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Mordella waterhousei. Mordella waterhousei is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1895. References Beetles described in 1895 waterhousei
Mordella parva. Mordella parva is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1895. References Beetles described in 1895 parva
Mordella peregrinator. Mordella peregrinator is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1917. References Beetles described in 1917 peregrinator
Mordella disparilis. Mordella disparilis is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1917. References Beetles described in 1917 disparilis
Mordella sexguttata. Mordella sexguttata is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1896. References Beetles described in 1896 sexguttata
Mordella teapensis. Mordella teapensis is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1891. References Beetles described in 1891 teapensis
Gulab Devi Postgraduate Medical Institute. Gulab Devi Postgraduate Medical Institute (abbreviated as only GPMI), established in 2004, is a postgraduate training institute for medical and health care professionals located in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Gulab Devi Chest Hospital is attached to it as a training and teaching hospital. The institute is accredited for training in FCPS Cardiology by the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Pakistan. PGMI is also affiliated with University of Health Sciences and constitutes Ameer-ud-Din Medical College. References External links Location at Google Maps Medical colleges in Punjab, Pakistan Postgraduate schools in Pakistan
Mordella argyropleura. Mordella argyropleura is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae. It was described in 1942. References Beetles described in 1942 argyropleura
Mordella quomoi. Mordella quomoi is a species of beetle in the Mordella of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1942. References Beetles described in 1942 quomoi
Mordella caatellanii. Mordella caatellanii is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1949. References Beetles described in 1949 caatellanii
Mordella castellanii. Mordella castellanii is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1949. References Beetles described in 1949 castellanii
Mordella pseudobrachyura. Mordella pseudobrachyura is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1949. References Beetles described in 1949 pseudobrachyura
Mordella brincki. Mordella brincki is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1965. References Beetles described in 1965 brincki
Mordella rudebecki. Mordella rudebecki is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1965. References Beetles described in 1965 rudebecki
Mordella pondolandiae. Mordella pondolandiae is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1965. References Beetles described in 1965 pondolandiae
Mordella tabulae. Mordella tabulae is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1965. References Beetles described in 1965 tabulae
Mordella turneri. Mordella turneri is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1965. References Beetles described in 1965 turneri
Mordella confusa. Mordella confusa is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1875. References Beetles described in 1875 confusa
Mordella fuliginosa. Mordella fuliginosa is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1875. References Beetles described in 1875 fuliginosa
Mordella fulvonotata. Mordella fulvonotata is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1875. References Beetles described in 1875 fulvonotata
Mordella scita. Mordella scita is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1875. References Beetles described in 1875 scita
Mordella subfasciata. Mordella subfasciata is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1875. References Beetles described in 1875 subfasciata
Mordella tenella. Mordella tenella is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1875. References Beetles described in 1875 tenella
Mordella tristicula. Mordella tristicula is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1875. References Beetles described in 1875 tristicula
Mordella blanchardi. Mordella blanchardi is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1851. References Beetles described in 1851 blanchardi
Mordella holosericea. Mordella holosericea is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1851. References Beetles described in 1851 holosericea
Mordella infranotata. Mordella infranotata is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1937. References Beetles described in 1937 infranotata
Mordella postinsignata. Mordella postinsignata is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1937. References Beetles described in 1937 postinsignata
Mordella subuniformis. Mordella subuniformis is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1937. References Beetles described in 1937 subuniformis
Mordella vadoni. Mordella vadoni is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1937. References Beetles described in 1937 vadoni
Jeremy Harvey. Jeremy Harvey may refer to: Jeremy Harvey (physicist), winner of the Dirac Prize Jeremy Harvey, a character in The Leap Years See also Jerry Harvey (disambiguation)
Asymmetric ion-pairing catalysis. Asymmetric ion-pairing catalysis in chemistry is a type of asymmetric catalysis taking place specifically with charged intermediates or charged reagents. In one type of catalysis ion-pairing exists with a charged and chiral catalyst. The charged catalyst can be cationic or anionic. Catalysis by anionic catalysts is also called asymmetric counteranion-directed catalysis. In the other variation of asymmetric ion-pairing catalysis called anion or cation binding, the chiral catalyst is neutral but binds in a noncovalent way to an intermediate ion pair. Asymmetric ion-pairing catalysis is distinct from other covalent types of catalysis such as Lewis acid catalysis and Bronsted acid catalysis. It is one of several strategies in enantioselective synthesis and of some relevance to academic research. The first reported example of this type of catalysis is attributed to Dolling, Davis & Grabowski who in 1984 used a chiral cinchonidine based phase transfer catalyst in the synthesis of indacrinone. Important chiral cation scaffolds are quaternary ammonium cations and quaternary phosphonium cations. The first reported example of asymmetric cation-binding catalysis originates from Cram and Sogah who in 1981 used a chiral crown ether in combination with a potassium base in an enantioselective Michael addition. The development of chiral anionic catalysists is a more recent research field. In 2000 Llewellyn, Adamson & Arndtsen used a chiral borate anion in olefin aziridination and cyclopropanation. Another regularly encountered scaffold is a chiral phosphate anion together with iminium, carbocationic or oxocarbenium counterions. Chiral anion phase-transfer catalysis was introduced by Toste in 2007. References Catalysis
Christopher G. Chute. Christopher G. Chute is a Bloomberg Distinguished Professor at Johns Hopkins University, physician-scientist and biomedical informatician known for biomedical terminologies and health information technology (IT) standards. He chairs the World Health Organization Revision Steering Group for the revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11). Biography Chute received his undergraduate and medical training at Brown University, internal medicine residency at Dartmouth, and doctoral training in Epidemiology at Harvard. He is Board certified in Internal Medicine and Clinical Informatics. He is a Fellow of the American College of Physicians, the American College of Epidemiology, and the American College of Medical Informatics (ACMI). Chute is president of ACMI, a body of elected fellows within the American Medical Informatics Association (AMIA) who have made significant and sustained contributions to the field. Since January 2015 Chute is the Bloomberg Distinguished Professor in Health Informatics at the Johns Hopkins University, with academic appointments in the School of Medicine (Division of General Internal Medicine & Division of Health Sciences Informatics), Bloomberg School of Public Health (Department of Health Policy and Management), and School of Nursing (Division of Health Informatics). He is also Chief Research Information Officer of Johns Hopkins Medicine. In December 2014 Chute retired from Mayo Clinic, where he remains an emeritus professor. He became founding Chair of Biomedical Informatics at Mayo Clinic in 1988, stepping down after 20 years in that role. At Mayo Clinic he was Professor of Medical Informatics and Section Head. He was PI on a large portfolio of research including the HHS/Office of the National Coordinator (ONC) Strategic Health IT Advanced Research Projects on Secondary EHR Data Use, the ONC Beacon Community (Co-PI), the LexGrid projects, Mayo’s Clinical and Translational Science Award Informatics, and several National Institutes of Health (NIH) grants including one of the eMERGE centers from the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), which focus upon genome wide association studies against shared phenotypes derived from electronic medical records. Chute served as Chair of the Mayo Clinic Data Governance Committee, and on Mayo’s enterprise IT Oversight Committee. He was Chair of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Health Informatics Technical Committee (ISO/TC 215). He also served on the Health Information Technology Standards Committee for the Office of the National Coordinator in the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and the Health Level 7 Advisory Council. Recently held positions include Chair of the Biomedical Computing and Health Informatics study section at NIH, Chair of the Board of the HL7/FDA/NCI/CDISC BRIDG project, on the Board of the Clinical Data Interchange Standards Consortium, ANSI Healthcare Information Technology Standards Panel Board member, Chair of the US delegation to ISO TC215 for Health Informatics, Convener of Healthcare Concept Representation WG3 within the TC215, Co-chair of the HL7 Vocabulary Committee, Chair of the International Medical Informatics Association WG6 on Medical Concept Representation, American Medical Informatics Association Board member, and multiple other NIH biomedical informatics study sections as chair or member. Awards 1987 Elected Fellow, American College of Epidemiology 1988 Elected Fellow, American College of Physicians 1995 Elected Fellow, American College of Medical Informatics 2002 President's Award, American Medical Informatics Association 2005 IBM Faculty Award 2015-2020 President, American College of Medical Informatics 2017 Inaugural Fellow, International Academy of Health Sciences Informatics 2017 Elected Fellow, Health Level Seven International (HL7) Publications Chute has more than 34,000 citations in Google Scholar and an h-index of 88. PubMed Citations Google Scholar Citations Highly Cited Articles (more than 1000 citations) 1993 with JE Oesterling, SJ Jacobsen, HA Guess, CJ Girman, LA Panser, MM Lieber, Serum prostate-specific antigen in a community-based population of healthy men: establishment of age-specific reference ranges, in: JAMA. Vol. 270, nº 7; 860-864. 2010 with GK Savova, JJ Masanz, PV Ogren, J Zheng, S Sohn, KC Kipper-Schuler, Mayo clinical Text Analysis and Knowledge Extraction System (cTAKES): architecture, component evaluation and applications, in: Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association. Vol. 17, nº 5; 507-513. 1995 with E Giovannucci, KM Egan, DJ Hunter, MJ Stampfer, GA Colditz, WC Willett, FE Speizer, Aspirin and the risk of colorectal cancer in women, in: New England Journal of Medicine. Vol. 333, nº 10; 609-614. 1993 with E Giovannucci, EB Rimm, GA Colditz, MJ Stampfer, A Ascherio, WC Willett, A prospective study of dietary fat and risk of prostate cancer, in: JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Vol. 85, nº 19; 1571-1579. References Living people Health informaticians Brown University alumni Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health alumni Alpert Medical School alumni 1955 births
Index of physics articles (A). The index of physics articles is split into multiple pages due to its size. To navigate by individual letter use the table of contents below. A A. Baha Balantekin A. Carl Helmholz A. Catrina Bryce A. E. Becquerel A. G. Doroshkevich A. I. Shlyakhter A. K. Jonscher A. P. Balachandran A15 phases AAS 215th meeting ABINIT ACE (CERN) ACS Nano AD1 experiment AD2 experiment AD3 experiment AD4 experiment AD5 experiment AD6 experiment ADA collider ADHM construction ADITYA (tokamak) ADM energy ADM formalism ADONE Advanced Simulation Library AEGIS (particle physics) AIDA (computing) AILU AIP Conference Proceedings AKLT Model ALBA (synchrotron) ALEPH experiment ALICE (accelerator) ALPHA Collaboration AMBER AMOLF ANNNI model ANTARES (accelerator) ANTARES (telescope) APEXC ARC-ECRIS ARGUS (experiment) ARGUS distribution ARROW waveguide ASACUSA ASA Gold Medal ASA Silver Medal ASDEX Upgrade ASTM Subcommittee E20.02 on Radiation Thermometry ASTRA (reactor) ASTRID 2 ATHENA ATLAS Collaboration ATLAS experiment ATOMKI ATRAP AUSM A Brief History of Time A Briefer History of Time (Hawking and Mlodinow book) A Different Universe A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field A Large Ion Collider Experiment A New Theory of Magnetic Storms A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism A Universe from Nothing A dynamical theory of the electromagnetic field Aage Bohr Aaldert Wapstra Aaron Klug Aaron Lemonick Abbe prism Abbe sine condition Abdel-Moniem El-Ganayni Abdul Qadeer Khan Abdul Rasul (Iraqi scientist) Abdullah Sadiq Abdus Salam Abeles matrix formalism Abell 520 Aberdeen Tunnel Underground Laboratory Aberration of light Abhay Ashtekar Ablation Abner Shimony Abol-fath Khazeni About Time (book) Above threshold ionization Abraham (Avi) Loeb Abraham Alikhanov Abraham Bennet Abraham Esau Abraham Haskel Taub Abraham Katzir Abraham Pais Abraham Zelmanov Abraham–Lorentz force Abraham–Lorentz–Dirac force Abraham–Minkowski controversy Abram Ioffe Abrikosov vortex Absolute angular momentum Absolute dating Absolute horizon Absolute magnitude Absolute rotation Absolute theory Absolute threshold of hearing Absolute time and space Absolute zero Absorbed dose Absorber Absorption (acoustics) Absorption (electromagnetic radiation) Absorption band Absorption cross section Absorption curve Absorption edge Absorption refrigerator Absorption spectroscopy Absorption spectrum Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī Abundance of the chemical elements Accelerated reference frame Accelerating expansion of the universe Accelerating universe Acceleration Acceleration voltage Accelerator Test Facility (Japan) Accelerator Test Facility (New York) Accelerator mass spectrometry Accelerator physics Accelerometer Acceleron Acceptor (semiconductors) Accidental symmetry Accordion effect Accretion (astrophysics) Accretion disc Acentric factor Achim Richter Acicular ferrite Acoplanarity Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler Acoustic Doppler velocimetry Acoustic analogy Acoustic approximation Acoustic attenuation Acoustic cleaning Acoustic cloak Acoustic contrast factor Acoustic dispersion Acoustic droplet ejection Acoustic emission Acoustic holography Acoustic impedance Acoustic interferometer Acoustic levitation Acoustic location Acoustic lubrication Acoustic metamaterials Acoustic metric Acoustic microscopy Acoustic mirror Acoustic network Acoustic ohm Acoustic paramagnetic resonance Acoustic quieting Acoustic radiation force Acoustic radiation force impulse imaging Acoustic radiation pressure Acoustic resonance Acoustic rheometer Acoustic signature Acoustic source localization Acoustic streaming Acoustic suspension Acoustic theory Acoustic wave Acoustic wave equation Acoustical Society of America Acoustical engineering Acoustical measurements and instrumentation Acoustical oceanography Acoustics Acousto-optic deflector Acousto-optics Acta Biochimica et Biophysica Sinica Acta Biomaterialia Acta Crystallographica Acta Crystallographica A Acta Crystallographica B Acta Crystallographica C Acta Crystallographica D Acta Crystallographica E Acta Crystallographica F Acta Materialia Acta Physica Polonica Acta Physica Polonica A Acta Physica Polonica B Actinic light Actinide Actinides in the environment Actinism Actinometer Action-angle coordinates Action (physics) Action at a distance (physics) Activation analysis Activation product Active and passive transformation Active cavity radiometer Active galactic nucleus Active laser medium AdS/CFT correspondence AdS/QCD AdS black hole Ad Lagendijk Adam Dziewonski Adam Falk Adam Riess Adaptive compliant wing Adaptive feedback cancellation Adaptive optics Added mass Additive white Gaussian noise Adelbert Ames, Jr. Adhémar Jean Claude Barré de Saint-Venant Adi Bulsara Adiabatic conductivity Adiabatic flame temperature Adiabatic invariant Adiabatic principle Adiabatic process Adiabatic process (quantum mechanics) Adiabatic shear band Adiabatic theorem Adinkra symbols (physics) Adjustable Ranging Telescope Adlène Hicheur Admittance Adolf Bestelmeyer Adolf Busemann Adolf Eugen Fick Adolf Kratzer Adolfo Bartoli Adriaan Fokker Adrian Bejan Adrian Berry, 4th Viscount Camrose Adriano de Paiva Adrien-Marie Legendre Advanced Composite Materials (journal) Advanced Light Source Advanced Photon Source Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer Advanced Thin Ionization Calorimeter Advanced boiling water reactor Advanced composite materials (science & engineering) Advances in Applied Clifford Algebras Advances in Physics Advances in Space Research Advances in Theoretical and Mathematical Physics Advection Adverse pressure gradient Adverse yaw Ady Stern Aeolipile Aeroacoustics Aerobraking Aerocapture Aerodynamic center Aerodynamic diameter Aerodynamic drag Aerodynamic force Aerodynamic heating Aerodynamic levitation Aerodynamic potential flow code Aerodynamics Aeroelasticity Aerogel Aerographite Aerogravity assist Aerology Aeromechanics Aeronautics Aeroprediction Aerosol Aerosol impaction Aerostatics Aether (classical element) Aether drag hypothesis Aether theories Affleck–Dine mechanism Afshar experiment Afterglow plasma Age crisis Age of the Earth Age of the universe Aggregated diamond nanorod Agitator (device) Agnes Pockels Agrophysics Aharon Katzir Aharonov–Bohm effect Ahmet Yıldız Aichelburg–Sexl ultraboost Aileron Aimé Argand Aimé Cotton Air-mixing plenum Air (classical element) Air conditioning Air flow bench Air knife Air separation Air shower (physics) Air track Airborne wind turbine Aircraft dynamic modes Aircraft flight mechanics Aircraft noise Airfoil Airlift pump Airy beam Airy disk Airy wave theory Ajoy Ghatak Akeno Giant Air Shower Array Akitsune Imamura Akoustolith Al-Khazini Alain Aspect Alain Haché Alan Astbury Alan Boss Alan West Brewer Alan Cook Alan Cottrell Alan Guth Alan J. Heeger Alan Kostelecký Alan Lightman Alan Lloyd Hodgkin Alan M. Portis Alan Nunn May Alan Sokal Alan Tower Waterman Alan Walsh (physicist) Alastair G. W. Cameron Albedo Albert-László Barabási Albert Abraham Michelson Albert Baez Albert Allen Bartlett Albert Beaumont Wood Albert Betz Albert Bouwers Albert C. Geyser Albert Einstein Albert Einstein: Creator and Rebel Albert Einstein: The Practical Bohemian Albert Einstein Award Albert Einstein Medal Albert Einstein Science Park Albert Einstein World Award of Science Albert Einstein in popular culture Albert Fert Albert G. Hill Albert Messiah Albert Overhauser Albert Percival Rowe Albert Polman Albert Potter Wills Albert Rose (physicist) Albert Sauveur Albert Tarantola Albert Victor Bäcklund Albert von Ettingshausen Albrecht Fölsing Albrecht Unsöld Alcator C-Mod Alcubierre drive Aldert van der Ziel Alec Merrison Alejandro Corichi Aleksandar Despić Aleksandar Just Aleksander Akhiezer Aleksander Jabłoński Aleksander Zawadzki (naturalist) Aleksandr Andronov Aleksandr Chudakov Aleksandr Danilovich Aleksandrov Aleksandr Gurevich Aleksandr Leipunskii Aleksandr Stoletov Aleksei Pogorelov Aleksei Zinovyevich Petrov Alenush Terian Aleph (CERN) Alessandra Buonanno Alessandro Vaciago Alessandro Vespignani Alessandro Volta Alex Grossmann Alex Smith (engineer) Alex Stokes Alex Zettl Alex Zunger Alexander's band Alexander Akimov Alexander Alexeyevich Makarov Alexander Anderson (physicist) Alexander Animalu Alexander Balankin Alexander Behm Alexander Belavin Alexander Boksenberg Alexander Dalgarno Alexander Dallas Bache Alexander Davydov Alexander Eugen Conrady Alexander Fetter Alexander Friedmann Alexander Graham Bell Alexander Hollaender Alexander Hollaender Award in Biophysics Alexander Kuzemsky Alexander MacAulay Alexander Macfarlane Alexander Markovich Polyakov Alexander Meissner Alexander Mikhajlovich Baldin Alexander Nikuradse Alexander Patashinski Alexander Prokhorov Alexander R. Hamilton Alexander Rich Alexander S. Potupa Alexander Shikov Alexander Stepanovich Popov Alexander Vilenkin Alexander William Bickerton Alexander Zamolodchikov Alexander van Oudenaarden Alexandre Chorin Alexandru Marin (physicist) Alexandru Proca Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov Alexei Yuryevich Smirnov Alexei Zamolodchikov Alexey Andreevich Anselm Alexey Kavokin Alexis-Marie de Rochon Alexis Clairaut Alexis Thérèse Petit Alf Adams Alfons Bühl Alfred-Marie Liénard Alfred Barnard Basset Alfred Bucherer Alfred Hubler Alfred Kastler Alfred Kleiner Alfred Landé Alfred Lauck Parson Alfred M. Mayer Alfred O. C. Nier Alfred Perot Alfred Robb Alfred Saupe Alfred Schild Alfred Wegener Alfred Wilm Alfvén-Klein model Alfvén wave Algebra of physical space Algebraic holography Algodoo AliEn (ALICE Environment) Ali Javan Ali Moustafa Mosharafa Alice Leigh-Smith Alkali-metal thermal to electric converter All-Union Institute for Scientific and Technical Information All-silica fiber All gas-phase iodine laser Allais effect Allan Blaer Allan Boardman Allan Carswell Allan Mackintosh Allan McLeod Cormack Allan V. Cox Allen Shenstone Allyn Vine Allyne L. Merrill Aloyzas Sakalas Alpha-particle spectroscopy Alpha & Omega (book) Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer Alpha decay Alpha factor Alpha particle Alpha process Alpher–Bethe–Gamow paper Alternating Gradient Synchrotron Alternatives to general relativity Alternatives to the Standard Model Higgs Aluminium gallium phosphide Alv Egeland Alvarez Physics Memo Alvarez Physics Memos Alvin Andreas Herborg Nielsen Alvin C. Graves Alvin M. Weinberg Alvin Radkowsky Alwyn Van der Merwe Amagat Amagat's law Amal Kumar Raychaudhuri Amasa Stone Bishop Ambient noise level Ambient pressure Ambipolar diffusion Amer Iqbal American Association of Physicists in Medicine American Association of Physics Teachers American Astron. Soc. 215th Meeting American Astron. Soc. Meeting American Astron Soc 215th Meeting American Astronomical Society American Astronomical Society 215th meeting American Geophysical Union American Institute of Physics American Journal of Physics American Physical Society American Prometheus American Vacuum Society Ames Laboratory Ames trapezoid Amikam Aharoni Amir Caldeira Ammonium diuranate Ammonium uranyl carbonate Amorphous ice Amorphous metal Amorphous solid Amory Lovins Amos Ori Amos de-Shalit Amott test Amount of substance Ampere Ampere-turn Ampere model of magnetization Amphidromic point Amplified spontaneous emission Amplitude Amplitude damping channel Ampère's circuital law Ampère's force law Amrom Harry Katz Amsterdam Density Functional An Album of Fluid Motion An Elementary Treatise on Electricity An Essay on the Application of Mathematical Analysis to the Theories of Electricity and Magnetism An Exceptionally Simple Theory of Everything An Experimental Enquiry Concerning the Source of the Heat which is Excited by Friction Ana María Cetto Anales de Física Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing Analog models of gravity Analysis of flows Analytical dynamics Analytical mechanics Anastigmat Anatol Roshko Anatole Abragam Anatole Boris Volkov Anatoli Blagonravov Anatoly Dyatlov Anatoly Larkin Anatoly Petrovich Alexandrov Anatoly Vlasov Anatoly Zhabotinsky Anaxagoras Anaximander Anders Boserup Anders Flodström Anders Johan Lexell Anders Jonas Ångström Anders Karlsson (physicist) Anders Knutsson Ångström Anderson's rule Anderson impurity model Anderson localization Anderson orthogonality theorem Andre Geim Andrea Alù Andrea M. Ghez Andrea Naccari Andrea Prosperetti Andreas Acrivos Andreas Albrecht (cosmologist) Andreas Gerasimos Michalitsianos Andreas Jaszlinszky Andreas Mershin Andreas Winter Andreas von Ettingshausen Andreev reflection Andrei Linde Andrei Sakharov Andrej Čadež Andrew E. Lange Andrew Gordon (Benedictine) Andrew Gray (physicist) Andrew Huxley Andrew J. Feustel Andrew Keller Andrew Lang (physicist) Andrew Lowe Andrew Lyne Andrew R. Liddle Andrew Steane Andrew Strominger Andrew Turberfield Andrey Kolmogorov Andreyev Acoustics Institute Andrija Mohorovičić Andrius Baltuška Andromeda–Milky Way collision Andrzej Kajetan Wróblewski Andrzej Sołtan Andrzej Trautman André-Marie Ampère André Blondel André Guinier André Lichnerowicz André Maréchal André Neveu André Pochan Anechoic chamber Aneesur Rahman Anello Di Accumulazione Anemometer Aneutronic fusion Ángel Rodríguez Lozano Angelo Battelli Angioletta Coradini Angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy Angle of attack Angle of climb Angle of incidence Angle of refraction Angle of repose Angstrom Angstrom exponent Angular Momentum Commutator Angular acceleration Angular diameter distance Angular displacement Angular frequency Angular momentum Angular momentum commutator Angular momentum coupling Angular momentum of light Angular momentum operator Angular size redshift relation Angular spectrum method Angular velocity Anharmonicity Anil Bhardwaj Animal echolocation Anirudh Singh (activist) Anisothermal plasma Anisotropic liquid Anita Goel Ann Nelson Anna Maria Nobili Annalen der Physik Annales Henri Poincaré Annales de chimie et de physique Annals of Physics Annealed disorder Annihilation Annular dark-field imaging Annular fin Annular velocity Annus Mirabilis papers Annus mirabilis Anode ray Anomalon Anomalous Diffraction Theory Anomalous X-ray pulsar Anomalous cosmic ray Anomalous diffusion Anomalous electric dipole moment Anomalous magnetic dipole moment Anomalous photovoltaic effect Anomalous scaling dimension Anomaly (physics) Anomaly matching condition Anosov diffeomorphism Ansar Pervaiz Ansatz Anselmus de Boodt Antarctic Impulse Transient Antenna Antarctic Muon And Neutrino Detector Array Antenn. Wireless Propag. Lett. Antenn. Wireless Propag. Lett. IEEE Antenn Wireless Propag Lett, IEEE Antenna array (electromagnetic) Antenna noise temperature Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters (IEEE) Anthelion Anthony E. Siegman Anthony French Anthony Ichiro Sanda Anthony J. DeMaria Anthony James Leggett Anthony Kelly (academic) Anthony M. Johnson Anthony Zee Anthropic principle Anti-gravity Anti-laser Anti-phase domain Anti-reflective coating Anti-scatter grid Anti-scratch coating Anti-shock body Anti-vibration compound Anti-de Sitter space Antibubble Anticrepuscular rays Antidynamo theorem Antiferroelectricity Antiferromagnetic interaction Antiferromagnetism Antigluon Antihydrogen Antimatter Antimatter catalyzed nuclear pulse propulsion Antimatter comet Antimatter rocket Antimatter tests of Lorentz violation Antimatter weapon Antimo Palano Antineutrino Antineutron Antinucleon Antiparticle Antiphase Antiphoton Antiproton Antiproton Decelerator Antiprotonic helium Antiquarian science books Antistatic agent Antistatic wrist strap Antoine César Becquerel Antoine de Chézy Anton Ambschel Anton Kapustin Anton Maria Schyrleus of Rheita Anton Oberbeck Anton Peterlin (physicist) Anton Zeilinger Antonia Terzi Antonie van Leeuwenhoek Antonino Zichichi Antonio Ferri Antonio Pacinotti Antonio Signorini (physicist) Antonio Zichichi Antonius van den Broek Antony Garrett Lisi Antony Hewish Antony Jameson Antony Valentini Antun Karlo Bakotić Anwar Ali (scientist) Anyon Ányos Jedlik Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment Apache Point Observatory Lunar Laser-ranging Operation Aperture Apollo M. O. Smith Apoorva D. Patel Apparent horizon Apparent magnitude Apparent viscosity Apparent weight Appell's equation of motion Application of tensor theory in physics Applications of the Stirling engine Applied Optics Applied physics Applied Physics A Applied Physics B Applied Physics Express Applied Physics Letters Applied Spectroscopy (journal) Applied Spectroscopy Reviews Applied mechanics Applied physics Applied spectroscopy Apse line Apsidal precession Apsis ArDM ArXiv Arago spot Arbitrary unit Arc suppression Archeops Archer's paradox Archibald Hill Archibald Howie Archibald Low Archie G. Worthing Archimedean point Archimedes Archimedes' principle Archimedes number Architectural acoustics Archive for Rational Mechanics and Analysis Archytas Arcminute Cosmology Bolometer Array Receiver Arctowski Medal Ardeshir Hosseinpour Area density Area rule Areal velocity Arend Joan Rutgers Areostationary orbit Areostationary satellite Areosynchronous orbit Areosynchronous satellite Argo (oceanography) Argonne Tandem Linear Accelerator System Argument of periapsis Argus laser Arie Andries Kruithof Arie Bodek Aristotelian physics Aristotelian theory of gravity Aristotle Arizona Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Laboratory Arkady Migdal Arlie Petters Armand de Waele Armature reaction drop Arne Bjerhammar Arno Allan Penzias Arnold Eucken Arnold Flammersfeld Arnold Kosevich Arnold Kramish Arnold Sommerfeld Arnold diffusion Arrayed waveguide grating Arrow of time Arseny Sokolov Arthur Ashkin Arthur B. C. Walker, Jr. Arthur B. McDonald Arthur C. Hardy Arthur Compton Arthur Covington Arthur Eddington Arthur Edward Ruark Arthur Erich Haas Arthur F. Turner Arthur Geoffrey Walker Arthur Gordon Webster Arthur H. Rosenfeld Arthur Iberall Arthur Jaffe Arthur Jeffrey Dempster Arthur Korn Arthur König Arthur L. Schawlow Prize in Laser Science Arthur Leonard Schawlow Arthur Louis Day Arthur Maitland Arthur Morin Arthur Nowick Arthur R. von Hippel Arthur Roberts (physicist) Arthur S. Lodge Arthur Schuster Arthur Scott King Arthur Stanley Mackenzie Arthur Stewart Eve Arthur W. Barton Arthur Wehnelt Arthur Wightman Arthur William Rucker Arthur Williams Wright Arthur Zajonc Arthur von Oettingen Artificial dielectric Artificial dielectrics Artificial disintegration Artificial gravity Artificial magnetic conductor Artificial photosynthesis Artificial wave Artur Ekert Artyom Alikhanian Arun K. Pati Arvind Rajaraman Aryeh Kaplan Asbestiform Ascher H. Shapiro Asher A. Friesem Asher Peres Ashesh Prosad Mitra Ashok Das Ashoke Sen Ashtekar variables Askaryan Radio Array Askaryan effect Aspect ratio (wing) Aspera European Astroparticle network Asperity (materials science) Aspheric lens Aspirator (pump) Associated Legendre polynomials Association of Los Alamos Scientists Astatic galvanometer Asterix IV laser Asteroseismology Astigmatism Astro Space Center (Russia) Astrochemistry Astron (fusion reactor) Astronautics Astronomia nova Astronomical seeing Astronomical spectroscopy Astronomical system of units Astronomy Astronomy & Astrophysics Astronomy & Geophysics Astronomy Letters Astronomy Reports Astronomy and Astrophysics Decadal Survey Astronomy and Geophysics Astroparticle Physics (journal) Astroparticle physics Astrophysical X-ray source Astrophysical plasma Astrophysics Astrophysics Data System Astrophysics Data Systems Astrophysics and Space Science Asymptotic freedom Asymptotic homogenization Asymptotically flat spacetime Asım Orhan Barut Atacama Large Millimeter Array Ataç İmamoğlu Athene Donald Atkinson friction factor Atkinson resistance Atmosphere Atmosphere of Earth Atmosphere of Titan Atmosphere of Uranus Atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization Atmospheric-pressure plasma Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Atmospheric diffraction Atmospheric duct Atmospheric ducting Atmospheric dynamo Atmospheric electricity Atmospheric entry Atmospheric methane Atmospheric physics Atmospheric pressure Atmospheric pressure discharge Atmospheric radiative transfer codes Atmospheric refraction Atmospheric sciences Atmospheric sounding Atmospheric stratification Atmospheric thermodynamics Atmospheric wave Atom Atom: Journey Across the Subatomic Cosmos Atom laser Atom optics Atom probe Atom vibrations Atomic, molecular, and optical physics Atomic Emission Spectrum Atomic Energy of Canada Limited Atomic and molecular astrophysics Atomic battery Atomic beam Atomic clock Atomic coherence Atomic diffusion Atomic electron configuration table Atomic electron transition Atomic emission spectrum Atomic force microscopy Atomic form factor Atomic fountain Atomic gas Atomic line filter Atomic mass unit Atomic mirror Atomic nucleus Atomic number Atomic orbital Atomic orbital model Atomic packing factor Atomic percent Atomic physics Atomic ratio Atomic scale Atomic scales Atomic spacing Atomic spectral line Atomic theory Atomic units Atomichron Atomics International Atomism Atomistix Virtual NanoLab Attenuation Attenuation (electromagnetic radiation) Attenuation coefficient Attenuation length Attophysics Attosecond physics Atwood machine Atwood number Audio frequency Audio power Aufbau principle Auger effect Auger electron spectroscopy August Beer August H. Pfund August Herman Pfund August Krönig August Kundt August Musger August Seebeck August Seydler August Toepler August Witkowski Auguste Bravais Auguste Piccard Augustin-Jean Fresnel Augustin-Louis Cauchy Augusto Righi Augustus William Smith Aureole effect Aurora (astronomy) Aurora of November 17, 1882 Auroral chorus Austin Model 1 Australian Atomic Energy Commission Australian Journal of Physics Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation Australian Synchrotron Autler–Townes effect Autocollimation Autocollimator Autodynamics Automated Radioxenon Sampler Analyzer Automatic calculation of particle interaction or decay Automobile drag coefficient Autonomous system (mathematics) Autorotation (helicopter) Autostereoscopy Auxetics Auxiliary field Auxiliary field Monte Carlo Available energy (particle collision) Avalanche breakdown Avery Gilbert Avishai Dekel Avogadro's law Avrami equation Avshalom Elitzur Axel Scherer Axel T. Brunger Axial-flow pump Axial multipole moments Axial pen force Axial precession Axial ratio Axial tilt Axiality and rhombicity Axicon Axilrod–Teller potential Axino Axiomatic quantum field theory Axion Azeotrope Azimuthal quantum number Indexes of physics articles
Index of physics articles (B). The index of physics articles is split into multiple pages due to its size. To navigate by individual letter use the table of contents below. B B-factory B-tagging B-theory of time B. V. Bowden, Baron Bowden B2FH paper BBGKY hierarchy BCS: 50 Years (book) BCS theory BESS (experiment) BESSY BF model BKL singularity BL Lac object BOOMERanG experiment BPST instanton BRST formalism BRST quantization BTZ black hole BTeV experiment BX442 B Reactor B meson B − L BaBar experiment Baby brane Bach tensor Back-reaction Back pressure Back scattering alignment Background-oriented schlieren technique Background count Background field method Background independence Background noise Background radiation Backscatter Backscatter X-ray Backward-wave media Backward wave oscillator Bad Science: The Short Life and Weird Times of Cold Fusion Bagger–Lambert–Gustavsson action Bagnold formula Bahram Mashhoon Baien Tomlin Baikal Deep Underwater Neutrino Telescope Bainbridge mass spectrometer Baksan Neutrino Observatory Bak–Tang–Wiesenfeld sandpile Baldwin–Lomax model Balfour Stewart Ball bearing motor Ball lightning Ballistic coefficient Ballistic conduction Ballistic galvanometer Ballistic pendulum Ballistic reentry Ballistic transport Ballotechnics Balmer series Balseiro Institute Balthasar van der Pol Balázs Győrffy Banana equivalent dose Band bending Band diagram Band gap Band mapping Band of stability Band offset Bandwidth-limited pulse Banesh Hoffmann Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Banked turn Banks–Zaks fixed point Barber–Layden–Power effect Bare mass Bargeboard (aerodynamics) Bargmann's limit Bargmann–Wigner equations Barkhausen effect Barlow's law Barlow lens Barn (unit) Barnett effect Baroclinity Barotropic Barotropic vorticity equation Barrel (disambiguation) Barrett–Crane model Barry M. McCoy Barry Simon Barton's Pendulums Barton Zwiebach Baryogenesis Baryon Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey Baryon acoustic oscillations Baryon asymmetry Baryon number Baryon spectroscopy Baryonic dark matter Bas Pease Bascom S. Deaver Base conditions Basic concepts of quantum mechanics Basic physics of the violin Basil Hiley Basil Schonland Basilis C. Xanthopoulos Bass trap Basset force Basset–Boussinesq–Oseen equation Batalin–Vilkovisky formalism Batchelor vortex Bathochromic shift Battelle Memorial Institute Beale number Beam crossing Beam diameter Beam divergence Beam dump Beam emittance Beam expander Beam homogenizer Beam parameter product Beam propagation method Beam splitter Beamline Beard and Chuang model Beat (acoustics) Beatrice Tinsley Beaufort scale Beckmann thermometer Becquerel Bedford Level experiment Beer–Lambert law Beetle (ASIC) Behavior of nuclear fuel during a reactor accident Behram Kurşunoğlu Beijing Electron–Positron Collider II Bejan number Bekenstein bound Bel decomposition Belinski–Zakharov transform Bell's spaceship paradox Bell's theorem Bell Labs Bell mouth Bell test experiments Belle experiment Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction Belt of Venus Beltrami vector field Ben Lockspeiser Ben Roy Mottelson Bending Bending moment Benedict Friedlaender Benedict–Webb–Rubin equation Bengt Edlén Benjamin Fain Benjamin Markarian Benjamin Schumacher Benjamin W. Lee Benjamin–Bona–Mahony equation Bennett Lewis Benny Lautrup Beno Gutenberg Benoît Paul Émile Clapeyron Berendsen thermostat Bergmann's rule Berkeley Physics Course Bernard Brunhes (physicist) Bernard Cohen (physicist) Bernard Eastlund Bernard F. Schutz Bernard H. Lavenda Bernard Haisch Bernard Julia Bernard Katz Bernard Lovell Bernard Picinbono Bernard T. Feld Bernard d'Espagnat Bernard de Wit Bernardo Huberman Bernhard Caesar Einstein Bernhard Philberth Bernhard Schmidt Bernoulli's principle Berry connection and curvature Bert Broer Bert Schroer Berta Karlik Bertha Swirles Bertram Batlogg Bertram Boltwood Bertram Brockhouse Bertram Eugene Warren Bertrand's theorem Bertrand Halperin Berzelium Beta-M Beta-decay stable isobars Beta (plasma physics) Beta (velocity) Beta barium borate Beta decay Beta function (disambiguation) Beta function (physics) Beta particle Beta plane Beta rays Betatron Bethe ansatz Bethe formula Bethe lattice Bethe–Bloch formula Bethe–Feynman formula Bethe–Salpeter equation Bethe–Weizsäcker formula Bethe–Weizsäcker process Betti's theorem Betz' law Bevatron Beverly Clock Beyond Einstein (book) Beyond Einstein program Bhabha scattering Bhangmeter Bhatnagar–Gross–Krook operator Bhāskara's wheel Bi-hemispherical reflectance Bi-isotropic material Bi-scalar tensor vector gravity Biaxial nematic Bibcode Bibliography of popular physics books Bicycle and motorcycle dynamics Bidirectional reflectance distribution function Bidirectional scattering distribution function Biefeld–Brown effect Biermann battery Biexciton Bifilar coil Bifurcation theory Big Bang Big Bang (Singh book) Big Bang nucleosynthesis Big Bounce Big Crunch Big European Bubble Chamber Big Freeze Big Rip Bilayer Bilepton Bill Wattenburg Billiard-ball computer Bimetallic strip Bimetric theory Bimoment Binary entropy function Binary pulsar Binary star Binder parameter Binding energy Binet equation Bingham plastic Binocular disparity Binoviewer Bioacoustics Bioceramic Bioelectromagnetics Bioelectromagnetism Biogeophysics Biological thermodynamics Biological transmutation Biomaterial Biomechanics Bion (physics) Biophoton Biophotonics Biophysical Journal Biophysical Society Biophysical techniques Biophysics Biot number Biot–Savart law Biplane Bipolaron Biquaternion Birch's law Birch–Murnaghan equation of state Bird flight Birefringence Birkeland current Birkhoff's theorem (electromagnetism) Birkhoff's theorem (relativity) Birmingham Solar Oscillations Network Bismuth strontium calcium copper oxide Bispectral analysis Bispinor Bistatic Doppler shift Bistatic range Bivector Bjarne Tromborg Bjerrum defect Björn Engquist Bjørn Wiik Black-Body Theory and the Quantum Discontinuity Black-hole cosmology BlackLight Power Black Holes and Time Warps Black Star (semiclassical gravity) Black body Black brane Black hole Black hole bomb Black hole complementarity Black hole electron Black hole information paradox Black hole starship Black hole thermodynamics Black light Black noise Black silicon Black star (semiclassical gravity) Black string Blackbody infrared radiative dissociation Blackburn pendulum Blackett effect Blade element theory Blade pitch Blaise Pascal Blake number Blandford–Znajek process Blas Cabrera Blas Cabrera Felipe Blasius boundary layer Blast wave Blazar Blended wing body Blinking colloidal nanocrystals Bloch-Grüneisen temperature Bloch wall Bloch's theorem Bloch wave – MoM method Bloom (test) Blown flap Blue laser Blue shift Blueshift Bo Sundqvist Bo Thidé Bob (physics) Bob White (geophysicist) Body centred cubic metal Boeing X-53 Active Aeroelastic Wing Bogdan Maglich Bogdanov Affair Bogoliubov transformation Bogoliubov–Parasyuk theorem Bogolyubov Prize (NASU) Bogolyubov Prize for young scientists Bogomol'nyi-Prasad-Sommerfield bound Bogomol'nyi–Prasad–Sommerfield bound Bohm diffusion Bohr magneton Bohr model Bohr radius Bohr–Einstein debates Bohr–Sommerfeld theory Bohr–van Leeuwen theorem Bohumil Kučera Boiling point Boilover Bolometer Bolometric correction Boltzmann's entropy formula Boltzmann-Matano analysis Boltzmann Medal Boltzmann constant Boltzmann distribution Boltzmann entropy Boltzmann equation Boltzmann factor Boltzmann relation Bond albedo Bond number Bondi k-calculus Bonding in solids Bonnard J. Teegarden Bonner sphere Bonnet's theorem Bonnor beam Boojum (superfluidity) Book of Optics Bootstrap model Bootstrap paradox Borda–Carnot equation Borexino Boris Aleksandrovich Mamyrin Boris Altshuler Boris Bakhmeteff Boris Borisovich Galitzine Boris Chirikov Boris Gerasimovich Boris Hessen Boris Kerner Boris Laschka Boris Nikolsky Boris P. Stoicheff Boris Pavlovich Belousov Boris Podolsky Boris Rauschenbach Boris Vorontsov-Velyaminov Born approximation Born coordinates Born probability Born rigidity Born rule Born–Huang approximation Born–Infeld model Born–Infeld theory Born–von Karman boundary condition Borrmann effect Bose gas Bosenova Bose–Einstein condensate Bose–Einstein condensation (network theory) Bose–Einstein correlations Bose–Einstein statistics Bose–Hubbard model Boson Boson star Bosonic field Bosonic string theory Bosonization Bottom Lambda baryon Bottom eta meson Bottom quark Bottomness Bouguer's law Bouguer anomaly Bouguer plate Bound state Boundary-layer thickness Boundary conformal field theory Boundary element method Boundary layer Boundary layer control Boundary layer suction Boundary layer transition Boundary lubrication Boussinesq approximation (buoyancy) Boussinesq approximation (water waves) Bousso's holographic bound Bow shocks in astrophysics Bow shock (aerodynamics) Bow wave Bowen ratio Box orbit Boyce McDaniel Boyd Bartlett Boyer–Lindquist coordinates Boyle's law Bra–ket notation Brackett series Bragg's law Bragg diffraction Bragg peak Bragg–Gray cavity theory Braid statistics Brake force Bram van Leer Branches of physics Branching fraction Brandon Carter Brane cosmology Brans–Dicke theory Bravais lattice Brayton cycle Breaking wave Breakthrough Propulsion Physics Program Breather Brebis Bleaney Bred vector Breit equation Bremermann's limit Bremsstrahlung Brendan Scaife Brewster's angle Brewster angle microscope Brian Cox (physicist) Brian David Josephson Brian Greene Brian L. DeMarco Brian May Brian Pippard Brian Schmidt Brian Spalding Brian Swimme Bridge scour Bridgman's thermodynamic equations Bridgman effect Bridgman–Stockbarger technique Brightest cluster galaxy Brillouin and Langevin functions Brillouin scattering Brillouin zone Brinell scale Brinkman number Brinkmann coordinates British Atomic Scientists Association British Geophysical Association Brittleness Broad iron K line Broken symmetry Brooke Benjamin Brookhaven National Laboratory Brosl Hasslacher Brown dwarf Brown dwarf desert Brownian dynamics Brownian motor Brownian noise Brownian ratchet Bruce Allen (physicist) Bruce Bolt Bruce Cork Bruce H. Billings Bruce Maccabee Bruce Winstein Bruno Augenstein Bruno Bertotti Bruno Pontecorvo Bruno Rossi Bruno Rossi Prize Bruno Thüring Bruno Touschek Bruno Zumino Brunt–Väisälä frequency Bruria Kaufman Brush discharge Bryan Higgins Bryce DeWitt Bubble chamber Bubble fusion Bubble ring Bubble universe theory Bucket argument Buckingham (unit) Buckingham π theorem Buckley–Leverett equation Buckling Buckypaper Bud Grace Buffer (optical fiber) Building engineering physics Bulk density Bulk modulus Bulk temperature Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists Bulletin of the Lebedev Physics Institute Bullough–Dodd model Bumblebee models Bunji Sakita Bunsaku Arakatsu Buoyancy Burgers' equation Burgers material Burgers vector Burkard Hillebrands Burkhard Heim Burns temperature Burnup Burst noise Burt Ovrut Burton Richter Busemann biplane Buttered cat paradox Butterfly effect Béla Karlovitz Bülent Atalay B–Bbar oscillation Indexes of physics articles
