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List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. | Depending on the systems within the network, initializing one of these scripts could apply to more than one or potentially all systems. | T1037.003 | Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. ### Input: Depending on the systems within the network, initializing one of these scripts could apply to more than one or potentially all systems. ### Response: T1037.003. |
List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. | Adversaries may use these scripts to maintain persistence on a network. | T1037.003 | Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. ### Input: Adversaries may use these scripts to maintain persistence on a network. ### Response: T1037.003. |
List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. | Depending on the access configuration of the logon scripts, either local credentials or an administrator account may be necessary. | T1037.003 | Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. ### Input: Depending on the access configuration of the logon scripts, either local credentials or an administrator account may be necessary. ### Response: T1037.003. |
List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. | Adversaries may use startup items automatically executed at boot initialization to establish persistence. | T1037.005 | Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. ### Input: Adversaries may use startup items automatically executed at boot initialization to establish persistence. ### Response: T1037.005. |
List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. | Startup items execute during the final phase of the boot process and contain shell scripts or other executable files along with configuration information used by the system to determine the execution order for all startup items.(Citation: Startup Items) | T1037.005 | Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. ### Input: Startup items execute during the final phase of the boot process and contain shell scripts or other executable files along with configuration information used by the system to determine the execution order for all startup items.(Citation: Startup Items) ### Response: T1037.005. |
List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. | This is technically a deprecated technology (superseded by [Launch Daemon](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1543/004)), and thus the appropriate folder, <code>/Library/StartupItems</code> isn’t guaranteed to exist on the system by default, but does appear to exist by default on macOS Sierra. | T1037.005 | Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. ### Input: This is technically a deprecated technology (superseded by [Launch Daemon](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1543/004)), and thus the appropriate folder, <code>/Library/StartupItems</code> isn’t guaranteed to exist on the system by default, but does appear to exist by default on macOS Sierra. ### Response: T1037.005. |
List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. | A startup item is a directory whose executable and configuration property list (plist), <code>StartupParameters.plist</code>, reside in the top-level directory. | T1037.005 | Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. ### Input: A startup item is a directory whose executable and configuration property list (plist), <code>StartupParameters.plist</code>, reside in the top-level directory. ### Response: T1037.005. |
List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. | An adversary can create the appropriate folders/files in the StartupItems directory to register their own persistence mechanism.(Citation: Methods of Mac Malware Persistence) | T1037.005 | Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. ### Input: An adversary can create the appropriate folders/files in the StartupItems directory to register their own persistence mechanism.(Citation: Methods of Mac Malware Persistence) ### Response: T1037.005. |
List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. | Additionally, since StartupItems run during the bootup phase of macOS, they will run as the elevated root user. | T1037.005 | Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. ### Input: Additionally, since StartupItems run during the bootup phase of macOS, they will run as the elevated root user. ### Response: T1037.005. |
List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. | Adversaries may use a Login Hook to establish persistence executed upon user logon. | T1037.002 | Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. ### Input: Adversaries may use a Login Hook to establish persistence executed upon user logon. ### Response: T1037.002. |
List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. | A login hook is a plist file that points to a specific script to execute with root privileges upon user logon. | T1037.002 | Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. ### Input: A login hook is a plist file that points to a specific script to execute with root privileges upon user logon. ### Response: T1037.002. |
List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. | The plist file is located in the <code>/Library/Preferences/com.apple.loginwindow.plist</code> file and can be modified using the <code>defaults</code> command-line utility. | T1037.002 | Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. ### Input: The plist file is located in the <code>/Library/Preferences/com.apple.loginwindow.plist</code> file and can be modified using the <code>defaults</code> command-line utility. ### Response: T1037.002. |
List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. | This behavior is the same for logout hooks where a script can be executed upon user logout. | T1037.002 | Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. ### Input: This behavior is the same for logout hooks where a script can be executed upon user logout. ### Response: T1037.002. |
