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48252483

10.1051/m2an/2010045

International audienceWe consider a Vlasov-Fokker-Planck equation governing the evolution of the density of interacting and diffusive matter in the space of positions and velocities. We use a probabilistic interpretation to obtain convergence towards equilibrium in Wasserstein distance with an explicit exponential rate. We also prove a propagation of chaos property for an associated particle system, and give rates on the approximation of the solution by the particle system. Finally, a transportation inequality for the distribution of the particle system leads to quantitative deviation bounds on the approximation of the equilibrium solution of the equation by an empirical mean of the particles at given time

Trend to equilibrium and particle approximation for a weakly selfconsistent Vlasov-Fokker-Planck equation

trend to equilibrium and particle approximation for a weakly selfconsistent vlasov-fokker-planck equation

audiencewe vlasov fokker planck governing interacting diffusive velocities. probabilistic wasserstein exponential rate. propagation chaos system. transportation inequality bounds

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49271273

10.1007/978-3-319-23820-3_8

International audienceUniversities and other educational organizations are adopting computer based assessment tools (herein called e-exams) to reach larger and ubiquitous audiences. While this makes examination tests more accessible, it exposes them to unprecedented threats not only from candidates but also from authorities , which organize exams and deliver marks. Thus, e-exams must be checked to detect potential irregularities. In this paper, we propose several monitors, expressed as Quantified Event Automata (QEA), to monitor the main properties of e-exams. Then, we implement the monitors using MarQ, a recent Java tool designed to support QEAs. Finally, we apply our monitors to logged data from real e-exams conducted by Université Joseph Fourier at pharmacy faculty, as a part of Epreuves Classantes Nationales informatisées , a pioneering project which aims to realize all french medicine exams electronically by 2016. Our monitors found discrepancies between the specification and the implementation

Monitoring Electronic Exams

monitoring electronic exams

audienceuniversities educational organizations adopting herein exams ubiquitous audiences. examination accessible exposes unprecedented threats candidates authorities organize exams deliver marks. exams checked detect irregularities. propose monitors quantified automata monitor exams. implement monitors marq java qeas. monitors logged exams université joseph fourier pharmacy faculty epreuves classantes nationales informatisées pioneering aims realize french exams electronically monitors discrepancies specification

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49289794

10.1016/j.epsl.2013.05.044

International audienceDykes often grow next to other dykes, evidenced by the widespread occurrence of dyke swarms that comprise many closely-spaced dykes. In giant dyke swarms, dykes are observed to maintain a finite spacing from their neighbors that is tens to hundreds of times smaller than their length. To date, mechanical models have not been able to clarify whether there exists an optimum, or natural spacing between the dykes. And yet, the existence of a natural spacing is at the heart of why dykes grow in swarms in the first place. Here we present and examine a mechanical model for the horizontal propagation of multiple, closely-spaced blade-like dykes in order to find energetically optimal dyke spacings associated with both constant pressure and constant influx magma sources. We show that the constant pressure source leads to an optimal spacing that is equal to the height of the blade-like dykes. We also show that the constant influx source leads to two candidates for an optimal spacing, one which is expected to be around 0.3 times the dyke height and the other which is expected to be around 2.5 times the dyke height. Comparison with measurements from dyke swarms in Iceland and Canada lend initial support to our predictions, and we conclude that dyke swarms are indeed expected to have a natural spacing between first generation dykes and that this spacing scales with, and is on the order of, the height of the blade-like dykes that comprise the swarm

Analytical Predictions for a Natural Spacing within Dyke Swarms

analytical predictions for a natural spacing within dyke swarms

audiencedykes grow dykes evidenced widespread occurrence dyke swarms comprise closely spaced dykes. giant dyke swarms dykes maintain spacing neighbors tens hundreds length. clarify optimum spacing dykes. spacing dykes grow swarms place. examine propagation closely spaced blade dykes energetically dyke spacings influx magma sources. spacing blade dykes. influx candidates spacing dyke dyke height. dyke swarms iceland canada lend dyke swarms spacing dykes spacing blade dykes comprise swarm

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49292643

10.1016/j.jecp.2008.07.006

International audienceThis study investigates whether the production and the recognition of liaison sequences in children depend on the singular/plural orientation of nouns. Certain nouns occur more frequently in the plural (e.g., arbre "tree") whereas others are found more often in the singular (e.g., arc-en-ciel "rainbow"). In the input, children more frequently encounter these plural-oriented nouns after determiners which indicate plurality (e.g., les, des, "the", deux, "two", etc.) and which are often associated with a /z/ liaison [døzarbr],"two trees". In experiment 1, 122 children (aged from 3;2 to 6;3) were asked to produce nominal phrases with either /z/ liaisons (i.e., in plural contexts like deux ours [døzurs],"two bears") or with /n/ liaisons (i.e., in singular contexts like un ours [oenurs],"one bear"). We found correlations between the plural-orientation of the nouns and (1) the probability that they will be preceded by an incorrect /z/ liaison in singular contexts (2) the probability that they will be preceded by a correct /z/ liaison in the plural context. This result was however restricted to the younger children. In experiment 2, 20 children (aged from 5;5 to 6;3) were asked to monitor target words in auditorily presented sentences. The results showed shorter responses times for singular-oriented nouns when preceded by singular determiners than when preceded by plural determiners. Conversely, plural-oriented nouns were responded to faster when preceded by a plural determiner than by a singular determiner. Results are discussed within the framework of a two-stage model of liaison acquisition recently proposed by Chevrot, Chabanal and Dugua (2007) and Chevrot, Dugua and Fayol (2009)

Usage-based account of the acquisition of liaison: evidence from sensitivity to plural / singular orientation of nouns

usage-based account of the acquisition of liaison: evidence from sensitivity to plural / singular orientation of nouns

audiencethis investigates recognition liaison singular plural nouns. nouns frequently plural e.g. arbre singular e.g. ciel rainbow frequently encounter plural oriented nouns determiners plurality e.g. deux etc. liaison døzarbr trees aged asked nominal phrases liaisons i.e. plural contexts deux døzurs bears liaisons i.e. singular contexts oenurs bear plural nouns preceded incorrect liaison singular contexts preceded liaison plural context. restricted younger children. aged asked monitor auditorily sentences. shorter singular oriented nouns preceded singular determiners preceded plural determiners. conversely plural oriented nouns responded faster preceded plural determiner singular determiner. liaison acquisition chevrot chabanal dugua chevrot dugua fayol

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50531271

10.1098/rsta.2002.1071

International audienceIn this paper, we study the travelling gravity waves in a system of two layers of perfect fluids, the bottom one being infinitely deep, the upper one having a finite thickness h. We assume that the flow is potential, and the dimensionless parameters are the ratio between densities ρ = ρ 2 /ρ 1 and λ = gh/c^2. We study special values of the parameters such that λ(1 − ρ) is near 1 − , where a bifurcation of a new type occurs. We formulate the problem as a spatial reversible dynamical system, where U = 0 corresponds to a uniform state (velocity c in a moving reference frame), and we consider the linearized operator around 0. We show that its spectrum contains the entire real axis (essential spectrum), with in addition a double eigenvalue in 0, a pair of simple imaginary eigenvalues ±iλ at a distance O(1) from 0, and for λ(1 − ρ) above 1, another pair of simple imaginary eigenvalues tending towards 0 as λ(1 − ρ) → 1 +. When λ(1 − ρ) ≤ 1 this pair disappears into the essential spectrum. The rest of the spectrum lies at a distance at least O(1) from the imaginary axis. We show in this paper that for λ(1 − ρ) close to 1 − , there is a family of periodic solutions like in the Lyapunov-Devaney theorem (despite the resonance due to the point 0 in the spectrum). Moreover, showing that the full system can be seen as a perturbation of the Benjamin-Ono equation, coupled with a nonlinear oscillation, we also prove the existence of a family of homoclinic connections to these periodic orbits, provided that these ones are not too small

Gravity travelling waves for two superposed fluid layers, one being of infinite depth: a new type of bifurcation

gravity travelling waves for two superposed fluid layers, one being of infinite depth: a new type of bifurcation

audiencein travelling perfect fluids infinitely dimensionless densities bifurcation occurs. formulate reversible moving linearized eigenvalue imaginary eigenvalues imaginary eigenvalues tending disappears spectrum. lies imaginary axis. lyapunov devaney perturbation benjamin oscillation homoclinic connections orbits

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50568650

10.1016/j.tips.2016.01.006

Nox/Duox NADPH oxidases are now considered the primary, regulated sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS). These enzymes are expressed in diverse cells and tissues, and their products are essential in several physiological settings. Knockout mouse models are instrumental in identifying the physiological functions of Nox/Duox enzymes as well as in exploring the impact of their pharmacological targeting on disease progression. The currently available data from experiments on knockout animals suggest that the lack of non-phagocytic Nox/Duox enzymes often modifies the course and phenotype in many disease models. Nevertheless, as illustrated by studies on Nox4-deficient animals, the absence of Nox-derived ROS can also lead to aggravated disease manifestation, reinforcing the need for a more balanced view on the role of ROS in health and disease. Members of the Nox/Duox NADPH oxidase family produce ROS in a regulated manner in several different cells and tissues.Pharmacological inhibition of non-phagocytic Nox/Duox enzymes might have therapeutic potential.Several studies have described the disease-modifying phenotypes of Nox1 and Nox4 knockouts.The lack of Nox4-derived ROS can lead to aggravated disease development, which is in contrast to the prevailing dogma that considers ROS to be generally harmful. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd

Nox/Duox Family of NADPH Oxidases: Lessons from Knockout Mouse Models

nox/duox family of nadph oxidases: lessons from knockout mouse models

duox nadph oxidases regulated reactive enzymes diverse tissues physiological settings. knockout instrumental identifying physiological duox enzymes exploring pharmacological targeting progression. knockout phagocytic duox enzymes modifies phenotype models. nevertheless illustrated deficient aggravated manifestation reinforcing balanced disease. duox nadph oxidase regulated manner tissues.pharmacological phagocytic duox enzymes therapeutic veral modifying phenotypes knockouts.the aggravated prevailing dogma considers harmful.

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51440610

10.1098/rsob.160080

International audienceTermites are among the few animals that themselves can digest the most abundant organic polymer, cellulose, into glucose. In mice and Drosophila, glucose can activate genes via the transcription factor carbohydrate-responsive element-binding protein (ChREBP) to induce glucose utilization and de novo lipogenesis. Here, we identify a termite orthologue of ChREBP and its downstream lipogenic targets, including acetyl-CoA carboxylase and fatty acid synthase. We show that all of these genes, including ChREBP, are upregulated in mature queens compared with kings, sterile workers and soldiers in eight different termite species. ChREBP is expressed in several tissues, including ovaries and fat bodies, and increases in expression in totipotent workers during their differentiation into neotenic mature queens. We further show that ChREBP is regulated by a carbohydrate diet in termite queens. Suppression of the lipogenic pathway by a pharmacological agent in queens elicits the same behavioural alterations in sterile workers as observed in queenless colonies, supporting that the ChREBP pathway partakes in the biosynthesis of semiochemicals that convey the signal of the presence of a fertile queen. Our results highlight ChREBP as a likely key factor for the regulation and signalling of queen fertility

The role of the glucose-sensing transcription factor carbohydrate-responsive element-binding protein pathway in termite queen fertility.

the role of the glucose-sensing transcription factor carbohydrate-responsive element-binding protein pathway in termite queen fertility.

audiencetermites digest abundant polymer cellulose glucose. drosophila glucose activate carbohydrate responsive chrebp induce glucose utilization novo lipogenesis. termite orthologue chrebp downstream lipogenic targets acetyl carboxylase fatty synthase. chrebp upregulated mature queens kings sterile workers soldiers eight termite species. chrebp tissues ovaries bodies totipotent workers neotenic mature queens. chrebp regulated carbohydrate diet termite queens. suppression lipogenic pharmacological agent queens elicits behavioural alterations sterile workers queenless colonies supporting chrebp partakes biosynthesis semiochemicals convey fertile queen. highlight chrebp signalling queen fertility

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52129728

10.1080/11035897.2015.1085434

Manual extraction of topographic features from Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) images is a quick, cost effective and powerful tool to produce lineament maps of fractured basement areas. This commonly used technique, however, suffers from several biases. In this contribution, we present the influence of (1) scale, (2) illumination azimuth and (3) operator, which significantly affect results of remote sensing expressed as number, orientation and length of the mapped lineaments. Six operators (N1–N6) with differing experience in remote sensing and different Earth sciences backgrounds mapped the same LiDAR DEM of a fractured bedrock terrain located in western Norway at three different scales (1:20.000, 1:10.000, 1:5.000) and illuminated from three different azimuths (045°, 180°, 315°). The 54 lineament maps show considerable output variability depending on the three factors: (1) at larger scales, both the number and the orientation variability of picked lineaments increase, whereas the line lengths generally decrease. (2) Linear features oriented perpendicular to the source of illumination are preferentially enhanced. (3) Inter-operator result reproducibility is generally poor. Operators have different perceptions of what is a lineament. Ironically, this is particularly obvious for the results of the “most experienced” operators, seemingly reflecting a stronger conceptual bias of what lineaments are and an operational bias on how they should be mapped. Based on these results, we suggest guidelines aimed to improve the reliability of remote sensing lineament interpretations.This is an Accepted Manuscript of an article published by Taylor & Francis in GFF Volume 137, Issue 4, 2015 Special Issue: Unraveling Scandinavian Geomorphology: The LIDAR revolution. DOI:10.1080/11035897.2015.108543

Manual extraction of bedrock lineaments from high-resolution LiDAR data: methodological bias and human perception

manual extraction of bedrock lineaments from high-resolution lidar data: methodological bias and human perception

manual extraction topographic ranging lidar quick powerful lineament fractured basement areas. commonly suffers biases. illumination azimuth remote sensing mapped lineaments. differing remote sensing earth backgrounds mapped lidar fractured bedrock terrain norway illuminated azimuths lineament considerable picked lineaments lengths decrease. oriented perpendicular illumination preferentially enhanced. reproducibility poor. perceptions lineament. ironically obvious “most experienced” seemingly reflecting stronger conceptual lineaments operational mapped. guidelines aimed reliability remote sensing lineament interpretations.this taylor francis unraveling scandinavian geomorphology lidar revolution.

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5217575

10.1016/b0-12-227090-8/00193-7

Located in Princeton, New Jersey, GFDL conducts research where the goal is to expand the scientific understanding of the physical processes that govern the behavior of the atmosphere and the oceans as complex fluid systems. Site provides information on current research projects, faculty and staff, requesting data, and educational programs. The Gallery provides exceptional figures and animations of hurricanes, temperature models, and more. Educational levels: High school, Graduate or professional

Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory

geophysical fluid dynamics laboratory

princeton jersey gfdl conducts goal expand govern atmosphere oceans systems. projects faculty staff requesting educational programs. gallery exceptional animations hurricanes more. educational graduate professional

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52194149

10.1097/CCM.0b013e3182a63b5d

International audienceOBJECTIVES: Ultrafast and whole-body cooling can be induced by total liquid ventilation with temperature-controlled perfluorocarbons. Our goal was to determine whether this can afford maximal cardio- and neuroprotections through cooling rapidity when coronary occlusion is complicated by cardiac arrest. DESIGN: Prospective, randomized animal study. SETTING: Academic research laboratory. SUBJECTS: Male New Zealand rabbits. INTERVENTIONS: Chronically instrumented rabbits were submitted to coronary artery occlusion and ventricular fibrillation. After 8 minutes of cardiac arrest, animals were resuscitated and submitted to a normothermic follow-up (control group) or to 3 hours of mild hypothermia induced by total liquid ventilation (total liquid ventilation group) or by combination of cold saline infusion and cold blankets application (saline group). Coronary reperfusion was permitted 40 minutes after the onset of occlusion. After awakening, rabbits were followed up during 7 days. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Ten animals were resuscitated in each group. In the control group, all animals secondarily died of cardiac/respiratory failure (8 of 10) or neurological dysfunction (2 of 10). In the saline group, the target temperature of 32°C was achieved within 30-45 minutes after cooling initiation. This slightly reduced infarct size versus control (41% ± 16% vs 54% ± 8% of risk zone, respectively; p < 0.05) but failed to significantly improve cardiac output, neurological recovery, and survival rate (three survivors, six death from cardiac/respiratory failure, and one from neurological dysfunction). Conversely, the 32°C temperature was achieved within 5-10 minutes in the total liquid ventilation group. This led to a dramatic reduction in infarct size (13% ± 4%; p < 0.05 vs other groups) and improvements in cardiac output, neurological recovery, and survival (eight survivors, two deaths from cardiac/respiratory failure). CONCLUSIONS: Achieving hypothermia rapidly is critical to improve the cardiovascular outcome after cardiac arrest with underlying myocardial infarction

Hypothermic liquid ventilation prevents early hemodynamic dysfunction and cardiovascular mortality after coronary artery occlusion complicated by cardiac arrest in rabbits.

hypothermic liquid ventilation prevents early hemodynamic dysfunction and cardiovascular mortality after coronary artery occlusion complicated by cardiac arrest in rabbits.

audienceobjectives ultrafast cooling ventilation perfluorocarbons. goal afford maximal cardio neuroprotections cooling rapidity coronary occlusion complicated arrest. prospective randomized study. academic laboratory. zealand rabbits. interventions chronically instrumented rabbits submitted coronary artery occlusion ventricular fibrillation. minutes arrest resuscitated submitted normothermic mild hypothermia ventilation ventilation cold saline infusion cold blankets saline coronary reperfusion permitted minutes onset occlusion. awakening rabbits days. resuscitated group. secondarily died respiratory neurological dysfunction saline minutes cooling initiation. infarct failed neurological recovery survivors respiratory neurological dysfunction conversely minutes ventilation group. dramatic infarct improvements neurological recovery eight survivors deaths respiratory achieving hypothermia rapidly cardiovascular arrest myocardial infarction

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52308986

10.1007/978-3-642-40047-6_43

International audienceFailures are increasingly threatening the efficiency of HPC systems, and current projections of Exascale platforms indicate that rollback recovery, the most convenient method for providing fault tolerance to general-purpose applications, reaches its own limits at such scales. One of the reasons explaining this unnerving situation comes from the focus that has been given to per-application completion time, rather than to platform efficiency. In this paper, we discuss the case of uncoordinated rollback recovery where the idle time spent waiting recovering processors is used to progress a different, independent application from the system batch queue. We then propose an extended model of uncoordinated checkpointing that can discriminate between idle time and wasted computation. We instantiate this model in a simulator to demonstrate that, with this strategy, uncoordinated checkpointing per application completion time is unchanged, while it delivers near-perfect platform efficiency.Voir le résumé en anglais

Multi-criteria checkpointing strategies: response-time versus resource utilization

multi-criteria checkpointing strategies: response-time versus resource utilization

audiencefailures increasingly threatening projections exascale platforms rollback recovery convenient fault tolerance reaches scales. reasons explaining unnerving comes completion platform efficiency. uncoordinated rollback recovery idle spent waiting recovering processors progress batch queue. propose uncoordinated checkpointing discriminate idle wasted computation. instantiate simulator uncoordinated checkpointing completion unchanged delivers perfect platform efficiency.voir résumé anglais

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52321445

10.1007/978-3-540-85780-8_22

v5: technical revision (positions of figures are shifted)International audienceAn aperiodic tile set was first constructed by R.Berger while proving the undecidability of the domino problem. It turned out that aperiodic tile sets appear in many topics ranging from logic (the Entscheidungsproblem) to physics (quasicrystals) We present a new construction of an aperiodic tile set that is based on Kleene's fixed-point construction instead of geometric arguments. This construction is similar to J. von Neumann self-reproducing automata; similar ideas were also used by P. Gacs in the context of error-correcting computations. The flexibility of this construction allows us to construct a ``robust'' aperiodic tile set that does not have periodic (or close to periodic) tilings even if we allow some (sparse enough) tiling errors. This property was not known for any of the existing aperiodic tile sets

Fixed Point and Aperiodic Tilings

fixed point and aperiodic tilings

revision shifted audiencean aperiodic tile r.berger proving undecidability domino problem. turned aperiodic tile topics ranging logic entscheidungsproblem quasicrystals aperiodic tile kleene geometric arguments. neumann reproducing automata ideas gacs correcting computations. flexibility robust aperiodic tile tilings sparse tiling errors. aperiodic tile

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52448498

10.1051/proc/201238007

This paper deals with the modelling of the coolant (water) in a nuclear reactor core. This study is based on a monophasic low Mach number model (LMNC model) coupled to the stiffened gas law for a single-phase flow. Some analytical steady and unsteady solutions are presented for the 1D case. We then introduce a numerical scheme to simulate the 1D model in order to assess its relevance. Finally, we carry out a normal mode perturbation analysis in order to approximate 2D solutions around the 1D steady solutions

Study of a low Mach nuclear core model for single-phase flows

study of a low mach nuclear core model for single-phase flows

deals coolant reactor core. monophasic mach lmnc stiffened flow. steady unsteady case. simulate relevance. carry perturbation approximate steady