Index of physics articles (C). The index of physics articles is split into multiple pages due to its size. To navigate by individual letter use the table of contents below. C C*-algebra C-ROT gate C-number C-symmetry C-theorem C. B. Collins C. Bruce Tarter C. Chapin Cutler C. E. Wynn-Williams C. F. Powell C. K. Raju C. N. Yang Institute for Theoretical Physics C. Peter Flynn C. R. Hagen C. T. K. Chari C. Thomas Elliott C. V. Boys C. V. Raman CACTUS CADPAC CANFLEX CAREM CASTEP CASTOR calorimeter CCR and CAR algebras CDHS experiment CEBAF On-line Data Acquisition CENBOL CERN CERN Axion Solar Telescope CERN Courier CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso CERN openlab CERN Program Library CFD-ACE+ CFD-DEM model CFX CGNS CGh physics CHARMM CHICOS CHSH inequality CIDNP CKM Matrix CLAS detector CLD chromophore CLEO (particle detector) CLHEP CLIO CLOUD CMBFAST CMB cold spot CNDO/2 CNO cycle COGEMA La Hague site COMPASS experiment CORSIKA CP-parity CPT symmetry CP violation CR-39 CRAC-II CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics CROCUS CRYSIS CSA (database company) CTX (explosive-detection device) CUSB C band (IEEE) C band (infrared) C band (NATO) C parity Cabbibo angle Cabibbo–Kobayashi–Maskawa matrix Cactus Framework Cadabra (computer program) Cadarache Caesar Saloma Cahn–Hilliard equation Calabi flow Calabi–Yau four-fold Calabi–Yau manifold Calandria (disambiguation), three different kinds of physics equipment Calculating Space Caldeira-Leggett model Calefaction Callan–Symanzik equation Callendar–Van Dusen equation Calogero conjecture Caloric theory Calorie Calorimeter (particle physics) Calorimeter constant Calorimetry Caloron Calutron Calvin Souther Fuller Camassa–Holm equation Camber (aerodynamics) Camber thrust Cambridge Structural Database Cameron Wright (weapons scientist) Campbell diagram Canadian Association of Physicists Canadian Geophysical Union Canadian Journal of Physics Canadian Light Source Canadian Neutron Beam Centre Canadian Penning Trap Mass Spectrometer Canadian Synchrotron Radiation Facility Canard (aeronautics) Candoluminescence Canfranc Underground Laboratory Canonical commutation relation Canonical coordinates Canonical distribution Canonical ensemble Canonical probability distribution Canonical quantization Canonical quantum gravity Canonical transformation Capacitance Capacitance electroscope Capacitance voltage profiling Capacitively coupled plasma Capacitor analogy Capillary action Capillary length Capillary number Capillary pressure Capillary surface Capillary wave Capture orbit Carbon-13 NMR Carbon-burning process Carbon (journal) Carbon detonation Carbon dioxide laser Carbon nanotube Carbon nanotube quantum dot Cardinal point (optics) Carel S. Scholten Carey Foster Cargill Gilston Knott Carl-Gunne Fälthammar Carl-Gustaf Rossby Carl Anton Bjerknes Carl Auer von Welsbach Carl August von Steinheil Carl David Anderson Carl David Tolmé Runge Carl Eckart Carl Friedrich Gauss Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker Carl H. Brans Carl Hermann Carl Hodges Carl Kellner (optician) Carl M. Bender Carl Nordling Carl Pulfrich Carl Ramsauer Carl Sagan Carl Størmer Carl Wieman Carl Wilhelm Oseen Carlo Alberto Castigliano Carlo Beenakker Carlo Marangoni Carlo Matteucci Carlo Rovelli Carlo Rubbia Carlos Chagas Filho Carlos E.M. Wagner Carlos Frenk Carlton M. Caves Carlton R. Pennypacker Carminati–McLenaghan invariants Carnot's theorem (thermodynamics) Carnot cycle Carnot heat engine Carolin Crawford Carolinium Carolyne M. Van Vliet Carreau fluid Carrier-to-noise ratio Carrier-to-receiver noise density Carrier generation and recombination Carroll's paradox Carroll Alley Cartan formalism (physics) Cartan–Karlhede algorithm Carter constant Cartoon physics Car–Parrinello method Car–Parrinello molecular dynamics Cascading gauge theory Casimir effect Casimir machine Caspar Isenkrahe Cassie's law Cassini's laws Cat state Catadioptric sensor Catapult effect Catastrophic optical damage Catherine Bréchignac Cathodoluminescence Cathodoluminescence microscope Catoptrics Cauchy's equation Cauchy horizon Cauchy number Cauchy surface Cauchy–Born rule Causal dynamical triangulation Causal patch Causal perturbation theory Causal sets Causal structure Causal system Causality Causality (physics) Causality conditions Caustic (optics) Cavallo's multiplier Cavendish Professor of Physics Cavendish experiment Cavitation Cavity method Cavity quantum electrodynamics Cavity resonator Cebeci–Smith model Cecil Howard Green Cecil Reginald Burch Cees Dekker Ceiling (aircraft) Ceiling level Celestial spheres Celor lens Centauro event Center-of-momentum frame Center for Integrated Plasma Studies Center for Nanoscale Materials Center frequency Center manifold Center of Applied Space Technology and Microgravity Center of mass Center of mass coordinates Center of momentum Center of percussion Center of pressure (fluid mechanics) Center vortex Centers of gravity in non-uniform fields Centimetre of water Central European Journal of Physics Central body Central charge Central field approximation Central force Central potential Centre for High Energy Physics (University of the Punjab) Centre for Quantum Technologies Centre for Underground Physics in Pyhäsalmi Centre line thrust Centrifugal compressor Centrifugal force Centrifugal force (rotating reference frame) Centrifugal pump Centrifuge Centripetal force Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas Centrosymmetry Cepheid Cepheid variable Cepheid variables Cepheids Ceramic flux Ceramic petrography Ceramic petrology Chad Orzel Chain reaction Chalcogenide glass Chalk River Laboratories Chamberlin–Moulton planetesimal hypothesis Chameleon particle Champagne flow Chandra X-ray Observatory Chandrasekhar limit Chandre Dharma-wardana Change of decay rate Changes of the length of day Channel noise level Channelling (physics) Chan–Paton factor Chao Tang Chaos: Making a New Science Chaos (physics) Chaos in optical systems Chaos theory Chaotic Inflation theory Chaplygin gas Chapman function Chapman–Enskog theory Chapman–Jouguet condition Characteristic admittance Characteristic impedance Characteristic mode analysis Characteristic number (fluid dynamics) Characteristic state function Characteristic time Charge-exchange ionization Charge-induced voltage alteration Charge (physics) Charge carrier Charge carrier density Charge conservation Charge contrast imaging Charge density Charge invariance Charge ordering Charge qubit Charge radius Charge transfer insulators Charged black hole Charged current Charged particle Charged particle beam Chargino Charles's law Charles-Augustin de Coulomb Charles Archambeau Charles Bruce (physicist) Charles Cagniard de la Tour Charles Chree Charles Christian Lauritsen Charles Critchfield Charles Drummond Ellis Charles Fabry Charles Francis Richter Charles Frank (physicist) Charles Galton Darwin Charles Glover Barkla Charles Gorrie Wynne Charles Grafton Page Charles Greeley Abbot Charles Guillaume Alexandre Bourgeois Charles H. Henry Charles Haldat Charles Hard Townes Charles J. Joachain Charles K. Kao Charles Kittel Charles L. Bennett Charles M. Falco Charles M. Herzfeld Charles M. Newman Charles Panati Charles R. Bentley Charles R. Doering Charles S. Peskin Charles Soret Charles Tahan Charles Taylor (physicist) Charles Thomson Rees Wilson Charles Thorn Charles Tomlinson (scientist) Charles W. Misner Charles Wheatstone Charles Wylie Charles Édouard Guillaume Charlotte Froese Fischer Charlotte Riefenstahl Charm (quantum number) Charm quark Charmed Lambda baryon Charmed baryons Charmed eta meson Charmness Charpy impact test Chart datum Chartered Physicist Chasman–Green lattice Chaudhry Abdul Majeed Cheerios effect Cheick Modibo Diarra Chemi-ionization Chemical Physics Letters Chemical Vapor Deposition (journal) Chemical affinity Chemical beam epitaxy Chemical force microscopy Chemical ionization Chemical laser Chemical oxygen iodine laser Chemical physics Chemical potential Chemical shift Chemical thermodynamics Chemiluminescence Chen Jiaer Chen Ning Yang Chen Yung-Jui Cheng Chemin Cheng Kaijia Cherenkov Array at Themis Cherenkov detector Cherenkov radiation Chern–Simons theory Cherry A. Murray Chester Carlson Chetayev instability theorem Cheuk-Yin Wong Chi-Wang Shu Chi b (3P) Chia-Chiao Lin Chia-Hsiung Tze Chia-Shun Yih Chiang C. Mei Chiara Nappi Chicago Air Shower Array Chicago Pile-1 Chien-Shiung Wu Chih-Kung Jen Child's law Chinese Journal of Physics Chinese Optics Letters Chip-scale atomic clock Chiral Potts curve Chiral anomaly Chiral color Chiral gauge theory Chiral model Chiral perturbation theory Chiral superfield Chiral symmetry Chiral symmetry breaking Chirality (electromagnetism) Chirality (physics) Chirped pulse amplification Chladni's law Chlorine-37 Choke (electronics) Choked flow Chooz (experiment) Chord (aircraft) Chris Adami Chris Hull Chris J. L. Doran Chris Quigg Chris Sachrajda Chris Wallace (computer scientist) Christer Fuglesang Christiaan Huygens Christian August Hausen Christian Christiansen (physicist) Christian Doppler Christian Gerthsen Christian Heinrich Pfaff Christian Ludwig Gerling Christian Møller Christian T. Elvey Christian Wissel Christine Sutton Christoffel symbols Christofilos Effect Christoph Cremer Christoph Helmut Keitel Christoph Scheiner Christopher Aikman Christopher Bishop Christopher Hansteen Christopher Isham Christopher J. Hardy Christopher Jargocki Christopher Llewellyn Smith Christopher Polhem Christopher Stubbs Christopher T. Hill Christopher T. Russell Christopher Wren Chromatic aberration Chromatic dispersion Chromosphere Chromo–Weibel instability Chronology of the universe Chronology protection conjecture Chronon Chung-Yao Chao Churchill–Bernstein equation Chézy formula Circuit noise level Circuit quantum electrodynamics Circuit theory Circular dichroism Circular motion Circular orbit Circular polarization Circular polarization in nature Circular polarization of starlight Circulation (fluid dynamics) Circulation control wing Circumhorizontal arc Circumscribed halo Circumzenithal arc Claire F. Gmachl Clamper (electronics) Clapotis Clarence Allen (geologist) Clarence Zener Clarendon Laboratory Clarity meter Clark Blanchard Millikan Classical-map hypernetted-chain method Classical Cepheid Classical Cepheid variable Classical Cepheids Classical Heisenberg model Classical Mechanics (book) Classical XY model Classical and Quantum Gravity Classical central-force problem Classical electromagnetism Classical electromagnetism and special relativity Classical electron radius Classical field theory Classical limit Classical mechanics Classical optics Classical physics Classical scaling dimension Classical theories of gravitation Classical theory Classical thermodynamics Classical treatment of tensors Classical unified field theories Classification of electromagnetic fields Claud E. Cleeton Claude-Auguste Lamy Claude-Louis Navier Claude Cohen-Tannoudji Claude Pouillet Claude R. Canizares Claude Wendell Horton, Jr. Claude Wendell Horton, Sr. Claudia Alexander Claudio Bunster Clausius theorem Clausius–Clapeyron relation Clausius–Duhem inequality Clean And Environmentally Safe Advanced Reactor Clearing factor Clebsch–Gordan coefficients Clemens C. J. Roothaan Clemens Timpler Clement John Tranter Clifford Berry Clifford Martin Will Clifford Shull Clifford Truesdell Clifford Victor Johnson Clifford analysis Climate of Uranus Clinical biophysics Clint Sprott Clinton Davisson Cloaking device Cloaking device metamaterial Cloaking device metamaterials Cloaking devices metamaterial Cloaking devices metamaterials Cloaking metamaterial Cloaking metamaterials Clock hypothesis Clockwork universe theory Close coupling Close-packing of equal spheres Closed system Closed timelike curve Closed wing Cloud chamber Cloud condensation nuclei Cloud drop effective radius Clover (detector) Cluster (physics) Cluster decay Cluster decomposition theorem Clyde Cowan Clyde Wiegand Cnoidal wave Coandă effect Coaxial rotors Cobra probe Cockcroft Institute Cockcroft–Walton generator Code Saturne Code V Codex Arundel Coefficient of friction Coefficient of performance Coefficient of restitution Coefficient of thermal expansion Coefficients of potential Coercivity Coffee ring Coffin corner (aviation) Coherence (physics) Coherence length Coherence theory (optics) Coherence time Coherent backscattering Coherent control Coherent information Coherent perfect absorber Coherent potential approximation Coherent spectroscopy Coherent states Cohesion (chemistry) Coincidence circuit Coincidence rangefinder Cold Cold Big Bang Cold dark matter Cold fission Cold fusion Cold rubber Cold trap Cold trap (astronomy) Cold vapour atomic fluorescence spectroscopy Coleman–Mandula theorem Coleman–Weinberg potential Cole–Cole equation Colin Franklin (engineer) Colin Webb (physicist) Collective diffusion Collective dose Collective excitation Collective excitations Collider Collider Detector at Fermilab Colligative properties Collimated light Collimating lens Collimator Collision Collision-induced dissociation Collision cascade Collision detection Collision response Colloid Colloid and Polymer Science Colloid vibration current Color charge Color confinement Color glass condensate Color superconductivity Colored-particle-in-cell Colorimeter (chemistry) Colorimetry Colors of noise Color–color diagram Color–flavor locking Colossal magnetoresistance Columnar phase Coma (optics) Combination tone Combinatorics and physics Combined RF trap Combined gas law Combustibility Committed dose Committed dose equivalent Committed effective dose equivalent Committee on the Safety of Nuclear Installations Common beta emitters Communicating vessels Communication physics Communications in Mathematical Physics Commutator (electric) Comoving distance CompHEP Compact Linear Collider Compact Muon Solenoid Compact dimension Compact star Compactification (physics) Compaction simulation Comparison of software for molecular mechanics modeling Compatibility (mechanics) Complementarity (physics) Complementary experiments Complete set of commuting observables Complex beam parameter Complex circuit Complex dynamics Complex fluids Complex harmonic motion Complex lamellar vector field Component (thermodynamics) Composite fermion Composite field Composite gravity Composite particle Compressed fluid Compressed magnetic flux generator Compressibility Compressibility factor Compressible flow Compression (physical) Compression lift Compton Gamma Ray Observatory Compton scattering Compton wavelength Compton–Getting effect Computational Materials Science Computational Science & Discovery Computational aeroacoustics Computational chemical methods in solid-state physics Computational electromagnetics Computational fluid dynamics Computational geophysics Computational magnetohydrodynamics Computational physics Computed radiography Computed tomography laser mammography Computer Automated Measurement and Control Computer Physics Communications Comstock Prize in Physics Concentric tube heat exchanger Conceptual physics Concurrence (quantum computing) Concurrence principle Condensation Condensation (aerosol dynamics) Condensed Matter Condensed matter physics Conditional quantum entropy Conductance quantum Conduction band Conductive coupling Conductivity (electrolytic) Conductivity of transparency Conductor gallop Cone beam computed tomography Configuration interaction Configuration space Configuration state function Confocal microscopy Conformal anomaly Conformal cyclic cosmology Conformal family Conformal field theory Conformal gravity Conformal infinity Conformal supergravity Conformal symmetry Conformational entropy Congruence (general relativity) Conical pendulum Conifold Conjugate depth Conjugate variables Conjugate variables (thermodynamics) Conoscopy Conservation law Conservation of energy Conservation of mass Conservative force Conservative vector field Conserved current Conserved property Consistent histories Constant-energy surface Constant of motion Constantin Carathéodory Constantin Perskyi Constantin Senlecq Constantine Pozrikidis Constantino Tsallis Constituent quark Constituent quark mass Constitutive equation Constraint algebra Constructive quantum field theory Contact (mechanics) Contact angle Contact area Contact electrification Contact force Contact image sensor Contact mechanics Contact protection Contact resistance Contaminated Gaussian Contemporary Physics Contiguity Continuity equation Continuous wave Continuum mechanics Contorsion tensor Contour line Contributors to general relativity Contributors to the mathematical background for general relativity Control moment gyroscope Control rod Control volume Controlled NOT gate Controlled aerodynamic instability phenomena Convection Convection cell Convection heater Convection microwave Convection zone Convection–diffusion equation Convective available potential energy Convective inhibition Convective instability Convective mixing Convective overturn Conventional lens Conventional superconductor Conyers Herring Coolfluid Cooling curve Cooper electron pair Cooper pair Cooperstock's energy-localization hypothesis Coordinate-free Coordinate conditions Coordinate system Coordinate time Coordinated flight Coordination geometry Copenhagen (play) Copenhagen interpretation Copernican principle Copper indium gallium selenide solar cells Core-excited shape resonance Core/Shell Semiconductor Nanocrystals Core (optical fiber) Core electron Core–mantle boundary Coriolis effect Coriolis field Coriolis–Stokes force Corium (nuclear reactor) Cornelis Dirk Andriesse Cornelis Rudolphus Theodorus Krayenhoff Cornelius Denvir Cornelius Lanczos Cornell Electron Storage Ring Cornell Laboratory for Accelerator-based Sciences and Education Corner reflector Cornering force Corona Corona (optical phenomenon) Corona discharge Corona poling Coronal mass ejection Coronal radiative losses Coronal seismology Corpuscular theory of light Corrado Giannantoni Correlation dimension Correlation function (astronomy) Correlation function (quantum field theory) Correlation function (statistical mechanics) Correlation sum Correspondence principle Correspondence rules Coset conformal field theory Cosmas Zachos Cosmic-ray observatory Cosmic Anisotropy Polarization Mapper Cosmic Background Explorer Cosmic Background Imager Cosmic Research Cosmic censorship hypothesis Cosmic gravitational wave background Cosmic infrared background Cosmic microwave background radiation Cosmic neutrino background Cosmic noise Cosmic ray Cosmic ray spallation Cosmic ray visual phenomena Cosmic string Cosmic variance Cosmogenic nuclide Cosmogony Cosmological constant Cosmological decade Cosmological perturbation theory Cosmological principle Cosmology Cosmos Cosmotron Coster–Kronig transition Cotton effect Cotton tensor Cotton–Mouton effect Cottrell atmosphere Couette flow Coulomb Coulomb's law Coulomb barrier Coulomb blockade Coulomb collision Coulomb excitation Coulomb gap Coulomb potential Coulomb staircase Counter-electromotive force Counter-scanned images Counter-scanning Counterfactual definiteness Counting efficiency Counts per minute Couple (mechanics) Coupled-wave method Coupled cluster Coupling (physics) Coupling constant Coupling loss Coupling parameter Courant–Friedrichs–Lewy condition Course of Theoretical Physics Covariant Hamiltonian field theory Covariant classical field theory Covariant derivative Covariant formulation of classical electromagnetism Cowan–Reines neutrino experiment Crab cavity Craig Bohren Creation and annihilation operators Creation ex materia Creation ex nihilo Creeping wave Cremona diagram Crepuscular rays Crest (physics) Critical Mach number Critical Mass (book) Critical angle of attack Critical band Critical dimension Critical distance Critical exponent Critical field Critical heat flux Critical ionization velocity Critical line (thermodynamics) Critical opalescence Critical phenomena Critical point (thermodynamics) Critical radius Critical relative humidity Critical resolved shear stress Critical size Critical taper Critical temperature Critical variable Criticality accident Criticism of the theory of relativity Crivăţ Crookes radiometer Crooks fluctuation theorem Cross-phase modulation Cross-recurrence quantification Cross entropy Cross fluid Cross modulation Cross sea Cross section (physics) Crossing (physics) Crosswind Crow instability Crowbar (circuit) Crown glass (optics) CryoEDM Cryocooler Cryoelectronics Cryogenic Dark Matter Search Cryogenic Rare Event Search with Superconducting Thermometers Cryogenic particle detectors Cryogenic processor Cryogenic storage dewar Cryogenics Cryomodule Cryophorus Cryopump Cryoscopic constant Cryotronics Crypton (particle) Cryst. Growth Des. Cryst Growth Des Crystal Crystal (software) Crystal Ball (detector) Crystal Ball function Crystal Growth & Design Crystal growth Crystal model Crystal momentum Crystal monochromator Crystal optics Crystal oven Crystal structure Crystal structure of boron-rich metal borides Crystal structure prediction Crystal system Crystal twinning Crystalline Crystalline solid Crystallinity Crystallization Crystallographic database Crystallographic defect Crystallographic group Crystallographic point group Crystallographic restriction theorem Crystallography Crystallography and NMR system Crystalloluminescence Csaba Csáki Ctirad Uher Cu-Pt type ordering in III-V semiconductor Cubic crystal system Cubic metre Cumulative dose Cunningham correction factor Cuntz algebra Curie Curie's law Curie constant Curie temperature Curie–Weiss law Curl (mathematics) Current (stream) Current algebra Current density Current density (quantum mechanics) Current quark Current quark mass Current sheet Current sources and sinks Current superfield Curtis Callan Curtis J. Humphreys Curvature invariant Curvature invariant (general relativity) Curveball Curved mirror Curved spacetime Cuspy halo problem Custodial symmetry Cutoff (physics) Cutoff voltage Cycles of Time (book) Cyclic model Cyclone Cyclonic separation Cyclops laser Cyclotron Cyclotron radiation Cyclotron resonance Cylinder stresses Cylinderical cloak Cylindrical multipole moments Cymatics Cyril Domb Cyril Hilsum Cyril Isenberg Cyril Norman Hinshelwood Cyril Sinelnikov Czesław Białobrzeski Czochralski process César Lattes Indexes of physics articles
Index of physics articles (D). The index of physics articles is split into multiple pages due to its size. To navigate by individual letter use the table of contents below. D D band (NATO) D band (waveguide) D'Alembert's paradox D'Alembert's principle D'Alembert force D'Alembert–Euler condition D-brane D-term D. Van Holliday D0 experiment DAFNE DAMA/LIBRA DAMA/NaI DBrn DCOMP DEAP DEEP2 Redshift Survey DELPHI experiment DESY DGLAP DGP model DIDO (nuclear reactor) DIII-D (tokamak) DNA condensation DNG metamaterial DONUT DUMAND Project D meson Daan Frenkel Dai Chuanzeng Dale A. Anderson Dalitz plot Dallas Abbott Dalton's law Daly detector Damping ratio Damping matrix Damping torque Dan Danknick Dan Jacobo Beninson Dan McKenzie (geophysicist) Dan Shechtman Danah Zohar Dangerously irrelevant operator Dangling bond Daniel Bernoulli Daniel C. Tsui Daniel Chonghan Hong Daniel D. Joseph Daniel Frank Walls Daniel Friedan Daniel Frost Comstock Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit Daniel Gillespie Daniel Gottesman Daniel Gralath Daniel Isaachsen (physicist) Daniel Joseph Bradley Daniel Kastler Daniel Kleppner Daniel L. Stein Daniel Lidar Daniel Loss Daniel Webster Hering Daniel Z. Freedman Daniel Zajfman Dannie Heineman Prize for Mathematical Physics Daraf Darcy's law Darcy friction factor formulae Darcy–Weisbach equation Daresbury Laboratory Dark-energy-dominated era Dark-energy star DarkSide (dark matter experiment) Dark current (physics) Dark energy Dark flow Dark fluid Dark galaxy Dark matter Dark optical trap Dark radiation Dark star (Newtonian mechanics) Dark star (dark matter) Dark state Dart leader Darwin–Radau equation Darwin drift Dasar Data acquisition Data analysis Daulat Singh Kothari Dave Green (astrophysicist) Dave Thomas (physicist) Davey–Stewartson equation David A. Frank-Kamenetskii David A. Weitz David Adler (physicist) David Adler Lectureship Award in the Field of Materials Physics David Allan Bromley David Alter David Avison David Awschalom David B. Kaplan David B. Malament David Bates (physicist) David Berenstein David Blair (physicist) David Bohm David Brewster David Callaway David Carroll (physicist) David Ceperley David Chandler (chemist) David Chapman (scientist) David Cockayne David Cohen (physicist) David Crighton David Delano Clark David Deming David Deutsch David Douglass David Dunlap Observatory David E. Aspnes David E. Goldman David E. Kaplan (physicist) David E. Pritchard David Enskog David Evans (mathematician) David Faiman David Field (astrophysicist) David Finkelstein David Flower David Goodstein David Griffiths (physicist) David Gross David H. Frisch David H. Lyth David H. Munro David Halliday (physicist) David C. Hanna David Hestenes David Hilbert David J. Brenner David J. C. MacKay David J. Lockwood David J. Smith (physicist) David J. Thouless David Jaffray David John Candlin David K. Ferry David Kaiser (physicist) David Keynes Hill David Klyshko David L. Fried David L. Webster David Lee (physicist) David Lindley (physicist) David M. Dennison David McNiven Garner David Medved David Mermin David Mervyn Blow David N. Payne David Norman (ornithologist) David Olive David P. Landau David Parry (biophysicist) David Pegg (physicist) David Pines David R. Nygren David Reitze David Robert Nelson David Ruelle David S. Cafiso David Saltzberg David Schramm (astrophysicist) David Shoenberg David Spergel David States David Strangway David Tabor David Todd Wilkinson David Vanderbilt David W. Turner David Wallace (physicist) David Wands David Willey (physicist) David William Dye Davidson correction Davisson–Germer Prize in Atomic or Surface Physics Davisson–Germer experiment Davydov soliton Dawes' limit Dawn chorus (electromagnetic) Day length Daya Bay Reactor Neutrino Experiment Daylight Daylight factor Dayton Miller Dbx (noise reduction) DeWitt Bristol Brace DeWitt notation De Broglie–Bohm theory De Bruijn graph De Haas–van Alphen effect De Laval nozzle De Magnete De Sitter double star experiment De Sitter invariant special relativity De Sitter precession De Sitter space De Sitter universe De Sitter–Schwarzschild metric De motu corporum in gyrum De revolutionibus orbium coelestium Dead time Dean number Deane B. Judd Death by Black Hole: And Other Cosmic Quandaries Debendra Mohan Bose Deborah S. Jin Deborah number Debra Searles Debye frequency Debye model Debye relaxation Debye sheath Debye–Falkenhagen effect Debye–Waller factor Decay chain Decay energy Decay heat Decay product Deceleration parameter Decibel Decollimation Deconfinement Decorrelation Decoy state Deep-dose equivalent Deep-level transient spectroscopy Deep-level trap Deep Impact (spacecraft) Deep Underground Science and Engineering Laboratory Deep inelastic scattering Defining equation (physical chemistry) Deflected slipstream Deflection (physics) Defocus aberration Deformable body Deformation (engineering) Deformation (mechanics) Degasification Degasperis–Procesi equation Degaussing Degenerate energy levels Degenerate matter Degenerate orbital Degree of coherence Degree of ionization Degrees of freedom (physics and chemistry) Dehydron Dejan Milošević Delaunay tessellation field estimator Delayed choice quantum eraser Delayed nuclear radiation Delocalized electron Delta-v Delta-v (physics) Delta-v budget Delta baryon Delta potential Delta ray Delta wing Demagnetizing field Dember effect Demetrios Christodoulou Demetrius Hondros Democratic principle Denaturation (fissile materials) Dendrite (metal) Deng Jiaxian Denge Denis Evans Denis Papin Denis Rousseau Denis Weaire Dennis Dieks Dennis Gabor Dennis William Sciama Dense plasma focus Densitometry Density Density functional theory Density matrix Density matrix renormalization group Density of air Density of states Density wave theory Denys Wilkinson Denys Wilkinson Building Department of Applied Science, UC Davis Department of Atomic Energy (India) Departure function Dephasing Depolarization ratio Deposition (aerosol physics) Deposition (phase transition) Depression storage capacity Depth of field Depth–slope product Derecho Derek Abbott Derek Barton Derivation of the Navier–Stokes equations Deriving the Schwarzschild solution Desert (particle physics) Desmond King-Hele Desorption Detached eddy simulation Detailed balance Detection of internally reflected Cherenkov light Determinism Deterministic system Detlef Quadfasel Detlev Buchholz Deuterium Deuterium-depleted water Deuterium burning Deutsche Physik Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft Deutsch–Jozsa algorithm Dew Dew point Dew point depression Dewbow Dewetting Dexter electron transfer Dextrorotation and levorotation Di-positronium Diabatic representation Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems Dialysis tubing Dialyt lens Dialyte lens Diamagnetism Diamond Light Source Diamond anvil cell Diamond cubic Diamond dust Diamond knife Diaphragm (acoustics) Diaphragm (mechanical device) Diatomic carbon Dibaryon Dichroic filter Dichroism Dichromatism Dick Teresi Diederik Korteweg Dielectric Dielectric barrier discharge Dielectric breakdown model Dielectric complex reluctance Dielectric dispersion Dielectric heating Dielectric mirror Dielectric relaxation Dielectric reluctance Dielectric spectroscopy Dielectric strength Dielectric wall accelerator Dielectrophoresis Diesel cycle Dieter Langbein Dieter Lüst Dieter Matthaei Dieter Weichert Dietrich Küchemann Diffeomorphism constraint Difference density map Differential entropy Differential rotation Differential scanning calorimetry Differential stress Diffraction Diffraction-limited system Diffraction grating Diffraction standard Diffraction tomography Diffuse Infrared Background Experiment Diffuse element method Diffuse reflection Diffuse sky radiation Diffuser (optics) Diffusing-wave spectroscopy Diffusion Diffusion (acoustics) Diffusion current Diffusion damping Diffusion equation Diffuson Digital holographic microscopy Digital magnetofluidics Digital physics Digital room correction Dihedral (aircraft) Dilatant Dilaton Dilution of precision (GPS) Dimensional analysis Dimensional deconstruction Dimensional reduction Dimensional regularization Dimensional transmutation Dimensionless Hubble parameter Dimensionless physical constant Dimensionless quantity Dimitri Nanopoulos Dimitri Riabouchinsky Dineutron Diocotron instability Diode Diode-pumped solid-state laser Dioptric correction Dioptrics Dip circle Dipan Ghosh Dipankar Home Dipleidoscope Dipolar Dipolar polarization Dipole Dipole (disambiguation) Dipole anisotropy Dipole magnet Dipole model of the Earth's magnetic field Dipole–dipole attraction Diproton Diquark Dirac Prize Dirac adjoint Dirac delta function Dirac equation Dirac equation in the algebra of physical space Dirac fermion Dirac large numbers hypothesis Dirac operator Dirac sea Dirac spinor Dirac string Direct-current discharge Direct and indirect band gaps Direct laser lithography Direct laser writing Direct numerical simulation Direct quantum chemistry Directed-energy weapon Directed percolation Directional-hemispherical reflectance Directional Recoil Identification From Tracks Directional sound Directional stability Directivity Dirichlet problem Dirk Bouwmeester Dirk Brockmann Dirk Coster Dirk Kreimer Dirk Polder Dirk Reuyl Dirk ter Haar Disc permeameter Discharge pressure Discotic liquid crystal Discoveries of extrasolar planets Discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation Discrete Lorentzian quantum gravity Discrete dipole approximation Discrete dipole approximation codes Discrete element method Discrete optimized protein energy Discrete spectrum (physics) Discrete symmetry Disgregation Disorder operator Dispersion-shifted fiber Dispersion (optics) Dispersion (physics) Dispersion (radiation) Dispersion (water waves) Dispersion relation Dispersive mass transfer Dispersive prism Displacement (fluid) Displacement (vector) Displacement current Displacement field (mechanics) Displacement operator Displacement thickness Displayed average noise level Disruptive discharge Dissipation Dissipation factor Dissipative particle dynamics Dissipative system Dissociative recombination Dissymmetry of lift Distance measures (cosmology) Distance modulus Distortion (optics) Distortion free energy density Distributed Bragg reflector Distributed acoustic sensing Distributed feedback laser Distribution function Divergence Divergence theorem Divertor Dmitri Ivanenko Dmitri Skobeltsyn Dmitri Z. Garbuzov Dmitry Dmitrievich Maksutov Dmitry Nalivkin Dmitry Shirkov Dmitry Zubarev Dmrg of Heisenberg model Does God Play Dice? The New Mathematics of Chaos Dogan Abukay Domain theory of ferromagnetism Domain wall (magnetism) Domain wall (optics) Domain wall (string theory) Domenico Pacini Dominique Lorentz Don Hendrix Don Kirkham Don L. Anderson Don Misener Donald A. Glaser Donald Braben Donald Cooksey Donald Ginsberg Donald H. Weingarten Donald Hill Perkins Donald J. Hughes Donald Keck Donald Lynden-Bell Donald MacCrimmon MacKay Donald Marolf Donald N. Langenberg Donald R. F. Harleman Donald R. Herriott Donald William Kerst Donor (semiconductors) Donor impurity Dopant Doping (semiconductor) Doppler broadening Doppler cooling Doppler cooling limit Doppler effect Doppler spectroscopy Dopplergraph Dorothy Nickerson Dorte Juul Jensen Dose fractionation Dosimeter Dosimetry Double-exchange mechanism Double-slit experiment Double Chooz Double beta decay Double diffusive convection Double electron capture Double inverted pendulum Double ionization Double negative metamaterial Double negative metamaterials Double pendulum Doublet (lens) Doublet state Doublet–triplet splitting problem Doubly ionized oxygen Doubly special relativity Doughnut theory of the universe Douglas Hartree Douglas Osheroff Douglas P. Verret Douglas Ross (physicist) Douglas Sea Scale Douglas Warrick Down quark Downburst Downforce Downhill folding Downton pump Downwash Drag-resistant aerospike Drag (fluid mechanics) Drag (physics) Drag Polar Drag coefficient Drag count Drag crisis Drag divergence Mach number Drag equation Dragon reactor Draupner wave Drell–Yan process Drift (plasma physics) Drift current Drift velocity Drinking bird Driven oscillations Drop (liquid) Drude model Drummond Matthews Dry-bulb temperature Dry ice Du Noüy ring method Du Qinghua Dual lattice Dual polarization interferometry Dual resonance model Dual superconductor model Dual tensor Duality (electricity and magnetism) Duane H. Cooper Duane–Hunt law Ducted propeller Ductility Dudley Williams (physicist) Duhamel's integral Duhem–Margules equation Dulong–Petit law Dumb hole Duncan Haldane Duncan J. Watts Duncan T. Moore Duoplasmatron Durmus A. Demir Duru–Kleinert transformation Dust (relativity) Dust devil Dust solution Dusty plasma Dutch roll Dwarf galaxy problem Dwarf planet Dyadics Dye-sensitized solar cell Dye laser Dynameter Dynamic aperture Dynamic aperture (accelerator physics) Dynamic equilibrium Dynamic light scattering Dynamic modulus Dynamic nuclear polarisation Dynamic pressure Dynamic scattering mode Dynamic speckle Dynamic stall Dynamic structure factor Dynamical billiards Dynamical friction Dynamical horizon Dynamical simulation Dynamical symmetry breaking Dynamical system Dynamical system (definition) Dynamical theory of diffraction Dynamical time scale Dynamics (mechanics) Dynamics of Markovian particles Dynamics of the celestial spheres Dynamitron Dynamo theory Dyon Dyson's eternal intelligence Dyson series Dyson sphere Dyson tree Dysprosium titanate Dénes Berényi Désiré van Monckhoven Détecteur à Grande Acceptance pour la Physique Photonucléaire Expérimentale (DAPHNE) Dühring's rule Indexes of physics articles
