystery a noir-like tone.
There's so much drama between the staff that it would come as a surprise when Higgins is the one who dies, but then Sim has already announced this fact at the very start. A second murder soon follows, and the horror-movie overtones of this killing make it one of the film's delights. Then Inspector Cockrill finally arrives, and the detection starts, complete with utterly fair clueing and truly rich red herrings. By the time the suspects are gathered together for Cockie's reveal, you like these people so much that when one of them is exposed as a killer, you can't help but feel a bit devastated.
The second murder is imbued with a sense of horror.
That's how I feel every time I watch Green for Danger: devastation at how sympathetic the motivations of this killer make them, even as their actions spiral into the inexcusable, and devastation how, in spite of one great movie, the name of Christianna Brand is not on the lips of every mystery fan.
Someone's gotta do something about that.
Christianna Brand, Films, locked room mysteries
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22 thoughts on "COFFEE TABLE BOOK TALES: Everson's Trio of Crime Film Classics"
Fabulous article and very pleased to see Kennel get some love.
I was at the height of my locked room mystery kick, and seeing Kennel be described as one on a streaming platform, I gave it a go. Absolutely loved it, particularly the wonderful demonstration of how the locked room was achieved. I'd just finished reading a Carr that morning (I won't say which) which employed a technique derivative of the one seen here, and being frustrated at not being able to picture how it was done in spite of the description. So to see it so beautifully elucidated via the magic of cinema only hours later was highly gratifying.
For the record, I've seen the other two. Maltese Falcon I find confusing to the point of being soporific, and I say that as a fan of the hard boiled/film noir genre, while Green for Danger just seemed more of a melodrama than a clinical, cerebral whodunnit. Not my bag at all.
It's a sad fact that impossible crime mysteries, which – let's face it – can all benefit from some visual elucidation, are so rarely set down on film. Perhaps they're considered too technical to provide the average viewer with much interest??? Bah, humbug! Thank goodness for Jonathan Creek and Death in Paradise, (the latter of which I really have to watch more of!) and other television examples.
As I read and described above, it appears that GfD had some trouble in terms of how it was classified. I do see the melodramatic aspects running through the beginning – we get at least six close-uo expressions of Nurse Bates' romantic agony – but I still think it's got nice clueing all along the way. As for TMF, you're not the first person who's opinion I respect who has said this; alas, to know so many smart people who are utterly wrong!!!!!!! 😉
Thanks for highlighting that if watch "Kennel" that I can see how the murder was done in | [
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that Carr novel you mention. I have always liked that book as the set-up is genius, the mid-book reveal is great and HM in the courtroom was fun. That said, I had to reread the ending three times to try to understand how the culprit accomplished the crime. I am still not sure I understand it as it is at best implausible and at worst impossible that the murderer would have the skill to do that.
The novel we're trying so very hard not to reference directly is actually a Gideon Fell story, not HM. Though now you come to mention it, I had similar disappointment with the explanation at the end of the one you mean. Another one that would have benefitted immensely from a simple diagram. Say what you will about Van Dine, but at least he believed in illustrating the mechanisms behind his locked rooms, allowing for the possibility that his readers may fail to fully comprehend from his text alone.
I will add that, in my humble opinion, the methodology of the locked room in Kennel/that Fell novel is superior to the one in that HM story, in as much as being far more practicable. And I would know, having successfully replicated it!
scottkratner
Yes, the Carr novel I was referring to was a Fell, not a Merrivale. I think I know which other Merrivale book title you're referring to— it does have a great mid-book reveal and an HM in courtroom conclusion— but its locked-room mechanics are not very similar to that in The Kennel Murder Case, whereas the similarities to the Fell story and Kennel in that regard are quite close.
The locked room device in The Kennel Murder Case is indeed very much like that in one of the very best Carr novels, the keyhole being replaced ingeniously by… For me, one of the only flaws of that novel is that Carr explains it in a way that makes it sound much more complicated than it really is.
There were actually several impossible crime movies in the Golden Age of Hollywood. Besides The Kennel Murder Case, there is The Perfect Crime (1928), The Canary Murder Case (1929), Grief Street (1931), The Night Club Lady (1932), Take the Stand (1934), The Dragon Murder Case (1934), The Mandarin Mystery (1936), Miracles for Sale (1936), The Verdict (1946), the many versions of The Mystery of the Yellow Room (mostly French), as well as several like The Westland Case (1937), or Ellery Queen, Master Detective (1940), in which (as in the Judas Window) the crimes are apparently impossible if we accept the innocence of the framed defendant.
However, except for Kennel, The Verdict (the best locked room film, IMO), and— to a lesser extent— The Night Club Lady, and The Westland Case, I'd say there are very few classics of the genre. Such a shame they've never filmed Death of Jezebel.
As for Green for Danger, both the novel and the film have some wonderful clueing, though perhaps the film doesn't emphasize that aspect as much. And I think The Maltese Falcon is a great film, but I feel its appeal is so essentially different that I wonder why character-based stories and puzzle-plot stories are considered together (by Everson and others) merely on the shared aspect of involving a detective and a crime. It seems to me the least inessential link, like assuming dinner guests will get along because they share the same initials.
Iverson's book is called "The Detective in Film", not "Great Cinema Whodunnits" or "The Distinction between Puzzle Mysteries and Private Eye Movies." The focus throughout is definitely on the sleuths and not the structure of various types of crime story. There's a lot on Bulldog Drummond and Boston Blackie, both of whom I believe spent more time smashing crime rings than sifting through clues, and there's a whole chapter on Asian detectives, but Mr. Moto did more spy-catching and less detection than Messrs. Chan and Wong. In that, er, case, it makes sense for Iverson to include The Maltese Falcon because it's clearly one of the best "detective" films ever made, but even Iverson acknowledges that TMF has broader appeal than as | [
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a "mere" genre film. He also thinks Sim is the highlight of Green for Danger, and I would agree with him that Kennel marks the best incarnation of Philo Vance onscreen.
I agree. As a book on the detective film, it makes sense that these films are put together, and that there is emphasis on the detective. I just don't fully understand why the presence of a detective figure would be a core appeal. That is, I understand someone living The Maltese Falcon, and I understand someone loving Green for Danger, and I understand someone loving both. But I have trouble understanding someone living both for the same reason that would justify them being considered together. Perhaps it's because the concept of the detective figure means so little to me personally. For me, it's a great book that happens to talk about several unrelated genres.
Loving, not living.
Or, to give a better example, I would expect someone who loves The Thin Man to be more likely to love It Happened One Night—which doesn't feature a central detective figure— than Green for Danger— which like the Thin Man does— because I consider that character comedy and puzzle plotting, not the presence of a detective figure, are their respective common, core appeals. Conversely, I would expect someone who loves Green for Danger to find more interest in And Then There Were None —which doesn't feature a central detective figure— than The Thin Man— which like Green for Danger does.
It's not quite like expecting the same people to like films merely because they feature characters in turtlenecks, or have scenes taking place at chiropractic offices, but it's going in that direction for me.
But . . . but . . . but I like The Maltese Falcon and Green for Danger equally! Well, actually, I like MF more, but that's for all the other stuff as well as the mystery. GfD is more up my alley as a mystery, but as a film, MF is the best of the three. I also like It Happened One Night, but I like The Thin Man more . . . and I like My Man Godfrey more than either of them. I like Agatha Christie more than any mystery writer, but the '45 And Then There Were None is too "twee" for me. I hate what Sarah Phelps thinks she's doing to AC, but her And Then There Were None got the book more right than the '45.
In other words, tastes vary, and some of us have broad enough tastes to embrace the connection between disparate genre films in Iverson's book!
You also have wide and varied tastes, Scott; you just like to argue. 😉
Brad, you're missing my point entirely (and I'm suspecting somewhat deliberately).
Let me try again. I love the film Casablanca, which features a major character named Louis. I also love the film Kind Hearts and Coronets, which also features a major character named Louis. Interest in one doesn't negate interest in the other. But, because the primary reason I like these films has nothing to do with their common feature (characters named Louis), there's no reason to believe I'd necessarily be particularly interested in other films merely because they'd feature characters named Louis, or the book Louis in Film, all about films which featured characters named Louis.
While I'll freely admit that the detective figure in films is far more integral an element than a character name, I still don't believe it's the core feature of appeal for many people (especially perhaps lovers of the whodunit), and while they may love many types of films that HAPPEN to feature detectives, there's no reason to believe they'd love these films BECAUSE of the presence of detectives. Thus, the grouping together of these films for study based on that element seems somewhat arbitrary.
So, no, I quite agree that interest in one type of film certainly doesn't exclude interest in another. At the same time, I don't feel interest in one would necessitate or even increase the likelihood of interest in another. They're superficially related, but fundamentally unrelated.
Contrary me! I'm still not buying what you say. What I would suggest to YOU is that moviegoers in the 30's and 40's went to these films FOR the detectives and not to solve a mystery or in preference for hard-boiled vs. elegant | [
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puzzle sleuths. People flocked to the Thin Man movies – which are basically six variations on the exact same plot – for the Powell/Loy chemistry. They liked Powell as a detective, whether he played Philo Vance, Nick Charles, or did a one-off like Star of Midnight. It's only a guess, but I bet people went to Charlie Chan films for the character as much, if not more, for piecing together the puzzle and solving the case. And I'll bet a lot of those Chan lovers went to see the Perry Mason films for Mason, no matter who played him, or the Saint for the Saint. They liked these series of mysteries because they liked the character (and sometimes the actor who played him) as much as, if not more than, the plot.
I do think the detective is an integral enough element to encompass a wide variety of films. Just as Stephen Sondheim's essence is enough to make me love a widely disparate set of musicals – the glitz of Follies, the schmaltz of A Little Night Music, the whimsicality of Into the Woods. By the way, easily one of my favorites is Sunday in the Park with George, and now you've got me wondering if that's because it includes a character named . . . Louis.
I don't deny that. Many people did indeed go to these movies to see their favorite actors play their favorite detectives— that demographic who, as Everson puts it— "care little for fidelity to a literary school as long as Basil Rathbone is Sherlock Holmes and William Powell is Philo Vance." He also notes that filmmakers "assumed that audiences like the formula more than the content." Quite true.
But there is a discrepancy here. For, when Everson sets out to "consider the standards by which movie mysteries are judged"— the criteria by which he will arrive at "three classics" of the genre – – he does so with "three basic and not necessarily into related yardsticks" which you noted above:
1. How faithful is the movie to its source material?
2. How successful is it as a mystery, in successfully diverting the audience up the proverbial garden path without cheating in the denouement?
3. Can it possibly transcend the realm of mystery and detection to become a separate classic in its own right?
But note, nothing there— not a single word— about the charm, charisma, intelligence, depth, endurance, or timelessness of the detective figure. And yet, he notes that in selecting these three classics he is "going to go out on a gigantic limb and select three films which seem to uphold the highest traditions of the movie detective film, particularly in relation to the three questions posed." So, for him, what makes the greatest movie detective films is not the detective.
It's as if this chapter belongs in another book. And I would suggest it that, in a sense, it does. Because this is a book which, while it discusses Bulldog Drummond Escapes and notably avoids discussion of And Then There Were None (citing its lack of detective figure as a reason), marks as "highest traditions of the movie detective film" criteria that are met by the Christie adaptation but not the Drummond film. That's the split demographic that I see as the problem; the films discussed in this book nearly all have detectives in them, but only some of them (Chan, Nick and Nora, Drummond) are discussed because of or in light of that aspect. As I said with Louis-connection, the detective is more of a technical requirement here than a thematic bond (as it would with a book on romance in film, or comedy, or, yes, puzzle plots),
That said, except for an unwillingness to defend page 30, I love the book.
Regarding the Carr novel we're alluding to, a simple diagram would have been tremendously helpful, and easy enough to include I'd have thought. Would've saved him the struggle of having to convey the idea through words, and the audience of having to grasp it via the same.
Thank you for the exciting list of GA impossible crime movies, of which only Canary Murder Case am I familiar with (Kennel had made such an impression, I had to check out Powell's other outings as Vance). I will try to track each one down while also hoping to eventually find an affordable copy of Death of Jez | [
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Liberation Frequency archive
Home Jose James Liberation Frequency archive Jose James: The Dreamer In Us All [Interview]
Jose James: The Dreamer In Us All [Interview]
Imran Mirza 03:13 Jose James, Liberation Frequency archive
Originally published on liberationfrequency.co.uk in 2009
Written by Imran Mirza
Listeners were first introduced to Jose James via his debut album, The Dreamer, released in 2008 via new/independent music champion Gilles Peterson, and his Brownswood Recordings label home. Citing influences from John Coltrane, Nat King Cole, Marvin Gaye, Billie Holiday, Kurt Kobain and Jean-Michel Basquiat, The Dreamer presented James as a young jazz artist, fast becoming a genuine master of his craft, earning him album credits including 'writer', 'producer' and 'arranger'.
The album relies heavily upon its wonderful instrumentation, but the haunting pianos, commanding bass and sublime horns all take a back seat to James' inimitable and awe-inspiring vocal that takes centre stage throughout. To call it simply 'captivating' doesn't do it justice – it's a delectable vocal that re-instils an enthusiasm in music, and will hopefully go as far as to make you want to further explore the world of jazz music and bask in the treasures that await you.
Although the release of album number two is on the horizon, fans can currently extend their Jose James catalogue through the numerous remixes floating around on iTunes, featuring alternate takes on Desire, Spirits Up Above, Love and blackeyedsusan (remixes by IG Culture and Ben Westbeech), along with a handful of guest vocal contributions on projects by Italian jazz connoisseur Nicola Conte, as well as Jazzanova and Bassment Jaxx.
It really is Liberation Frequency's great honour to introduce you all to the incomparable Jose James…
What made you want to explore a career in music?
Well my father is a musician – tenor sax, latin percussion – and I really respected his artistry, but my first love was literature and creative writing. I think that's why I was into hip-hop because of the lyrics. Most serious jazz is instrumental so it takes a different place in your mind as well as emotionally. But my first taste of the performance bug for real was in high school as a featured vocalist with a visiting 9-piece band – what a thrill! I knew I would be a performer – then I discovered Coltrane and it was all over!
How did you end up joining Brownswood?
My first time in London was the winter of 2006 and Brownswood was just preparing its first releases. I didn't know Gilles was starting a new label, but I knew I was ready to be a part of some new progressive energy. I had just recorded an EP in NY the week before and performed at the Vortex for the first time. I was hanging out in London and giving out my EP, one of which landed in the hands of Gilles! One of the tracks was Equinox by John Coltrane, which is one of Gilles' favourite classic Trane tracks I later found out. It was meant to be.
What was the creative process of putting The Dreamer together like?
Amazing. Just pure music. I wanted to compose and record in the same way that Kind of Blue was made, or much of the late Coltrane Quartet albums – bringing in charts the day of and recording it fresh, capturing the moment. It worked. Gilles gave me some great ideas for covers and they worked too – Nola and Park Bench People. Junior Mance coming on the session was just pure love – he's so great! It really brought the whole project to another level. We recorded about 30 songs total and used 10. Beautiful.
Were you happy with how The Dreamer was received?
Absolutely! It's been a huge critical success for me and more importantly it has moved people... I really wanted that album to mean something and for people to really get it and they did. It's a huge honour to be a part of something like that, to touch people.
How are things shaping up for a follow-up album – will the music follow straight on from The Dreamer, or will you incorporate different styles and collaborators?
The next album is a continuation of what we started – an energy | [
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Abstract: Objective To investigate the effects of bone marrow stromal cells(BMSCs)transplantation combined with low dose ultrashort wave(USW)radiation on functional recovery and the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein(GFAP)and ED-1 after spinal cord injury(SCI)in rats,and further discuss its action mechanism. Methods Female Sprague-Dawley rats(n = 30)were randomly divided into 5 groups:sham-operated,as well as control,USW,BMSCs,and USW+BMSCs that were subjected to spinal cord injury(SCI). Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan(BBB)tests were carried out before the operation and at 1 d,1 week,2 weeks,3 weeks,4 weeks after SCI. 4 weeks later,animals were sacrificed and tissues were collected to make paraffin section. Immunohistochemical staining was performed to observe the expression of GFAP and ED-1. Results 4 weeks after SCI,BBB scores were significantly higher in the USW and USW+BMSCs groups than in the control group(both P < 0.001). No significant difference was observed between the BMSCs group and control group. On the expression of GFAP,only USW+BMSCs group showed significantly decreased compared with the control group(P < 0.05). All treatment groups exhibited lower ED-1 expression than the control group(all P < 0.05). Conclusion Our results indicate that USW radiation alone can obviously improve neural functional recovery after SCI. The USW radiation and BMSCs transplantation treatment can reduce inflammation,and USW radiation is more effective. The combination therapy did not show a synergistic action on promoting functional recovery,but do have an effect on reducing the inflammatory response and glial scar formation.
孙师,万峪岑,赵利娜,尹艳梅,陆宇,冯智萍,周禹鑫,张志强,张立新. 骨髓间充质干细胞联合超短波对大鼠脊髓损伤后早期GFAP 和 ED-1 的影响[J]. 中国医科大学学报, 2016, 45(8): 678–683.
SUN Shi,WAN Yucen,ZHAO Lina,YIN Yanmei,LU Yu,FENG Zhiping,ZHOU Yuxin,ZHANG Zhiqiang,ZHANG Lixin. Effects of Bone Marrow Stromal Cells Transplantation Combined with Ultrashort Wave Therapy on the Expression of GFAP and ED-1 after Spinal Cord Injury in Rats[J]. Journal of China Medical University, 2016, 45(8): 678–683.
蔡洪梅 ,王维 ,马頔 ,王文娟 ,易添 ,周晓红. 经皮电刺激联合减重跑台训练对完全性脊髓损伤大鼠胶质源性 神经营养因子及 RhoA 表达的影响[J]. 中国医科大学学报, 2016, 45(9): 838-842.
陈勇,赤仁杰. β-七叶皂甙钠对脊髓损伤大鼠脊髓组织水通道蛋白 4 与 水通道蛋白 9 表达的影响[J]. 中国医科大学学报, 2016, 45(12): 1124- | [
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How to get around China: Here's how to navigate the Middle Kingdom with no problems
Megan Eaves
Oct 27, 2021 • 7 min read
Traveling around China is convenient and efficient with plenty of opportunities to get around slowly © Istvan Kadar Photography / Getty Images
Despite its vast distances and huge variety of landscapes, getting around in China is convenient and inexpensive. Sparkling bullet trains zip to all corners of the country, while buses connect smaller towns and villages. Air travel is also convenient and generally affordable from most major cities.
A combination of ridesharing and efficient metro systems will get you around Beijing, Shanghai and the larger metropolitan areas; you can also use a more traditionally Chinese mode of transport: two wheels. Here's everything you need to know about getting around in China.
Get more travel inspiration, tips and exclusive offers sent straight to your inbox with our weekly newsletter.
Trains are everywhere in China, but you'll see the best of local culture on slower, more traditional trains © DuKai photographer / Getty Images
Train travel is far and away the best way to get around China, for comfort, convenience and sustainability. China has the world's longest and most-used high-speed railway network (nearly 2300km/1429mi). In between, slower express, local and overnight trains connect many smaller towns.
Upgrades and expansions to the railway network continue apace, with thousands of kilometers of new track laid each year, making it possible to get almost anywhere you want by rail. High-speed trains are usually brand new and ridiculously efficient, with both business and regular class sections comfortable and clean.
However, it's on the slower, more traditional trains that you'll see the best of China's train culture, and have the chance to meet locals, exchange snacks and learn something new as you trundle through the Chinese countryside.
5 epic train journeys to take in China
Chinese train numbers are generally prefixed by a letter corresponding to the type of train. G, D, and C trains are luxurious high-speed trains, while Z, T, K are varying express and fast trains. Unnumbered services are the very slowest, with lots of stops.