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52462551

10.1007/2882_050

4 pagesInternational audienceWe prepared giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) enclosing solutions or covalent gels of Poly(Nisopropylacrylamide) (PolyNipam). Concentrated suspensions of GUVs were prepared by applying an alternative field on a lipid film hydrated by a monomer solution containing N-isopropylacrylamide, crosslinker (N,N-methylene-bis-acrylamide), initiator and sucrose. Vesicle inner medium was polymerised and crosslinked by UV irradiation of the suspension, yielding viscous vesicles enclosing a solution of linear PolyNipam chains (when no bisacrylamide was used) or elastic vesicles filled with a covalent PolyNipam gel. We show that gel-filled vesicles are responsive systems triggered by the temperature: they shrink, reducing by a factor eight their volume below the critical temperature (32 ◦C in water, lower in glucose solution) and re-swell in a reversible and reproducible way upon decreasing temperature. In both cases, we show that the vesicle lipid membrane interacts with the internal polymer, resulting in an strong resistance of the vesicles to external mechanical stresses (enhanced tension of lysis)

Responsive Giant Vesicles filled with Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) Sols or Gels

responsive giant vesicles filled with poly(n-isopropylacrylamide) sols or gels

pagesinternational audiencewe giant unilamellar vesicles guvs enclosing covalent gels poly nisopropylacrylamide polynipam concentrated suspensions guvs film hydrated monomer isopropylacrylamide crosslinker methylene acrylamide initiator sucrose. vesicle polymerised crosslinked irradiation suspension yielding viscous vesicles enclosing polynipam chains bisacrylamide elastic vesicles filled covalent polynipam gel. filled vesicles responsive triggered shrink reducing eight glucose swell reversible reproducible decreasing temperature. vesicle interacts polymer vesicles stresses tension lysis

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52468473

10.1016/S0034-6667(00)00009-9

Modern soil and litter samples from southeastern Cameroon, collected along a continuous forest-savanna transect were analysed for pollen content to define modern pollen-vegetation relationships. The pollen results, completed and compared with botanical inventories, leaf area index and basal area measurements performed in the same area, clearly registered the physiognomy, the main floristic composition and floral richness of the two sampled ecosystems. Distortions were observed between sampled vegetations and their pollen rain, related to important differences in pollen production and dispersal of plant species: this is a general feature in many tropical regions. The pollen data in the area studied reflected well the recent transgression of forest versus savanna. This permitted us to define inside the forest ecosystem more successional vegetation communities than the botanical surveys allowed

Pollen-rain-vegetation relationships along a forest-savanna transect in southeastern Cameroon

pollen-rain-vegetation relationships along a forest-savanna transect in southeastern cameroon

modern litter southeastern cameroon forest savanna transect analysed pollen modern pollen vegetation relationships. pollen completed botanical inventories leaf basal registered physiognomy floristic floral richness sampled ecosystems. distortions sampled vegetations pollen rain pollen dispersal tropical regions. pollen reflected transgression forest savanna. permitted forest ecosystem successional vegetation communities botanical surveys

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52617685

10.1016/j.enpol.2014.11.003

International audienceConsiders the governance of natural gas networks in emerging cities. Adopts a geographical approach looking at interactions between natural gas infrastructure and urban space. Switch to natural gas linked to financial purpose (subsidy cuts) more than concern for climate change. Switch to natural gas shaped by policies governing other urban energy forms. Urban politics and issues of affordability impact the governance of natural gas transition. a b s t r a c t Recent scholarship on urban energy governance has focused on low carbon energy strategies seen as a response to climate change and energy pressure threats. But such approaches tend to overlook the situations of cities from the Global South and emerging countries concerned with strong energy demand growth. The development of urban natural gas networks is an understudied response to such a challenge. Focusing on three cities, Istanbul, Cairo and Sfax (Tunisia), the article analyses the factors and the governance of these energy transitions. It uses a geographical approach to such processes that highlight the mutual influence of the territory in its material and political dimensions and of the policy goals and tools in the implementation. The development of urban gas networks rests upon the proximity of gas deposits. It is determined by metropolitan strategies for economic development as well as by programs aiming to cut energy subsidies. Though urban gas networks have a strong potential for restructuring the physical and social landscapes in cities, the dominant commercial approach taken by energy utilities and morphological constraints in the urban fabric limit their universalization. Natural gas is part of a mix of energies at the urban level and often competes with other energy forms, specifically renewables (like solar water heaters). Lastly, the development of urban natural gas networks sparks heated politics in relation to unfulfilled energy demand and affordability

Governing the transition to natural gas in Mediteranean Metropolis: The case of Cairo, Istanbul and Sfax (Tunisia)

governing the transition to natural gas in mediteranean metropolis: the case of cairo, istanbul and sfax (tunisia)

audienceconsiders governance emerging cities. adopts geographical looking infrastructure space. switch subsidy cuts concern change. switch shaped policies governing forms. politics affordability governance transition. scholarship governance focused threats. tend overlook situations cities emerging concerned growth. understudied challenge. focusing cities istanbul cairo sfax tunisia governance transitions. geographical highlight mutual territory goals implementation. rests proximity deposits. metropolitan programs aiming subsidies. restructuring landscapes cities commercial utilities morphological fabric universalization. competes renewables heaters lastly sparks heated politics unfulfilled affordability

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52630832

10.1016/j.enpol.2009.05.025

International audienceThis paper proposes to test the global hybrid computable general equilibrium model IMACLIM-R against macroeconomic data. To do so, it compares the modeled and observed responses of the Indian economy to the rise of oil price during the 2003- 2006 period. The objective is twofold: first, to disentangle the various mechanisms and policies at play in India's economy response to rising oil prices and, second, to validate our model as a tool capable of reproducing short-run statistical data. With default parameterization, the model predicts a significant decrease in the Indian growth rate that is not observed. However, this discrepancy is corrected if three additional mechanisms identified by the International Monetary Fund are introduced, namely the rise in exports of refined oil products, the imbalance of the trade balance allowed by large capital inflows, and the incomplete pass-through of the oil price increase to Indian customers. This work is a first step toward model validation, and provides interesting insights on the modeling methodology relevant to represent an economy's response to a shock, as well as on how short-term mechanisms – and policy action – can smooth the negative impacts of energy price shocks or climate policies. Running headlin

The Resilience of the Indian Economy to Rising Oil Prices as a Validation Test for a Global Energy-Environment-Economy CGE Model

the resilience of the indian economy to rising oil prices as a validation test for a global energy-environment-economy cge model

audiencethis proposes hybrid computable imaclim macroeconomic data. compares modeled indian economy period. twofold disentangle policies india economy rising prices validate capable reproducing data. default parameterization predicts indian observed. discrepancy corrected monetary fund exports refined imbalance trade balance capital inflows incomplete pass indian customers. toward validation insights methodology economy shock impacts shocks policies. running headlin

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52651691

10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2011.10.005

International audienceThe spatial and temporal coverage of measurements of previous termvolcanicnext term gas emissions remains patchy. However, over the last decade, emissions inventories have improved thanks to new measurements of some of the lesser-known previous termvolcanicnext term areas. We report on one such region - the Vanuatu island arc, in the Southwest Pacific - for which we now have sufficient systematic observations to offer a systematic emissions inventory. Our new estimate is based on SO2 flux measurements made in the period 2004-2009 with ultraviolet spectroscopy techniques for the following volcanoes: Yasur, Lopevi, Ambrym, Ambae, Gaua and Vanua Lava (from south to north). These are the first ever measurements for Lopevi, Gaua and Vanua Lava. The results reveal the Vanuatu arc as one of Earth's prominent sources of previous termvolcanicnext term degassing with a characteristic annual emission to the atmosphere of ~ 3 Tg of SO2 (representing about 20% of hitherto published global estimates). Our new dataset highlights the sustained prodigious degassing of Ambrym volcano, whose 5 Gg d-1 mean flux of SO2 represents nearly two-thirds of the total budget for the Vanuatu arc. This confirms Ambrym as one of the largest previous termvolcanic sources worldwide comparable to Etna, often considered as the most vigorous source of previous termvolcanic emission on Earth. We also report a high degassing for Ambae of ~ 2 Gg d-1 SO2, representing more than 28 % of the Vanuatu arc budget. Thus, 90 % of the SO2 output from Vanuatu is focused in the central part of the arc (from Ambrym and Ambae) where magmas originate from enriched Indian-type mantle and where peculiar tectonic conditions could favour high magma production rates

First estimate of volcanic SO2 budget for Vanuatu island arc

first estimate of volcanic so2 budget for vanuatu island arc

audiencethe coverage termvolcanicnext patchy. decade inventories thanks lesser termvolcanicnext areas. vanuatu island southwest pacific offer inventory. ultraviolet spectroscopy volcanoes yasur lopevi ambrym ambae gaua vanua lava ever lopevi gaua vanua lava. reveal vanuatu earth prominent termvolcanicnext degassing atmosphere representing hitherto dataset highlights sustained prodigious degassing ambrym volcano nearly thirds budget vanuatu arc. confirms ambrym termvolcanic worldwide comparable etna vigorous termvolcanic earth. degassing ambae representing vanuatu budget. vanuatu focused ambrym ambae magmas originate enriched indian mantle peculiar tectonic favour magma

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52653560

10.1007/s12289-008-0287-6

International audienceCoextrusion technologies are commonly used to produce multilayered composite sheets or films for a large range of applications from food packaging to optics. The contrast of rheological properties between layers can lead to interfacial instabilities during flow. Important theoretical and experimental advances regarding the stability of compatible and incompatible polymers have, during the last decades, been made using a mechanical approach. However, few research efforts have been dedicated to the physicochemical affinity between the neighboring layers. The present study deals with the influence of this affinity on interfacial instabilities for functionalized incompatible polymers. Polyamide (PA6)/polyethylene grafted with glycidyl methacrylate (PE-GMA) was used as a reactive system and PE/PA6 as a non reactive one. Two grades of polyamide (PA6) were used in order to change the viscosity and elasticity ratios between PE (or PE-GMA) and PA6. It was experimentally confirmed, in this case, that weak disturbance can be predicted by considering an interphase of non-zero thickness (corresponding to an interdiffusion/reaction zone) instead of a purely geometrical interface between the two reactive layers. According to rheological investigations from previous work, an experimental strategy was here formulated to optimize the process by listing the parameters that controlled the stability of the reactive multilayer flows. Plastic films with two layers were coextruded in symmetrical and asymmetrical configurations in which PA6 was the middle layer. Indeed, for reactive multilayered systems, the interfacial flow instability could be reduced or eliminated, for instance, by (i) increasing the residence time or temperature in the coextrusion bloc (for T above the reaction temperature T = 240°C), and (ii) reducing the total extrusion flow rate. The reaction rate/compatibilization played a major role that must be taken into account. Furthermore, the role of the viscosity ratio, elasticity ratio, and layer ratio of the stability of the interface were also investigated coupling to the physicochemical affinity. The results show that it is necessary to obtain links between the classic factors that are introduced in the evaluation of the theoretical, given by linear stability analysis/longwave asymptotic investigations, and its corresponding experimental stability charts. Hence, based on this analysis, guide-lines for a stable coextrusion of reactive functionalized polymers can be provided

Reactive Functionalized Multilayer Polymers in a Coextrusion Process: Experimental and Theoretical Investigations of Interfacial Instabilities

reactive functionalized multilayer polymers in a coextrusion process: experimental and theoretical investigations of interfacial instabilities

audiencecoextrusion technologies commonly multilayered composite sheets films packaging optics. rheological interfacial instabilities flow. advances compatible incompatible polymers decades approach. efforts dedicated physicochemical affinity neighboring layers. deals affinity interfacial instabilities functionalized incompatible polymers. polyamide polyethylene grafted glycidyl methacrylate reactive reactive one. grades polyamide viscosity elasticity experimentally confirmed disturbance interphase interdiffusion purely geometrical reactive layers. rheological investigations formulated optimize listing reactive multilayer flows. plastic films coextruded symmetrical asymmetrical configurations layer. reactive multilayered interfacial instability eliminated residence coextrusion bloc reducing extrusion rate. compatibilization played account. viscosity elasticity physicochemical affinity. links classic longwave asymptotic investigations charts. guide coextrusion reactive functionalized polymers

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52671149

10.1103/PhysRevB.76.241402

International audienceThe existence of ponderomotive acceleration effects in the metal bulk has been experimentally demonstrated in the context of the femtosecond plasmon-assisted multiphoton photoelectric effect in metal systems. The resulting electron energy spectra show that these effects essentially depend on the coupling between the surface and interface plasmons. While the essential part played by the ponderomotive force of the surface plasmon is to accelerate the photoelectrons in the vacuum, the dramatic enhancement of the photoelectron production and the angular dependence in the photoemission process mainly result from ponderomotive effects in the metal bulk. In the photoelectric effect in metals, photoelectrons may be emitted from a region near the metal surface 1,2 or may originate from the bulk. 3 In the bulk, electron excitation occurs via photon absorption in the presence of a third body ͑ion or impurity͒ or through interband transitions. On the other hand, the surface effects play an essential role for the number of electrons emitted while the absorption of light energy in the surface layer ͑a few nanometers͒ is relatively small ͑about 0.1% of the total absorption rate͒. In recent years, much attention has been paid to the possibility of enhancing electron emission of metals through the surface pho-toelectric effect by means of light excitation of electron collective oscillation modes localized near the metal surface.

Ponderomotive effects in the femtosecond plasmon-assisted photoelectric effect in bulk metals: Evidence for coupling between surface and interface plasmons

ponderomotive effects in the femtosecond plasmon-assisted photoelectric effect in bulk metals: evidence for coupling between surface and interface plasmons

audiencethe ponderomotive acceleration experimentally femtosecond plasmon assisted multiphoton photoelectric systems. essentially plasmons. played ponderomotive plasmon accelerate photoelectrons dramatic enhancement photoelectron photoemission ponderomotive bulk. photoelectric metals photoelectrons emitted originate bulk. ͑ion impurity͒ interband transitions. emitted nanometers͒ ͑about rate͒. paid enhancing metals toelectric collective oscillation localized surface.

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52691807

10.1051/epjconf/20111704004

International audienceA semi-classical method that incorporates the quantum e ects of the low-lying vibrational modes is applied to fusion reactions. The quantum e ect is simulated by stochastic sampling of initial zero-point fluc- tuations of the surface modes. In this model, dissipation of the relative energy into non-collective excitations of nuclei can be included straightforwardly. The inclusion of dissipation is shown to increase the agreement with the fusion cross section data of Ni isotopes

Stochastic semi-classical description of sub-barrier fusion reactions

stochastic semi-classical description of sub-barrier fusion reactions

audiencea incorporates ects lying vibrational fusion reactions. stochastic fluc tuations modes. dissipation collective excitations nuclei straightforwardly. inclusion dissipation fusion isotopes

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52718191

10.1016/j.chemgeo.2014.12.024

International audienceHumic substances are major natural complexing agents that strongly influence the cycling of metal cations in the environment. The metal to humic acid (HA) concentration ratio (metal loading) can significantly impact the overall HA complexation properties in natural soils and waters. At low metal loading, cations bind to strong multi-carboxylate or -phenolate sites of HA. In addition, these strong sites might contain soft Lewis bases such as N or S, the contribution of which is still a matter of debate. Based on the possible ability of Rare Earth Elements (REE) to trace HA binding properties, the present study aimed at evaluating the influence of REE-loading on the HA binding mechanisms of two hard Lewis acids, Sm3+ and Yb3+. Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS) at the Sm and Yb LIII edge was used to analyze the local coordination of these intermediate and heavy REE ions, respectively, in a low and a high REE-loading HA sample. Data were interpreted by comparison with EXAFS data for a series of aqueous REE complexes with iminodiacetic acid (IDA), nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and a carboxylic-grafted resin. In all these samples, both a Yb–O (~ 2.31 Å) and a Yb–N (~ 2.50 Å) backscattering path could be identified in the first coordination shell of Yb. At low REE loading, the first coordination shell around the Yb bond to HA is described by a single Yb–O backscattering path, i.e. the presence of N could not be evidenced. By contrast, the carboxylic-grafted resin exhibits both a short (2.31 Å) and a long Yb–O average distance (2.44 Å), suggesting the coordination of carboxylate is bidentate. The Fourier transform of the high loading HA samples exhibits a broad first shell peak possibly described by two Yb–O distances (2.29 and 2.43 Å) suggesting two coordination modes of the carboxylic groups. Different Yb–HA complex structures can therefore be observed at different metal loadings. Unfortunately, the Sm EXAFS spectra could only be recorded up to k = 10 Å−1. There was no evidence of either a clear difference between the metal loadings or with Yb–HA complex structures. A comparison between the EXAFS results, PHREEQC-Model VI simulations, and the pattern of the REE complexation constants with simple organic ligands (REE:ligand 1:1 and 1:2 complexes) provides evidence that, at high loading, REE are bound to HA through bi-ligand complexes without any chelation effect in which REE may potentially act as a cation bridge between two organic molecules. At low loading, the fact that N could not be detected in the Yb first shell suggests that, at low loading, Yb binds to O-containing groups of HA rather than N-containing groups. This may call into question the definition of HA strong sites for REE binding such as soft Lewis base-containing sites

Effect of loading on the nature of the REE–humate complexes as determined by Yb3+ and Sm3+ LIII-edge EXAFS analysis

effect of loading on the nature of the ree–humate complexes as determined by yb3+ and sm3+ liii-edge exafs analysis

audiencehumic substances complexing cycling cations environment. humic loading complexation soils waters. loading cations bind carboxylate phenolate lewis bases debate. rare earth trace aimed evaluating loading lewis fine exafs liii analyze coordination loading sample. interpreted exafs aqueous complexes iminodiacetic nitrilotriacetic ethylenediaminetetraacetic edta carboxylic grafted resin. yb–o yb–n backscattering coordination loading coordination bond yb–o backscattering i.e. evidenced. carboxylic grafted resin exhibits yb–o coordination carboxylate bidentate. fourier transform loading exhibits broad possibly yb–o distances coordination carboxylic groups. yb–ha loadings. unfortunately exafs loadings yb–ha structures. exafs phreeqc complexation ligands ligand complexes loading ligand complexes chelation potentially cation bridge molecules. loading loading binds groups. call lewis

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52719511

10.1093/gji/ggu312

International audienceGlobal seismic tomography suffers from uncertainties in earthquake parameters routinely published in seismic catalogues. In particular, errors in earthquake location and origin-time may lead to strong biases in measured body wave delay-times and significantly pollute tomographic models. Common ways of dealing with this issue are to incorporate source parameters as additional unknowns into the linear tomographic equations, or to seek combinations of data to minimize the influence of source mislocations. We propose an alternative, physically-based method to desensitize direct S-wave delay-times to errors in earthquake location and origin-time. Our approach takes advantage of the fact that mislocation delay-time biases depend to first order on the earthquake-receiver azimuth, and to second order on the epicentral distance. Therefore, for every earthquake, we compute S-wave differential delay-times between optimized receiver pairs, such that a large part of their mislocation delay-time biases cancels out (for example origin-time fully subtracts out), while the difference of their sensitivity kernels remains sensitive to the model parameters of interest. Considering realistic, randomly distributed source mislocation vectors, as well as various levels of data noise and different synthetic Earths, we demonstrate that mislocation-related model errors are highly reduced when inverting for such differential delay-times, compared to absolute ones. The reduction is particularly rewarding for imaging the upper-mantle and transition zone. We conclude that using optimized receiver pairs is a suitable, low cost alternative to get rid of errors on earthquake location and origin-time for teleseismic direct S-wave traveltimes. Moreover, it can partly remove unilateral rupture propagation effects in cross-correlation delay-times, since they are similar to mislocation effects

Global S-wave tomography using receiver pairs: An alternative to get rid of earthquake mislocation

global s-wave tomography using receiver pairs: an alternative to get rid of earthquake mislocation

audienceglobal seismic tomography suffers earthquake routinely seismic catalogues. earthquake biases delay pollute tomographic models. ways dealing incorporate unknowns tomographic seek combinations minimize mislocations. propose physically desensitize delay earthquake time. advantage mislocation delay biases earthquake receiver azimuth epicentral distance. earthquake delay optimized receiver mislocation delay biases cancels subtracts kernels interest. realistic randomly mislocation synthetic earths mislocation inverting delay ones. rewarding mantle zone. optimized receiver earthquake teleseismic traveltimes. partly remove unilateral rupture propagation delay mislocation