Index of physics articles (E). The index of physics articles is split into multiple pages due to its size. To navigate by individual letter use the table of contents below. E E-folding E. Peter Raynes E872 experiment E=MC2 (disambiguation) Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST) EBOR ECHIDNA EDELWEISS EGS (program) ELETTRA EMF meter EMMA (accelerator) ENGIN-X EN 207 EPICS EPOXI EPR paradox ERF damper ETDEWEB ETH Laboratory of Ion Beam Physics Earl W. McDaniel Earle Hesse Kennard Earle M. Terry Earnshaw's theorem Earth's magnetic field Earth's shadow Earth, Moon, and Planets Earth-Moon barycenter Earth and Planetary Science Letters Earth tide Earth–ionosphere waveguide Eastman Jacobs Easy Java Simulations Easy axis Ebullioscopic constant Eccentric anomaly Eccentricity vector Echea Echo (phenomenon) Echo chamber Echogenicity Eckert number Eckman number Eclipse Ecliptic Economizer Econophysics Ectropy Ed Grothus Ed Lu Ed Seidel Eddington luminosity Eddington number Eddington–Finkelstein coordinates Eddy (fluid dynamics) Eddy current Eddy diffusion Eden growth model Edgar Buckingham Edgar Choueiri Edgar D. Zanotto Edge-localized mode Edge-of-the-wedge theorem Edge wave Edme Mariotte Edmond Halley Edmund Clifton Stoner Edoardo Amaldi Édouard Branly Édouard Brézin Eduard Grüneisen Eduard Prugovečki Eduard Shpolsky Education and training of electrical and electronics engineers Edward A. Guggenheim Edward A. Irving Edward Alan Knapp Edward Andrade Edward Arthur Milne Edward Bennett (physicist) Edward Bennett Rosa Edward Bouchet Edward Bullard Edward Condon Edward Drobyshevski Edward George Bowen Edward Hinds Edward J. Lofgren Edward Kasner Edward Kolb Edward L. Wright Edward Leamington Nichols Edward Lee (scientist) Edward Mills Purcell Edward Morley Edward Nairne Edward P. Ney Edward Pigot Edward Ramberg Edward Salisbury Dana Edward Samuel Ritchie Edward Spiegel Edward Teller Edward Tryon Edward Victor Appleton Edward W. Piotrowski Edward Witten Edwin Bidwell Wilson Edwin C. Kemble Edwin F. Taylor Edwin Fitch Northrup Edwin Hall Edwin Hubble Edwin Power Edwin Thompson Jaynes Effect of sun angle on climate Effective action Effective atomic number (compounds and mixtures) Effective diffusion coefficient Effective dose (radiation) Effective field theory Effective input noise temperature Effective mass (solid-state physics) Effective medium model Effective nuclear charge Effective potential Effective radiated power Effects of nuclear explosions Effects of nuclear explosions on human health Effects of relativity on GPS Effervescence Efim Fradkin Efimov effect Efimov state Egbert Kankeleit Egg drop competition Egon Bretscher Egon Orowan Egon Schweidler Ehlers group Ehrenfest equations Ehrenfest paradox Ehrenfest theorem Eigenspinor Eight-Foot High Speed Tunnel Eightfold Way (physics) Einasto profile Einselection Einstein's awards and honors Einstein's box Einstein's unsuccessful investigations Einstein's views on the aether Einstein–Maxwell equations Einstein@Home Einstein (unit) Einstein Cross Einstein Papers Project Einstein Symposium Einstein Telescope Einstein Tower Einstein aether theory Einstein field equations Einstein manifold Einstein notation Einstein protocol Einstein radius Einstein refrigerator Einstein relation (kinetic theory) Einstein ring Einstein solid Einstein synchronisation Einstein tensor Einsteinhaus Einstein–Brillouin–Keller method Einstein–Cartan theory Einstein–Cartan–Evans theory Einstein–Hilbert action Einstein–Hopf Drag Einstein–Infeld–Hoffmann equations Einstein–Szilárd letter Einzel lens Ekman layer Ekman number Ekman spiral Ekman spirals Ekman transport Ekmel Özbay Ekpyrotic universe Elastance Elastic collision Elastic energy Elastic modulus Elastic potential energy Elastic recoil detection Elastic scattering Elastic wave Elastica theory Elasticity (physics) Elda Emma Anderson Electret Electric-field integral equation Electric-field screening Electric Tokamak Electric arc Electric charge Electric current Electric dipole moment Electric dipole spin resonance Electric dipole transition Electric discharge Electric displacement field Electric effective resistance Electric field Electric field NMR Electric field gradient Electric flux Electric form factor Electric generator Electric motor Electric potential Electric potential energy Electric power Electric shock Electric spark Electric susceptibility Electric torque Electric torque (disambiguation) Electrical breakdown Electrical conductance Electrical impedance Electrical mobility Electrical network Electrical phenomena Electrical reactance Electrical resistivity and conductivity Electrical resistivity tomography Electricity Electro-absorption modulator Electro-optic effect Electro-optic modulator Electro-optics Electro-osmosis Electrocaloric effect Electrocardiography Electroceramics Electrochemical Society Electrochemical gradient Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy Electrochemical noise Electrochemiluminescence Electrochromism Electrodeionization Electrodeless plasma excitation Electrodeless plasma thruster Electrodynamic suspension Electrodynamic tether Electrogravitic tensor Electrogravitics Electrohydrodynamic thruster Electrohydrodynamics Electrolaser Electroluminescence Electroluminescent display Electrolytic detector Electromagnetic absorbers Electromagnetic absorption by water Electromagnetic brake Electromagnetic buoyancy Electromagnetic cavity Electromagnetic cloak Electromagnetic compatibility Electromagnetic environment Electromagnetic field Electromagnetic force Electromagnetic four-potential Electromagnetic induction Electromagnetic interference control Electromagnetic mass Electromagnetic metamaterials Electromagnetic pulse Electromagnetic radiation Electromagnetic radiation and health Electromagnetic reverberation chamber Electromagnetic shielding Electromagnetic spectroscopy Electromagnetic spectrum Electromagnetic stress–energy tensor Electromagnetic tensor Electromagnetic wave equation Electromagnetically induced transparency Electromagnetics (journal) Electromagnetism Electromanipulation Electromechanical coupling coefficient Electromigration Electromotive force Electron Electron-capture dissociation Electron-cloud effect Electron-longitudinal acoustic phonon interaction Electron magnetic resonance Electron Microscopy Center Electron affinity Electron avalanche Electron backscatter diffraction Electron beam freeform fabrication Electron beam ion source Electron beam lithography Electron beam physical vapor deposition Electron beam processing Electron beam technology Electron binding energy Electron bubble Electron capture Electron cloud Electron configuration Electron configurations of the elements (data page) Electron crystallography Electron cyclotron resonance Electron density Electron diffraction Electron electric dipole moment Electron excitation Electron gun Electron hole Electron ionization Electron magnetic dipole moment Electron microprobe Electron microscope Electron mobility Electron mobility (solid-state physics) Electron multiplier Electron neutrino Electron optics Electron paramagnetic resonance Electron rest mass Electron scattering Electron shell Electron spectrometer Electron spin resonance Electron spiral toroid Electron temperature Electron tomography Electron wake Electroneutral exchange Electronic Journal of Theoretical Physics Electronic anticoincidence Electronic band structure Electronic correlation Electronic density Electronic imager Electronic pest control Electronic speckle pattern interferometry Electronic state Electronvolt Electron–positron annihilation Electroosmotic flow Electrophoresis Electrorheological fluid Electrorotation Electroscope Electrospray ionization Electrostatic deflection Electrostatic discharge Electrostatic generator Electrostatic induction Electrostatic ion thruster Electrostatic lens Electrostatic levitation Electrostatics Electrostriction Electrovacuum solution Electrovibration Electroweak epoch Electroweak interaction Electroweak scale Electroweak star Electroweak symmetry breaking Electrowetting Eleftheriades, G.V. Eleftheriades, George Eleftheriades, George V. Elektronika (journal) Elementary charge Elementary particle Elements: An International Magazine of Mineralogy, Geochemistry, and Petrology Elements of Dynamic Elepter Andronikashvili Elevator paradox (physics) Eli Barkai Eli Franklin Burton Eli Turkel Eli Yablonovitch Elitzur–Vaidman bomb tester Eliyahu M. Goldratt Elizabeth Rauscher Elizabeth Rhoades Ellery Schempp Elliott H. Lieb Ellipsometry Elliptic orbit Elliptical polarization Elliptical wing Ellis–Karliner angle Elsa M. Garmire Elwin Bruno Christoffel EmDrive Emagram Emanoil Bacaloglu Emanuel Kamber Emergence Emergency Core Cooling System Emerson Cavitation Tunnel Emil Bose Emil Cohn Emil Konopinski Emil Martinec Emil Rupp Emil Warburg Emil Wiechert Emil Wolf Emile Amagat Émile Verdet Émilie du Châtelet Emilio G. Segrè Emilio Oribe Emilio Zavattini Emilios T. Harlaftis Emission (electromagnetic radiation) Emission coefficient Emission spectroscopy Emission spectrum Emission spectrum (fluorescence spectroscopy) Emission theory Emissivity Emlyn Rhoderick Emmanuel Maignan Emory Leon Chaffee Empedocles Empirical formula Empty lattice approximation Encircled energy End correction Endel Aruja Endergonic Endoreversible thermodynamics Endothermic Ene Ergma Energies per unit mass Energy Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy Energy Catalyzer Energy Citations Database Energy Research Abstracts Energy Science and Technology Database Energy Technology Data Exchange Energy amplifier Energy and Environmental Security Initiative Energy applications of nanotechnology Energy arc Energy carrier Energy condition Energy conversion efficiency Energy current Energy density Energy drift Energy eigenstates Energy landscape Energy level Energy level splitting Energy medicine Energy operator Energy recovery linac Energy scale Energy spectrum Energy technologies Energy technology Energy transformation Energy–momentum relation Engelbert Broda Engelbert Schücking Engin Arık Engineering Science Engineering diffraction Engineering physics Englert–Greenberger duality relation Enhanced Fujita Scale Enid MacRobbie Ennio Candotti Enriched Xenon Observatory Enriched uranium Enrico Costa (physicist) Enrico Fermi Enrico Fermi Award Enrico Fermi Nuclear Power Plant (Italy) Enrico Persico Enrique Gaviola Enrique Loedel Palumbo Enrique Marcatili Ensemble (fluid mechanics) Ensemble average Ensemble interpretation Enstrophy Enthalpy Enthalpy change of solution Enthalpy of fusion Enthalpy of neutralization Enthalpy of sublimation Enthalpy of vaporization Enthalpy–entropy chart Entrainment (hydrodynamics) Entrainment (physics) Entrance pupil Entropic explosion Entropic force Entropic gravity Entropy Entropy (arrow of time) Entropy (astrophysics) Entropy (classical thermodynamics) Entropy (energy dispersal) Entropy (general concept) Entropy (information theory) Entropy (journal) Entropy (order and disorder) Entropy (statistical thermodynamics) Entropy and life Entropy in thermodynamics and information theory Entropy of a probability distribution Entropy of fusion Entropy of mixing Entropy of vaporization Environment (systems) Environmental Research Letters Environmental and Engineering Geophysical Society Environmental impact of wind power Environmental isotopes Environmental magnetism Environmental radioactivity Environmentalists for Nuclear Energy Ephraim Katzir Epitaxy Epsilon radiation Equal-loudness contour Equation of State Calculations by Fast Computing Machines Equation of state Equation of state (cosmology) Equation of the center Equations for a falling body Equations of motion Equatorial waves Equilibrium mode distribution Equilibrium thermodynamics Equipartition theorem Equipotential Equipotential surface Equivalence of direct radiation Equivalence principle Equivalent circuit Equivalent dose Equivalent dumping coefficient Equivalent noise resistance Equivalent potential temperature Equivalent rectangular bandwidth Equivalent temperature Er:YAG laser Erbium-doped waveguide amplifier Erdal İnönü Erect image Erg Ergodic hypothesis Ergosphere Eric Allin Cornell Eric Fawcett Eric Isaacs Eric Kandel Eric Lerner Eric M. Rogers Eric Mazur Eric Poisson Eric Van Stryland Eric Voice Erich Bagge Erich Fischer Erich Hückel Erich Kretschmann Erich P. Ippen Erich Peter Wohlfarth Erich Regener Erich Sackmann Erich Schumann Erich Vogt Erich von Drygalski Erick Weinberg Ericsson cycle Eridanus Supervoid Erik Edlund Erik Verlinde Ernest C. Pollard Ernest Courant Ernest Hanbury Hankin Ernest Harry Vestine Ernest Howard Griffiths Ernest J. Sternglass Ernest Lawrence Ernest Lester Jones Ernest Marsden Ernest Rutherford Ernest Walton Ernest William Titterton Ernesto Sabato Ernie Tuck Ernst Abbe Ernst Brüche Ernst Chladni Ernst Emil Alexander Back Ernst G. Bauer Ernst Gehrcke Ernst Henry Krause Ernst Ising Ernst Lecher Ernst Mach Ernst Messerschmid Ernst R. G. Eckert Ernst Regener Ernst Rexer Ernst Ruska Ernst Stueckelberg Ernst Stuhlinger Ernst W. Hamburger Erwin Fues Erwin Hahn Erwin Madelung Erwin Marquit Erwin Saxl Erwin Schrödinger Erwin Wilhelm Müller Escape orbit Escape velocity Esteban Terradas i Illa Esther M. Conwell Estia J. Eichten Estonian Physical Society Eta meson Eta prime meson Eternal inflation Etheric force Étienne-Gaspard Robert Étienne-Louis Malus Ettingshausen effect Ettore Majorana Etymology of electricity Euclidean quantum gravity Euclidean vector Eudemus of Rhodes Eudiometer Eugen Brodhun Eugen Goldstein Eugen Merzbacher Eugen von Lommel Eugene C. Bingham Eugene C. Crittenden Eugene Feenberg Eugene Guth Eugene I. Gordon Eugene Levich Eugene Mallove Eugene McDermott Eugene Podkletnov Eugene Rabinowitch Eugene T. Booth Eugene Wigner Eugène Cremmer Euler's Disk Euler's equations (rigid body dynamics) Euler's laws of motion Euler's three-body problem Euler equations (fluid dynamics) Euler force Euler number (physics) Euler–Bernoulli beam theory Euler–Heisenberg Lagrangian Euler–Lagrange equation Euler–Tricomi equation Eurisol European Biophysics Journal European Combined Geodetic Network European Geosciences Union European Journal of Physics European Muon Collaboration European Nuclear Society European Optical Society European Physical Journal European Physical Journal A European Physical Journal B European Physical Journal C European Physical Journal D European Physical Journal E European Physical Journal H European Physical Society European Spallation Source European Synchrotron Radiation Facility European Underground Rare Event Calorimeter Array European x-ray free electron laser Eva Ekeblad Eva Nogales Eva Silverstein Evan Harris Walker Evanescent wave Evanescent wave coupling Evaporative cooler Evelyn Hu Event (particle physics) Event generator Event horizon Event reconstruction Everette Lee DeGolyer Evershed effect Everything Evgeni Gross Evgenii Feinberg Evgeny Aramovich Abramyan Evgeny Lifshitz Evgeny Velikhov Ewald's sphere Ewald Georg von Kleist Ewald Wollny Ewald construction Ewald summation Exa Corp. Exact solutions in general relativity Exact solutions of Einstein's field equations Exact solutions of classical central-force problems Exchange bias Exchange current density Exchange force (disambiguation) Exchange interaction Exchange interactions Exchange symmetry Excimer laser Excitable medium Excitation function Excitation (magnetic) Excitation spectrum Excitation temperature Excited state Exciton Exclusion area Exclusive correlation spectroscopy Exergonic Exergy Exergy efficiency Exoelectron emission Exothermic Exotic atom Exotic baryon Exotic hadron Exotic matter Exotic meson Exotic particle Exotic star Expander cycle (rocket) Expansion deflection nozzle Expansion of the universe Expectation value (quantum mechanics) Experimental physics Experiments in Fluids Experiments of Rayleigh and Brace Explicit symmetry breaking Exploration geophysics Explorer 1 Exponential dichotomy Exposure assessment Extended X-ray absorption fine structure Extended periodic table Extended supersymmetry Extensional viscosity Exterior covariant derivative External ballistics External combustion engine External flow Extinct radionuclide Extinction cross Extra high tension Extragalactic cosmic ray Extrasolar planet Extremal black hole Extreme Light Infrastructure Extreme Universe Space Observatory Extremely high frequency Extremely low frequency Eye (cyclone) Ezer Griffiths Ezra T. Newman Eötvös experiment Eötvös number Indexes of physics articles
Index of physics articles (F). The index of physics articles is split into multiple pages due to its size. To navigate by individual letter use the table of contents below. F F(R) gravity F-number F-term F-theory F. David Peat F. Dow Smith F. J. Duarte F. Richard Stephenson FBI mnemonics FBTR FDTD model FDTD modeling FDTD models FFAG accelerator FLASH FLEX (satellite) FLUKA FOMP FP420 experiment FRS Fragment Separator FTCS scheme FUTBOLIN FU Orionis star Fabiola Gianotti Fabrication and testing of optical components Fabry–Pérot interferometer Face centred cubic metal Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research Facility for Rare Isotope Beams Factors of polymer weathering Faddeev equations Faddeev–Popov ghost Fahrenheit hydrometer Fall cone test Falling cat problem False sunrise False vacuum Family (particle physics) FanWing Fang Lizhi Fanning friction factor Fanno flow Fano noise Fano resonance Fano resonances Far-infrared laser Far point Farad Faraday's law of induction Faraday Medal and Prize Faraday Society Faraday Wheel Faraday cage Faraday constant Faraday cup Faraday cup electrometer Faraday effect Faraday paradox Faraday wave Farhad Ardalan Farrington Daniels Fast and Realistic OpenGL Displayer Fast atom bombardment Fast fission Fast-ion conductor Fast multipole method Faster-than-light Faster-than-light neutrino anomaly Fault current limiter Faxén's law Fay Ajzenberg-Selove Fay Dowker Fayet–Iliopoulos D-term Fazle Hussain Featherstone's algorithm Federico Capasso Feedback linearization Feedback topology Feigenbaum constants Feigenbaum function Feinberg reinterpretation principle Felice Fontana Felici's law Felix Andries Vening Meinesz Felix Berezin Felix Bloch Felix Ehrenhaft Felix Maria von Exner-Ewarten Felix Villars Felix Weinberg Feng Duan Feodosy Krasovsky Ferdinand Brickwedde Ferdinand Kurlbaum Ferdynand Antoni Ossendowski Ferenc Krausz Fereydoon Family Fermat's principle Fermi's golden rule Fermi's interaction Fermi acceleration Fermi contact interaction Fermi coupling constant Fermi energy Fermi gas Fermi level Fermi liquid theory Fermi point Fermi problem Fermi resonance Fermi surface Fermi surface of superconducting cuprates Fermilab Fermilab E-906/SeaQuest Fermion Fermion doubling Fermionic condensate Fermionic field Fermi–Dirac statistics Fermi–Pasta–Ulam–Tsingou problem Fermi–Walker differentiation Fermi–Walker transport Fernand Holweck Fernando Quevedo Fernando Sanford Ferrimagnetism Ferrite (magnet) Ferroelectret Ferroelectricity Ferrofluid Ferroics Ferromagnetic interaction Ferromagnetic material properties Ferromagnetic resonance Ferromagnetism Fertile material Feryal Özel Feshbach–Fano partitioning Fessenden oscillator Few-body systems Feynman's Lost Lecture: The Motion of Planets Around the Sun Feynman checkerboard Feynman diagram Feynman graph Feynman parametrization Feynman slash notation Feynman sprinkler Feza Gürsey Fiber Bragg grating Fiber laser Fibre optic gyroscope Fick's laws of diffusion Fictitious force Field-emission electric propulsion Field-reversed configuration Field-theoretic simulation Field (physics) Field aligned irregularities Field electron emission Field emission microscopy Field emission probes Field equation Field of Streams Field rate Field strength Fierz identity Fifth force Figure-8 laser Figure of the Earth Figuring Filament propagation Film-forming agent Film temperature Filter (large eddy simulation) Filter (signal processing) Fin (extended surface) Fine-structure constant Fine-tuned universe Fine-tuning Fine structure Fineness ratio Finite-difference frequency-domain method Finite-difference time-domain method Finite-volume method Finite potential well Finite strain theory Fiodar Fiodaraŭ Fiorella Terenzi Fire Fire point Fire whirl Firmin Abauzit First-order fluid First-order transition First Step to Nobel Prize in Physics First class constraint First law of thermodynamics First quantization First superstring revolution Fischler–Susskind mechanism Fissile Fission Product Pilot Plant Fission products (by element) FitzHugh–Nagumo model Fixed-focus lens Fixed-pattern noise Fixture unit Fizeau experiment Fizeau's measurement of the speed of light in air Fizz keeper Flack parameter Flame Flame detector Flammability Flammability limit Flap (aircraft) Flap back Flare spray Flash evaporation Flash freezing Flash point Flat-field correction Flat lens Flat weighting Flatness (cosmology) Flatness (liquids) Flatness problem Flattening Flavor-changing neutral current Flavour (particle physics) Flavour quantum number Flavour quantum numbers Fleming's left-hand rule for motors Fleming's right hand rule Flerovium Fletcher–Munson curves Flexible SPC water model Flexiverse Flexural rigidity Flexural strength Flicker noise Flight Flight dynamics (fixed wing aircraft) Flipped SO(10) Flipped SU(5) Float-zone silicon Floating water bridge Flocculation Floer homology Flood Florentina Mosora Floris Nollet Flory–Huggins solution theory Flory–Rehner equation Flow, Turbulence and Combustion Flow coefficient Flow conditions Flow limiter Flow measurement Flow sensor Flow separation Flow through nozzles Flow tracer Flow velocity Flow visualization Flowing-afterglow mass spectrometry Floyd K. Richtmyer Floyd Richtmyer Fluctuation-dissipation theorem Fluctuation theorem Fluence Fluid Fluid Dynamics Prize (APS) Fluid dynamic gauge Fluid dynamics Fluid mechanics Fluid meter Fluid parcel Fluid pipe Fluid pressure Fluid solution Fluid statics Fluid theory of electricity Fluidics Fluidyne engine Fluid–structure interaction Fluorescence Fluorescence spectroscopy Fluoride volatility Fluoroposs Flux Flux-Corrected Transport Flux limiter Flux linkage Flux method Flux pinning Flux quantization Flux tube Fluxoid Fluxon Flyby anomaly Flying-spot scanner Flying wing Focal length Fock matrix Fock space Fock state Fock–Lorentz symmetry Focus (optics) Foe (unit) Fog bow Folded optics Foldy–Wouthuysen transformation Foot-lambert Foot per second For All Practical Purposes Forbidden mechanism Forbush decrease Force Force-free magnetic field Force between magnets Force carrier Force density Force field (chemistry) Force field (physics) Ford viscosity cup Forecasting complexity Form factor (quantum field theory) Form factor (electronics) Form factor (radiative transfer) Forschungsreaktor 2 (FR2) Forschungszentrum Jülich Forward-swept wing Forward scatter Forward scattering alignment Fossil stellar magnetic field Foster's reactance theorem Fotini Markopoulou-Kalamara Foucault pendulum Foucault's measurements of the speed of light Fouling Foundational Questions Institute Foundations of Physics Four-acceleration Four-bar linkage Four-current Four-dimensional space Four-fermion interactions Four-force Four-frequency Four-gradient Four-momentum Four-tensor Four-vector Four-velocity Fourier optics Fourier pair Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance Fractal cosmology Fractal derivative Fractal dimension Fractional Schrödinger equation Fractional anisotropy Fractional quantum Hall effect Fractional supersymmetry Fractoluminescence Fracton Fracture mechanics Fracture toughening mechanisms Fragment separator Frame-dragging Frame fields in general relativity Frame of reference Fran Bošnjaković Frances Hellman Francesco Calogero Francesco Carlini Francesco Maria Grimaldi Francesco Rossetti Francesco Sannino Francesco Zantedeschi Francis Allotey Francis Birch (geophysicist) Francis Bitter Francis Crick Francis Eugene Nipher Francis Everitt Francis F. Chen Francis G. Slack Francis H. Harlow Francis Perrin Francis Robbins Upton Francis Sears Francis Simon Francis Wheeler Loomis Francisco José Ynduráin Franck Report Franck–Condon principle Franck–Hertz experiment Franco-British Nuclear Forum Franco Rasetti Frank B. Jewett Frank Benford Frank Close Frank Edward Smith Frank Elmore Ross Frank Farmer (physicist) Frank Haig Frank Hereford (University of Virginia) Frank Isakson Prize for Optical Effects in Solids Frank J. Low Frank J. Tipler Frank N. von Hippel Frank Nabarro Frank Oppenheimer Frank Press Frank Verstraete Frank Wilczek Franklin L. West Franklin S. Cooper Frank–Tamm formula Frans Michel Penning Franssen effect František Běhounek František Josef Gerstner František Koláček František Záviška Franz Ernst Neumann Franz Melde Franz N. D. Kurie Franz Ollendorff Franz S. Exner Franz Wegner Franz Wittmann (physicist) Franz–Keldysh effect François Arago François Englert François Frenkiel Frascati Tokamak Upgrade Fraser Filter Fraunhofer diffraction Fraunhofer distance Fraunhofer lines Frazil ice Fred Adams Fred Alan Wolf Fred Begay Fred Cummings Fred E. Wright Fred Espenak Fred Hoyle Fred Kavli Frederick Charles Frank Frederick Eugene Wright Frederick Grover Frederick Guthrie Frederick James Hargreaves Frederick Lindemann, 1st Viscount Cherwell Frederick Reines Frederick Rossini Frederick Seitz Frederick Sumner Brackett Frederick Thomas Trouton Frederick Vine Fredkin finite nature hypothesis Free-air gravity anomaly Free-electron laser Free-fall atomic model FreeFOAM FreeON Free body Free body diagram Free boundary problem Free convective layer Free electron model Free entropy Free expansion Free fall Free field Free induction decay Free molecular flow Free particle Free space Free spectral range Free streaming Free surface Free surface effect Free will theorem Freeman Dyson Freeze thaw resistance Freezing Frenet–Serret formulas Frenkel defect Frequency Frequency-resolved optical gating Frequency agility Frequency classification of plasmas Frequency comb Frequency domain sensor Frequency range Frequency spectrum Fresnel (frequency) Fresnel Imager Fresnel diffraction Fresnel equations Fresnel mirror Fresnel number Fresnel rhomb Fresnel zone Fresnel–Arago laws Fretting Freund–Rubin compactification Friction Friction loss Friedel Sellschop Friedmann equations Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker metric Friedrich Bopp Friedrich Burmeister Friedrich Carl Alwin Pockels Friedrich Dessauer Friedrich Ernst Dorn Friedrich Hasenöhrl Friedrich Hopfner Friedrich Hund Friedrich Kohlrausch Friedrich Kottler Friedrich Paschen Friedrich Risner Friedrich Robert Helmert Friedwardt Winterberg Fringe shift Frisch–Peierls memorandum Fritjof Capra Frits Zernike Fritz-Albert Popp Fritz Fischer (physicist) Fritz Houtermans Fritz John Fritz London Fritz Peter Schäfer Fritz Reiche Fritz Sauter Fritz Ursell Fritz Zwicky Frog battery From Eternity to Here Front velocity Frontier molecular orbital theory Frontiers of Physics in China Frost flower (sea ice) Froude number Froude resistance curve Froude–Krylov force Frédéric Joliot-Curie Fréedericksz transition Fubini–Study metric Fuel Cells (journal) Fuel efficiency Fuel mass fraction Fuel temperature coefficient of reactivity Fugacity Fujikawa method Fujita scale Fujiwhara effect Fukushima's Theorem Full-Scale Tunnel Fulvio Melia Functional derivative Functional integration Functions of state Fundamental Fysiks Group Fundamental frequency Fundamental interaction Fundamental thermodynamic relation Fundamental unit Fundamentals of Physics Furuta pendulum Fusion Technology Center Fusion energy gain factor Fusion for Energy Fusion power Fusion rocket Fusion rules Fusion temperature Fusion torch Fusor Future of an expanding universe Fuzzball (string theory) Fyodor Grigoryevich Reshetnikov Fyodor Luzhin Fåhræus–Lindqvist effect Félix Savart Förster coupling Indexes of physics articles
Index of physics articles (G). The index of physics articles is split into multiple pages due to its size. To navigate by individual letter use the table of contents below. G G-factor (physics) G-force G-parity G. B. Pegram G. C. Danielson G. M. B. Dobson G. Michael Morris G. Michael Purdy G. N. Glasoe G. N. Ramachandran G. V. Skrotskii G. W. Pierce GALLEX GEANT (program) GEKKO XII GENERIC formalism GEOBASE (database) GEO 600 GHP formalism GHZ experiment GIM mechanism GLEEP GLORIA sidescan sonar GRAPES-3 GRENOUILLE GROMACS GROMOS GRS 1915+105 GRTensorII GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research GSI anomaly GSO projection GW approximation GYRO Gabriel Gabrielsen Holtsmark Gabriel Lippmann Gabriele Rabel Gabriele Veneziano Gabrio Piola Gadolinium yttrium garnet Gaetano Crocco Gaetano Vignola Gain-switching Gaja Alaga Gal (unit) Galactic archaeology Galactic cosmic ray Galaxy cloud Galaxy filament Galaxy formation and evolution Galaxy merger Galaxy rotation curve Galilean cannon Galilean invariance Galilean transformation Galilei number Galileo's Leaning Tower of Pisa experiment Galileo Ferraris Galileo Galilei Galileo thermometer Gallium arsenide phosphide Gallium indium arsenide antimonide phosphide Galvanoluminescence Galvanometer Gamma-ray astronomy Gamma-ray burst Gamma-ray burst emission mechanisms Gamma-ray burst progenitors Gamma camera Gamma counter Gamma matrices Gamma ray Gamma spectroscopy Gamow-Teller Transition Gamow factor Ganapathy Baskaran Gans theory Gareth Roberts (physicist) Gargamelle Garrett Jernigan Garshelis effect Gary Bold Gary C. Bjorklund Gary Gibbons Gary L. Bennett Gary S. Grest Gary Westfall Gas Gas-discharge lamp Gas-filled tube Gas-phase ion chemistry Gas Electron Multiplier Gas centrifuge Gas compressor Gas constant Gas discharge Gas dynamic laser Gas dynamics Gas focusing Gas immersion laser doping Gas in a box Gas in a harmonic trap Gas laser Gas laws Gas thermometer Gaseous diffusion Gaseous ionization detectors Gaspar Schott Gaspard-Gustave Coriolis Gasparo Berti Gaston Planté Gauge anomaly Gauge boson Gauge fixing Gauge gravitation theory Gauge symmetry Gauge symmetry (mathematics) Gauge theory Gauged supergravity Gaugino Gaugino condensation Gaunt factor Gauss' law Gauss' law for magnetism Gauss's law Gauss's law for gravity Gauss's law for magnetism Gauss's principle of least constraint Gauss lens Gauss optics Gaussian beam Gaussian broadening Gaussian fixed point Gaussian gravitational constant Gaussian noise Gaussian orbital Gaussian polar coordinates Gaussian q-distribution Gaussian quantum Monte Carlo Gaussian surface Gaussian units Gauss–Codazzi equations (relativity) Gay-Lussac's law Gaylord Harnwell Geant4 Geertruida de Haas-Lorentz Geiger counter Geiger tube telescope Geiger–Marsden experiment Geiger–Müller tube Geiger–Nuttall law Geissler tube Gel Gell-Mann matrices Gell-Mann–Nishijima formula Gell-Mann–Okubo mass formula Gene Amdahl General Relativity (book) General Relativity and Gravitation General covariance General relativity General relativity resources Generalized Environmental Modeling System for Surfacewaters Generalized Helmholtz theorem Generalized Lagrangian mean Generalized Maxwell model Generalized Newtonian fluid Generalized coordinates Generalized valence bond Generating function (physics) Generation (particle physics) Generation–recombination noise Generator (mathematics) Geneva drive Gennadi Sardanashvily Gennadi Zakharov Gennady Mesyats Geocentric model Geocentric orbit Geodesic Geodesic deviation equation Geodesics as Hamiltonian flows Geodesics in general relativity Geodetic effect Geoff Wilson (professor) Geoffrey Chew Geoffrey Ingram Taylor Geoffrey Thomas Geoffrey West Geoid Geomagnetic jerk Geomagnetic latitude Geomagnetic pole Geomagnetic storm Geomechanics Geomelting Geometric algebra Geometric phase Geometric quantization Geometrical frustration Geometrically frustrated magnet Geometrized unit system Geometrodynamics Geon (physics) Geonium atom Geophysical Journal International Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society Geophysical MASINT Geophysical fluid dynamics Geophysical survey (archaeology) Geophysics Geopotential Geopotential function Geopotential model Georg Adolf Erman Georg Christoph Lichtenberg Georg Hartmann Georg Hermann Quincke Georg Joos Georg Ohm Georg Stetter Georg Wilhelm Richmann Georg Zundel Georg von Arco Georg von Békésy George Adams (scientist, died 1773) George Adams (scientist, died 1795) George Adolphus Schott George Bacon (physicist) George Barker Jeffery George Bass (optician) George Batchelor George Blumenthal (astrophysicist) George Chapline, Jr. George Cowan George David Birkhoff George Dollond George E. Smith George Edward Alcorn, Jr. George Edward Backus George Eleftheriades George F. Carrier George FitzGerald George Francis Rayner Ellis George Gamow George Gollin George Graham (clockmaker) George Green (mathematician) George H. Miller (physicist) George Handley Knibbs George Hart (physicist) George Hockham George Irving Bell George Isaak George Johnstone Stoney George K. Burgess George Kalmus George Karreman George Kistiakowsky George Laurence George M. Zaslavsky George N. Hatsopoulos George Nelson (astronaut) George Paget Thomson George Pake George Placzek George R. Harrison George Randolph Kalbfleisch George Robert Carruthers George Rochester George Smoot George Sterman George Sudarshan George Turner (British politician) George Uhlenbeck George V. Eleftheriades George Volkoff George W. Clark George W. Lewis George Weston (physicist) George Wetherill George Willis Ritchey George Yuri Rainich George Zweig Georges-Louis Le Sage Georges Abrial Georges Charpak Georges Friedel Georges Lemaître Georges Sagnac Georgi Dvali Georgi Manev Georgi Nadjakov Georgi Nadzhakoff Georgiy Zatsepin Georgi–Glashow model Georgi–Jarlskog mass relation Georgy Flyorov Georgy Golitsyn Geosphere Geostationary orbit Geostationary ring Geostationary transfer orbit Geostrophic wind Geothermal energy Geothermal heat pump Geraint F. Lewis Gerald B. Whitham Gerald Bull Gerald E. Brown Gerald Feinberg Gerald Gabrielse Gerald Guralnik Gerald Holton Gerald James Whitrow Gerald Neugebauer Gerald Schroeder Gerard 't Hooft Gerard K. O'Neill Gerardus J. Sizoo Gerd Binnig Gerhard Borrmann Gerhard Heinrich Dieke Gerhard Herzberg Gerhard Hoffmann Gerhard Müller (geophysicist) Gerhard Schwehm German Geophysical Society Gernot Zippe Geroch energy Geroch group Gerotor Gerrit Jan van Ingen Schenau Gersh Budker Gerson Goldhaber Gerstein Science Information Centre Gerstenhaber algebra Gertrude Neumark Gertrude Rogallo Gertrude Scharff Goldhaber Ghirardi–Rimini–Weber theory Ghost condensate Ghost imaging Ghulam Murtaza (physicist) Giambattista Benedetti Gian-Carlo Wick Gian Domenico Romagnosi Giant magnetoresistance Giant resonance Gibbons–Hawking effect Gibbons–Hawking–York boundary term Gibbs' phase rule Gibbs algorithm Gibbs entropy Gibbs free energy Gibbs measure Gibbs paradox Gibbs state Gibbs–Donnan effect Gibbs–Helmholtz equation Gibbs–Thomson equation Gilbert Jerome Perlow Gilbert N. Lewis Gilbert Ronald Bainbridge Gilbert Stead Gilbert U-238 Atomic Energy Laboratory Gilles Cloutier Gimbal lock Gino Girolamo Fanno Ginsberg's theorem Ginzburg–Landau theory Giorgio Parisi Giovanni Aldini Giovanni Alfonso Borelli Giovanni Amelino-Camelia Giovanni Antonio Amedeo Plana Giovanni Battista Beccaria Giovanni Battista Guglielmini Giovanni Battista Venturi Giovanni Ciccotti Giovanni Gallavotti Giovanni Giorgi Giovanni Jona-Lasinio Giovanni Poleni Giovanni Rossi Lomanitz Gires–Tournois etalon Girish Agarwal Gisela Anton Giuliano Preparata Giulio Racah Giuseppe Arcidiacono Giuseppe Cocconi Giuseppe Domenico Botto Giuseppe Occhialini Giuseppe Toaldo Giuseppe Zamboni Giuseppe di Giugno Gladstone–Dale relation Gladys Anslow Glan–Foucault prism Glan–Taylor prism Glan–Thompson prism Glass transition Glass transition temperature Glass with embedded metal and sulfides Glasser effect Glauber–Sudarshan P representation Gleason's theorem Gleb Wataghin Glenn T. Seaborg Glidant Glide plane Glider (sailplane) Gliding Glitch (astronomy) Global Convection Currents Global Design Effort Global Lorentz covariance Global anomaly Global spacetime structure Global symmetry Globally hyperbolic manifold Globe effect Glossary of classical physics Glossary of elementary quantum mechanics Glossary of physics Glossary of string theory Glossary of tensor theory Glow discharge GlueX Glueball Gluino Gluon Gluon condensate God and the New Physics Goddard–Thorn theorem Godfrey Gumbs Godfrey Louis Godunov's scheme Godunov's theorem Goetz Oertel Goff–Gratch equation Gold universe Goldberger–Wise mechanism Goldberg–Sachs theorem Golden Goose Award Golden age of cosmology Golden age of general relativity Golden age of physics Goldsmiths' Professor of Materials Science Goldstino Goldstone boson Goniometer Good quantum number Goodman relation Goodness factor Goos–Hänchen effect Gopinath Kartha Gordon F. Newell Gordon Ferrie Hull Gordon Gould Gordon L. Kane Gordon Research Conferences Gordon Shrum Gordon Sutherland Gotfred Kvifte Gottfried Münzenberg Gottfried Osann Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Gotthilf Hagen Gough–Joule effect Gouy balance Gowdy solution Gowin Knight Goéry Delacôte Graded-index fiber Gradient Gradient enhanced NMR spectroscopy Gradient theorem Gradiometer Graetz number Graham's law Grain boundary diffusion coefficient Grand Accélérateur National d'Ions Lourds Grand Unified Theory Grand canonical ensemble Grand potential Grand unification energy Grand unification epoch Grandfather paradox Grant O. Gale Granular convection Granular material Granularity Granule (solar physics) Graphene Graphene nanoribbons Graphical timeline from Big Bang to Heat Death Graphical timeline of the Stelliferous Era Graphical timeline of the universe Grashof condition Grashof number Grassmann integral Grassmann number Gravastar Gravimeter Gravimetry Graviphoton Graviscalar Gravitation Gravitation (book) Gravitational-wave astronomy Gravitational-wave detector Gravitational Wave International Committee Gravitational acceleration Gravitational anomaly Gravitational binding energy Gravitational collapse Gravitational constant Gravitational convection Gravitational energy Gravitational field Gravitational instanton Gravitational interaction of antimatter Gravitational lens Gravitational lensing formalism Gravitational microlensing Gravitational mirage Gravitational plane wave Gravitational potential Gravitational redshift Gravitational shielding Gravitational singularity Gravitational time dilation Gravitational wave Gravitational wave background Gravitino Gravitoelectromagnetism Gravitomagnetic clock effect Graviton Gravity Probe A Gravity Probe B Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment Gravity Research Foundation Gravity and Extreme Magnetism SMEX Gravity anomaly Gravity assist Gravity current Gravity drag Gravity gradiometry Gravity of Earth Gravity train Gravity wave Gravity well Gray (unit) Grazing incidence diffraction Great Dark Spot Greek letters used in mathematics, science, and engineering Green's function (many-body theory) Green's theorem Green flash Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger state Greenleaf Whittier Pickard Green–Kubo relations Green–Schwarz mechanism Greg Moore (physicist) Greg Parker (physicist) Gregale Gregor Wentzel Gregori Aminoff Prize Gregorian telescope Gregory Benford Gregory Breit Gregory Gabadadze Gregory S. Boebinger Gregory Stock Gregory Wannier Gregory Wright (astrophysicist) Gregory–Laflamme instability Greisen–Zatsepin–Kuzmin limit Grenville Turner Gretar Tryggvason Grey noise Gribov ambiguity GridPP Grid fin Grigory Barenblatt Grigory Gamburtsev Grigory Landsberg Grism Gromov–Witten invariant Gross generation Gross–Neveu model Gross–Pitaevskii equation Grote Reber Grotthuss–Draper law Ground (electricity) Ground effect (aircraft) Ground effect (cars) Ground pressure Ground resonance Ground state Groundwater energy balance Group field theory Group velocities Group velocity Grover's algorithm GRSI model Grüneisen parameter Gu Binglin Guenter Brueckner Guglielmo Marconi Guided-mode resonance Guided rotor compressor Guiding center Guido Beck Guido Caldarelli Guifré Vidal Guillaume Amontons Gull wing Gullstrand–Painlevé coordinates Gun-type fission weapon Gunn diode Gunnar Källén Gunnar Nordström Gunnar Randers Gunn–Peterson trough Guo Kexin Gupta–Bleuler formalism Gurgen Askaryan Gurney flap Gustaf Dalén Gustaf de Laval Gustav Heinrich Johann Apollon Tammann Gustav Heinrich Wiedemann Gustav Herglotz Gustav Ising Gustav Jaumann Gustav Kirchhoff Gustav Ludwig Hertz Gustav Mie Gustav Naan Gustav Zeuner Gustav de Vries Gustave-Adolphe Hirn Gustave Trouvé Guy Deutscher (physicist) Guy von Dardel Gwyn Jones (physicist) Gyration tensor Gyrokinetic ElectroMagnetic Gyromagnetic ratio Gyroradius Gyroscope Gyrovector space Gyula Farkas (natural scientist) György Szigeti Gérard Mourou Gödel metric Görtler vortices Göttingen Eighteen Günter Nimtz Günther Dollinger Günther Porod Indexes of physics articles
Index of physics articles (H). The index of physics articles is split into multiple pages due to its size. To navigate by individual letter use the table of contents below. H H-1NF H-alpha H-stable potential H-theorem H. Dieter Zeh H. Eugene Stanley H. J. Round H. Jay Melosh H. Pierre Noyes H. Richard Crane H. Stanley Allen H1 (particle detector) HEPnet HERA-B HERMES experiment HITRAP HLX-1 HT-7 High-temperature engineering test reactor Haag's theorem Haag–Lopuszanski–Sohnius theorem Hadamard–Rybczynski equation Hadron Hadron Elektron Ring Anlage Hadron epoch Hadron spectroscopy Hadronization Hafele–Keating experiment Hafnium controversy Hagedorn temperature Hagen Kleinert Hagen–Poiseuille equation Hagen–Poiseuille flow from the Navier–Stokes equations Haidinger fringe Haim Harari Hajo Meyer Hal Anger Halbach array Halden Boiling Water Reactor Halden Reactor Half-life Half-metal Half-value layer Half time (physics) Hall effect Hall effect sensor Hall effect thruster Hall probe Halo (optical phenomenon) Halo Occupation Distribution Halo nucleus Halothermal circulation Halpin–Tsai model Halton Arp Hamilton's principal function Hamilton's principle Hamiltonian (quantum mechanics) Hamiltonian constraint Hamiltonian fluid mechanics Hamiltonian lattice gauge theory Hamiltonian mechanics Hamiltonian system Hamiltonian vector field Hamilton–Jacobi equation Hammar experiment Hampson–Linde cycle Hanany–Witten transition Hanbury Brown and Twiss effect Hand boiler Handbook of Porphyrin Science Hang gliding Hanna Nasser (academic) Hannay angle Hannes Alfvén Hannes Alfvén Prize Hanns Hörbiger Hannspeter Winter Hans-Arwed Weidenmüller Hans-Dieter Betz Hans-Hermann Hupfeld Hans-Joachim Queisser Hans-Peter Dürr Hans Albert Einstein Hans Benndorf Hans Bethe Hans Breuer (physicist) Hans Christian von Baeyer Hans Christian Ørsted Hans Eduard Suess Hans Ferdinand Mayer Hans Frauenfelder Hans G. Hornung Hans Geiger Hans Georg Dehmelt Hans Grassmann Hans Hellmann Hans Henrik Andersen Hans Hollmann Hans K. Ziegler Hans Kopfermann Hans Kramers Hans Kronberger (physicist) Hans Lippershey Hans Reissner Hans Suess Hans Thirring Hans Volker Klapdor-Kleingrothaus Hans W. Liepmann Hans Wolter Hans von Halban Hans von Ohain Hansjoerg Dittus Hantaro Nagaoka Harald Herborg Nielsen Harald Keres Harald Lesch Harald Schering Harald Wergeland Hard radiation Hard spheres Harlan True Stetson Harley Rutledge Harmonic Harmonic coordinate condition Harmonic oscillator Harmonic superspace Harmonices Mundi Harold A. Wilson (physicist) Harold Agnew Harold E. Johns Harold E. Puthoff Harold Furth Harold Hopkins Harold Jeffreys Harold L. Brode Harold Max Rosenberg Harold McCarter Taylor Harold McMaster Harold Neville Vazeille Temperley Harold R. Kaufman Harold Warris Thompson Harrie Massey Harriet Brooks Harris functional Harrison Brown Harry Boot Harry Hammond Hess Harry J. Lipkin Harry Daghlian Harry Kloor Harry Kroger Harry Lehmann Harry Messel Harry Swinney Harry Zvi Tabor Hartland Snyder Hartle–Hawking state Hartman effect Hartmut Kallmann Hartree Hartree–Fock method Harvard Project Physics Harvard–Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics Harvey Einbinder Harvey Fletcher Hasegawa–Mima equation Hassan Aref Hassan Jawahery Haverah Park experiment Havriliak–Negami relaxation Hawking energy Hawking radiation Hayashi track Hayes similitude principle Haynes–Shockley experiment Hazen–Williams equation He Xiantu Head-related transfer function Head of tide Head shadow Headwind Heat Heat bath Heat capacity Heat capacity ratio Heat current Heat death of the universe Heat engine Heat equation Heat flux Heat generation in integrated circuits Heat kernel Heat loss due to linear thermal bridging Heat of sublimation Heat pump Heat pump and refrigeration cycle Heat spreader Heat transfer Heat transfer coefficient Heat transmission Heather Couper Heather Reid Heating pad Heaviside condition Heavy Rydberg system Heavy neutrino Heavy water Hedwig Kohn Heidi Jo Newberg Heike Kamerlingh Onnes Heim theory Heino Finkelmann Heinrich Barkhausen Heinrich Bürger Heinrich Friedrich Weber Heinrich Geißler Heinrich Greinacher Heinrich Gustav Magnus Heinrich Hertz Heinrich Kayser Heinrich Konen Heinrich Lenz Heinrich Ott (physicist) Heinrich Rohrer Heinrich Rubens Heinrich Streintz Heinrich Welker Heinrich Wilhelm Brandes Heinrich Wilhelm Dove Heinrich Wilhelm Matthias Olbers Heinrich von Wild Heinz-Jürgen Kluge Heinz Barwich Heinz Kohnen Heinz London Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Heinz Oberhummer Heinz Pagels Heinz Pose Heisenberg's microscope Heisenberg model (quantum) Heisenberg picture Heisler Chart Hele-Shaw flow Helen Quinn Helen T. Edwards Heliac Helically Symmetric Experiment Helicity (particle physics) Helicity basis Helicon (physics) Helicon discharge Helikon vortex separation process Helimagnetism Heliocentrism Heliophysics Helioseismology Heliosphere Heliospheric current sheet Heliotron Helium-3 refrigerator Helium atom Helium atom scattering Helium flash Helium fusion Helium line ratio Helium mass spectrometer Helium planet Helium–neon laser Helix–coil transition model Hellmann–Feynman theorem Hellmut Fritzsche Helmholtz's theorems Helmholtz coil Helmholtz decomposition Helmholtz equation Helmholtz flow Helmholtz free energy Helmholtz reciprocity Helmholtz resonance Helmholtz theorem (classical mechanics) Helmut Gröttrup Helmut Hönl Helmut Volz Helsinki Institute of Physics Hemodynamics Hendricus Stoof Hendrik Casimir Hendrik Lorentz Hendrik Tennekes Hendrik Wade Bode Henri Bacry Henri Becquerel Henri Buisson Henri Bénard Henri Chrétien Henri Daniel Rathgeber Henri Pitot Henri Poincaré Henri Poincaré Prize Henri Victor Regnault Henrik Svensmark Henry's law Henry (unit) Henry Andrews Bumstead Henry Augustus Rowland Henry Brose Henry Cabourn Pocklington Henry Cavendish Henry Coddington Henry Darcy Henry DeWolf Smyth Henry Draper Medal Henry Duckworth Henry Gale (astrophysicist) Henry Gellibrand Henry H. Barschall Henry Hemmendinger Henry Hurwitz, Jr. Henry Kater Henry Katzenstein Henry Kolm Henry Lipson Henry M. Foley Henry Margenau Henry Minchin Noad Henry Moseley Henry Primakoff Henry S. Valk Henry Smith Carhart Henry Stapp Henry Tye Henry Way Kendall Henryk Niewodniczański Henyey track Heraclitus Herbert A. Hauptman Herbert Arthur Stuart Herbert Callen Herbert Dingle Herbert E. Ives Herbert Friedman Herbert Fröhlich Herbert Gleiter Herbert Goldstein Herbert Gursky Herbert Huppert Herbert Kroemer Herbert L. Anderson Herbert Mataré Herbert S. Green Herbert Walther Herbert Wilson Herbert York Herbig–Haro object Herman Branson Herman Carr Herman Chernoff Herman Feshbach Herman March Herman Verlinde Herman Z. Cummins Hermann Arthur Jahn Hermann Bondi Hermann Brück Hermann Glauert Hermann Grassmann Hermann Haken Hermann Knoblauch Hermann Minkowski Hermann Oberth Hermann Schlichting Hermann Weyl Hermann von Helmholtz Hermann–Mauguin notation