Non-high-speed trains have an array of seat and sleeper options, ranging from hard seats (the cheapest and least comfortable) to soft sleepers (a four-bed compartment equivalent to first class). Train tickets are sold one way only and can be purchased from Trip.com up to 30 days in advance. Tickets are collected with a passport at the station on the day of travel.
Tip for holiday train travel: If you plan to travel during one of China's national holidays, especially Spring Festival, buy your tickets as far in advance as possible, as most sell out rapidly and services are extremely busy.
Buses are relatively comfortable in China, ranging from express coaches to smaller minibuses and overnight sleepers © Haitong Yu / Getty Images
For more remote parts of China and small villages, long-distance buses are often the only option. Bus travel tends to be much cheaper than train or air tickets, and it's relatively comfortable, with vehicles ranging from express coaches to smaller minibuses and overnight sleeper buses.
Intercity services are often sleek and clean with toilets and snack offerings, while in remote areas, particularly in the far west of the country, you can still experience a bygone age of rattling minibuses careening from village to village.
China is leading the way in electrifying its bus fleets (a whopping 99% of all the electric buses in the world are in China), with around 500,000 electric buses in operation around the country, most of them in cities.
Tip for buying tickets: Most bus tickets can be purchased at ticket windows on the day of travel, but are harder to get during national holidays.
Most of China's airports are sleek, modern and easy to navigate © d3sign / Getty Images
China's airline industry has grown rapidly over the past decade, and there are now more than 240 airports – one in almost every provincial capital and major city. The relative newness of China's air industry means that most airports are correspondingly sleek, modern and easy to navigate.
Airports are often located some distance outside | [
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of the city center, usually connected by either a metro system or dedicated express bus services from the terminal. A growing number of budget airlines have also begun operation after China deregulated its airfares in 2018.
The 10 most futuristic airports in the world
China's major domestic airlines include China Southern, China Eastern, Air China, Hainan Airlines, Juneyao Airlines, Shanghai Airlines and Shenzhen Airlines. Tickets can be booked online at Trip.com (Ctrip inside China) or eLong.net.
Only those with a Chinese driver's license are allowed to rent a car in China © chinaface / Getty Images
Only those with a Chinese driver's license are allowed to rent a car in China, which makes road trips off-limits to most international visitors. In more remote parts of China, particularly the far west, it is possible to hire a private car with a driver (and sometimes a tour guide) to visit areas that are difficult to reach otherwise. This can usually be booked through a local hotel, hostel or travel agency.
Most of China's largest cities and provincial capitals have excellent public transportation networks, including buses and trams © itsskin / Getty Images
Public transportation in cities
Most of China's largest cities and provincial capitals have excellent public transportation networks that usually include subways, city buses and bike-share systems, as well as tram, light rail or maglev in some places. Metros in China are generally shiny, new, clean and air-conditioned.
In the largest cities, like Beijing, Shanghai and Hong Kong, local top-up cards can be used on most methods of transport, including buses. Tickets and transport cards can be purchased from machines in most subway stations, and bilingual signage in English and Chinese is ubiquitous.
China has put a huge amount of investment into greening its public transportation networks. For example, in 2018, the city of Shenzhen completed a holistic conversion to electric transport, with 16,000 e-buses and 22,000 electric taxis.
When hailing a taxi on the street, non-Chinese speakers should make sure to have their destination written down in Chinese ©Artur Debat/Getty Images
Didi and taxis
Uber is not present in China, but the local answer to ride-sharing is the Didi Chuxing app. Didi functions in English and has support for international credit cards, as well as the WeChat app wallet for payment. Didi cars tend to be more comfortable than local taxis, and the app eliminates language barrier angst, making it the best choice for visitors.
However, you can still hail a taxi on the street in a bind – non-Chinese speakers should make sure to have their destination written down in Chinese (such as the business card of your hotel).
Bicycles have always been a traditional method of transport in China ©Greg Elms/Lonely Planet
Bicycles have always been a traditional method of transport in China (see: the 2001 film Beijing Bicycle) and are still an excellent way of getting around within a city. The bike-sharing economy veritably started in China, and you'll find heaps – sometimes literally – of colorful rental bikes on street corners.
Though extremely cheap and convenient, these can sometimes present difficulty for international tourists, as the apps do not always support English-language or international-payment methods.
The 10 best long-distance bike rides around the world
Bike touring and long-distance cycling are also possible in China and are increasingly popular among locals. Given the distances in China, many cyclists opt for combined trips by bike and rail. Make sure you come well-equipped with flat-tire kits and backpacking equipment and don't expect to wild camp without preparing in advance – you'll need the correct permits and permissions for tent camping. There are a few areas of China off-limits to international visitors, mainly in the far northwest, so long-distance cyclists must plan accordingly.
Ferries and boats, such as the Star Ferry in Hong Kong, can be a great way to see China © Takuma Oohamazaki / Getty Images/ iStockphoto
Travel by boat is increasingly rare in China, as the country has upgraded and added road and rail bridges in many areas. Some outlying islands | [
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'Jeopardy!' Writers Under Fire For Spoiling A Show's Controversial Finale Months After It Aired
Did you catch this major spoiler? If you haven't finished the finale season of Killing Eve just yet, you may want to skip this article and the December 9 episode of Jeopardy!. The episode has infuriated fans for referring to Killing Eve's final episode in a clue months after it aired. What do you think? Should the writers have given it more time? Let's dive into the controversial clue.
'Jeopardy!' Clue Sparks Debate Among 'Killing Eve' Fans
Last Friday, Jeopardy! pushed buttons among fans who still hadn't caught up on the BBC America show Killing Eve. The show, which kicked off its first season in 2018 to rave reviews, wrapped up its fourth and final season in April of this year. While the show undoubtedly had a loyal following, critics were underwhelmed by the show's last two seasons. The show's finale made little difference, and it was heavily debated and criticized last spring.
So, it seems like Jeopardy! writers figured the show was fair game. In a category named "TV Final Episodes," Jeopardy! clue writers came up with the following clue: "When this show ended on April 10, 2022, one of the 2 female leads was dead. Which? Well, the show didn't live up to its title."
Contestant Matthew Ott guessed correctly—Killing Eve. However, fans weren't exactly congratulatory online. Apparently, despite airing eight months ago, plenty of Jeopardy! fans still hadn't caught up on the show.
Fans Flame 'Jeopardy!' Clue Writers
One fan pointed out that, since most shows hit streaming platforms eventually, there's a lot less pressure these days to watch episodes exactly as they air. "In the age of streaming TV series, why did you give the spoiler for Killing Eve?!?! Some of us are catching up on these," the user Tweeted.
In the age of streaming TV series, why did you give the spoiler for Killing Eve?!?! Some of us are catching up on these. 🤦♂️ You even acknowledged it was a spoiler… WHY?
— Trivial Daydream™🐋 (@trivialdaydream) December 11, 2022
For another fan, the clue just came at a terrible time. "I've been binging the last season of Killing Eve and all I had left to watch was the series finale, which I was planning to watch tonight," they tweeted after watching Jeopardy!. "Little did I know that tonight's episode of Jeopardy would spoil the ending literally 20 min before I was planning to watch it."
I've been binging the last season of Killing Eve and all I had left to watch was the series finale, which I was planning to watch tonight.
Little did I know that tonight's episode of Jeopardy would spoil the ending literally 20 min before I was planning to watch it. #Jeopardy
— An Anomellie (@AnAnomellie) December 10, 2022
It's certainly an interesting debate. When exactly is it okay to start sharing spoilers on national TV? Should Jeopardy! instate a blanket one-year rule? Truly, in the age of streaming, there will always be people who are still playing catch up.
New generations are discovering decades-old TV shows for the very first time every day, and they probably wouldn't appreciate spoilers either. While it's an unfortunate coincidence for these Killing Eve fans, we're calling fair game on the highly publicized months-old episode.
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Gotye Continues To Make Music With Some | [
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Cabinet directs strategy to prevent recurrence of power outages; approves nationwide energy conservation drive
Islamabad: The federal cabinet on Tuesday ordered the authorities concerned for formulation of a comprehensive strategy to prevent the recurrence of prolonged power outages in the future and to do away with the factors causing it.
The cabinet, in a meeting chaired by Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif, also approved a nationwide public awareness drive on conservation of power, water, gas and other resources to make the people develop such habits.
The meeting also called for inclusion of the subject of best international practices on energy conservation in the educational curriculum.
It was told that energy conservation efforts at public, private, domestic and commercial level would help reduce the import bill of the petroleum products which had increased remarkably during last seven years.
Besides, the behavioral changes would also save billions of rupeess of foreign exchange and reduce the electricity bills of individuals by 30 to 40 percent.
The prime minister, expressing annoyance over the widespread power breakdown on Monday, said the inconvenience caused to the people was unacceptable and would not tolerate such happenings in the future.
He called for fixing the responsibility of the power outage which had caused difficulties for the masses as well as the business community. He also instructed to identify the factors behind the power breakdown and take necessary measures to prevent its recurrence.
The cabinet meeting was told that committee formed by the prime minister in the power outage had started functioning which would furnish a comprehensive report after deliberating over all the factors.
The energy minister told the meeting that, as per initial report, the power supply tripped at 0734 hours on Monday, due to technical fault, voltage fluctuation and frequency disruption.
It was told that as per prime minister's directives, all-out resources were used and power supply was restored in all main cities by 2200 hours.
Moreover, all major 1112 grid stations were also restored by 0500 hours on Tuesday morning to ensure power supply to the consumers.
On the prime minister's directives, the gas-powered power plants have also been made operational to overcome the energy shortfall caused by the breakdown. However, the operations of nuclear and coal power plants would take another couple of days, though the power generation from rest of the power plants was in progress.
Federal Minister for Information and Broadcasting Marriyum Aurangzeb gave a detailed briefing to the cabinet on National Awareness and Communication Strategy for Energy Conservation under which a long-term awareness drive would be launched.
She told the meeting that, prior to the drive, the information ministry carried out the first comprehensive survey to seek public opinion on the energy conservation. Considering the public behaviour, the ministry prepared an awareness drive which would focus on developing people's habits, lifestyle and bahaviour for energy conservation.
The ministry would also seek the support from print, electronic and social media as well as the public opinion makers and experts for the awareness drive which would be run in collaboration with the public and private institutions.
The awareness drive is aimed at guiding the citizens on energy conservation which would not only benefit them in person but also help reduce the economic burden from the country.
The meeting was told that due to import of the petroleum products, the country's import bill swelled from 18% in 2017 to 29% in 2022.
The federal cabinet appreciated and approved the information ministry's awareness drive and instructed for its early launch, also asking other ministries to extend their support.
The prime minister directed for taking the caretaker governments of Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa into confidence on the energy conservation plans to ensure their effective implementation.
A comprehensive report of the inter-ministerial committee on Toshakhana was presented to the cabinet, besides a draft of the new Toshakhana policy. The cabinet members put forward their suggestions on committee's recommendations as well as the draft policy.
The prime minister asked the inter-ministerial committee to re-submit its report in the next cabinet meeting after incorporating the members' suggestions.
The cabinet meeting also endorsed the Economic Coordination Committee's decisions taken in its meetings of January 3 and 11, 2023, as well as Cabinet Committee for Disposal of Legislative Cases's decisions taken on January 6, 2023. | [
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Question: At the beginning, Stretch asks the two punks in the car to hang up so that the call can end and the phone line can be clear. Why? Why can't she just hang up and end the call? This makes no sense.
Chosen answer: That's how telephones worked back then. It has to do with the lack of a disconnect signal being sent by the called party, which phone companies have now. Back then when someone called another person, they were paying for the call and thus it was felt that they're entitled not to be hung up on and the line would not be "free" for the person being called, even after they hung up. This also meant if someone was called and they picked up in one room, they could say "hold on I'm going to switch phones", hang up, go to another room and pick up the phone and the caller would still be there. It was also a great way to scam or annoy people by calling them and not hanging up. Some countries still maintain this method of operation, largely because some people have become used to it, although nowadays it's by choice, not by technical limitation, and the length of time the line is held open is significantly reduced.
Question: How does Jill find out about the T-virus and its effects? I don't think they ever explained it in the movie.
Chosen answer: The newspaper clippings we see in her apartment at the start refer to a 'mansion incident' - this in fact relates to the events of the first Resident Evil game, when Jill and other STARS members were trapped in a mansion overrun with the T-Virus. By the end of the game Jill knows exaclty what the T-Virus is and what its effects are.
Even though it mentions it in the newspaper clippings in the movie she wasn't even at the Mansion so therefore she wouldn't have known about the t-virus in the movie.
Question: Why did Mary get angry when the boy in the audience said that he could see her mouth moving? When a close-up of Mary is shown, she's moving her mouth.
Answer: Because he is heckling her and belittling her performance.
Question: What is the title of the black-and-white movie that Mia was watching while knitting on the bed?
Chosen answer: It is actually an episode from the show General Hospital.
Question: Did Patrick really kill anybody or was it all in his mind? He killed a homeless man but there's no news report about it on TV. He murders Paul but is told Paul is in London. He severely beat and bloodied two prostitutes but no cops show up to arrest him. He murders Elizabeth and Christie but when he goes back to the apartment later, it is empty and put up for sale.
Chosen answer: The situation is intentionally left vague. The homeless man being murdered wouldn't necessarily make the news in the time (there were over 4000 murders in 1989-90 when the book and movie are set). He and his friends are so alike that they continually mistake each other for others. The prostitutes would likely be loathe to call the police because they might be arrested themselves and he would likely get off with a much better lawyer.
Question: Why did the Event Horizon choose to come back after seven years? In fact, why come back at all?
Chosen answer: The movie never explicitly says; but science is as yet unsure what happens to a given piece of matter once it crosses a black hole's event horizon, so who knows? The ship could have been thrown seven years forward in time, or far enough away that it took seven years for it to drift close to Neptune. Pick any explanation you like.
Question: If Gizmo is not allowed to come in contact with water, then how is he so clean? Since they can't wash him, wouldn't he be smelly and covered in grime?
Chosen answer: In the original script it was mentioned that mogwais could not reproduce if the water was below 25° (which is why the snow doesn't cause them to multiply). So it's feasible they could be washed with ice water. In addition, there are other methods of cleaning that don't require water (e.g. dry cleaning).
Answer: There's a possibility that Mr. Wing, Gizmo's first caretaker, used dry shampoo to keep him clean.
Answer: And/or licking himself like a cat?
I don't | [
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] | 1,024 | C4 | -0.742363 | -0.909104 | -0.016918 | 0.108527 |
see Gizmo bending like a cat can bend.
Question: Near the end of the song "I am a dentist", is Orin saying "and a success" or "and I say sit"?
Chosen answer: He says "and a success". He's singing about his mother telling him he'd become a successful dentist.
Question: Does "the girl" - as she's been called - have a name? And is she a (or the) devil?
Chosen answer: She was not given a name, neither in the film nor credits. She is simply known as "The Girl". As to precisely who she is, it is deliberately left ambiguous. But the last engraving found by Corso does seem to indicate that she is the Whore of Babylon mentioned in the Book of Revelation.
Question: Why is it in one scene revealed that the headless horsemen is just a normal guy?That doesn't fit into the plot.
Chosen answer: Try watching a bit more closely. The "guy" in question is Bron, Katrina's would-be suitor, who is pretending to be the headless horseman to make fun of Crane. They're playing a joke on him, nothing more than that.
Question: Why aren't Nyssa and the other vampire fried by the big UV grenade? Sure, they dove underwater, but light doesn't diffuse THAT much underwater. I'm using the logic from an entry's correction that the UV light bounced around the corners is still enough to kill reapers, so it ought to kill them too.
Chosen answer: In Blade I we saw that with sunscreen and the avoidance of direct exposure Deacon Frost and his lackeys could go out by day. The reapers are probably two or three times more sensitive than normal vampires so the exposure was probably not long or direct enough to kill the regular vampires.
Question: Why didn't the sheriff do anything about Packard's gang? Surely someone must have wanted to file a complaint at some point? And if the sheriff isn't doing his job, why doesn't the state police step in?
Chosen answer: After the first race where Augie is killed the sheriff says "I've been waiting to catch you guys in the act. Been waiting and watching." So we can assume there were complaints made however the sheriff may not have had enough evidence to shut them down completly. As far as the state police, I'm not sure. May be a jurisdictional thing.
Question: It appears Jason has upsized his shack in this version. He now lives in an abandoned house instead of a rundown shack we see in Part 2. Plus the house has an extensive tunnel system. Finally, where does the electric bill get sent?
Chosen answer: It's possible that he has a generator.
Question: What was Mickey's motive for being one of the killers?
Chosen answer: Mickey's reply when Syd asks, that he's "always been a follower," indicates he's probably just psychotic, looking for any excuse to kill.
Answer: He hadn't no motive. Remember? It was the millennium. Motives are incidental. That and he was out of his mind. And he wanted to blame the movies.
Question: I'm confused by the ending. Did Helen herself become just like Candyman, was it really Candyman using Helen's body, or did Helen simply decide to make a brief return from the dead to make her husband pay for his betrayal?
Chosen answer: It's a bit ambiguous, but just as Candyman became a tortured soul who suffered a painful and unjust death, to too did Helen.
Question: During the Vietnamese child-rescue scene (in which Vic Morrow and two child actors were horrifically killed in real life), why on earth did they allow Vic Morrow and the children to perform their own stunt work in what was, without question, an incredibly chaotic and deadly-dangerous night-time shoot? With several large pyrotechnics exploding on all sides and helicopters hovering less than 20 feet over the actors' heads, it was a recipe for disaster. Why did the film makers consider it worth the risk to capture a few frames of Vic Morrow's blurry likeness in a wide, distant shot?
Chosen answer: It's unlikely we'll ever fully understand. However, there were | [
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] | 1,024 | C4 | -1.029013 | -0.698538 | 0.268205 | -0.485965 |
package policy
import (
"time"
"github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/azcore/cloud"
"github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/azcore/internal/exported"
)
// Policy represents an extensibility point for the Pipeline that can mutate the specified
// Request and react to the received Response.
type Policy = exported.Policy
// Transporter represents an HTTP pipeline transport used to send HTTP requests and receive responses.
type Transporter = exported.Transporter
// Request is an abstraction over the creation of an HTTP request as it passes through the pipeline.
// Don't use this type directly, use runtime.NewRequest() instead.
type Request = exported.Request
// ClientOptions contains optional settings for a client's pipeline.
// All zero-value fields will be initialized with default values.
type ClientOptions struct {
// Cloud specifies a cloud for the client. The default is Azure Public Cloud.
Cloud cloud.Configuration
// Logging configures the built-in logging policy.
Logging LogOptions
// Retry configures the built-in retry policy.
Retry RetryOptions
// Telemetry configures the built-in telemetry policy.
Telemetry TelemetryOptions
// Transport sets the transport for HTTP requests.
Transport Transporter
// PerCallPolicies contains custom policies to inject into the pipeline.
// Each policy is executed once per request.
PerCallPolicies []Policy
// PerRetryPolicies contains custom policies to inject into the pipeline.
// Each policy is executed once per request, and for each retry of that request.
PerRetryPolicies []Policy
}
// LogOptions configures the logging policy's behavior.
type LogOptions struct {
// IncludeBody indicates if request and response bodies should be included in logging.
// The default value is false.
// NOTE: enabling this can lead to disclosure of sensitive information, use with care.
IncludeBody bool
// AllowedHeaders is the slice of headers to log with their values intact.
// All headers not in the slice will have their values REDACTED.
// Applies to request and response headers.
AllowedHeaders []string
// AllowedQueryParams is the slice of query parameters to log with their values intact.
// All query parameters not in the slice will have their values REDACTED.
AllowedQueryParams []string
}
// RetryOptions configures the retry policy's behavior.
// Call NewRetryOptions() to create an instance with default values.
type RetryOptions struct {
// MaxRetries specifies the maximum number of attempts a failed operation will be retried
// before producing an error.
// The default value is three. A value less than zero means one try and no retries.