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52719655

10.1093/gji/ggu312

International audienceGlobal seismic tomography suffers from uncertainties in earthquake parameters routinely published in seismic catalogues. In particular, errors in earthquake location and origin-time may lead to strong biases in measured body wave delay-times and significantly pollute tomographic models. Common ways of dealing with this issue are to incorporate source parameters as additional unknowns into the linear tomographic equations, or to seek combinations of data to minimize the influence of source mislocations. We propose an alternative, physically-based method to desensitize direct S-wave delay-times to errors in earthquake location and origin-time. Our approach takes advantage of the fact that mislocation delay-time biases depend to first order on the earthquake-receiver azimuth, and to second order on the epicentral distance. Therefore, for every earthquake, we compute S-wave differential delay-times between optimized receiver pairs, such that a large part of their mislocation delay-time biases cancels out (for example origin-time fully subtracts out), while the difference of their sensitivity kernels remains sensitive to the model parameters of interest. Considering realistic, randomly distributed source mislocation vectors, as well as various levels of data noise and different synthetic Earths, we demonstrate that mislocation-related model errors are highly reduced when inverting for such differential delay-times, compared to absolute ones. The reduction is particularly rewarding for imaging the upper-mantle and transition zone. We conclude that using optimized receiver pairs is a suitable, low cost alternative to get rid of errors on earthquake location and origin-time for teleseismic direct S-wave traveltimes. Moreover, it can partly remove unilateral rupture propagation effects in cross-correlation delay-times, since they are similar to mislocation effects

Global S-wave tomography using receiver pairs: an alternative to get rid of earthquake mislocation

global s-wave tomography using receiver pairs: an alternative to get rid of earthquake mislocation

audienceglobal seismic tomography suffers earthquake routinely seismic catalogues. earthquake biases delay pollute tomographic models. ways dealing incorporate unknowns tomographic seek combinations minimize mislocations. propose physically desensitize delay earthquake time. advantage mislocation delay biases earthquake receiver azimuth epicentral distance. earthquake delay optimized receiver mislocation delay biases cancels subtracts kernels interest. realistic randomly mislocation synthetic earths mislocation inverting delay ones. rewarding mantle zone. optimized receiver earthquake teleseismic traveltimes. partly remove unilateral rupture propagation delay mislocation

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52724254

10.1016/j.jmarsys.2012.12.010

International audienceThe aim of this study is to evaluate the consequences of accounting for variable Chl:C (chlorophyll:carbon) and C:N (carbon:nitrogen) ratios in the formulation of phytoplankton growth in biogeochemical models. We compare the qualitative behaviour of a suite of phytoplankton growth formulations with increasing complexity: 1) a Redfield formulation (constant C:N ratio) without photo-acclimation (constant Chl:C ratio), 2) a Redfield formulation with diagnostic chlorophyll (variable and empirical Chl:C ratio), 3) a quota formulation (variable C:N ratio) with diagnostic chlorophyll, and 4) a quota formulation with prognostic chlorophyll (dynamic variable). These phytoplankton growth formulations are embedded in a simple marine ecosystem model in a 1D framework at the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series (BATS) station. The model parameters are tuned using a stochastic assimilation method (micro-genetic algorithm) and skill assessment techniques are used to compare results. The lowest misfits with observations are obtained when photo-acclimation is taken into account (variable Chl:C ratio) and with non-Redfield stoichiometry (variable C:N ratio), both under spring and summer conditions. This indicates that the most flexible models (i.e., with variable ratios) are necessary to reproduce observations. As seen previously, photo- acclimation is essential in reproducing the observed deep chlorophyll maximum and subsurface production present during summer. Although Redfield and quota formulations of C:N ratios can equally reproduce chlorophyll data the higher primary production that arises from the quota model is in better agreement with observations. Under the oligotrophic conditions that typify the BATS site no clear difference was detected between quota formulations with diagnostic or prognostic chlorophyll

Phytoplankton growth formulation in marine ecosystem models: should we take into account photo-acclimation and variable stoichiometry in oligotrophic areas?

phytoplankton growth formulation in marine ecosystem models: should we take into account photo-acclimation and variable stoichiometry in oligotrophic areas?

audiencethe consequences accounting chlorophyll nitrogen formulation phytoplankton biogeochemical models. qualitative suite phytoplankton formulations redfield formulation photo acclimation redfield formulation diagnostic chlorophyll quota formulation diagnostic chlorophyll quota formulation prognostic chlorophyll phytoplankton formulations embedded marine ecosystem bermuda atlantic bats station. tuned stochastic assimilation micro skill results. misfits photo acclimation redfield stoichiometry spring summer conditions. flexible i.e. reproduce observations. photo acclimation reproducing chlorophyll subsurface summer. redfield quota formulations equally reproduce chlorophyll arises quota observations. oligotrophic typify bats quota formulations diagnostic prognostic chlorophyll

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52724927

10.1002/jgrb.50120

International audienceIn order to improve discrete fracture network (DFN) models, which are increasingly required into groundwater and rock mechanics applications, we propose a new DFN modeling based on the evolution of fracture network formation--nucleation, growth, and arrest--with simplified mechanical rules. The central idea of the model relies on the mechanical role played by large fractures in stopping the growth of smaller ones. The modeling framework combines, in a time-wise approach, fracture nucleation, growth, and arrest. It yields two main regimes. Below a certain critical scale, the density distribution of fracture sizes is a power law with a scaling exponent directly derived from the growth law and nuclei properties; above the critical scale, a quasi-universal self-similar regime establishes with a self-similar scaling. The density term of the dense regime is related to the details of arrest rule and to the orientation distribution of the fractures. The DFN model, so defined, is fully consistent with field cases former studied. Unlike more usual stochastic DFN models, ours is based on a simplified description of fracture interactions, which eventually reproduces the multiscale self-similar fracture size distribution often observed and reported in the literature. The model is a potential significant step forward for further applications to groundwater flow and rock mechanical issues

A model of fracture nucleation, growth and arrest, and consequences for fracture density and scaling

a model of fracture nucleation, growth and arrest, and consequences for fracture density and scaling

audiencein fracture increasingly groundwater rock mechanics propose fracture nucleation arrest simplified rules. relies played fractures stopping ones. combines wise fracture nucleation arrest. regimes. fracture sizes exponent nuclei quasi universal establishes scaling. dense arrest fractures. former studied. unlike usual stochastic simplified fracture eventually reproduces multiscale fracture literature. groundwater rock

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52729044

10.1007/s12665-012-1802-0

International audienceWater reservoirs play an important role in areas with limited and erratic precipitation where water is stored and re-distributed later for different purposes. Irrigation is primarily a major water consumer in arid countries of Central Asia for the economic development, employment and food security of the region. The major rivers of Central Asia (e.g., Amu Darya, Syr Darya, and Zerafshan) are turbid watercourses. Sedimentation reduces the main reservoir asset i.e., its volume capacity. In addition, vast territories of the region's countries have been transformed for agriculture to grow water intensive crops such as cotton, rice and wheat during the Soviet Union that dramatically accelerated soil erosion by water and wind. Thus, many man-made water reservoirs are affected by high sedimentation rates. Moreover, uneven spatial and temporal water resources and a Soviet-inherited unified hydraulic infrastructure have raised transboundary reservoir management issues over water resources allocation among the countries in the region such as Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan. The rivers such as Syr Darya and Amu Darya are already regulated by more than 78 and 94 %, respectively and attempts for new reservoir projects upstream raises increased concerns of the downstream countries (e.g., the Rogun hydropower station in Tajikistan and the Toktogul reservoir in Kyrgyzstan). For instance, the uncoordinated use of reservoirs has caused the Arnasai lake problem in Uzbekistan with environmental, material damage and social unrest. The aim of this paper is first to review the present conditions and the role of man-made water reservoirs for irrigation in Central Asia with special focus on Uzbekistan, second to document past and current reservoir sedimentation conditions in Uzbekistan and third to discuss research carried out by Soviet and present-time local research community in the domain of erosion and sedimentation in the region

Water reservoirs, irrigation and sedimentation in Central Asia: a first-cut assessment for Uzbekistan

water reservoirs, irrigation and sedimentation in central asia: a first-cut assessment for uzbekistan

audiencewater reservoirs erratic precipitation stored purposes. irrigation primarily consumer arid asia employment security region. rivers asia e.g. darya darya zerafshan turbid watercourses. sedimentation reduces reservoir asset i.e. capacity. vast territories transformed agriculture grow intensive crops cotton rice wheat soviet union dramatically accelerated erosion wind. reservoirs sedimentation rates. uneven soviet inherited unified hydraulic infrastructure raised transboundary reservoir allocation kyrgyzstan tajikistan kazakhstan uzbekistan turkmenistan. rivers darya darya regulated attempts reservoir projects upstream raises concerns downstream e.g. rogun hydropower station tajikistan toktogul reservoir kyrgyzstan uncoordinated reservoirs arnasai lake uzbekistan unrest. reservoirs irrigation asia uzbekistan document reservoir sedimentation uzbekistan soviet erosion sedimentation

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52729677

10.1016/J.JHYDROL.2011.12.028

International audienceThe Upper Rhine alluvial aquifer is an important transboundary water resource. However, as in many alluvial systems, the aquifer inflows and outflows are not precisely known because of the difficulty of estimating the river infiltration flux and the boundary subsurface flow. To provide a thorough representation of the aquifer system, a coupled surface-subsurface model was applied to the whole aquifer basin, and several parameter sets were tested to investigate the uncertainty due to poorly known parameters (e.g. aquifer transmissivity computed by an inverse model, river bed characteristics). Twelve simulations were run and analyzed using standard statistical criteria and also a more advanced statistical method, the Karhunen Loève transform (KLT). This analysis showed that, although the model performed reasonably well, some piezometric level underestimations persisted in the south of the basin. An accurate representation of the aquifer behaviour would require river infiltration and the functioning of irrigation canals in the Hardt area to be taken into account. It also appeared that increasing the maximum river infiltration flow deteriorated the quality of the results. River infiltration to the aquifer was estimated to represent about 80% of the aquifer inflows with a mean annual value around 115 ± 16.5 m3/s, thus with an uncertainty of 14%. This quantity is larger than estimated in previous studies but is in agreement with some results obtained during low water periods. This important conclusion highlights the vulnerability of the Upper Rhine Graben aquifer to pollution from the rivers and to climate change since it is highly probable that the rivers' regimes will be affected by reduced snow cover on the neighbouring mountain ranges

Assessing the water balance of the Upper Rhine Graben hydrosystem

assessing the water balance of the upper rhine graben hydrosystem

audiencethe rhine alluvial aquifer transboundary resource. alluvial aquifer inflows outflows precisely difficulty estimating river infiltration subsurface flow. thorough aquifer subsurface aquifer basin poorly e.g. aquifer transmissivity river twelve advanced karhunen loève transform reasonably piezometric underestimations persisted basin. aquifer river infiltration functioning irrigation canals hardt account. appeared river infiltration deteriorated results. river infiltration aquifer aquifer inflows quantity periods. highlights vulnerability rhine graben aquifer pollution rivers probable rivers regimes snow cover neighbouring mountain ranges

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52732795

10.1016/j.margeo.2011.09.014

International audienceIn the Gulf of Cadiz key segment of the Africa-Iberia plate boundary (North-East Atlantic ocean), three main different modes of tectonic interference between a recently identified wrench system (SWIM) and the Gulf of Cadiz Accretionary Wedge (GCAW) were tested through analog sand-box modeling: a) An active accretionary wedge on top of a pre-existent inactive basement fault; b) An active strike-slip fault cutting a previously formed, inactive, accretionary wedge; and c) Simultaneous activity of both the accretionary wedge and the strike-slip fault. The results we obtained and the comparison with the natural deformation pattern favor a tectonic evolution comprising two main steps: i) the formation of the Gulf of Cadiz Accretionary Wedge on top of inactive, Tethyan-related, basement faults (Middle Miocene to ~ 1.8 Ma); ii) subsequent reactivation of these basement faults with dextral strike-slip motion (~ 1.8 Ma to present) simultaneously with continued tectonic accretion in the GCAW. These results exclude the possibility of ongoing active SWIM wrench system cross-cutting an inactive GCAW structure. Our results also support a new interpretation of the SWIM wrench system as fundamentally resulting from strike-slip reactivation of an old (Tethyan-related) plate boundary

Thrust-wrench interference tectonics in the Gulf of Cadiz (Africa-Iberia plate boundary in the North-East Atlantic): Insights from analog models

thrust-wrench interference tectonics in the gulf of cadiz (africa-iberia plate boundary in the north-east atlantic): insights from analog models

audiencein gulf cadiz segment africa iberia plate east atlantic ocean tectonic interference wrench swim gulf cadiz accretionary wedge gcaw analog sand accretionary wedge existent inactive basement fault strike slip fault cutting inactive accretionary wedge simultaneous accretionary wedge strike slip fault. deformation favor tectonic comprising gulf cadiz accretionary wedge inactive tethyan basement faults miocene reactivation basement faults dextral strike slip simultaneously continued tectonic accretion gcaw. exclude ongoing swim wrench cutting inactive gcaw structure. swim wrench fundamentally strike slip reactivation tethyan plate

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52733944

10.1016/j.gr.2011.07.015

International audienceAlong active margins, tectonic features that develop in response to plate convergence are strongly controlled by subduction zone geometry. In West Junggar, a segment of the giant Palaeozoic collage of Central Asia, the West Karamay Unit represents a Carboniferous accretionary complex composed of fore-arc sedimentary rocks and ophiolitic mélanges. The occurrence of quasi-synchronous upright folds and folds with vertical axes suggests that transpression plays a significant role in the tectonic evolution of the West Junggar. Latest Carboniferous (ca. 300 Ma) alkaline plutons postdate this early phase of folding, which was synchronous with accretion of the Carboniferous complex. The Permian Dalabute sinistral fault overprints Carboniferous ductile shearing and split the West Karamay Unit ca. 100 km apart. Oblique convergence may have been provoked by the buckling of the Kazakh orocline and relative rotations between its segments. Depending upon the shape of the convergence zone, either upright folds and fold with vertical axes, or alternatively, strike-slip brittle faults developed in response to strain partitioning. Sinistral brittle faulting may account for the lateral imbrication of units in the West Junggar accretionary complex

From oblique accretion to transpression in the evolution of the Altaid collage: New insights from West Junggar, northwestern China

from oblique accretion to transpression in the evolution of the altaid collage: new insights from west junggar, northwestern china

audiencealong margins tectonic plate subduction geometry. west junggar segment giant palaeozoic collage asia west karamay carboniferous accretionary composed fore sedimentary rocks ophiolitic mélanges. occurrence quasi synchronous upright folds folds axes transpression plays tectonic west junggar. latest carboniferous alkaline plutons postdate folding synchronous accretion carboniferous complex. permian dalabute sinistral fault overprints carboniferous ductile shearing split west karamay apart. oblique provoked buckling kazakh orocline rotations segments. upright folds axes alternatively strike slip brittle faults partitioning. sinistral brittle faulting lateral imbrication west junggar accretionary

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52761210

10.1016/j.icarus.2007.08.016

International audienceModels of Titan ionospheric chemistry have shown that ion densities depend strongly on the neutral composition. The turbulent diffusion transport conditions, as modeled by eddy coefficients, can spectacularly affect the uncertainty on predicted neutral densities. In order to evaluate the error budget on ion densities predicted by photochemical models, we perform uncertainty propagation of neutral densities by Monte Carlo sampling and assess their sensitivity to two turbulent diffusion profiles, corresponding to the extreme profiles at high altitudes described in the literature. A strong sensitivity of the ion density uncertainties to transport is observed, generally more important than to ion-molecule reaction parameters themselves. This highlights the necessity to constrain eddy diffusion profiles for Titan ionosphere, which should progressively be done thanks to the present and future measurements of the orbiter Cassini

Influence of neutral transport on ion chemistry uncertainties in Titan ionosphere

influence of neutral transport on ion chemistry uncertainties in titan ionosphere

audiencemodels titan ionospheric densities neutral composition. turbulent modeled eddy spectacularly neutral densities. budget densities photochemical propagation neutral densities monte carlo turbulent extreme altitudes literature. molecule themselves. highlights necessity constrain eddy titan ionosphere progressively thanks orbiter cassini

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52762968

10.1016/j.astropartphys.2007.05.003

International audienceThis paper presents our interpretation and understanding of the different backgrounds in the EDELWEISS-I data sets. We analyze in detail the several populations observed, which include gammas, alphas, neutrons, thermal sensor events and surface events, and try to combine all data sets to provide a coherent picture of the nature and localisation of the background sources. In light of this interpretation, we draw conclusions regarding the background suppression scheme for the EDELWEISS-II phase

Identification of backgrounds in the EDELWEISS-I dark matter search experiment

identification of backgrounds in the edelweiss-i dark matter search experiment

audiencethis presents backgrounds edelweiss sets. analyze gammas alphas neutrons sensor combine coherent picture localisation sources. draw suppression edelweiss

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52768522

10.1088/0264-9381/22/18/S33

International audienceWe propose a new method for the detection of spectral lines in random noise. It mimics the processing scheme of matching filtering, i.e., a whitening procedure combined with the measurement of the correlation between the data and a template. Thanks to the original noise spectrum estimate used in the whitening procedure, the algorithm can easily be tuned to various types of noise. It can thus be applied to the data taken from a wide class of sensors. This versatility and its small computational cost make this method particularly well suited for real-time monitoring in gravitational wave experiments. We show the results of its application to Virgo C4 commissioning data

A simple line detection algorithm applied to Virgo data

a simple line detection algorithm applied to virgo data

audiencewe propose noise. mimics matching filtering i.e. whitening template. thanks whitening tuned noise. sensors. versatility suited gravitational experiments. virgo commissioning

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52782838

10.1007/978-3-642-25746-9_4

Numerical Methods in Finance, Springer Proceedings in Mathematics, 2011.International audienceIt can be shown that when the payoff function is convex and decreasing (re- spectively increasing) with respect to the underlying (multidimensional) assets, then the same is true for the value of the associated American option, provided some conditions are satisfied. In such a case, all Monte Carlo methods proposed so far in the literature do not preserve the convexity or monotonicity properties. In this paper, we propose a method of approximation for American options which can preserve both convexity and monotonicity. The resulting values can then be used to define exercise times and can also be used in combination with primal-dual methods to get sharper bounds. Other application of the algorithm include finding optimal hedging strategies

MONTE CARLO APPROXIMATIONS OF AMERICAN OPTIONS THAT PRESERVE MONOTONICITY AND CONVEXITY

monte carlo approximations of american options that preserve monotonicity and convexity

finance springer mathematics .international audienceit payoff convex decreasing spectively multidimensional assets option satisfied. monte carlo preserve convexity monotonicity properties. propose options preserve convexity monotonicity. exercise primal sharper bounds. hedging

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52825921

10.1073/pnas.1015550107

International audienceIs there a Muslim disadvantage in economic integration for secondgeneration immigrants to Europe? Previous research has failed to isolate the effect that religion may have on an immigrant family's labor market opportunities because other factors, such as country of origin or race, confound the result. This paper uses a correspondence test in the French labor market to identify and measure this religious effect. The results confirm that in the French labor market, antiMuslim discrimination exists: a Muslim candidate is 2.5 times less likely to receive a job interview callback than is his or her Christian counterpart. A high-n survey reveals, consistent with expectations from the correspondence test, that second-generation Muslim households in France have lower income compared with matched Christian households. The paper thereby contributes to both substantive debates on the Muslim experience in Europe and methodological debates on how to measure discrimination. Following the National Academy of Sciences' 2001 recommendations on combining a variety of methodologies and applying them to real-world situations, this research identifies, measures, and infers consequences of discrimination based on religious affiliation, controlling for potentially confounding factors, such as race and country of origin

Identifying barriers to Muslim integration in France

identifying barriers to muslim integration in france

audienceis muslim disadvantage secondgeneration immigrants europe failed isolate religion immigrant labor opportunities race confound result. correspondence french labor religious effect. confirm french labor antimuslim discrimination muslim candidate receive interview callback christian counterpart. reveals expectations correspondence muslim households matched christian households. thereby contributes substantive debates muslim europe methodological debates discrimination. academy recommendations combining methodologies situations identifies infers consequences discrimination religious affiliation controlling potentially confounding race

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52855459

10.1016/j.epsl.2010.02.001

International audienceThe formation of rifted continental margins has long been explained by numerous physical models. However, field observations are still lacking to validate or constrain these models. This study presents major new observations on the broad continental margin of the Gulf of Lions, based on a large amount of varied data. Two contrasting regions characterize the thinned continental crust of this margin. One of these regions corresponds to a narrow rift zone (40–50 km wide) that was highly thinned and stretched during rifting. In contrast with this domain, a large part of the margin subsided slowly during rifting and then rapidly after rifting. The thinning of this domain cannot be explained by stretching of the upper crust. We can thus recognize a zonation of the stretching in both time and space. In addition, the Provencal Basin is characterized by a segmentation of the order of 100–150 km. These observations have important consequences on the formation and evolution of the Gulf of Lions margin. Independently of the geodynamic context, we can propose some general features that characterize the formation of rifted continental margins

Evolution of rifted continental margins: The case of the Gulf of Lions (Western Mediterranean Basin)

evolution of rifted continental margins: the case of the gulf of lions (western mediterranean basin)

audiencethe rifted continental margins numerous models. lacking validate constrain models. presents broad continental margin gulf lions varied data. contrasting characterize thinned continental crust margin. narrow rift thinned stretched rifting. margin subsided slowly rifting rapidly rifting. thinning stretching crust. recognize zonation stretching space. provencal basin segmentation consequences gulf lions margin. independently geodynamic propose characterize rifted continental margins