List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. | All hooks require administrator permissions to modify or create hooks.(Citation: Login Scripts Apple Dev)(Citation: LoginWindowScripts Apple Dev) | T1037.002 | Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. ### Input: All hooks require administrator permissions to modify or create hooks.(Citation: Login Scripts Apple Dev)(Citation: LoginWindowScripts Apple Dev) ### Response: T1037.002. |
List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. | Adversaries can add or insert a path to a malicious script in the <code>com.apple.loginwindow.plist</code> file, using the <code>LoginHook</code> or <code>LogoutHook</code> key-value pair. | T1037.002 | Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. ### Input: Adversaries can add or insert a path to a malicious script in the <code>com.apple.loginwindow.plist</code> file, using the <code>LoginHook</code> or <code>LogoutHook</code> key-value pair. ### Response: T1037.002. |
List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. | The malicious script is executed upon the next user login. | T1037.002 | Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. ### Input: The malicious script is executed upon the next user login. ### Response: T1037.002. |
List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. | If a login hook already exists, adversaries can add additional commands to an existing login hook. | T1037.002 | Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. ### Input: If a login hook already exists, adversaries can add additional commands to an existing login hook. ### Response: T1037.002. |
List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. | There can be only one login and logout hook on a system at a time.(Citation: S1 macOs Persistence)(Citation: | T1037.002 | Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. ### Input: There can be only one login and logout hook on a system at a time.(Citation: S1 macOs Persistence)(Citation: ### Response: T1037.002. |
List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. | Wardle Persistence Chapter) | T1037.002 | Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. ### Input: Wardle Persistence Chapter) ### Response: T1037.002. |
List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. | **Note:** Login hooks were deprecated in 10.11 version of macOS in favor of [Launch Daemon](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1543/004) and [Launch Agent](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1543/001) | T1037.002 | Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. ### Input: **Note:** Login hooks were deprecated in 10.11 version of macOS in favor of [Launch Daemon](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1543/004) and [Launch Agent](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1543/001) ### Response: T1037.002. |
List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. | Adversaries may use scripts automatically executed at boot or logon initialization to establish persistence. | T1037 | Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. ### Input: Adversaries may use scripts automatically executed at boot or logon initialization to establish persistence. ### Response: T1037. |
List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. | Initialization scripts can be used to perform administrative functions, which may often execute other programs or send information to an internal logging server. | T1037 | Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. ### Input: Initialization scripts can be used to perform administrative functions, which may often execute other programs or send information to an internal logging server. ### Response: T1037. |
List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. | These scripts can vary based on operating system and whether applied locally or remotely. | T1037 | Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. ### Input: These scripts can vary based on operating system and whether applied locally or remotely. ### Response: T1037. |
List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. | Adversaries may use these scripts to maintain persistence on a single system. | T1037 | Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. ### Input: Adversaries may use these scripts to maintain persistence on a single system. ### Response: T1037. |
List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. | Depending on the access configuration of the logon scripts, either local credentials or an administrator account may be necessary. | T1037 | Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. ### Input: Depending on the access configuration of the logon scripts, either local credentials or an administrator account may be necessary. ### Response: T1037. |
List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. | An adversary may also be able to escalate their privileges since some boot or logon initialization scripts run with higher privileges. | T1037 | Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. ### Input: An adversary may also be able to escalate their privileges since some boot or logon initialization scripts run with higher privileges. ### Response: T1037. |
List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. | Adversaries may redirect network traffic to adversary-owned systems by spoofing Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) traffic and acting as a malicious DHCP server on the victim network. | T1557.003 | Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. ### Input: Adversaries may redirect network traffic to adversary-owned systems by spoofing Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) traffic and acting as a malicious DHCP server on the victim network. ### Response: T1557.003. |