MaxRetries int32
// TryTimeout indicates the maximum time allowed for any single try of an HTTP request.
// This is disabled by default. Specify a value greater than zero to enable.
// NOTE: Setting this to a small value might cause premature HTTP request time-outs.
TryTimeout time.Duration
// RetryDelay specifies the initial amount of delay to use before retrying an operation.
// The delay increases exponentially with each retry up to the maximum specified by MaxRetryDelay.
// The default value is four seconds. A value less than zero means no delay between retries.
RetryDelay time.Duration
// MaxRetryDelay specifies the maximum delay allowed before retrying an operation.
// Typically the value is greater than or equal to the value specified in RetryDelay.
// The default Value is 120 seconds. A value less than zero means there is no cap.
MaxRetryDelay time.Duration
// StatusCodes specifies the HTTP status codes that indicate the operation should be retried.
// The default value is the status codes in StatusCodesForRetry.
// Specifying an empty slice will cause retries to happen only for transport errors.
StatusCodes []int
}
// TelemetryOptions configures the telemetry policy's behavior.
type TelemetryOptions struct {
// ApplicationID is an application-specific identification string to | [
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Shah Rukh Khan and Salman Khan to have a cameo in Aamir Khan's Laal Singh Chaddha?
As Aamir Khan has begun shooting for Laal Singh Chaddha, it is reported that Shah Rukh Khan and Salman Khan will be having a cameo in the movie. Here are the details.
Written By Pinkvilla Desk 2159666 reads Mumbai Updated: November 3, 2019 08:18 pm
Aamir Khan's upcoming movie Laal Singh Chaddha has been creating a lot of buzz ever since it was announced. After all, it happens to be Mr. Perfectionist's first movie after the Thugs Of Hindostan fiasco. Besides, Laal Singh Chaddha is also an official remake of Robert Zemeckis' 1994 release Oscar-winning film Forrest Gump starring Tom Hanks in the lead. Interestingly, this much-talked-about movie had begun rolling lately and the first clap was given by Aamir's mother Zeenat Hussain.
Interestingly, the movie will also star Kareena Kapoor Khan in the lead. And if the recent buzz is to be believed, Shah Rukh Khan and Salman Khan will also be a part of Laal Singh Chaddha. According to a report published in Koimoi, both the Khans will be having a special cameo in the movie. "Aamir Khan has a special role saved for Shah Rukh Khan in the script. It's not a blink-and-miss cameo, it's a very important role without which the script will lose solidarity," a source was quoted saying.
On the other hand, Aamir has also reserved a special role for Salman as he wants the three Khans to reunite on the big screen. "Whereas Shah Rukh Khan is confirmed for the role, Salman is yet to give the nod," the source added.
Happy 75th Amma! Lots of love. a.
A post shared by Aamir Khan (@_aamirkhan) on May 20, 2019 at 9:57am PDT
To note, Aamir will be playing the titular role in the movie and will be seen in a Sikh avatar. Interestingly, Aamir is quite excited to be a part of the movie. "I've been after this film for the last eight years, so I'm thrilled it's finally happening," he had stated
Credits :Koimoi
Will Shah Rukh Khan, Salman Khan relive 90s roles of 'Raj & Prem' for Aamir Khan's Laal Singh Chaddha cameos?
Salman Khan to shoot as 90s Prem with Aamir Khan for Laal Singh Chaddha cameo on THIS date? Find Out
Salman Khan wishes birthday boy 'Laal Singh Chaddha' Aamir Khan & all we want to say is 'It is never too late'
Post Deepika Padukone visits JNU, Twitterati target Salman Khan, Aamir Khan & Shah Rukh Khan on their silence
Forbes India 2019 Celebrity 100: Salman Khan, Shah Rukh Khan shine but Aamir Khan FAILS to make it to Top 10
Laal Singh Chaddha: Shah Rukh Khan & Salman Khan to make a cameo appearance in Aamir Khan starrer?
Upcoming flop movie with Shortie Khan
People across the globe want this to happen!!!!!! It will be EPIC
Bharat: Salman Khan starrer has subtle references to Aamir Khan, Shah Rukh Khan and Sooraj Barjatya's films
Katrina Kaif thinks working back to back with Shah Rukh, Aamir & Bharat costar Salman Khan is a coincidence
Salman Khan says Shah Rukh Khan, Akshay Kumar, Aamir Khan & him are the only ones to pull off the stardom
Shah Rukh Khan, Salman Khan and Aamir Khan secretly met at SRK's home; collaboration on the cards?
Ranveer Singh, Deepika Padukone, Virat Kohli, Shah Rukh Khan's aeroplane secrets revealed by a reddit user
Ranveer Singh enters the top league like Salman Khan, Shah Rukh Khan & | [
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Zain region ("Overview," 2017). The company changed its
Sample donated: Bradford Fowler
Zain has always been a leading mobile telecommunicationscompany in the Middle East and North Africa. In 1983, Mobile Telecommunications Company (MTC) started operating inKuwait. MTC was the old brand name for Zain. MTCwas the first mobile operator in the region. In 2003, the company decided tobegin applying its expansion strategy. MTC began to grow rapidly in both theMiddle East and Africa. It was done through the acquisition of several mobileoperators across the region ("Overview," 2017).
The companychanged its name to Zain. It was due to the company deciding to rebrand. Theybelieved that by changing the name of the company to Zain, this will help to betterreflect the growing status of the whole organization as a leadingmulti-national mobile service provider with global aspirations and dreams.Thus, the name Zain was adopted as the Group's corporate master brand("Overview," 2017). Asof 2008, Zain became the fourth largest mobile operator in the world in terms of geographicalpresence. Continuing with that same year, It began operating in 15 Africancountries and seven in the Middle East. In the following year, March 2009, Zaincontinued to grow and develop by getting involved into a 50/50 partnership withAl Ajial Investment Fund Holding. This journey lead Zain o obtain a 31% stakein Inwi, the third mobile telecom operator in Morocco ("Overview,"2017).
Get Your Custom Essay on "Zain region ("Overview," 2017). The company changed its..."
Zainmade a tactical decision in 2010. The company decided to focus andconcentrate on its highly cash generative Middle East and North Africaoperations. It managed to do that by investing in new growth opportunities inthese markets.
This huge decision led to the sale of 100% of Zain Africa BV ('Zain Africa') to Bharti Airtel Limited. The deal was made in June 2010for the total consideration of USD 10.7 billion on an enterprise value basis.The consequence of this decision was the acquiring of Zain in 15 differentcountries in Africa by Bharti Airtel.
The news of this event represented abittersweet moment in Zain's history. Zain was proud of what the companyachieved in Africa but felt overwhelmed by the success and value Bharti Airtelidentified in the operations on the continent ("Overview," 2017). With a massivecommercial footprint in 8 countries in the region, Zain managed to re-defineditself as a leading mobile and data services operator in the Middle East andNorth Africa after having exited Africa.
As of today, the company operates asZain in Kuwait, Bahrain, Iraq, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, South Sudan; and inLebanon as touch (under a management contract). In Morocco, Zain has a15.5% stake in 'INWI,' through a joint venture. Over 7,000 employees provide acomprehensive range of market-leading mobile voice and data services to a baseof over 45.2 million active customers as of June 30, 2017, ("Overview,"2017).
3. Corporate BusinessStrategy: Zain's business strategyis based on six transformational initiatives: Customer Experience, OperationalEffectiveness, Value Management, B2B, DigitalFrontier and Innovation, and Talent Development ("Overview," 2017).A. Vision: Zain's vision is centeredon building a sustainable and innovative digital communications company. Bydoing that, Zain will manage to serve its consumers and enterprises with a richand simple mobile experience.
Also, Zain aims to be the leading provider ofinnovation and digital lifestyle communications by providing the best andsimplest experience for its customers. The company is absolutely passionateabout customer experience, operational effectiveness, business growth and thedevelopment of its people as well as human development everywhere ("OurBrand," 2017).B. Mission:• Enhance and add toits customer lives by offering innovative telecommunication services ("OurB | [
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HIV may kill most cells by a method overlooked for years
Health 9 September 2015
By Bob Roehr
T cells, such as this one, can be destroyed by an invading HIV army (red dots) that is transferred directly into the cell (Image: NIBSC/SPL)
It's the world's most studied virus, but HIV can still take us by surprise. It turns out that the virus can infect and kill immune cells by being pumped directly from one cell into another, during brief connections made between the two.
Until recently, we thought that HIV particles circulating in the blood were largely to blame for infecting and destroying crucial immune cells called CD4 T cells. According to this classic model, after a single virus has infected a T cell, it hijacks the cell's machinery to build hundreds of copies of itself, which bud off into the blood and eventually wear out and kill the host cell.
This thinking was based on research using blood, a relatively easy way to study the virus. But work with newer tools suggests that this is only part of the story. Using tissue-culture methods, a team led by Warner Greene at the Gladstone Institutes in San Francisco, has shown that in fact large numbers of virus particles are often pumped directly from one CD4 T cell into another. And it seems that this process may kill the vast majority of CD4 cells – not infection by single viruses.
Blocking transmission
HIV armies storm neighbouring T cells by hijacking yet another cell system, the immunologic synapses. These are short-term connections between immune cells that allow them to send chemical messages between themselves, which HIV uses to flow from an infected CD4 cell to an uninfected one.
Evidence suggests that this process is hundreds, possibly thousands, of times more efficient than the traditional mode of external infection. Greene says that 95 per cent of the CD4 cells they studied died by this process, rather than from infection by free-floating particles.
This new understanding could open up ways to target the virus, as well as influencing what drugs we choose to treat the disease. Walther Mothes has been studying cell-to-cell HIV transmission at Yale University, and he says that although most antiretroviral drugs work against both forms of infection, the much higher efficiency of pumping viruses directly into a cell can overwhelm some of these drugs, making them less effective.
But the finding may open the way for new treatments. The monkey version of HIV can also be transmitted directly from cell to cell, but monkeys may be able to tolerate this process.
Unlike their human equivalents, monkey CD4 cells manage to survive being inundated with virus particles, and Greene thinks that they have evolved a way to avoid self-destructing. He hopes that anti-inflammatory drugs could be used to mimic this effect in human CD4 cells. One potential drug candidate, VX-765, looks promising in the lab.
Hunt for a vaccine
A better understanding of how the virus spreads directly between cells is probably an important part of the HIV puzzle, says Kenneth Mayer at the Fenway Institute in Boston. He suggests that neglecting to take this mode of transmission into account may at least partly explain the failure of recent vaccine research.
HIV vaccines would work by generating antibodies to fight the virus. But research suggests that different types of antibodies would be needed to kill viruses that are inside cells and viruses that are free-floating in the body. Viruses hiding out inside cells may be more likely to escape destruction, and could perhaps find it easier to evolve resistance to antibodies.
Carl Dieffenbach of the US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases in Bethesda, Maryland, says that to better understand how to protect against cell infection, we need better vaccine candidates. "Is cell-to-cell transmission going to torpedo a vaccine? We don't know the answer to this because we don't have a safe, effective and durable HIV vaccine to understand the exact mechanisms," he says.
Journal reference: Cell Reports, DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.08.011
Magazine issue 3038 , published 12 September 2015
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Are you a mom who would you like to work from home online?
Hope everyone had a great holiday season. I feel this year is going to be a great year. I am working on some things that I think are going to pay off in a big way. The new EyeEarn program seems to be off to a great start. I am looking forward to the launch of A2A. It would be interestint to see who else in my neck of the woods is a member of SFI. Maybe we will be able to get together and brainstorm for new strategies and help each other out. I am trying to provide helpful infomation to my new affiliates. I hope they are getting some use out of what I am trying to tell them. I am learning things everyday from the articles I am reading. That's the best advice I can give for now. Read, read, read. The informtation is available at the SFI site under the training tab. Check out our new proram at http://www.quickinfo247.com/8682967/FREE. I think you're gonna like it.
Until next time have a great day and best of luck to you all.
Yesterday I sent an email to all my friends letting them know about MaxMalls. I anxiously await the launch so I can access other marketing tools to get the word out. There are so many stores, with more to come. I am still reading the Internet Income course. There are so many ideas and tips I am trying to keep notes on the side or highlight areas that are important to me. (I print the lessons) Also I am trying to read some of the important articles and look at tips from the heavy hitters in SFI. I noted my own WAHT was number 7 on the list. Awesome job team. Lets see if we can move up the list next time. I visit the site everyday, play tip and win and read, read, read. I get excited reading all the great information available. No one can fail if they really want to succeed. It's a no brainer.
I am very excited about the upcoming launch of EyeEarn. I think it will be a great success. MaxMalls.com is also a great idea. They have added so many great stores already with more to come. This is going to be a great year for anyone who signs up I believe. I plan to send all my friends through MaxMalls.com. With the inclusion of Walmart, NASCAR Superstore, EB Toys, KB Toys, and so many more its a no brainer to do all your online shopping there. Of course, my daughter would love to see Hot Topic added. Anything is possible with SFI. Joining this program was the best thing I've ever done.
Hope everyone had a wonderful Christmas, and will have a wonderful New Year. MaxMalls.com and EyeEarn I believe will make 2008 a great year for me.
I have been continuing to read the Interet Income course and have also come across dotcomology from Stone Evans which I will be looking at. He also has an interesting strategy I will be looking into. I have finally heard from my new affiliate and have begun her journey. We will be working on her strategy to get her moving forward. I am looking into getting a site up hosted through Great Domania and will be looking at what I can do there. I have purchased a domain name for a year, and will purchase more when I get it up and running.
I have been reading through the training methods on the SFI site and am putting some things into practice. I have been emailing my newest affiliate and trying to get this person through Smart Start and PATH. I am also excited about the new EyeEarn program and looking forward to the arrival of my starter kit.
There are so many facets of working with this company, I find something new and exciting everyday. I use the products so that I can vouch for their credibility. I am amazed at the all purpose cleaner, and have not gone back to regular shampoo since buying the chemical free one from SFI. Both are awesome products.
I found SFI by searching for chemical free products. I joined the SFI team in 2003 and started out by using some of the chemical free products. I have been very pleased with them. Eventually I began reading the training and marketing methods on the site and became excited at the idea of having a home business with the potential of this one. It is a legitimate business and they have what seems to be a working model/method with over seven million members. | [
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Every vegetable we plant at Forgotten Forty Farm is heirloom, organic, and delicious, but what we're really known for is our tomatoes.
Every year people in the area anticipate our nearly 50 varieties of heirloom tomatoes, and inevitably ask to purchase some plants for themselves. I don't have a great deal of space in my indoor grow-boxes for many more than the 600 I have to start for myself each year, and I won't have a heated greenhouse until the hobbit house is finished, so the problem presents itself; "Where do I start plants for everyone else?"
I clone my tomatoes and I use my fish tank.
When I start the process, to save space initially, I plant my tomato seedlings 5 to a four inch pot, in a dice pattern. I let these seedlings get to a transplantable size, with at least 2 sets of mature leaves and a decent growing tip, and then I separate them into individual pots. This usually occurs for me at about 3 weeks after sowing. When they are transplanted, they are dropped down in the soil to the first pair of true leaves as a means of supporting a stronger root system, and buying me more time under the grow lights in the space available.
My shelves are set up to support a maximum of 18 inches under the lights in order to give me as many shelves as I can manage vertically, while still having room to move the lights up and down as needed to promote good growth of the plants at any size. When the plants reach their maximum height for the shelves, it's time to clone. I find that mine usually take another 2 weeks after transplant, but every system will vary. The important thing is to make sure the plant is sturdy, healthy and at least a foot tall with a minimum of 4 pairs of true leaves at a good size, and a well established growing tip.
When cloning, I prefer to do a coppice cloning, leaving two leaf petioles on the mother plant to form 2 new growing tips. I string my tomatoes vertically, so this gives me a great base to start from when I plant them out, and also gives insurance in case one of the growing tips doesn't take. If I end up with 2 growing tips, I wait until they are old enough to clone again, and I take another cutting of just one sucker. This way I maintain my single growing tip for the plants I'm keeping, while still being able to clone for sale to the public. When I take the cuttings, I make sure that there is at least one leaf on a stem, and that the stems will be long enough to stick into the water (about 3 inches minimum).
The aquarium is a 90 gallon tank set up with a HOT (Hang On Tank) filter, and a jet pump filter to help circulation. It is heated to roughly 70 degrees, and has a single length of white wire closet shelving laid across the top of the tank to organize and support the cuttings until they root. Labels are hung from the lip extending down the front of the tank for easy identification, and grow lights are suspended above the whole system. I have Fiddler Crabs, Ghost Shrimp, and Apple Snails stocked in the tank for cleaning. The Apple snails are especially beneficial, as they eat decaying plant material and algae only, not live plants, so I'm able to clone in the tank, and they help tend to any clones that fail to strike for whatever reason.
With the Apple snails cleaning up the edges of the cuts that would normally die off, along with any other problem pieces, I get a near 100% success rate. The clones usually start rooting immediately, with noticeable development in 2 days. They are almost always ready to plant by the first week, and take to soil very well at that stage. With this method, I'm able to save space in my grow-boxes while developing 250+ clones in the space that only 36 would normally fit.
A. Thomas, you just happened to become a GRIT blogger when issues were causing some difficulty on the Website. Welcome to the GRIT blogging community and I'm hoping to see many more informational blogs. The tomato cloning was quite interesting. You have quite the tomato patch if 600 for yourself are planted. I find that my 10 will suffice just find. Everyone here seems to plant tomatoes if nothing else. Have | [
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] | 1,024 | C4 | 0.331641 | -0.670311 | 0.406283 | 0.64104 |
US 1st Cir.
MATALON v. City of Boston, Defendant.
United States Court of Appeals,First Circuit.
Scott MATALON, Plaintiff, Appellee, v. Joseph HYNNES and Mary Ann O'Neill, Defendants, Appellants, City of Boston, Defendant.
No. 15–1372.
Decided: November 18, 2015
Before HOWARD, Chief Judge, SELYA and STAHL, Circuit Judges. Nicole M. O'Connor, Assistant Corporation Counsel, City of Boston Law Department, with whom Eugene L. O'Flaherty, Corporation Counsel, and Katherine N. Galle, Assistant Corporation Counsel, were on brief, for appellants. Robert S. Sinsheimer, with whom Wesley B. Stoker and Sinsheimer & Associates were on brief, for appellee.
This case requires us to inspect the topography of the seldom-used exception to the Fourth Amendment's warrant requirement for warrantless searches by police officers exercising community caretaking functions. The case arises in the context of a warrantless entry by the appellants (Boston police officers) into a dwelling in the Brighton neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts. The police lacked probable cause; the jury found that their intrusion into the dwelling was not justified either by exigent circumstances or by any other constitutionally acceptable rationale; and an award of damages against the officer who had spearheaded the entry into the house ensued.
The affected appellant, relying on the doctrine of qualified immunity and the community caretaking exception, invites us to set aside this verdict. After careful consideration, we decline her invitation. We also reject the appellants' contention that the district court's award of attorneys' fees is infirm because the court failed to distinguish between "core" and "non-core" work performed by the prevailing party's lawyers. Accordingly, we affirm the judgment below.
On September 29, 2010, the Boston police received a report of a robbery from Felix Augusto–Perez, the manager of a restaurant located at 48 Harvard Avenue. Officer Elvin Aviles responded, and Augusto–Perez recounted that he had discovered a black male removing money from a safe in the basement of the restaurant. Augusto–Perez told Aviles that he had chased the thief out of the back door of the restaurant and along Farrington Avenue (which runs perpendicular to Harvard Avenue). The robber turned left on Highgate Street (which runs roughly parallel to Harvard Avenue) and then turned right, running into the back yard of a house at 14 Farrington Avenue. Aviles radioed to other officers that the suspect was last seen in the area of Farrington Avenue and Highgate Street.