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52898461

10.1017/jfm.2013.374

International audienceA weakly nonlinear analysis of the bifurcation of the stratified Ekman boundary-layer flow near a critical bulk Richardson number is conducted and compared to a similar analysis of a continuously stratified parallel shear flow subject to Kelvin-Helmholtz instability. Previous work based on asymptotic expansions and predicting supercritical bifurcation at Prandtl number Pr < 1 and subcritical bifurcation at Pr > 1 for the parallel base flow is confirmed numerically and through fully nonlinear temporal simulations. When applied to the non-parallel Ekman flow, weakly nonlinear analysis and fully nonlinear calculations confirm that the nature of the bifurcation is dominantly controlled by Pr, although a sharp threshold at Pr D 1 is not found. In both flows the underlying physical mechanism is that the mean flow adjusts so as to induce a viscous (respectively diffusive) flux of momentum (respectively buoyancy) that balances the vertical flux induced by the developing instability, leading to a weakening of the mean shear and mean stratification. The competition between the former nonlinear feedback, which tends to be stabilizing, and the latter, which is destabilizing and strongly amplified as Pr increases, determines the supercritical or subcritical character of the bifurcation. That essentially the same competition is at play in both the parallel shear flow and the Ekman flow suggests that the underlying mechanism is valid for complex, non-parallel stratified shear flows

On the nonlinear destabilization of stably stratified shear flow

on the nonlinear destabilization of stably stratified shear flow

audiencea weakly bifurcation stratified ekman richardson continuously stratified kelvin helmholtz instability. asymptotic expansions predicting supercritical bifurcation prandtl subcritical bifurcation confirmed numerically simulations. ekman weakly confirm bifurcation dominantly sharp found. flows adjusts induce viscous diffusive buoyancy balances instability weakening stratification. competition former tends stabilizing destabilizing amplified determines supercritical subcritical character bifurcation. essentially competition ekman valid stratified flows

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52915168

10.1007/s00419-006-0057-1

International audienceThe propagation of a moving surface inside a body is analysed within the framework of thermomechanical couplings when the moving surface is associated with an irreversible change in mechanical properties. The moving surface is a surface of heat sources and of entropy production whose intensities are related to particular energy release rates defined in terms of Hamiltonian gradients. For example, we analyse the wear process. Wear phenomena due to contact and relative motion between two solids depend on the loading conditions and material mechanical properties. Friction between contacting bodies induces damage of materials, producing surface and subsurface cracks. Particles are detached from sound solids when some local criteria are satisfied at the boundary. As wear occurs, geometrical changes take place and contact conditions are modified, and the particle induces a specific layer with particular properties. Then the interface between the bodies is a complex medium made of detached particles, eventually a lubricant fluid, and damaged zones. We propose to describe the evolution of the interface using a framework developed earlier for inducing the general form of a wear law

A thermodynamical approach to contact wear as application of moving discontinuities

a thermodynamical approach to contact wear as application of moving discontinuities

audiencethe propagation moving analysed thermomechanical couplings moving irreversible properties. moving intensities gradients. analyse wear process. wear phenomena solids loading properties. friction contacting bodies induces producing subsurface cracks. detached sound solids satisfied boundary. wear geometrical induces properties. bodies detached eventually lubricant damaged zones. propose inducing wear

exact_dup

52923278

10.1063/1.4898384

Cataloged from PDF version of article.We investigated the tribological interaction between polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and silicon oxide surfaces. A simple rig was designed to bring about a friction between the surfaces via sliding a piece of PTFE on a thermally oxidized silicon wafer specimen. A very mild inclination (similar to 0.5 degrees) along the sliding motion was also employed in order to monitor the tribological interaction in a gradual manner as a function of increasing contact force. Additionally, some patterns were sketched on the silicon oxide surface using the PTFE tip to investigate changes produced in the hydrophobicity of the surface, where the approximate water contact angle was 45 degrees before the transfer. The nature of the transferred materials was characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). XPS results revealed that PTFE was faithfully transferred onto the silicon oxide surface upon even at the slightest contact and SEM images demonstrated that stable morphological changes could be imparted onto the surface. The minimum apparent contact pressure to realize the PTFE transfer is estimated as 5 kPa, much lower than reported previously. Stability of the patterns imparted towards many chemical washing processes lead us to postulate that the interaction is most likely to be chemical. Contact angle measurements, which were carried out to characterize and monitor the hydrophobicity of the silicon oxide surface, showed that upon PTFE transfer the hydrophobicity of the SiO2 surface could be significantly enhanced, which might also depend upon the pattern sketched onto the surface. Contact angle values above 100 degrees were obtained. (C) 2014 AIP Publishing LLC

Tribological interaction between polytetrafluoroethylene and silicon oxide surfaces

tribological interaction between polytetrafluoroethylene and silicon oxide surfaces

cataloged article.we tribological polytetrafluoroethylene ptfe silicon oxide surfaces. bring friction sliding piece ptfe thermally oxidized silicon wafer specimen. mild inclination sliding monitor tribological gradual manner force. additionally sketched silicon oxide ptfe hydrophobicity approximate transfer. transferred photoelectron spectroscopy scanning microscopy ptfe faithfully transferred silicon oxide slightest morphological imparted surface. apparent realize ptfe previously. imparted washing postulate chemical. characterize monitor hydrophobicity silicon oxide ptfe hydrophobicity sketched surface. obtained. publishing

exact_dup

53169211

10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.04.063

Atmospheric transport is an important route by which pollutants are conveyed from the continents to both coastal and open sea. The role of aerosol deposition in the transport of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs) and polybromodiphenyls ethers (PBDEs) to water and soil systems has been evaluated by measuring their concentrations in wet and dry depositions to the Venice Lagoon. The organic micropollutant flux data indicate that they contribute to the total deposition flux in different ways through wet and dry deposition, showing that the prevalent contribution derives from wet deposition. The fluxes calculated for PBDEs, showed the prevalence of 47, 99, 100 and 183 congeners, both in dry and wet fluxes. With regard to PCBs, the flux of PPCB for wet deposition is in the same order of magnitude of the diffusive flux at the air–water interface. The PAH fluxes obtained in the present study are similar to those obtained in previous studies on the atmospheric bulk deposition to the Venice Lagoon. The ratios between Phe/Ant and Fl/Py indicate that the pollutants sources are pyrolytic, deriving from combustion fuels

Organic micropollutants in wet and dry depositions in the Venice Lagoon

organic micropollutants in wet and dry depositions in the venice lagoon

route pollutants conveyed continents coastal sea. aerosol deposition polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons pahs polychlorobiphenyls pcbs polybromodiphenyls ethers pbdes measuring depositions venice lagoon. micropollutant deposition ways deposition prevalent derives deposition. fluxes pbdes prevalence congeners fluxes. regard pcbs ppcb deposition diffusive air–water interface. fluxes deposition venice lagoon. pollutants pyrolytic deriving combustion fuels

exact_dup

54824973

10.1088/1748-9326/10/12/124014

16 pagesInternational audienceThe challenge of estimating the potential impacts of climate change has led to an increasing use of dynamical downscaling to produce fine spatial-scale climate projections for impact assessments. In this work, we analyze if and to what extent the bias in the simulated crop yield can be reduced by using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) regional climate model to downscale ERA-Interim (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Re-Analysis) rainfall and radiation data. Then, we evaluate the uncertainties resulting from both the choice of the physical parameterizations of the WRF model and its internal variability. Impact assessments were performed at two sites in Sub-Saharan Africa and by using two crop models to simulate Niger pearl millet and Benin maize yields. We find that the use of the WRF model to downscale ERA-Interim climate data generally reduces the bias in the simulated crop yield, yet this reduction in bias strongly depends on the choices in the model setup. Among the physical parameterizations considered, we show that the choice of the land surface model (LSM) is of primary importance. When there is no coupling with a LSM, or when the LSM is too simplistic, the simulated precipitation and then the simulated yield are null, or respectively very low; therefore, coupling with a LSM is necessary. The convective scheme is the second most influential scheme for yield simulation, followed by the shortwave radiation scheme. The uncertainties related to the internal variability of the WRF model are also significant and reach up to 30% of the simulated yields. These results suggest that regional models need to be used more carefully in order to improve the reliability of impact assessments

Errors and uncertainties introduced by a regional climate model in climate impact assessments: example of crop yield simulations in West Africa

errors and uncertainties introduced by a regional climate model in climate impact assessments: example of crop yield simulations in west africa

pagesinternational audiencethe challenge estimating impacts downscaling fine projections assessments. analyze crop weather forecasting downscale interim weather forecasts ecmwf rainfall data. parameterizations variability. assessments saharan africa crop simulate niger pearl millet benin maize yields. downscale interim reduces crop choices setup. parameterizations importance. simplistic precipitation necessary. convective influential shortwave scheme. yields. carefully reliability assessments

exact_dup

77222418

10.1016/j.spmi.2016.11.031

We report the production of vertically aligned and interconnected ZnO core/shell nanorods using pulsed laser deposition (PLD) in a continuous two-step growth process. X-ray diffraction studies showed wurtzite structure and c-axis orientation with a high degree of verticality. Scanning electron microscopy showed a characteristic interconnection morphology between the nanorod tips uniformly present over the entire sample surface area, while transmission electron microscopy revealed crystalline core/amorphous shell architecture. Strong bands at 98.7 cm-1 and 437.2 cm-1 (wurtzite ZnO low and high nonpolar E2 modes) were the main features of the nanorod Raman spectra, again showing the high sample quality. Low-temperature PL data exhibited strong I6 emission and structured green band showing high optical quality. Electrical studies indicated n-type material with ohmic behaviour. The results are discussed in the context of the advantages offered by interconnected architectures of core/shell ZnO nanostructures for various applications

High quality interconnected core/shell ZnO nanorod architectures grown by pulsed laser deposition on ZnO-seeded Si substrates

high quality interconnected core/shell zno nanorod architectures grown by pulsed laser deposition on zno-seeded si substrates

vertically aligned interconnected nanorods pulsed deposition process. diffraction wurtzite verticality. scanning microscopy interconnection morphology nanorod tips uniformly microscopy crystalline amorphous architecture. wurtzite nonpolar nanorod raman quality. exhibited structured quality. electrical ohmic behaviour. advantages offered interconnected architectures nanostructures

exact_dup

78366831

10.1007/s11590-015-0876-5

We study an approximation algorithm with a performance guarantee to solve a new NP-hard optimization problem on planar graphs. The problem, which is referred to as the minimum hub cover problem, has recently been introduced to the literature to improve query processing over large graph databases. Planar graphs also arise in various graph query processing applications, such as; biometric identification, image classification, object recognition, and so on. Our algorithm is based on a well-known graph decomposition technique that partitions the graph into a set of outerplanar graphs and provides an approximate solution with a proven performance ratio. We conduct a comprehensive computational experiment to investigate the empirical performance of the algorithm. Computational results demonstrate that the empirical performance of the algorithm surpasses its guaranteed performance. We also apply the same decomposition approach to develop a decomposition-based heuristic, which is much more efficient than the approximation algorithm in terms of computation time. Computational results also indicate that the efficacy of the decomposition-based heuristic in terms of solution quality is comparable to that of the approximation algorithm

Approximating the minimum hub cover problem on planar graphs

approximating the minimum hub cover problem on planar graphs

guarantee solve planar graphs. referred cover query databases. planar arise query biometric recognition decomposition partitions outerplanar approximate proven ratio. conduct comprehensive algorithm. surpasses guaranteed performance. decomposition decomposition heuristic time. efficacy decomposition heuristic comparable

exact_dup

78470946

10.1016/j.jtbi.2016.06.030

In evolutionary game theory, the effect of public goods like diffusible molecules has been\ud modelled using linear, concave, sigmoid and step functions. The observation that biological\ud systems are often sigmoid input-output functions, as described by the Hill equation, suggests that\ud a sigmoid function is more realistic. The Michaelis-Menten model of enzyme kinetics, however,\ud predicts a concave function, and while mechanistic explanations of sigmoid kinetics exist, we lack\ud an adaptive explanation: what is the evolutionary advantage of a sigmoid benefit function? We\ud analyse public goods games in which the shape of the benefit function can evolve, in order to\ud determine the optimal and evolutionarily stable Hill coefficients. We find that, while the\ud dynamics depends on whether output is controlled at the level of the individual or the\ud population, intermediate or high Hill coefficients often evolve, leading to sigmoid input-output\ud functions that for some parameters are so steep to resemble a step function (an on-off switch).\ud Our results suggest that, even when the shape of the benefit function is unknown, models of\ud biological public goods should be modelled using a sigmoid or step function rather than a linear\ud or concave function

Evolution of optimal Hill coefficients in nonlinear public goods games

evolution of optimal hill coefficients in nonlinear public goods games

evolutionary game goods diffusible modelled concave sigmoid functions. sigmoid hill sigmoid realistic. michaelis menten enzyme kinetics predicts concave mechanistic explanations sigmoid kinetics adaptive explanation evolutionary advantage sigmoid benefit analyse goods games benefit evolve evolutionarily hill coefficients. hill evolve sigmoid steep resemble switch benefit unknown goods modelled sigmoid concave

exact_dup

80526837

10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.6b00738

Producción CientíficaIn the last decades, recombinant structural proteins have become very promising in addressing different issues such as the lack of traceability of biomedical devices or the design of more sensitive biosensors. Among them, we find elastin-like recombinamers (ELRs), which can be designed to self-assemble into diverse structures, such as hydrogels. Furthermore, they might be combined with other protein polymers, such as silk, to give silk-elastin-like recombinamers (SELRs), holding the properties of both proteins. In this work, due to their recombinant nature, we have fused two different fluorescent proteins (FPs), i.e., the green Aequorea coerulescens enhanced green fluorescent protein and the near-infrared eqFP650, to a SELR able to form irreversible hydrogels through physical cross-linking. These recombinamers showed an emission of fluorescence similar to the single FPs, and they were capable of forming hydrogels with different stiffness (G′ = 60–4000 Pa) by varying the concentration of the SELR-FPs. Moreover, the absorption spectrum of SELR-eqFP650 showed a peak greatly overlapping the emission spectrum of the SELR-Aequorea coerulescens enhanced green fluorescent protein. Hence, this enables Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) upon the interaction between two SELR molecules, each one containing a different FP, due to the stacking of silk domains at any temperature and to the aggregation of elastin-like blocks above the transition temperature. This effect was studied by different methods, and a FRET efficiency of 0.06–0.2 was observed, depending on the technique used for its calculation. Therefore, innovative biological applications arise from the combination of SELRs with FPs, such as enhancing the traceability of hydrogels based on SELRs intended for tissue engineering, the development of biosensors, and the prediction of FRET efficiencies of novel FRET pairs.Este trabajo forma parte de Proyectos de Investigación financiados por la Comisión Europea (NMP-2014-646075, HEALTH-F4-2011-278557, PITN-GA-2012-317306 and MSCA-ITN-2014-642687), del MINECO (MAT2016-7R8903-R, MAT2016-79435-R, MAT2013-42473-R, MAT2013-41723- and MAT2012-38043), la Junta de Castilla y León (VA244U13 and VA313U14) y el Centro en Red de Medicina Regenerativa y Terapia Celular de Castilla y León

FRET-Paired Hydrogel Forming Silk-Elastin-Like Recombinamers by Recombinant Conjugation of Fluorescent Proteins

fret-paired hydrogel forming silk-elastin-like recombinamers by recombinant conjugation of fluorescent proteins

producción científicain decades recombinant promising addressing traceability biomedical devices biosensors. elastin recombinamers elrs assemble diverse hydrogels. polymers silk silk elastin recombinamers selrs holding proteins. recombinant fused fluorescent i.e. aequorea coerulescens fluorescent infrared eqfp selr irreversible hydrogels linking. recombinamers fluorescence capable forming hydrogels stiffness selr fps. selr eqfp greatly overlapping selr aequorea coerulescens fluorescent protein. enables förster fret selr stacking silk aggregation elastin blocks temperature. fret calculation. innovative arise selrs enhancing traceability hydrogels selrs intended biosensors fret efficiencies fret trabajo forma parte proyectos investigación financiados comisión europea pitn msca mineco junta castilla león centro medicina regenerativa terapia celular castilla león

exact_dup

82341302

10.1038/ki.2008.558

Kidney volume growth is considered the best surrogate marker predicting the decline of renal function in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. To assess the therapeutic benefit of new drugs more rapidly, changes in kidney volume need to be determined over a short time interval. Here we measured renal volume changes by manual segmentation volumetry applied to magnetic resonance imaging scans obtained with an optimized T1-weighted acquisition protocol without gadolinium-based contrast agents. One hundred young patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease and preserved renal function had a significant increase in total kidney volume by 2.71±4.82% in 6 months. Volume measurements were highly reproducible and accurate, as indicated by correlation coefficients of 1.000 for intra-observer and 0.996 for inter-observer agreement, with acceptable within-subject standard deviations. The change in renal volume correlated with baseline total kidney volume in all age subgroups. Total kidney volume positively correlated with male gender, hypertension, albuminuria and a history of macrohematuria but negatively with creatinine clearance. Albuminuria was associated with accelerated volume progression. Our study shows that increases in kidney volume can be reliably measured over a 6 month period in early autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease using unenhanced magnetic resonance imaging sequences

Increases in kidney volume in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease can be detected within 6 months

increases in kidney volume in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease can be detected within 6 months

kidney surrogate marker predicting decline autosomal polycystic kidney disease. therapeutic benefit drugs rapidly kidney interval. manual segmentation volumetry scans optimized weighted acquisition gadolinium agents. hundred autosomal polycystic kidney preserved kidney months. reproducible intra observer observer acceptable deviations. kidney subgroups. kidney positively gender hypertension albuminuria macrohematuria negatively creatinine clearance. albuminuria accelerated progression. kidney reliably month autosomal polycystic kidney unenhanced

exact_dup

84138506

10.1007/s12021-014-9251-4

Measures of functional connectivity are commonly employed in neuroimaging research. Among the most popular measures is the Synchronization Likelihood which provides a non-linear estimate of the statistical dependencies between the activity time courses of different brain areas. One aspect which has limited a wider use of this algorithm is the fact that it is very computationally and memory demanding. In the present work we propose new implementations and parallelizations of the Synchronization Likelihood algorithm with significantly better performance both in time and in memory use. As a result both the amount of required computational time is reduced by 3 orders of magnitude and the amount of memory needed for calculations is reduced by 2 orders of magnitude. This allows performing analyses that were not feasible before from a computational standpoint

An efficient implementation of the synchronization likelihood algorithm for functional connectivity

an efficient implementation of the synchronization likelihood algorithm for functional connectivity

connectivity commonly neuroimaging research. popular synchronization likelihood dependencies courses areas. aspect wider computationally demanding. propose implementations parallelizations synchronization likelihood use. orders orders magnitude. performing feasible standpoint

exact_dup

84591379

10.1016/j.ecoser.2017.07.007

The relationship between nature and cultural ecosystem service (CES) benefits is well accepted but poorly understood, as is the potential role of biodiversity in the relationship. By means of a public questionnaire survey in Wiltshire, UK, the relationship between the presence of a range of common species groups, species group ‘charisma’, group abundance in the landscape, and the benefit that people felt that they derived from the species groups was investigated for a lowland multifunctional landscape. Findings showed that species group charisma influenced the benefit reported by respondents for current abundance levels, and influenced their response to potential increases or decreases in abundance. Respondents reported high levels of benefit from species groups hypothesised to be charismatic (birds, flowering plants, butterflies) and there was high consistency in the pattern of response. Respondents reported less benefit from groups hypothesised to be less charismatic (beetles/bugs, brambles and nettles), the latter response patterns showing much greater variation. These results could be used to promote a more holistic understanding of the value of biodiversity by educating and informing the public so that they derive benefit not just from the charismatic, but also from the everyday, the commonplace and less obviously charismatic species

Do charismatic species groups generate more cultural ecosystem service benefits?

do charismatic species groups generate more cultural ecosystem service benefits?

cultural ecosystem benefits poorly understood biodiversity relationship. questionnaire wiltshire ‘charisma’ abundance landscape benefit felt lowland multifunctional landscape. charisma influenced benefit respondents abundance influenced abundance. respondents benefit hypothesised charismatic birds flowering butterflies consistency response. respondents benefit hypothesised charismatic beetles bugs brambles nettles variation. promote holistic biodiversity educating informing derive benefit charismatic everyday commonplace obviously charismatic

exact_dup

11049519

10.1016/j.paid.2012.09.017

Negative life events are associated with poor wellbeing and mental health outcomes. Following a diathesis-stress model, we tested whether psychological functioning and quality of interpersonal relationships moderated the effect of life events on subjective wellbeing. This study comprised data from a young and middle-aged adult sample (n = 364) drawn from an Australian university-student population. Results indicated that life events were associated with negative but not positive wellbeing outcomes. Perceived impact of life events was a stronger predictor of wellbeing than was the number of life events. Psychological functioning and quality of interpersonal relationships were associated with both wellbeing dimensions but only quality of interpersonal relationships moderated the effect of life events on wellbeing. In conclusion, perceived impact of life events was more strongly related to wellbeing than number of life events. Interpersonal relationships moderate the effect of life events with those reporting higher levels of quality of interpersonal relationships reporting less decrement in negative affect following stressful life events.