List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. | By achieving the adversary-in-the-middle (AiTM) position, adversaries may collect network communications, including passed credentials, especially those sent over insecure, unencrypted protocols. | T1557.003 | Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. ### Input: By achieving the adversary-in-the-middle (AiTM) position, adversaries may collect network communications, including passed credentials, especially those sent over insecure, unencrypted protocols. ### Response: T1557.003. |
List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. | This may also enable follow-on behaviors such as [Network Sniffing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1040) or [Transmitted Data Manipulation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1565/002). | T1557.003 | Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. ### Input: This may also enable follow-on behaviors such as [Network Sniffing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1040) or [Transmitted Data Manipulation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1565/002). ### Response: T1557.003. |
List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. | DHCP is based on a client-server model and has two functionalities: a protocol for providing network configuration settings from a DHCP server to a client and a mechanism for allocating network addresses to clients.(Citation: rfc2131) | T1557.003 | Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. ### Input: DHCP is based on a client-server model and has two functionalities: a protocol for providing network configuration settings from a DHCP server to a client and a mechanism for allocating network addresses to clients.(Citation: rfc2131) ### Response: T1557.003. |
List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. | The typical server-client interaction is as follows:
1. | T1557.003 | Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. ### Input: The typical server-client interaction is as follows:
1. ### Response: T1557.003. |
List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. | The client broadcasts a `DISCOVER` message. | T1557.003 | Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. ### Input: The client broadcasts a `DISCOVER` message. ### Response: T1557.003. |
List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. | 2. | T1557.003 | Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. ### Input: 2. ### Response: T1557.003. |
List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. | The server responds with an `OFFER` message, which includes an available network address. | T1557.003 | Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. ### Input: The server responds with an `OFFER` message, which includes an available network address. ### Response: T1557.003. |
List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. | 3. | T1557.003 | Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. ### Input: 3. ### Response: T1557.003. |
List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. | The client broadcasts a `REQUEST` message, which includes the network address offered. | T1557.003 | Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. ### Input: The client broadcasts a `REQUEST` message, which includes the network address offered. ### Response: T1557.003. |
List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. | 4. | T1557.003 | Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. ### Input: 4. ### Response: T1557.003. |
List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. | The server acknowledges with an `ACK` message and the client receives the network configuration parameters. | T1557.003 | Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. ### Input: The server acknowledges with an `ACK` message and the client receives the network configuration parameters. ### Response: T1557.003. |
List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. | Adversaries may spoof as a rogue DHCP server on the victim network, from which legitimate hosts may receive malicious network configurations. | T1557.003 | Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. ### Input: Adversaries may spoof as a rogue DHCP server on the victim network, from which legitimate hosts may receive malicious network configurations. ### Response: T1557.003. |
List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. | For example, malware can act as a DHCP server and provide adversary-owned DNS servers to the victimized computers.(Citation: new_rogue_DHCP_serv_malware)(Citation: w32.tidserv.g) | T1557.003 | Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. ### Input: For example, malware can act as a DHCP server and provide adversary-owned DNS servers to the victimized computers.(Citation: new_rogue_DHCP_serv_malware)(Citation: w32.tidserv.g) ### Response: T1557.003. |
List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. | Through the malicious network configurations, an adversary may achieve the AiTM position, route client traffic through adversary-controlled systems, and collect information from the client network. | T1557.003 | Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. ### Input: Through the malicious network configurations, an adversary may achieve the AiTM position, route client traffic through adversary-controlled systems, and collect information from the client network. ### Response: T1557.003. |