Hermetic detector Heron's fountain Herpolhode Herschel–Bulkley fluid Hertha Sponer Hertha Wambacher Hertz Hertzsprung gap Hertzsprung–Russell diagram Herwig Schopper Hess's law Hessel de Vries Heteroazeotrope Heteroclinic cycle Heteroclinic orbit Heterojunction Heterojunction bipolar transistor Heterotic string Heusler alloy Hexagonal crystal system Hexagonally closed packed metal Hexatic fluid phase HiPER HiVOLT Hicks Building Hidden sector Hidden subgroup problem Hidden variable theory Hideki Yukawa Hideo Mabuchi Hidetsugu Ikegami Hierarchy problem Higgs boson Higgs field Higgs mechanism Higgs phase Higgs sector Higgsino High-Z Supernova Search Team High-altitude wind power High-efficiency hybrid cycle High-energy X-rays High-energy visible light High-intensity focused ultrasound High-κ dielectric High-lift device High-refractive-index polymer High-resolution scheme High-temperature electrolysis High-temperature superconductivity High Energy Stereoscopic System High Flux Australian Reactor High Flux Isotope Reactor High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program High Resolution Fly's Eye Cosmic Ray Detector High Speed Photometer High energy nuclear physics High frequency High frequency approximation High pressure High pressure physics High voltage Higher-dimensional Einstein gravity Higher-dimensional supergravity Higher spin alternating sign matrix Highly charged ion Hilbert C*-module Hilbert space Hilbert spectrum Hilbrand J. Groenewold Hilding Faxén Hillard Bell Huntington Hilmi Volkan Demir Himiko (Lyman-alpha blob) Hipot Hippasus HippoDraw Hippolyte Fizeau Hiromichi Kataura Hiroo Kanamori Hirosi Ooguri Hiss (electromagnetic) History of Lorentz transformations History of Mars observation History of Planck's law History of Solar System formation and evolution hypotheses History of X-ray astronomy History of centrifugal and centripetal forces History of classical mechanics History of electrical engineering History of electromagnetic theory History of electrophoresis History of entropy History of experiments History of fluid mechanics History of gamma-ray burst research History of general relativity History of geomagnetism History of geophysics History of gravitational theory History of heat History of loop quantum gravity History of materials science History of metamaterials History of nuclear weapons History of optics History of physics History of quantum field theory History of quantum mechanics History of radio History of special relativity History of spectroscopy History of string theory History of superconductivity History of the Big Bang theory History of the Earth History of the battery History of the metre History of the metric system History of the periodic table History of the transistor History of thermodynamics History of variational principles in physics Hjulström curve Hodograph Hofmeister series Hofstadter's butterfly Hohlraum Hole argument Holevo's theorem Holger Bech Nielsen Hollow-cathode lamp Hollow Earth Holographic interferometry Holographic principle Holographic sensor Holography Holometer Holon (physics) Holonomic basis Holonomic constraints Holstein–Herring method Holstein–Primakoff transformation Homentropic flow Homeokinetics Homer Dudley Homer L. Dodge Homes's law Homestake Mine (South Dakota) Homestake experiment Homi J. Bhabha Homoclinic orbit Homoeoid Homogeneity (physics) Homogeneity and heterogeneity Homogeneous broadening Homogeneous isotropic turbulence Homologous temperature Homotopy analysis method Hongjie Dai Hooke's law Hoop Conjecture Hopkinson's law Horace-Bénédict de Saussure Horace Hearne Institute Horace Lamb Horaţiu Năstase Horizon (general relativity) Horizon problem Horizontal Falls Horizontal plane Hormesis Horn antenna Horror vacui (physics) Horseshoe orbit Horseshoe vortex Horst Korsching Horst Ludwig Störmer Horst Stöcker Host galaxy Hot-carrier injection Hot chocolate effect Hot electron Hot spot effect in subatomic physics Hough function How to Build a Time Machine Howard A. Stone Howard Berg Howard Brandt Howard Georgi Howard Grubb Howard H. Aiken Howard J. Van Till Howard M. Wiseman Howard P. Robertson Howard Petch Howard Wilson Emmons Howell Peregrine Hoyle–Narlikar theory of gravity Hořava–Lifshitz gravity Hořava–Witten domain wall Hu Jimin Hu Ning Huang Kun Hubbard model Hubble's law Hubble Bubble (astronomy) Hubble Deep Field Hubble Deep Field South Hubble Extreme Deep Field Hubble Ultra-Deep Field Hubble volume Huber's equation Hubert Chanson Hubert Curien Hubert Reeves Hubert Yockey Huchra's lens Huemul Project Hugh Bradner Hugh David Politzer Hugh E. Montgomery Hugh Everett III Hugh Latimer Dryden Hugh Le Caine Hugh Longbourne Callendar Hugh Ross (creationist) Hugh W. Hardy Hughes–Drever experiment Hugo Benioff Hugo Christiaan Hamaker Hugo Rietveld Hugo Tetrode Hull speed Human echolocation Humidity Humphrey Maris Humphreys series Hund's rule of maximum multiplicity Hund's rules Hundred-year wave Hung Cheng Hunter Rouse Hunter–Saxton equation Hunting oscillation Husimi Q representation Huygens–Fresnel principle Hybrid airship Hybrid functional Hybrid image Hybrid solar cell Hydraulic accumulator Hydraulic circuit Hydraulic cylinder Hydraulic diameter Hydraulic fluid Hydraulic head Hydraulic jump Hydraulic jumps in rectangular channels Hydraulic machinery Hydraulic manifold Hydraulics Hydrodynamic stability Hydrodynamical helicity Hydrodynamics Hydroelasticity Hydrogen-burning process Hydrogen-like atom Hydrogen anion Hydrogen atom Hydrogen bomb Hydrogen embrittlement Hydrogen fluoride laser Hydrogen ion Hydrogen ion cluster Hydrogen line Hydrogen maser Hydrogen silsesquioxane Hydrogen spectral series Hydrophone Hydropower Hydrostatic equilibrium Hydrostatic fluid Hydrothermal synthesis Hydroxyl ion absorption Hygrometer Hyper-Kamiokande HyperPhysics Hyperbolic coordinates Hyperbolic equilibrium point Hyperbolic motion (relativity) Hyperbolic orthogonality Hyperbolic quaternion Hyperbolic set Hyperbolic trajectory Hypercharge Hyperchromicity Hypercompact stellar system Hyperelastic material Hyperfine structure Hypergravity Hyperlens Hypernetted-chain equation Hypernova Hypernuclei Hypernucleus Hyperon Hyperplane Hyperpolarizability Hyperpolarization (physics) Hyperradiant Fresnel lens Hypersonic effect Hypersonic speed Hypersonic wind tunnel Hyperspace (book) Hyperspectral imaging Hypertriton Hypervelocity Hyporheic zone Hypotheses non fingo Hypothetical star Hypsochromic shift Hypsometric equation Hysteresis Hysteresivity Hélène Langevin-Joliot Hückel method Indexes of physics articles
Index of physics articles (J). The index of physics articles is split into multiple pages due to its size. To navigate by individual letter use the table of contents below. J J-PARC J-coupling J.D. Jackson J. A. Ratcliffe J. B. Gunn J. Clarence Karcher J. David Jackson J. Doyne Farmer J. Hans D. Jensen J. J. Sakurai J. J. Thomson J. Kim Vandiver J. Korean Phys. Soc. J. Lamar Worzel J. Lightwave Tech. J. M. R. Parrondo J. M. Robson J. Richard Fisher J. Richard Gott J. Robert Oppenheimer J/ψ meson J0651 J1 J2 model JADE (particle detector) JAMIC JD Jackson JILA JT-60 J D Jackson Jaan Einasto Jablonski diagram Jack Cover Jack Goldman Jack Kilby Jack Sarfatti Jack Sound Jack Steinberger Jacketed vessel Jacob Bekenstein Jacob Leupold Jacob Metius Jacobi coordinates Jacqueline Priestman Jacques-Arsène d'Arsonval Jacques Babinet Jacques Beaulieu Jacques Cassini Jacques Charles Jacques Curie Jacques Distler Jacques Lewiner Jacques Prost Jacques Rohault Jacques Villain Jae R. Ballif Jagadeesh Moodera Jagadish Chandra Bose Jaguar (software) Jahn–Teller effect Jainendra K. Jain Jakob Ackeret Jakob Laub Jamal Nazrul Islam James A. Isenberg James A. Yorke James Alfred Ewing James Arthur Pollock James Atkinson (physicist) James Ayscough James B. Macelwane James B. Pollack James Binney James Bjorken James C. Keck James Chadwick James Challis James Clerk Maxwell James Cronin James D. Watson James David Forbes James Dewar James E. Boyd (scientist) James E. Faller James E. McDonald James E. Muller James E. Pringle James Franck James Gilbert Baker James Glimm James H. Stith James H. Trainor James Hansen James Hartle James Hillier James Hough James J. Kay James Kakalios James L. Tuck James Lighthill James Loudon James M. Bardeen James N. Hallock James P. C. Southall James Prescott Joule James Rainwater James Short (mathematician) James Trefil James Van Allen James W. LaBelle James W. York Jamin interferometer Jamming (physics) Jan Ambjørn Jan Burgers Jan D. Achenbach Jan Ingenhousz Jan Kazimierz Danysz Jan Smit (physicist) Jan Sładkowski Jan Zaanen Jan Zawidzki Jan Łopuszański (physicist) Jane English Janet S. Fender Janez Strnad Janna Levin Jansky Jansky noise Janus laser Janus particles Janusz Andrzej Zakrzewski Janwillem van den Berg Japan Society for Composite Materials Japan Society of Applied Physics Japanese Journal of Applied Physics Jaroslav Šafránek Jarzynski equality Jasper Kirkby Java Analysis Studio Javier Solana Jayant Narlikar Jayme Tiomno Jaynes' principle Jaynes–Cummings model Jean-Antoine Nollet Jean-Baptiste-Charles-Joseph Bélanger Jean-Baptiste Biot Jean-Baptiste Pérès Jean-Charles de Borda Jean-Daniel Colladon Jean-Marc Lévy-Leblond Jean-Marie Duhamel Jean-Pierre Luminet Jean-Pierre Vigier Jean Audouze Jean Baptiste Perrin Jean Becquerel Jean Bricmont Jean Cabannes Jean Charles Athanase Peltier Jean Claude Eugène Péclet Jean Emile Charon Jean Ginibre Jean Henri van Swinden Jean Léonard Marie Poiseuille Jean M. Bennett Jean Morlet Jean Picard Jean Robieux Jean Tatlock Jean de Hautefeuille Jean le Rond d'Alembert Jeans instability Jearl Walker Jeff Schmidt (writer) Jeffrey A. Harvey Jeffrey Goldstone Jeffrey Mandula Jeffrey Satinover Jeffrey Weeks (mathematician) Jefimenko's equations Jellium Jens Eisert Jens Frahm Jens Martin Knudsen Jeremiah P. Ostriker Jeremy C. Smith (scientist) Jeremy O'Brien Jeremy Whitlock Jerk (physics) Jeroen van den Brink Jerome Isaac Friedman Jerome Wolken Jerrold R. Zacharias Jerry Goldstein Jerry R. Ehman Jerry Tersoff Jerzy Plebański Jerzy Pniewski Jesse Beams Jesse Ramsden Jet (fluid) Jet (particle physics) Jet Propulsion Laboratory Jet Propulsion Laboratory Science Division Jet engine performance Jet force Jet noise Jet quenching Jiang Mianheng Jiggle syphon Jim Al-Khalili Jim Bohlen Jim Peebles Jindřich Bačkovský Joan Curran Joan Feynman Joan Hinton Joan Vaccaro Joanna Haigh Joaquin Mazdak Luttinger Jocelyn Bell Burnell Jochen Heisenberg Joe F. Thompson Joe Farman Joel H. Ferziger Joel Lebowitz Jog (dislocations) Jogesh Pati Johan Peter Holtsmark Johan Wilcke Johann Baptiste Horvath Johann Christian Poggendorff Johann Georg Halske Johann Georg Tralles Johann Georg von Soldner Johann Gottlieb Nörremberg Johann Heinrich Jakob Müller Johann Jakob Balmer Johann Jakob Müller Johann Josef Loschmidt Johann Nikuradse Johann Rafelski Johann Schweigger Johann Tobias Mayer Johann Wilhelm Hittorf Johann Wilhelm Ritter Johannes Bosscha Johannes Browallius Johannes Diderik van der Waals Johannes Fischer Johannes Franz Hartmann Johannes Georg Bednorz Johannes Hentschel Johannes Juilfs Johannes Kepler Johannes Petrus Kuenen Johannes Rydberg Johannes Stark John A. Dillon John A. McClelland John A. Sanderson John A. Smolin John Adam Fleming John Adams (physicist) John Aitken (meteorologist) John Albery John Alexander Simpson John Ambrose Fleming John Anderson (natural philosopher) John Archibald Wheeler John Backus (acoustician) John Bardeen John Baumgardner John Brashear John Bray (physician) John Browning (scientific instrument maker) John C. Baez John C. Browne John C. Mather John C. Slater John C. Taschner John Canton John Cardy John Challifour John Clarke (physicist) John Clive Ward John Cockcroft John Cunningham McLennan John Currie Gunn John D. Anderson John D. Barrow John D. Kraus John D. Lawson (scientist) John D. Strong John D. Wiley John Dalton John David Jackson (physicist) John Desmond Bernal John Dollond John Ellis (physicist, born 1946) John F. Allen (physicist) John Fitzallen Moore John Frederic Daniell John Freely John G. Anderson John G. Cramer John G. King (physicist) John G. Taylor John G. Trump John Gamble Kirkwood John H. Brodie John H. Fremlin John H. Gibbons (scientist) John H. Hoffman John H. Hubbell John H. Lawrence John H. Manley John Hagelin John Hall Gladstone John Harnad John Hartnett (physicist) John Hasbrouck Van Vleck John Hegarty (academic) John Henry Dallmeyer John Henry Michell John Henry Poynting John Henry Schwarz John Herapath John Herbert Chapman John Heuser John Hinch (mathematician) John Holdren John Hopfield John Hopkinson John Hopps (physicist) John Howard (optometrist) John Hubbard (physicist) John Iliopoulos John Jacob Bausch John James Waterston John Joly John Joseph Montgomery John Kanzius John Kendrew John Kerr (physicist) John L. Hall John L. Lumley John L. Moll John Larry Kelly, Jr. John Leslie (physicist) John Lighton Synge John Linsley John Loveday John M. Cowley John M. Dawson John M. Greene John M. Grunsfeld John Maddox John Madey John Mallard John Marburger John Markert (physicist) John Mauchly John McCowan John Milne John Milton Miller John Mitchell Nuttall John Moffat (physicist) John N. Bahcall John Napier John Nye (scientist) John Oren Reed John Papaloizou John Pasta John Paul Wild John Pendry John Perdew John Pethica John Playfair John Poindexter John Polkinghorne John Pople John Preskill John Quincy Stewart John R. Arthur, Jr. John R. Dunning John R. Kirtley John R. Klauder John R. Wiegand John R. Winckler John Randall (physicist) John Rarity John Reppy John Rettaliata John Reynolds (physicist) John Riley Holt John Robert Beyster John Robert Schrieffer John Robert Taylor John Robert Woodyard John Robison (physicist) John Ross (chemist) John Ruhl (physicist) John S. Toll John Scales Avery John Scott Russell John Sealy Townsend John Steinhoff John Stewart Bell John Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh John Stuart Foster John T. Hayward John T. Houghton John Tasker Henderson John Thomas Romney Robinson John Tuzo Wilson John Tyndall John V. Wehausen John Vidale John Vincent Atanasoff John Viriamu Jones John W. Hutchinson John W. Miles John Wikswo John Winthrop (educator) John Zeleny John Ziman John von Neumann Johnsen–Rahbek effect Johnson–Holmquist damage model Johnson–Nyquist noise Joint European Torus Joint Institute for Nuclear Astrophysics Joint Institute for Nuclear Research Joint entropy Joint quantum entropy Jolly balance Jon Orloff Jonathan A. Jones Jonathan Dowling Jonathan Homer Lane Jonathan Lunine Jonathan M. Dorfan Jonathan Oppenheim Jones calculus Jook Walraven Jordan and Einstein frames Jordan–Wigner transformation Jordin Kare Jorg Wrachtrup Jorge A. Swieca Jorge Crispim Romão Jorge E. Hirsch Jorge Pullin Jorge Sabato Jos Engelen Jose Acacio de Barros Josef Finger Josef Kozeny Josef Lense Josef Mattauch Josef Meixner Josef Schintlmeister Joseph Black Joseph Boussinesq Joseph D. Sneed Joseph Dwyer (physicist) Joseph Fourier Joseph Francisco Joseph H. Eberly Joseph H. Rush Joseph Henry Joseph Henry Keenan Joseph Hooton Taylor, Jr. Joseph Incandela Joseph Jackson Lister Joseph Jacobson Joseph Kaplan Joseph Larmor Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac Joseph Louis Lagrange Joseph Lykken Joseph Nordgren Joseph Petavel Joseph Plateau Joseph Polchinski Joseph Rotblat Joseph Sauveur Joseph Stefan Joseph Swan Joseph Sweetman Ames Joseph Valentin Boussinesq Joseph W. Goodman Joseph Weber Joseph Zähringer Joseph von Fraunhofer Josephson effect Josephson phase Josephson vortex Joshua N. Goldberg Joshua Silver Josiah Willard Gibbs Josip Križan José Antonio Balseiro José Enrique Moyal José Fernando Ferreira Mendes José Goldemberg José Leite Lopes José W. F. Valle Joukowsky transform Joule Joule's laws Joule heating Joule per mole Joule–Thomson effect Jounce Journal de Physique Journal of Applied Physics Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B Journal of Biophotonics Journal of Chemical Physics Journal of Computational Acoustics Journal of Computational Physics Journal of Cosmology Journal of Electroceramics Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics Journal of Fluid Mechanics Journal of Geophysics and Engineering Journal of High Energy Physics Journal of Instrumentation Journal of Lightwave Technology Journal of Luminescence Journal of Materials Science Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine Journal of Mathematical Physics Journal of Nanoparticle Research Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Journal of Optics (IOP Publishing) Journal of Optics A Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter Journal of Physics: Conference Series Journal of Physics A Journal of Physics A: General Physics Journal of Physics A: Mathematical, Nuclear and General Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and General Journal of Physics B Journal of Physics C Journal of Physics D Journal of Physics F Journal of Physics G Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry Journal of Rheology Journal of Scientific Exploration Journal of Sound and Vibration Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment Journal of Statistical Physics Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Journal of the American Ceramic Society Journal of the European Optical Society: Rapid Publications Journal of the Korean Physical Society Journal of the Optical Society of America Journal of the Optical Society of America A Journal of the Optical Society of America B Journal of the Physical Society of Japan Jovan Karamata Jozef T. Devreese João Magueijo Joël Scherk Jpn. J. Appl. Phys Juan Carlos Campuzano Juan Gualterio Roederer Juan Ignacio Cirac Sasturain Juan José Giambiagi Juan Martín Maldacena Juan Pablo Paz Jules-Émile Verschaffelt Jules Jamin Jules Violle Julian Barbour Julian Schwinger Julio César Gutiérrez Vega Julio Gea-Banacloche Julio Navarro (astrophysicist) Julius Bartels Julius Edgar Lilienfeld Julius H. Taylor Julius Plücker Julius Wess Julius Wilhelm Gintl Julius von Mayer Jun-ichi Nishizawa Jun Kondo Junction temperature Jupiter mass Jurij Vega Juris Upatnieks Justus Mühlenpfordt János Kertész Józef Bem Józef Zawadzki (chemist) Józef Łukaszewicz Jørg Tofte Jebsen Jürg Fröhlich Jürgen Ehlers Jürgen Warnatz Jōyō (nuclear reactor) Indexes of physics articles
Index of physics articles (K). The index of physics articles is split into multiple pages due to its size. To navigate by individual letter use the table of contents below. K K-65 residues K-Long K-Poincaré algebra K-Poincaré group K-Short K-edge K-factor (aerospace) K-factor (centrifugation) K-theory (physics) K. R. Ramanathan K. R. Sreenivasan K2K experiment K3 surface KALI (laser) KAMINI KAON Factory KARMEN KASCADE KAT-7 KATRIN KEK KEKB (accelerator) KM3NeT KMQ viewer KMS state KOALA – Quasi Laue Diffractometer KOWARI KSTAR KT (energy) K band (IEEE) K band (infrared) K band (NATO) K correction Ka band Kadomtsev–Petviashvili equation Kadowaki–Woods ratio Kagome lattice Kai-Ming Ho Kai Puolamäki Kai Siegbahn Kaido Reivelt Kalb–Ramond field Kalina cycle Kalliroscope Kaluza–Klein theory Kamaloddin Jenab Kamioka Liquid Scintillator Antineutrino Detector Kamioka Observatory Kammback Kamran Vafa Kaon Kaon oscillation Kaonic hydrogen Kaonium Kapitsa–Dirac effect Kaplan–Yorke map Karatmeter Karel Niessen Karen Kavanagh Karen Ter-Martirosian Kari Enqvist Kariamanickam Srinivasa Krishnan Karl-Heinrich Riewe Karl-Heinz Höcker Karl-Henning Rehren Karl-Otto Kiepenheuer Karl Alexander Müller Karl Baedeker (scientist) Karl Bechert Karl Eugen Guthe Karl Ferdinand Braun Karl Friedrich Küstner Karl G. Kessler Karl Glitscher Karl Guthe Jansky Karl Heinz Beckurts Karl Herzfeld Karl Ledersteger Karl Leo Karl Lintner Karl Meissner Karl Mey Karl Scheel Karl Schwarzschild Karl Taylor Compton Karl Weissenberg Karl Wirtz Karl Zimmer Karol Olszewski Kasner metric Kasson S. Gibson Katabatic wind Kate Hutton Kater's pendulum Katharine Burr Blodgett Katherine Freese Katherine McAlpine Katherine Sopka Kathy Sykes Kato theorem Katsunori Wakabayashi Kaufmann (Scully) vortex Kautsky effect Kauzmann paradox Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Kaye effect Kazim Ergin Kazimierz Fajans Kazuhiko Nishijima Kazys Almenas Keiiti Aki Keith Brueckner Keith Burnett Keith Burton Keith Edward Bullen Keith Nugent Keith Runcorn Kelly Johnson (engineer) Kelvin Kelvin's circulation theorem Kelvin-Planck statement Kelvin material Kelvin probe force microscope Kelvin water dropper Kelvin wave Kelvin–Helmholtz instability Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism Kelvin–Voigt material Ken Pounds Ken Riley (physicist) Kendal Nezan Kender engine Kennedy–Thorndike experiment Kenneth Allen (physicist) Kenneth Bainbridge Kenneth G. Libbrecht Kenneth G. Wilson Kenneth H. Hunt Kenneth Lane (physicist) Kenneth M. Baird Kenneth Mees Kenneth Nordtvedt Kenneth Ross MacKenzie Kenneth Stewart Cole Kepler's laws of planetary motion Kepler orbit Kepler problem Keplerian problem Kerma (physics) Kern arc Kerr-lens modelocking Kerr Grant Kerr cell shutter Kerr effect Kerr metric Kerr–Newman metric Kerson Huang Keulegan–Carpenter number Kharkiv Theoretical Physics School Khālid ibn ʿAbd al‐Malik al‐Marwarrūdhī Kibble balance Kiel probe Killing horizon Killing spinor Kilogram Kilogram per cubic metre Kilometre Kim Maltman Kim Sung-Hou Kim Weaver Kinematic diagram Kinematic pair Kinematics Kinetic Monte Carlo Kinetic energy Kinetic inductance Kinetic inductance detector Kinetic momentum Kinetic term Kinetic theory Kinetics (physics) Kingdon trap Kip Siegel Kip Thorne Kirchhoff's circuit laws Kirchhoff's diffraction formula Kirchhoff's law of thermal radiation Kirchhoff equations Kirpal Nandra Kirstine Meyer Kite types Kjell Henriksen Klara Döpel Klaus Blaum Klaus Fesser Klaus Fuchs Klaus Kern Klaus von Klitzing Kleemenko cycle Klein paradox Klein transformation Klein–Gordon equation Klemperer rosette Klystron Klystron tube Knapp's rule Knight shift Knudsen cell Knudsen diffusion Knudsen equation Knudsen flow Knudsen gas Knudsen layer Knudsen number Knut Ångström Kochen–Specker theorem Kodama state Koenig's manometric flame apparatus Kogut–Susskind fermion Kohn anomaly Kohn effect Kohn–Sham equations Koide formula Kolmogorov–Arnold–Moser theorem Komar mass Kondo effect Konishi anomaly Konrad Beyerle Konrad Bleuler Konrad Dannenberg Konstantin Novoselov Konstanty Zakrzewski Kopp's law Korringa–Kohn–Rostoker approximation Kort nozzle Korteweg–de Vries equation Kossel Kosterlitz–Thouless transition Kozeny–Carman equation Kramers' law Kramers theorem Kramers–Heisenberg formula Kramers–Kronig relations Kramers–Wannier duality Krasovskii–LaSalle principle Kratos MS 50 Kreft's dichromaticity index Kretschmann scalar Kristian Birkeland Kristian Fossheim Kronig–Penney model Krueger flaps Kruskal–Szekeres coordinates Krylov–Bogolyubov theorem Krypton fluoride laser Kröger–Vink notation Ku band Kugelblitz (astrophysics) Kugel–Khomskii coupling Kullback–Leibler divergence Kundt's tube Kuramoto model Kurchatov Medal Kurd von Mosengeil Kurt Binder Kurt Diebner Kurt Gottfried Kurt Lehovec Kurt Mendelssohn Kurt Symanzik Kurt Wiesenfeld Kutta condition Kutta–Joukowski theorem Kuznetsov NK-14 Kuzyk quantum gap Kyong Wonha Kyriakos Tamvakis K·p perturbation theory Kármán line Kármán vortex street Kármán–Howarth equation Källén–Lehmann spectral representation Köhler theory König's theorem (kinetics) Küssner effect Indexes of physics articles
Index of physics articles (M). The index of physics articles is split into multiple pages due to its size. To navigate by individual letter use the table of contents below. M M-theory M-theory simplified M. J. Whelan M. C. Joshi M. G. K. Menon M. J. Seaton M. Jamal Deen M. King Hubbert M. P. Parameswaran M. Shamsher Ali M. Vijayan M. Yousuff Hussaini M82 X-1 MAJORANA MARIACHI MAUD Committee MAX-lab MAX IV MCP-RHEED MELCOR MEMO Model MERLIN MERLIN reactor MHD generator MINDO MINERνA MINOS MIRACL MIT Center for Theoretical Physics MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center ML-1 MNDO MNS matrix MOATA MOCADI MODTRAN MOPAC MOX fuel MPC&A MPRG Erlangen Division 3 MSSM Higgs mass MSU Faculty of Physics MUSCL scheme MacCormack method MacDowell–Mansouri action Macedonio Melloni Mach's principle Mach bands Mach number Mach principle Mach reflection Mach tuck Mach wave Mache (unit) Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics Macromolecular Rapid Communications Macropore Macroscopic quantum self-trapping Macroscopic quantum phenomena Macroscopic quantum self-trapping Macroscopic quantum state Macroscopic scale Macrosonics Madelung constant Madelung equations Madison Symmetric Torus Magdeburg hemispheres Maggie Aderin-Pocock Magic angle Magic angle spinning Magic number (physics) Maglev wind turbine Magnecule Magnesium diboride Magnet Magnet wire Magnetar Magnetic Prandtl number Magnetic Resonance in Medicine Magnetic Reynolds number Magnetic anisotropy Magnetic anomaly detector Magnetic braking Magnetic capacitance Magnetic capacitivity Magnetic circuit Magnetic circular dichroism Magnetic complex impedance Magnetic confinement fusion Magnetic damping Magnetic deviation Magnetic diffusivity Magnetic dip Magnetic dipole Magnetic dipole–dipole interaction Magnetic domain Magnetic effective resistance Magnetic energy Magnetic evaporative cooling Magnetic field Magnetic field intensity Magnetic field viewing film Magnetic flow meter Magnetic flux Magnetic flux quantum Magnetic force microscope Magnetic form factor Magnetic helicity Magnetic hyperthermia Magnetic impedance Magnetic impurity Magnetic inductance Magnetic inductive coil Magnetic ionic liquid Magnetic isotope effect Magnetic lattice (accelerator) Magnetic lens Magnetic levitation Magnetic mirror Magnetic mirror point Magnetic moment Magnetic monopole Magnetic nanoparticles Magnetic particle imaging Magnetic photon Magnetic pole strength Magnetic pressure Magnetic properties Magnetic property Magnetic quantum number Magnetic reactance Magnetic reconnection Magnetic refrigeration Magnetic reluctance Magnetic resonance force microscopy Magnetic resonance imaging Magnetic sail Magnetic scalar potential Magnetic semiconductor Magnetic separation Magnetic structure Magnetic susceptibility Magnetic tension force Magnetic translation Magnetic vector potential Magnetic water treatment Magnetism Magnetization Magnetization dynamics Magnetization reversal by circularly polarized light Magnetization transfer Magnetized target fusion Magneto-optic Kerr effect Magneto-optic effect Magneto-optical trap Magnetoception Magnetochemistry Magnetocrystalline anisotropy Magnetogastrography Magnetogram Solar magnetogram Magnetogravitic tensor Magnetogravity wave Magnetohydrodynamic drive Magnetohydrodynamics Magnetohydrodynamics (journal) Magnetometer Magnetomotive force Magnetopause Magnetoresistance Magnetorheological finishing Magnetorheological fluid Magnetorotational instability Magnetosome Magnetosphere Magnetosphere chronology Magnetosphere of Jupiter Magnetosphere particle motion Magnetospheric electric convection field Magnetospheric eternally collapsing object Magnetostatics Magnetostriction Magnetotactic bacteria Magnetotaxis Magnifying transmitter Magnitude (astronomy) Magnon Magnonics Magnus effect Mahmoud Hessabi Mains hum Mainz Microtron Major actinide Majorana Prize Majorana equation Majorana fermion Majoron Majumdar–Ghosh model Maki–Nakagawa–Sakata matrix Makoto Kobayashi (physicist) Malament–Hogarth spacetime Malcolm Beasley Malcolm Perry (physicist) Malleability Malter effect Mandelstam variables Mandrel wrapping Manfred R. Schroeder Manfred Wagner Manfred von Ardenne Manhattan Project Mani Lal Bhaumik Manifest covariance Manipulation of atoms by optical field Manne Siegbahn Manning formula Mannque Rho Mantle convection Manuel António Gomes Manuel Mateus Ventura Manuel Sandoval Vallarta Many-body problem Many-body theory Many-worlds interpretation Marangoni effect Marangoni number Marc-Auguste Pictet Marc A. Kastner Marc Henneaux Marcel Audiffren Marcel Brillouin Marcel Grossmann Marcel J. E. Golay Marcel Schein Marcela Carena Marcello Pirani Marcelo Damy Marcelo Gleiser Marchenko equation Marcia McNutt Marcia Neugebauer Marcos Moshinsky Marcus Birkenkrahe Marcus O'Day Marek Gazdzicki Marek Huberath Margaret Eliza Maltby Margaret Geller Margaret Hamilton (scientist) Margaret MacVicar Margaret Murnane Margaret Wertheim Margherita Hack Marginal stability Margolus–Levitin theorem Marguerite Perey Maria Ardinghelli Maria Goeppert-Mayer Maria Spiropulu Marian Danysz Marian Smoluchowski Mariano Gago Marie Alfred Cornu Marie Curie Marietta Blau Marijan Šunjić (physicist) Marin (wind) Marin Getaldić Marin Soljačić Mario Acuña Mario Ageno Mario Bunge Mario Garavaglia Mario Livio Mariotte's bottle Maritime Research Institute Netherlands Marjorie Williamson Mark Adler Mark B. Wise Mark Birkinshaw Mark Boslough Mark Buchanan Mark D. Maughmer Mark G. Kuzyk Mark G. Raizen Mark I (detector) Mark Inghram Mark Muir Mills Mark Newman Mark Oliphant Mark Reed (physicist) Mark Trodden Mark Welland Markus Aspelmeyer Markus Greiner Marlan Scully Marshall Rosenbluth Marshall Stoneham Martin A. Pomerantz Martin A. Uman Martin Bojowald Martin David Kruskal Martin Deutsch Martin Gutzwiller Martin Knudsen Martin Kutta Martin Lewis Perl Martin Lowry Martin Pope Martin Rees Martin Rocek Martin Ryle Martin Schadt Martin Tajmar Martin Walt Martin van Marum Martinus J. G. Veltman Marvin D. Girardeau Marvin L. Cohen Marvin Leonard Goldberger Mary K. Gaillard Masatoshi Koshiba Masatsugu Suzuki Masayuki Kikuchi Maser Mason equation Mass Mass-to-charge ratio Mass attenuation coefficient Mass chromatogram Mass concentration (astronomy) Mass distribution Mass flow Mass flow meter Mass flow rate Mass flow sensor Mass flux Mass gap Mass generation Mass in general relativity Mass in special relativity Mass matrix Mass number Mass properties Mass ratio Mass segregation Mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry data format Mass spectrum Mass transfer Massimo Porrati Massive compact halo object Massive gravity Massive particle Massless particle Mass–energy equivalence Mass–luminosity relation Master equation Masud Ahmad Material derivative Material dispersion coefficient Material physics Material point method Material properties (thermodynamics) Materials (journal) Materials Chemistry and Physics Materials Research Science and Engineering Centers Materials Science Citation Index Materials Science and Engineering R Materials and Structures Materials science Materials testing reactor Mathematical descriptions of opacity Mathematical descriptions of physical laws Mathematical descriptions of the electromagnetic field Mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics Mathematical models in physics Mathematical physics Mathematical universe hypothesis Mathematics of general relativity Mathias Fink Mathieu transformation Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization Matrix isolation Matrix mechanics Matrix string theory Matrix theory (physics) Mats Hillert Mattauch isobar rule Matter Matter-dominated era Matter wave Matthew Kleban Matthew Koss Matthew Luckiesh Matthew Sands Matthias Staudacher Mattis–Bardeen theory Matvei Petrovich Bronstein Maupertuis' principle Maurice Allais Maurice Anthony Biot Maurice Couette Maurice Ewing Maurice Goldhaber Maurice Hill (geophysicist) Maurice Karnaugh Maurice Pryce Maurice Wilkes Maurice Wilkins Maurice de Broglie Mauritius Renninger Maw-Kuen Wu Max Abraham Max Born Max Born Award Max Cosyns Max Delbrück Max G. Lagally Max Jammer Max Krook Max Perutz Max Planck Max Planck Institute for Biophysics Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light Max Planck Institute of Plasma Physics Max Planck Medal Max Q Max Steenbeck Max Tegmark Max Trautz Max Valier Max Wien Max von Laue Maximilian Hell Maximilien Toepler Maximum bubble pressure method Maximum density Maximum entropy probability distribution Maximum entropy thermodynamics Maximum power transfer theorem Maximum sustained wind Maximus von Imhof Maxwell's demon Maxwell's equations Maxwell's equations in curved spacetime Maxwell's thermodynamic surface Maxwell–Bloch equations Maxwell bridge Maxwell coil Maxwell construction Maxwell material Maxwell relations Maxwell speed distribution Maxwell stress tensor Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics Maxwell–Stefan diffusion Maxwell–Wagner–Sillars polarization Mayak Mazuku McCumber relation McLeod gauge McStas Mean anomaly Mean field theory Mean flow Mean free path Mean free time Mean inter-particle distance Mean radiant temperature Measure-preserving dynamical system Measure (physics) Measurement Measurement Science and Technology Measurement in quantum mechanics Measurement problem Measurement uncertainty Measurements of neutrino speed Mechanical advantage Mechanical efficiency Mechanical energy Mechanical equilibrium Mechanical equivalent of heat Mechanical explanations of gravitation Mechanical filter Mechanical metamaterial Mechanical probe station Mechanical resonance Mechanical similarity Mechanical singularity Mechanical splice Mechanical traveller Mechanical wave Mechanician Mechanics Mechanics of structures Mechanoluminescence Mediator family Medical physics Medical radiography Medical ultrasonography Medium Energy Ion Scattering Facility Medium frequency MeerKAT Mega Ampere Spherical Tokamak Megalethoscope Megasonic cleaning Megatsunami Megavoltage X-rays Meghnad Saha Mehdi Golshani Mehran Kardar Meinhard E. Mayer Meissner effect Meissner state Meissner–Ochsenfeld effect Meitner–Hupfeld effect Melba Phillips Melde's experiment Melissa Franklin Melting Melting point Melville S. Green Melvin B. Gottlieb Melvin Lax Melvin Mooney Melvin Schwartz Membrane-introduction mass spectrometry Membrane (M-theory) Membrane analogy Membrane mirror Membrane paradigm Memristor Menas Kafatos Mendel Sachs Mendeleev's predicted elements Meniscus (liquid) Menyhért Palágyi Mercury-in-glass thermometer Mercury laser Merle Randall Merle Tuve Mermin–Wagner theorem Meron (physics) Merrill Skolnik Meshfree methods Mesocrystal Mesogen Meson Meson spectroscopy Mesonic molecule Mesoscopic Mesoscopic physics Mesoscopic scale Meta-material cloak Meta-materials cloak Meta material Meta materials Metadynamics Metafluid dynamics Metal Metal-induced gap states Metal K-edge Metal L-edge Metalizing Metallic crystal Metallic hydrogen Metallic microlattice Metallicity Metallizing Metal–insulator transition Metamagnetism Metamaterial Metamaterial absorber Metamaterial antenna Metamaterial antennas Metamaterial cloaking Metamaterial cloaking device Metamaterial cloaking devices Metamaterial cover Metamaterial invisibility Metamaterial lens Metamaterial microwave cloak Metamaterials Metamaterials: Physics and Engineering Explorations Metamaterials: physics and engineering explorations Metamaterials: physics and engineering explorations. Metamaterials (journal) Metamaterials Handbook Metamaterials cloak Metamaterials cloaking Metamaterials cloaking device Metamaterials cloaking devices Metamaterials invisibility Metamaterials physics and engineering explorations Metamaterials physics and engineering explorations. Metastability Meteoritical Society Meteorology Meteosat visible and infrared imager Meteotsunami Metering pump Methane clathrate Method of characteristics Method of image charges Method of images Methods of detecting extrasolar planets Metre per second squared Metric signature Metric system Metric tensor (general relativity) Metrogon Metrologia Metropolis light transport Michael A. O'Keefe Michael Aizenman Michael Atiyah Michael Berry (physicist) Michael Coey Michael Creutz Michael Duff (physicist) Michael F. Shlesinger Michael Faraday Michael Fisher Michael Foale Michael Green (physicist) Michael H. Hart Michael Heller (professor/priest) Michael Hochberg Michael Kelly (physicist) Michael L. W. Thewalt Michael Levitt Max Munk Michael McKubre Michael Pepper Michael Perrin Michael Peskin Michael R. Anastasio Michael R. Douglas Michael Radaković Michael Rossmann Michael Rowan-Robinson Michael S. Longuet-Higgins Michael Schoenberg Michael Tinkham Michael Turner (cosmologist) Michael Woolfson Michal Lipson Michał Heller Michał Horodecki Michel Ter-Pogossian Michel parameters Michele Besso Michele Mosca Michele Parrinello Michelson interferometer Michelson stellar interferometer Michelson–Gale–Pearson experiment Michelson–Morley experiment Michiel B.M. van der Klis Michio Kaku Micro-g environment Micro-pulling-down MicroFUN MicroMegas detector Micro SPIDER Micro black hole Micro perforated plate Microactuator Microbarom Microbarometer Microbolometer Microburst Microcanonical ensemble Microchannel plate detector Microcosm (CERN) Microelectromechanical system oscillator Microfluidics Microlensing Observations in Astrophysics Microlift glider Micromagnetics Microphotonics Microphysics Microplasticity Microquasar Microrheology Microscope Microscopic scale Microscopy Society of America Microstate (statistical mechanics) Microstate continuum Microtron Microviscosity Microvoid coalescence Microwave Microwave-metamaterial cloak Microwave Imaging Radiometer with Aperture Synthesis Microwave Theory and Techniques, IEEE Transactions on Microwave and Guided Wave Letters Microwave and Guided Wave Letters, IEEE Microwave and Optical Technology Letters Microwave engineering Microwave link Microwave metamaterial cloak Microwave plasma Microwave power transmission Microwave radio relay Microwave radiometer Microwave transmission Mictomagnetism Middle World Mie scattering Mieczysław Wolfke Migma Miguel A. Fernández Sanjuán Miguel Alcubierre Miguel Ángel Virasoro (physicist) Miguel José Yacamán Mihail Roco Mihajlo Idvorski Pupin Mihalis Dafermos Mike Morris (physicist) Mikhail Kovalchuk Mikhail Lavrentyev Mikhail Lomonosov Mikhail Molodenskii Mikhail Ostrogradsky Mikhail Sadovsky Mikhail Shifman Mikhail Shultz Mikheyev–Smirnov–Wolfenstein effect Milagro (experiment) Milan Damnjanović (physicist) Milan Kurepa Milan Vukcevich Mild-slope equation Mildred Allen Mildred Dresselhaus Milesian school Mileva Marić Millennium Prize Problems Millennium Run Miller index Millisecond pulsar Milne model Miloslav Valouch Milton A. Rothman Milton Feng Milton S. Livingston Milton S. Plesset Milton Van Dyke Milutin Milanković Mineral physics Minh Quang Tran Mini-magnetospheric plasma propulsion MiniBooNE MiniGrail Miniature neutron source reactor Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model Minimal models Minimal subtraction scheme Minimum Ionizing Particle Minimum audibility curve Minimum deviation Minimum total potential energy principle Minkowski diagram Minkowski space Minkowski–Bouligand dimension Minority interpretations of quantum mechanics Minto wheel Minuano Minute Physics Mioara Mugur-Schächter Mir (lens) Mirage of astronomical objects Mirau interferometer Miroslav Žamboch Mirror Mirror Fusion Test Facility Mirror furnace Mirror matter Mirror photon Mirror symmetry (string theory) Misalignment mechanism Misner space Missile Datcom Missing energy Mist Mistral (wind) Misnay–Schardin effect Mitchell Feigenbaum Mitsutaka Fujita Mixed/dual cycle Mixed anomaly Mixed dark matter Mixing (physics) Mixing length model Mixing paradox Mixing ratio Mixmaster dynamics Mixmaster universe Mixture theory Mm'-type filter MoEDAL experiment MoL Mobile Anisotropy Telescope Mode-locking Mode-stirred chamber Mode volume Model building (particle physics) Model photosphere Model solid approximation Modelling and Simulation in Materials Science and Engineering Modern Physics and Ancient Faith Modern physics Modern searches for Lorentz violation Modified Newtonian dynamics Modified models of gravity Modular Neutron Array Modular invariance Modular ocean model Modulated ultrasound Modulation sphere Modulational instability Moduli (physics) Moens–Korteweg equation Moffat distribution Mohammad Aslam Khan Khalil Mohammad Khorrami (physicist) Mohr's circle Mohsen Fakhrizadeh-Mahabadi Moire deflectometry Moiré pattern Moisey Markov Moisture sorption isotherm Mole (unit) Molecular Hamiltonian Molecular Physics (journal) Molecular beam Molecular beam epitaxy Molecular chaos Molecular diffusion Molecular dipole moment Molecular dynamics Molecular electronic transducers Molecular field Molecular mechanics Molecular motor Molecular orbital Molecular physics Molecular radiation Molecular scale electronics Molecular sieve Molecular tagging velocimetry Molecular term symbol Molecular vibration Molecule Molecule-based magnets Molière radius Molniya orbit Molten-Salt Reactor Experiment Molten salt reactor Moment (physics) Moment map Moment of inertia Momentum Momentum diffusion Momentum operator Momentum space Momentum theory Momentum thickness Momentum transfer Monatomic gas Monin–Obukhov length Monochromatic electromagnetic plane wave Monoclinic crystal system Monocular Monoisotopic mass Monolayer Monopole, Astrophysics and Cosmic Ray Observatory Monster (physics) Monte Carlo N-Particle Transport Code Monte Carlo method Monte Carlo method in statistical physics Montonen–Olive duality Montreal Laboratory Moo-Young Han Moody chart Moon dog Moonbow Mooney–Rivlin solid Moonlight Mordehai Milgrom Morikazu Toda Morison equation Morphology-dependent resonance Morse potential Morten Bo Madsen Morton Gurtin Morton number Moseley's law Moses Blackman Moses H. W. Chan Moshe Shapiro Motion-triggered contact insufficiency Motion (physics) Motion graphs and derivatives Motional narrowing Motionless electromagnetic generator Motonori Matuyama Mott insulator Mott problem Mott scattering Mott transition Mottness Mousetrap car Moving frame Moving magnet and conductor problem Moving shock Moyal bracket Mpemba effect Mu problem Mueller calculus Muffin-tin approximation Muhammad Hafeez Qureshi Multi-angle light scattering Multi-configuration time-dependent Hartree Multi-configurational self-consistent field Multi-object APO Radial Velocity Exoplanet Large-area Survey Multi-wavelength anomalous dispersion Multiangle light scattering Multiferroics Multipaction Multipactor effect Multipath interference Multiphase flow Multiphoton lithography Multiphysics Multiphysics Methods Group Multiple-scale analysis Multiple histories Multiple isomorphous replacement Multiplet Multiplicative quantum number Multipole expansion Multipole moment Multipurpose Applied Physics Lattice Experiment Multiscale modeling Multiverse Muneer Ahmad Rashid Munir Ahmad Khan Munir Nayfeh Munroe effect Muon Muon-catalyzed fusion Muon capture Muon collider Muon neutrino Muonium Murray Batchelor Murray Gell-Mann Museum of Optical Technologies Mushroom cloud Musical acoustics My Inventions: The Autobiography of Nikola Tesla Myriam Sarachik Myron L. Good Myron Samuel Malkin Mysterious duality Mária Telkes Mário Schenberg Mössbauer effect Mössbauer spectroscopy Møller scattering Mārcis Auziņš Indexes of physics articles