Psychological wellbeing and the diathesis-stress hypothesis model: the role of psychological functioning and quality of relations in promoting subjective well-being in a life events study

psychological wellbeing and the diathesis-stress hypothesis model: the role of psychological functioning and quality of relations in promoting subjective well-being in a life events study

wellbeing outcomes. diathesis psychological functioning interpersonal moderated subjective wellbeing. comprised aged drawn australian student population. wellbeing outcomes. perceived stronger predictor wellbeing events. psychological functioning interpersonal wellbeing interpersonal moderated wellbeing. perceived wellbeing events. interpersonal moderate reporting interpersonal reporting decrement stressful events.

exact_dup

11309877

10.1016/j.memsci.2006.03.043

The specific cake resistance in dead-end filtration is a complex function of suspension properties and operating conditions. In this study, the specific resistance of resuspended dried bakers yeast suspensions was measured in a series of 150 experiments covering a range of pressures, cell concentrations, pHs, ionic strengths and membrane resistances. The specific resistance was found to increase linearly with pressure and exhibited a complex dependence on pH and ionic strength. The specific resistance data were correlated using an artificial neural network containing a single hidden layer with nine neurons employing the sigmoidal activation function. The network was trained with 104 training points, 13 validation points and 33 test points. Excellent agreement was obtained between the neural network and the test data with average errors of less than 10%. In addition, a network was trained for prediction of the filtrate flux directly from the system inputs and this approach is easily extended to crossflow filtration by adding inputs such as the crossflow velocity and channel height. An attempt was made to interpret the network weights for both the specific resistance and flux networks. The effective contribution of each input to the system output was computed in each case and showed trends that were as expected. Although network weights, and consequently the computed effect of each parameter, is different each time a network is changed (depending on the initial weights used in the training process), the variation was low enough for information contained in the network to be interpreted in a meaningful way

Dead-end filtration of yeast suspensions: correlating specific resistance and flux data using artificial neural networks

dead-end filtration of yeast suspensions: correlating specific resistance and flux data using artificial neural networks

cake dead filtration suspension operating conditions. resuspended dried bakers yeast suspensions covering pressures ionic strengths resistances. linearly exhibited ionic strength. artificial hidden nine employing sigmoidal function. trained validation points. excellent trained filtrate inputs crossflow filtration adding inputs crossflow height. attempt interpret weights networks. expected. weights changed weights interpreted meaningful

exact_dup

11994904

10.1016/0014-5793(75)81090-8

Sterols are considered structural components of higher plant membranes on the basis of their presence in membrane-containing subcellular fractions [1—3], their effect on plant membrane permeability when added exogenously [4,5] and the sensitivity of plant cells to the polyene antibiotic filipin [6—8], which action is known to depend on the presence of sterols in the membrane (see [8]). Our recent finding of a gene that controls the free sterol level of developing wheat endosperm [9—11 ] allows to investígate whether endogenous sterol modifies membrane permeability in the same way as that added externally. We report here on the effect of «-butanol and filipin on the leakage properties of developing wheat endosperms with different genetically determined free sterol levéis

Effects of n-butanol and filipin on membrane permeability of developing wheat endosperm with different sterol phenotypes.

effects of n-butanol and filipin on membrane permeability of developing wheat endosperm with different sterol phenotypes.

sterols membranes subcellular fractions permeability exogenously polyene antibiotic filipin sterols sterol wheat endosperm investígate endogenous sterol modifies permeability externally. butanol filipin leakage wheat endosperms genetically sterol levéis

exact_dup

11997905

10.1088/1748-3182/6/4/045005

In this paper, we describe our research on bio-inspired locomotion systems using deformable structures and smart materials, concretely shape memory alloys (SMAs). These types of materials allow us to explore the possibility of building motor-less and gear-less robots.\ud A swimming underwater fish-like robot has been developed whose movements are generated using SMAs. These actuators are suitable for bending the continuous backbone of the fish, which in turn causes a change in the curvature of the body. This type of structural arrangement is inspired by fish red muscles, which are mainly recruited during steady swimming for the bending of a flexible but nearly incompressible structure such as the fishbone. This paper\ud reviews the design process of these bio-inspired structures, from the motivations and physiological inspiration to the mechatronics design, control and simulations, leading to actual experimental trials and results. The focus of this work is to present the mechanisms by which standard swimming patterns can be reproduced with the proposed design. Moreover, the performance of the SMA-based actuators’ control in terms of actuation speed and position accuracy is also addressed

Bending continuous structures with SMAs: a novel robotic fish design

bending continuous structures with smas: a novel robotic fish design

inspired locomotion deformable smart concretely alloys smas explore motor gear robots. swimming underwater fish robot movements smas. actuators bending backbone fish curvature body. arrangement inspired fish muscles recruited steady swimming bending flexible nearly incompressible fishbone. reviews inspired motivations physiological inspiration mechatronics results. swimming reproduced design. actuators’ actuation addressed

exact_dup

11998829

10.1007/s10722-005-7767-z

In this work gliadin proteins were used to analyse the genetic variability in a sample of the durum wheat Spanish collection conserved at the CRF-INIA. In total 38 different alleles were identified at the loci Gli-A1, Gli-A3, Gli-B5, Gli-B1, Gli-A2 and Gli-B2. All the gliadin loci were polymorphic, possessed large genetic diversity and small and large differentiation within and between varieties, respectively. The Gli-A2 and Gli-B2 loci were the most polymorphic, the most fixed within varieties and the most useful to distinguish among varieties. Alternatively, Gli-B1 locus presented the least genetic variability out of the four main loci Gli-A1, Gli-B1, Gli-A2 and Gli-B2. The Gli-B1 alleles coding for the gliadin γ-45, associated with good quality, had an accumulated frequency of 69.7%, showing that the Spanish germplasm could be a good source for breeding quality. The Spanish landraces studied showed new gliadin alleles not catalogued so far. These new alleles might be associated with specific Spanish environment factors. The large number of new alleles identified also indicates that durum wheat Spanish germplasm is rather unique

Analysis of genetic variability in a sample of the durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) Spanish collection based on gliadin markers

analysis of genetic variability in a sample of the durum wheat (triticum durum desf.) spanish collection based on gliadin markers

gliadin analyse durum wheat spanish conserved inia. alleles loci gliadin loci polymorphic possessed diversity varieties respectively. loci polymorphic varieties distinguish varieties. alternatively locus loci alleles coding gliadin accumulated spanish germplasm breeding quality. spanish landraces gliadin alleles catalogued far. alleles spanish factors. alleles durum wheat spanish germplasm

exact_dup

11999797

10.1016/j.nima.2010.11.128

Next generation PET scanners should fulfill very high requirements in terms of spatial, energy and timing resolution. Modern scanner performances are inherently limited by the use of standard photomultiplier tubes. The use of Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs) is proposed for the construction of a 4D-PET module of 4.8×4.8 cm2 aimed to replace the standard PMT based PET block detector. The module will be based on a LYSO continuous crystal read on two faces by Silicon Photomultipliers. A high granularity detection surface made by SiPM matrices of 1.5 mm pitch will be used for the x–y photon hit position determination with submillimetric accuracy, while a low granularity surface constituted by 16 mm2 SiPM pixels will provide the fast timing information (t) that will be used to implement the Time of Flight technique (TOF). The spatial information collected by the two detector layers will be combined in order to measure the Depth of Interaction (DOI) of each event (z). The use of large area multi-pixel Silicon Photomultiplier (SiPM) detectors requires the development of a multichannel Data Acquisition system (DAQ) as well as of a dedicated front-end in order not to degrade the intrinsic detector capabilities and to manage many channels. The paper describes the progress made on the development of the proof of principle module under construction at the University of Pisa

Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPM) as novel photodetectors for PET

silicon photomultipliers (sipm) as novel photodetectors for pet

scanners fulfill timing resolution. modern scanner performances inherently photomultiplier tubes. silicon photomultipliers sipms module aimed replace detector. module lyso read faces silicon photomultipliers. granularity sipm pitch submillimetric granularity constituted sipm pixels timing implement flight pixel silicon photomultiplier sipm detectors multichannel acquisition dedicated front degrade intrinsic capabilities manage channels. describes progress module pisa

exact_dup

12001946

10.1016/S0045-7949(02)00261-4

The physical model based on moving constant loads is widely used for the analysis of railway bridges. Nevertheless, the moving loads model is not well suited for the study of short bridges (L⩽20–25 m) since the results it produces (displacements and accelerations) are much greater than those obtained from more sophisticated ones. In this paper two factors are analysed which are believed to have an influence in the dynamic behaviour of short bridges. These two factors are not accounted for by the moving loads model and are the following: the distribution of the loads due to the presence of the sleepers and ballast layer, and the train–bridge interaction. In order to decide on their influence several numerical simulations have been performed. The results are presented and discussed herein

Advances in the analysis of short span railway bridges for high-speed lines

advances in the analysis of short span railway bridges for high-speed lines

moving loads widely railway bridges. nevertheless moving loads suited bridges produces displacements accelerations sophisticated ones. analysed believed bridges. accounted moving loads loads sleepers ballast train–bridge interaction. decide performed. herein

exact_dup

12033607

10.1007/978-88-470-0502-0_1

The aim of this paper is to compare statistical properties of stock price indices in periods of booms with those in periods of stagnations. We use the daily data of the four stock price indices in the major stock markets in the world: (i) the Nikkei 225 index (Nikkei 225) from January 4, 1975 to August 18, 2004, of (ii) the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) from January 2, 1946 to August 18, 2004, of (iii) Standard and Poor’s 500 index (SP500) from November 22, 1982 to August 18, 2004, and of (iii) the Financial Times Stock Exchange 100 index (FT 100) from April 2, 1984 to August 18, 2004. We divide the time series of each of these indices in the two periods: booms and stagnations, and investigate the statistical properties of absolute log return, which is a typical measure of volatility, for each period. We find that (i) the tail of the distribution of the absolute log-returns is approximated by a power-law function with the exponent close to 3 in the periods of booms while the distribution is described by an exponential function with the scale parameter close to unity in the periods of stagnations.

Stock volatility in the periods of booms and stagnations

stock volatility in the periods of booms and stagnations

stock indices booms stagnations. stock indices stock markets nikkei nikkei august jones industrial djia august poor’s november august stock april august divide indices booms stagnations return volatility period. tail returns approximated exponent booms exponential unity stagnations.

exact_dup

129701858

10.1038/s41598-017-12776-8

Low GABA transmission has been reported in suicide, and GABRA6 rs3219151 T allele has been associated with greater physiological and endocrine stress response in previous studies. Although environmental stress also plays a role in suicide, the possible role of this allele has not been investigated in this respect. In our present study effect of rs3219151 of GABRA6 gene in interaction with recent negative life events on lifetime and current depression, current anxiety, as well as lifetime suicide were investigated using regression models in a white European general sample of 2283 subjects. Post hoc measures for phenotypes related to suicide risk were also tested for association with rs3219151 in interaction with environmental stress. No main effect of the GABRA6 rs3219151 was detected, but in those exposed to recent negative life events GABRA6 T allele increased current anxiety and depression as well as specific elements of suicide risk including suicidal and death-related thoughts, hopelessness, restlessness and agitation, insomnia and impulsiveness as measured by the STOP task. Our data indicate that stress-associated suicide risk is elevated in carriers of the GABRA6 rs3219151 T allele with several independent markers and predictors of suicidal behaviours converging to this increased risk

A new stress sensor and risk factor for suicide: the T allele of the functional genetic variant in the GABRA6 gene

a new stress sensor and risk factor for suicide: the t allele of the functional genetic variant in the gabra6 gene

gaba suicide gabra allele physiological endocrine studies. plays suicide allele respect. gabra lifetime depression anxiety lifetime suicide subjects. phenotypes suicide stress. gabra exposed gabra allele anxiety depression suicide suicidal thoughts hopelessness restlessness agitation insomnia impulsiveness stop task. suicide elevated carriers gabra allele markers predictors suicidal behaviours converging

exact_dup

143692777

10.1016/j.radphyschem.2013.04.034

Surface modification of polypropylene (PP) sheets was carried out by radiation induced graft polymer- ization of hydrophilic functional molecules such as N,N-dimethylacrylamide (DMA) and [2-methacry- loyloxy)ethyl] trimethylammonium chloride, which is a quaternary ammonium salt (QAS). Polypropylene sheets were activated prior to the grafting reaction by using electron beam radiation. The changes in morphology, crystallinity and tensile parameters like deformation and stress at yield and deformation at break of PP after irradiation were investigated. The results showed that a minor crystalline reorganization takes place during the irradiation of PP at 100 kGy. The grafting has been observed to be strongly dependent on the monomer dilution in the reaction medium. After grafting of QAS (40%) and DMA (20%) it was possible to develop highly hydrophilic surfaces (water contact angle comprised between 30 and 411). The surfaces of virgin, irradiated and grafted PP were studied using polarized optical microscopy (POM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Spherical particles (i.e. polystyrene or silica beads) adhering to the modified samples were studied according to the surface parameters. Adhesion tests confirmed the strong influence of substrate type (mainly hydrophilicity and roughness) and to a lesser extent underlined the role of electrostatic interactions for the design of plastic surfaces for antimicrobial applications

Design of modified plastic surfaces for antimicrobial applications: Impact of ionizing radiation on the physical and mechanical properties of polypropylene

design of modified plastic surfaces for antimicrobial applications: impact of ionizing radiation on the physical and mechanical properties of polypropylene

modification polypropylene sheets graft polymer ization hydrophilic dimethylacrylamide methacry loyloxy ethyl trimethylammonium chloride quaternary ammonium salt polypropylene sheets grafting radiation. morphology crystallinity tensile deformation deformation break irradiation investigated. minor crystalline reorganization irradiation kgy. grafting monomer dilution medium. grafting hydrophilic comprised virgin irradiated grafted polarized microscopy scanning microscopy spherical i.e. polystyrene silica beads adhering modified parameters. adhesion confirmed influence hydrophilicity roughness lesser underlined electrostatic plastic antimicrobial

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144012890

10.1002/ejic.200300312

The X-ray structure of the sodium salt of [Gd(DOTP)]5- shows two different chelates, [Gd(1)(DOTP)]5- and [Gd(2)(DOTP)]5-, bound at either surface of a sheet formed by a cluster of hydrated Na+ ions. Each [Gd(1)(DOTP)]5- anion binds directly to four Na+ ions of this cluster through the free oxygen atoms of the phosphonate groups of the adjacent ligand, while each [Gd(2)(DOTP)]5- unit is connected to the cluster via hydrogen bonds only. The Gd3+ ions in the two moieties do not have any inner-sphere water molecules, and are eight-coordinate. Their coordination polyhedra are twisted square antiprisms, with slightly different twist angles. These mprime isomers are found in the crystal structure as racemic mixtures of enantiomers. Only one set of NMR resonances is observed in aqueous solution, corresponding to an averaged mprime isomer. In this crystal structure, the Na+ ions bind the phosphonate oxygen atoms of the [Gd(1)(DOTP)]5- anion at positions far removed from the main symmetry axis. This is significantly different from the binding mode(s) previously proposed to be occurring in solution between Na+ and [Tm(DOTP)]5-, based on the interpretation of solution paramagnetic 23Na NMR shifts. This could arise as a result of the effects of the cluster of hydrated Na+ ions that are present, which may hinder axial binding modes and distort lateral binding modes. Further, in the crystal structure, both types of Gd3+ centers have four second-sphere water molecules that are located at distances (4.2-4.5 Å) significantly longer than those previously proposed from the analysis of the NMRD data of [Gd(1)(DOTP)]5-. This is a result of the coordination of Na+ by these water molecules, thus preventing their direct interaction with the phosphonate oxygen atoms. However, in solution such second-sphere water molecules can interact strongly with the phosphonate ligand oxygen atoms, resulting in efficient relaxation if their binding has relatively long lifetimes (> 50 ps). Rotational immobilization will amplify this contribution, thus making it similar to outer-sphere relaxation. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejic.20030031

X-ray Crystal Structure of a Sodium Salt of [Gd(DOTP)]5: Implications for Its Second-Sphere Relaxivity and the 23Na NMR Hyperfine Shift Effects of [Tm(DOTP)]5-

x-ray crystal structure of a sodium salt of [gd(dotp)]5: implications for its second-sphere relaxivity and the 23na nmr hyperfine shift effects of [tm(dotp)]5-

sodium salt dotp chelates dotp dotp sheet hydrated ions. dotp anion binds phosphonate adjacent ligand dotp bonds only. moieties sphere eight coordinate. coordination polyhedra twisted antiprisms twist angles. mprime isomers racemic mixtures enantiomers. resonances aqueous averaged mprime isomer. bind phosphonate dotp anion removed axis. occurring dotp paramagnetic shifts. arise hydrated hinder axial distort lateral modes. centers sphere distances nmrd dotp coordination preventing phosphonate atoms. sphere interact phosphonate ligand relaxation lifetimes rotational immobilization amplify outer sphere relaxation. wiley verlag gmbh kgaa weinheim ejic.

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144012970

10.1002/ppsc.19910080153

The calibration of electrical sensing zone instruments is normally achieved by using spherical particles with a certified size. An alternative and more fundamental procedure, known as mass or self-calibration, is to use particles of the material under test.This work concerns the mass calibration technique, in particular the equations used to calculate the mass calibration constant. It is demonstrated that some of the published expressions are inconsistent. An expression particularly suitable for the Coulter Counter Model ZM has been derived and validated. Some experiments were also performed using irregular particles, in order to compare both calibration methods.http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.1991008015

Mass Calibration of the Coulter Counter Model ZM

mass calibration of the coulter counter model zm

calibration electrical sensing instruments normally spherical certified size. calibration test.this concerns calibration calibration constant. expressions inconsistent. coulter counter validated. irregular calibration methods. ppsc.

exact_dup

144013888

10.1007/s10750-004-3917-0

The estuarine isopod Cyathura carinata is a second intermediate host to microphallid trematodes, which use mud snails Hydrobia spp. and shorebirds as respectively first intermediate and final hosts. To identify processes responsible for infection patterns observed in C. carinata, a short-term microcosm experiment was conducted with both macroinvertebrates and one of their common parasites – Maritrema subdolum. Fine sand collected from two different shallow water sites was used to test if sediment type could affect infection rates. After 7 days at 25 °C, C. carinata from the substratum with the highest proportion of particles µm were more surface active and obtained significantly more M. subdolum individuals than isopods from the other sediment type. No parasite-induced effects on the hosts were found during this short-term experiment. The distribution pattern of microphallid cysts and mesocercariae inside the isopods revealed that M. subdolum cercariae primarily penetrated through the pleopods and afterwards located themselves in the middle-posterior region of the host’s body. Even if it was not possible to identify the factor responsible for the observed infection patterns (cercariae production and/or host behaviour), the results of this experiment indicate that small-scale factors, such as differences in substratum and associated features, may have considerable impact on infections of host populations.http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-004-3917-

Infection characteristics of a trematode in an estuarine isopod: influence of substratum

infection characteristics of a trematode in an estuarine isopod: influence of substratum

estuarine isopod cyathura carinata microphallid trematodes snails hydrobia spp. shorebirds hosts. carinata microcosm macroinvertebrates parasites maritrema subdolum. fine sand shallow sediment rates. carinata substratum proportion subdolum isopods sediment type. parasite hosts experiment. microphallid cysts mesocercariae isopods subdolum cercariae primarily penetrated pleopods afterwards posterior host’s body. cercariae substratum considerable infections populations.

exact_dup

144014017

10.1007/s00401-005-1034-4

Prion diseases are characterized by the accumulation of diffuse and aggregated plaques of protease-resistant prion protein (PrP) in the brains of affected individuals and animals. Whereas prion diseases in animals appear to be almost exclusively transmitted by infection, human prion diseases most often occur sporadically and, to a lesser extent, by inheritance or infection. In the sporadic cases (sporadic Creutzfeld-Jakob disease, sCJD), PrP-containing plaques are infrequent, whereas in transmitted (variant CJD) and inherited (Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker Syndrome) cases, plaques are a usual feature. In the current study, representative cases from each of the classes of human prion disease were analyzed for the presence of markers of oxidative damage that have been found in other neurodegenerative diseases. Interestingly, we found that the pattern of deposition of PrP, amyloid-ß, and redox active metals was distinct for the various prion diseases. Whereas 8-hydroxyguanosine has been shown to be increased in sCJD, and inducible NOS is increased in scrapie-infected mice, well-studied markers of oxidative damage that accumulate in the lesions of other neurodegenerative diseases (such as Alzheimer’s disease, progressive supranuclear palsy, and Parkinson’s disease), such as heme oxygenase-1 and lipid peroxidation, were not found around PrP deposits or in vulnerable neurons. These findings suggest an important distinction in prion-related oxidative stress, indicating that different neurodegenerative pathways are involved in different prion diseases.http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00401-005-1034-

Redox metals and oxidative abnormalities in human prion diseases

redox metals and oxidative abnormalities in human prion diseases

prion accumulation diffuse aggregated plaques protease resistant prion brains animals. prion exclusively transmitted prion sporadically lesser inheritance infection. sporadic sporadic creutzfeld jakob scjd plaques infrequent transmitted variant inherited gerstmann straussler scheinker syndrome plaques usual feature. prion markers oxidative neurodegenerative diseases. interestingly deposition amyloid redox metals prion diseases. hydroxyguanosine scjd inducible scrapie markers oxidative accumulate lesions neurodegenerative alzheimer’s progressive supranuclear palsy parkinson’s heme oxygenase peroxidation deposits vulnerable neurons. distinction prion oxidative neurodegenerative pathways prion diseases.