List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. | DHCPv6 clients can receive network configuration information without being assigned an IP address by sending a <code>INFORMATION-REQUEST (code 11)</code> message to the <code>All_DHCP_Relay_Agents_and_Servers</code> multicast address.(Citation: rfc3315) Adversaries may use their rogue DHCP server to respond to this request message with malicious network configurations. | T1557.003 | Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. ### Input: DHCPv6 clients can receive network configuration information without being assigned an IP address by sending a <code>INFORMATION-REQUEST (code 11)</code> message to the <code>All_DHCP_Relay_Agents_and_Servers</code> multicast address.(Citation: rfc3315) Adversaries may use their rogue DHCP server to respond to this request message with malicious network configurations. ### Response: T1557.003. |
List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. | Rather than establishing an AiTM position, adversaries may also abuse DHCP spoofing to perform a DHCP exhaustion attack (i.e, [Service Exhaustion Flood](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1499/002)) | T1557.003 | Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. ### Input: Rather than establishing an AiTM position, adversaries may also abuse DHCP spoofing to perform a DHCP exhaustion attack (i.e, [Service Exhaustion Flood](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1499/002)) ### Response: T1557.003. |
List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. | by generating many broadcast DISCOVER messages to exhaust a network’s DHCP allocation pool. | T1557.003 | Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. ### Input: by generating many broadcast DISCOVER messages to exhaust a network’s DHCP allocation pool. ### Response: T1557.003. |
List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. | Adversaries may poison Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) caches to position themselves between the communication of two or more networked devices. | T1557.002 | Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. ### Input: Adversaries may poison Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) caches to position themselves between the communication of two or more networked devices. ### Response: T1557.002. |
List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. | This activity may be used to enable follow-on behaviors such as [Network Sniffing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1040) or [Transmitted Data Manipulation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1565/002). | T1557.002 | Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. ### Input: This activity may be used to enable follow-on behaviors such as [Network Sniffing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1040) or [Transmitted Data Manipulation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1565/002). ### Response: T1557.002. |
List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. | The ARP protocol is used to resolve IPv4 addresses to link layer addresses, such as a media access control (MAC) address.(Citation: RFC826 ARP) | T1557.002 | Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. ### Input: The ARP protocol is used to resolve IPv4 addresses to link layer addresses, such as a media access control (MAC) address.(Citation: RFC826 ARP) ### Response: T1557.002. |
List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. | Devices in a local network segment communicate with each other by using link layer addresses. | T1557.002 | Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. ### Input: Devices in a local network segment communicate with each other by using link layer addresses. ### Response: T1557.002. |
List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. | If a networked device does not have the link layer address of a particular networked device, it may send out a broadcast ARP request to the local network to translate the IP address to a MAC address. | T1557.002 | Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. ### Input: If a networked device does not have the link layer address of a particular networked device, it may send out a broadcast ARP request to the local network to translate the IP address to a MAC address. ### Response: T1557.002. |
List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. | The device with the associated IP address directly replies with its MAC address. | T1557.002 | Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. ### Input: The device with the associated IP address directly replies with its MAC address. ### Response: T1557.002. |
List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. | The networked device that made the ARP request will then use as well as store that information in its ARP cache. | T1557.002 | Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. ### Input: The networked device that made the ARP request will then use as well as store that information in its ARP cache. ### Response: T1557.002. |
List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. | An adversary may passively wait for an ARP request to poison the ARP cache of the requesting device. | T1557.002 | Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. ### Input: An adversary may passively wait for an ARP request to poison the ARP cache of the requesting device. ### Response: T1557.002. |
List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. | The adversary may reply with their MAC address, thus deceiving the victim by making them believe that they are communicating with the intended networked device. | T1557.002 | Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. ### Input: The adversary may reply with their MAC address, thus deceiving the victim by making them believe that they are communicating with the intended networked device. ### Response: T1557.002. |
List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. | For the adversary to poison the ARP cache, their reply must be faster than the one made by the legitimate IP address owner. | T1557.002 | Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. ### Input: For the adversary to poison the ARP cache, their reply must be faster than the one made by the legitimate IP address owner. ### Response: T1557.002. |