The appellants—Sergeant Mary Ann O'Neill and Officer Joseph Hynnes—were among the officers who responded. Hynnes testified that when he arrived at Farrington Avenue, an unidentified witness reported seeing a black male running down a walkway between 14 Farrington Avenue and 16 Farrington Avenue. After receiving this information, Hynnes and his partner proceeded down the walkway between the houses. They encountered O'Neill.
Though O'Neill's recollection at trial was hazy, she recalled "a victim" pointing in the direction of 16 Farrington Avenue and Hynnes telling her about what he had learned. O'Neill then mounted the porch of the dwelling at 16 Farrington Avenue (which faced the walkway). Looking through a glass pane on the closed exterior door, she could see two open doors, the first leading into the main living area and the second apparently leading into the cellar. O'Neill tried the knob of the exterior door and found it unlocked. She then rang the bell, knocked on the door, and called into the house, all to no avail. Hynnes told O'Neill that he thought that he heard footsteps emanating from the second floor of the dwelling.1
O'Neill called for a canine unit. After a wait of at least ten minutes, the canine unit arrived and a search of the residence ensued. The only person inside was the owner, plaintiff-appellee Scott Matalon, who had been sleeping in an upst | [
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airs bedroom. Displeased by the intrusion, the plaintiff had words with the officers and was eventually arrested by Hynnes.
After the plaintiff's acquittal on criminal charges resulting from his arrest, he invoked 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and sued O'Neill, Hynnes, and the City of Boston in the federal district court. As relevant here, he charged O'Neill with violating his civil rights through an unreasonable search and charged Hynnes with violating his civil rights through the use of excessive force. Following a four-day trial, the jury found for the plaintiff on both of these claims and awarded him $50,000 in damages.2
At the close of all the evidence, O'Neill moved for judgment as a matter of law based on qualified immunity and the community caretaking exception to the Fourth Amendment's warrant requirement. The court reserved decision and O'Neill renewed the motion post-verdict. She also moved for a new trial, positing instructional error. The district court denied both of her motions. See Matalon v. O'Neill (Matalon I ), No. 13–10001, 2015 WL 1137808, at *8 (D.Mass. Mar. 13, 2015). Having prevailed, the plaintiff moved for attorneys' fees and costs. See 42 U.S.C. § 1988(b). The district court granted the motion, awarding the plaintiff the sum of $134,642.35. See Matalon v. O'Neill (Matalon II ), No. 13–10001, 2015 WL 1206343 (D.Mass. Mar. 17, 2015). This timely appeal ensued.
II. ANALYSIS
O'Neill attacks the denial of both her motion for judgment as a matter of law and her motion for a new trial. O'Neill and Hynnes jointly attack the amount of the fee award. We discuss these claims of error sequentially.
A. Judgment as a Matter of Law.
We review the denial of a motion for judgment as a matter of law de novo, viewing the evidence in the light most hospitable to the jury's verdict and drawing all reasonable inferences in favor of that verdict. See Fresenius Med. Care Holds., Inc. v. United States, 763 F.3d 64, 67–68 (1st Cir.2014). In conducting this review, we are not bound by the lower court's conclusions of law but, rather, may affirm on any basis made manifest by the record. See Peguero–Moronta v. Santiago, 464 F.3d 29, 34 (1st Cir.2006); see also InterGen N.V. v. Grina, 344 F.3d 134, 141 (1st Cir.2003).
At its core, qualified immunity is a judge-made doctrine that maintains a delicate equilibrium between "two important interests—the need to hold public officials accountable when they exercise power irresponsibly and the need to shield officials from harassment, distraction, and liability when they perform their duties reasonably." Pearson v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 223, 231 (2009). To that end, qualified immunity shields government officials "from liability for civil damages insofar as their conduct does not violate clearly established statutory or constitutional rights of which a reasonable person would have known." Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800, 818 (1982). This construct "gives government officials breathing room to make reasonable but mistaken judgments about open legal questions," Ashcroft v. al-Kidd, 131 S.Ct. 2074, 2085 (2011), while simultaneously exposing to liability officials who—from an objective standpoint—should have known that their actions violated the law, see Pagán v. Calderón, 448 F.3d 16, | [
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31 (1st Cir.2006).
Examining a claim of qualified immunity typically requires a two-step analysis. At the first step, an inquiring court must explore "whether the facts that a plaintiff has alleged or shown make out a violation of a constitutional right." Pearson, 555 U.S. at 232 (citations omitted). At the second step, the court must determine "whether the right at issue was 'clearly established' at the time of defendant's alleged misconduct." Id. (quoting Saucier v. Katz, 533 U.S. 194, 201 (2001)); see Haley v. City of Boston, 657 F.3d 39, 47 (1st Cir.2011). The court need not engage in this two-step pavane sequentially, but may alter the choreography in the interests of efficiency. See Pearson, 555 U .S. at 236; Haley, 657 F.3d at 47. This point is salient here, as O'Neill confines her appeal of the verdict to the question of whether the governing law was clearly established at the time of the search.3
This inquiry demands its own two-part analysis. First, we must focus "on the clarity of the law at the time of the alleged civil rights violation." Maldonado v. Fontanes, 568 F.3d 263, 269 (1st Cir.2009). Such an assessment "turns on whether the contours of the relevant right were clear enough to signal to a reasonable official that his conduct would infringe that right." MacDonald v. Town of Eastham, 745 F.3d 8, 12 (1st Cir.2014). Once that half of the inquiry is complete, we must appraise the facts of the case to determine "whether a reasonable defendant would have understood that his conduct violated the plaintiff['s] constitutional rights." Maldonado, 568 F.3d at 269. In making this appraisal, it is not necessary that the particular factual scenario has previously been addressed and found unconstitutional: "officials can still be on notice that their conduct violates established law even in novel factual circumstances." Hope v. Pelzer, 536 U.S. 730, 741 (2002).
In the case at hand, the background principle of law is the Fourth Amendment, which shields individuals from "unreasonable searches and seizures." U.S. Const. amend. IV. It is common ground that a man's home is his castle and, as such, the home is shielded by the highest level of Fourth Amendment protection. See United States v. Martins, 413 F.3d 139, 146 (1st Cir.2005). Thus the law, at the time of the search, was clearly established that "[a] warrantless police entry into a residence is presumptively unreasonable unless it falls within the compass of one of a few well-delineated exceptions" to the Fourth Amendment's warrant requirement. United States v. Romain, 393 F.3d 63, 68 (1st Cir.2004).
O'Neill attempts to seek refuge in one of the lesser known of these exceptions: the community caretaking exception. This exception has its genesis in the Supreme Court's decision in Cady v. Dombrowski, 413 U.S. 433 (1973). There, the Court examined a warrantless search of a car that had been towed following a traffic accident to secure a gun believed to be in the vehicle. See id. at 436–37. The Court held that the search was reasonable and did not violate the Fourth Amendment as the officers were engaged in "community caretaking functions." Id. at 441.
Since Cady, the community caretaking exception has evolved into "a catchall for the wide range of responsibilities that police officers must discharge aside from their criminal enforcement activities." United States v. Rodriguez–Morales, 929 F.2d 780, 7 | [
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85 (1st Cir.1991). The case law concerning community caretaking functions most often has involved actions by police U.S. at 441; Rodriguez–Morales, 929 F.2d at 785. The doctrine's applicability has been far less clear in cases involving searches of the home. See, e.g., United States v. Tibolt, 72 F.3d 965, 969 n .2 (1st Cir.1995) (leaving this question open); Commonwealth v. Entwistle, 973 N.E.2d 115, 127 n. 8 (Mass.2012) (same); see also MacDonald, 745 F.3d at 13 (collecting cases and noting divergence of views among courts that have grappled with this question). Although we do not decide the question, we assume, favorably to O'Neill, that the community caretaking exception may apply to warrantless residential searches.
Even on this favorable assumption, O'Neill's claim founders. In MacDonald—the case upon which O'Neill primarily relies—local police responded to a telephone call from a person concerned that her neighbor's door was open though he was not home. See id. at 10–11. Unable to contact the resident, the police entered the home and, once inside, found evidence of marijuana cultivation. See id . at 11. We concluded that the officers were entitled to qualified immunity because their entry into the home was arguably within the scope of the community caretaking exception. See id. at 15.
Wresting from their contextual moorings our statements in MacDonald that the doctrine was "nebulous" and surrounded by "rampant uncertainty," id. at 14, O'Neill submits that this lack of certitude shields her actions. But this uncertainty does not assist O'Neill's cause: while the parameters of the community caretaking exception are nebulous in some respects (such as whether the exception applies at all to residential searches), the heartland of the exception is reasonably well defined. Some attempts to invoke the exception plainly fall outside this heartland. This is such a case. As we explain below, a reasonable officer standing in O'Neill's shoes should have known that her warrantless entry was not within the compass of the community caretaking exception and, thus, that her intrusion into the plaintiff's home abridged his constitutional rights.
The community caretaking exception is distinguished from other exceptions to the Fourth Amendment's warrant requirement because it "requires a court to look at the function performed by a police officer" when the officer engages in a warrantless search or seizure. Hunsberger v. Wood, 570 F.3d 546, 554 (4th Cir.2009). The Cady Court took pains to define community caretaking functions as being "totally divorced from the detection, investigation, or acquisition of evidence relating to the violation of a criminal statute." 413 U.S. at 441. Cases that do not satisfy this requirement fall outside the heartland of the community caretaking exception, and it is therefore not surprising that the courts that have addressed the exception have stressed the separation between the police's community caretaking functions and the normal work of criminal investigation. See, e.g., Hunsberger, 570 F.3d at 554; United States v. Quezada, 448 F.3d 1005, 1007 (8th Cir.2006); United States v. Williams, 354 F.3d 497, 508 (6th Cir.2003); People v. Ray, 981 P.2d 928, 938 (Cal.1999) (plurality opinion); People v. Davis, 497 N.W.2d 910, 920 (Mich.1993); State v. White, 168 P.3d 459, 466–67 (Wash.Ct.App.2007); cf. State v. Deneui, 775 N.W.2d 22 | [
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1, 241 (S . D.2009) (concluding that, even though the initial arrival at the home was connected to a potential criminal investigation, the entry into the home was reasonable because the officers entered the home "not as part of a criminal investigation, but in pursuance of their community caretaking function").
Here, the record establishes beyond hope of contradiction that O'Neill was engaged in a quintessential criminal investigation activity—the pursuit of a fleeing felon in the immediate aftermath of a robbery—when she ordered the search of the plaintiff's home. O'Neill testified at trial that she arrived at the plaintiff's residence after being directed there by a witness to the crime and that she believed the suspect had fled into the dwelling. Thus, her actions fall far beyond the borders of the heartland of the community caretaking exception.
In an effort to deflect this reasoning, O'Neill points to our decision in Rodriguez–Morales, in which we noted that "the coexistence of investigatory and caretaking motives will not invalidate the [officer's challenged act]." 929 F.2d at 787. But in Rodriguez–Morales we addressed a situation where officers were engaged in an activity squarely within the heartland of the community caretaking function—removing a car from the highway when no occupant of the vehicle had a valid driver's license—rather than a criminal investigation. See id. at 785. Seen in this light, the quoted language signifies only that, once it has been determined that a case falls within the heartland of the community caretaking exception, the possible existence of mixed motives will not defeat the officer's claim of entitlement to the exception.
Rodriguez–Morales, like Cady and like our decision in United States v. Coccia, 446 F.3d 233, 238 (1st Cir.2006), excludes criminal investigation activities from the purview of the community caretaking exception. After all, we were careful to explain in Rodriguez–Morales that the community caretaking exception exists to provide a rubric for analyzing "the wide range of responsibilities that police officers must discharge aside from their criminal enforcement activities." 929 F.2d at 785 (emphasis supplied). This mapping of the boundaries of the community caretaking exception accords with the cartography of every other circuit that has addressed the question.
In sum, the contours of both the plaintiff's right to enjoy the sanctity of his home and the heartland of the community caretaking exception were sufficiently clear to alert O'Neill that her plan of action—a warrantless entry—would infringe the plaintiff's constitutional rights. Put another way, an objectively reasonable officer should have known that a warrantless entry into the plaintiff's home could not be effected on the basis of the community caretaking exception. Though the precise dimensions of the community caretaking exception are blurred, that circumstance does not mean that every attempt to resort to the exception must be regarded as arguable. See DeMayo v. Nugent, 517 F.3d 11, 18 (1st Cir.2008). What matters here is that the exception is sufficiently defined to place O'Neill's conduct well outside its heartland and, thus, to render qualified immunity inapplicable.
We hasten to add that refusing to extend the community caretaking exception to ongoing manhunts does not unduly cramp the conduct of officers responding to potentially dangerous situations in the course of a criminal investigation. After all, there is a recognized exception to the warrant requirement for "exigent circumstances," which applies when "there is such a compelling necessity for immediate action as will not brook the delay of obtaining a warrant." Fletcher v. Town of Clinton, 196 F.3d 41, 49 (1st Cir.1999) (quoting United States v. Almonte, 952 F.2d 20, 22 (1st Cir.1991)). Relevant scenarios include "(1) 'hot pursuit' of a fleeing felon; (2) threatened destruction of evidence inside a residence before a warrant can be obtained; (3) a risk that the suspect may escape from the residence undetected; or (4) a threat, posed by | [
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a suspect, to the lives or safety of the public, the police officers, or to herself." Hegarty v. Somerset County, 53 F.3d 1367, 1374 (1st Cir.1995). Relatedly, a subset of the exigent circumstances rubric covers "emergency aid." Within this subset, "the police, in an emergency situation, may enter a residence without a warrant if they reasonably believe that swift action is required to safeguard life or prevent serious harm." Martins, 413 F.3d at 147; see Brigham City v. Stuart, 547 U.S. 398, 403 (2006).
These well-established exceptions to the Fourth Amendment's warrant requirement exist to permit the police to carry out their law enforcement duties in a manner that recognizes the need for quick and efficient responses to rapidly evolving situations. See Martins, 413 F.3d at 146–47; Fletcher, 196 F.3d at 49–50. Such doctrines provide ample leeway for police officers (like O'Neill) who must from time to time respond to unforeseen circumstances that arise in the course of criminal investigations. The jury here was instructed on the exigent circumstances doctrine. It found no exigency and returned a verdict for the plaintiff on the unreasonable search claim.
We summarize succinctly. In the circumstances of this case—where the officer was indisputably engaged in an ongoing criminal investigation when the warrantless search occurred—the community caretaking exception does not apply. There was no lack of clarity on this point at the time the search took place. Consequently, a reasonable officer in O'Neill's position should have known that her intrusion into the plaintiff's home would transgress his constitutional rights. She was, therefore, not entitled to qualified immunity, and the district court appropriately denied O'Neill's motion for judgment as a matter of law.
B. Jury Instructions.
In a related vein, O'Neill asserts that she was entitled to a jury instruction on the community caretaking exception. Her proposed instruction is reprinted in the margin.4 The district court disagreed, and so do we.
We afford plenary review to a district court's refusal to instruct on a particular claim or defense. See Shervin v. Partners Healthcare Sys., Inc., ––– F.3d ––––, –––– (1st Cir.2015) [No. 14–1651, slip op. at 50]; Butynski v. Springfield Term. Ry. Co., 592 F.3d 272, 276 (1st Cir.2010). Refusal "constitutes reversible error only if the requested instruction was (1) correct as a matter of substantive law, (2) not substantially incorporated into the charge as rendered, and (3) integral to an important point in the case." United States v. McGill, 953 F.2d 10, 13 (1st Cir.1992).
The court below declined to give O'Neill's desired instruction on two grounds. First, the court concluded that the instruction was incorrect as a matter of law. See Matalon I, 2015 WL 1137808, at *6–7. Second, the court concluded that the instruction lacked a sufficient foundation in the evidence. See id. at *8. We believe that the court's appraisal was accurate in both respects.
To begin, the proposed instruction stated only that, under the community caretaking exception, "neither a warrant, nor probable cause is needed to enter" a dwelling. The proposed instruction was off-base because it omitted any description of the standard by which the jury was to evaluate O'Neill's search under the community caretaking exception.5 This omission created two problems: it not only rendered the requested instruction legally incorrect but also threatened to mislead the jury in its application of the law to the facts. See United States v. DeStefano, 59 F.3d 1, 4 (1st Cir.1995).
At any rate, a jury instruction is proper only if it is war | [
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ranted by the evidence introduced at trial. See Kelliher v. Gen. Transp. Servs., Inc., 29 F.3d 750, 754 (1st Cir.1994). The evidence in this case neither required nor supported a community caretaking instruction.
Here, the record shows with conspicuous clarity that the police were engaged in a manhunt at the time when O'Neill embarked on the search. Thus, a reasonable jury could not have found that the officers' entry into the plaintiff's home was carried out in pursuance of a community caretaking function (or, in O'Neill's proposed language, that the entry "was effected solely to avert a dangerous situation" unrelated to "criminal investigatory purposes").6
C. Attorneys' Fees.
As said, the district court awarded attorneys' fees and costs to the prevailing plaintiff in the amount of $134,642.35. This award reflected the plaintiff's successful prosecution of his unreasonable search and excessive force claims. The appellants challenge this award. Our review is for abuse of discretion. See Gay Officers Action League v. Puerto Rico (GOAL), 247 F.3d 288, 292 (1st Cir.2001). Absent a material error of law, we will not set aside a fee award unless "it clearly appears that the trial court ignored a factor deserving significant weight, relied upon an improper factor, or evaluated all the proper factors (and no improper ones), but made a serious mistake in weighing them." Id. at 292–93.
Under the Fees Act, 42 U.S.C. § 1988(b), courts have discretion to award prevailing plaintiffs reasonable attorneys' fees in civil actions brought pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983. The lodestar approach is the method of choice for calculating fee awards. See Perdue v. Kenny A. ex rel. Winn, 559 U.S. 542, 550–51 (2010); Coutin v. Young & Rubicam P.R., Inc., 124 F.3d 331, 337 (1st Cir.1997). Under this lodestar approach, a district court first "calculate [s] the number of hours reasonably expended by the attorneys for the prevailing party, excluding those hours that are 'excessive, redundant, or otherwise unnecessary.' " Cent. Pension Fund of the Int'l Union of Operating Eng'rs & Participating Emp'rs v. Ray Haluch Gravel Co., 745 F.3d 1, 5 (1st Cir.2014) (quoting Hensley v. Eckerhart, 461 U.S. 424, 434 (1983)). The court then determines "a reasonable hourly rate or rates—a determination that is often benchmarked to the prevailing rates in the community for lawyers of like qualifications, experience, and competence." Id. Multiplying the results of these two inquiries yields the lodestar amount. The court may then adjust the potential award based on factors not captured in the lodestar calculation. See Hensley, 461 U.S. at 434 & n. 9; Coutin, 124 F.3d at 337.
At times, we have indicated our approval of fee awards that set two separate hourly rates for a particular attorney—one for "core" tasks like "legal research, writing of legal documents, court appearances, negotiations with opposing counsel, monitoring, and implementation of court orders" and a lower one for "non-core" tasks, which are "less demanding," such as "letter writing and telephone conversations." Brewster v. Dukakis, 3 F .3d 488, 492 n. 4 (1st Cir.1993). The plaintiff's fee application in this case assigned a single rate to each attorney, and the appellants opposed that application on the ground that some of the time billed was for non-core work. Those non-core activities, the appellants | [
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said, should be billed at two-thirds the rate applicable to core activities.
The district court demurred, see Matalon II, 2015 WL 1206343, at *1, and used a single rate for each of the plaintiff's lawyers (although these rates were less munificent than those that the plaintiff had suggested). The appellants label this refusal an abuse of discretion. Both the latitude ceded to district courts in making fee awards and the flexibility inherent in the lodestar approach counsel against the appellants' contention.