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144018825

10.1016/S1146-609X(99)00137-X

Eutrophication in the Mondego estuary gave rise to qualitative changes in the benthic community, involving the replacement of eelgrass, Zostera noltii, by green algae such as Enteromorpha spp. and Ulva sp. It seems reasonable to assume that, through time, such changes may determine a selected new trophic structure. Hydrobia ulvae, a dominant species in terms of abundance and biomass, was studied with regard to life history, population dynamics and productivity in relation to changing environmental conditions along the eutrophication gradient. The purpose was to examine to what extent this species may adapt to the new emergent conditions. During the study period, H. ulvae population exhibited both temporal and spatial density variations. The settlement pattern did not change along the eutrophication gradient, and took place in March, June, July and September. However, the population was denser in the less eutrophied areas, corresponding to Z. noltii meadows, when compared to the eutrophied ones, where Enteromorpha spp. blooms are usually observed. Growth was continuous through life but growth rates were higher during spring, decreased from early summer to mid fall and practically ceased during winter, and then gradually increased again up to spring. Life span was estimated as 21 ± 3 months. Growth productivity (P) was estimated as 93.7 g AFDW⋅m–2⋅year–1 in the Z. noltii meadows, 15.2 g AFDW⋅m–2⋅year–1 in the eutrophied area, and 30.3 g AFDW⋅m–2⋅year–1 in the strongly eutrophied area. Elimination productivity (E) was estimated as 30.0 g AFDW⋅m–2⋅year–1 in the Z. noltii meadows, 51.8 g AFDW⋅m–2⋅year–1 in the eutrophied area, and 97.5 g AFDW⋅m–2⋅year–1 in the strongly eutrophied area. The average annual biomass (B) (standing stock) of the population was estimated as √ 70.2 g AFDW⋅m–2 in the Z. noltii meadows, 5.5 g AFDW⋅m–2 in the eutrophied area, and 7.4 g AFDW⋅m–2 in the strongly eutrophied area. √ √ P/B and E/B ratios were estimated as 1.3 and 4.8 in the Z. noltii meadows, 2.8 and 9.5 in the eutrophied area, and 4.5 and 13.2 in the strongly √ √ eutrophied area, respectively. As a pattern, the standing stock decreased as a function of increasing eutrophication, while P/B and E/B ratios increased following the same gradient. There is evidence that H. ulvae population structure and annual production are seriously affected by eutrophication, namely by macroalgal bloom dynamics. Moreover, results suggest that H. ulvae might be suffering a change in its adaptive strategy along the eutrophication gradient, becoming closer to a typical ‘r’ strategist in the strongly eutrophied areashttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1146-609X(99)00137-

Population structure, dynamics and production of Hydrobia ulvae (Pennant) (Mollusca: Prosobranchia) along an eutrophication gradient in the Mondego estuary (Portugal)

population structure, dynamics and production of hydrobia ulvae (pennant) (mollusca: prosobranchia) along an eutrophication gradient in the mondego estuary (portugal)

eutrophication mondego estuary gave qualitative benthic involving replacement eelgrass zostera noltii algae enteromorpha spp. ulva reasonable trophic structure. hydrobia ulvae abundance biomass regard productivity changing eutrophication gradient. examine adapt emergent conditions. ulvae exhibited variations. settlement eutrophication took september. denser eutrophied noltii meadows eutrophied enteromorpha spp. blooms observed. spring summer fall practically ceased winter gradually spring. span months. productivity afdw⋅m– ⋅year– noltii meadows afdw⋅m– ⋅year– eutrophied afdw⋅m– ⋅year– eutrophied area. elimination productivity afdw⋅m– ⋅year– noltii meadows afdw⋅m– ⋅year– eutrophied afdw⋅m– ⋅year– eutrophied area. biomass standing stock afdw⋅m– noltii meadows afdw⋅m– eutrophied afdw⋅m– eutrophied area. noltii meadows eutrophied eutrophied respectively. standing stock eutrophication gradient. ulvae seriously eutrophication macroalgal bloom dynamics. ulvae suffering adaptive eutrophication becoming closer strategist eutrophied areashttp

exact_dup

147422167

10.1063/1.2001749

To examine the electronic structure of the valence band, ultraviolet photoemission spectra of a series of layered oxychalcogenides, LaCuOCh (Ch=S, Se, and Te), were measured. The measurements were conducted using He II, He I, and Ne I excitation lines to observe the excitation energy dependence of the spectral shape. Energy-band calculations based on a full-potential linearized augmented plain-wave method were performed. The calculated density of states and partial density of states were compared to the observed photoemission spectra. Five bands were observed in the valence band of LaCuOCh, and Ne I radiation remarkably enhanced two of them. The energy dependence of the photoionization cross section of atomic orbitals indicated that the two enhanced bands were due to the Ch p states. Energy calculations were used to assign the remaining bands. The electronic structure of LaCuOCh was further discussed using molecular-orbital diagrams to visualize the (La2O2)2+ and (Cu2Ch2)2– layers as large donor-acceptor pairs. The energy-band calculation and molecular-orbital diagram analyses suggested that the main difference among the valence-band structures of LaCuOCh (Ch=S, Se, and Te) originates from the variations in the energy position of the Ch p bands. The observed spectra are consistent with the results of the band calculations and clearly show the energy variations in the Ch p bands with respect to spectral shape and excitation energy dependence

Valence-band structures of layered oxychalcogenides, LaCuOCh (Ch=S, Se, and Te), studied by ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy and energy-band calculations

valence-band structures of layered oxychalcogenides, lacuoch (ch=s, se, and te), studied by ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy and energy-band calculations

examine valence ultraviolet photoemission layered oxychalcogenides lacuoch measured. shape. linearized augmented plain performed. photoemission spectra. valence lacuoch remarkably them. photoionization orbitals states. assign bands. lacuoch orbital diagrams visualize donor acceptor pairs. orbital valence lacuoch originates bands.

exact_dup

147426627

10.1002/jbm.a.34861

Initial cell responses following implantation are important for inducing osteoconductivity. We investigated cell adhesion, spreading, and proliferation in response to native and bovine serum albumin (BSA)-adsorbed disc of hydroxyapatite (HA) or alpha-type alumina (α-Al2O3) using mouse MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cells and mouse RAW264.7 macrophages. The adsorbed BSA inhibited adhesion and spreading of MC3T3-E1 cells, but did not affect MC3T3-E1 cell proliferation on HA and α-Al2O3 substrates. Thus, MC3T3-E1 cells quickly adhere to original HA before cell binding is impeded by adsorption of BSA in quantities sufficient to inhibit the adhesion of MC3T3-E1 cells. The adsorbed BSA inhibits adhesion of RAW264.7 cells to α-Al2O3, but not to HA. BSA adsorption does not affect RAW264.7 cell spreading and proliferation on both HA and α-Al2O3 substrates. Thus, BSA adsorbed on HA stimulates a different cell response than α-Al2O3. Moreover, quick adherence of osteoblast cells and monocyte-macrophage lineage cells plays a role in HA osteoconductivity

MC3T3-E1 and RAW264.7 cell response to hydroxyapatite and alpha-type alumina adsorbed with bovine serum albumin

mc3t3-e1 and raw264.7 cell response to hydroxyapatite and alpha-type alumina adsorbed with bovine serum albumin

implantation inducing osteoconductivity. adhesion spreading proliferation native bovine albumin adsorbed disc hydroxyapatite alpha alumina osteoblastic macrophages. adsorbed inhibited adhesion spreading proliferation substrates. quickly adhere impeded adsorption quantities inhibit adhesion cells. adsorbed inhibits adhesion adsorption spreading proliferation substrates. adsorbed stimulates quick adherence osteoblast monocyte macrophage lineage plays osteoconductivity

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147601303

10.1007/978-3-642-23544-3_33

Recent advances in sensor technology have led to a rapid growth in the availability of accurate, portable and low-cost sensors. In the Sport and Health Science domains, this has been used to deploy multiple sensors in a variety of situations in order to monitor participant and environmental factors of an activity or sport. As these sensors often output their data in a raw, proprietary or unstructured format, it is difficult to identify periods of interest, such as events or actions of interest to the Sport and Exercise Physiologists. In our research, we deploy multiple sensors on horses and jockeys while they engage in horse-racing training exercises. The Exercise Physiologists aim to identify events which contribute most to energy expenditure, and classify both the horse and jockey movement using basic accelerometer sensors. We propose a metadata driven approach to enriching the raw sensor data using a series of Profiles. This data then forms the basis of user defined algorithms to detect events using an Event-Condition-Action approach. We provide an Event Definition interface which is used to construct algorithms based on sensor measurements both before and after integration. The result enables the end user to express high level queries to meet their information needs

Knowledge acquisition from sensor data in an equine environment

knowledge acquisition from sensor data in an equine environment

advances sensor availability portable sensors. sport deploy sensors situations monitor participant sport. sensors proprietary unstructured format sport exercise physiologists. deploy sensors horses jockeys engage horse racing exercises. exercise physiologists expenditure classify horse jockey movement accelerometer sensors. propose metadata enriching sensor profiles. detect approach. sensor integration. enables express queries meet

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147607630

10.1007/978-3-319-13168-9_17

Lifelogging is the digital recording of our everyday behaviour in order to identify human activities and build applications that support daily life. Lifelogs represent a unique form of personal multimedia content in that they are temporal, synchronised, multi-modal and composed of multiple media. Analysing lifelogs with a view to supporting content-based access, presents many challenges. These include the integration of heterogeneous input streams from different sensors, structuring a lifelog into events, representing events, and interpreting and understanding lifelogs. In this paper we demonstrate the potential of semantic web technologies for analysing lifelogs by automatically augmenting descriptions of lifelog events. We report on experiments and demonstrate how our re- sults yield rich descriptions of multi-modal, multimedia lifelog content, opening up even greater possibilities for managing and using lifelogs

Semantically enhancing multimedia lifelog events

semantically enhancing multimedia lifelog events

lifelogging digital recording everyday build life. lifelogs personal multimedia synchronised modal composed media. analysing lifelogs supporting presents challenges. heterogeneous streams sensors structuring lifelog representing interpreting lifelogs. semantic technologies analysing lifelogs automatically augmenting descriptions lifelog events. sults descriptions modal multimedia lifelog opening possibilities managing lifelogs

exact_dup

148653752

10.1093/mp/ssn025

In plants, resistance to necrotrophic pathogens depends on the interplay between different hormone systems, such as those regulated by salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), ethylene, and abscisic acid. Repression of auxin signaling by the SA pathway was recently shown to contribute to antibacterial resistance. Here, we demonstrate that Arabidopsis auxin signaling mutants axr1, axr2, and axr6 that have defects in the auxin-stimulated SCF (Skp1¿Cullin¿ F-box) ubiquitination pathway exhibit increased susceptibility to the necrotrophic fungi Plectosphaerella cucumerina and Botrytis cinerea. Also, stabilization of the auxin transcriptional repressor AXR3 that is normally targeted for removal by the SCF-ubiquitin/proteasome machinery occurs upon P. cucumerina infection. Pharmacological inhibition of auxin transport or proteasome function each compromise necrotroph resistance of wild-type plants to a similar extent as in non-treated auxin response mutants. These results suggest that auxin signaling is important for resistance to the necrotrophic fungi P. cucumerina and B. cinerea. SGT1b (one of two Arabidopsis SGT1 genes encoding HSP90/HSC70 co-chaperones) promotes the functions of SCF E3-ubiquitin ligase complexes in auxin and JA responses and resistance conditioned by certain Resistance (R) genes to biotrophic pathogens. We find that sgt1b mutants are as resistant to P. cucumerina as wild-type plants. Conversely, auxin/SCF signaling mutants are uncompromised in RPP4-triggered resistance to the obligate biotrophic oomycete, Hyaloperonospora parasitica. Thus, the predominant action of SGT1b in R gene-conditioned resistance to oomycetes appears to be at a site other than assisting SCF E3-ubiquitin ligases. However, genetic additivity of sgt1b axr1 double mutants in susceptibility to H. parasitica suggests that SCF-mediated ubiquitination contributes to limiting biotrophic pathogen colonization once plant¿pathogen compatibility is established

Repression of the auxin response pathway increases Arabidopsis susceptibility to necrotrophic fungi

repression of the auxin response pathway increases arabidopsis susceptibility to necrotrophic fungi

necrotrophic pathogens interplay hormone regulated salicylic jasmonic ethylene abscisic acid. repression auxin antibacterial resistance. arabidopsis auxin mutants defects auxin stimulated ¿cullin¿ ubiquitination exhibit susceptibility necrotrophic fungi plectosphaerella cucumerina botrytis cinerea. stabilization auxin transcriptional repressor normally targeted removal ubiquitin proteasome machinery cucumerina infection. pharmacological auxin proteasome compromise necrotroph auxin mutants. auxin necrotrophic fungi cucumerina cinerea. arabidopsis encoding chaperones promotes ubiquitin ligase complexes auxin conditioned biotrophic pathogens. mutants resistant cucumerina plants. conversely auxin mutants uncompromised triggered obligate biotrophic oomycete hyaloperonospora parasitica. predominant conditioned oomycetes assisting ubiquitin ligases. additivity mutants susceptibility parasitica ubiquitination contributes limiting biotrophic pathogen colonization plant¿pathogen compatibility

exact_dup

148655453

10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2009.01.028

wo multispectral maturity classifications for red soft-flesh peaches (‘Kingcrest’, ‘Rubyrich’ and ‘Richlady’ n = 260) are proposed and compared based on R (red) and R/IR (red divided by infrared) images obtained with a three CCD camera (800 nm, 675 nm and 450 nm). R/IR histograms were able to correct the effect of 3D shape on light reflectance and thus more Gaussian histograms were produced than R images. As fruits ripened, the R/IR histograms showed increasing levels of intensity. Reference measurements such as firmness and visible spectra also varied significantly as the fruit ripens, firmness decreased while reflectance at 680 nm increased (chlorophyll absorption peak)

Multispectral images of peach related to firmness and maturity at harvest

multispectral images of peach related to firmness and maturity at harvest

multispectral maturity classifications flesh peaches ‘kingcrest’ ‘rubyrich’ ‘richlady’ divided infrared camera histograms reflectance histograms images. fruits ripened histograms intensity. firmness visible varied fruit ripens firmness reflectance chlorophyll

exact_dup

148656973

10.1098/rstb.2010.0062

Understanding plant–virus coevolution requires wild systems in which there is no human manipulation of either host or virus. To develop such a system, we analysed virus infection in six wild populations of Arabidopsis thaliana in Central Spain. The incidence of five virus species with different life-styles was monitored during four years, and this was analysed in relation to the demography of the host populations. Total virus incidence reached 70 per cent, which suggests a role of virus infection in the population structure and dynamics of the host, under the assumption of a host fitness cost caused by the infection. Maximum incidence occurred at early growth stages, and co-infection with different viruses was frequent, two factors often resulting in increased virulence. Experimental infections under controlled conditions with two isolates of the most prevalent viruses, cauliflower mosaic virus and cucumber mosaic virus, showed that there is genetic variation for virus accumulation, although this depended on the interaction between host and virus genotypes. Comparison of QST-based genetic differentiations between both host populations with FST genetic differentiation based on putatively neutral markers suggests different selection dynamics for resistance against different virus species or genotypes. Together, these results are compatible with a hypothesis of plant–virus coevolution

Arabidopsis thaliana as a model for the study of plant-virus co-evolution

arabidopsis thaliana as a model for the study of plant-virus co-evolution

plant–virus coevolution manipulation virus. analysed arabidopsis thaliana spain. incidence styles monitored analysed demography populations. incidence reached cent fitness infection. incidence occurred viruses frequent virulence. infections isolates prevalent viruses cauliflower mosaic cucumber mosaic accumulation depended genotypes. differentiations putatively neutral markers genotypes. compatible plant–virus coevolution

exact_dup

148657218

10.1073/pnas.1011612108

Quantitative estimates of the economic damages of climate change usually are based on aggregate relationships linking average temperature change to loss in gross domestic product (GDP). However, there is a clear need for further detail in the regional and sectoral dimensions of impact assessments to design and prioritize adaptation strategies. New developments in regional climate modeling and physical-impact modeling in Europe allow a better exploration of those dimensions. This article quantifies the potential consequences of climate change in Europe in four market impact categories (agriculture, river floods, coastal areas, and tourism) and one nonmarket impact (human health). The methodology integrates a set of coherent, high-resolution climate change projections and physical models into an economic modeling framework. We find that if the climate of the 2080s were to occur today, the annual loss in household welfare in the European Union (EU) resulting from the four market impacts would range between 0.2–1%. If the welfare loss is assumed to be constant over time, climate change may halve the EU's annual welfare growth. Scenarios with warmer temperatures and a higher rise in sea level result in more severe economic damage. However, the results show that there are large variations across European regions. Southern Europe, the British Isles, and Central Europe North appear most sensitive to climate change. Northern Europe, on the other hand, is the only region with net economic benefits, driven mainly by the positive effects on agriculture. Coastal systems, agriculture, and river flooding are the most important of the four market impacts assessed

Physical and economic consequences of climate change in Europe

physical and economic consequences of climate change in europe

damages aggregate linking gross domestic sectoral assessments prioritize adaptation strategies. developments europe exploration dimensions. quantifies consequences europe categories agriculture river floods coastal tourism nonmarket methodology integrates coherent projections framework. today household welfare union impacts welfare halve welfare growth. scenarios warmer damage. regions. southern europe british isles europe change. northern europe benefits agriculture. coastal agriculture river flooding impacts

exact_dup

148657592

10.1016/0304-4211(74)90078-9

A previously described D genome locus (Pln) that controls sterol esterification in the wheat kernel has been assigned to the short arm of chromosome 7 D by comparison of the steryl ester phenotype of euploid kernels of Triticum aestivum variety Chinese Spring with those of the compensated nulli-tetrasomic lines and the 7 D S ditelosomic. Palmitate is the predominant ester in all but the 7 D nullisomic combinations, which have linoleate as the main ester. These lines also show a marked decrease in sterol esterification and a two-fold increase in free sterol, indicating that chromosomes 7 A and 7 B do not compensate for the loss of esterification capacity associated with 7 D

Chromosomal location of a gene that controls sterol esterification in Triticum aestivum L.

chromosomal location of a gene that controls sterol esterification in triticum aestivum l.

locus sterol esterification wheat kernel assigned chromosome steryl ester phenotype euploid kernels triticum aestivum chinese spring compensated nulli tetrasomic ditelosomic. palmitate predominant ester nullisomic combinations linoleate ester. marked sterol esterification sterol chromosomes compensate esterification

exact_dup

148661303

10.1016/j.corsci.2011.05.023

The critical conditions for hydrogenembrittlement (HE) risk of highstrengthgalvanizedsteel (HSGS) wires and tendons exposed to alkaline concrete pore solutions have been evaluated by means of electrochemical and mechanical testing.\ud There is a relationship between the hydrogenembrittlementrisk in HSGS and the length of hydrogen evolution process in alkalinemedia. The galvanizedsteel suffers anodic dissolution simultaneously to the hydrogen evolution which does not stop until the passivation process is completed. HSGS wires exposed to a very highalkalinemedia have showed HE risk with loss in mechanical properties only if long periods with hydrogen evolution process take place with a simultaneous intensive galvanized coating reduction

Hydrogen embrittlement risk of high strength galvanized steel in contact with alkaline media

hydrogen embrittlement risk of high strength galvanized steel in contact with alkaline media

hydrogenembrittlement highstrengthgalvanizedsteel hsgs wires tendons exposed alkaline concrete pore electrochemical testing. hydrogenembrittlementrisk hsgs alkalinemedia. galvanizedsteel suffers anodic dissolution simultaneously stop passivation completed. hsgs wires exposed highalkalinemedia simultaneous intensive galvanized coating

exact_dup

148663565

10.1016/j.fusengdes.2012.02.064

The HiPER project, phase 4a, is evolving. In this study we present the progress made in the field of neutronics and radiological protection for an integrated design of the facility. In the current model, we take into account the optical systems inside the target bay, as well as the remote handling requirements and related infrastructure, together with different shields. The last reference irradiation scenario, consisting of 20 MJ of neutron yields, 5 yields per burst, one burst every week and 30 years of expected lifetime is considered for this study. We have performed a characterization of the dose rates behavior in the facility, both during operation and between bursts. The dose rates are computed for workers, regarding to maintenance and handling, and also for optical systems, regarding to damage. Furthermore, we have performed a waste management assessment of all the components inside the target bay. Results indicate that remote maintenance is mandatory in some areas. The small beam penetrations in the shields are responsible for some high doses in some specific locations. With regards to optics, the residual doses are as high as prompt doses. It is found that the whole target bay may be fully managed as a waste in 30 years by recycling and/or clearance, with no need for burial