List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. | Adversaries may also send a gratuitous ARP reply that maliciously announces the ownership of a particular IP address to all the devices in the local network segment. | T1557.002 | Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. ### Input: Adversaries may also send a gratuitous ARP reply that maliciously announces the ownership of a particular IP address to all the devices in the local network segment. ### Response: T1557.002. |
List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. | The ARP protocol is stateless and does not require authentication. | T1557.002 | Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. ### Input: The ARP protocol is stateless and does not require authentication. ### Response: T1557.002. |
List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. | Therefore, devices may wrongly add or update the MAC address of the IP address in their ARP cache.(Citation: Sans ARP Spoofing Aug 2003)(Citation: | T1557.002 | Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. ### Input: Therefore, devices may wrongly add or update the MAC address of the IP address in their ARP cache.(Citation: Sans ARP Spoofing Aug 2003)(Citation: ### Response: T1557.002. |
List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. | Cylance Cleaver) | T1557.002 | Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. ### Input: Cylance Cleaver) ### Response: T1557.002. |
List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. | Adversaries may use ARP cache poisoning as a means to intercept network traffic. | T1557.002 | Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. ### Input: Adversaries may use ARP cache poisoning as a means to intercept network traffic. ### Response: T1557.002. |
List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. | This activity may be used to collect and/or relay data such as credentials, especially those sent over an insecure, unencrypted protocol.(Citation: | T1557.002 | Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. ### Input: This activity may be used to collect and/or relay data such as credentials, especially those sent over an insecure, unencrypted protocol.(Citation: ### Response: T1557.002. |
List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. | Sans ARP Spoofing Aug 2003) | T1557.002 | Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. ### Input: Sans ARP Spoofing Aug 2003) ### Response: T1557.002. |
List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. | By responding to LLMNR/NBT-NS network traffic, adversaries may spoof an authoritative source for name resolution to force communication with an adversary controlled system. | T1557.001 | Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. ### Input: By responding to LLMNR/NBT-NS network traffic, adversaries may spoof an authoritative source for name resolution to force communication with an adversary controlled system. ### Response: T1557.001. |
List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. | This activity may be used to collect or relay authentication materials. | T1557.001 | Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. ### Input: This activity may be used to collect or relay authentication materials. ### Response: T1557.001. |
List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. | Link-Local Multicast Name Resolution (LLMNR) and NetBIOS Name Service (NBT-NS) are Microsoft Windows components that serve as alternate methods of host identification. | T1557.001 | Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. ### Input: Link-Local Multicast Name Resolution (LLMNR) and NetBIOS Name Service (NBT-NS) are Microsoft Windows components that serve as alternate methods of host identification. ### Response: T1557.001. |
List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. | LLMNR is based upon the Domain Name System (DNS) format and allows hosts on the same local link to perform name resolution for other hosts. | T1557.001 | Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. ### Input: LLMNR is based upon the Domain Name System (DNS) format and allows hosts on the same local link to perform name resolution for other hosts. ### Response: T1557.001. |
List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. | NBT-NS identifies systems on a local network by their NetBIOS name. | T1557.001 | Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. ### Input: NBT-NS identifies systems on a local network by their NetBIOS name. ### Response: T1557.001. |
List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. | (Citation: Wikipedia LLMNR)(Citation: TechNet NetBIOS) | T1557.001 | Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. ### Input: (Citation: Wikipedia LLMNR)(Citation: TechNet NetBIOS) ### Response: T1557.001. |
List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. | Adversaries can spoof an authoritative source for name resolution on a victim network by responding to LLMNR (UDP 5355)/NBT-NS (UDP 137) traffic as if they know the identity of the requested host, effectively poisoning the service so that the victims will communicate with the adversary controlled system. | T1557.001 | Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. ### Input: Adversaries can spoof an authoritative source for name resolution on a victim network by responding to LLMNR (UDP 5355)/NBT-NS (UDP 137) traffic as if they know the identity of the requested host, effectively poisoning the service so that the victims will communicate with the adversary controlled system. ### Response: T1557.001. |
List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. | If the requested host belongs to a resource that requires identification/authentication, the username and NTLMv2 hash will then be sent to the adversary controlled system. | T1557.001 | Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. ### Input: If the requested host belongs to a resource that requires identification/authentication, the username and NTLMv2 hash will then be sent to the adversary controlled system. ### Response: T1557.001. |