As to the former, we frequently have acknowledged the special coign of vantage of "the trial judge, whose intimate knowledge of the nuances of the underlying case uniquely positions him to construct a condign award." GOAL, 247 F.3d at 292; see Brewster, 3 F.3d at 492. Deferring to the reasonable judgment of the trial court in this area recognizes that the "determination of the extent of a reasonable fee necessarily involves a series of judgment calls." Lipsett v. Blanco, 975 F.2d 934, 937 (1st Cir.1992). In the same spirit, we traditionally have refrained from prescribing hard and fast rules for fee awards in order to ensure that district courts are not left "to drown in a rising tide of fee-generated minutiae." United States v. Metro. Dist. Comm'n, 847 F.2d 12, 16 (1st Cir.1988).
Flexibility is a hallmark of the lodestar approach. See id. In attempting to guide this flexibility, we have stated that "clerical or secretarial tasks ought not to be billed at lawyers' rates, even if a lawyer performs them." Lipsett, 975 F.2d at 940. By the same token, we have indicated that certain components of fee awards (such as work performed in preparing and litigating fee petitions) may be calculated at discounted rates due to the comparative simplicity of the task. See, e.g., Torres–Rivera v. O'Neill–Cancel, 524 F.3d 331, 340 (1st Cir.2008). But these are not hard-and-fast rules. Rather, they are expressions of the more general principle that calculating a reasonable fee is, for the most part, an assessment of the difficulty of the work involved and the time reasonably expended. See Coutin, 124 F.3d at 337 n. 3. Such expressions were never meant to manifest an insistence that a district court adopt certain mechanistic procedures in calculating the lodestar.
The bottom line is that there are a variety of ways in which a trial court can fashion the lodestar. Distinguishing between core and non-core tasks is one of those ways. But we have never imposed a rigid requirement that a district court employ a core/non-core analysis when adjudicating a fee petition—and we decline to impose such a requirement today. While the core/non-core distinction may be a useful tool for fashioning a reasonable fee in some cases, the choice of whether to employ that distinction is within the sound discretion of the district court. As long as the court uses permissible techniques and explains what it has done, a reviewing court's primary focus is on the reasonableness of the award. See Bogan v. City of Boston, 489 F.3d 417, 430 (1st Cir.2007).
Here, the court elected to employ an across-the-board rate cut, rather than using two-tiered rates to determine the lodestar amount. In the circumstances of this case, that methodologic choice was not an abuse of discretion. See, e.g., Cent. Pension, 745 F.3d at 5–8 (upholding fee award which did not distinguish between core and non-core functions); United States v. One Star Class Sloop Sailboat, 546 F.3d 26, 40–42 (1st Cir.2008) (same); Andrade v. Jamestown Hous. Auth., 82 F.3d 1179, 118 | [
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9–91 (1st Cir.1996) (same).
The appellants' back-up argument is that the district court's rationale—which did not explicitly take into account the core/non-core distinction—was inadequate to support the fee award. This is the same old whine in a different bottle, and the argument need not detain us.
The court below made pellucid that it intended to "follow[ ] the lodestar approach." Matalon II, 2015 WL 1206343, at *1. It noted that the appellants made "no claim that Plaintiff's counsel seeks compensation for non-attorney tasks at attorney rates." Id. This is simply another way of saying that, in the court's view, the billed time did not include the sort of "clerical or secretarial tasks" that we have indicated should ordinarily be charged at lower rates. Lipsett, 975 F.2d at 940. Given this circumstance, it was reasonable for the court to conclude that it could shape the lodestar by using a single hourly rate for each attorney.
Except for the district court's decision not to employ the core/non-core distinction, the appellants do not challenge on appeal either the court's methodology or its judgment calls. We already have explained why the court was not required to use the core/non-core distinction. Viewed in this light, our primary focus must be on the reasonableness of the fee award and the clarity of the district court's explanation, that is, whether "the order awarding fees, read against the backdrop of the record as a whole ․ expose[s] the district court's thought process and show[s] the method and manner underlying its decisional calculus." Coutin, 124 F.3d at 337.
In this case, the court methodically wended its way through the fee application: it excluded some entries contained in the application; reduced the proposed hourly rates for two of the plaintiff's attorneys; set a rate equal to a paralegal for a fledgling attorney; and cut the lodestar amount by five percent to account for claims on which the plaintiff had been unsuccessful. See Matalon II, 2015 WL 1206343, at *1–2. Given the flexibility inherent in the lodestar approach and the wide discretion vested in a fee-setting court, we conclude that the lodestar was constructed in an acceptable manner and that the resultant fee fell within the universe of reasonable awards. No more is exigible.
There is one loose end. While this appeal was pending, the plaintiff moved for an order of remand to the district court so that court might fashion an award of attorneys' fees for work done on appeal. We direct the clerk of court to deny that motion without prejudice. Applications for awards of fees and expenses on appeal should be submitted within 30 days following the entry of a final judgment in this court. See 1st Cir. R. 39.1(b). We may then decide whether to resolve the fee application ourselves or remand the matter to the district court. A remand motion, like this one, filed prior to the entry of final judgment is premature.
III. CONCLUSION
We need go no further. For the reasons elucidated above, the judgment is
1. A few of the facts recounted to this point—the unidentified witness's statements to Hynnes, O'Neill's claim that efforts were made to announce the presence of officers before entering the dwelling, and Hynnes's statement that he had heard footsteps—were disputed at trial. The district court held that these facts were not part of the factual mosaic to be considered in ruling on O'Neill's motion for judgment as a matter of law. See Matalon v. O'Neill (Matalon I ), No. 13–10001, 2015 WL 1137808, at *2 nn. 2–3 (D.Mass. Mar. 13, 2015). That ruling was correct. See, e.g., Iacobucci v. Boulter, 193 F.3d 14, 23 (1st Cir.199 | [
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Q: Login to webapp2 from webapp1 using JAAS I have two java webapps who run on the same jboss server but in a different domain:
*
*http://host:port1/context1/
*http://host:port2/context2/
All content from both websites is secured by using a JAAS loginmodule. I would now like to create a button inside app1 to go to a page on app2. As predicted, I'm presented by the loginscreen from app2. I can succesfully login.
However, users on both webapps are actually the same. that means that username/passwords that are valid for app1 are also valid on app2. I would like to program something to bypass the redundant security check. If app 1 wants to access a page from app2, I would like to somehow pass along the j_username and the j_password to app2 sothat app2 can immediately perform the security check. It's not a problem if I have to create additional controller or jsp and use a redirect in this process. How can I directly pass a j_username and j_password so that the loginscreen is no longer shown, but the security check is still performed?
A: What do you need is to implement Single sign-on (SSO) using JAAS. Here you can find a tutorial that is using LDAP as login modules, but you will get the idea.
Since you already have the JAAS part already configured, you will only need to focus on the SSO part described starting with page 3. Basically, the idea is to configure one of the modules to share the state using useSharedState=true with the other application.
In your LoginModule you will use something like:
public boolean login() throws LoginException{
// ...
String username = null;
String password = null;
// check if useSharedState is true, if it is true, use the
// username/password from shared state.
if ("true".equalsIgnoreCase(option_.get("useShardState"))) {
username = (String)sharedStateMap_.get("javax.security.auth.login.name");
password = (String)sharedStateMap_.get("javax.security.auth.login.password");
} else {
// get the username and password from the CallbackHandler
Callback [] callbacks = {new NamePasswordCallback()};
handler_.handle(callbacks);
username = callback.getUserId();
password = callback.getPassword();
//save the username and password into the shared state
sharedStateMap.put("javax.security.auth.login.name",username);
sharedStateMap.put("javax.security.auth.login.password",password);
}
// ... communicates with data store to authenticate this user
}
Since in your other question, you mentioned that you are using JBoss, since JBoss version 5.0, you can use:
<Valve className="org.apache.catalina.authenticator.SingleSignOn" debug="0"></Valve>
This will handle the SSO automatically for you, if you are using the WebAuthentication class.
A: JAAS login works for security domain, not for webapp. So you should just put both application into one security domain. It is login-config section in web.xml:
<login-config>
<auth-method>FORM</auth-method>
<realm-name>ApplicationRealm</realm-name>
<form-login-config> ...............</form-login-config>
</login-config>
It should be enough for single sign-on inside one J2EE container.
It is directly specified in Java EE spec:
EE.3.3.8.2 Web Single Signon
......Require re-authentication of users only when a security policy domain boundary has been crossed............
EDIT
After some discovery I found that SSO is disabled by default in Wildfly. For enabling SSO in Wildfly:
*
*Modify standalone.xml and add <single-sign-on path="/"/> inside <host> tag
*Add jboss-web.xml (sso - your security domain)
<jboss-web>
<security-domain>sso</security-domain>
<valve>
<class-name>org.apache.catalina.authenticator.SingleSignOn</class-name | [
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] | 1,024 | StackExchange | -0.784477 | 0.421126 | -0.79966 | 0.337469 |
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navigating the social world
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Because of its unique focus on teaching the critical social skills that autistic children lack, this book has been cited by ""Library Journal"" as ""Essential to All Collections.""
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Navigating the social world requires sophisticated cognitive machinery that, although present quite early in crude forms, undergoes significant change across the lifespan. This book will be the first to report on evidence that has accumulated on an unprecedented scale, showing us what capacities for social cognition are present at birth and early in life, and how these capacities develop through learning in the first years of life. The volume will highlight what is known about the discoveries themselves but also what these discoveries imply about the nature of early social cognition and the methods that have allowed these discoveries — what is known concerning the phylogeny and ontogeny of social cognition. To capture the full depth and breadth of the exciting work that is blossoming on this topic in a manner that is accessible and engaging, the editors invited 70 leading researchers to develop a short report of their work that would be written for a broad audience. The purpose of this format was for each piece to focus on a single core message: are babies aware of what is right and wrong, why do children have the same implicit intergroup preferences that adults do, what does language do to the building of category knowledge, and so on. The unique format and accessible writing style will be appealing to graduate students and researchers in cognitive psychology, developmental psychology, and social psychology.
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'Navigating Social Exclusion and Inclusion in Contemporary India and Beyond' contains a collection of lucid, empirically grounded articles that explore and analyse the structures, agents and practices of social inclusion and exclusion in contemporary India and beyond. The volume combines a broad range of approaches to challenge narrow conceptualisations of social inclusion and exclusion in terms of singular factors such as caste, policy or the economy. This collaborative endeavour and cross-disciplinary approach, which brings together younger and more established scholars, facilitates a deeper understanding of complex social and political processes in contemporary India.
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to accept or is it the reality? What is the actual experience of individuals in these partnerships as they navigate their way through public spheres and intermingle in small, close-knit communities? In Navigating Interracial Borders, Erica Chito Childs explores the social worlds of black-white interracial couples and examines the ways that collective attitudes shape private relationships. Drawing on personal accounts, in-depth interviews, focus group responses, and cultural analysis of media sources, she provides compelling evidence that sizable opposition still exists toward black-white unions. Disapproval is merely being expressed in more subtle, color-blind terms. Childs reveals that frequently the same individuals who attest in surveys that they approve of interracial dating will also list various reasons why they and their families wouldn't, shouldn't, and couldn't marry someone of another race. Even college students, who are heralded as racially tolerant and open-minded, do not view interracial couples as acceptable when those partnerships move beyond the point of casual dating. Popular films, Internet images, and pornography also continue to reinforce the idea that sexual relations between blacks and whites are deviant. Well-researched, candidly written, and enriched with personal narratives, Navigating Interracial Borders offers important new insights into the still fraught racial hierarchies of contemporary society in the United States.
Authentic African Leadership
Author : Gail Cameron
Genre : Business & Economics
Format : PDF, Mobi
Telling the untold South African stories of courage, fortitude, and the desire to succeed against all odds, Authentic African Leadership is a compilation of true leadership stories written by top leaders in corporate South Africa who Gail Cameron, founder of the Image Excellence Group, has coached over the last 20 years. The stories are compelling as each reflects an authentic African leader's unique indigenous culture, value, norms, beliefs, historical underpinnings, and traditions. Each of the contributors to the book relates how they overcame enormous challenges—both personal and professional—to succeed against all odds. Numerous exercises allow the reader to rate him/herself in key competencies and to identify personal styles and traits.
Making Minds
Author : Professor Henry M. Wellman
Developmental psychologists coined the term "theory of mind" to describe how we understand our shifting mental states in daily life. Over the past twenty years researchers have provided rich, provocative data showing that from an early age, children develop a sophisticated and consistent "theory of mind" by attributing their desires, beliefs, and emotions to themselves and to others. Remarkably, infants barely a few months old are able to attend closely to other humans; two-year-olds can articulate the desires and feelings of others and comfort those in distress; and three- and four-year-olds can talk about thoughts abstractly and engage in lies and trickery. This book provides a deeper examination of how "theory of mind" develops. Building on his pioneering research in The Child's Theory of Mind (1990), Henry M. Wellman reports on all that we have learned in the past twenty years with chapters on evolution and the brain bases of theory of mind, and updated explanations of theory theory and later theoretical developments, including how children conceive of extraordinary minds such as those belonging to superheroes or supernatural beings. Engaging and accessibly written, Wellman's work will appeal especially to scholars and students working in psychology, philosophy, cultural studies, and social cognition.
Group Work Practice To Advance Social Competence
Author : Norma Lang
Small social groups are fundamental for achieving personal growth, social development, socialization, and the skills of sustaining relevance, relationships, and connections to society. Unfortunately, those who would benefit most from small groups often find themselves unable to achieve membership. Lacking the necessary skills for entry, these individuals may never enjoy the advantages of group membership. Advancing a practice methodology that specifically targets the socially unskilled, Norma C. Lang provides much-needed guidance to practitioners helping individuals become part of group life. Grounded in extensive practice, Lang's methodology addresses the special needs and anomalous functioning of individuals who lack the skills to form and use groups. She outlines the unique pregroup processes of socially unskilled populations and provides a methodology for advancing social competence. She also ident | [
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] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | 1.220714 | 0.768932 | 0.300483 | 2.348623 |
COLOR CORRECTION COEFFICIENT GENERATOR, COLOR CORRECTION COEFFICIENT GENERATION METHOD AND COMPUTER READABLE MEDIUM
The color correction coefficient generator includes a first color value acquiring unit that acquires correction-intended color values in a first color space configured of color components including a particular color component; a second color value acquiring unit that acquires correction color values being color values in a second color space configured of color components including the particular color component, and the correction color values being color values used to correct the correction-intended color values; a weight coefficient acquiring unit that acquires weight coefficients for the correction-intended color values; and a generating unit that generates a color correction coefficient on the basis of the correction color values for correcting the correction-intended color values having the particular color component at a density of a particular density value and on the basis of the weight coefficients for the correction-intended color values, the color correction coefficient used to correct the particular density value.
Harigai, Jungo (Ashigarakami-gun, JP)
FUJI XEROX CO., LTD. (TOKYO, JP)
G06K9/00
20080012686 Padlock using user's fingerprint as its key January, 2008 Bonestroo
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20080298668 METHOD FOR FRAUD DETECTION USING MULTIPLE SCAN TECHNOLOGIES December, 2008 Kruppa et al.
20070177775 Fire alarm manual station with digital fingerprint image processing August, 2007 Furia
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20020110280 Adaptive transforms August, 2002 Prakash et al.
20070297682 Identification Of People Using Multiple Types Of Input December, 2007 Zhang et al.
20090285486 Method for identifying postal mailings November, 2009 Berger et al.
20090148002 CAMERA BASED INK APPLICATION VERIFICATION June, 2009 Spitzig
20060285727 Infrared signature capture device December, 2006 Landers Jr. et al.
20090116684 GENERATING MUSIC PLAYLIST BASED ON FACIAL EXPRESSION May, 2009 Andreasson
COUSO, JOSE L
OLIFF PLC (P.O. BOX 320850, ALEXANDRIA, VA, 22320-4850, US)
1. A color correction coefficient generator comprising: a first color value acquiring unit that acquires correction-intended color values in a first color space configured of a plurality of color components including a particular color component; a second color value acquiring unit that acquires correction color values being color values in a second color space configured of a plurality of color components including the particular color component, and the correction color values being color values used to correct the correction-intended color values; a weight coefficient acquiring unit that acquires weight coefficients for the correction-intended color values; and a generating unit that generates a color correction coefficient on the basis of the correction color values for correcting the correction-intended color values having the particular color component at a density of a particular density value and on the basis of the weight coefficients for the correction-intended color values, the color correction coefficient used to correct the particular density value.
2. The color correction coefficient generator according to claim 1, further comprising a receiving unit that receives designation of an important color region as a color region to be given importance in color correction, wherein the first color value acquiring unit acquires the correction-intended color values according to the designation of the important color region received by the receiving unit.
3. The color correction coefficient generator according to claim 1, wherein the generating unit generates the color correction coefficient by calculating, with using the weight coefficients as | [
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] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | -1.816961 | 0.012324 | -1.022916 | -1.139907 |
a weight, a weighted average of the correction color values.
4. The color correction coefficient generator according to claim 1, wherein the generating unit generates a one-dimensional color correction table indicating associations between a plurality of density values of the particular color component and a plurality of color correction coefficients for correcting the respective density values.
5. The color correction coefficient generator according to claim 4, wherein the generating unit generates the color correction coefficient for correcting the particular density value of the particular color component, by performing local regression with weights assigned to weight coefficients for the correction-intended color values each having the particular color component at a density of a different density value, each of the weights determined according to a difference between the particular density value and the different density value.
6. The color correction coefficient generator according to claim 1, further comprising a receiving unit that receives designation of an important color region as a color region to be given importance in color correction, wherein the weight coefficient acquiring unit acquires the weight coefficients according to the designation of the important color region received by the receiving unit.
7. The color correction coefficient generator according to claim 6, wherein the receiving unit receives designation of a plurality of the important color regions, and the weight coefficient acquiring unit acquires the weight coefficients on the basis of the designation of the plurality of important color regions received by the receiving unit, and on the basis of importance information indicating how much each of the plurality of important color regions is to be given importance.
8. The color correction coefficient generator according to claim 7, further comprising an importance information acquiring unit that acquires the importance information on the basis of a distribution state of the correction-intended color values.
9. The color correction coefficient generator according to claim 7, further comprising an importance information acquiring unit that acquires the importance information on the basis of a comparison result between color reproducibility of a standard machine condition and color reproducibility of a current machine condition.
10. The color correction coefficient generator according to claim 1, further comprising an output unit that outputs a user interface for inputting designation of an important color region as a color region to be given importance in color correction, wherein the weight coefficient acquiring unit acquires the weight coefficients on the basis of the designation of the important color region inputted through the user interface outputted from the output unit.
11. The color correction coefficient generator according to claim 10, wherein the output unit outputs the user interface for inputting designation of a plurality of the important color regions, and importance information indicating how much each of the plurality of important color regions is to be given importance, and the weight coefficient acquiring unit acquires the weight coefficients on the basis of the designation of the plurality of important color regions and the importance information inputted through the user interface outputted from the output unit.
12. The color correction coefficient generator according to claim 11, wherein the user interface is configured to allow the importance information to be inputted for each of density levels of the plurality of important color regions.
13. The color correction coefficient generator according to claim 11, wherein the user interface is configured to allow the importance information to be inputted by performing any one of an operation to move an object on a slider bar and an operation to set a numeric value.
14. The color correction coefficient generator according to claim 10, wherein the output unit outputs the user interface for further inputting color weight information indicating how much a color out of the important color region is to be reflected in the weight coefficients, and the weight coefficient acquiring unit acquires the weight coefficients further on the basis of the color weight information inputted through the user interface outputted by the output unit.
15. A color correction coefficient generation method comprising: acquiring correction-intended color values in a first color space configured of a plurality of color components including a particular color component; acquiring correction color values being color values in a second color space configured of a plurality of color components including the particular color component, and the correction color values being color values used to correct the correction-intended color values; acquiring weight coefficients for the correction-intended color values; and generating a color correction coefficient on the basis of the correction color values for correcting the correction-intended color values having the particular color component at a density of a particular density value and on the basis of the weight coefficients for the correction-intended color values, the color correction value used to correct the particular density value.