Advances in neutronics and radiological protection of HiPER 4a

advances in neutronics and radiological protection of hiper 4a

hiper evolving. progress neutronics radiological protection facility. remote handling infrastructure shields. irradiation consisting neutron burst burst week lifetime study. facility bursts. workers maintenance handling damage. waste bay. remote maintenance mandatory areas. penetrations shields doses locations. regards optics residual doses prompt doses. managed waste recycling clearance burial

exact_dup

148667991

10.1088/0029-5515/53/1/013010

Nowadays, the projects LIFE (Laser Inertial Fusion Energy) in USA and HiPER (High Power Laser Energy Research)\ud in Europe are the most advanced ones to demonstrate laser fusion energy viability. One of the main points of concern\ud to properly achieve ignition is the performance of the final optics (lenses) under the severe irradiation conditions that take place in fusion facilities. In this paper, we calculate the radiation fluxes and doses as well as the radiation-induced temperature enhancement and colour centre formation in final lenses assuming realistic geometrical configurations for HiPER and LIFE. On these bases, the mechanical stresses generated by the established temperature gradients are evaluated showing that from a mechanical point of view lenses only fulfil specifications if ions resulting from\ud the imploding target are mitigated. The absorption coefficient of the lenses is calculated during reactor startup and steady-state operation. The obtained results reveal the necessity of new solutions to tackle ignition problems during the startup process for HiPER. Finally, we evaluate the effect of temperature gradients on focal length changes and lens surface deformations. In summary, we discuss the capabilities and weak points of silica lenses and propose alternatives to overcome predictable problem

Silica final lens performance in laser fusion facilities: HiPER and LIFE

silica final lens performance in laser fusion facilities: hiper and life

nowadays projects inertial fusion hiper europe advanced fusion viability. concern properly ignition optics lenses irradiation fusion facilities. fluxes doses enhancement colour lenses realistic geometrical configurations hiper life. bases stresses gradients lenses fulfil specifications imploding mitigated. lenses reactor startup steady operation. reveal necessity tackle ignition startup hiper. gradients focal lens deformations. capabilities silica lenses propose alternatives overcome predictable

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148672116

10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.02.103

Semi-arid soils cover a significant area of Earth s land surface and typically contain large amounts of inorganic C. Determining the effects of biochar additions on CO2 emissions fromsemi-arid soils is therefore essential for evaluating the potential of biochar as a climate change mitigation strategy. Here, we measured the CO2 that evolved from semi-arid calcareous soils amended with biochar at rates of 0 and 20 t ha?1 in a full factorial combination with three different fertilizers (mineral fertilizer, municipal solid waste compost, and sewage sludge) applied at four rates (equivalent to 0, 75, 150, and 225 kg potentially available N ha?1) during 182 days of aerobic incubation. A double exponential model, which describes cumulative CO2 emissions from two active soil C compartments with different turnover rates (one relatively stable and the other more labile), was found to fit verywell all the experimental datasets. In general, the organic fertilizers increased the size and decomposition rate of the stable and labile soil C pools. In contrast, biochar addition had no effects on any of the double exponential model parameters and did not interact with the effects ascribed to the type and rate of fertilizer. After 182 days of incubation, soil organic and microbial biomass C contents tended to increase with increasing the application rates of organic fertilizer, especially of compost, whereas increasing the rate of mineral fertilizer tended to suppress microbial biomass. Biochar was found to increase both organic and inorganic C contents in soil and not to interactwith the effects of type and rate of fertilizer on C fractions. As a whole, our results suggest that the use of biochar as enhancer of semi-arid soils, either alone or combined with mineral and organic fertilizers, is unlikely to increase abiotic and biotic soil CO2 emissions

Carbon dioxide emissions from semi-arid soils amended with biochar alone or combined with mineral and organic fertilizers

carbon dioxide emissions from semi-arid soils amended with biochar alone or combined with mineral and organic fertilizers

arid soils cover earth amounts inorganic determining biochar additions fromsemi arid soils evaluating biochar mitigation strategy. evolved arid calcareous soils amended biochar factorial fertilizers mineral fertilizer municipal waste compost sewage sludge potentially aerobic incubation. exponential describes cumulative compartments turnover labile verywell datasets. fertilizers decomposition labile pools. biochar exponential interact ascribed fertilizer. incubation microbial biomass contents tended fertilizer compost mineral fertilizer tended suppress microbial biomass. biochar inorganic contents interactwith fertilizer fractions. biochar enhancer arid soils mineral fertilizers unlikely abiotic biotic

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148674071

10.1016/j.enpol.2013.10.073

This paper examined the potentialities of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) as instrument for policy-support. To this respect, the adoption of an initiative within the Madrid Air Quality Plan (AQP) 2011–2015 regarding the substitution of diesel taxis with hybrid, natural gas and LPG alternatives was studied. Four different scenarios were elaborated, a business-as-usual scenario (BAU), the scenario of the AQP, and two extreme-situation scenarios: all-diesel (ADI) and all-ecologic (AEC). Impacts were characterized according to the ILCD methodology, focusing especially on climate change (CC) and photochemical ozone formation (PO). SimaPro 7.3 was used as analysis and inventory-construction tool. The results indicate that the shift to ecologic alternatives reduced impacts, especially those related to CC and PO. For the complete life cycle, reductions of 13% (CC) and 25% (PO) were observed for AQP against BAU (CC:1365 GgCO2, PO:13336 MgNMVOC). Deeper reductions were observed for AEC (CC:34%, PO:59%), while ADI produced slight increases in impacts if against BAU. The analysis of the use-phase revealed that the central and highest speed zones of the city benefit from the adoption of AQP. This is especially evident in zone 7, with reductions of 16% in CC and 31% in PO respectively against BAU (CCzone1:3443 kgCO2/veh·km, POzone7:11.1 kgNMVOC/veh·km)

Life cycle assessment as a policy-support tool: the case of taxis in the city of Madrid

life cycle assessment as a policy-support tool: the case of taxis in the city of madrid

potentialities instrument support. adoption initiative madrid plan substitution diesel taxis hybrid alternatives studied. scenarios elaborated usual extreme scenarios diesel ecologic impacts ilcd methodology focusing photochemical ozone simapro inventory tool. ecologic alternatives impacts reductions ggco mgnmvoc deeper reductions slight impacts bau. zones city benefit adoption aqp. evident reductions cczone kgco veh·km pozone kgnmvoc veh·km

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148674204

10.1016/j.eswa.2014.05.028

To achieve sustainability in the area of transport we need to view the decision-making process as a whole and consider all the most important socio-economic and environmental aspects involved. Improvements in transport infrastructures have a positive impact on regional development and significant repercussions on the economy, as well as affecting a large number of ecological processes. This article presents a DSS to assess the territorial effects of new linear transport infrastructures based on the use of GIS. The TITIM ? Transport Infrastructure Territorial Impact Measurement ? GIS tool allows these effects to be calculated by evaluating the improvement in accessibility, loss of landscape connectivity, and the impact on other local territorial variables such as landscape quality, biodiversity and land-use quality. The TITIM GIS tool assesses these variables automatically, simply by entering the required inputs, and thus avoiding the manual reiteration and execution of these multiple processes. TITIM allows researchers to use their own GIS databases as inputs, in contrast with other tools that use official or predefined maps. The TITIM GIS-tool is tested by application to six HSR projects in the Spanish Strategic Transport and Infrastructure Plan 2005?2020 (PEIT). The tool creates all 65 possible combinations of these projects, which will be the real test scenarios. For each one, the tool calculates the accessibility improvement, the landscape connectivity loss, and the impact on the landscape, biodiversity and land-use quality. The results reveal which of the HSR projects causes the greatest benefit to the transport system, any potential synergies that exist, and help define a priority for implementing the infrastructures in the pla

TITIM GIS-tool: A GIS-based decision support system for measuring the territorial impact of transport infrastructures

titim gis-tool: a gis-based decision support system for measuring the territorial impact of transport infrastructures

sustainability socio involved. improvements infrastructures repercussions economy affecting ecological processes. presents territorial infrastructures gis. titim infrastructure territorial evaluating accessibility landscape connectivity territorial landscape biodiversity quality. titim assesses automatically entering inputs avoiding manual reiteration execution processes. titim researchers databases inputs official predefined maps. titim projects spanish strategic infrastructure plan peit creates combinations projects scenarios. calculates accessibility landscape connectivity landscape biodiversity quality. reveal projects greatest benefit synergies priority implementing infrastructures

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148676295

10.1088/1742-6596/506/1/012015

The characteristics of turbulent/nonturbulent interfaces (TNTI) from boundary layers, jets and shear-free turbulence are compared using direct numerical simulations. The TNTI location is detected by assessing the volume of turbulent flow as function of the vorticity magnitude and is shown to be equivalent to other procedures using a scalar field. Vorticity maps show that the boundary layer contains a larger range of scales at the interface than in jets and shear-free turbulence where the change in vorticity characteristics across the TNTI is much more dramatic. The intermittency parameter shows that the extent of the intermittency region for jets and boundary layers is similar and is much bigger than in shear-free turbulence, and can be used to compute the vorticity threshold defining the TNTI location. The statistics of the vorticity jump across the TNTI exhibit the imprint of a large range of scales, from the Kolmogorov micro-scale to scales much bigger than the Taylor scale. Finally, it is shown that contrary to the classical view, the low-vorticity spots inside the jet are statistically similar to isotropic turbulence, suggesting that engulfing pockets simply do not exist in jet

Characteristics of the turbulent/nonturbulent interface in boundary layers, jets and shear-free turbulence

characteristics of the turbulent/nonturbulent interface in boundary layers, jets and shear-free turbulence

turbulent nonturbulent interfaces tnti jets turbulence simulations. tnti assessing turbulent vorticity field. vorticity jets turbulence vorticity tnti dramatic. intermittency intermittency jets bigger turbulence vorticity defining tnti location. vorticity jump tnti exhibit imprint kolmogorov micro bigger taylor scale. contrary vorticity spots statistically isotropic turbulence engulfing pockets

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148680426

10.1016/j.difgeo.2014.04.006

Second-order Lagrangian densities admitting a first-order Hamiltonian formalism\ud are studied; namely, i) necessary and sufficient conditions for the Poincaré–Cartan\ud form of a second-order Lagrangian on an arbitrary fibred manifold\ud p\ud :\ud E\ud →\ud N\ud to be\ud projectable onto\ud J\ud 1\ud E\ud are explicitly determined; ii) for each of such Lagrangians,\ud a first-order Hamiltonian formalism is developed and a new notion of regularity is\ud introduced; iii) the variational problems of this class defined by regular Lagrangians\ud areprovedtobeinvolutiv

Integrability of second-order Lagrangians admitting a first-order Hamiltonian formalism

integrability of second-order lagrangians admitting a first-order hamiltonian formalism

lagrangian densities admitting formalism poincaré–cartan lagrangian fibred manifold projectable explicitly lagrangians formalism notion regularity variational lagrangians areprovedtobeinvolutiv

exact_dup

148685119

10.1098/rsif.2014.1344

Speech is a distinctive complex feature of human capabilities. In order to understand the physics underlying speech production, in this work, we empirically\ud analyse the statistics of large human speech datasets ranging several languages. We first show that during speech, the energy is unevenly released and powerlaw\ud distributed, reporting a universal robust Gutenberg–Richter-like law in speech. We further show that such ‘earthquakes in speech’ show temporal correlations, as the interevent statistics are again power-law distributed. As this\ud feature takes place in the intraphoneme range, we conjecture that the process responsible for this complex phenomenon is not cognitive, but it resides in\ud the physiological (mechanical) mechanisms of speech production. Moreover, we show that these waiting time distributions are scale invariant under a renormalization\ud group transformation, suggesting that the process of speech\ud generation is indeed operating close to a critical point. These results are put in contrast with current paradigms in speech processing, which point towards low dimensional deterministic chaos as the origin of nonlinear traits in speech fluctuations. As these latter fluctuations are indeed the aspects that humanize synthetic speech, these findings may have an impact in future speech synthesis\ud technologies. Results are robust and independent of the communication language or the number of speakers, pointing towards a universal pattern and yet another hint of complexity in human speech

Scaling and universality in the human voice

scaling and universality in the human voice

speech distinctive capabilities. speech empirically analyse speech datasets ranging languages. speech unevenly released powerlaw reporting universal robust gutenberg–richter speech. ‘earthquakes speech’ interevent distributed. intraphoneme conjecture phenomenon resides physiological speech production. waiting renormalization speech operating point. paradigms speech deterministic chaos traits speech fluctuations. humanize synthetic speech speech technologies. robust speakers pointing universal hint speech

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150211508

10.1007/s11205-016-1248-y

Producción CientíficaIn order to contribute to providing a methodology to ensure objectivity and transparency in the measurement of multidimensional poverty, this paper proposes a new threshold for the identification of the multidimensional poor which is also applicable to each of the dimensions of poverty, suitable for identifying the severely poor in developed countries. This new methodology is applied to analyse the evolution of material deprivation in Spain during the period of economic crisis, comparing the results with those obtained using other traditional approaches.Ministerio de Economıa y Competitividad (Proyect ECO2014-56676-C2-2-P)Ministerio de Economıa y Competitividad (Proyect ECO2012-32178)Comunidad de Madrid (proyect S2015/HUM-3416-DEPOPOR-CM)Comunidad de Madrid (Proyect S2015/HUM-3416-DEPOPOR-CM

Identifying the multidimen-sional poor in developed countries using relative thresholds: An application to Spanish data

identifying the multidimen-sional poor in developed countries using relative thresholds: an application to spanish data

producción científicain methodology ensure objectivity transparency multidimensional poverty proposes multidimensional applicable poverty identifying severely countries. methodology analyse deprivation spain crisis traditional approaches.ministerio economıa competitividad proyect ministerio economıa competitividad proyect comunidad madrid proyect depopor comunidad madrid proyect depopor

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150212516

10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.09.016

Producción CientíficaThe potential of algal-bacterial symbiosis for off-gas abatement was investigated for the first time by comparatively evaluating the performance of a bacterial (CB) and an algal-bacterial (PB) airlift bioreactors during the treatment of a 6 g m−3 toluene laden air emission. The influence of biomass concentration and of the addition of a non-aqueous phase was also investigated. A poor and fluctuating performance was recorded during the initial stages of the experiment, which was attributed to the low biomass concentration present in both reactors and to the accumulation of toxic metabolites. In this sense, an increase in the dilution rate from 0.23 to 0.45 d−1 and in biomass concentration from ∼1 to ∼5 g L−1 resulted in elimination capacities (ECs) of 300 g m−3 h−1 (corresponding to removal efficiencies ∼ 90%). Microalgae activity allowed for a reduction in the emitted CO2 and an increase in dissolved O2 concentration in the PB. However, excess biomass growth over 11 g L−1 hindered light penetration and severely decreased photosynthetic activity. The addition of silicone oil at 20% (on a volume basis) stabilized system performance, leading to dissolved O2 concentrations of 7 mg L−1 and steady ECs of 320 g m−3 h−1 in the PB. The ECs here recorded were considerably higher than those previously reported in toluene-degrading bioreactors. Finally, microbial population analysis by DGGE-sequencing demonstrated the differential specialization of the microbial community in both reactors, likely resulting in different toluene degradation pathways and metabolites production.Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad (Proyect CTM2015-70442-R)Junta de Castilla y León (programa de apoyo a proyectos de investigación – Ref. VA024U14 y UIC 71

Toluene biodegradation in an algal-bacterial airlift photobioreactor: Influence of the biomass concentration and of the presence of an organic phase

toluene biodegradation in an algal-bacterial airlift photobioreactor: influence of the biomass concentration and of the presence of an organic phase

producción científicathe algal bacterial symbiosis abatement comparatively evaluating bacterial algal bacterial airlift bioreactors toluene laden emission. biomass aqueous investigated. fluctuating attributed biomass reactors accumulation toxic metabolites. dilution biomass resulted elimination capacities removal efficiencies microalgae emitted dissolved excess biomass hindered penetration severely photosynthetic activity. silicone stabilized dissolved steady considerably toluene degrading bioreactors. microbial dgge sequencing specialization microbial reactors toluene degradation pathways metabolites production.ministerio economía industria competitividad proyect junta castilla león programa apoyo proyectos investigación ref.

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151646155

10.1063/1.4826897

Fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) films were made superhydrophobic by Ar + O2 plasma etching process. Field emission scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy studies of the plasma-treated FEP samples detected the presence of uniformly distributed nano-protrusions exhibiting a low surface roughness necessary for maintaining the transparency of the samples. In fact, optical transmittance measurements showed an improvement in the transparency of FEP samples after plasma treatment. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic analysis showed the presence of –CF x –O–CF x – (x = 1, 2, or 3) linkages in both untreated and plasma-treated samples which explains the hydrophilic nature (contact angle below 90∘) of the untreated sample. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed no changes in the bulk properties of the plasma-treated samples. Moreover, exposure to the environment caused the surfaces to lose their superhydrophobic property in an indefinite amount of time. This has been further studied through a water immersion experiment and explained through the wetting state transition from Cassie state to Wenzel state

Superhydrophobicity on transparent fluorinated ethylene propylene films with nano-protrusion morphology by Ar+O2 plasma etching: Study of the degradation in hydrophobicity after exposure to the environment

superhydrophobicity on transparent fluorinated ethylene propylene films with nano-protrusion morphology by ar+o2 plasma etching: study of the degradation in hydrophobicity after exposure to the environment

fluorinated ethylene propylene films superhydrophobic etching process. scanning microscopy microscopy uniformly nano protrusions exhibiting roughness maintaining transparency samples. transmittance transparency treatment. photoelectron spectroscopic –o–cf linkages untreated explains hydrophilic untreated sample. fourier transform infrared spectroscopy samples. lose superhydrophobic indefinite time. immersion wetting cassie wenzel

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152084069

10.1016/J.ASTROPARTPHYS.2008.11.005

International audienceWe discuss electric fields generated by cosmic-ray air showers at large impact parameters b. An approximation relevant to this situation is given. The formulation makes explicit the relationship between the shower profile and the radio pulse shapes at large b, putting forward one important observational consequence, namely the decrease of the high-frequency cutoff νc∝1/b when the impact parameter increases. The approximation is also used to give a detailed comparison between two emission models, the geosynchrotron model and the transverse current model

Radioelectric fields from cosmic-ray air showers at large impact parameters

radioelectric fields from cosmic-ray air showers at large impact parameters

audiencewe cosmic showers given. formulation shower shapes putting observational cutoff increases. geosynchrotron

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152096190

10.1007/s00411-010-0276-2

For real-time monitoring of the longitudinal position of the Bragg-peak during an ion therapy treatment, a novel non-invasive technique has been recently proposed that exploits the detection of prompt -rays issued from nuclear fragmentation. Two series of experiments have been performed at the GANIL and GSI facilities with 95 MeV/u and 305 MeV/u 12C6+ ion beams stopped in PMMA and water phantoms. In both experiments a clear correlation was obtained between the carbon ion range and the prompt photon profile. Additionally, an extensive study has been performed to investigate whether a prompt neutron component may be correlated with the carbon ion range. No such correlation was found. The present paper demonstrates that a collimated set-up can be used to detect single photons by means of time-of-flight measurements, at those high energies typical for ion therapy. Moreover, the applicability of the technique both at cyclotron and synchrotron facilities is shown. It is concluded that the detected photon count rates provide sufficiently high statistics to allow real-time control of the longitudinal position of the Bragg-peak under clinical conditions

Real time monitoring of the Bragg-peak position in ion therapy by means of single photon detection

real time monitoring of the bragg-peak position in ion therapy by means of single photon detection

longitudinal bragg invasive exploits prompt rays issued fragmentation. ganil facilities beams stopped pmma phantoms. prompt profile. additionally extensive prompt neutron range. found. demonstrates collimated detect photons flight therapy. applicability cyclotron synchrotron facilities shown. concluded count sufficiently longitudinal bragg

exact_dup

152180009

10.1063/1.3108816

We investigate the origin of the effects observed in the fusion cross section of light weakly bound nuclei, through a review of the most recent experimental and theoretical works. In particular we focus on the well-documented fusion suppression at energies just above the potential barrier. We show that, besides the couplings to the breakup process, effects due to the couplings to transfer need be taken into account. The magnitude of the cross section for the direct process, breakup or transfer, is not a reliable indicator of the size of the effects induced on the elastic scattering and fusion