Index of physics articles (N). The index of physics articles is split into multiple pages due to its size. To navigate by individual letter use the table of contents below. N N-Reactor N-body choreography N-body problem N-body simulation N-type semiconductor N-vector model N.V.V.J. Swamy N=2 superstring NA35 experiment NA48/1 experiment NA48/2 experiment NA48/3 experiment NA48 experiment NA49 experiment NA58 experiment NA60 experiment NA61 NA61/SHINE NA62 experiment NACA airfoil NACA cowling NACA duct NAMD NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database NASA Advanced Space Transportation Program NASA STI Program NDDO NESTOR Project NEVOD NIMs NINA (accelerator) NIST-F1 NMSSM NNPDF NOON state NOνA NRX NS5-brane NUR Reactor N ray Nabor Carrillo Flores Nader Engheta Nahum Shahaf Nai-Chang Yeh Naked singularity Nambu mechanics Nambu–Goto action Nambu–Jona-Lasinio model Nandor Balazs Nano-PSI Nano-optics Nano-thermite Nano spray dryer Nanocellulose Nanochannel glass materials Nanocircuitry Nanoelectromechanical system Nanoelectronics Nanoengineering Nanofluidics Nanoindenter Nanoknife Nanolaser Nanolens Nanomagnet Nanoparticle Nanophotonics Nanoscopic scale Nanoshell Nanotechnology Nanotribology Narasimhaiengar Mukunda Naresh Dadhich (physicist) Naresh Dalal Narinder Singh Kapany Narrow-gap semiconductor Narrow bipolar pulse Natalia Dubrovinskaia Nathan Aviezer Nathan Isgur Nathan Rosen Nathan Seiberg National Atomic Testing Museum National Center for Earth-surface Dynamics National Centre for Physics National Compact Stellarator Experiment National High Magnetic Field Laboratory National Ignition Facility National Museum of Nuclear Science & History National Research Universal reactor National Spherical Torus Experiment National Synchrotron Light Source National Synchrotron Light Source II National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center Natterer compressor Natural Bridges National Monument Solar Power System Natural abundance Natural circulation Natural material Natural nuclear fission reactor Natural philosophy Natural remanent magnetisation Natural remanent magnetization Natural ventilation Nature Nature Communications Nature Materials Nature Nanotechnology Nature Photonics Nature Physics Navarro–Frenk–White profile Navier–Stokes equations Navier–Stokes existence and smoothness Navigation mesh Nazir Ahmed (physicist) Naïve physics Nd:GdVO4 Nd:YAG laser Nd:YCOB Neal Francis Lane Neal H. Williams Near-extremal black hole Near-surface geophysics Near and far field Near edge X-ray absorption fine structure Nearly free electron model Negative differential conductivity Negative index material Negative index metamaterial Negative index metamaterials Negative index of refraction Negative luminescence Negative mass Negative phase-velocity Negative phase velocity Negative phase velocity medium Negative phase velocity mediums Negative phasevelocity Negative phase–velocity medium Negative phase–velocity mediums Negative probability Negative refraction Negative refractive index Negative refractive index material Negative refractive indices Negative resistance Negative temperature Negative thermal expansion Negativity (quantum mechanics) Negentropy Neil F. Johnson Neil Gershenfeld Neil J. Gunther Neil Turok Neil deGrasse Tyson Nekhoroshev estimates Nematicon Neo-Hookean solid Neodymium-doped yttrium lithium fluoride Neodymium-doped yttrium orthovanadate Neodymium magnet Neon-burning process Neon lighting Nernst effect Nernst–Planck equation Net force Net generation Net radiometer Network analysis (electrical circuits) Network automaton Network synthesis Network synthesis filters Neumann's law Neuronal noise Neutral beam injection Neutral buoyancy Neutral current Neutral density filter Neutral heavy lepton Neutral particle Neutral particle oscillation Neutralino Neutretto Neutrino Neutrino Array Radio Calibration Neutrino Ettore Majorana Observatory Neutrino Factory Neutrino astronomy Neutrino decoupling Neutrino detector Neutrino mixing matrix Neutrino oscillation Neutrino telescope Neutrino theory of light Neutrium Neutron Neutron-induced swelling Neutron Science Laboratory Neutron Time Of Flight Neutron absorption Neutron activation Neutron activation analysis Neutron backscattering Neutron bomb Neutron capture Neutron capture nucleosynthesis Neutron cross section Neutron detection Neutron diffraction Neutron economy Neutron emission Neutron flux Neutron generator Neutron interferometer Neutron magnetic moment Neutron moderator Neutron monitor Neutron number Neutron poison Neutron probe Neutron radiation Neutron reflectometry Neutron reflector Neutron research facility Neutron scattering Neutron source Neutron spin echo Neutron star Neutron supermirror Neutron temperature Neutron time-of-flight scattering Neutron transport Neutronium Nevill Francis Mott Neville Robinson Nevis Laboratories New Journal of Physics Newman–Penrose formalism Newton's cannonball Newton's cradle Newton's law of universal gravitation Newton's laws of motion Newton's notation Newton's rings Newton's theorem of revolving orbits Newton second Newton (unit) Newton disc Newton metre Newtonian fluid Newtonian gauge Newtonian limit Newtonian motivations for general relativity Newton–Cartan theory Newton–Euler equations Newton–Wigner localization Next Generation Nuclear Plant Ni Weidou Niccolò Zucchi Nicholas B. Suntzeff Nicholas Callan Nicholas Christofilos Nicholas J. Phillips Nicholas Kemmer Nicholas Kurti Nicholas Metropolis Nick Herbert (physicist) Nick Holonyak Nick Newman (naval architect) Nicol prism Nicola Cabibbo Nicola Scafetta Nicolaas Bloembergen Nicolaas Hartsoeker Nicolae Filip Nicolae Vasilescu-Karpen Nicolas-Philippe Ledru Nicolas Clément Nicolas Fuss Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot Nicolas Rashevsky Nicolaus Copernicus Nicolás Cabrera Niels Bohr Niels Bohr Institute Niels Bohr Institute for Astronomy, Geophysics and Physics Niels Bohr Institute for Astronomy, Physics and Geophysics Nielsen–Olesen vortex Nielsen–Olsen string Nigel G. Stocks Nigel Lockyer Night Thoughts of a Classical Physicist Nihat Berker Nike laser Nikita Nekrasov Nikola Tesla Nikola Tesla Museum Nikolai Borisovich Delone Nikolai Kasterin Nikolai Pilchikov Nikolai Pylchykov Nikolai Shakura Nikolas Tombazis Nikolay Basov Nikolay Bogolyubov Nikolay Dollezhal Nikolay Kudryavtsev Nikolay Neprimerov Nikolay Rukavishnikov Nikolay Semyonov Nikolay Sergeyevich Krylov Nikolay Umov Nikolay Yegorovich Zhukovsky Nima Arkani-Hamed Nimrod (synchrotron) Nimrud lens Nina Byers Ning Li (physicist) Nishina Memorial Prize Nitrogen-vacancy center Nitrogen laser No-broadcast theorem No-cloning theorem No-communication theorem No-go theorem No-hair theorem No-slip condition No-teleportation theorem Noah Ernest Dorsey Nobel Prize in Physics Node (physics) Noemie Benczer Koller Noether's second theorem Noether's theorem Noether identities Noise Noise-equivalent flux density Noise-equivalent power Noise-equivalent target Noise (audio) Noise (electronic) Noise (electronics) Noise (radio) Noise (telecommunications) Noise (video) Noise barrier Noise figure Noise floor Noise map Noise measurement Noise power Noise print Noise reduction coefficient Noise temperature Noise weighting Noisy black Noisy white Nomarski prism Non-Gaussianity Non-Newtonian fluid Non-abelian gauge transformation Non-achromatic objective Non-autonomous mechanics Non-contact force Non-critical string Non-critical string theory Non-critical string theory: Lorentz invariance Non-dimensionalization and scaling of the Navier–Stokes equations Non-equilibrium statistical mechanics Non-equilibrium thermodynamics Non-exact solutions in general relativity Non-inclined orbit Non-inertial frame Non-inertial reference frame Non-linear sigma model Non-orientable wormhole Non-perturbative Non-standard cosmology Non-topological soliton Non-uniform circular motion Non-zero dispersion-shifted fiber Nonbaryonic dark matter Nonclassical light Noncommutative quantum field theory Nondimensionalization Nonequilibrium Gas and Plasma Dynamics Laboratory Nonequilibrium partition identity Nonextensive entropy Nonholonomic system Nonimaging optics Nonlinear acoustics Nonlinear control Nonlinear metamaterials Nonlinear optics Nonlinear partial differential equation Nonlinear photonic crystal Nonlinear resonance Nonlinear Schrödinger equation Nonlinear system Nonlinear X-wave Nonlinearity (journal) Nonlocal Lagrangian Nonoblique correction Nonrectifying junction Nonsingular black hole models Nonsymmetric gravitational theory Nonthermal plasma Noor Muhammad Butt Nordström's theory of gravitation Nordtvedt effect Normal force Normal mode Normal moveout Normal order Normal shock tables Normal strain Normalizable wave function Norman Christ Norman Feather Norman Foster Ramsey, Jr. Norman Haskell Norman Holter Norman Kember Norman Packard Norman Robert Campbell Noro–Frenkel law of corresponding states Norris Bradbury Northstar Electronics Norton's theorem Nose cone design Nova Nova (laser) November Revolution (physics) Novette laser Novikov–Veselov equation Nozzle Nth Country Experiment NuMI Nucifer experiment Nuclear Instrumentation Module Nuclear Instruments Nuclear Instruments and Methods Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B Nuclear Overhauser effect Nuclear Physics (disambiguation) Nuclear Physics (journal) Nuclear Physics A Nuclear Physics B Nuclear Physics B: Proceedings Supplements Nuclear Power Demonstration Nuclear Safety Research Reactor Nuclear Science Abstracts Nuclear aircraft Nuclear astrophysics Nuclear attribution Nuclear binding energy Nuclear chain reaction Nuclear cross section Nuclear data Nuclear density Nuclear detection Nuclear drip line Nuclear explosion Nuclear explosive Nuclear fission Nuclear fission product Nuclear force Nuclear fuel Nuclear fuel cycle information system Nuclear fusion Nuclear isomer Nuclear magnetic moment Nuclear magnetic resonance Nuclear magnetic resonance crystallography Nuclear magnetic resonance in porous media Nuclear magnetic resonance quantum computer Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of nucleic acids Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of proteins Nuclear magneton Nuclear material Nuclear matter Nuclear microscopy Nuclear physics Nuclear power Nuclear pumped laser Nuclear quadrupole resonance Nuclear reaction Nuclear reactor Nuclear reactor safety systems Nuclear resonance fluorescence Nuclear resonance vibrational spectroscopy Nuclear safety Nuclear shell model Nuclear size Nuclear structure Nuclear timescale Nuclear transmutation Nuclear waste management Nuclear weapon design Nuclearelectrica Nucleate boiling Nucleocosmogenesis Nucleogenesis Nucleon Nucleon pair breaking in fission Nucleon spin structure Nucleosynthesis Nuclide Nuclotron Nuker Team Null corrector Null dust solution Null surface Nuller Nulling interferometry Number density Numerical model of the Solar System Numerical relativity Numerical sign problem Numerical weather prediction Nuovo Cim. Nuovo Cimento Nuovo Cimento A Nuovo Cimento B Nuovo Cimento C Nuovo Cimento D Nuovo Cimento Rivista Nusselt number Nutation Nuts and bolts (general relativity) Néel relaxation theory Néel temperature Indexes of physics articles
Index of physics articles (O). The index of physics articles is split into multiple pages due to its size. To navigate by individual letter use the table of contents below. O OECC OPAL detector OPERA experiment OSA Fellow OSO 3 OSO 7 OVRO 40 meter Telescope OZI Rule Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oberth effect Objective (optics) Oblique correction Oblique shock Oblique wing Observable Observable universe Observational cosmology Observer (general relativity) Observer (quantum physics) Observer (special relativity) Observer effect (physics) Ocean gyre Ocean thermal energy conversion Oceanography Ocellus Lucanus Octavio Novaro Odd molecule Odd sympathy Oersted Oersted Medal Ofer Biham Ofer Lahav Off-axis optical system Oganesson Ogden Rood Ohm Ohm's law Ohmic contact Ohnesorge number Oil drop experiment Okorokov effect Ola Hunderi Olaf Dreyer Olami–Feder–Christensen model Olav Holt Olbers' paradox Old quantum theory Oldroyd-B model Ole Jacob Broch Oleg D. Jefimenko Oleg Firsov Oleg Losev Oleg Sushkov Olexander Smakula Olga Kennard Olinto De Pretto Oliver E. Buckley Condensed Matter Prize Oliver Heaviside Oliver Lodge Olli Lounasmaa Olympia Academy Omega baryon Omega meson On-Line Isotope Mass Separator On Physical Lines of Force On shell and off shell On the Shoulders of Giants (book) On the movement of small particles suspended in a stationary liquid demanded by the molecular-kinetic theory of heat One-electron universe One-loop Feynman diagram One-way speed of light Onium Online refuelling Onsager reciprocal relations Onset of deconfinement Oops-Leon Oort constants Opacity (optics) Opalescence Open-pool Australian lightwater reactor OpenFOAM OpenScientist Open Source Physics Open quantum system Open shell Operator (physics) Operator product expansion Oppenheimer–Phillips process Optic crystals Optical Fiber Technology Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment Optical Physics Optical Review Optical Society Optical Society of Japan Optical aberration Optical amplifier Optical autocorrelation Optical axis Optical black hole Optical brightener Optical cavity Optical chopper Optical circulator Optical coating Optical coherence tomography Optical communication Optical conductivity Optical contact bonding Optical depth Optical downconverter Optical equivalence theorem Optical feedback Optical field Optical flat Optical force Optical format Optical lattice Optical lens design Optical levitation Optical medium Optical metamaterial Optical microsphere Optical modulator Optical modulators using semiconductor nano-structures Optical neural network Optical parametric amplifier Optical parametric oscillator Optical path Optical path length Optical phenomenon Optical phonon Optical physics Optical power Optical properties of carbon nanotubes Optical pulsar Optical pumping Optical reader Optical rectification Optical ring resonators Optical rotatory dispersion Optical scalars Optical science Optical sciences Optical sectioning Optical sine theorem Optical superresolution Optical switch Optical telescope Optical theorem Optical train Optical transition radiation Optical tweezers Optical window Optically stimulated luminescence Opticks Optics Optics & Photonics News Optics (physics) Optics Classification and Indexing Scheme Optics Communications Optics Express Optics Letters Optics and Photonics News Optics and Spectroscopy Optik (journal) Optoelectric nuclear battery Optoelectronics Optofluidics Optomechanics Orb (optics) Orbit Orbit (dynamics) Orbit equation Orbit phasing Orbital angular momentum multiplexing Orbital angular momentum of light Orbital decay Orbital eccentricity Orbital elements Orbital inclination Orbital integral Orbital mechanics Orbital motion Orbital motion (quantum) Orbital node Orbital period Orbital plane (astronomy) Orbital state vectors Orbiting body Orbitrap Ordal Demokan Order and disorder (physics) Order operator Ordered exponential Orders of magnitude (charge) Orders of magnitude (density) Orders of magnitude (energy) Orders of magnitude (entropy) Orders of magnitude (force) Orders of magnitude (length) Orders of magnitude (luminous flux) Orders of magnitude (magnetic field) Orders of magnitude (mass) Orders of magnitude (power) Orders of magnitude (pressure) Orders of magnitude (radiation) Orders of magnitude (resistance) Orders of magnitude (specific energy density) Orders of magnitude (specific heat capacity) Orders of magnitude (temperature) Orders of magnitude (voltage) Orest Khvolson Oreste Piccioni Orfeu Bertolami Organic field-effect transistor Organic nonlinear optical materials Organic photorefractive materials Organic superconductor Orientifold Orifice plate Origin of avian flight Ornstein–Zernike equation Orr–Sommerfeld equation Orso Mario Corbino OrthoCAD Network Research Cell Orthobaric density Orthometric height Orthomode transducer Orthorhombic crystal system Orthovoltage X-rays Osborne Reynolds Oscar Lanford Oscar Sala Oscar W. Greenberg Oscillation Oscillator linewidth Oscillator phase noise Oscillatory universe Oscillon Osculating orbit Oseen's approximation Oseen equations Oskar Heil Oskar Klein Oskar Klein Memorial Lecture Oskar Ritter Osmosis Osoaviakhim-1 Ostro Ostwald ripening Ostwald–Freundlich equation Otoacoustic emission Ottaviano-Fabrizio Mossotti Otto Bastiansen Otto Hahn Otto Haxel Otto Klemperer (physicist) Otto Kratky Otto Laporte Otto Laporte Award Otto Lehmann (physicist) Otto Lummer Otto Robert Frisch Otto Scherzer Otto Schmitt Otto Stern Otto Wiener (physicist) Otto cycle Otto von Guericke Otto Øgrim Our Mr. Sun Outdoor–indoor transmission class Outflow channels Outhouse (unit) Outline of applied physics Outline of astronomy Outline of geophysics Outline of physical science Outline of physics Ouzo effect Over/under cable coiling Overflow (software) Overlap matrix Overtone Owen Chamberlain Owen Willans Richardson Oxford Calculators Oxford Electric Bell Oxide thin-film transistor Oxsensis Oxygen-burning process Oxygen permeability Oyo Buturi Øyvind Grøn Ozsváth–Schücking metric Indexes of physics articles
Index of physics articles (P). The index of physics articles is split into multiple pages due to its size. To navigate by individual letter use the table of contents below. P P-adic quantum mechanicsfpa P-factor P-form electrodynamics P-nuclei P-process P-type semiconductor P-wave P-wave modulus P. Buford Price P3M PACER (fusion) PANDA experiment PAR thrust PEPS effect PETRA PGM-19 Jupiter PHENIX PHOBOS experiment PHOSFOS PICASSO PIND PITZ PLATYPUS PLUTO reactor PM3 (chemistry) POLYGON experiment POVM PQS (chemical) PS210 experiment PSR B1828-10 PSR B1913+16 PSR J0737-3039 PSR J1614–2230 PUREX PVLAS PVT (physics) PWscf PYTHIA Padma Kant Shukla Padre Bancalari Painlevé paradox Pair-instability supernova Pair annihilation Pair distribution function Pair potential Pair production Pake doublet Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology Pakistan Physics Society Panayotis Varotsos Pandemonium effect Panemone windmill Panofsky Prize Pantur Silaban Paolo Casati Papaloizou–Pringle instability Papapetrou–Dixon equations Papkovich–Neuber solution Parabolic trajectory Parabolic trough Parachor Paracrystalline Paraelectricity Parafoil Paraformer Parallax barrier Parallel Worlds (book) Parallel axis theorem Parallelogram of force Paramagnetism Parameterized post-Newtonian formalism Parametric array Parametric oscillator Parametric resonance Parasitic drag Parastatistics Parawing Paraxial approximation Parfocal lens Parhelic circle Paris' law Pariser–Parr–Pople method Parity (physics) Parity anomaly Parker Variable Wing Parker spiral Parney Albright Parry arc Parry–Daniels map Parson magneton Partial pressure Partial wave analysis Particle Particle-in-cell Particle-induced X-ray emission Particle-size analysis Particle-size distribution Particle (disambiguation) Particle Data Group Particle acceleration Particle accelerator Particle aggregation Particle astrophysics Particle beam Particle counter Particle decay Particle detector Particle displacement Particle experiments at Kolar Gold Fields Particle horizon Particle identification Particle image velocimetry Particle in a box Particle in a one-dimensional lattice Particle in a ring Particle in a spherically symmetric potential Particle number Particle number operator Particle physics Particle physics and representation theory Particle physics in cosmology Particle radiation Particle segregation Particle shower Particle size Particle size (general) Particle statistics Particle tracking velocimetry Particle velocity Particle velocity level Particle zoo Particulates Partition function (quantum field theory) Partition function (statistical mechanics) Parton (particle physics) Parton distribution function Parvez Butt Parviz Moin Pascal's barrel Pascal's law Pascal (unit) Paschen's law Paschen series Paschen–Back effect Pascual Jordan Pasotron Passive Underwater Fire Control Feasibility System Passive radiator Patch dynamics (physics) Path-ordering Path integral Monte Carlo Path integral formulation Path integral molecular dynamics Pati–Salam model Patricia Lewis (physicist) Patrick Blackett, Baron Blackett Patrick N. Keating Patrick Tabeling Patrick d'Arcy Patterson function Paul-Quentin Desains Paul A. Fleury Paul Alfred Biefeld Paul Auguste Ernest Laugier Paul Callaghan Paul Chaikin Paul Chun (professor) Paul Corkum Paul Davies Paul Dirac Paul Drude Paul E. Klopsteg Paul Ehrenfest Paul Erman Paul Fillunger Paul Flory Paul Frampton Paul G. Hewitt Paul G. Richards Paul Garabedian Paul Gerber Paul Ginsparg Paul Halpern Paul Harteck Paul Horowitz Paul John Ellis Paul Kunz Paul Langevin Paul Lauterbur Paul M. Doty Paul Mackenzie Paul McEuen Paul Moskowitz Paul Neményi Paul O. Müller Paul Painlevé Paul Palmer (physicist) Paul Peter Ewald Paul Richard Heinrich Blasius Paul Rudolph (physicist) Paul Scherrer Paul Scherrer Institute Paul Sophus Epstein Paul Steinhardt Paul Taunton Matthews Paul Townsend Paul Ulrich Villard Paul Weiss (nanoscientist) Pauli equation Pauli exclusion principle Pauli group Pauli matrices Pauline Morrow Austin Pauli–Villars regularization Pavel Cherenkov Pavel Jelínek Pavel Petrovich Parenago Pavle Savić Pawsey Medal Payload for Antimatter Matter Exploration and Light-nuclei Astrophysics Peak expiratory flow Peak kilovoltage Peak signal-to-noise ratio Peakon Pearl vortex Peccei–Quinn theory Peculiar motion Peculiar velocity Peder Oluf Pedersen Pedro Paulet Peierls bracket Peixoto's theorem Pelindaba Pelletron Pencil (optics) Pendulum Pendulum day Pendulum rocket fallacy Peng Huanwu Penguin diagram Penning mixture Penning trap Penrose criterion Penrose diagram Penrose graphical notation Penrose interpretation Penrose process Penrose transform Penrose–Hawking singularity theorems Pentamirror Pentaprism Pentaquark Per-Olov Löwdin Per Arne Rikvold Per Bak Per Carlqvist Percentage of the speed of light Percolation Percolation critical exponents Percolation theory Percolation threshold Percus–Yevick approximation Percy Williams Bridgman Peregrine soliton Perfect Cosmological Principle Perfect conductor Perfect fluid Perfect gas Perfect lens Perfect mirror Perfectly Reasonable Deviations from the Beaten Track Perhapsatron Perifocal coordinate system Perigean spring tide Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics Period-doubling bifurcation Period 9 element Periodic poling Periodic table Periodicity (metamaterials) Periodogram Perley Ason Ross Perley G. Nutting Perlin noise Permeability (electromagnetism) Permeability constant Permeameter Permeance Permeation Permittivity Perovskite (structure) Perpendicular axis theorem Perpetual motion Perpetual motion machine Perrin friction factors Persis Drell Persistence length Person-rem/year Perturbation theory Perturbation theory (quantum mechanics) Perturbative QCD Perveance Pervez Hoodbhoy Peskin–Takeuchi parameter Peter A. Sturrock Peter A. Wolff Peter Armbruster Peter B. Lyons Peter Barham Peter Bergmann Peter C. Aichelburg Peter Coles Peter Collinson (botanist) Peter Coveney Peter D. Jarvis Peter Debye Peter Demos Peter Dollond Peter Edwards (chemist) Peter Fowler (physicist) Peter Franken Peter Freund Peter Galison Peter Goddard (physicist) Peter Goldreich Peter Grünberg Peter Guthrie Tait Peter Haynes (mathematician) Peter Herbert Jensen Peter Heszler Peter Higgs Peter Hirsch (metallurgist) Peter Huybers Peter Hänggi Peter Knight (scientist) Peter Kramer (physicist) Peter Lax Peter Littlewood Peter Lu Peter Mansfield Peter Mazur Peter Pershan Peter Smith (physicist) Peter Stilbs Peter Thejll Peter V. E. McClintock Peter Wadhams Peter Westervelt Peter Woit Peter Zimmerman Peter Zoller Peter van Nieuwenhuizen Petr Beckmann Petr Hořava (theorist) Petr Paucek Petr Vaníček Petrophysics Petrov classification Petrus Peregrinus de Maricourt Petzval field curvature Pfeiffer Effect Pfund series Phantom energy Phase-coherent holography Phase-contrast imaging Phase (matter) Phase (waves) Phase Noise Phase compensation Phase contrast microscope Phase contrast microscopy Phase distortion Phase factor Phase noise Phase offset modulation Phase plane Phase portrait Phase problem Phase retrieval Phase space Phase space formulation Phase switch Phase transition Phase velocities Phase velocity Phased-array optics Phased array Phased array ultrasonics Phenomenology (particle physics) Phi meson Phil Williams (Welsh politician) Philip Abelson Philip Beckley Philip Burton Moon Philip Dee Philip J. Dolan Philip J. Morrison Philip L. Roe Philip M. Morse Philip Morrison Philip Russell (physicist) Philip Saffman Philip Warren Anderson Philipp Carl Philipp Lenard Philipp von Jolly Philippe Guyot-Sionnest Philippe Nozières Philippine Nuclear Research Institute Philo of Byzantium Philolaus Philosophical Magazine Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A Philosophical interpretation of classical physics Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica Philosophy of physics Philosophy of space and time Philosophy of thermal and statistical physics Phobos (experiment) Phon Phonomotor Phonon Phonon drag Phonon noise Phononic crystal Phosphor Phosphor thermometry Phosphorescence Phosphoroscope Phoswich detector Phot Phot. Nano. Fund. Appl. Phot Nano Fund Appl Photo-Carnot engine Photo-Dember Photobleaching Photochromic lens Photoconduction Photoconductive atomic force microscopy Photoconductivity Photodetector Photodisintegration Photodissociation Photoelastic modulator Photoelasticity Photoelectric effect Photoelectric efficiency Photoelectric sensor Photoelectrochemical processes Photoemission spectroscopy Photoexcitation Photofission Photographic lens design Photographic magnitude Photographic plate Photoinduced charge separation Photoinduced phase transitions Photoionisation Photoionisation cross section Photolithography Photoluminescence Photomagnetic effect Photomagnetism Photomagneton Photometer Photometric redshift Photometry (optics) Photomixing Photomultiplier Photon Photon-in-photon-out Photon-intermediate direct energy conversion Photon Doppler velocimetry Photon Factory Photon diffusion Photon entanglement Photon epoch Photon gas Photon induced electric field poling Photon noise Photon polarization Photon sphere Photonic-crystal fiber Photonic crystal Photonic integrated circuit Photonic metamaterial Photonics Photonics Letters of Poland Photonics Society of Poland Photonics and Nanostructures Photonics and Nanostructures: Fundamentals and Applications Photophoresis Photorefractive effect Photoresist Photosensitive glass Photosensitizer Photothermal effect Photothermal optical microscopy Photothermal spectroscopy Photovoltaic effect Photovoltaics Phugoid Phun Phyllis S. Freier Phys.Org Physica (journal) Physica A Physica B Physica C Physica D Physica E Physica Scripta Physica Status Solidi Physica Status Solidi A Physica Status Solidi B Physica Status Solidi C Physica Status Solidi RRL Physical Biology Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics Physical Review Physical Review A Physical Review A: General Physics Physical Review E Physical Review Focus Physical Review Letters Physical Science Study Committee Physical Society of Japan Physical Society of London Physical acoustics Physical body Physical constant Physical cosmology Physical geodesy Physical law Physical objects Physical optics Physical paradox Physical phenomenon Physical property Physical quantity Physical Review E: Statistical Physics, Plasmas, Fluids, and Related Interdisciplinary Topics Physical strength Physical substance Physical system Physical theories modified by general relativity Physicist Physicist and Christian Physics PhysicsWeb Physics (American Physical Society journal) Physics Abstracts Physics Abstracts. 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Series A Physics Abstracts - Series A Physics Abstracts - Series A: Science Abstracts Physics Abstracts Series A Physics Analysis Workstation Physics Education Physics Letters Physics Letters A Physics Letters B Physics Reports Physics Today Physics and Astronomy Classification Scheme Physics and Chemistry of Liquids Physics and Chemistry of Minerals Physics and Star Trek Physics and engineering explorations Physics beyond the Standard Model Physics education Physics envy Physics equations Physics in Medicine and Biology Physics in medieval Islam Physics of Fluids Physics of Life Reviews Physics of Plasmas Physics of computation Physics of firearms Physics of glass Physics of skiing Physics of the Impossible Physics of the Solid State Physics Today Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Physikalische Blätter Physikalische Zeitschrift Pi Josephson junction Piara Singh Gill Picard horn Picarin Picotechnology Picture (string theory) Piermaria Oddone Piero Giorgio Bordoni Pierre-Gilles de Gennes Pierre-Michel Duffieux Pierre-Simon Laplace Pierre Aigrain Pierre Angénieux Pierre Auger Observatory Pierre Bertholon de Saint-Lazare Pierre Bouguer Pierre Curie Pierre Goldschmidt Pierre Henri Hugoniot Pierre Hohenberg Pierre Louis Dulong Pierre Louis Maupertuis Pierre Perrault (scientist) Pierre Polinière Pierre Prévost Pierre Ramond Pierre Victor Auger Pierre Weiss Pierson–Moskowitz spectrum Pieter Kok Pieter Rijke Pieter Zeeman Pieter van Musschenbroek Piezoelectric coefficient Piezoelectricity Piezoresistive effect Piezoresponse force microscopy Pilot wave Pin group Pinch (magnetic fusion) Pinch (plasma physics) Pincushion distortion Pink noise Pinning force Piola-Kirchhoff stress tensor Pion Pion decay constant Pioneer anomaly Pionium Pipe flow Pipe network analysis Pis'ma v Astronomicheskii Zhurnal Piston (optics) Pit (nuclear weapon) Pitch-up Pitch drop experiment Pitching moment Pitot tube Piyare Jain Planar array radar Planar laser-induced fluorescence Planck's law Planck (spacecraft) Planck angular frequency Planck charge Planck constant Planck current Planck density Planck energy Planck epoch Planck force Planck impedance Planck length Planck mass Planck matter Planck momentum Planck particle Planck postulate Planck power Planck pressure Planck radiation Planck scale Planck temperature Planck time Planck units Planck voltage Plane mirror Plane of incidence Plane of reference Plane wave expansion method PlanetPhysics Planetarium hypothesis Planetary and Space Science Planetary nebula Planetary nebula luminosity function Planets beyond Neptune Plasma (physics) Plasma Physics Laboratory (Saskatchewan) Plasma Science Society of India Plasma Sources Science and Technology Plasma acceleration Plasma channel Plasma cleaning Plasma containment Plasma cosmology Plasma diagnostics Plasma facing material Plasma fountain Plasma gasification Plasma globe Plasma lamp Plasma modeling Plasma oscillation Plasma parameter Plasma parameters Plasma propulsion engine Plasma recombination Plasma scaling Plasma source Plasma speaker Plasma stability Plasma stealth Plasma torch Plasma weapon Plasma window Plasmaron Plasmasphere Plasmat lens Plasmoid Plasmon Plasmonic cover Plasmonic metamaterials Plasmonic solar cell Plastic-clad silica fiber Plastic Fantastic: How the Biggest Fraud in Physics Shook the Scientific World Plastic bending Plastic deformation in solids Plastic magnet Plastic moment Plasticity (physics) Plastometer Plate tectonics Plateau–Rayleigh instability Platinum Metals Review Plato Platteville Atmospheric Observatory Plebanski action Plekton Pleuger rudder Plug flow Plum pudding model Plume (hydrodynamics) Plummer model Plus minus method Plutonium Plutonium(IV) oxide Plutonium-238 Plutonium-239 Pneumatic barrier Pneumatic circuit Pneumatic cylinder Pneumatic flow control Pneumatic motor Pockels effect Pohlmeyer charge Poincaré Seminar Poincaré Seminars Poincaré group Poincaré map Poincaré recurrence theorem Poincaré–Bendixson theorem Poincaré–Lindstedt method Poinsot's ellipsoid Point charge Point mass Point particle Point source Point source (light) Point spread function Poise Poisson's equation Poisson's ratio Poisson bracket Poisson–Boltzmann equation Pol Duwez Pol Swings Polar cyclone Polar mesosphere summer echoes Polar moment of inertia Polar orbit Polar vortex Polar wander Polar wind Polarimetry Polariton Polariton superfluid Polarity (disambiguation) Polarizability Polarizable vacuum Polarization-division multiplexing Polarization (waves) Polarization density Polarization in astronomy Polarization mode dispersion Polarization spectroscopy Polarized target Polarizer Polaroid (polarizer) Polaron Polhode Polyakov action Polyamorphism Polychromatic Polychromator Polykarp Kusch Polymer Bulletin Polymer physics Polymer science Polymer solar cell Polymeric liquid crystal Polyphase coil Polyphase system Polytrope Polytropic process Polywater Polywell Pomeranchuk Prize Pomeron Ponderomotive energy Ponderomotive force Pons-Fleischmann experiment Pontecorvo–Maki–Nakagawa–Sakata matrix Poole–Frenkel effect Pople notation Population I Cepheid Population I Cepheids Population inversion Poromechanics Pororoca Portevin–Le Chatelier effect Posidonius Position and momentum space Position operator Position space Positive displacement meter Positive energy theorem Positive pressure Positron Positron emission Positron emission tomography Positronium Positronium hydride Post-Hartree–Fock Post-Newtonian expansion Post Office Box (electricity) Postulates of special relativity Potassium titanyl phosphate Potential Potential difference Potential energy Potential energy surface Potential flow Potential gradient Potential temperature Potential theory Potential vorticity Potential well Potentiometric surface Potsdam Denkschrift Potts model Poul la Cour Pound–Rebka experiment Powder-in-tube Powder diffraction Power-law fluid Power-law index profile Power-to-weight ratio Power (physics) Power density Power history Power number Power optimizer Powered hang glider Poynting's theorem Poynting vector Pp-wave spacetime Prabhakar Misra Prabhu Lal Bhatnagar Pran Nath Prandtl-Glauert method Prandtl number Prandtl–Glauert singularity Prandtl–Glauert transformation Prandtl–Meyer expansion fan Prandtl–Meyer function Praveen Chaudhari Pre-echo Pre-main-sequence star Precession Precision Array for Probing the Epoch of Reionization Precision tests of QED Predhiman Krishan Kaw Predictability Predrag Cvitanović Preferential concentration Preferred frame Pregeometry (physics) Premelting Preon Preon star Present Presentism (philosophy of time) Pressure Pressure-correction method Pressure-fed engine (rocket) Pressure-gradient force Pressure-sensitive paint Pressure coefficient Pressure drop Pressure exchanger Pressure experiment Pressure head Pressure measurement Pressure volume diagram Press–Schechter formalism Primakoff effect Primary field Primary flow element Primitive cell Primitive equations Primon gas Primordial black hole Primordial isocurvature baryon model Primordial nuclide Primum Mobile Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory Princeton ocean model Principal axis (mechanics) Principal quantum number Principle of Calorimetry Principle of corresponding states Principle of inertia (physics) Principle of least action Principle of locality Principle of material objectivity Principle of maximum entropy Principle of maximum work Principle of minimum energy Principle of relativity Principles of Quantum Mechanics Prism (optics) Prism compressor Probability amplitude Probability current Probing Lensing Anomalies Network Proca action Proceedings of SPIE Proceedings of the Physical Society Proceedings of the USSR Academy of Sciences Process function Prodicus Prof. Eleftheriades Professor Eleftheriades Progress in Electromagnetics Research Progress in Materials Science Progress in Optics Progress in Physics Progress of Theoretical Physics Progress of Theoretical Physics Supplement Project Mohole Project Tuva Projectile motion Projection method (fluid dynamics) Projective superspace Prompt critical Prompt gamma neutron activation analysis Prompt neutron Prony equation Propagation constant Propagation delay Propagator Propellant mass fraction Proper acceleration Proper frame Proper length Proper motion Proper orbital elements Proper time Proper velocity Proportional counter Propulsion Propulsive efficiency Prosper-René Blondlot Protogalaxy Proton Proton-to-electron mass ratio Proton Synchrotron Proton Synchrotron Booster Proton decay Proton emission Proton spin crisis Protonium Proton–gyromagnetic ratio Proton–proton chain reaction Protoplanetary nebula Protostar Proximity effect (atomic physics) Proximity effect (audio) Przybylski's Star Pseudo-Anosov map Pseudo-Euclidean space Pseudo-Goldstone boson Pseudo-Riemannian manifold Pseudo Stirling cycle Pseudogap Pseudophakic photic phenomena Pseudopotential Pseudorapidity Pseudoscalar Pseudoscalar meson Pseudotensor Pseudovector Pseudovector meson Psi meson Psychic determinism Psychoacoustics Psychrometrics Ptychography Pucadyil Ittoop John Pulsar Pulsar kicks Pulsatile flow Pulse (physics) Pulse forming network Pulse height analyzer Pulsed EPR Pulsed field gradient Pulsed laser deposition Pulsed power Pulsometer steam pump Pump Pumplinx Purcell effect Purdue University Reactor Number One Pure bending Pure gauge Pure shear Pure spinor Pure state Purity (gas) Purity (quantum mechanics) Pwpaw Pyotr Kapitsa Pyotr Lebedev Pyotr Valentinovich Trusov Pyranometer Pyrgeometer Pyroelectric crystal Pyroelectric fusion Pyroelectricity Pyrometer Pyrometry Pythagoras Pythagorean hammers Pål Brekke Péclet number P–n junction Indexes of physics articles
Index of physics articles (Q). The index of physics articles is split into multiple pages due to its size. To navigate by individual letter use the table of contents below. Q Q-Spoil Q-ball Q-switching QCD matter QCD string QCD sum rules QCD vacuum QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter QED vacuum QMAP QMC@Home QMR effect QSO J0005-0006 QSO J0303-0019 QSO J0842+1835 Q band Q factor Q star Q value (nuclear science) Qian Sanqiang Qiwam al-Din Muhammad al-Hasani Quadratic configuration interaction Quadrupole Quadrupole ion trap Quadrupole magnet Quadrupole mass analyzer Quaestiones quaedam philosophicae Quake-Catcher Network QuakeFinder QuakeSat Quality Assurance Review Center Quan-Sheng Shu Quantization (physics) Quantization error Quantization of the electromagnetic field Quantum Quantum-confined Stark effect Quantum-mechanical explanation of intermolecular interactions Quantum (book) Quantum 1/f noise Quantum Aspects of Life Quantum Bayesianism Quantum Darwinism Quantum Electronics (journal) Quantum Hall effect Quantum KZ equations Quantum LC circuit Quantum Monte Carlo Quantum Philosophy Quantum Tunnelling Composite Quantum Zeno effect Quantum acoustics Quantum algorithm Quantum beats Quantum biology Quantum bus Quantum capacitance Quantum cascade laser Quantum channel Quantum chaos Quantum chromodynamics Quantum cloning Quantum coherence Quantum cohomology Quantum computer Quantum concentration Quantum correlation Quantum cosmology Quantum critical point Quantum decoherence Quantum defect Quantum degeneracy Quantum dimer models Quantum dissipation Quantum dot Quantum dot cellular automaton Quantum dot laser Quantum efficiency Quantum efficiency of a solar cell Quantum electrodynamics Quantum electromagnetic resonator Quantum electronics Quantum electronics (journal) Quantum energy teleportation Quantum entanglement Quantum eraser experiment Quantum field theory Quantum field theory in curved spacetime Quantum flavordynamics Quantum fluctuation Quantum fluid Quantum flux parametron Quantum foam Quantum gauge theory Quantum geometry Quantum gravity Quantum gravity epoch Quantum gyroscope Quantum harmonic oscillator Quantum heterostructure Quantum history Quantum hydrodynamics Quantum hypothesis Quantum indeterminacy Quantum information Quantum inverse scattering method Quantum key distribution Quantum key distribution network Quantum limit Quantum logic Quantum machine Quantum magnetism Quantum mechanical Bell test prediction Quantum mechanics Quantum mechanics of time travel Quantum metamaterials Quantum metrology Quantum mirage Quantum mutual information Quantum noise Quantum non-equilibrium Quantum nondemolition measurement Quantum nonlocality Quantum number Quantum operation Quantum optics Quantum oscillations Quantum paraelectricity Quantum phase transition Quantum phases Quantum point contact Quantum probability Quantum processing unit Quantum pseudo-telepathy Quantum Realm Quantum register Quantum relative entropy Quantum rotor model Quantum size effects Quantum solid Quantum solvent Quantum spin model Quantum state Quantum statistical mechanics Quantum suicide and immortality Quantum superposition Quantum technology Quantum teleportation Quantum thermodynamics Quantum tomography Quantum triviality Quantum tunnelling Quantum tunnelling composite Quantum turbulence Quantum vortex Quantum walk Quantum well Quantum well infrared photodetector Quantum well laser Quantum wire Quantum yield Quark Quark-nova Quark (disambiguation) Quark epoch Quark model Quark number Quark star Quarkonium Quark–gluon plasma Quark–lepton complementarity Quarterly Journal of the RAS Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society Quartic interaction Quartz crystal microbalance Quasar Quasi-invariant measure Quasi-periodic oscillation Quasi-phase-matching Quasi-satellite Quasi-solid Quasi-star Quasi-steady state cosmology Quasi Fermi level Quasiatom Quasicrystal Quasinormal mode Quasiparticle Quasiperiodic motion Quasiprobability distribution Quasistability Quasistatic approximation Quasistatic equilibrium Quasistatic loading Quasistatic process Qubit Qubit field theory Quenched approximation Quenching (fluorescence) Quintessence (physics) Quirino Majorana Quiver diagram Indexes of physics articles