16. A computer readable medium storing a program causing a computer to execute a process for color correction coefficient generation, the process comprising: acquiring correction-intended color values in a first color space configured of a | [
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] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | -1.610464 | 0.898711 | -1.022916 | -0.303191 |
plurality of color components including a particular color component; acquiring correction color values being color values in a second color space configured of a plurality of color components including the particular color component, and the correction color values being color values used to correct the correction-intended color values; acquiring weight coefficients for the correction-intended color values; and generating a color correction coefficient on the basis of the correction color values for correcting the correction-intended color values having the particular color component at a density of a particular density value and on the basis of the weight coefficients for the correction-intended color values, the color correction value used to correct the particular density value.
This application is based on and claims priority under 35 USC §119 from Japanese Patent Application No. 2008-035766 filed Feb. 18, 2008 and Japanese Patent Application No. 2008-318636 filed Dec. 15, 2008.
The present invention relates to a color correction coefficient generator, a color correction coefficient generation method and a computer readable medium storing a program.
2. Related Art
Recent widespread of color devices such as digital cameras, color scanners, color printers and color displays has boosted a market demand for colors. This demand is especially high for systems used in desk top publishing (DTP) and the like. A color management system (CMS) is indispensable for devices of such systems, and a device calibration technique has been developed for achievement of stable color reproduction in devices. So far, such color correction has been preformed on the basis of a color profile, typically an ICC profile, or the like. Specifically, a coefficient for each grid point in a look-up table (LUT) for color correction is firstly determined, and then color correction is performed in any of various types of already-invented interpolation processing or the like using the coefficient.
Most of the color correction methods for the device calibration techniques are currently based on a one-dimensional LUT. For such calibration, there are two main types of calibration techniques, one of which is for primary color calibration for correcting primary colors, and the other of which is for gray balance calibration for correcting a process black that is a mixture of three colors of cyan (C), magenta (M), and yellow (Y) In other words, the techniques for tone reproduction curve (TRC) type calibration have been already developed.
However, such TRC type calibration has limitation as this technique capable of correcting only a certain part of colors. For example, as for the primary color calibration, only a part consisting of any primary color is a correction target and sufficiently-high correction accuracy is not guaranteed for a part consisting of mixed colors such as a secondary color or tertiary color. As for the gray balance calibration, only a part of a process gray that is the mixture of three colors is to be corrected, and achievement of sufficiently-high correction accuracy is not guaranteed for a part of colors other than the process gray.
According to an aspect of the invention, there is provided a color correction coefficient generator including: a first color value acquiring unit that acquires correction-intended color values in a first color space configured of plural color components including a particular color component; a second color value acquiring unit that acquires correction color values being color values in a second color space configured of plural color components including the particular color component, and the correction color values being color values used to correct the correction-intended color values; a weight coefficient acquiring unit that acquires weight coefficients for the correction-intended color values; and a generating unit that generates a color correction coefficient on the basis of the correction color values for correcting the correction-intended color values having the particular color component at a density of a particular density value and on the basis of the weight coefficients for the correction-intended color values, the color correction coefficient used to correct the particular density value.
Exemplary embodiment(s) of the present invention will be described in detail based on the following figures, wherein:
FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing a functional configuration of a color correction coefficient generator according to a first exemplary embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 shows data of tertiary colors composed of three primary colors with the coverage in 10% increments, and data of K primary colors with the coverage in 10% increments;
FIG. 3A shows one example of the correction-destination device base data;
FIG. 3B shows one example of the correction-source device base data;
FIG. 4 is | [
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] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | -0.743721 | 1.075209 | -0.500192 | 0.235014 |
a flowchart showing an operation example of the weight coefficient calculating portion;
FIG. 5 shows that the weight coefficients are respectively added to the associations between the input values and the correction values;
FIG. 6 is a graph showing an approximate shape of this primary color oriented function;
FIG. 7A is a graph showing an approximate shape of a gray oriented function;
FIG. 7B is a graph showing an approximate shape of a particular color oriented function;
FIG. 8A is a graph showing an approximate shape of a low-density oriented function;
FIG. 8B is a graph showing an approximate shape of a high-density oriented function;
FIG. 9A shows an example in the case of using a combination of the low-density oriented function and the primary color oriented function;
FIG. 9B shows an example in the case of using a combination of the high-density oriented function and the gray oriented function;
FIG. 10 is a flowchart showing an operation example of the table generating part;
FIG. 11 shows the associations among the extracted input values, correction values and weight coefficients;
FIG. 12 is a block diagram showing an example of a functional configuration of a color correction coefficient generator in the second and third exemplary embodiments;
FIGS. 13A to 13C show that the average color differences and the important color weights are calculated for color regions;
FIG. 14 is a diagram showing that the important color weight is calculated on the basis of a color difference for each piece of color data;
FIGS. 15A and 15B show an example of such an initial screen;
FIGS. 16A and 16B show examples of a screen used in the standard mode;
FIGS. 17A and 17B show examples of screens used in the standard mode to allow a user to set multiple color regions;
FIGS. 18-1A to 18-2C show examples of a parameter setting screen used in the professional mode (fixed balance combination type);
FIGS. 19-1A to 19-3E show examples of screens used to set color balance parameters;
FIG. 20 shows an example of a parameter setting screen used in the professional mode (high-and-low density balance combination type);
FIG. 21 shows an example of a screen used for setting this color balance parameter;
FIG. 22 shows an example of a screen for confirming the accuracy balance configuration; and
FIG. 23 is a diagram illustrating the hardware configuration of the computer.
Hereinafter, exemplary embodiments for carrying out the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.
As described above, the conventional color correction through the primary color calibration or gray balance calibration (TRC type calibration) is specific to a particular color, and thus fails to improve the correction accuracy for an entire color gamut to be reproduced. In particular, the electrophotographic method inevitably suffers from variation in the toner amounts of respective colors in multi-layer transfer. Due to this, no matter how accurately the color correction is performed for each primary color, the color balance is disturbed for secondary or higher-order colors.
To address this problem, calibration (DLUT type calibration) using a three-dimensional LUT has been recently employed in some devices. This calibration is capable of controlling the correction for the almost entire color gamut to be reproduced in a device, and thereby the calibration achieves significant improvement in the color correction accuracy. In the case of using such a three-dimensional LUT, however, data on colors of a number equal to the number of dimensions of the DLUT (the values of each pixel for C, M and Y) has to exist all together. To put it another way, prior to color separation into CMY by a raster image processor (RIP) the color correction needs to be performed. On the other hand, the electrographic method generally employs a system configuration in which the color correction is performed in a frame sequential manner on C, M and Y images obtained through the color separation by the RIP. Accordingly, due to the current system configuration described above, the DLUT type calibration is difficult to be introduced.
In these exemplary embodiments, data on correction-destination colors, and data on device output colors for an entire region are firstly acquired. Then, based on the data thus acquired, correction values are calculated evenly for the entire color gamut. Thereafter, a weight coefficient is added to each of the calculated correction values. The values based on the | [
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] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | -1.099656 | 0.935049 | -0.303336 | 0.217306 |
correction values to which the weight coefficients are respectively added are fed back to a one-dimensional LUT. Thereby, color correction with well-balanced accuracy is achieved for the entire color gamut. Moreover, color correction coefficients may be determined so as to enhance the reproducibility for a portion, such as a primary color, a gray color, a secondary color, or a particular color, which is considered as important by a user. In addition, by addition of a weight coefficient to a particular color region such as a low-density region or high-density region, different color regions are settable as important color regions for respective density levels. This leads to simultaneous achievement of both of color reproduction of a low-density region with importance on the primary color and color reproduction of a high-density region with importance on a gray, for example.
Hereinafter, a description will be given for specific exemplary embodiments for achieving such color reproduction.
First Exemplary Embodiment
FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing a functional configuration of a color correction coefficient generator according to a first exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
A color correction coefficient generator 1 in the first exemplary embodiment includes an input value acquiring part 10, a correction value calculating part 20, a weight coefficient setting part 30, a table generating part 40, and a table memory 50.
The input value acquiring part 10 acquires correction-intended color data to be used as an input The color data may include information on colors important for color correction because correction coefficients are generated for the correction-intended color data acquired here. For example, information considered to be generated for this purpose is information on each of primary colors C, M, Y, K and information on C, M, Y, K included in colors, such as gray, made of mixtures of three colors. Instead, if color correction needs to be made for an entire color gamut, information on grid points as in a DLUT grid may be generated. Here, an example of the correction-intended color data is illustrated in a section named "input value" in FIG. 2. FIG. 2 shows data of tertiary colors (113 colors) composed of three primary colors with the coverage in 10% increments, and data of K primary colors (10 colors) with the coverage in 10% increments. Incidentally, in the first exemplary embodiment, the input value acquiring part 10 is provided as an example of a first color value acquiring unit that acquires correction-intended color values.
The correction value calculating part 20 calculates correction values used to correct the correction-intended color data acquired by the input value acquiring part 10. To be more specific, the correction value calculating part 20 includes a correction-destination device base data memory portion 21, a first color-prediction portion 22, a correction-source device base data memory portion 23 and a second color-prediction portion 24.
Among these portions, the correction-destination device base data memory portion 21 stores correction-destination device base data.
Here, the correction-destination device base data is data representing output colors of a correction-destination device when color correction is performed.
FIG. 3A shows one example of the correction-destination device base data. This is an example for a case of a printer for four colors CMYK. In this case, the correction-destination device base data is a set of data pairs (base data) of device-dependent data (CMYK) and the corresponding device-independent data (L*a*b*). Here, the device-independent data is described by taking widely-used L*a*b* as an example, but is not limited to this. The device-independent data may be any type of data as long as the data is usable to generate data pairs representing device characteristics, and may be, for example, data in a color specification system classified as tristimulus values XYZ, a uniform color space L*u*v* or the like; data expressed as polynomial approximation or the like such as in (Lab)=F (CMYK); data expressed in a physical model formula of a Neugebauer type, a Kubelka-Munk type, a Lambert-Beer formula type or any other equivalent type; data converted on the basis of the ICC profile or the like. This set of data pairs may include any number of data pairs in general, but may desirably include approximately 200 to 1600 data pairs from the viewpoint of the color accuracy and system configuration | [
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] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | -0.740325 | 1.111547 | -0.263934 | 0.361502 |
. Based on this set of data pairs, the output characteristics of the correction-destination device are figured out, and prediction for output colors of the correction-destination device corresponding to the correction-intended points may be made.
In addition, by use of the correction-destination device base data, the first color-prediction portion 22 predicts device-independent color data (for example, L*a*b*) corresponding to correction-intended device-dependent color data (for example, CMY) acquired by the input value acquiring part 10 (CMY to L*a*b*). For this color prediction, various techniques have been invented. For instance, the technique described in Japanese Patent Application Laid Open Publication No. 10-262157 may be used to predict the colors, although the usable technique is not limited to this, particularly.
On the other hand, the correction-source device base data memory portion 23 stores correction-source device base data.
Here, the correction-source device base data is data representing the output colors of a device whose data is to be corrected for color correction.
FIG. 3B shows one example of the correction-source device base data. This is an example for a case of a printer for four colors CMYK. As is clear from the drawings, the format of the correction-source device base data is the same as the format of the correction-destination device base data. In this case, a data pair is composed of data in CMYK or the like classified as a device-dependent color space, and the corresponding data in L*a*b* or the like classified as a device-independent color space, and a sufficiently necessary number of such data pairs (base data) are prepared, as the correction-source device base data. As has been described in the description of the correction-destination device base data, the type of the base data is not limited to the aforementioned one, but may be any type as long as the data is usable to generate data pairs representing the device characteristics. Moreover, this set of data pairs may include any number of data pairs, but may desirably include approximately 200 to 1600 data pairs from the viewpoint of the color accuracy and system configuration.
In addition, by use of the correction-source device base data, the second color-prediction portion 24 predicts device-dependent color data (C′M′Y′) corresponding to device-independent color data (for example, L*a*b*) generated by the first color-prediction portion 22. For the color prediction of the second color-prediction portion 24, various techniques have also been invented as in the case of the first color-prediction portion 22. For instance, the technique described in Japanese Patent Application Laid Open Publication No. 10-262157 may also be used to predict the colors, although the usable technique is particularly not limited to this.
As described above, the correction value calculating part 20 calculates correction values corresponding to all the correction-intended color data acquired by the input value acquiring part 10. A section named "correction value" in FIG. 2 indicates an example of correction values thus calculated. In this example, the second row indicates that (C, M, Y, K)=(0, 0, 10, 0) is corrected to (C′, M′, Y′, K′)=(0, 0, 12, 0). Note that, in the first exemplary embodiment, the correction value calculating part 20 is provided as an example of a second color value acquiring unit that acquires color values for correction.
The weight coefficient setting part 30 calculates a weight coefficient indicating importance of a correction value. To be more specific, the weight coefficient setting part 30 includes an important color setting portion 31 and a weight coefficient calculating portion 32.
Among these portions, the important color setting portion 31 receives designation of a color region where a user desires to obtain enhanced color reproducibility (for example, a color region considered important by the user), and sets the color region as an important color region. The important color setting portion 31 may set multiple important color regions in this setting. In the first exemplary embodiment, the important color setting portion 31 is provided as an example of a receiving unit that receives designation of an important color region.
The weight coefficient calculating portion 32 receives the correction-intended color data acquired by the input value acquiring part 10 and the correction values calculated for the color data by the correction value calculating | [
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] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | -1.254529 | 1.002533 | -0.614061 | -0.21212 |
part 20, and generates a weight coefficient for each set of correction values in accordance with a relationship between the correction-intended color data and the important color region set by the important color setting portion 31. In the first exemplary embodiment, the weight coefficient calculating portion 32 is provided as an example of a weight coefficient acquiring unit that acquires weight coefficients.
The table generating part 40 generates a one-dimensional LUT (TRC) for each of color components (for example, C, M, Y) constituting the correction-intended color data. More specifically, the table generating part 40 generates the one-dimensional LUT, on the basis of the correction values calculated by the correction value calculating part 20 and the weight coefficients corresponding to the correction values. In the first exemplary embodiment, the table generating part 40 is provided as an example of a generating unit that generates color correction coefficients.
The table memory 50 stores the one-dimensional LUTs generated by the table generating part 40. More specifically, the table memory 50 includes a first table memory portion 51, a second table memory portion 52, and a third table memory portion 53. The first table memory portion 51 stores TRCs from the input values C to the correction values C′, the second table memory portion 52 stores TRCs from the input values M to the correction values M′, and the third table memory portion 53 stores TRCs from the input values Y to the correction values Y′.
Hereinafter, a description will be provided for operations of the color correction coefficient generator 1 in the first exemplary embodiment.
Once the color correction coefficient generator 1 starts to operate, the input value acquiring part 10 acquires correction-intended color data and the correction value calculating part 20 calculates the correction values for the color data, as described above.
Then, in the weight coefficient setting part 30, the weight coefficient calculating portion 32 determines the weight coefficients for the correction values in accordance with the setting of the important color region made by the important color setting portion 31.
FIG. 4 is a flowchart showing an operation example of the weight coefficient calculating portion 32 at this time.
Upon start of operation, the weight coefficient calculating portion 32 firstly receives the input values from the input value acquiring part 10 and the correction values from the correction value calculating part 20, and then generates associations between the two types of values as shown in FIG. 2, and stores the associated values in a memory (step 301).
Thereafter, from the memory, the weight coefficient calculating portion 32 reads a set of input values and correction values associated with the input values (step 302) Then, the weight coefficient calculating portion 32 applies a predetermined function to the input values to calculate a weight coefficient (step 303), and stores the weight coefficient in association with the set of input values and correction values (step 304). In this case, the weight coefficient W is determined by W=f(D) where D denotes a predetermined variable with respect to the input values; and f denotes the weight coefficient calculation function.
Subsequently, the weight coefficient calculating portion 32 determines whether or not all the sets of input values and correction values stored in the memory have been already read (step 305). If all the sets have not been read yet, the processing returns to step 302 and the same processing is again performed for the next set of input values and correction values. If all the sets have been already read, the weight coefficient calculation processing is terminated.
FIG. 5 shows that the weight coefficients are respectively added to the associations between the input values and the correction values, as a result of the above processing.
In the first exemplary embodiment, the maximum value of the weight coefficient W is "1.00", and the weight coefficient "1.00" is added to (C, N, Y, K, C′, M′, Y′, K′)=(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0), (0, 0, 10, 0, 0, 0, 12, 0), (0, 0, 20, 0, 0, 0, 25, 0) and the like. In addition, weight coefficients smaller than "1.00", are added to (C, N, Y, K, C′, M′, Y′, K′)=(50, 50, | [
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10, 0, 43, 51, 15, 0) and the like, and weight coefficients further smaller than "1.00" are added to (C, M, Y, K, C′, M′, Y′, K′)=(100, 100, 80, 0, 99, 95, 83, 0) and the like.
FIG. 5 illustrates the weight coefficients in the case where the important color setting portion 31 makes setting with importance on the primary colors and the weight coefficient calculating portion 32 uses a primary color oriented function as the weight coefficient calculation function f.
FIG. 6 is a graph showing an approximate shape of this primary color oriented function (primary color oriented weight coefficient function). In this function, the predetermined variable D with respect to the input values is a distance from each set of input values to the primary color axis, as shown in FIG. 6. To put it another way, a larger weight coefficient is added to a set of input values having a smaller distance to the primary color axis.
The mechanism is explained here by using the values shown in FIG. 5. The values (C, M, Y, K)=(0, 0, 0, 0), (0, 0, 10, 0), (0, 0, 20, 0) and (0, 0, 30, 0) represent points on the Y axis, and these points are located at a distance of 0 from the primary color axis. Therefore, the maximum value "1.00" of the weight coefficient is added thereto. On the other hand, the values (C, M, Y, K)=(50, 50, 10, 0), (50, 50, 20, 0) and (50, 50, 30, 0) represent points away from the primary color axis, and these points are located at the distances from the primary color axis (in this case, the C axis or the M axis) that become longer and longer in the above order. Accordingly, the weight coefficients added thereto become smaller and smaller in this order. The values (C, M, Y, K)=(100, 100, 80, 0), (100, 100, 90, 0) and (100, 100, 100, 0) represents points further away from the primary color axis, and these points are located at the distances from the primary color axis (in this case, the C axis or the M axis) that become longer and longer in the above order. Accordingly, the weight coefficients added thereto become smaller and smaller in this order.
Incidentally, this primary color oriented function is only one example of the function. Instead of this, any function producing similar effects is usable.
FIGS. 7A to 9B show other examples of the weight coefficient calculation function.
First of all, FIG. 7A is a graph showing an approximate shape of a gray oriented function (gray oriented weight coefficient function). In this function, the predetermined variable D with respect to the input values is a distance from each set of input values to the gray axis, as shown in FIG. 7A. To put it another way, a larger weight coefficient is added to a set of input values having a smaller distance to the gray axis.
FIG. 7B is a graph showing an approximate shape of a particular color oriented function (particular color oriented weight coefficient function). In this function, the predetermined variable D with respect to the input values is a distance from each set of input values to the particular color, as shown in FIG. 7B. To put it another way, a larger weight coefficient is added to a set of input values having a smaller distance to the particular color. Here, the considerable particular color is any of various colors such as a sky color, skin color, and green color.
Alternatively, FIG. 8A is a graph showing an approximate shape of a low-density oriented function (low-density oriented weight coefficient function). In this function, the predetermined variable D with respect to the input values is the total amount of image forming materials used according to the input values, as shown in FIG. 8A. To put it another way, a larger weight coefficient is added to a set of input values requiring a smaller total amount of image forming materials.