List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. | The adversary can then collect the hash information sent over the wire through tools that monitor the ports for traffic or through [Network Sniffing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1040) and crack the hashes offline through [Brute Force](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1110) to obtain the plaintext passwords. | T1557.001 | Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. ### Input: The adversary can then collect the hash information sent over the wire through tools that monitor the ports for traffic or through [Network Sniffing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1040) and crack the hashes offline through [Brute Force](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1110) to obtain the plaintext passwords. ### Response: T1557.001. |
List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. | In some cases where an adversary has access to a system that is in the authentication path between systems or when automated scans that use credentials attempt to authenticate to an adversary controlled system, the NTLMv1/v2 hashes can be intercepted and relayed to access and execute code against a target system. | T1557.001 | Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. ### Input: In some cases where an adversary has access to a system that is in the authentication path between systems or when automated scans that use credentials attempt to authenticate to an adversary controlled system, the NTLMv1/v2 hashes can be intercepted and relayed to access and execute code against a target system. ### Response: T1557.001. |
List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. | The relay step can happen in conjunction with poisoning but may also be independent of it.(Citation: byt3bl33d3r NTLM Relaying)(Citation: Secure Ideas SMB Relay) | T1557.001 | Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. ### Input: The relay step can happen in conjunction with poisoning but may also be independent of it.(Citation: byt3bl33d3r NTLM Relaying)(Citation: Secure Ideas SMB Relay) ### Response: T1557.001. |
List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. | Additionally, adversaries may encapsulate the NTLMv1/v2 hashes into various protocols, such as LDAP, SMB, MSSQL and HTTP, to expand and use multiple services with the valid NTLM response. | T1557.001 | Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. ### Input: Additionally, adversaries may encapsulate the NTLMv1/v2 hashes into various protocols, such as LDAP, SMB, MSSQL and HTTP, to expand and use multiple services with the valid NTLM response. ### Response: T1557.001. |
List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. | Several tools may be used to poison name services within local networks such as NBNSpoof, Metasploit, and [Responder](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0174).(Citation: | T1557.001 | Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. ### Input: Several tools may be used to poison name services within local networks such as NBNSpoof, Metasploit, and [Responder](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0174).(Citation: ### Response: T1557.001. |
List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. | GitHub NBNSpoof)(Citation: Rapid7 | T1557.001 | Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. ### Input: GitHub NBNSpoof)(Citation: Rapid7 ### Response: T1557.001. |
List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. | LLMNR Spoofer)(Citation: GitHub Responder) | T1557.001 | Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. ### Input: LLMNR Spoofer)(Citation: GitHub Responder) ### Response: T1557.001. |
List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. | Adversaries may attempt to position themselves between two or more networked devices using an adversary-in-the-middle (AiTM) technique to support follow-on behaviors such as [Network Sniffing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1040), | T1557 | Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. ### Input: Adversaries may attempt to position themselves between two or more networked devices using an adversary-in-the-middle (AiTM) technique to support follow-on behaviors such as [Network Sniffing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1040), ### Response: T1557. |
List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. | [Transmitted Data Manipulation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1565/002), or replay attacks ([Exploitation for Credential Access](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1212)). | T1557 | Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. ### Input: [Transmitted Data Manipulation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1565/002), or replay attacks ([Exploitation for Credential Access](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1212)). ### Response: T1557. |
List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. | By abusing features of common networking protocols that can determine the flow of network traffic (e.g. ARP, DNS, LLMNR, etc.), adversaries may force a device to communicate through an adversary controlled system so they can collect information or perform additional actions.(Citation: Rapid7 MiTM Basics) | T1557 | Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. ### Input: By abusing features of common networking protocols that can determine the flow of network traffic (e.g. ARP, DNS, LLMNR, etc.), adversaries may force a device to communicate through an adversary controlled system so they can collect information or perform additional actions.(Citation: Rapid7 MiTM Basics) ### Response: T1557. |