Transfer and breakup of light weakly-bound nuclei

transfer and breakup of light weakly-bound nuclei

fusion weakly nuclei works. documented fusion suppression barrier. besides couplings breakup couplings account. breakup reliable indicator elastic fusion

exact_dup

152381706

10.1016/j.jnucmat.2006.08.017

Molten salts (fluorides or chlorides) have been taken in consideration very soon in nuclear energy production researches. This was initially due to their advantageous physical properties: good heat transfer capacity, radiation insensitivity, high boiling point, .. and they can be used in various situations: heat transfer, core coolants with solid fuels, liquid fuel in molten salt reactor, solvents for spent nuclear solid fuel in the case of pyro- reprocessing, fusion. Molten salt reactors which are one of the six innovative concepts chosen by the Generation IV international forum may be particularly interesting in the case of waste incinerators or of the thorium cycle. As the neutron balance is very tight, the possibility to quickly extract poisoning fission products is very attractive. The most important questions addressed to demonstrate the scientific feasibility of Molten Salt Reactor will be reviewed

Molten salts and nuclear energy production

molten salts and nuclear energy production

molten salts fluorides chlorides consideration soon researches. initially advantageous insensitivity boiling situations coolants fuels fuel molten salt reactor solvents spent fuel pyro reprocessing fusion. molten salt reactors innovative concepts forum waste incinerators thorium cycle. neutron balance tight quickly extract poisoning fission attractive. addressed feasibility molten salt reactor reviewed

exact_dup

154668539

10.1098/rsta.2014.0376

-This review presents modelling techniques and processes that govern landslide tsunami generation, with emphasis on tsunamis induced by fully submerged landslides. The analysis focuses on a set of representative examples in simplified geometries demonstrating the main kinematic landslide parameters influencing initial tsunami amplitudes and wavelengths. Scaling relations from laboratory experiments for subaerial landslide tsunamis are also briefly reviewed. It is found that the landslide acceleration determines the initial tsunami elevation for translational landslides, while the landslide velocity is more important for impulsive events such as rapid slumps and subaerial landslides. Retrogressive effects stretch the tsunami, and in certain cases produce enlarged amplitudes due to positive interference. In an example involving a deformable landslide, it is found that the landslide deformation has only a weak influence on tsunamigenesis. However, more research is needed to determine how landslide flow processes that involve strong deformation and long run-out determine tsunami generation

On the characteristics of landslide tsunamis

on the characteristics of landslide tsunamis

presents govern landslide tsunami emphasis tsunamis submerged landslides. focuses simplified geometries demonstrating kinematic landslide influencing tsunami amplitudes wavelengths. subaerial landslide tsunamis briefly reviewed. landslide acceleration determines tsunami elevation translational landslides landslide impulsive slumps subaerial landslides. retrogressive stretch tsunami enlarged amplitudes interference. involving deformable landslide landslide deformation tsunamigenesis. landslide involve deformation tsunami

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154672830

10.1016/j.ejim.2015.01.013

Dette er siste tekst-versjon av artikkelen, og den kan inneholde små forskjeller fra forlagets pdf-versjon. Forlagets pdf-versjon finner du på www.elsevier.com: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2015.01.013 / This is the final text version of the article, and it may contain minor differences from the journal's pdf version. The original publication is available at www.elsevier.com: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2015.01.013Background: In the Oslo cardiovascular study of 1972–3 a 5-year randomized trial in mild to moderate hypertension was performed. Several changes in treatment practices have been recommended since that time. We followed the mortality patterns up to 40 years. Methods: Invited to the Oslo study screening were 25,915 middle-aged men and 16,203 (63%) participated. Reexaminations were done to select suitable participants into the trial. Men had blood pressure 150–179/95–109 mm Hg and the active group (n = 406) was treated with thiazides, alpha-methyldopa and propranolol versus untreated controls (n = 379). Cox regression analysis was used for statistical analyses. Results: There was no trend towards reduction in total mortality by treatment. A nominally significant increase in risk of death at first myocardial infarction was observed in the trial treatment group across the follow-up period, HR = 1.51 (1.01–2.25); (P = 0.042). The excess risk developed rapidly during the first 15 years, but the gap between the groups diminished to a large extent during the next 15 years, but the curves stayed at a certain distance for the last 10 years. Cerebrovascular death tended to be non-significantly reduced, HR = 0.85 (0.52–1.41). Conclusions: Drug treatment of mild hypertensive men initiated in the 1970s did not reduce mortality at first MI or total mortality. However, during the period (late 1980s and whole 1990s), when large changes in hypertension treatment practices occurred into regimes with more use of combination therapies including metabolically neutral drugs at lower doses, beneficial effects on MI mortality could be observed.Seksjon for idrettsmedisinske fag / Department of Sports Medicin

Long-term survival in the randomized trial of drug treatment in mild to moderate to moderate hypertension of the Oslo study 1972–3

long-term survival in the randomized trial of drug treatment in mild to moderate to moderate hypertension of the oslo study 1972–3

dette siste tekst versjon artikkelen inneholde forskjeller forlagets versjon. forlagets versjon finner j.ejim. minor version. publication j.ejim. oslo cardiovascular randomized mild moderate hypertension performed. practices recommended time. years. invited oslo screening aged participated. reexaminations select trial. thiazides alpha methyldopa propranolol untreated analyses. treatment. nominally myocardial infarction excess rapidly diminished stayed years. cerebrovascular tended mild hypertensive initiated mortality. hypertension practices occurred regimes therapies metabolically neutral drugs doses beneficial ksjon idrettsmedisinske sports medicin

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158352229

10.1080/09585192.2016.1234503

We find that only 17% of FTSE 100 company websites refer directly to transgender (‘trans’) individuals, illustrating the extent to which trans voices are unheard in the workplace. We propose that these voices are missing for a number of reasons: voluntary silence to protect oneself from adverse circumstances; the subsumption of trans voices within the larger ‘LGBT’ community; assimilation, wherein many trans voices become affiliated with those of their post-transition gender; multiple trans voices arising from diversity within the transgender community; and limited access to voice mechanisms for transgender employees. We identify the negative implications of being unheard for individual trans employees, for organizational outcomes, and for business and management scholarship, and propose ways in which organizations can listen more carefully to trans voices. Finally, we introduce an agenda for future research that tests the applicability of the theoretical framework of invisible stigma disclosure to transgender individuals, and calls for new theoretical and empirical developments to identify HRM challenges and best practices for respecting trans employees and their choices to remain silent or be heard

Listen carefully: transgender voices in the workplace

listen carefully: transgender voices in the workplace

ftse company websites transgender ‘trans’ illustrating voices unheard workplace. propose voices missing reasons voluntary silence protect oneself adverse circumstances subsumption voices ‘lgbt’ assimilation wherein voices affiliated gender voices arising diversity transgender voice transgender employees. unheard employees organizational scholarship propose ways organizations listen carefully voices. agenda applicability invisible stigma disclosure transgender calls developments challenges practices respecting employees choices silent heard

exact_dup

159413933

10.1007/s10841-011-9448-x

Erworben im Rahmen der Schweizer Nationallizenzen (http://www.nationallizenzen.ch)Accelerated by global warming, retreating glaciers leave behind spatially ordered moraines with underlying primary succession and disturbance. Current knowledge of primary succession comes mainly from studies of vegetation dynamics. Information about above-ground macroinvertebrates is still scarce. We used carabid beetles (Coleoptera; Carabidae) as indicator taxon to assess the effects of (1) terrain age (species turnover along the proglacial chronosequence) and (2) small-scale habitat architecture(vegetation cover, surface texture) on the carabid assembly. For this purpose, 33 sampling sites with pitfall traps were installed throughout the glacier foreland Morteratsch (Engadine, Switzerland), adjacent sparse forests serving as reference sites. With a total of 33 carabid species on the foreland and another 2 on the reference sites, the study area yielded a very high carabid species diversity compared to other glacier forelands. In general, the age of deglaciation proved to be a highly significant predictor for the carabid distribution, especially for particularly discriminant species. Observed species richness and activity densities showed bimodal patterns with a steep increase within the first ca. 40 years, a decline between around 40-90 years, and a further increase towards the terminal moraine. There was no evidence of dispersal-stochasticity: distinct clusters of sites with similar species composition were found. Microhabitat suitability proved to be a secondary effect, embedded in a temporal framework of primary succession. Surface cover with litter, herbs and dwarf-shrubs turned out to be the crucial habitat factors. Habitat loss as a result of climate warming will primarily affect cold-stenotopic carabids, but may potentially be absorbed by active selection for cooler microhabitats.

Environmental gradients and succession patterns of carabid beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in an alpine glacier retreat zone

environmental gradients and succession patterns of carabid beetles (coleoptera: carabidae) in an alpine glacier retreat zone

erworben rahmen schweizer nationallizenzen accelerated warming retreating glaciers leave behind spatially ordered moraines succession disturbance. succession comes vegetation dynamics. macroinvertebrates scarce. carabid beetles coleoptera carabidae indicator taxon terrain turnover proglacial chronosequence habitat architecture vegetation cover texture carabid assembly. pitfall traps installed glacier foreland morteratsch engadine switzerland adjacent sparse forests serving sites. carabid foreland yielded carabid diversity glacier forelands. deglaciation proved predictor carabid discriminant species. richness densities bimodal steep decline moraine. dispersal stochasticity found. microhabitat suitability proved embedded succession. cover litter herbs dwarf shrubs turned crucial habitat factors. habitat warming primarily cold stenotopic carabids potentially absorbed cooler microhabitats.

exact_dup

160114081

10.1007/s11229-016-1029-9

Our ordinary causal concept seems to fit poorly with how our best physics describes the world. We think of causation as a time-asymmetric dependence relation between relatively local events. Yet fundamental physics describes the world in terms of dynamical laws that are, possible small exceptions aside, time symmetric and that relate global time slices. My goal in this paper is to show why we are successful at using local, time-asymmetric models in causal explanations despite this apparent mismatch with fundamental physics. In particular, I will argue that there is an important connection between time asymmetry and locality, namely: understanding the locality of our causal models is the key to understanding why the physical time asymmetries in our universe give rise to time asymmetry in causal explanation. My theory thus provides a unified account of why causation is local and time asymmetric and thereby enables a reply to Russell’s famous attack on causation

Causation, physics, and fit

causation, physics, and fit

ordinary causal poorly describes world. think causation asymmetric events. describes laws exceptions aside relate slices. goal successful asymmetric causal explanations apparent mismatch physics. argue connection asymmetry locality locality causal asymmetries universe asymmetry causal explanation. unified causation asymmetric thereby enables reply russell’s famous attack causation

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16184299

10.1007/s00221-010-2519-5

Contains fulltext : 99849.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access)Recent studies suggest that the left hemisphere is dominant for the planning of motor actions. This left-hemisphere specialization hypothesis was proposed in various lines of research, including patient studies, motor imagery studies, and studies involving neurophysiological techniques. However, most of these studies are primarily based on experiments involving right-hand-dominant participants. Here, we present the results of a behavioral study with left-hand-dominant participants, which follows up previous work in right-hand-dominant participants. In our experiment, participants grasped CD casings and replaced them in a different, pre-cued orientation. Task performance was measured by the end-state comfort effect, i.e., the anticipated degree of physical comfort associated with the posture that is planned to be adopted at movement completion. Both left- and right-handed participants showed stronger end-state comfort effects for their right hand compared to their left hand. These results lend behavioral support to the left-hemisphere-dominance motion-planning hypothesis

Behavioral evidence for left-hemisphere specialization of motor planning

behavioral evidence for left-hemisphere specialization of motor planning

fulltext .pdf publisher hemisphere planning motor actions. hemisphere specialization motor imagery involving neurophysiological techniques. primarily involving participants. behavioral participants. grasped casings replaced cued orientation. comfort i.e. anticipated comfort posture planned adopted movement completion. handed stronger comfort hand. lend behavioral hemisphere dominance planning

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162903763

10.1016/j.trpro.2017.12.012

The density of railway traffic has been steadily increasing over past years and decades. The developments have implicated a growing need for efficient operation and maintenance of railway rolling stock systems. Also the increased operation of articulated trains has induced new challenges on maintenance organization and planning. Selecting optimal maintenance strategies for each component does not only influence the availability of the railway vehicles but also the operational performance and the profitability of the operator. Suitable tools to analyse, compare and optimize different maintenance strategies are therefore required. Petri nets are such a mathematical tool that and have been applied for maintenance modeling and simulations of different applications. Several types of Petri nets with different properties have been introduced. One of the recently proposed extensions of Petri nets are the Abridged Petri Nets (APN) which fulfill the specific requirements of railway rolling stock maintenance. In this paper, we propose the application of APN in combination with the Monte-Carlo simulation for railway rolling stock maintenance evaluation. In a first step, the applicability of the APN approach was demonstrated on a theoretical case study comprising a condition based maintenance strategy for a system. In a second case study, several real application case studies were modeled and compared based on the processes and real application field data of three railway vehicle components. The tool can be further extended by pre-defining selected strategies that be easily implemented within an overall decision support system

Assessment of maintenance strategies for railway vehicles using Petri-Nets

assessment of maintenance strategies for railway vehicles using petri-nets

railway traffic steadily decades. developments implicated growing maintenance railway rolling stock systems. articulated trains challenges maintenance planning. selecting maintenance availability railway vehicles operational profitability operator. analyse optimize maintenance required. petri nets mathematical maintenance applications. petri nets introduced. extensions petri nets abridged petri nets fulfill railway rolling stock maintenance. propose monte carlo railway rolling stock maintenance evaluation. applicability comprising maintenance system. modeled railway vehicle components. defining implemented

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19125616

10.1002/dmrr.423

Renal disease associated with diabetes mellitus is a major problem among diabetic patients. The role of mitochondria in the pathogenesis of diabetes has received a large amount of attention in the last years, but many aspects of this subject are still poorly understood. In the present study, we studied the susceptibility of the mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) on kidney mitochondria from the Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rat, an animal model featuring physiological and pathological alterations characteristic of type 2 diabetes.Kidney mitochondria were isolated by differential centrifugations; mitochondrial electric transmembrane potential and calcium loading capacity were evaluated with a TPP+-selective electrode and with a calcium-sensitive fluorescent probe. Coenzyme Q9, Q10 and vitamin E were evaluated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).Kidney mitochondria from the diabetic animals had an increased susceptibility to the induction of the MPT by calcium. We observed a loss of calcium-loading capacity and a higher calcium-induced mitochondrial depolarization. Vitamin E and coenzyme Q9 were also increased in kidney mitochondria from GK rats.The results show an enhanced MPT activation in kidney mitochondria from GK rats, which lead us to suggest that this condition may be one major alteration triggered by chronic diabetes in kidney cells, ultimately leading to cell dysfunction. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dmrr.42

Calcium-dependent mitochondrial permeability transition is augmented in the kidney of Goto-Kakizaki diabetic rat

calcium-dependent mitochondrial permeability transition is augmented in the kidney of goto-kakizaki diabetic rat

mellitus diabetic patients. mitochondria pathogenesis poorly understood. susceptibility mitochondrial permeability kidney mitochondria goto kakizaki featuring physiological pathological alterations diabetes.kidney mitochondria centrifugations mitochondrial transmembrane calcium loading selective electrode calcium fluorescent probe. coenzyme vitamin chromatography hplc .kidney mitochondria diabetic susceptibility calcium. calcium loading calcium mitochondrial depolarization. vitamin coenzyme kidney mitochondria rats.the kidney mitochondria rats alteration triggered kidney ultimately dysfunction. dmrr.

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19125814

10.1007/s00466-005-0737-7

Abstract This paper proposes the use of a traction boundary element method (TBEM) to evaluate 3D wave propagation in unbounded elastic media containing cracks whose geometry does not change along one direction. The proposed formulation is developed in the frequency domain and handles the thin-body difficulty presented by the classical boundary element method (BEM). The empty crack may have any geometry and orientation and may even exhibit null thickness. Implementing this model yields hypersingular integrals, which are evaluated here analytically, thereby surmounting one of the drawbacks of this formulation. The TBEM formulation enables the crack to be modelled as a single line, allowing the computation of displacement jumps in the opposing sides of the crack. Furthermore, if this formulation is combined with the classical BEM formulation the displacements in the opposing sides of the crack can be computed by modelling the crack as a closed empty thin body.http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00466-005-0737-

Wave propagation in the presence of empty cracks in an elastic medium

wave propagation in the presence of empty cracks in an elastic medium

proposes traction tbem propagation unbounded elastic cracks direction. formulation handles difficulty empty crack exhibit thickness. implementing hypersingular integrals analytically thereby surmounting drawbacks formulation. tbem formulation enables crack modelled allowing displacement jumps opposing sides crack. formulation formulation displacements opposing sides crack crack empty body.

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19125819

10.1007/s11269-005-6107-6

Groundwater resource management and planning requires appropriate and accurate data. These data, which can be collected by monitoring networks, may contain too little, enough or redundant information. This study aims to evaluate the monitoring cycle in the Gaza Strip (a developing region) using the entropy theory. The approach employed in this study involves gathering data needs for groundwater resource management and planning in the Gaza Strip) through a questionnaire (survey). The questionnaire outlined the groundwater management and planning objectives, tasks and the data which had to be collected through monitoring activities in the Gaza Strip (monitoring cycle). This article also proposes a flowchart, which is used to evaluate the relation between the objectives, the tasks, the data and the monitoring activities using the entropy theory. The evaluation affirms the informativeness of the collected data when they contain enough, too little or redundant information. From this study it can be concluded that in the Gaza Strip the institutional set-up of the water sector needs to be strengthened, and more data should be collected and the existing monitoring networks should be redesigned for the informativeness of the data.http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11269-005-6107-

Assessment of Informativeness of Groundwater Monitoring in Developing Regions (Gaza Strip Case Study)

assessment of informativeness of groundwater monitoring in developing regions (gaza strip case study)

groundwater resource planning data. redundant information. aims gaza strip theory. involves gathering groundwater resource planning gaza strip questionnaire questionnaire outlined groundwater planning objectives tasks gaza strip proposes flowchart objectives tasks theory. affirms informativeness redundant information. concluded gaza strip institutional strengthened redesigned informativeness data.

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19125859

10.1007/s10853-007-1933-y

Abstract This paper reviews thin films constituted by elements based on the Ti–Al–N system, bearing in mind the role of the condensed phases in the development of structural components and functional devices. In recent decades, the Ti–Al, Ti–N and Al–N nanocrystalline binary systems have rapidly attracted research and industry interest. These systems have revealed a great performance via atomic-level structural control, making it possible to tailor new atomic structures and morphologies suitable in different applications as protective and hard coatings and as thermal/diffusion barriers. The binary phases based on nitrogen were the first to exhibit a wealth of interesting mechanical and electrochemical behaviours. However, more recently the Ti-Al and, particularly, the Ti1 - x Al x N thin films have been applied with success in the industry. The purpose of this paper is to compile the master results concerning the production and characterisation of binary and ternary thin films of the Ti–Al–N system using similar deposition strategies. These materials form a good base to analyse the correlation between the chemical composition and the atomic structure, the preferred orientations and the morphology of 2D monolithic materials. The deposition strategies adopted and the thin films’ chemical compositions determine the as-deposited structures and, consequently, the mechanical behaviour of the thin films produced, particularly the hardness. In general, an intermediary amorphous stage is observed, i.e., the thin films exhibit a loss of crystallinity in the transition from a saturated solid solution to a new compound.http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-007-1933-

From Ti–Al- to Ti–Al–N-sputtered 2D materials

from ti–al- to ti–al–n-sputtered 2d materials

reviews films constituted ti–al–n bearing mind condensed devices. decades ti–al ti–n al–n nanocrystalline rapidly attracted interest. great tailor morphologies protective coatings barriers. nitrogen exhibit wealth electrochemical behaviours. films success industry. compile master concerning characterisation ternary films ti–al–n deposition strategies. analyse preferred orientations morphology monolithic materials. deposition adopted films’ compositions deposited films hardness. intermediary amorphous i.e. films exhibit crystallinity saturated compound.

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19126023

10.1023/A:1020392604183

We studied the changes of exergy and specific exergy with data of benthic macrofauna communities, periodically sampled along an estuarine gradient of eutrophication in the Mondego estuary (Western Portugal). Exergy estimates were calculated from organism biomass, based on weighing factors for the relative content of exergy per unit of biomass determined from DNA contents of organisms. Results were discussed in terms of both the macrofauna biomass production and the structural organisation of the system. Estimates for the exergy indices provided useful indications for the evaluation of environmental impact due to the eutrophication process. Different average values for the indices of exergy and specific exergy were estimated relatively to areas with different levels of eutrophication, in the ‘spatial’ gradient of eutrophication. Higher exergy levels and lower exergy content per unit of biomass (specific exergy) were associated to populations more stabilized or areas less perturbed. Additionally, the index of specific exergy seemed capable of providing indications for the qualitative alterations in the communities (in temporal and spatial terms) that go in the direction of the observations made in this ecosystem.http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:102039260418

Estimation of ecological exergy using weighing parameters determined from DNA contents of organisms – a case study

estimation of ecological exergy using weighing parameters determined from dna contents of organisms – a case study

exergy exergy benthic macrofauna communities periodically sampled estuarine eutrophication mondego estuary portugal exergy organism biomass weighing exergy biomass contents organisms. macrofauna biomass organisation system. exergy indices indications eutrophication process. indices exergy exergy eutrophication ‘spatial’ eutrophication. exergy exergy biomass exergy stabilized perturbed. additionally exergy seemed capable indications qualitative alterations communities ecosystem.

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