Index of physics articles (R). The index of physics articles is split into multiple pages due to its size. To navigate by individual letter use the table of contents below. R R-factor (crystallography) R-hadron R-parity R-process R-symmetry R. A. Stradling R. Orin Cornett R. S. Krishnan R. Stanley Williams R. Stephen Berry R136a1 R1 (nuclear reactor) R4 nuclear reactor RA-1 Enrico Fermi RC time constant RF antenna ion source RHEED-TRAXS RKKY interaction RNS formalism ROI PAC ROOT RRKM theory RT (energy) RX J0806.3+1527 R (cross section ratio) RaLa Experiment Rabbit (nuclear engineering) Rabi cycle Rabi frequency Rabi problem Radial distribution function Radial motion Radial polarization Radial velocity Radian per second Radian per second squared Radiance Radiant barrier Radiant energy Radiant flux Radiant intensity Radiation Radiation-dominated era Radiation chemistry Radiation damping Radiation flux Radiation hormesis Radiation impedance Radiation implosion Radiation intelligence Radiation length Radiation material science Radiation monitoring Radiation pressure Radiation protection Radiation scattering Radiation stress Radiation trapping Radiational cooling Radiative cooling Radiative equilibrium Radiative heat transfer Radiative process Radiative transfer Radio-frequency induction Radio-frequency quadrupole Radio Ice Cerenkov Experiment Radio astronomy Radio frequency Radio galaxy Radio noise source Radio occultation Radio spectrum pollution Radio waves Radio window Radioactive Substances Act 1993 Radioactive decay Radioactive displacement law of Fajans and Soddy Radioactive waste Radioanalytical chemistry Radiobiology Radiochemistry Radiodensity Radiogenic nuclide Radiographic equipment Radiography Radiohalo Radioisotope piezoelectric generator Radioisotope thermoelectric generator Radioluminescence Radiometer Radiometric dating Radiometry Radion (physics) Radiophysics Radioscope Radiosity (heat transfer) Radium and radon in the environment Radius of curvature (optics) Radius of gyration Rafael Bruschweiler Rafael Ghazaryan Rafael Sorkin Rahul Mahajan (blogger) Rainbow Rainbow hologram Rainer Blatt Rainout (radioactivity) Raja Ramanna Rajaram Nityananda Rajesh Gopakumar Rajnath Singh Ralph A. Sawyer Ralph Asher Alpher Ralph H. Fowler Ralph Kronig Ralph Lapp Ralph Pudritz Ralph von Frese Ram pressure Rama Bansil Ramamurti Shankar Raman Prinja Raman Sundrum Raman laser Raman microscope Raman scattering Ramanuja Vijayaraghavan Rammal Rammal Ramond sector Ramond–Ramond field Ramsauer–Townsend effect Randall J. LeVeque Randall–Sundrum model Random close pack Random energy model Random laser Random matrix Random phase approximation Range (particle radiation) Rangefinder Rankine cycle Rankine vortex Rankine–Hugoniot conditions Raoul Franklin Raoul Pictet Raoult's law Raphael Tsu Rapid phase transition Rapid single flux quantum Rapidity Rare-earth magnet Rare Earth hypothesis Rare Isotope Accelerator Rare Symmetry Violating Processes Rarefaction Rarita-Schwinger action Rarita–Schwinger equation Rashba effect Rashid Sunyaev Rate of heat flow Rational conformal field theory Raul Rabadan Ravi Grover Ray (optics) Ray Kidder Ray Mackintosh Ray Streater Ray tracing (physics) Ray transfer matrix analysis Raychaudhuri equation Rayleigh distance Rayleigh flow Rayleigh law Rayleigh number Rayleigh scattering Rayleigh–Bénard convection Rayleigh–Gans approximation Rayleigh–Jeans law Rayleigh–Plesset equation Rayleigh–Taylor instability Raymond Chiao Raymond Davis, Jr. Raymond Gosling Raymond Herb Raymond Hide Raymond Jeanloz Raymond L. Orbach Raymond Seeger Raymond Thayer Birge Raynor Johnson Raziuddin Siddiqui Reactimeter Reaction (physics) Reaction coordinate Reaction field method Reactionless drive Reaction–diffusion–advection equation Reactive centrifugal force Reactor-grade plutonium Reactor Experiment for Neutrino Oscillation Reactor building Reactor protection system Reactor vessel Real-is-positive convention Real-time Neutron Monitor Database Real gas Real neutral particle Rear flank downdraft Reber Radio Telescope Received noise power Receiver (modulated ultrasound) Reciprocal lattice Reciprocal space Reciprocating oscillation Reciprocity (electrical networks) Reciprocity (electromagnetism) Recoil temperature Recombination (cosmology) Rectangular potential barrier Rectilinear lens Rectilinear propagation Recuperator Recurrence plot Recurrence quantification analysis Red adaptation goggles Red clump Red dwarf Redlich–Kwong equation of state Redshift Redshift quantization Redshift survey Reduced mass Reduced moderation water reactor Reduced pressure Reduced properties Reduced temperature Reduction criterion Reed Research Reactor Reeh–Schlieder theorem Reentrant superconductivity Reference beam Reference noise Reference surface Reflectin Reflection (physics) Reflection coefficient Reflection high-energy electron diffraction Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire Reflectivity Reflectometric interference spectroscopy Refraction Refractive index Refractive index contrast Refractive indices Refrigeration Refrigerator Regelation Regenerative amplification Regenerative fuel cell Regge calculus Regge theory Reginald Victor Jones Regnier de Graaf Regularization (physics) Reimar Lüst Reiner Kruecken Reinhard Meinel Reinhard Oehme Reinhold Bertlmann Reinhold Ewald Reinhold Mannkopff Reionization Reissner–Nordström metric Relation between Schrödinger's equation and the path integral formulation of quantum mechanics Relational quantum mechanics Relational theory Relationship between string theory and quantum field theory Relative angular momentum Relative density Relative humidity Relative intensity noise Relative locality Relative permeability Relative permittivity Relative pressure Relative velocity Relative viscosity Relative wind Relativistic Breit–Wigner distribution Relativistic Doppler effect Relativistic Euler equations Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider Relativistic aberration Relativistic beaming Relativistic dynamics Relativistic electromagnetism Relativistic electron beam Relativistic heat conduction Relativistic jet Relativistic mechanics Relativistic nuclear collisions Relativistic particle Relativistic plasma Relativistic quantum chemistry Relativistic similarity parameter Relativistic speed Relativistic wave equations Relativity: The Special and the General Theory Relativity of simultaneity Relativity priority dispute Relaxation (NMR) Relaxation (physics) Relaxation length Relaxed stability Relaxometry Relic particles Religious views of Albert Einstein Reluctance Remanence Remission (spectroscopy) Remo Ruffini Remote plasma Remote sensing Renata Kallosh Renate Loll Renewable energy Renewable energy debate Renninger negative-result experiment Renormalizable Renormalization Renormalization group Renormalon Replica trick Reports on Progress in Physics Representation theory of the Galilean group Representation theory of the Poincaré group Reprocessed uranium Reptation Monte Carlo Research Letters in Physics Research reactor Residual chemical shift anisotropy Residual entropy Residual flux density Residual gas analyzer Residual property (physics) Residual strength Residual stress Resilience Resist Resistance distance Resistive skin time Resolved sideband cooling Resonance Resonance (particle) Resonance (particle physics) Resonance chamber Resonance disaster Resonant inelastic X-ray scattering Resonant magnetic perturbations Resonating valence bond theory Resonator Response reactions Resputtering Rest (physics) Rest energy Rest frame Restoring force Restricted open-shell Hartree–Fock Resultant tone Resummation Retarded position Retarded potential Retarded time Retentivity Retreating blade stall Retrocausality Retroflect Retrograde condensation Retrogression heat treatment Revaz Dogonadze Reverberation Reverberation chamber Reverberation room Reverse diffusion Reverse leakage current Reverse phase velocity Reverse phasevelocity Reversed field pinch Reversible dynamics Reversible process (thermodynamics) Reversible reference system propagation algorithm Reversing thermometer Review of Scientific Instruments Reviews of Geophysics Reviews of Modern Physics Reyn Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations Reynolds decomposition Reynolds number Reynolds operator Reynolds stress Reynolds transport theorem Reza Mansouri Rheology Rheometer Rheometry Rheonomous Rheopecty Rheoscope Rheoscopic fluid Rho meson Rhombohedral lattice system Riabouchinsky solid Riazuddin (physicist) Riccardo Giacconi Ricci calculus Ricci curvature Ricci decomposition Richard A. Muller Richard Arnowitt Richard Becker (physicist) Richard Beeching, Baron Beeching Richard Bolt Richard C. Lord Richard C. Powell Richard C. Tolman Richard Christopher Carrington Richard Clegg Richard D. Gill Richard D. James (scientist) Richard D. Leapman Richard Dalitz Richard Davisson Richard Dixon Oldham Richard Duffin Richard E. Berendzen Richard E. Hayden Richard E. Taylor Richard Ellis (astronomer) Richard Epp (physicist) Richard Ernest Kronauer Richard F. Post Richard Feynman Richard Franklin Humphreys Richard Friend Richard G. Compton Richard Gans Richard Garwin Richard Gill (physicist) Richard Glazebrook Richard H. Price Richard J. Gambino Richard K. Yamamoto Richard Keith Ellis Richard L. Abrams Richard Liboff Richard Lindzen Richard M. Weiner Richard Makinson Richard Massey Richard Mollier Richard P.A.C. Newman Richard P. Turco Richard Schoen Richard Scott Perkin Richard Sears McCulloh Richard Sillitto Richard T. Whitcomb Richard Threlkeld Cox Richard W. Ziolkowski Richard Wolfson (physicist) Richard von Mises Richards equation Richardson number Richtmyer–Meshkov instability Ricky J Sethi Ridge lift Ridged mirror Ridley–Watkins–Hilsum theory Riemann curvature tensor Riemann solver Riemann tensor (general relativity) Riemannian Penrose inequality Riemann–Silberstein vector Rietdijk–Putnam argument Rietveld refinement Riggatron Right-hand rule Right hand grip rule Rigid-body kinematics Rigid body Rigid body dynamics Rigid rotor Rijke tube Rindler coordinates Ring-imaging Cherenkov detector Ring current Ring laser Ring laser gyroscope Ring singularity Ring wave guide Rip current Ripple (electrical) Rise over thermal Rishon model Ritz method Rivista del Nuovo Cimento Roald Sagdeev Rob Adam Robbert Dijkgraaf Robert A. Woodruff Robert Adair (physicist) Robert Alfano Robert Andrews Millikan Robert Arns Robert Aymar Robert Ayres (scientist) Robert B. Laughlin Robert B. Leighton Robert Bacher Robert Bindschadler Robert Blinc Robert Boyle Robert Brout Robert Bruce Lindsay Robert C. Duncan (astrophysicist) Robert C. Dynes Robert Coleman Richardson Robert Corey Robert Cornog Robert D. Maurer Robert D. Richtmyer Robert Delbourgo Robert Dunkin Robert Döpel Robert E. Hopkins Robert E. Vardeman Robert Edward Bell Robert Emden Robert F. Beck Robert F. Christy Robert Fischell Robert G. Chambers Robert G. Greenler Robert G. Shulman Robert Geroch Robert Griffiths (physicist) Robert H. Dicke Robert H. Lieberman Robert H. Williams (physicist) Robert Haynes Robert Herman Robert Hofstadter Robert Hooke Robert J. Birgeneau Robert J. Lang Robert J. Van de Graaff Robert Jaffe (physicist) Robert K. Logan Robert Karplus Robert Kirby-Harris Robert Kraichnan Robert L. Byer Robert L. Forward Robert L. Hurt Robert L. Park Robert Leigh (physicist) Robert Lin Robert Lyster Thornton Robert M. L. Baker, Jr. Robert Mallet Robert Marshak Robert Matthews (scientist) Robert Mills (physicist) Robert Morris Page Robert Myers (physicist) Robert Norman Robert Noyce Robert Ochsenfeld Robert P. Madden Robert Parr Robert Pohl Robert Pound Robert R. Shannon Robert R. Wilson Robert Resnick Robert Retherford Robert Rosner Robert Russell Newton Robert S. Mulliken Robert S. Shankland Robert Shaw (physicist) Robert Sproull Robert Strutt, 4th Baron Rayleigh Robert Thomas Jones (engineer) Robert T. Siegel Robert W. Bower Robert W. Boyd Robert W. Bussard Robert W. Wood Robert Wald Robert Were Fox the Younger Robert William Boyle Robert Woodrow Wilson Robert von Lieben Roberto Abraham Roberto Car Roberto Merlin Roberto Peccei Roberto Salmeron Roberval balance Robijn Bruinsma Robin Devenish Robinson oscillator Robinson–Dadson curves Robley C. Williams Robot kinematics Robotic telescope Roche limit Rochon prism Rock magnetism Rocket engine nozzle Rocket glider Rod C. Alferness Rod Crewther Rod Cross Roddam Narasimha Roderich Moessner Rodney Baxter Rodney Cotterill Rodney Jory Rodney Marks (astrophysicist) Rodney S. Ruoff Rodolfo Gambini Roe solver Roentgen (unit) Roentgen equivalent man Rogallo wing Roger Balian Roger Cashmore Roger Cowley Roger Penrose Roger Temam Rogue wave Roland Benz Roland Dobbs Roland Dobrushin Roland Hüttenrauch Roland Omnès Roland W. Schmitt Rolf-Dieter Heuer Rolf Hagedorn Rolf Landauer Rolf Maximilian Sievert Rolf Michel Rolf Widerøe Roll center Roll moment Rollin film Rolling Rolling ball argument Rolling cone motion Rolling resistance Roman Jackiw Roman Ulrich Sexl Roman pot Roman ring Ronald Collé Ronald Drever Ronald E. Cohen Ronald Ernest Aitchison Ronald F. Probstein Ronald Fedkiw Ronald Kantowski Ronald McNair Ronald N. Bracewell Ronald Rivlin Ronald W. Gurney Ronald W. Yeung Ronnie Bell Ronold W. P. King Room-temperature superconductor Room acoustics Room temperature Root-mean-square speed Roothaan equations Roper resonance Rosalind Franklin Rosalyn Sussman Yalow Rosatom Rosemary Wyse Roshko number Ross H. McKenzie Rossby number Rossby wave Rossiter–McLaughlin effect Roswell Clifton Gibbs Rotameter Rotating black hole Rotating furnace Rotating radio transient Rotating reference frame Rotating spheres Rotating tank Rotating wave approximation Rotation Rotation-powered pulsar Rotation around a fixed axis Rotation number Rotation operator (quantum mechanics) Rotational Brownian motion Rotational diffusion Rotational energy Rotational invariance Rotational motion Rotational speed Rotational temperature Rotational transition Rotational–vibrational coupling Roton Rotordynamics Rotor–stator interaction Rouse model Rouse number Route dependence Routhian Rovibrational coupling Rovibronic coupling Rowland ring Roy J. Glauber Roy Kerr Roy McWeeny Roy Sambles Roy Schwitters Royal Astronomical Society Rp-process Ruark number Rubber elasticity Rubens tube Rubidium standard Ruby Payne-Scott Ruby laser Rudder ratio Rudolf Clausius Rudolf Fleischmann Rudolf Grimm Rudolf Haag Rudolf Kingslake Rudolf Kohlrausch Rudolf Kompfner Rudolf Ladenburg Rudolf Luneburg Rudolf M. Tromp Rudolf Mössbauer Rudolf Peierls Rudolf Podgornik Rudolf Schulten Rudolf Seeliger Rudolf Tomaschek Rudolph Koenig Rudolph Schild Ruggero Santilli Rui-Ming Xu Rumble (noise) Runaway breakdown Rush D. Holt, Jr. Rushbrooke inequality Russell Alan Hulse Russell Stannard Russell Targ Russell–Einstein Manifesto Rustle noise Rutherford backscattering spectrometry Rutherford cable Rutherford model Rutherford scattering Rydberg atom Rydberg constant Rydberg formula Rydberg matter Rydberg molecule Rydberg state Rydberg–Klein–Rees method Rydberg–Ritz combination principle Ryogo Kubo Rytov number Rényi entropy Rømer's determination of the speed of light Indexes of physics articles
Index of physics articles (S). The index of physics articles is split into multiple pages due to its size. To navigate by individual letter use the table of contents below. S S-1 Uranium Committee S-LINK S-PRISM S-brane S-duality S-knot S-matrix S-matrix theory S-process S-wave S. Brooks McLane S. Pancharatnam SAFARI-1 SAGE (Soviet–American Gallium Experiment) SAM1 SAM 935 SAT Subject Test in Physics SDSSJ0946+1006 SDSS J0927+2943 SED Systems SELFOC Microlens SETAR (model) SHEEP (symbolic computation system) SIESTA (computer program) SIMP SIMPLE (dark matter) SIMPLE algorithm SINDO SI electromagnetism units SLAC SLAC (disambiguation) SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory SLOWPOKE reactor SMART-1 SNO+ SNOLAB SNUPPS SN 1006 SN 1987A SN 2002cx SN 2003fg SN 2005gj SN 2007bi SO(10) (physics) SOFAR channel SOLEIL SPEAR SPEED2000 SPIE SPIN bibliographic database SPring-8 SQUID SS Charles H. Cugle STACEE STAR detector STAR model STATCOM STEP (satellite) SU(5) SUNIST SUVAT equations SWEEPNIK SYZ conjecture S band Sabba S. Ştefănescu Sabin (unit) Sacharias Jansen Sachs–Wolfe effect Sackur–Tetrode equation Safety of particle collisions at the Large Hadron Collider Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale Sagitta (optics) Sagnac effect Saha ionization equation Sailing faster than the wind Saint-Laurent-des-Eaux Saint Anthony Falls Laboratory Sajeev John Sakurai Prize Sally Ride Salomon Kalischer Salter's duck Sam Edwards (physicist) Sam Treiman Samar Mubarakmand Samarium–cobalt magnet Sameera Moussa Samson Kutateladze Samuel C. C. Ting Samuel Collins (physicist) Samuel Curran Samuel Devons Samuel E. Blum Samuel Goudsmit Samuel Jackson Barnett Samuel King Allison Samuel L. Braunstein Samuel Milner Samuel T. Cohen Samuel T. Durrance Samuel Tolansky Samuel Tolver Preston Sandip Chakrabarti Sandip Trivedi Sankar Das Sarma Sarah Frances Whiting Sarfus Saskatchewan Accelerator Laboratory Saskatoon experiment Satellite flare Satellite laser ranging Satish Dhawan Satoshi Kawata Satosi Watanabe Saturable absorption Saturation (magnetic) Saturation vapor curve Saturation vapor pressure Satyendra Nath Bose Sauerbrey equation Saul Dushman Saul Perlmutter Saul Rappaport Saul Teukolsky Sauter mean diameter Savart wheel Savas Dimopoulos Savonius wind turbine Saybolt universal second Scalar–tensor theory Scalar–vector–tensor decomposition Scalar (physics) Scalar Field Dark Matter Scalar boson Scalar electrodynamics Scalar field (quantum field theory) Scalar field dark matter Scalar field solution Scalar field theory Scalar meson Scalar multiplication Scalar potential Scalar theories of gravitation Scalar–tensor–vector gravity Scale-free ideal gas Scale factor (cosmology) Scale invariance Scale relativity Scaling limit Scanning Acoustic Tomography Scanning SQUID microscope Scanning acoustic microscope Scanning capacitance microscopy Scanning probe microscopy Scanning transmission electron microscopy Scanning tunneling microscope Scattering Scattering-matrix method Scattering (optics) Scattering channel Scattering cross-section Scattering from rough surfaces Scattering length Scattering rate Scattering theory Sceptre (fusion reactor) Schaefer–Bergmann diffraction Scharnhorst effect Scherk–Schwarz mechanism Schiehallion experiment Schlieren Schlieren imaging Schlieren photography Schmidt corrector plate Schmidt number School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester Schottky anomaly Schottky defect Schrödinger's Kittens and the Search for Reality Schrödinger's cat Schrödinger's cat in popular culture Schrödinger equation Schrödinger picture Schrödinger–Newton equation Schumann resonances Schuyler Wheeler Schwarzschild coordinates Schwarzschild criterion Schwarzschild geodesics Schwarzschild metric Schwarzschild radius Schwinger's quantum action principle Schwinger function Schwinger limit Schwinger model Schwinger parametrization Schwinger–Dyson equation Schön scandal SciBooNE Science Abstracts Science and Technology of Advanced Materials Scientific equipment optician Scintillation (physics) Scintillation counter Scintillator Scleronomous Scott Anderson (physicist) Scott Diddams Scott Forbush Screened Poisson equation Screw (motion) Screw axis Screw pump Screw theory Scripta Materialia Sea breeze Sea state Sean Cadogan Sean M. Carroll Search for the Higgs boson Searle's bar method Sears–Haack body Seashell resonance Sebastian Doniach Sebastian Seung Sebastian von Hoerner Second-harmonic generation Second-order fluid Second-order transition Second Industrial Revolution Second class constraints Second law of thermodynamics Second moment of area Second sound Second superstring revolution Secondary circulation Secondary electrons Secondary emission Secondary flow Secondary ion mass spectrometry Secondary mirror Sectional density Sector instrument Secular equilibrium Sedan (nuclear test) Sediment transport Sedimentation Seed crystal Seed nucleus Seeding (fluid dynamics) Seesaw mechanism Segre classification Segré–Silberberg effect Seiberg duality Seiberg–Witten gauge theory Seibert Q. Duntley Seiche Seifallah Randjbar-Daemi Seismic metamaterials Seismic migration Seismic refraction Seismic source Seismic tomography Seismological Society of America Selected-ion flow-tube mass spectrometry Selected area diffraction Selection rule Selective adsorption Selective surface Self-amplified stimulated emission Self-averaging Self-diffusion Self-energy Self-focusing transducers Self-information Self-interacting dark matter Self-mixing interferometry Self-organized criticality Self-phase modulation Self-propagating high-temperature synthesis Sellafield Sellmeier equation Semi-empirical mass formula Semi-empirical quantum chemistry method Semi-major axis Semi-minor axis Semi-rigid airship Semiclassical gravity Semiconductor Semiconductor Science and Technology Semiconductor characterization techniques Semiconductor detector Semiconductor fault diagnostics Semiconductor ring laser Semileptonic decay Semimetal Semipermeable membrane Sendai Nuclear Power Plant Sending loudness rating Sendust Sensible heat Separable state Separatrix (dynamical systems) Sequential structure alignment program Sequential walking Serge Haroche Serge Rudaz Serge Timashev Sergei Alexander Schelkunoff Sergei Gukov Sergei K. Godunov Sergei Kopeikin Sergei Kovalev Sergei Odintsov Sergei P. Kurdyumov Sergei Tyablikov Sergei Vonsovsky Sergey Chaplygin Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov Sergey Kapitsa Sergey Khristianovich Sergey M. Bezrukov Sergey Nikitin (musician) Sergio Ferrara Sergiu Rădăuţan Serguei Krasnikov Set and drift Seth Neddermeyer Severn Barrage Sextupole magnet Seymour Benzer Sfermion Sgoldstino Shade (shadow) Shadowgraph Shadows of the Mind Shahn Majid Shahriar Afshar Shake (unit) Shakedown (continuum mechanics) Shallow donor Shallow water equations Shamal (wind) Shamit Kachru Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility Shannon Walker Shape factor (X-ray diffraction) Shape factor (boundary layer flow) Shape of the universe Shape resonance Shape waves Shapiro delay Sharkovskii's theorem Shashlik (physics) Shaukat Hameed Khan Shawn Carlson Shear flow Shear modulus Shear rate Shear strain Shear stress Shear thinning Shear velocity Shearing (physics) Shearography Shed (unit) Sheer thinning Sheldon Datz Sheldon Glashow Shell balance Shell theorem Shelter Island Conference Shen Chun-shan Shengwang Du Sherwood number Shielding effect Shields parameter Shigeo Satomura Shijun Liao Shim (magnetism) Shin'ichi Nojiri Shing-Tung Yau Shinzo Shinjo Ship tracks Shiraz Minwalla Shirley Ann Jackson Shirshov Institute of Oceanology Shiva laser Shiyi Chen Shkarofsky function Shlomo Havlin Shock (fluid dynamics) Shock (mechanics) Shock capturing methods Shock diamond Shock metamorphism Shock stall Shock tube Shock wave Shock waves in astrophysics Shockley–Queisser limit Shoe-fitting fluoroscope Shoichi Sakata Shor's algorithm Shortcut model Shortwave radiation Shot noise Shower-curtain effect Shri Krishna Joshi Shubnikov–de Haas effect Shunt impedance Side-scan sonar Sidereus Nuncius Sideslip angle Sidney Altman Sidney Coleman Sidney Dancoff Sidney Drell Sidney R. Nagel Sidney Redner Siegbahn notation Siegfried Czapski Siegfried Flügge Siegfried Hecker Siemens (unit) Siemens cycle Siemens star Sievert Sievert chamber Sievert integral Sigma Pi Sigma Sigma baryon Sigma model Sign convention Signal-to-noise plus interference Signal-to-noise ratio Signal beam Signal velocity Signature change Significant wave height Signorini problem Sigurd Hofmann Sigurd Zienau Silas D. Alben Silent Aircraft Initiative Silex Silex Process Silicon-germanium Silicon (journal) Silicon bandgap temperature sensor Silicon photomultiplier Silicon photonics Silicon transistor Silly Putty Silver nanoparticles Silvo Breskvar Simon Ostrach Simon Ramo Simon Shnoll Simon van der Meer Simons Center for Geometry and Physics Simple harmonic motion Simple harmonic oscillator Simple lens Simple machine Simple shear Simplex noise Simulated fluorescence process algorithm Simulated reality Simulation hypothesis Simultaneous masking Siméon Denis Poisson Sin-Itiro Tomonaga Sine–Gordon equation Singing arc Singing sand Single-molecule magnet Single-particle spectrum Single-photon emission computed tomography Single crystal Single domain (magnetic) Single negative metamaterial Single scattering albedo Single wavelength anomalous dispersion Singlet state Singleton field Singular isothermal sphere profile Singularity (Bill DeSmedt novel) Sinusoidal plane-wave solutions of the electromagnetic wave equation Sinyan Shen Siphon Sir Andrew Noble, 1st Baronet Sir George Stokes, 1st Baronet Sir James Hall, 4th Baronet Sisir Kumar Mitra Sisyphus cooling Sisyphus effect Sivaramakrishna Chandrasekhar Six's thermometer Skew-T log-P diagram Skin depth Skin effect Skip distance Skip reentry Sky Polarization Observatory Sky anchor Sky brightness Skyrmion Slack water Slater-type orbital Slater determinant Slater integrals Slave boson Slavnov–Taylor identities Slender-body theory Sliding (motion) Sliding friction Slip (materials science) Slip (vehicle dynamics) Slip melting point Slipstream Slit experiment Sloan Digital Sky Survey Sloan Extension for Galactic Understanding and Exploration 2 Slope efficiency Slosh dynamics Slow-motion approximation Slow light Slowly varying envelope approximation Small-angle X-ray scattering Small-angle neutron scattering Small-angle scattering Small Tight Aspect Ratio Tokamak Small article monitor Small wind turbine Smart Fluids Smart Materials and Structures Smart fluid Smart glass Smart material Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory Smith–Purcell effect Smoke Smoke ring Smoluchowski coagulation equation Smooth camber change Smoothed-particle hydrodynamics Smuon Smyth Report Snap freezing Snell's law Sneutrino Soap bubble Society of Exploration Geophysicists Society of Physics Students Sod shock tube Sodium Reactor Experiment Soft-collinear effective theory Soft Matter (journal) Soft SUSY breaking Soft X-ray emission spectroscopy Soft matter Soft photons Soft radiation Softening Soil physics Soil plant atmosphere continuum Soil thermal properties Sokolov–Ternov effect Solar cosmic ray Solar energetic particles Solar energy Solar flare Solar magnetogram Solar mass Solar neutrino Solar neutrino problem Solar neutrino unit Solar Observing Optical Network Solar System model Solar physicist Solar physics Solar Physics (journal) Solar prominence Solar radiation pressure Solar thermal energy Solar wind Solarization (physics) Solarsoft Solenoid Solenoidal vector field Solid Solid-state ionics Solid-state laser Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance Solid-state nuclear track detector Solid-state physics Solid State Communications Solid angle Solid harmonics Solid hydrogen Solid mechanics Solid solution Solid state dye lasers Solidus (chemistry) Soliton Soliton (optics) Solomon Saltiel Solstice Solution of Schrödinger equation for a step potential Solutions of the Einstein field equations Solvated electron Solvay Conference Solving the geodesic equations Somerset Space Walk Sommerfeld identity Sommerfeld number Sommerfeld radiation condition Sommerfeld–Kossel displacement law Somnath Bharadwaj Sonar Sondrestrom Upper Atmospheric Research Facility Sone Sonic black hole Sonic boom Sonic cavitation Sonic weapon Sonication Sonobuoy Sonochemistry Sonology Sonoluminescence Soret Peak Sorption Sorptivity Soudan 1 Soudan 2 Sound Sound Retrieval System Sound amplification by stimulated emission of radiation Sound baffle Sound barrier Sound diffuser Sound energy density Sound energy flux Sound from ultrasound Sound generator Sound intensity Sound intensity level Sound of fingernails scraping chalkboard Sound power Sound power level Sound pressure Sound reduction index Sound transmission class Source counts Source field Source function Southern Hemisphere Auroral Radar Experiment Soviet Physics Uspekhi Sołtan argument Space Space Weather Prediction Center Space charge Space group Space physics Spacequake Spaceship Earth (detector) Spacetime Spacetime algebra Spacetime symmetries Spacetime topology Spaghettification Spalart–Allmaras turbulence model Spallation Spallation Neutron Source Spark (fire) Spark chamber Spark gap Sparticle Spaser Spatial cutoff frequency Spatial filter Spatial frequency Spatial twist continuum Special nuclear material Special relativity Special relativity (alternative formulations) Special sciences Special sensor microwave/imager Specific absorption rate Specific activity Specific detectivity Specific energy Specific force Specific gravity Specific impulse Specific kinetic energy Specific latent heat of fusion Specific orbital energy Specific radiative intensity Specific relative angular momentum Specific speed Specific strength Specific volume Specific weight Speckle noise Speckle pattern Spectral bands Spectral density Spectral imaging Spectral line Spectral mutability Spectral phase interferometry for direct electric-field reconstruction Spectral splatter Spectral triple Spectrogram Spectrograph Spectroradiometer Spectroscopic notation Spectroscopy Specular reflection Speed Speed of electricity Speed of gravity Speed of light Speed of revolution Speed of sound Spekkens Toy Model Spencer R. Weart Spent nuclear fuel Spenta R. Wadia Sphaleron Sphere of influence (astrodynamics) Sphere packing Spherical aberration Spherical cow Spherical harmonics Spherical model Spherical multipole moments Spherical tokamak Spherically symmetric spacetime Spheromak Spider (polarimeter) Spin-destruction collision Spin-flip Spin-orbital Spin-polarized electron energy loss spectroscopy Spin-stabilized magnetic levitation Spin-statistics theorem Spin-weighted spherical harmonics Spin-½ Spin (physics) Spin Hall effect Spin Liquid Spin angular momentum of light Spin chemistry Spin connection Spin crossover Spin density wave Spin diffusion Spin echo Spin foam Spin glass Spin ice Spin isomers of hydrogen Spin magnetic moment Spin model Spin multiplicity Spin network Spin polarization Spin probe Spin pumping Spin quantum number Spin states (d electrons) Spin stiffness Spin tensor Spin transistor Spin valve Spin wave Spinhenge@Home Spinodal decomposition Spinon Spinor Spinor bundle Spinoza Prize Spinplasmonics Spinthariscope Spintronics Spin–charge separation Spin–orbit interaction Spiral computed tomography Spiral divergence Spiru Haret Splash (fluid mechanics) Split-Hopkinson pressure bar Split-quaternion Split-ring resonator Split supersymmetry Spoiler (aeronautics) Spontaneous emission Spontaneous fission Spontaneous magnetization Spontaneous parametric down-conversion Spontaneous process Spontaneous symmetry breaking Sporadic E propagation Spouting can Spray nozzle Spring pendulum Spring scale Springboard Sputtering Squall Square-lattice Ising model Square metre Squashed entanglement Squat effect Squeeze operator Squeezed coherent state Srnoluchowski Stabilator Stability derivatives Stable map Stack effect Staebler–Wronski effect Staggered fermion Stagnation point Stagnation pressure Stagnation temperature Stall (flight) Stall delay Stall strips Stan Frankel Standard-Model Extension Standard Dry Air Standard Model Standard Model (mathematical formulation) Standard conditions for temperature and pressure Standard cubic feet per minute Standard day Standard enthalpy of formation Standard enthalpy of reaction Standard gravitational parameter Standard linear solid model Standard molar entropy Standard ruler Standard solar model Standing wave Stanford E. Woosley Stanford Institute for Theoretical Physics Stanford Large Detector Stanford Linear Collider Stanford Physics Information Retrieval System Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource Stanhope lens Stanislas Sorel Stanislav Mikheyev Stanisław Mrozowski Stanley Autler Stanley Brodsky Stanley Deser Stanley G. Love Stanley Mandelstam Stanley S. Ballard Stanley Schmidt Stanley Whitehead (physicist) Stanton T. Friedman Star Star formation Stark effect Stark spectroscopy Stark spectroscopy (physics) Stark–Einstein law Starling equation Starting vortex Startup winding State-of-the-Art Reactor Consequence Analyses State-universal coupled cluster State of matter Static (radio) Static bar Static cling Static electricity Static forces and virtual-particle exchange Static margin Static pressure Static spacetime Static spherically symmetric perfect fluid Static universe Statics Stationary phase approximation Stationary spacetime Stationary state Statistical ensemble (mathematical physics) Statistical field theory Statistical finance Statistical mechanics Statistical noise Statistical physics Statistical thermodynamics Statistical weight Steady State (Thermodynamics) Steady State theory Steady state Steam devil Stefan Bernhard Stefan Hell Stefan Marinov Stefan Meyer (physicist) Ștefan Procopiu Stefan Rozental Stefan problem Stefan–Boltzmann constant Stefan–Boltzmann law Steinhart–Hart equation Stellar birthline Stellar black hole Stellar drift Stellar dynamics Stellar evolution Stellar kinematics Stellar magnetic field Stellar nucleosynthesis Stellar pulsations Stellarator Step response Stephan Herminghaus Stephan von Molnár Stephanie Wehner Stephen Barr Stephen Blundell Stephen D. Levene Stephen Gray (scientist) Stephen H. Davis Stephen Hawking Stephen Hsu Stephen L. Adler Stephen Parke Stephen Quake Stephen Salter Stephen Shenker Stephen Thorndike Stephen Thorsett Stephen Wolfram Steradian Stereopsis Stereoscopy Sterile neutrino Stern–Gerlach Medal Stern–Gerlach experiment Steven Chu Steven E. Jones Steven Frautschi Steven Girvin Steven Gubser Steven Gwon Sheng Louie Steven MacLean (astronaut) Steven Orszag Steven R. White Steven Soter Steven Weinberg Stewart–Tolman effect Sticking coefficient Sticky bead argument Stiction Stiffness Stilb (unit) Stimulated emission Sting jet Stirling Colgate Stirling cycle Stirling engine Stjepan Mohorovičić Stochastic cooling Stochastic electrodynamics Stochastic interpretation Stochastic resonance Stochastic vacuum model Stockbridge damper Stoddard engine Stokes' law Stokes' law (sound attenuation) Stokes' theorem Stokes (unit) Stokes Equations Stokes boundary layer Stokes drift Stokes flow Stokes number Stokes operator Stokes operators Stokes parameters Stokes relations Stokes shift Stokes stream function Stokes wave Stokesian dynamics Stoletov's law Stoletov curve Stoner–Wohlfarth theory Stoner–Wohlfarth astroid Stoner–Wohlfarth model Stoney units Stopping and Range of Ions in Matter Stopping power (particle radiation) Storage ring Storm surge Strain energy density function Strain energy release rate Strain hardening exponent Strain scanning Strain tensor Strange B meson Strange matter Strange quark Strangelet Strangeness Strangeness production Strange–Rahman–Smith equation Strato of Lampsacus Straw chamber Straw tracker Streak camera Stream function Stream thrust averaging Streaming vibration current/potential Streamline curvature theorem Streamline diffusion Streamlines, streaklines, and pathlines Strength constant Strength of materials Stress (mechanics) Stress concentration Stress intensity factor Stress measures Stress relaxation Stress–energy tensor Stress–energy–momentum pseudotensor Stretch rule String-net String-net liquid String (physics) String background String cosmology String duality String frame and Einstein frame String resonance String theory String theory landscape Strominger's equations Strong confinement limit Strong gravity Strong interaction Strongly correlated quantum spin liquid Strontium ruthenate Strouhal number Structural stability Structure and Interpretation of Classical Mechanics Structure constants Structure factor Structure formation Structure of liquids and glasses Structureless particle Stuart Ballantine Stuart Parkin Stuart Thomas Butler Stueckelberg action Subatomic particle Subatomic scale Subcircuit board Subcooled liquid Subcooling Subcritical reactor Subharmonic Subhelic arc Subir Sachdev Sublimation (Physics) Sublimation (phase transition) Subparhelic circle Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar Subsonic and transonic wind tunnel Subsonic flight Substellar object Substitution method Subsun Subsynchronous orbit Subwavelength imaging Subwavelength optics Suction Sudbury Neutrino Observatory Sudden ionospheric disturbance Sudestada Suhas Patankar Sulamith Goldhaber Sultan Bashiruddin Mahmood Sum-frequency generation Sum-over-paths Sum frequency generation spectroscopy Sum rule in quantum mechanics Sumio Iijima Sun Sun dog Sun glitter Sun photometer Sun valve Sundance Bilson-Thompson Sunil Mukhi Sunlight Sunspot Sunstone (medieval) Sunyaev–Zel'dovich effect Super-Kamiokande Super-Poincaré algebra Super-lens Super-low frequency SuperB SuperGrid Super Dual Auroral Radar Network Super Large Hadron Collider Super Proton Synchrotron Super QCD Super Virasoro algebra Super black Super high frequency Super lens Superatom Supercavitation Supercell (crystal) Supercharge Supercluster Superconducting Super Collider Superconducting coherence length Superconducting magnet Superconducting magnetic energy storage Superconducting nanowire single-photon detector Superconducting quantum computing Superconducting radio frequency Superconducting tunnel junction Superconducting wire Superconductivity Superconductor Insulator Transition Superconformal algebra Supercontinuum Supercooling Supercritical airfoil Supercritical flow Supercritical fluid Supercurrent Superdeformation Superdense carbon allotropes Superdeterminism Superdiamagnetism Superdiffeomorphism Superexchange Superferromagnetism Superficial X-rays Superfield Superflare Superfluid film Superfluid helium-4 Superfluid vacuum Superghost Superglass Supergraph Supergravity Supergroup (physics) Superheating Superhydrophobe Superinsulator Superlattice Superlens Superlense Superlenses Superlubricity Superluminal motion Supermanifold Supermassive black hole Supermatrix Supermatrix (supersymmetry) Supermultiplet Supernova Supernova Early Warning System Supernova nucleosynthesis Supernova remnant Superoperator Superoscillation Superparamagnetism Superpartner Superposition principle Superpotential Superprism Superradiance Superradiant laser Supersaturation Superseded scientific theories Superselection Superselection rule Supersolid Supersonic fracture Supersonic speed Supersonic wind tunnel Superspace Supersplit supersymmetry Superstatistics Superstring theory Superstructure (condensed matter) Supersymmetric gauge theory Supersymmetric quantum mechanics Supersymmetry Supersymmetry algebra Supersymmetry breaking Supersymmetry breaking scale Supersymmetry in quantum gravity Supersymmetry nonrenormalization theorems Supplee's paradox Supplemento al Nuovo Cimento Supralateral arc Suprathreshold stochastic resonance Sura Ionospheric Heating Facility Suraj N. Gupta Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman! Surface-tension values Surface Evolver Surface Science Reports Surface Water Simulation Modelling Programme Surface X-ray Diffraction (SXRD) Surface charge Surface conductivity Surface core level shift Surface energy Surface equivalence principle Surface extended X-ray absorption fine structure Surface force Surface forces apparatus Surface freezing Surface gravity Surface layer Surface phenomenon Surface phonon Surface photovoltage Surface plasmon Surface plasmon polaritons Surface plasmon resonance Surface power density Surface reconstruction Surface science Surface selection rule Surface states Surface tension Surfatron Survey magnetometers Survey meter Susan Cooper (physicist) Susan Houde-Walter Susan Hough Susceptance Susceptor Susskind–Hawking battle Sustain Sustained Spheromak Physics Experiment Svante Arrhenius Sven Kullander (physicist) Sverdrup wave Swami Jnanananda Swampland (physics) Swan band Swapan Chattopadhyay Sweep theory Swell (ocean) Swept wing Swihart velocity Swinging Atwood's machine Swiss Light Source Swiss roll (metamaterial) Sydney Chapman (mathematician) Sylvester James Gates Sylvia Fedoruk Sylwester Porowski Symbol rate Symbolic dynamics Symmetry (disambiguation) Symmetry (physics) Sympathetic cooling Sympathetic resonance Symplectic integrator Symplectomorphism Synchrocyclotron Synchronous coordinates Synchronous frame Synchronous orbit Synchrophasotron Synchrotron Synchrotron Radiation Center Synchrotron Radiation Source Synchrotron X-ray tomographic microscopy Synchrotron light source Synchrotron radiation Synergetics (Haken) Synroc Synthesis of precious metals Synthetic Metals Synthetic aperture sonar Synthetic element Synthetic gauge field Synthetic jet Synthetic schlieren Syntropy (Software) Syun-Ichi Akasofu Szczepan Szczeniowski Sándor Gaál Sándor Szalay (physicist) Sénarmont prism Sérgio Mascarenhas de Oliveira Søren Absalon Larsen Søren H. H. Larsen Indexes of physics articles