FIG. 8B is a graph showing an approximate shape of a | [
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] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | -1.629483 | 0.405552 | -1.318798 | -0.704157 |
high-density oriented function (high-density oriented weight coefficient function). In this function, the predetermined variable D with respect to the input values is also the total amount of image forming materials used according to the input values, as shown in FIG. 8B. To put it another way, a larger weight coefficient is added to a set of input values requiring a larger total amount of image forming materials.
Incidentally, toner, ink and the like are exemplified as the image forming materials in FIGS. 8A and 8B.
Otherwise, the weight coefficients may be calculated by use of a function made of a combination of these functions.
FIG. 9A shows an example in the case of using a combination of the low-density oriented function and the primary color oriented function. In this case, a large weight coefficient is added to the correction values for a region in a primary color at a low density. On the other hand, a not-so-large weight coefficient is set for the correction values for a region even in a primary color but at a high density.
FIG. 9B shows an example in the case of using a combination of the high-density oriented function and the gray oriented function. In this case, a large weight coefficient is added to the correction values for a region in a gray color at a high density. On the other hand, a not-so-large weight coefficient is set for the correction values for a region even in a gray color but at a low density.
Instead of separately using the two functions in FIGS. 9A and 9B, these functions may be used in combination so that, for instance, a large weight coefficient is added to the correction values for a primary color region around a low density region, whereas a large weight coefficient is added to the correction values for a gray region around a high density region. In other words, the color region treated as an important region is continuously changed according to the target density.
After the weight coefficients are determined for the correction values as described above, the table generating part 40 generates the one-dimensional LUTs.
FIG. 10 is a flowchart showing an operation example of the table generating part 40 at this time. In fact, the operations of the table generating part 40 include an operation of generating a TRC for converting C signals, an operation of generating a TRC for converting M signals, and an operation of generating a TRC for converting Y signals. However, these operations are basically the same. Thus, here, a description will be provided only for the case of generating the TRC for converting the Y signals.
Upon start of the operation, the table generating part 40 firstly receives the associations among the input values, the correction values, and the weight coefficients as shown in FIG. 5 from the weight coefficient calculating portion 32, and stores the received associations in the memory (step 401). Then, the table generating part 40 extracts a part related to the input values Y and the correction values Y′ from the received associations (step 402). FIG. 11 shows the associations among the extracted input values Y, correction values Y′ and weight coefficients W.
After that, the table generating part 40 reads from the memory each set of an input value, a correction value and a weight coefficient (step 403), and stores the correction value and the weight coefficient corresponding to each input value (step 404). In the example shown in FIG. 11, (Y′, W)=(12, 1.00), (15, 0.18), . . . are stored corresponding to Y=10, (Y′, W)=(25, 1.00), (30, 0.16), . . . are stored corresponding to Y=20, and (Y′, W)=(35, 1.00), (40, 0.16), . . . are stored corresponding to Y=30.
Then, the table generating part 40 determines whether or not all the sets of the input value, the correction value and the weight coefficient stored in the memory have already been read (step 405). As a result, if all the sets have not been read yet, the processing returns to step 403, and the same processing is performed for the next set of the input value, the correction value and the weight coefficient. Otherwise, if all the sets have already been read, the table generating part 40 performs processing of determining one correction value for each input value (step 406).
A simple example of the processing of determining one correction value is | [
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a method of calculating a weighted average of correction values for each of input values in 10% increments.
Specifically, this is a method in which with multiple correction values corresponding to a certain input value are weighted with the respective weight coefficients and then the average of the weighted correction values is calculated.
This method, however, fails to obtain a correction value for an input value within an interval of the 10% increments. Such correction value may be obtained by interpolation, but the interpolation is not good enough since it also produces another problem such as a sudden change in tone. Instead, the accuracy may be improved by setting the input values to be incremented in the units smaller than 10%. In this case, however, the calculation amount is huge and a problem related to tone may occur.
To avoid these situations, calculation based on weighted regression is performed in the first exemplary embodiment. More specifically, a correction coefficient is calculated through weighted local regression on the basis of the data in FIG. 11. The correction coefficient may be calculated by using the aforementioned technique in Japanese Patent Application Laid Open Publication No. 10-262157. Here, the specific calculation method is described briefly. In order to determine one correction value for a focused input value, this method uses not only the correction values and the weight coefficients corresponding to the focused input value, but also the correction values and the weight coefficients corresponding to other input values. In this case, a largest weight is assigned to the correction values and the weight coefficients corresponding to the focused input value. In addition, the correction values and the weight coefficients corresponding to the other input values are weighted so that the lager the difference from the focused input value, the smaller the weight assigned thereto. Then, a local regression technique is applied to these weighted correction values and weight coefficients. The calculating of the correction value based on the regression as described above addresses the problems in terms of tone and calculation time described in relation to the aforementioned methods.
Second Exemplary Embodiment
In a second exemplary embodiment, a unit that sets an important color weight is further provided in addition to the components described in the first exemplary embodiment. This is a unit that assigns weight for color reproduction with importance on a primary color region or a gray region, which have been described in the first exemplary embodiment. For instance, this unit makes setting with the importance on the primary color region and the gray region in a ratio of 1:2. With this setting, colors in an entire color gamut are reproduced with the importance on the primary and gray colors, and, in particular, with importance on the gray regions.
FIG. 12 is a block diagram showing an example of a functional configuration of a color correction coefficient generator 1 in the second exemplary embodiment. Among all parts shown in FIG. 12, an input value acquiring part 10, a correction value calculating part 20, a table generating part 40, and a table memory 50 are the same as those in the configuration example in FIG. 1. In contrast, a weight coefficient setting part 30 is different from the configuration example in FIG. 1, in that the weight coefficient setting part 30 includes an important color weight setting portion 33 in addition to an important color setting portion 31 and a weight coefficient calculating portion 32.
Thus, a description is provided here only for a configuration in the weight coefficient setting part 30.
The important color setting portion 31 receives designation of color regions where a user desires to obtain enhanced color reproducibility (for example, color regions considered important by the user), and sets the color regions as important color regions. Here, multiple important color regions are set. In the second exemplary embodiment, the important color setting portion 31 is provided as an example of a receiving unit that receives designation of important color regions.
The important color weight setting portion 33 sets an important color weight that is a weight to be assigned to each of the multiple important color regions set by the important color setting portion 31. In the second exemplary embodiment, the important color weight is used as an example of importance information indicating how much importance is to be placed on each of multiple important color regions, and the important color weight setting portion 33 is provided as an example of an importance information acquiring unit that acquires the importance information.
The weight coefficient calculating portion 32 receives the correction-intended color data acquired by the input value acquiring part 10 and the correction values calculated for the color data by the correction value calculating part 20, and generates a weight coefficient for each set of correction values in accordance with a relationship | [
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between the correction-intended color data and the important color region set by the important color setting portion 31, and also in accordance with the important color weight set by the important color weight setting portion 33.
In the second exemplary embodiment, the important color weight setting portion 33 determines the important color weight Pi for an i-th color region among n color regions to be treated as important color regions, according to the number of data pieces in the i-th color region, and calculates the weight coefficient W as W=π(Pi*fi(Di)), where π(Xi) denotes X1*X2* . . . *Xn, fi denotes a weight coefficient calculation function for the i-th region, and Di denotes a variable for the weight coefficient calculation function for the i-th region.
Here, consider a case where a user makes an instruction to place importance on a primary color region and a gray region in a ratio of 1:2. If there are a large number of data pieces in the primary color region while being a small number of data pieces in the gray region, it is preferable to assign a smaller weight to the data in the primary color region, while preferably assigning a larger weight to the data in the gray region. For example, here, suppose that the important color weight for the primary color region is set to 1, whereas the important color weight for the gray region is set to 4. In this case, a weight coefficient is calculated by setting P1=1, using as f1 the primary color oriented function, and using as D1 the distance from the primary color axis, and additionally a weight coefficient is calculated by setting P2=4, using as f2 the gray oriented function, and using as D2 the distance from the gray axis. Then, the final weight coefficient is obtained by multiplying these two weight coefficients.
One of merits of this method is to achieve finer setting of color regions to be treated as important color regions than in the first exemplary embodiment. In addition, the first exemplary embodiment requires matching of the numbers of data pieces in each of target regions when generating the color correction table. For instance, assume that the color correction table is generated with importance on gray under the condition in which there are 10 pieces of data representing colors around gray, and 100 pieces of data representing primary colors. In this case, even if small weights are assigned to the primary color data pieces, such a large number of primary color data pieces have some effect on the calculation, and a desirable table fails to be obtained. In terms of this problem, the second exemplary embodiment does not requires such matching of the numbers of data pieces, since the color correction tables specific to respective important color regions are firstly generated and then are combined together.
Third Exemplary Embodiment
In a third exemplary embodiment, the important color weight used in the second exemplary embodiment is set in consideration of a current machine condition.
Although the second exemplary embodiment shows the example in which the importance is placed on the primary color region and the gray region in the ratio of 1:2, this ratio is determined by an empirical value, and is not a value determined in consideration of a current machine condition.
For instance, here consider the case where a result of the comparison among color regions in terms of the deviation of the current machine condition from the standard condition shows that the deviation in the gray region is small while the deviation in a primary color region is large. Even in this case, the second exemplary embodiment uses the fixed ratio in which the importance is placed on the primary color region and the gray region, and accordingly may achieve only insufficient correction for the primary color region in some cases. More specifically, since the correction for the gray region is performed preferentially over the primary color region, the accuracy in the correction for the primary color region that has the large deviation may not be improved sufficiently.
To address this problem, in the third exemplary embodiment, a current color difference between the current machine condition and the standard condition is firstly obtained for each color region by use of initially-acquired raw data representing the current machine condition, and then the color difference is reflected in the weight coefficient.
More specifically, with the configuration shown in FIG. 12, the important color weight setting portion 33 previously figures out a color difference in a particular color between the standard condition and the current machine condition for each of color regions (such as a primary color region and a gray region), and sets the important color weight by using the color difference.
For example, when ei denotes an average color difference in an i-th color region among color regions to be treated as the important color regions, the important color weight Si is given as Si=ei/(e | [
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] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | -0.80078 | 1.116738 | -0.951187 | -0.063497 |
1+e2+ . . . +en). Then, the weight coefficient w added to each piece of color data is calculated according to w=π(Si*fi(D)), where π(Xi) denotes x1*x2* . . . *Xn, fi denotes a weight coefficient calculation function for the i-th region, and Di denotes a variable for the weight coefficient calculation function for the i-th region.
In the third exemplary embodiment, based on the weight coefficients thus calculated, the correction coefficients are calculated subsequently as in the case of the first exemplary embodiment. In this way, a correction result more based on the current machine condition is obtained.
Here, a method of calculating the average color difference and the important color weight for each color region is described by using specific numerical values. FIGS. 13A to 13C show that the average color differences and the important color weights are calculated for color regions, a Y primary color region, a M primary color region and a C primary color region. Here, the Y primary color region, the M primary color region, and the C primary color region are called a first region, a second region, and a third region, respectively. In this case, the average color difference of the Y primary color region is denoted by e1 where e1=1.11; the average color difference of the M primary color region is denoted by e2 where e2=2.28; and the average color difference of the C primary color region is denoted by e3 where e3=0.85. In addition, the important color weight of the Y primary color region is denoted by S1 and S1=1.11/(1.11+2.28+0.85)≈0.3; the important color weight of the M primary color region is denoted by S2 and S2=2.28/(1.11+2.28+0.85)≈0.5; and the important color weight of the C primary color region is denoted by S3 and S3=0.85/(1.11+2.28+0.85)≈0.2.
Note that, in the third exemplary embodiment, the important color weight setting portion 33 performs color prediction using a certain model formula generated on the basis of data pairs in the standard condition and data pairs in the current condition, and then obtain the color difference from the color prediction result. Such model formula is used for the following reasons. Specifically, if the data pairs in the standard condition and the data pairs in the current condition are available from the same patch set, the standard condition and the current condition are easily compared with each other. However, the absence of these two types of data pairs in the same patch set inhibits a comparison between the two conditions and obtaining of the color difference therebetween. Moreover, even though measured values generally include noise, prediction using the measured values of multiple patches is expected to produce an effect of reducing the influence of the noise.
In addition, the important color weight Si given above is obtained by use of the average color difference for each of the color regions, but may be obtained by use of a color difference for each piece of color data.
FIG. 14 is a diagram showing that the important color weight Si is thus calculated on the basis of a color difference for each piece of color data. Note that the important color weight is obtainable from color differences by using a graph, for example. For this reason, the values Si shown in FIG. 14 are not necessarily equal to the values obtained according to Si=ei/(e1+e2+ . . . +en).
When the important color weight is set for each piece of color data, it is expected to achieve correction of a particular color having a large color difference with pinpointed accuracy. However, if such color correction is put into practical use, an obtained correction result may be overly fit because actually-measured color values usually include errors to some extent and the resultant color differences also include errors accordingly. To avoid this, when each piece of color data is weighted according to the color difference before correction, such weighting is desirably performed after errors included in actually-measured color values are reduced by measuring the color multiple times. In addition, since the correction values are eventually fed back to the one-dimensional TRC, it is also conceivable that a shape change may be included in the tone, in a worst-case scenario. Therefore, in a desirable configuration, the tone of the TRC is checked and smoothing processing is performed on the tone if necessary.
Fourth Exemplary Embodiment
Besides the configuration of the first exemplary embodiment or the second exemplary embod | [
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] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | -0.806214 | 1.16865 | -0.683997 | 0.17683 |
iment, a fourth exemplary embodiment is provided with a unit that allows a user to adjust setting of weight coefficients set by the weight coefficient setting part 30. The addition of this unit allows the user to intuitively set parameters for the weight coefficient setting. Thus, even a user who is unfamiliar with the adjustment is made to be capable of setting the parameters easily. Making the detailed setting of parameters open to the user allows the parameters to be set finely, thereby bringing achievement of more desirable color correction coefficient designing.
Firstly, an initial screen used for such parameter setting is described.
FIGS. 15A and 15B show an example of such an initial screen.
On this screen, a mode for the parameter setting is selected from a standard mode and a professional mode.
The standard mode is a mode for setting recommended fixed parameters, and may be usually used to set the parameters. FIG. 15A shows a state in which the standard mode is going to be selected.
On the other hand, the professional mode is a mode for setting the parameters finely according to a user's purpose. For example, this mode is used in a case of setting different parameters for respective color regions or in other similar cases. The professional mode includes a fixed balance combination type and a high-and-low density balance combination type. FIG. 15B shows that the fixed balance combination type mode is going to be selected.
Hereinafter, the parameter setting for each of the foregoing modes will be described in detail.
In the first place, the parameter setting for the standard mode is explained.
FIGS. 16A and 16B show examples of a screen used in the standard mode (screen of an accuracy oriented balance setting).
As shown in the screens, multiple modes in which fixed parameters are assigned in advance are prepared as the standard mode. This screen is designed to allow a user to select one of these modes to set a color region as an important color region. Such color region selection is presented by use of radio buttons in FIG. 16A, or by use of a list box in FIG. 16B.
In these screens in FIGS. 16A and 16B, a primary color oriented mode is selected. Thus, the important color setting portion 31 sets primary color oriented parameters prepared in advance. Besides this mode, these screens show set-up items such as a 3C gray (an achromatic color of a mixture of three colors) oriented mode and a particular color oriented mode. A 3C accuracy oriented mode is a mode in which importance is placed on all colors evenly. In addition, as shown in FIG. 16B, user modes may be provided as a mode in which a user is allowed to freely set parameters. These modes are intended to be used in the professional mode describing later. Provision of this user mode for which a user-desired parameter set is stored in advance allows a user to set again the user-desired parameter set without having to make a complicated setting operation again.
In addition, FIGS. 17A and 17B show examples of screens used in the standard mode to allow a user to set multiple color regions. Advantages of these screens shown in FIG. 17A and 17B are as follows. For example, the screen shown in FIG. 17A allows the user to obtain color correction coefficients with importance on multiple color regions of a skin color and primary colors. In addition, the screen shown in FIG. 17B is a screen with a slider bar to set weights to be assigned on multiple color regions by the important color weight setting portion 33 described in the second exemplary embodiment. Such slider bar setting allows a user to set the parameters matching his/her sense more. FIG. 17B shows an example in which a balance between a primary color and a 3C gray are set with the primary color and 3C gray selected as the multiple color regions. Instead of this, another combination of color regions is also selectable and then a balance between them is settable. Alternatively, three or more color regions are selectable at one time and a balance among them is also selectable. In this case, a weight for each of these color regions may be set on a circle provided with the names of three or more color regions and slider bars. More specifically, the names of the three or more color regions are arranged on the circumference of the circle, and the slider bars are provided between the center of the circle and the respective names of the color regions. When an object is operated to move toward one of the names of the color regions on each of the slider bars, the weight for the color region corresponding to the | [
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] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | -0.591566 | 0.64694 | -0.700136 | 0.212247 |
slider bar is set.
In the second place, the parameter setting in the professional mode (fixed balance combination type) will be described.
FIGS. 18-1A to 18-2C show examples of a parameter setting screen used in the professional mode (fixed balance combination type).
This screen allows a user to make parameter adjustment. Accuracy balances are settable by setting an accuracy index value for each of color regions. The accuracy indexes corresponding to the modes in FIG. 17A are shown in FIG. 18-1A as setting items, but are not limited to those. For instance, as shown in FIG. 18-1B, a designable configuration is one that allows a user to set a 2C pure color (a pure color of secondary colors) or a 2C color (secondary colors other than a pure color). In addition, FIG. 18-2C shows an alternative designable configuration for setting a parameter for each of colors such as primary colors C, M and Y and secondary colors R, G and B. Moreover, in another designable configuration, shown as particular-color manuals, a user is allowed to designate user-desired particular colors that the user considers as important, and to set parameters for these particular colors. Then, the important color setting portion 31 sets these parameters.
As described above, the professional mode allows detailed parameters to be set, and thus allows the color correction coefficients to be calculated for user-desired important color regions.
Next, a description will be provided for setting of color balance parameters in this professional mode (fixed balance combination type). Note that, the color balance parameter is one example of color weight information indicating how much colors not belonging to an important color region are reflected in the weight coefficient for the important color region.
FIGS. 19-1A to 19-3E show examples of screens used to set color balance parameters. This color balance parameter is set for each of parameters, such as the primary color accuracy index and the 3C gray accuracy index, set for each of the color regions. To be more precise, for example, a setting screen for the color balance parameter of the primary color is displayed when a "SETTING" button on the right end in the line of the primary color accuracy index in FIG. 18-1A is pressed, and a setting screen for the color balance parameter of the 3C gray is displayed when a "SETTING" button on the right end in the line of the 3C gray accuracy index in FIG. 18-1A is pressed.
For instance, in FIG. 19-1A, a step parameter (stepped parameter) among color balance parameters is set. When explanation is given by taking the primary color accuracy index as an example, this step parameter is a parameter that sets "1" only for the weight coefficient for data on colors existing exactly on the primary color axis, while setting "0" for the weight coefficients for data on colors existing even slightly out of the primary color axis. In other words, this is the parameter setting in which the parameters are designed on the primary color oriented basis, and in which the correction values are calculated only by using the data on the primary colors because the data on colors other than the primary colors are not weighted at all.
In FIG. 19-1B, a linear parameter (line-shaped parameter) among the color balance parameters is set. When explanation is given also by taking the primary color accuracy index as an example like the foregoing explanation, this linear parameter is a parameter that sets "1" only for the weight coefficient of data on colors existing exactly on the primary color axis, while setting "0" for the weight coefficient of data on a color existing farthest from the primary color axis. In addition, between 1 and 0, the weight coefficient of data on a color is set to a value which is linearly reduced as the distance between the color and the primary color axis is getting longer. In other words, this is the parameter setting in which the parameters are designed on the primary color oriented basis, and in which a larger weight is assigned to data on a color existing closer to the primary color axis while a smaller weight is assigned to data on a color existing farther from the primary color axis. As dissimilar to the example shown in FIG. 19-1A, even though the correction is performed with importance on the data on the colors on the primary color axis, the correction values are calculated by additionally using data on colors other than the primary colors. Thus, unlike the correction made only by using the primary color data, the correction values thus obtained are also based on data on color other than the primary colors to some extent.