List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. | For example, adversaries may manipulate victim DNS settings to enable other malicious activities such as preventing/redirecting users from accessing legitimate sites and/or pushing additional malware.(Citation: ttint_rat)(Citation: dns_changer_trojans)(Citation: ad_blocker_with_miner) | T1557 | Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. ### Input: For example, adversaries may manipulate victim DNS settings to enable other malicious activities such as preventing/redirecting users from accessing legitimate sites and/or pushing additional malware.(Citation: ttint_rat)(Citation: dns_changer_trojans)(Citation: ad_blocker_with_miner) ### Response: T1557. |
List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. | Adversaries may also manipulate DNS and leverage their position in order to intercept user credentials and session cookies.(Citation: volexity_0day_sophos_FW) | T1557 | Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. ### Input: Adversaries may also manipulate DNS and leverage their position in order to intercept user credentials and session cookies.(Citation: volexity_0day_sophos_FW) ### Response: T1557. |
List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. | [Downgrade Attack](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1562/010)s can also be used to establish an AiTM position, such as by negotiating a less secure, deprecated, or weaker version of communication protocol (SSL/TLS) or encryption algorithm.(Citation: mitm_tls_downgrade_att)(Citation: taxonomy_downgrade_att_tls)(Citation: tlseminar_downgrade_att) | T1557 | Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. ### Input: [Downgrade Attack](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1562/010)s can also be used to establish an AiTM position, such as by negotiating a less secure, deprecated, or weaker version of communication protocol (SSL/TLS) or encryption algorithm.(Citation: mitm_tls_downgrade_att)(Citation: taxonomy_downgrade_att_tls)(Citation: tlseminar_downgrade_att) ### Response: T1557. |
List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. | Adversaries may also leverage the AiTM position to attempt to monitor and/or modify traffic, such as in [Transmitted Data Manipulation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1565/002). | T1557 | Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. ### Input: Adversaries may also leverage the AiTM position to attempt to monitor and/or modify traffic, such as in [Transmitted Data Manipulation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1565/002). ### Response: T1557. |
List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. | Adversaries can setup a position similar to AiTM to prevent traffic from flowing to the appropriate destination, potentially to [Impair Defenses](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1562) and/or in support of a [Network Denial of Service](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1498). | T1557 | Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. ### Input: Adversaries can setup a position similar to AiTM to prevent traffic from flowing to the appropriate destination, potentially to [Impair Defenses](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1562) and/or in support of a [Network Denial of Service](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1498). ### Response: T1557. |
List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. | Adversaries may attempt to identify the primary user, currently logged in user, set of users that commonly uses a system, or whether a user is actively using the system. | T1033 | Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. ### Input: Adversaries may attempt to identify the primary user, currently logged in user, set of users that commonly uses a system, or whether a user is actively using the system. ### Response: T1033. |
List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. | They may do this, for example, by retrieving account usernames or by using [OS Credential Dumping](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003). | T1033 | Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. ### Input: They may do this, for example, by retrieving account usernames or by using [OS Credential Dumping](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003). ### Response: T1033. |
List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. | The information may be collected in a number of different ways using other Discovery techniques, because user and username details are prevalent throughout a system and include running process ownership, file/directory ownership, session information, and system logs. | T1033 | Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. ### Input: The information may be collected in a number of different ways using other Discovery techniques, because user and username details are prevalent throughout a system and include running process ownership, file/directory ownership, session information, and system logs. ### Response: T1033. |
List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. | Adversaries may use the information from [System Owner/User Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1033) during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors, including whether or not the adversary fully infects the target and/or attempts specific actions. | T1033 | Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. ### Input: Adversaries may use the information from [System Owner/User Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1033) during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors, including whether or not the adversary fully infects the target and/or attempts specific actions. ### Response: T1033. |