Index of physics articles (T). The index of physics articles is split into multiple pages due to its size. To navigate by individual letter use the table of contents below. T Τ–θ puzzle T-15 (reactor) T-J model T-duality T-symmetry T. H. Laby T. Neil Davis T. V. Ramakrishnan T2K experiment TAMA 300 TASSO TEA laser Terahertz radiation TINKER TORRO scale TOTEM TRACER (cosmic ray detector) TRIGA Troitsk Institute of Innovative and Thermonuclear Research TRIUMF T meson Ta-You Wu Table of nuclides Table of radioactive decay Table of thermodynamic equations Tachyon Tachyon condensation Tachyonic antitelephone Tachyonic field Tacoma Narrows Bridge (1940) Tadeusz Banachiewicz Tadpole (physics) Tai Tsun Wu Tailless aircraft Tailwind Tait equation Takahiko Yamanouchi Takens' theorem Taketani Mitsuo Taksu Cheon Talbot cavity Tamiaki Yoneya Tandem Accelerator Superconducting Cyclotron Tandem Van de Graaff Tangent modulus Tangent stiffness matrix Tangloids Tanjore Ramachandra Anantharaman Tanya Atwater Target strength Tatyana Sapunova Tau (particle) Tau neutrino Taub-NUT vacuum Tauonium Taylor column Taylor cone Taylor dispersion Taylor microscale Taylor number Taylor state Taylor vortex Taylor–Couette flow Taylor–Goldstein equation Taylor–Green vortex Taylor–Proudman theorem Tea leaf paradox Tears of wine Technetium-99m Technetium-99m generator Technical atmosphere Technical report Technicolor (physics) Technological applications of superconductivity Tecplot Tectonophysics Tectonophysics (journal) Ted Jacobson Ted Taylor (physicist) Tekin Dereli Teleforce Telegeodynamics Teleidoscope Teleparallelism Telescope Telescope Array Project Telescoping (mechanics) Telluric current Teltron tube Temistocle Calzecchi-Onesti Temperature Temperature coefficient Temperature control Temperature dependence of liquid viscosity Temperature measurement Temperature–entropy diagram Temporal paradox Tendex line Tennis racket theorem Tensile stress Tensiometer (surface tension) Tension (physics) Tensometer Tensor Tensor calculus Tensor density Tensor field Tensors in curvilinear coordinates Tensor–vector–scalar gravity Tephigram Terahertz band Terahertz metamaterials Terahertz radiation Terahertz spectroscopy Terence Quinn Term symbol Terminal velocity Termination shock Terminator (solar) Terrell rotation Terrella Terrestrial Physics Terrestrial gamma-ray flash Terrestrial reference frame Terrestrial stationary waves Tesla (unit) Tesla coil Tesla turbine Tessaleno Devezas Test charge Test particle Test theories of special relativity Tests of electromagnetism Tests of general relativity Tests of relativistic energy and momentum Tests of special relativity Tetrad formalism Tetrads in general relativity Tetragonal crystal system Tetraneutron Tetraquark Tevatron Tevian Dray Textile-reinforced materials Texture (cosmology) Texture (crystalline) Thales Thanu Padmanabhan The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review The Astrophysical Journal The Beginning of Infinity The Black Hole War The Character of Physical Law The Continuing Revolution The Cosmic Landscape The Dancing Wu Li Masters The Electrician The Elegant Universe The Emperor's New Mind The End of Time (book) The Evolution of Physics The Fabric of Reality The Fabric of the Cosmos The Feynman Lectures on Physics The First Three Minutes: A Modern View of the Origin of the Universe The Fly in the Cathedral The Flying Circus of Physics The God Particle: If the Universe Is the Answer, What Is the Question? The Grand Design (book) The Hidden Reality: Parallel Universes and the Deep Laws of the Cosmos The Hubble Limit The Hum The Internet Pilot to Physics The Journal of Lightwave Technology The Large, the Small and the Human Mind The Large Scale Structure of Space-Time The Laws of Physics The Left Hand of the Electron The Meaning of It All The Monkey and the Hunter The Nature of Space and Time The Physicists The Physics Teacher The Physics of Basketball The Physics of Blown Sand and Desert Dunes The Physics of Star Trek The Physics of Superheroes The Quantum Universe The Radiation Belt and Magnetosphere The Road to Reality The Strangest Man The Tao of Physics The Trouble with Physics The Universe in a Nutshell The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics in the Natural Sciences The Value of Science The Wigner Medal The World (Descartes) The World as I See It (book) The gadget Theo Geisel (physicist) Theodor Kaluza Theodor Rehbock Theodor W. Hänsch Theodor Wulf Theodore Lyman Theodore Maiman Theodore Postol Theodore Theodorsen Theodore William Richards Theodore Y. Wu Theodore von Kármán Theodoric of Freiberg Theophrastus Theorem of corresponding states Theoretical Advanced Study Institute Theoretical and Mathematical Physics Theoretical astrophysics Theoretical gravity Theoretical motivation for general relativity Theoretical physics Theoretical planetology Theories of cloaking Theory and Phenomena of Metamaterials Theory of Colours Theory of everything Theory of heat Theory of relativity Theory of tides There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom Thermal Thermal Hall effect Thermal airship Thermal analysis Thermal bar Thermal bath (thermodynamics) Thermal blooming Thermal conductance quantum Thermal conduction Thermal conductivity Thermal contact Thermal contact conductance Thermal de Broglie wavelength Thermal diffusivity Thermal diode Thermal effective mass Thermal efficiency Thermal energy Thermal energy storage Thermal expansion Thermal fluctuations Thermal fluids Thermal flywheel effect Thermal hydraulics Thermal inertia Thermal insulation Thermal ionization Thermal ionization mass spectrometry Thermal laser stimulation Thermal light Thermal loop Thermal mass Thermal motion Thermal quantum field theory Thermal radiation Thermal reservoir Thermal resistance Thermal science Thermal simulations for Integrated Circuits Thermal transmittance Thermal transport in nanostructures Thermal velocity Thermalisation Thermally stimulated current spectroscopy Thermionic emission Thermionics Thermistor Thermo-dielectric effect Thermo-migration Thermoacoustic heat engine Thermoacoustics Thermochromism Thermocouple Thermodynamic beta Thermodynamic cycle Thermodynamic diagrams Thermodynamic efficiency Thermodynamic equations Thermodynamic equilibrium Thermodynamic free energy Thermodynamic instruments Thermodynamic length Thermodynamic limit Thermodynamic potential Thermodynamic process Thermodynamic pump testing Thermodynamic square Thermodynamic state Thermodynamic system Thermodynamic temperature Thermodynamic variable Thermodynamicist Thermodynamics Thermoeconomics Thermoelectric cooling Thermoelectric effect Thermoelectric materials Thermography Thermogravimetric analysis Thermoluminescence Thermoluminescent Dosimeter Thermomagnetic convection Thermomechanical analysis Thermometer Thermomigration Thermonuclear weapon Thermophoresis Thermophotonics Thermophotovoltaic Thermoporometry and cryoporometry Thermoremanence Thermoremanent magnetization Thermosiphon Thermotropic crystal Thermotunnel cooling Theta meson Theta vacuum Thibault Damour Thin-film bulk acoustic resonator Thin-film interference Thin-film optics Thin Man (nuclear bomb) Thin Solid Films Thin lens Third Cambridge Catalogue of Radio Sources Third law of thermodynamics Thirring model Thirring–Wess model Thixotropy Thomas-François Dalibard Thomas Allibone Thomas Bradwardine Thomas C. Hanks Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin Thomas Corwin Mendenhall Thomas Curtright Thomas Dale Stewart Thomas Dale Stewart (physicist) Thomas Ebbesen Thomas Eckersley Thomas Eugene Everhart Thomas F Krauss Thomas Fincke Thomas G. Barnes Thomas Godfrey (inventor) Thomas Gold Thomas Grubb Thomas Guidott Thomas H. Stix Thomas J. Ahrens Thomas J. Bowles (physicist) Thomas J. Parmley Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility Thomas Johann Seebeck Thomas M. Baer Thomas Parnell (scientist) Thomas Preston (scientist) Thomas Ralph Merton Thomas Rockwell Mackie Thomas S. Lundgren Thomas Spencer (mathematical physicist) Thomas T. Goldsmith, Jr. Thomas Timusk Thomas Townsend Brown Thomas Young (scientist) Thomas Ypsilantis Thomas precession Thomas–Fermi model Thomson (unit) Thomson Experiment Thomson Reuters Citation Laureates Thomson problem Thomson scattering Thor Rhodin Thorne–Hawking–Preskill bet Thorne–Żytkow object Thouless energy Three-body force Three-phase Three Roads to Quantum Gravity Three jet event Threshold energy Throttling process Throttling process (thermodynamics) Thrust Thrust reversal Thunder Théophile de Donder Thévenin's theorem Ti-sapphire laser Tiberius Cavallo Tidal acceleration Tidal atlas Tidal bore Tidal diamond Tidal force Tidal power Tidal race Tidal range Tidal resonance Tidal tensor Tide Tide table Tideline Tight binding Tihomir Novakov Tilt (optics) Tim Pedley Timaeus (dialogue) Time Time-dependent density functional theory Time-evolving block decimation Time constant Time derivative Time dilation Time evolution Time evolution of integrals Time in physics Time loop Time of flight Time of flight detector Time projection chamber Time stream Time travel Timelike congruence Timelike homotopy Timelike simply connected Timeline of Solar System astronomy Timeline of astronomical maps, catalogs, and surveys Timeline of atomic and subatomic physics Timeline of black hole physics Timeline of carbon nanotubes Timeline of chemical elements discoveries Timeline of classical mechanics Timeline of cosmic microwave background astronomy Timeline of cosmological theories Timeline of discovery of Solar System planets and their moons Timeline of electromagnetic theory Timeline of electromagnetism and classical optics Timeline of fundamental physics discoveries Timeline of gravitational physics and relativity Timeline of knowledge about galaxies, clusters of galaxies, and large-scale structure Timeline of luminiferous aether Timeline of nuclear fusion Timeline of particle discoveries Timeline of particle physics Timeline of particle physics technology Timeline of quantum mechanics Timeline of states of matter and phase transitions Timeline of temperature and pressure measurement technology Timeline of the Manhattan Project Timeline of the far future Timeline of thermodynamics Timoshenko Medal Timothy Hampton Timothy Schrabback Tim Sumner (physicist) Tingye Li Tiny ionospheric photometer Tipler cylinder Tippe top Tipping point (physics) Tired light ToFeT Tod R. Lauer Toda field theory Tokamak Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor Tokamak de Fontenay aux Roses Tokamak à configuration variable Tollmien–Schlichting wave Tolman length Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff equation Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff limit Tom Abel (cosmologist) Tom Baehr-Jones Tom Banks (physicist) Tom Lubensky Tom W. B. Kibble Tom W. Bonner Prize in Nuclear Physics Tomalla Foundation Tomlinson model Tomographic reconstruction Tomography Tone hole Tonks–Girardeau gas Tonpilz Tony Hey Tony Skyrme Top Lambda baryon Top eta meson Top quark Top quark condensate Topcolor Topness Topogravitic tensor Topological censorship Topological conjugacy Topological defect Topological degeneracy Topological entropy Topological entropy in physics Topological order Topological quantum computer Topological quantum number Topological string theory Toponium Tor Hagfors Torahiko Terada Torbjørn Digernes Tore Supra Toric lens Tornado Toroidal reflector Toroidal ring model Torque Torque density Torricelli's equation Torricelli's law Torsion (mechanics) Torsion coefficient Torsion field (pseudoscience) Torsion spring Toshihide Maskawa Total air temperature Total angular momentum quantum number Total derivative Total dynamic head Total effective dose equivalent Total external reflection Total internal reflection Total internal reflection fluorescence microscope Total pressure Total refraction Total variation diminishing Totalitarian principle Toughness Townsend (unit) Townsend coefficient Toy model Trace-free Ricci tensor Trace distance Track Imaging Cherenkov Experiment Tracking (particle physics) Tracy Hall Trailing edge Train noise Trajectory Trajectory optimization Trans-Planckian problem Transactional interpretation Transduction (biophysics) Transfer-matrix method Transfer-matrix method (optics) Transfer operator Transfermium Wars Transformation optics Transformation theory (quantum mechanics) Transformer effect Transient equilibrium Transient flow Transient friction loading Transistor Transition Dipole Moment Transition boiling Transition dipole moment Transition edge sensor Transition of state Transition point Transition radiation Transition radiation detector Transition radiation tracker Transition rule Translation (physics) Translational lift Translational partition function Translational symmetry Transmission-line Transmission (mechanics) Transmission coefficient Transmission coefficient (optics) Transmission electron microscopy Transmission electron microscopy DNA sequencing Transmission line measurement Transmission medium Transmissometer Transmittance Transmitter power output Transmon Transonic Transonic speed Transparency and translucency Transparent ceramics Transparent conducting film Transport length Transport phenomena Transport phenomena (engineering & physics) Transuranic waste Transverse Doppler effect Transverse flow effect Transverse isotropy Transverse mass Transverse mode Transverse relaxation optimized spectroscopy Transverse wave Trapezoidal wing Trapped ion quantum computer Trapped null surface Traveling wave reactor Treatise on Natural Philosophy Trefftz plane Trench effect Tribimaximal mixing Triboelectric effect Tribology Triboluminescence Triclinic crystal system Trident laser Trigger (particle physics) Trigonal crystal system Trihydrogen cation Trim tab Trimaximal mixing Trinh Xuan Thuan Trinification Trinity (nuclear test) Trion (physics) Triple-alpha process Triple-resonance nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Triple point Triple product rule Triplet lens Triplet state Trisonic wind tunnel Trisops Tritiated water Tritium Trojan wave packet Troland Tropical cyclone Tropical cyclone scales Tropospheric scatter Trotec Trouton's constant Trouton's ratio Trouton's ratio (rheology) Trouton–Noble experiment Trouton–Rankine experiment Troy ounce True anomaly Truss Trygve Røed-Larsen Tsallis entropy Tsiolkovsky rocket equation Tsirelson's bound Tsunami Tsunami warning system Tsung-Dao Lee Tullio Levi-Civita Tullio Regge Tunable laser Tunable metamaterials Tunable microwave device Tunnel injection Tunnel ionization Tunnel junction Tunnel magnetoresistance Turbidimetry Turbidity Turbidity current Turbidometry Turboexpander Turbophoresis Turbulator Turbulence Turbulence kinetic energy Turbulence modeling Turbulent Prandtl number Turbulent jet breakup Turgay Uzer Tuva or Bust! Twin Quasar Twin paradox Twisted nematic field effect Twisted sector Twistor space Twistor theory Two-balloon experiment Two-body Dirac equations Two-body problem Two-body problem in general relativity Two-color system Two-dimensional gas Two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Two-dimensional point vortex gas Two-phase flow Two-photon absorption Two-photon physics Two-state quantum system Two-stream instability Two New Sciences Twyman–Green interferometer Tyndall effect Type-1.5 superconductor Type-II superconductor Type-I superconductor Type 0 string theory Type II string theory Type II supernova Type I Cepheid Type I Cepheids Type I string theory Type Ia supernova Type Ib and Ic supernovae Indexes of physics articles
Index of physics articles (U). The index of physics articles is split into multiple pages due to its size. To navigate by individual letter use the table of contents below. U U-duality U.S. Standard Atmosphere UA1 experiment UA2 experiment UC Santa Barbara Physics Department UK Dark Matter Collaboration UMER UMIST linear system UNIT OF REFRIGERATION UPTI Affair USAF Stability and Control DATCOM UV completion UV fixed point Über die von der molekularkinetischen Theorie der Wärme geforderte Bewegung von in ruhenden Flüssigkeiten suspendierten Teilchen Über quantentheoretische Umdeutung kinematischer und mechanischer Beziehungen Udipi Ramachandra Rao Ugo Fano Ukichiro Nakaya Ulf Leonhardt Ultimate fate of the universe Ultra-high-energy cosmic ray Ultra-low frequency Ultra high frequency Ultrafast x-rays Ultrahigh energy gamma-ray Ultralight trike Ultraluminous X-ray source Ultramicroscope Ultrarelativistic limit Ultrashort pulse Ultrasoft radiation Ultrasonic flow meter Ultrasonic foil (papermaking) Ultrasonic force microscopy Ultrasonic hearing Ultrasonic horn Ultrasonic nozzle Ultrasonic sensor Ultrasonic testing Ultrasonic welding Ultrasonics Ultrasound Ultrasound-enhanced systemic thrombolysis Ultrasound attenuation spectroscopy Ultraviolet Ultraviolet catastrophe Ultraviolet divergence Umklapp scattering Unbiennium Uncertainty Uncertainty principle Unconventional wind turbines Undercompressive shock wave Understanding Physics Undertow (wave action) Underwater acoustic communication Underwater acoustic positioning system Underwater acoustics Underwater telephone Undulation of the geoid Undulator Undulatory theory of light Unequal rotor lift distribution Uniaxial crystal Unified field theory Uniform acceleration Uniform circular motion Uniform motion Uniform theory of diffraction Uniqueness theorem for Poisson's equation Unit commensurability Unit of length Unitarity (physics) Unitarity bound Unitarity gauge Unitary Plan Wind Tunnel United States Air Force Stability and Control Digital DATCOM United States Invitational Young Physicists Tournament United States National Physics Olympiad United States gravity control propulsion research Units of measurement Universal conductance fluctuations Universal extra dimension Universal force field Universal linear accelerator Universal quantum simulator Universal wavefunction Universality (dynamical systems) Universe Unparticle physics Unrestricted Hartree–Fock Unruh effect Unruh temperature Unsepttrium Unsolved problems in astronomy Untriseptium Up quark Upper-atmospheric lightning Upper-convected Maxwell model Upper-convected time derivative Upper critical solution temperature Upper hybrid oscillation Upper tangent arc Upsilon meson Upward continuation Upward looking sonar Upwind scheme Uranium Uranium boride Uranium carbide Uranium dioxide Uranium hydride bomb Uranium in the environment Uranium pentafluoride Uranium tetrachloride Uranium tetrafluoride Uranyl carbonate Uranyl nitrate Uranyl peroxide Urca process Uriel Frisch Ursell number Ursula Franklin Uspekhi Fizicheskikh Nauk Ussing chamber Uzi Landman Indexes of physics articles
Index of physics articles (V). The index of physics articles is split into multiple pages due to its size. To navigate by individual letter use the table of contents below. V V. Balakrishnan (physicist) V838 Monocerotis VELO VEPP-2000 VINITI Database RAS VIRGOHI21 VNIR VORPAL V band V particle Vacancy defect Vacuum Vacuum Rabi oscillation Vacuum airship Vacuum arc Vacuum catastrophe Vacuum coffee maker Vacuum deposition Vacuum energy Vacuum expectation value Vacuum flask Vacuum genesis Vacuum induction melting Vacuum level Vacuum manifold Vacuum metallizing Vacuum permeability Vacuum permittivity Vacuum polarization Vacuum solution Vacuum solution (general relativity) Vacuum state Vadim Knizhnik Vafa–Witten theorem Vagn Walfrid Ekman Val Logsdon Fitch Valence band Valence electron Valentin Ceaușescu Valentin Danilov Valentin Panteleimonovich Smirnov Valentin Scheidel Valentine Bargmann Valentine Telegdi Valery Chalidze Valery Pokrovsky Van Allen radiation belt Van Hove singularity Van Stockum dust Van Zandt Williams Van de Graaff generator Van der Waals equation Van der Waerden notation Vandana Shiva Vaneless ion wind generator Vapor-compression refrigeration Vapor pressure Vapor quality Vaporization Vapour-pressure deficit Vapour density Variable-mass system Variable-sweep wing Variable Density Tunnel Variable mass hypothesis Variable speed of light Variables and some constants commonly used in physics Variational method Variational methods in general relativity Variational perturbation theory Variational principle Varifocal lens Vasco Ronchi Vasilii Sergeevich Vladimirov Vasily Vladimirovich Petrov Vassili Nesterenko Vassilis Angelopoulos Vassilis Papazachos Vector (mathematics and physics) Vector boson Vector decomposition Vector meson Vector meson dominance Vector potential Vegard's law Velocimetry Velocity Velocity-addition formula Velocity overshoot Velocity potential Velo–Zwanziger problem Vena contracta Venedikt Dzhelepov Veniamin Levich Ventilation (architecture) Venturi effect Venturi flume Vera Yurasova Verdet constant Vergence (optics) Vern Oliver Knudsen Vernon Ellis Cosslett Versatile Toroidal Facility Vertex distance Vertex function Vertex model Vertex operator algebra Vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser Vertical-external-cavity surface-emitting-laser Vertical deflection Vertical wind tunnel Vertico SMI Very-long-baseline interferometry Very Large Array Very Large Hadron Collider Very Small Array Very high frequency Very large floating structure Very low frequency Very special relativity Via Panisperna boys Vibrating sample magnetometer Vibrating string Vibrating structure gyroscope Vibration Vibration galvanometer Vibration isolation Vibrational analysis with scanning probe microscopy Vibrational energy relaxation Vibrational partition function Vibrational transition Vibronic coupling Vickers hardness test Victor Albert Bailey Victor Balykin Victor Emery Victor Francis Hess Victor Frederick Weisskopf Victor Ninov Victor Pavlovich Maslov Victor Popov Victor Schumann Victor Vacquier Victor Veselago Vienna Ab initio Simulation Package Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water Vienna rectifier View factor Vijay Raghunath Pandharipande Viking Olver Eriksen Vikram Sarabhai Viktor Dilman Viktor Hambardzumyan Viktor Safronov Viktor Trkal Vilhelm Bjerknes Vilho Väisälä Villari effect Vincenc Strouhal Vincent Courtillot Vincent Kavečanský Vincenzo Viviani Vinko Dvořák Vinča Nuclear Institute Virasoro algebra Virgin neutron Virgo interferometer Virial coefficient Virial expansion Virial stress Virial theorem Virtual black hole Virtual image Virtual particle Virtual state Virtual work Vis-viva equation Vis viva Viscimetry Viscoelasticity Viscometer Viscosity Viscosity of amorphous materials Viscous fingering Viscous remanent magnetization Viscous stress tensor Visible-light photon counter Visible spectrum Visible-spectrum telescope Vitaly Efimov Vitaly Ginzburg Vito Volterra Vitrification Vittorio Prodi Vladimir A. Babeshko Vladimir Alexandrov Vladimir Belousov Vladimir Damgov Vladimir E. Zakharov Vladimir Fock Vladimir Gribov Vladimir Hütt Vladimir Ignatowski Vladimir Jurko Glaser Vladimir Keilis-Borok Vladimir Korepin Vladimir Krivchenkov Vladimir M. Shalaev Vladimir Paar Vladimir Rojansky Vladimir Shalaev Vladimir Steklov Vladimir Teplyakov Vladimir Varićak Vladimir Veksler Vlasov equation Vlatko Vedral Voigt effect Volatility (chemistry) Volker Heine Volodymyr Semynozhenko Volt Volta Prize Volta potential Voltage Volume (thermodynamics) Volume fraction Volume of fluid method Volume viscosity Volumetric flow rate Volumetric flux Volumetric heat capacity Volute (pump) von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics Von Kármán constant Von Neumann entropy Vortex Vortex-induced vibration Vortex (software) Vortex core line Vortex dynamics Vortex generator Vortex lattice method Vortex lift Vortex ring Vortex ring state Vortex ring toy Vortex shedding Vortex sheet Vortex state Vortex stretching Vortical Vorticity Vorticity confinement Vorticity equation Vorton Vsevolod Frederiks Vulcan laser Indexes of physics articles
Index of physics articles (W). The index of physics articles is split into multiple pages due to its size. To navigate by individual letter use the table of contents below. W W' and Z' bosons W' boson W. G. Unruh W. Jason Morgan W. Lewis Hyde W. R. Dean W. W. Hansen WAMIT WASH-1400 WASH-740 WAsP WIMP Argon Programme WITCH experiment WKB approximation WMAP cold spot WOMBAT (diffractometer) W and Z bosons W band W state Wade Allison Wafer (electronics) Wagner model Wake Wake turbulence Waldo K. Lyon Wall-plug efficiency Wallace Clement Sabine Wallace Hampton Tucker Wallace Smith Broecker Walter A. Rosenblith Walter Dieminger Walter Dornberger Walter Dröscher Walter Eric Spear Walter Franz Walter Gear Walter Gerlach Walter Gilbert Walter Gordon (physicist) Walter Grotrian Walter Guyton Cady Walter H. Schottky Walter Heitler Walter Herrmann (physicist) Walter Hoppe Walter Houser Brattain Walter Kaufmann (physicist) Walter Kistler Walter Kohn Walter M. Elsasser Walter Mauderli Walter Oelert Walter Rogowski Walter Rotman Walter Schottky Prize Walter Selke Walter Thirring Walter Tollmien Walter Zinn Walter Zürn Walter de Heer Walther Bothe Walther Kossel Walther Meissner Walther Müller Walther Nernst Walther Ritz Wander Johannes de Haas Wang Ganchang Wang Zhuxi Wannier function Ward Plummer Wardenclyffe Tower Ward–Takahashi identity Warm dark matter Warm–hot intergalactic medium Warp drive (Star Trek) Warped Passages Warped geometry Warren J. Smith Warren Siegel Washburn's equation Washburn constant Washington Large Area Time Coincidence Array Washout (aviation) Water content Water cycle Water meter Water pipe percolator Water potential Water retention curve Water thread experiment Water vapor Water window Watercraft Waterfall plot Waterhole (radio) Waterspout Watson interferometer Watt Watt's law Watt W. Webb Watt steam engine Wave Wave-icle Wave-making resistance Wave-piercing WaveRider Wave Motion (journal) Wave action (continuum mechanics) Wave base Wave drag Wave equation Wave field synthesis Wave flume Wave function Wave function collapse Wave function renormalization Wave height Wave impedance Wave loading Wave packet Wave power Wave propagation Wave propagation speed Wave radar Wave setup Wave shoaling Wave tank Wave theory of light Wave turbulence Wave vector Waveguide Waveguide (acoustics) Waveguide (electromagnetism) Waveguide (optics) Waveguiding Wavelength Wavenumber Wavenumber–frequency diagram Waveplate Waves and shallow water Wave–current interaction Wave–particle duality Weak-field approximation Weak focusing Weak hypercharge Weak interaction Weak isospin Weak isospin projection Weak localization Weakless Universe Weakly guiding fiber Weakly interacting massive particles Weapons-grade Web of Knowledge Web of Science Weber (unit) Weber bar Weber electrodynamics Weber number Wedge (mechanical device) Wedge filter Wedge fringe Wehnelt cylinder Wei-Tou Ni Wei Shyy Weibel instability Weight Weighted Voronoi diagram Weighting curve Weightlessness Weinberg angle Weinberg–Witten theorem Weinstein conjecture Weir Weiss domain Weiss magneton Weissenberg effect Weissenberg number Welteislehre Wendell H. Furry Wendelstein 7-X Werner Hartmann (physicist) Werner Heisenberg Werner Israel Werner Kolhörster Werner Kuhn (chemist) Werner Meyer-Eppler Werner Rolfinck Werner state Wernher von Braun Werthamer–Helfand–Hohenberg theory Wesley Huntress Wess–Zumino gauge Wess–Zumino model Wess–Zumino–Witten model West number Wet-bulb temperature Wetted aspect ratio (wing) Wetting Wetting transition Weyl's postulate Weyl curvature hypothesis Weyl equation Weyl notation Weyl scalar Weyl tensor Weyl transformation What Do You Care What Other People Think? What Is Life? What the Bleep Do We Know!? Wheatstone bridge Wheel and axle Wheeler's delayed choice experiment Wheeler–DeWitt equation Wheeler–Feynman absorber theory Whirlpool Whirlwind (atmospheric phenomenon) Whispering-gallery wave Whispering gallery White dwarf White hole White noise Whitehead's theory of gravitation Whitham equation Whole number rule Wick's theorem Wick Haxton Wick rotation Wide-angle X-ray scattering Wide-bandgap semiconductors Wideband materials Widom scaling Wiedemann–Franz law Wien's displacement law Wien's distribution law Wien approximation Wien effect Wien filter Wiggler (synchrotron) Wightman axioms Wigner's classification Wigner's friend Wigner's theorem Wigner 3-j symbols Wigner crystal Wigner effect Wigner quasiprobability distribution Wigner–Eckart theorem Wigner–Seitz cell Wigner–Seitz radius Wilbur B. Rayton Wilfrid Basil Mann Wilhelm Anderson Wilhelm Eduard Weber Wilhelm Hallwachs Wilhelm Hanle Wilhelm Holtz Wilhelm Karl Ritter von Haidinger Wilhelm Lenz Wilhelm Nusselt Wilhelm Orthmann Wilhelm Röntgen Wilhelm Walcher Wilhelm Westphal Wilhelm Wien Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe Willard Boyle Willard Harrison Bennett Willebrord Snellius Willem 's Gravesande Willem Hendrik Keesom Willem Vos Willem de Sitter Willi Kalender William A. Bardeen William Alfred Fowler William Allen Zajc William Allis William Andrew Goddard III William Arnold Anthony William Astbury William B. Bridges William B. McLean William Bassichis William C. Schwartz William Coblentz William Cochran (physicist) William Crookes William Curry (oceanographer) William D. Coolidge William Daniel Phillips William Duane (physicist) William E. Caswell William E. Forsythe William E. Gordon William Eccles (physicist) William Edward Ayrton William Fletcher Barrett William Francis Gray Swann William Francis Magie William Frederick Meggers William Froude William Fuller Brown, Jr. William G. Tifft William Gilbert (astronomer) William Grylls Adams William Hallock William Henry Bragg William Higinbotham William Hyde Wollaston William J. Thaler William Jackson Humphreys William John Macquorn Rankine William Jones (optician) William Justin Kroll William L. Burke William Lawrence Bragg William M. Hartmann William McFadden Orr William Mitchell (physicist) William Mitchinson Hicks William Morris Kinnersley William Nicol (geologist) William Nierenberg William P. Winfree William Penney, Baron Penney William Prager William R. Bennett, Jr. William R. Kanne William Rarita William Richard Peltier William Ritchie (physicist) William Rowan Hamilton William Shockley William Stanley, Jr. William Sturgeon William Sutherland (physicist) William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin William Vermillion Houston William Watson (scientist) William Wootters William Zisman Willibald Jentschke Willis Lamb Williwaw Willy Fischler Willy Ley Wilson loop Wimshurst machine Wind WindPRO WindShear Wind Shear's Full Scale, Rolling Road, Automotive Wind Tunnel Wind chill Wind energy Wind energy software Wind farm Wind generator Wind gradient Wind power Wind power forecasting Wind resource assessment Wind shear Wind speed Wind stress Wind tunnel Wind turbine Wind turbine aerodynamics Wind wave Wind wave model Windage Windbelt Windhexe Windographer Windrow Windward and leeward Winfried Otto Schumann Wing Wing-shape optimization Wing configuration Wing fence Wing loading Wing twist Wing warping Wingspan Wingsuit flying Wingtip device Wingtip vortices Winston E. Kock Winston H. Bostick Wire chamber Wireless energy transfer Wireless telegraphy Wiswesser's rule Witelo Witold Milewski (mathematician) Witold Nazarewicz Witten index Wlodzimierz Klonowski Wojciech H. Zurek Wojciech Rubinowicz Wojciech Świętosławski Woldemar Voigt Wolf Prize in Physics Wolf effect Wolf summation Wolff algorithm Wolfgang Demtröder Wolfgang Eisenmenger (physicist) Wolfgang Finkelnburg Wolfgang Gentner Wolfgang Haack Wolfgang K. H. Panofsky Wolfgang Ketterle Wolfgang Ludwig Krafft Wolfgang Paul Wolfgang Pauli Wolfgang Rindler Wolfgang Smith Wollaston landscape lens Wollaston prism Wolter telescope Womersley number Woo Chia-wei Woodruff T. Sullivan III Woodstock of physics Woods–Saxon potential Work (electrical) Work (physics) Work (thermodynamics) Work function Work output Working Group on Women in Physics World Data Center World Magnetic Model World Year of Physics 2005 World crystal World line Worldsheet Worm-like chain Wormhole Wow! signal Wright brothers Wrinkles in Time Wu Youxun Wubbo Ockels Wurtzite crystal structure Wu–Yang monopole Wyckoff positions Wyld diagrams Władysław Natanson Władysław Turowicz Włodzimierz Trzebiatowski Włodzimierz Trzebiatowski Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research Indexes of physics articles
Index of physics articles (X). The index of physics articles is split into multiple pages due to its size. To navigate by individual letter use the table of contents below. X X(3872) X-ray X-ray absorption fine structure X-ray absorption spectroscopy X-ray astronomy X-ray astronomy detector X-ray astronomy satellite X-ray background X-ray binary X-ray burster X-ray computed tomography X-ray crystal truncation rod X-ray crystallography X-ray filter X-ray fluorescence X-ray generation X-ray generator X-ray image intensifier X-ray machine X-ray magnetic circular dichroism X-ray microscope X-ray nanoprobe X-ray optics X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy X-ray pulsar X-ray reflectivity X-ray scattering techniques X-ray spectroscopy X-ray standing waves X-ray telescope X-ray tube X-wave XANES XENON Dark Matter Search Experiment X (charge) X and Y bosons X band Xallarap Xavier Le Pichon Xi baryon Xiao-Gang Wen Xiaowei Zhuang Xie Shengwu Xie Xide Indexes of physics articles
Index of physics articles (Y). The index of physics articles is split into multiple pages due to its size. To navigate by individual letter use the table of contents below. Y Y(4140) Y-Δ transform Y. P. Varshni Yablonovite Yadin Dudai Yahya El Mashad Yakir Aharonov Yakov Borisovich Zel'dovich Yakov Frenkel Yakov Lvovich Alpert Yamakawa Kenjirō Yang Fujia Yang–Baxter equation Yang–Mills existence and mass gap Yang–Mills theory Yang–Mills–Higgs equations Yarkovsky effect Yash Pal Yasha Rosenfeld Yasushi Takahashi Yaw-rate sensor Yaw drive Yb:LuVO4 Yehia El-Mashad Yehuda (Leo) Levi Yellowcake Yerevan Physics Institute Yevgeny Adamov Yevgeny Konstantinovich Fyodorov Yevgeny Zababakhin Yevgeny Zavoisky Yield curve (physics) Yield surface Yilmaz theory of gravitation Yoel Rephaeli Yoichiro Nambu Yoji Totsuka Yoseph Bar-Cohen Yoseph Imry Yoshiaki Arata Yoshiki Kuramoto Yoshio Nishina Young's interference experiment Young's modulus Young Medal and Prize Young stellar object Young–Laplace equation Yousef Sobouti Yrast Yttrium aluminium garnet Yttrium barium copper oxide Yttrium lithium fluoride Yttrium orthovanadate Yu Min (physicist) Yuen-Ron Shen Yukawa interaction Yukawa potential Yulii Borisovich Khariton Yun Wang Yuri Golfand Yuri Nikolaevich Denisyuk Yuri Orlov Yuri Osipyan Yuri Trutnev (scientist) Yurii Shirokov Yuriy Rumer Yuval Ne'eman Yves Fortier (geologist) Yves Rocard Yvonne Choquet-Bruhat Indexes of physics articles
Index of physics articles (Z). The index of physics articles is split into multiple pages due to its size. To navigate by individual letter use the table of contents below. Z Z' boson Z(4430) Z-pinch ZEPLIN-III ZETA (fusion reactor) ZEUS (particle detector) ZINDO ZPPR Zakharov system Zakharov–Schulman system Zastruga Zeeman effect Zeitschrift für Angewandte Mathematik und Physik Zeitschrift für Physik C Zeldovich pancake Zemax Zero-dispersion wavelength Zero-energy universe Zero-lift drag coefficient Zero-mode waveguide Zero-phonon line and phonon sideband Zero-point energy Zero differential overlap Zero gravity (disambiguation) Zero lift axis Zero sound Zeroth law of thermodynamics Zeta function regularization Zevatron Ze'ev Lev Zhang Jie (scientist) Zhao Jiuzhang Zhores Alferov Zhou Guangzhao Zhou Peiyuan Zhu Guangya Zhurnal Eksperimental'noi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki Zia Mian Zimm–Bragg model Zinc sulfide Zinovii Shulman Zip-cord Zirconium alloy Zitterbewegung Zoltán Lajos Bay Zonal and poloidal Zonal flow (plasma) Zone melting Zone plate Zone valve Zoé (reactor) Z Pulsed Power Facility Zsolt Bor Zubbles Zygmunt Florenty Wróblewski Zénobe Gramme Indexes of physics articles
Index of physics articles (!$@). The index of physics articles is split into multiple pages due to its size. To navigate by individual letter use the table of contents below. !$@ 't Hooft loop 't Hooft symbol 't Hooft–Polyakov monopole (2+1)-dimensional topological gravity (n-p) reaction (−1)F ΔT Indexes of physics articles
Index of physics articles (0–9). The index of physics articles is split into multiple pages due to its size. To navigate by individual letter use the table of contents below. 0–9 1/N expansion 100 Authors Against Einstein 120° parhelion 1958 Lituya Bay megatsunami 1964 PRL symmetry breaking papers 1s Slater-type function 22° halo 23rd International Solvay Conference in Physics 3-j symbol 331 model 3D ultrasound 46° halo 4GLS 4Pi Microscope 4Pi STED microscopy 4 pi laser 5 dimensional warped geometry theory 6-j symbol 9-j symbol Indexes of physics articles
Rodney H. Banks. Rodney H. Banks (born January 14, 1953) is an American industrial chemist and a research fellow at Nalco Holding Company in Naperville, Illinois, now a wholly owned subsidiary of Ecolab Inc. His inventions have greatly improved the control of industrial water treatment. In 2011, Banks received the Perkin Medal for his work from the American section of the Society of Chemical Industry, the highest award for applied chemistry in the United States. Early life and education Banks was born in Long Beach, California, on January 14, 1953, and later moved with his family to Maryland. His father Mark worked as a chemist for the U.S. Defense Department in Washington, D.C., inspiring the younger Banks to pursue the same field. Banks attended Johns Hopkins University, graduating with a bachelor's degree in chemistry in 1975. In 1980, he received his Ph.D. in inorganic/physical chemistry from the University of California, Berkeley, where he worked for Nobel laureate and fellow Perkin medal winner Glenn Seaborg on the synthesis and characterization of volatile actinide compounds. Professional life Banks moved to the Chicago area in 1980, working briefly as a post-doctoral student at Argonne National Laboratory on x-ray photoemission spectroscopy properties of neptunium oxides before joining Nalco Chemical Company as a research scientist. In the mid-1980s, Banks and other Nalco researchers identified opportunities for improved monitoring and control of water used in many industrial systems, especially in cooling towers, for both commercial and office buildings and in industrial plants such as paper mills, oil refineries, automotive plants and steel mills. He and colleague John Hoots subsequently led the invention and commercialization of fluorescent tracing technology, trade-named TRASAR. Banks' work involved using chemical and mechanical sensors for improved monitoring and control. The 3D TRASAR version of this technology won a United States Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Award for its cooling water application in 2008. Banks has created various electrochemical, optical, quartz crystal microbalance-based sensors to measure chemical treatment levels, corrosion, scale and microbial fouling. He holds more than 30 U.S. patents. References External links Society of Chemical Industry website, "Interview: Dr Rodney Banks, 2011 Perkin Medalist" Society of Chemical Industry website, "Perkin Medal for Nalco's Rodney H Banks" Microsoft Academic Search, Rodney H. Banks Nalco Company website, 3D TRASAR information PRNewswire press release, "Rodney H. Banks, Nalco Research Fellow, to Receive 2011 SCI Perkin Medal" 1953 births Living people 21st-century American chemists UC Berkeley College of Chemistry alumni Johns Hopkins University alumni Argonne National Laboratory people People from Long Beach, California
Tadahiko Mizuno. is a Japanese nuclear-chemist known for his work on cold fusion. He was a former assistant professor teaching the Atomic Power Environmental Materials program at Hokkaido University. He was also a member of Energy Environmental Institute of Engineering at Hokkaido University until 2009. Early life Mizuno graduated from the Department of Applied Physics, Hokkaido University, Faculty of Engineering in March 1968. In March 1970, he graduated with a master's degree from the Department of Applied Physics, Hokkaido University, Faculty of Engineering. In April 1972 he completed his doctorate degree in Engineering at Hokkaido University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Engineering. In March 1976, he received his doctorate in Engineering for "Study on formation process of hydride on the surface of Ti by d, n reaction” Teaching; Atomic Engineering, Corrosion, X-rays analysis, Electron microscope, Exercise: Mathematics, Physical Engineering. Awards He was awarded The International Society for Condensed Matter Nuclear Science Prizes (Giuliano Preparata medal) in 2004 from The International Society for Condensed Matter Nuclear Science (ISCMNS). The ISCMNS is the organizer of a conference and a workshop on cold fusion and related topics. Publications "Sorption of Hydrogen On and In Hydrogen Absorbing Metal in Electrochemical Environments" (Plenum Press) "An understanding of the environment, Global environment and the human life” (Sankyo Publishing, in 2006) "Low Energy Nuclear Reactions Sourcebook" (American Chemical Society, in 2008) "Nuclear Transmutation: The Reality of Cold Fusion" (Infinite Energy Press, in 1998) Academic societies The International Society for Condensed Matter Nuclear Science International Hydrogen Energy Society International Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Atomic Energy Society of Japan Japan Society of Applied Physics Japan Cold Fusion Research Society Research activities Electrochemical, metallurgy, nuclear reaction in condensed matter, elucidation of the peculiar behavior of hydrogen in the metal, hydrogen penetration in metals, hydrogen embrittlement, hydrogen production, hydrogen separation and purification, power conversion of hydrogen, elucidation of hydrogen behavior, development of unique methods using hydrogen isotopes, studying the behavior of hydrogen on metal. Mizuno has also written Numerous books representing the interaction between hydrogen and the metals. Extramural activities Mizuno was involved in anti-terrorism measures as part of international safety measures for Hakodate Customs of Ministry of Finance. See also International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science References External links Atomic Energy Society of Japan Japan Society of Applied Physics Living people 1945 births 21st-century Japanese chemists Cold fusion Hokkaido University alumni
CellNetix. CellNetix Pathology & Laboratories, LLC, headquartered in Tukwila, Washington, is a premier anatomic pathology provider in the Pacific Northwest, with 60 physicians and more than 300 total staff. Services include cytology, histology, fine needle aspiration (FNA) services, flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, UroVysion™, and molecular diagnostics. CellNetix institutes pollution prevention planning and receives technical assistance from Washington State Department of Ecology. Methods CellNetix uses a subspecialized case allocation process in which specimens arrive in the pathology laboratory and staff allocate them by subspecialty: breast cases to breast pathologists, gastroenterology (GI) cases to GI pathologists, genitourinary cases (GU) cases to GU pathologists, etc. In a typical case allocation process in a non-specialized pathology practice, cases are manually allocated to pathologists based on workload, without regard to the type of case. Tests are interpreted by board-certified pathologists who have experience in breast core biopsies, GI biopsies, Pap tests, and prostate biopsies. CellNetix is expanding the utilization of molecular biology to identify the root cause of abnormalities within the genetic material of the cell itself. The CellNetix molecular pathology department tests for breast, gastric, colon and lung cancers, as well as melanoma. A women's health subspecialty provides high-risk HPV testing, testing for the detection of Neisseria gonorrhoeae (GC) and Chlamydia trachomatis (CT), as well as vaginosis/vaginitis testing. Technology CellNetix uses a specimen tracking system in which each specimen is labeled with a bar code and scanned up to 15 times during transit—from pickup at the hospital or clinic, to arrival at the lab, to final report. Early in 2012, the company invested in whole-slide imaging which views a live capture of the slide on a microscope. This is done using an ultra-high resolution scanner to image the complete slides and store them digitally. CellNetix spent 6 months validating WSI for use in diagnostic processes. It is now in daily use for digital IHC reads by pathologists at remote locations. They are also using WSI for HER2/neu diagnosis after a lengthy validation (comparing diagnosis by glass slide vs. digital image) for many cases by different pathologists. [5] History CellNetix is a physician- and employee-owned partnership formed in 2005 by the merger of three independent pathology groups—Black Hills Pathology (Olympia), Associated Pathology (Everett) and Washington Pathology Consultants (Seattle), with the addition of Northwest Pathology Group in 2008. In 2007, CellNetix opened a 48,000-square-foot pathology and laboratory facility in downtown Seattle, where most of the testing is conducted. CellNetix provides diagnostic services for nine hospitals across western Washington as well as physicians and patients in Washington and Alaska. On December 4, 2012, Spokane, Wash.-based PAML (Pathology Associates Medical Laboratories) and CellNetix signed a letter of intent in which PAML agreed to purchase a minority ownership interest in CellNetix, LLC. As part of this partnership, CellNetix and PAML will form a jointly owned molecular pathology esoteric testing division. PAML employs approximately 1,400 staff and is 75% owned by Providence Health & Services and 25% by CHI (Catholic Health Initiative). By agreement, PAML and CellNetix will have a seat on each other's boards. On May 2, 2013, PAML and CellNetix announced that PAML had completed a minority investment in the technical laboratory business division owned by CellNetix. The two companies also stated that they entered into an agreement to work together to form a “jointly owned national Esoteric Anatomic Pathology reference laboratory offering.” On February 28, 2017, just a week after Laboratory Corp. of America Holdings announced its plan to buy PAML, CellNetix bought back the 22% minority share from PAML to regain complete ownership. With this transaction, CellNetix Pathology and Laboratories became one of the largest independent, pathologist-owned groups in the country. References External links CellNetix Pathology and Laboratories PAML Pathology organizations