Instead, in FIG. | [
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] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | -1.103732 | 0.639154 | -0.904563 | 0.112954 |
19-2C, a nonlinear parameter (not-line-shaped parameter) among the color balance parameters is set. When explanation is given also by taking the primary color accuracy index as an example like the foregoing explanation, this nonlinear parameter is a parameter that sets "1" only for the weight coefficient of data on colors existing exactly on the primary color axis, while setting "0" for the weight coefficient of data on a color existing farthest from the primary color axis. Between "1" and "0," the weight coefficient of data on a color is set to a value which is nonlinearly reduced as the distance between the color and the primary color axis is getting longer. While the parameters are controlled linearly in the example in FIG. 19-1B, the parameters are controlled nonlinearly in the example in FIG. 19-2C, thereby achieving more detailed parameter control. Note that this non-linear parameter is here controlled by use of three parameters that are parameters 1 to 3, but may be controlled by other parameters as long as the parameters have a monotonous shape.
Besides these, FIGS. 19-2D and 19-3E show setting screens for setting the weight coefficients for particular colors when the particular colors are manually designated (manually inputted).
FIG. 19-2D shows that a linear parameter is set for a particular color set by use of L*a*b* values. In this linear parameter, the weight coefficient for the L*a*b* values is set to "1," and the weight coefficient of data on a color is set to a value which is linearly reduced as the distance between the color and the L*a*b* values is getting longer.
Alternatively, FIG. 19-3E shows a configuration basically the same as that in FIG. 19-2D, but different from that in FIG. 19-2D in that a particular color is given as CMY values. Although these three CMY colors are used here, multiple colors such as four colors including K, or five or more colors are also usable. The provision of this particular color manual setting allows a user to make finer setting of a color region considered as important by the user.
The color balance parameters set on the setting screens in FIGS. 19-1A to 19-3E are set by a function setting part (not shown) that sets the "predetermined function" used in step 303 in FIG. 4.
As described above, each of FIGS. 19-1A to 19-3E shows that the relationship between the weight coefficient and the distance from the important color is graphed according to the parameter setting. These graphs thus formed allow a user to intuitively set the parameters, thereby supporting the parameter setting operation.
In the third place, parameter setting in the professional mode (high-and-low density balance combination type) is explained.
FIG. 20 shows an example of a parameter setting screen used in the professional mode (high-and-low density balance combination type).
This screen is used in a case of changing a balance value according to the density. In FIG. 20, the primary color oriented parameters are set for light colors (colors at low density) and the 3C gray oriented parameters are set for dark colors (colors at high density). Then, the important color setting portion 31 sets these parameters.
Use of this setting allows a user to make finer setting of color regions to be treated as the important color regions. Applicable general usage of this setting is a correction method designed in consideration of such a visual characteristic that the sensitivity for a deviation amount in the gray balance becomes higher than that for a deviation amount in the primary colors as the color brightness becomes lower. More specifically, in this method, the correction is made with importance on the reproducibility of primary colors for part with high color brightness and the reproducibility of 3C gray colors for part with low color brightness.
In addition, this professional mode (high-and-low density balance combination type) also allows color balance parameter to be set for each color region in order to adjust a balance in a region at an intermediate density between the high and low densities. Note that the color balance parameter here is one example of importance information for each of multiple density levels of an important color region.
FIG. 21 shows an example of a screen used for setting this color balance parameter. Here, the horizontal axis indicates the density level instead of the distance from each color region that is shown in FIGS. 19-1A to 19-3E. In addition, this color balance | [
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] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | -0.931199 | 0.909093 | -0.654409 | 0.12244 |
var gulp = require('gulp');
var iconify = require('./lib/iconify');
var del = require('del');
var svg2png = require('gulp-svg2png');
var sass = require('./lib/custom-gulp-sass');
var gutil = require('gulp-util');
var path = require('path');
var fs = require('fs');
function getErrors(opts) {
var error = {};
if(!opts.src) {
error.src = "Error: src not defined; please specify your source (src: './img/icons/*.svg').";
}
if(Object.keys(error).length) {
Object.keys(error).forEach(function(k) {
gutil.log(error[k]);
});
process.exit();
}
}
function setFallbacks(opts) {
var warning = {};
if(!opts.pngOutput) {
opts.pngOutput = path.dirname(opts.src)+'/png';
warning.pngOutput = "Info: No pngOutput folder defined. Using fallback ("+opts.pngOutput+").";
}
if(opts.cssOutput === undefined) {
opts.cssOutput = './css';
warning.cssOutput = "Info: No cssOutput folder defined. Using fallback ("+opts.cssOutput+").";
} else if (opts.cssOutput === false) {
opts.cssDisabled = true;
warning.cssOutput = "Info: CSS generation has been disabled. CSS files will not be saved.";
}
if(!opts.scssOutput) {
opts.scssOutput = './scss';
opts.scssDisabled = true;
// check if "./scss" exists, if not: remember to remove the folder lateron.
fs.stat(path.normalize(opts.scssOutput), function (err) {
if (err) {
// File doesn't exist - remove scss folder on finish.
opts.scssRemoveDir = true;
}
});
warning.scssOutput = "Info: No scssOutput folder defined. SCSS files will not be saved (temporary files will be saved to '/scss').";
}
if(!opts.styleTemplate) {
opts.styleTemplate = path.join(__dirname, 'lib/output.mustache');
warning.styleTemplate = "Info: No styleTemplate defined. Using default template.";
}
if(!opts.svgoOptions) {
opts.svgoOptions = { enabled: true };
warning.svgoOptions = "Info: No SVGO options defined, enabling SVGO by default.";
}
if(!opts.svg2pngOptions) {
opts.svg2pngOptions = {
options: {},
verbose: false,
concurrency: 8
};
warning.svg2pngOptions = "Info: No svg2png options defined. Using default settings.";
}
if(!opts.defaultWidth) {
opts.defaultWidth = "300px";
warning.defaultWidth = "Info: No defaultWidth defined. Using fallback ("+opts.defaultWidth+") if SVG has no width.";
}
if(!opts.defaultHeight) {
opts.defaultHeight = "200px";
warning.defaultHeight = "Info: No defaultHeight defined. Using fallback ("+opts.defaultHeight+") if SVG has no height.";
}
if(Object.keys(warning).length) {
Object.keys(warning).forEach(function(k) {
gutil.log(warning[k]);
});
}
}
module.exports = function(opts) {
opts = opts || {};
opts.scssDisabled = false;
getErrors(opts);
setFallbacks(opts);
gulp.task('iconify-clean', function(cb) {
del([opts.scssOutput+'/*icons.*.scss', opts.cssOutput+'/*icons.*.css', opts.pngOutput+'/*.png'], cb);
});
gulp.task('iconify-convert', | [
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Poetry Contests
Dissertation chapters
Research involves application of scientific methods to understand the world that surround us
By: admin Dissertation chapter
Research involves application of scientific methods to understand the world that surround us. According to Redman & Mory, (1923) research is a "systematized effort to gain new knowledge. It is the search for truth with the help of study, observation, comparison and experiment". The main purpose of research is to discover new knowledge and fill in the knowledge gap within the field which researcher wish to pursue a study. A research also helps to addresss problems faced by human beings within their social settings. When conducting research studies, different researchers employ different methodologies. Quantitative and qualitative researches are the general methodologies mostly used. These two methodologies have dominated the field of social sciences over a long period of time and their applications have been sometimes confused by many. This essay, therefore, give an analysis of the distinctions between these two approaches and provide justifications for a mixed method of both. Creswell, 2008 has outlined a number of these difference but this paper will only focus on few of them which include the following: literature review, theory, Research Questions and Hypotheses and methods.
To begin with, by definition as Creswell (2007) puts it, a "Qualitative research is a means for exploring and understanding the meaning individuals or groups ascribe to a social or human problem. The process of research involves emerging questions and procedures. Data typically collected in the participant's setting data analysis inductively building from particulars to general themes, and the researcher making interpretations of the meaning of the data. The final written report has a flexible structure." On the other hand, Creswell 2008 has defined a Quantitative research as "a means for testing objective theories by examining the relationship among variables. These variables, in turn, can be measured, typically on instruments, so that numbered data can be analyzed using statistical procedures. The final written report has a set structure consisting of introduction, literature and theory, methods, results, and discussion. The final written report has a flexible writing structure." This definitional deference precisely gives a clear picture of how each method looks like.
The other underlying difference is the application of theory. Qualitative research use theory in many ways. First, as accrding to Creswell, in quantitative research, a "theory is used as a broad explanation for behavior and attitudes, and it may be complete with variables, constructs, and hypotheses. Second. Researchers increasingly use a theoretical lens or perspective in qualitative research, which provides an overall orienting lens for the study of questions of gender, class, and race (or other issues of marginalized groups)."s In quantitative studies, one uses theory deductively and places it toward the beginning of the proposal for a study. With the objective of testing or verifying a theory rather than developing it, the researcher advances a theory, collects data to test it, and reflects on its confirmation or disconfirmation by the results.
Another crurcial difference come from literature review. Creswell 2008 has asserted that, "in Qualitative research, the literature is used in a manner consistent with the assumptions of learning from the participant, not prescribing the questions that need to be answered from the researcher's standpoint." For a Quantitative research, Creswell has argued that, "substantial amount of literature is included at the beginning of a study to provide direction for the research questions or hypotheses. It is also used there to introduce a problem or to describe in detail the existing literature in a section titled "Related Literature" or "Review of Literature," or sore other similar phrase. Also, the literature review can introduce a theory ran explanation for expected relationships describe the theory that will be used, and suggest why it is a useful theory to examine." In other words, quantitative research handles the literature deductively as a framework for the research questions or hypotheses.
Research Questions and Hypotheses also differ between Qualitative and Quantitative research. In a qualitative study, inquirers state research questions not objectives or hypotheses. The central question is a broad question that asks for an exploration of the central phenomenon or concept in a study. In quantitative studies, investigators use quantitative research questions and hypotheses, and sometimes objectives, to shape and specifically focus the purpose of the study. Quantitative research questions inquire about the relationships among variables that the investigator seeks to know. They are used frequently in social science research and especially in survey studies. They are numeric estimates of population values based on data collected | [
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from samples.
Another difference comes from methods employed by these two methods. Qualitative Research is used to uncover trends in thought and opinions, and dive deeper into the problem (Mehl, 2000). Therefore, it uses a broad range of methods which include: purposeful sampling with small sample size where respondents are selected to fulfill a given quota; collection of open-ended data using unstructured or semi-structured techniques; analysis of text or pictures, representation of information in figures and tables, and personal interpretation of the findings all inform qualitative procedures. Other common methods include focus groups (group discussions), individual interviews, and participation/observations (Monfared and Derakhshan, 2015). On the contrary, the aim of the quantitative method is to test pre-determined hypotheses and produce generalizable results (Marshall, 1996). Therefore it is instrument based, use performance data, attitude data, closed-ended questions, observation data, statistical analysis and statistical interpretation text analysis. Quantitative data collection methods are much more structured than Qualitative data collection methods. Quantitative data collection methods include various forms of surveys – online surveys, paper surveys, mobile surveys and kiosk surveys, face-to-face interviews, telephone interviews, longitudinal studies, website interceptors, online polls, and systematic observations (Jandagh, 2010).
Lastly, the qualitative and quantitative data can be merged into one large database or the results used side by side to reinforce each other (Creswell & Plano Clark, 2007).This produces what is called a mixed method. Basically, this method, seeks to address weakness of each individual method in regard of qualitative and quantitative research. Recognizing that all methods are not perfect, researchers feel that biases can be inherent in any single method. Therefore the basic aim of Mixed method is to neutralize or cancel the biases of the other methods. Greene (2007:13) cited in Johnson & Onwegbuzie (2004) has articulated that this approach provides researchers with opportunities to "…compensate for inherent method weaknesses, on inherent method strengths and offset inevitable method biases".
In conclusion, developing a better research requires a deep understanding of methods to be used. The decision of whether to choose a quantitative or a qualitative design is dependent on the nature of the study, the type of data needed, the context and, recourses availability for the study However, choosing appropriate method for a particular study also requires a clear understanding of the methods and serves a greater purpose of simplifying the process of conducting a study. By combining both methods, researcher may produce a clearly defined study which is neutral and free from bias.
Marshall, MN 1996, Sampling for Qualitative Research, Oxford University Press, p 5
Redman and Mory, The Romance of Research, 1923, p.10
Monfared and Derakhshan, 2015. The Comparison Qualitative and Quantitative Research. Indian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Life Sciences Vol. 5 (S2), pp.ISSN: 2231– 6345 1111-1117/Monfared and Derakhshan
SEEP-AIMS, 2000. Differences between qualitative and quantitative research methods
Creswell J W (2008). Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches RESEARCH DESIGN THIRD EDITION. University of Nebraska-Lincoln. Los Angeles, London New Delhi Singapore
Jandagh, G., (2010). Application of qualitative research in management (why, when and how). ranian Journal of Management Studies (IJMS) Vol 3. No.3. January 2010 pp: 59 – 74
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24193508572500 NLA University CollegeChallenges of the Immigrants from Nepal in Norway in Observing Nepalese Cultural Festivals 311594517939200 264795028162700360934025432200 Parmesh Malla Master's Thesis Master in Intercultural Studies NLA University College Bergen Supervised by
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Bogren, Richard C.
Burden Museum and Gardens announces springtime activities
Richard Bogren | 2/6/2019 4:04:41 PM
(02/06/19) BATON ROUGE, La. — A cold winter in Louisiana deserves to be followed by a warm spring. And Burden Museum & Gardens offers many activities to help people enjoy the changing season.
Special springtime events to remember
On Saturday, March 9, from 8 a.m. to 3 p.m., the LSU Rural Life Museum will present the Ione E. Burden Symposium featuring "Death Among the Magnolias." The program will take a journey back to the 18th through early 20th centuries with well-noted speakers on such topics as yellow fever "yellow jack", malaria, aging over 65, influenza and their treatments and customs. Speakers include: Elizabeth Schexnyder, Dr. Deanne Stephens, Dr. Trent James and Dr. Wright Kennedy. Admission is $40 and includes lunch and a reception.
On Saturdays, March 9 and April 13, children ages 3 to 8 can enjoy StoryTime in the Garden from 9 a.m. to noon in the LSU AgCenter Botanic Gardens. The morning will feature storybook readings and imagination-themed activities every half hour. The last reading begins at 11:30. StoryTime is sponsored by the Junior League of Baton Rouge. Admission is free.
On Saturday, March 23, from 8 a.m. to 2 p.m., the East Baton Rouge Master Gardeners will conduct their annual spring plant sale. The sale includes thousands of plants in hundreds of varieties of landscape ornamentals.The funds raised support activities such as plant health clinics, school gardens and educational classes for the community and various children's programs. This public event includes free admission.
On Saturday, March 30, from 3:30 to 6 p.m., Zapp's International Beerfest at the LSU Rural Life Museum will feature more than 200 foreign and domestic beers, ales and homebrews will be available for tasting. Limited to visitors 21 years of age and older, proper photo identification will be required to purchase tickets and enter the event. Non-alcoholic beverages will be available. General admission tickets are $35 each, and designated driver tickets are $20 each. Tickets at $100 for early entry at 2:30 p.m. include specialty beers and food from local restaurants. Tickets are available for purchase online at http://bit.ly/2CUas5G. For more information, call 225-765-2437.
On Saturday, April 6, from 9 to 11 a.m., the Botanic Gardens will present a guided pet painting class. Led by Violet Tremblay of Painting and Pinot, participants will be able to go home with a painted canvas of their pet. Registration closes on March 30. The cost is $55 per person. For more information, call 225-763-3990.
On Thursday, April 11, from 6 to 9 p.m., the LSU AgCenter Botanic Gardens will present Gourmet in the Garden. The evening will include food creations from local restaurants prepared with locally grown products along with samplings of beverages from local mixologists. The event is presented by the LSU AgCenter Botanic Gardens and the Louisiana Culinary Institute Foundation and sponsored in part by Republic National Distributing Company and Olinde Rentals. Tickets include samplings of food and cocktails along with live music. The cost is $50 per person before Feb. 15, $60 per person between Feb. 16 and March 31 and $70 thereafter. Tickets are available online at http://bit.ly/2WzzRui.
On Sunday, April 14, from 1:30 to 4 p.m., LSU Rural Life Museum will celebrate an Old-fashioned Easter Celebration. Children ages 2 through 8 will have the opportunity to enjoy customs associated with Easter in Louisiana by participating in many activities such as egg-dying, egg pacqu | [
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ing, egg races and, of course, an Easter egg hunt. Refreshments will be served throughout the day. Admission is $5 per person with children under 2 admitted at no charge.
On Friday, April 26, from 6:30 to 10 p.m., the LSU Rural Life Museum will present An Evening at Windrush. This elegant Southern supper will capture the spirit of days gone by at Windrush. Guests will enjoy cocktails at the Burden home, a seated supper and desserts and coffee on the museum grounds. Tickets are $150 per person, and reservations are required. Reservations and information are available by calling 225-765-2437.
On Saturday, May 4, from 8:30 to 11:30 a.m., the Children's Garden Festival will feature crafts, educational booths and sessions, snacks and gardening activities for children ages 6 to 12. An adult must accompany each child. Children will receive snacks and garden take-home crafts. Admission is $10 per vehicle. More information is available from Kitty Bull at kittybull@aol.com.
On Monday through Friday, May 13-17, the Botanic Gardens will celebrate national Public Gardens Week. Activities for all ages will be themed around the importance of our environment. Educational sessions will take place in the Ione E. Burden Conference Center, and local organizations will provide information on various plants. Check online at www.discoverburden.com for the lasts information on schedules and activities. The event is free and open to the public. National Public Gardens Week is a program supported by the American Public Gardens Association.
About Burden Museum & Gardens
Located at 4560 Essen Lane just off Interstate 10 in Baton Rouge, Burden Museum & Gardens is open daily from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. and includes the LSU Rural Life Museum, the LSU AgCenter Botanic Gardens and Windrush Gardens.
The LSU AgCenter Botanic Gardens is an expansive collection of specialty gardens, woodlands, wetlands and arboreta. Trees and Trails offers 3 miles of serene walking paths through the Burden Woods. The Rose Garden, Children's Garden and All-America Selections Display Garden showcase the beauty of plants and flowers and provide educational experiences for gardeners of all ages. No admission is charged to tour the gardens.
The LSU Rural Life Museum focuses on the ways of life of rural Louisiana during the 18th and 19th centuries. The museum also provides educational and research resources that advance an understanding of the material and cultural heritage of the region.
Adjacent to the Rural Life Museum, the historic Windrush Gardens comprises 5 acres of semiformal gardens of the Burden family.
Admission to the Botanic Gardens and Trees and Trails is free of charge and open daily 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. Admission to the Rural Life Museum is $10 for adults 12 to 61 and $9 for seniors and children 6 to 11. Admission to Windrush Gardens is $3 per person. Both are free for kids under 6. The LSU Rural Life Museum and Windrush Gardens are open daily 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. except major holidays.
For more information, visit www.discoverburden.com or call 225-763-3990.
Continuing activities include
Trees and Trails, a 3-mile system of pedestrian, recreational and educational trails in the Burden Woods, provides opportunities for hiking and interpretive and educational activities for youth and adults. The Mosaic Boardwalk at Black Swamp guides visitors through a hardwood swamp more than 200 years old. The trail system is open from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. every day.
The Children's Garden offers a place to learn about gardening and nutrition. This model garden also provides a location for youth-related organizations and individual families to experience the outdoors, focusing on vegetable, herb and butterfly garden plantings.
The Rose Garden is a part of the American Garden Rose Selections program, a nationwide network of approved public gardens, and the | [
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