List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. | Various utilities and commands may acquire this information, including <code>whoami</code>. | T1033 | Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. ### Input: Various utilities and commands may acquire this information, including <code>whoami</code>. ### Response: T1033. |
List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. | In macOS and Linux, the currently logged in user can be identified with <code>w</code> and <code>who</code>. | T1033 | Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. ### Input: In macOS and Linux, the currently logged in user can be identified with <code>w</code> and <code>who</code>. ### Response: T1033. |
List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. | On macOS the <code>dscl . | T1033 | Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. ### Input: On macOS the <code>dscl . ### Response: T1033. |
List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. | list /Users | grep -v '_'</code> command can also be used to enumerate user accounts. | T1033 | Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. ### Input: list /Users | grep -v '_'</code> command can also be used to enumerate user accounts. ### Response: T1033. |
List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. | Environment variables, such as <code>%USERNAME%</code> and <code>$USER</code>, may also be used to access this information. | T1033 | Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. ### Input: Environment variables, such as <code>%USERNAME%</code> and <code>$USER</code>, may also be used to access this information. ### Response: T1033. |
List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. | On network devices, [Network Device CLI](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/008) commands such as `show users` and `show ssh` can be used to display users currently logged into the device.(Citation: show_ssh_users_cmd_cisco)(Citation: US-CERT TA18-106A Network Infrastructure Devices 2018) | T1033 | Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. ### Input: On network devices, [Network Device CLI](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/008) commands such as `show users` and `show ssh` can be used to display users currently logged into the device.(Citation: show_ssh_users_cmd_cisco)(Citation: US-CERT TA18-106A Network Infrastructure Devices 2018) ### Response: T1033. |
List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. | Adversaries may purchase online advertisements that can be abused to distribute malware to victims. | T1583.008 | Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. ### Input: Adversaries may purchase online advertisements that can be abused to distribute malware to victims. ### Response: T1583.008. |
List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. | Ads can be purchased to plant as well as favorably position artifacts in specific locations online, such as prominently placed within search engine results. | T1583.008 | Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. ### Input: Ads can be purchased to plant as well as favorably position artifacts in specific locations online, such as prominently placed within search engine results. ### Response: T1583.008. |
List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. | These ads may make it more difficult for users to distinguish between actual search results and advertisements.(Citation: spamhaus-malvertising) Purchased ads may also target specific audiences using the advertising network’s capabilities, potentially further taking advantage of the trust inherently given to search engines and popular websites. | T1583.008 | Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. ### Input: These ads may make it more difficult for users to distinguish between actual search results and advertisements.(Citation: spamhaus-malvertising) Purchased ads may also target specific audiences using the advertising network’s capabilities, potentially further taking advantage of the trust inherently given to search engines and popular websites. ### Response: T1583.008. |
List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. | Adversaries may purchase ads and other resources to help distribute artifacts containing malicious code to victims. | T1583.008 | Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. ### Input: Adversaries may purchase ads and other resources to help distribute artifacts containing malicious code to victims. ### Response: T1583.008. |
List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. | Purchased ads may attempt to impersonate or spoof well-known brands. | T1583.008 | Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. ### Input: Purchased ads may attempt to impersonate or spoof well-known brands. ### Response: T1583.008. |
List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. | For example, these spoofed ads may trick victims into clicking the ad which could then send them to a malicious domain that may be a clone of official websites containing trojanized versions of the advertised software.(Citation: Masquerads-Guardio)(Citation: FBI-search) Adversary’s efforts to create malicious domains and purchase advertisements may also be automated at scale to better resist cleanup efforts.(Citation: sentinelone-malvertising) | T1583.008 | Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: List the MITRE techniques contained in the text. ### Input: For example, these spoofed ads may trick victims into clicking the ad which could then send them to a malicious domain that may be a clone of official websites containing trojanized versions of the advertised software.(Citation: Masquerads-Guardio)(Citation: FBI-search) Adversary’s efforts to create malicious domains and purchase advertisements may also be automated at scale to better resist cleanup efforts.(Citation: sentinelone-malvertising) ### Response: T1583.008. |