Assisted migration. Assisted migration is "the intentional establishment of populations or meta-populations beyond the boundary of a species' historic range for the purpose of tracking suitable habitats through a period of changing climate...." It is therefore a nature conservation tactic by which plants or animals are intentionally moved to geographic locations better suited to their present or future habitat needs and climate tolerances — and to which they are unable to migrate or disperse on their own. In conservation biology, the term first appeared in publications in 2004. It signified a type of species translocation intended to reduce biodiversity losses owing to climate change. In the context of endangered species management, assisted colonization (2007) and managed relocation (2009) were soon offered as synonyms — the latter in a paper entailing 22 coauthors. In forestry science and management, assisted migration is discussed in its own journals and from perspectives different from those of conservation biologists. This is, in part, because paleoecologists had already concluded that there were significant lags in northward movement of even the dominant canopy trees in North America during the thousands of years since the final glacial retreat. In the 1990s, forestry researchers had begun applying climate change projections to their own tree species distribution modelling efforts, and some results on the probable distances of future range shifts prompted attention. As well, translocation terminology was not controversial among forestry researchers because migration was the standard term used in paleoecology for natural movements of tree species recorded in the geological record. Another key difference between forestry practices and conservation biology is that the former, necessarily, was guided by "seed transfer guidelines" whenever a timber or pulp harvest was followed up by reforestation plantings. The provincial government of British Columbia in Canada was the first to update their guidelines with, what they call, "climate-based seed transfer." Overall, debate concerning the ethics of assisted migration in forestry practice was both short-term and muted compared to that which prevails in conservation biology. For this reason, a separate Wikipedia page titled Assisted migration of forests in North America was launched in 2021 and made into a useful teaching tool for climate adaptation education and decision-making in the forestry profession. The remainder of this page therefore focuses on the topic of assisted migration in conservation biology and especially its applications for management of endangered species. Background Climate change is expected to drive many species out of parts of their current ranges while creating new suitable habitats elsewhere. In order to avoid population declines and extinction, many species will need to either adapt or colonize newly suitable areas. Using a niche modeling approach, scientists have predicted that a failure to migrate or adapt will result in about a quarter of the world's species dying out this century under moderate climate change. The natural dispersal rates for many species are far slower than those needed to keep pace with projected habitat shifts in many regions of the world. Prehistoric climatic changes have resulted in massive global extinctions, and the rate of warming projected for the near future is many times faster than changes in the past 10,000 years. Geographic or human-caused barriers to natural dispersal may already be at cause for the listing as "critically endangered" two small-range endemic species for which assisted migration is now underway: Australia's western swamp tortoise and America's Florida torreya tree. The inability of species to migrate in response to human-caused climate change has led to some scientists and land managers to consider exploring assisted migration as a means for preventing extinction of species. As of 2023, however, there have been few examples of assisted migration projects underway: A review paper concludes, "Assisted migration was most common for plants (particularly trees), followed by birds, and was rarely implemented for other taxa." Assisted migration v. species introduction Assisted migration is a specific type of species introduction. Species introduction is any act of establishing a species in a habitat it does not currently occupy. It often refers to a long-distance relocation, such as the accidental introduction of an invasive species from one continent to another, or the intentional relocation of a species in decline to a habitat where it can persist. By contrast, assisted migration acknowledges that the natural dispersal rate of many species may be too low to naturally respond to rapid human-caused climate change and instead focuses on where the species would be able to disperse fast enough via natural selection to keep pace with the changing environment. Assisted migration practitioners consider helping the species disperse into such sites, which are often immediately adjacent to the species’ historical range. In their eyes, assisted migration represents a small artificial boost to an otherwise natural process. Controversy While assisted migration has the potential to allow species that have poor natural dispersal abilities to avoid extinction, it has also sparked debate over the possibility that the migrated species might spread diseases or even become too successful (that is, invasive) in the recipient ecosystems. Even so, several assisted migration projects or experiments have begun for several critically endangered species. Beginning around 2007, opposing pro and con positions became apparent in the field of conservation biology, while still relatively unknown to public promoters of conservation and managers of conservation lands. Supporters generally believe that the expected benefits of assisted migration, including saving and strengthening species, outweigh the potential harm of any project. Detractors generally believe that other conservation techniques which do not include the high risk of invasive species are not only better suited but are also more likely to succeed. This debate continued throughout the literature, generally due to a lack of real-world applications and follow-ups. Though these conservation efforts are becoming increasingly common, few long term looks at their success have been conducted. In 2022 a review paper by seven researchers in the United States assessed shifts in what they called "conservation strategies for the climate crisis." Among the "novel strategies" surveyed was "climate-adaptive assisted migration." The team found that academic publications became less focused on the pros and cons of the concept through the years. Instead, more attention was given to modeling or mapping where particular species could be moved. While plants had been the focus of most of the early publications, animals took the lead in recent years. Corals, invertebrates, mammals, and birds were the leading types of animals assessed for assisted migration needs and prospects. Even so, "most authors presented assisted species migration as appropriate only for species under exceptionally high threat from climate change." By 2023, a news article in the journal Nature reported, "attitudes towards assisted migration are slowly shifting as conservationists realise just how fast the climate is changing." Invasive species risk Perhaps the principal concern scientists have expressed over assisted migration is the potential for relocated species to be invasive in their new habitats, driving out native species. The fear that assisted migration will facilitate invasions stems mostly from observations of the vast numbers of species that have become invasive outside their native ranges by (often inadvertent) introduction by humans. Although most agree that assisted migration efforts, unlike accidental introductions, should involve detailed planning and risk assessment, for some, any threat of introducing invasive species, no matter how small, disqualifies assisted migration as a viable management response to climate change. Those who wish to keep assisted migration on the table often note that the vast majority of historical species invasions have resulted from continent-to-continent or continent-to-island transportation of species and that very few invasions have resulted from the comparatively short-distance, within-continent movement of species proposed for assisted migration. For example, Mueller and Hellman reviewed 468 documented species invasions and found that only 14.7% occurred on the same continent where the species originated. Of the 14.7%, the vast majority were fish and crustaceans. Terrestrial species that became invasive on the same continent where they originated were often transported across large biogeographic barriers, such as mountain ranges. These long-distance, within-continent translocations are unlike expected uses of assisted migration, which generally involve helping species colonize habitats immediately adjacent to their current ranges. Uncertainty in the planning process To identify populations at risk and locate new potential habitats, conservationists often use niche models. These models predict the suitability of habitats in the future based on how closely their climates resemble the climate currently inhabited by the species. Though useful for describing broad trends, these models make a number of unrealistic assumptions that restrict the usefulness of their predictions. For instance, they do not consider the possibility that species may be able to develop tolerance of new climates through acclimatization or adaptation. Further, they do not account for the fact that a given species may perform better (e.g., become invasive) or worse (e.g., fail to establish) in a new habitat than in its current range if the community of competitor, predator, and mutualist species is different there. Additionally, because different climate variables (e.g., minimum January temperature, average annual precipitation) rarely shift in unison, it is possible that few areas will exactly match the historical climates of species threatened by climate change. Such multi-directional climate shifts will make it especially difficult to determine the species that are at greatest risk of habitat loss due to climate change and to predict future suitable habitat. The uncertainties in predictions of future suitable habitat limits confidence in assisted migration decisions and has led some to reject assisted migration entirely. Despite the uncertainty inherent in predictions of future suitable habitat, some studies have demonstrated that predictions can be quite accurate. A study of Hesperia comma butterflies in Britain identified unoccupied habitat sites that were likely to support the species under a warmer climate based on their similarity to occupied sites. As the climate warmed, the butterfly colonized many of the sites; most of the sites it did not colonize were located far from existing populations, suggesting they were uncolonized because the butterfly could not reach them on its own. The data suggested that the suitable, uncolonized sites could be good targets for assisted migration. The results suggested that if investigators can demonstrate their model makes reliable predictions with real-world data, models might be trusted for informing assisted migration decisions. Risks and benefits The science is clear that climate change will drive many species extinct, and a traditional, land-preservation ethic will not prevent extinctions. Those wary of moving species instead suggest expanding networks of habitat corridors, allowing species to naturally migrate into newly suitable areas. Under the rates of climate change projected for the coming decades, however, even perfectly connected habitats will probably be insufficient. Species that cannot naturally keep pace with shifting climates will be at risk regardless of habitat connectivity. Evidence suggests that slowly evolving and slowly dispersing species (including species that are dispersal-limited due to habitat fragmentation) will decline or go extinct in the absence of assisted migration programs. In their rejection of assisted migration, Ricciardi and Simberloff cite the precautionary principle, stating that any unknown risk, no matter how small, of assisted migration resulting in the creation of new invasive species is enough to require that it not be undertaken. Many scientists reject this position, however, noting that in many cases where extinctions due to climate change are likely, the risks of extinction from not facilitating migration are probably far worse than the risks of facilitating migration. They argue that the precautionary principle cuts both ways, and the risks of inaction must be compared against the risks of action. Others note that the ethics of assisting migration will depend on the values of the stakeholders involved in a specific decision rather than the position of scientists on assisted migration in general. At the very least, some note, scientists should conduct further research into assisted migration and improve our capacity to predict specific outcomes instead of outright rejecting it. Because confidence in expected outcomes is often greater in the short-term (e.g., 20 years) than the long-term future, it may be more reasonable to use short-term projections to guide actions. However, it is also important to consider whether the climate will remain suitable long enough for colonizing species to mature and reproduce, if that is the management goal. Due to climate change, accidental species introductions, and other global changes, there is nowhere on the planet free of human disturbance. Thus, the idea that land managers should refrain from creating human-altered communities through assisted migration may be moot given that all communities have been altered by humans to some degree whether managers undertake assisted migration or not. Given the reality of global change, it will be impossible to maintain past ecological communities indefinitely. Many therefore believe we should strive to maintain biodiversity and functioning ecosystems in the face of climate change, even if it means actively moving species beyond their native ranges. In the absence of assisted migration, climate change is already causing many highly mobile species, such as butterflies, to colonize areas they have not previously inhabited. Through assisted migration, managers could help rare or less-mobile species keep pace, possibly preventing future extinctions due to a their inability to colonize new areas fast enough. Though some argue that nature often responds to challenges more effectively in the absence of human intervention, others note that current climate change, itself, is a human intervention. Many species that would have been effective dispersers under slower, natural climate change may be left behind by more mobile species under current rates of human-caused climate change. Thus, through changing the climate, humans may already be artificially segregating species even without actively relocating them. Critics may also have major concerns about different genetic issues when considering assisted migration such as maladaptation to novel environmental conditions and hybridization with similar species. These often depend on the genetic structure and level of genetic variation in the source populations. The environmental conditions in which these populations are being introduced must also be taken into account. In order to enhance genetic variation, and thus adaptive potential, material could be sourced from multiple populations. This is known as composite provenancing. However, if the environmental gradient is well known, such as predictable changes in elevation or aridity, source populations should be ‘genetically matched’ to recipient sites as best as possible to ensure that the translocated individuals ae not maladapted. This strategy of moving species beyond their current range has been suggested for those that are severely threatened or endangered. By moving them outside their native range, hopefully the immediate threats of predation, disease, and habitat loss can be avoided. However, these species are usually already suffering from some sort of genetic issue resulting from low effective population size such as inbreeding depression, loss in genetic diversity, or maladaptation. Therefore, caution must be taken with what few individuals remain and rapid population growth must be the primary goal. In the case of some species, this can be accomplished with a captive breeding program Alternatives Even under rapid climate change, dispersal into new areas may not be necessary for some species to persist. Instead of tracking climate shifts through space, some species may be able to survive in their present locations by developing tolerance to new conditions through acclimatization and adaptation. The potential for acclimatization or adaptation to allow persistence in the face of climate change varies by species and is generally poorly understood. One study determined that evolution of higher temperature tolerances in some species of amphibians and reptiles will likely occur fast enough to allow these species to survive a 3 °C temperature increase over 100 years, consistent with low- to mid-range projections of global warming. By contrast, many species, such as most temperate trees, have longer generation times and therefore may adapt more slowly; they may take thousands of years to evolve a similar increase in temperature tolerance. Adaptation this slow would be insufficient for keeping up with expected future global warming if migration of new habitats is not an option. In addition to acclimatization and adaption, assisted evolution is an alternative to assisted migration that has been growing in popularity recently due to the worldwide coral reef crisis. Assisted evolution is the practice of using human intervention to accelerate the rate of natural evolutionary processes. There are three main types of assisted evolution. Stress conditioning Stress conditioning consists of exposing organisms to sublethal stress, with the goal of inducing physiological changes that increase tolerance to future stress events. There has been documented evidence that some changes can be passed throughout generations in both plants and animals. Stress conditioning can be artificially induced in a laboratory environment to create desired responses based on their environments. Notable examples include a 1989 experiment which used stress conditioning via heat shock on rat kidneys to extend their safe cold storage time to 48 hours. More recently, stress conditioning is being studied as a potential solution for the preservation of coral reefs as they are continually exposed to ocean warming and acidification. Assisted gene flow Assisted gene flow (AGF) works to increase the presence of desired naturally-occurring genes in offspring. AGF relies on pre-existing genes within the species' genome, rather than the artificial creation and insertion of genetic code within the genome of the species. Assisted gene flow can also introduce related species' genomes into the gene pool to allow for the introduction of previously impossible behaviors into the new species. AGF identifies genes that produce desired behaviors or tolerance to environmental conditions, and works to increase the chance that parental transmission of the gene in question occurs (also known as heritability). Determining which genes within the genome produce desired behaviors or environmental tolerance consist of experiments which measure the growth, survival, and behavior exhibition of offspring with varying genotypes. AGF is one possible strategy to preserve species that are threatened by climate change, and can be applied to both plants (e.g. forest restoration) or animal populations. Currently, different coral colonies of the Great Barrier Reef are being interbred to test whether offspring display increased resistance to warmer living conditions. Increased resistance to warmer living conditions allow for the preservation of the Great Barrier Reef even as water temperatures continue to rise. Hybridization Hybridization refers to the process where an egg and sperm from two different species can fertilize and produce young. Hybridization was studied in the 1800s by Johann Gregor Mendel, who posthumously has been credited with the discovery of genes and alleles and their impact on an offspring's genotype. Benefits of hybridization include the increase in genetic diversity and the potential for genetic combinations which are able to adapt to, and reproduce in, increasingly difficult environments. Hybridization of coral reefs during the annual coral spawning is being experimented with to create hybrid offspring that will hopefully have higher survival and growth rates in a variety of climate change related conditions. In contrast, for neoendemic species, hybridization could result in a loss of biodiversity because closely related species that are offered a chance to interbreed could result in a single species rather than the original two or more. Cupressus abramsiana is such an example. The 2016 federal update of the recovery plan for this threatened cypress tree, endemic to a small geographic region along the California coast, warned of the dangers of hybridization. A section of the plan titled "Genetic introgression" (also known as introgressive hybridization) explains how the integrity of this species is threatened by nearby horticultural plantings of a sister species, Monterey cypress, whose historically native range is nearby: on the opposite side of Monterey Bay. Hybridization is known to occur between the two endemics — as well as with a widely planted sister species native to Arizona: Arizona cypress. Other consequences of hybridization include the accumulation of deleterious genes, outbreeding depression, and genetic swamping. In the case of outbreeding depression which reduces the fitness of the hybrid species, there is a risk of extinction. This occurs when the population growth rate is below the replacement rate, wasting the reproductive potential of two populations. Governmental policies Global conservation policy A review paper published in the journal Science in 1989, titled "Translocation as a Species Conservation Tool: Status and Strategy," compiled the use of translocations for rare species (of birds and mammals) from 1973 to 1989 in the United States, Hawaii, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. Habitat destruction, habitat fragmentation, and hunting were the primary causes of decline listed in that paper. Climate change was not mentioned as a cause for concern. Three decades later, the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) published that "climate change currently affects at least 10,967 species on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species." In another IUCN publication in 2021, climate change was mentioned 20 times in a 355-page report by the organization's Conservation Translocation Specialist Group; but "assisted colonization" as an adaptive response was mentioned just once. In 2022, the update of the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity agreement recognized "climate change" as the third most significant threat to global biodiversity. "Changes in land and sea use" along with "direct exploitation of organisms" were regarded as greater threats. Because the agreement was at the level of "goals" and "targets," no mention was made of conservation tools, such as translocation, nor its climate-adaptive form (assisted migration). USA Endangered Species Act Although the Endangered Species Act of 1973 did not in itself restrict assisted migration, a regulatory change in 1984 regarding "experimental populations" made prospective translocations more difficult to justify. June 2022, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service published a proposed rule in the Federal Register that would "revise section 10(j) regulations under the Endangered Species Act to better facilitate recovery by allowing for the introduction of listed species to suitable habitats outside of their historical ranges. The proposed change will help improve the conservation and recovery of imperiled ESA-listed species in the coming decades, as growing impacts from climate change and invasive species cause habitats within their historical ranges to shift and become unsuitable." The comment period ended August 2022, with more than 500 comments posted online by supporters and opponents. The final decision is scheduled for publication June 2023. A 2010 paper in Conservation Letters had pointed out that, while no statutory changes appeared necessary to facilitate this newly proposed form of climate adaptation, "current regulations are an impediment to assisted colonization for many endangered animal species, whereas regulations do not necessarily restrict assisted colonization of endangered plants." The U.S. Department of Interior in June 2023 announced its decision to modify the section 10(j) rule by deleting reference to "historical range" as a parameter for where "experimental populations" were authorized to be located. This effectively authorized assisted species migration for endangered or threatened plants and animals. The press release summarized the reason for the change as, "At the time the original 10(j) regulations were established, the potential impact of climate change on species and their habitats was not fully realized, yet in the decades since have become even more dramatic. These revisions will help prevent extinctions and support the recovery of imperiled species by allowing the Service and our partners to implement proactive, conservation-based species introductions to reduce the impacts of climate change and other threats such as invasive species." Implementation A number of scholarly reports have documented natural poleward range shifts of mobile species — notably, butterflies and birds, during the past several decades of global warming. This is especially the case in the United Kingdom, where natural history observations are reputable and reach back several centuries. It has also been documented that plants are being sold in nurseries in Europe far north of their historically native ranges, and with apparent success in the colder habitats. Evidence of such "inadvertent assisted migration", owing to the horticultural trade, has also been documented for plants in the United States. In the North American context, assisted migration is most often discussed in the context of the relocalization of the continent's forests. In the late 2000s and early 2010s, the Canadian provinces of Alberta and British Columbia modified their tree reseeding guidelines to account for the northward movement of forest's optimal ranges. British Columbia even gave the green light for the relocation of a single species, the Western Larch, 1000 km northward. In the series below of actual and prospective assisted migration projects, all but one (Florida torreya tree) are being advocated and implemented by professional scientists, and usually with oversight by governmental endangered species programs. Taxonomic significance in successfully translocating plant and animal species range from (a) maintaining the genetics of an isolated population (American pika), to (b) preventing extinction of a subspecies (Quino checkerspot butterfly), to (c) preventing the extinction of a species (Florida torreya tree), and to (d) preventing extinction of a genus (Western swamp tortoise). First projects Florida torreya, US The Florida torreya (Torreya taxifolia) is a critically endangered tree of the yew family, Taxaceae, found in the Southeastern United States, at the state border region of northern Florida and southwestern Georgia. A self-organized group of conservationists called the Torreya Guardians was created in 2004 to undertake the assisted migration of this glacial relict tree by rewilding it in more northern parts of the United States. The controversy that developed was that the citizens used an exception (just for plants) in the United States Endangered Species Act of 1973 to begin their own assisted migration of a listed critically endangered species — even while the official recovery plan did not yet allow for it. By 2018 the citizens had accomplished documentation of species thrival in a dozen legacy horticultural plantings — including seed production and next-generation saplings at several sites in North Carolina. In 2018 their own plantings in Cleveland, Ohio, began producing seeds (turquoise star in image at right). Early scholarly debates on the pros and cons of assisted migration as a climate-adaptation tool for endangered species conservation often mentioned the Florida torreya project., as did international media Western Swamp Tortoise, Australia The western swamp tortoise (Pseudemydura umbrina) is a critically endangered reptile that is endemic to a small portion of southwestern Australia. It was deemed extinct until it was rediscovered in 1954 and reported in 1981 to be "a relict species of a monotypic genus, of very restricted range and specialized habitat." This species is notable in conservation history for being the first example of an endangered vertebrate that was experimentally translocated to a distant location (300 kilometers poleward) expressly because of climate change. By the time assisted migration trials began, the sole remaining original refuge for this species was inhabited only by captive-bred tortoises that had been reintroduced. The first trial began in 2016, with the release of 24 captive-raised juveniles. In contrast to the Florida torreya tree example, this first experiment in assisted migration of an endangered species in Australia was "preceded by detailed planning and research." A generally positive result, despite impediments to statistically significant data, was reported in a journal article four years later. A second trial began in 2022 in the same region, this time in Scott National Park. Lead scientist is Nicola Mitchell, an associate professor of conservation physiology at the University of Western Australia. She openly spoke to the International New York Times about the ethical imperative: Should humans just let nature run its course, thereby dooming this species to extinction because of climate change? "Or do we have an ethical responsibility" to act in its behalf? Mark Schwartz, a conservation scientist at the University of California, Davis, was quoted in the article. Speaking about the scale of biodiversity threats posed by climate change, versus using assisted migration as an adaptive strategy, Schwartz said: "To move enough species to resolve this threat basically seems untenable." Yet he also noted that climate-responsive translocations were more acceptable than another approach under consideration: initiating gene editing to make species more climate-proof. Lead scientist Mitchell acknowledged the risks, while offering "we can potentially undo our mistakes by recapturing them." Additional translocations of baby turtles continued into 2023. Early advocacy without implementation Quino Checkerspot butterfly, US The Quino checkerspot (Euphydryas editha quino) is a butterfly native to southern California and northwestern Baja California. It is a subspecies of the common Edith's checkerspot (Euphydryas editha), which ranges as far north as southern British Columbia and Alberta. In 1997 it became the second subspecies of Edith's checkerspot to be listed under the federal Endangered Species Act. (The first was Bay checkerspot, which was listed as "threatened" in 1987.) Notably, it became the first endangered species for which climate change was reported as a current threat and thus a factor to be considered in its recovery plan. However, as reported in The Guardian April 2014A butterfly species whose population collapsed because of climate change and habitat loss has defied predictions of extinction to rapidly move to cooler climes and change its food plant. The quino checkerspot (Euphydryas editha quino), found in Mexico and California, has shifted to higher altitudes and surprisingly chosen a completely different species of plant on which to lay its eggs, according to research presented at the Butterfly Conservation's seventh international symposium in Southampton.... "Every butterfly biologist who knew anything about the quino in the mid-1990s thought it would be extinct by now, including me," said Prof Camille Parmesan of the Marine Sciences Institute at Plymouth University...." In a paper titled, "Endangered Quino checkerspot butterfly and climate change: Short-term success but long-term vulnerability?", the authors acknowledged the butterfly's surprising ability to utilize a new larval plant food in a cooler nearby habitat and concluded: "Quino appears resilient to warming climate. However, projections indicate that most or all of Quino’s current range in the USA, including the new high elevation expansion, will become uninhabitable. Our most frequent projected future range (circa 2050) is c. 400 km northward from current populations, hence conservation of Quino may eventually require assisted colonization." American Pika (rodent) and Joshua Tree, US Within the first decade of the terms assisted migration and assisted colonization appearing in the journals of conservation biology science, two wide-ranging species in the western USA (image right) were scrutinized for possible application of the new climate adaptation tool. The American pika, Ochotona princeps, (a close relative of rabbits) and the Joshua tree, Yucca brevifolia, (the iconic tree of the Mojave Desert) were experiencing climate-driven range contractions in their southernmost populations. At the time, when climate-adaptation tools were originally discussed, scientific applications to well-known species garnered media attention. Because successfully capturing, transporting, and releasing an alpine mammal would require planning and "considerable financial resources," serious advocacy for launching such a project for the pika did not occur. As for Joshua tree, in 2019 the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service ruled against listing this desert plant as a "threatened" species, and California state government did the same in 2022. During this time, three U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service scientists aggregated existing research (including range shift climate modelling) into a report titled, "Examining the Past, Present, and Future of an Iconic Mojave Desert Species, the Joshua Tree." It was published in December 2020. No mention was made of any form of translocation, including assisted migration, for securing the species against future climate change. Stitchbird (hihi), New Zealand The stitchbird, also known as the Hihi, is a bird endemic to New Zealand. Changes in climate have shown to have a profound effect on the hihi's ability to thrive and reproduce. As a result, human caused climate change is an existential threat to the species. The hihi's current native habitat is becoming unstable due to rising temperatures, and suitable temperatures are shifting further south. Assisted migration is being considered as a means of ensuring the hihi can remain in its current natural habitat. Critics, however, argue the risks that are presented to the new host environments are not worth the potential benefits assisted migration may present. Coupled plant and animal project underway In 2024, positive results of a successful combined assisted migration project were reported in the volcanic region near Mexico City. A native, high-altitude tree favored by North America's overwintering population of Monarch butterfly had been test planted on an extinct volcano that offered higher altitudes for trees to grow than the existing monarch sanctuary 75 kilometers away. Thirteen scientists coauthored a paper titled, "Establishing monarch butterfly overwintering sites for future climates: Abies religiosa upper altitudinal limit expansion by assisted migration." They wrote, "We conclude that the establishment of A. religiosa at 3,600 and 3,800 meters is feasible and that planted stands could eventually serve as overwintering sites for the Monarch butterfly under projected future climates." Establishing a slow-growing tree to serve as a mature forest sanctuary by century's end for a migratory insect is a second-level complication beyond the single-species projects that are still considered controversial. Additionally, the team first had to establish at the higher experimental elevations a native shrub, Baccharis conferta, to serve as nurse plants protecting the newly planted fir seedlings from frost and drought during their early years. The lead author recounted important sightings of the butterfly near the tree translocation site: "Monarch butterflies have over recent years established new and large colonies at colder places within the Nevado de Toluca, which suggests that they already are searching for new places to overwinter. Once our seedlings are fully grown, they will hopefully discover our planting site, too.” This site was chosen because it offers mountain slopes more than a thousand meters higher than the existing butterfly preserve. Inadvertent assisted migration Mature horticultural plantings of trees northward of their native ranges are a form of assisted migration already underway. Because the original plantings likely did not include the goal of helping the trees migrate northward in a warming climate, this form of unintended climate adaptation enabled by humans can be called inadvertent assisted migration. Jesse Bellemare and colleagues may have coined the term in a paper published in 2017: "It appears that a subset of native plants, particularly those with ornamental value, might already have had opportunities to shift their ranges northward via inadvertent human assistance." A subcanopy tree native to the southeastern United States, umbrella magnolia, that had fully naturalized into a forest adjacent to its original horticultural planting in Massachusetts was the subject of an earlier paper by Bellemare. This and other examples suggest not only that poleward assisted migration of plants can be successful, but that distinguishing native from non-native species in this time of rapid climate change will require novel standards. Reports of full naturalization of poleward horticultural plantings of other native trees have been used as support for intentional deployment of assisted migration at larger scales as a tool for climate adaptation. Coast redwood (native to California) and Torreya taxifolia (native to Florida) are two examples. In 2022 a Canadian Forestry Service publication pointed to the success of horticultural plantings in British Columbia and Washington state, along with a review of research detailing redwood's paleobiogeography and current range conditions, as grounds for proposing that Canada's Vancouver Island already offered "narrow strips of optimal habitat" for extending the range of coast redwood. As to Florida torreya, documentation of "historic groves in northward states" was presented by the group Torreya Guardians as a supportive factor in their 2019 "Petition to Downlist from endangered to threatened Torreya taxifolia". Two years later, a decision was issued and published, with no change in species status of imperilment. But Factor E of the decision, "Documentation of Historical Groves," did acknowledge the citizen accomplishments in this regard. See also Climate change adaptation Forest management Effect of climate change on plant biodiversity Hemerochory Escaped plant References Ecology Environmental conservation Climate change
Robeson Planetarium and Science Center. The Robeson Planetarium and Science Center is located in Lumberton, North Carolina. It is operated by the Public Schools of Robeson County for instruction in astronomy, geology, physics and other science topics. It is a member of the NASA Museum Alliance, International Planetarium Society, SouthEastern Planetarium Association, and Carolina Association of Planetarium Educators. The facility has been closed since the building housing the planetarium was destroyed in 2016 by Hurricane Matthew and further damaged by Hurricane Florence in 2018. The county plans to rebuild but lacks funding and has been operating in the schools and at public events using portable equipment since References External links Education in Robeson County, North Carolina NASA Museum Alliance Planetaria in the United States
Descriptive phenomenological method in psychology. The descriptive phenomenological method in psychology was developed by the American psychologist Amedeo Giorgi in the early 1970s. Giorgi based his method on principles laid out by philosophers like Edmund Husserl and Maurice Merleau-Ponty as well as what he had learned from his prior professional experience in psychophysics. Giorgi was an early pioneer of the humanistic psychology movement, the use of phenomenology in psychology, and qualitative research in psychology, and to this day continues to advocate for the importance of a human science approach to psychological subject matter. Giorgi has directed over 100 dissertations that have used the Descriptive Phenomenological Method on a wide variety of psychological problems, and he has published over 100 articles on the phenomenological approach to psychology. Theoretical perspective Giorgi promotes phenomenology as a theoretical movement that avoids certain simplified tendencies sustained by many modern approaches to psychological research. According to the phenomenological psychological perspective embraced by Giorgi, researchers are encouraged to "bracket" their own assumptions pertaining to the phenomenon in question by refraining from positing a static sense of objective reality for oneself and the participants whose experiences are being studied. This allows the researchers to attend to the descriptions of the participants without forcing the meaning of the descriptive units into pre-defined categories. An important aspect of the descriptive phenomenological method in psychology is the way by which it distinguishes itself from those approaches that are strictly interpretive. In this, Giorgi closely follows Husserl who proposes that "being given and being interpreted are descriptions of the same situation from two different levels of discourse." As such, in the Descriptive Phenomenological Method there are both descriptive and interpretive moments, but the researcher remains careful to attend to each type of act in unique ways. Through a sort of empathic immersion with the subjects and their descriptions, the researchers get a sense of the ways that the experiences given by the participants were actually lived, which is in turn described. During this process, however, theoretical or speculative interpretation should be avoided so as to flesh out the full lived meaning inherent to the descriptions themselves (Giorgi, 2009, p. 127). Interpretation may then occur to various extents during other phases of the research process, but only as it relates to implications of the results rather than the lived meaning of the participants' experiences. Another form of Descriptive phenomenological method in psychology was proposed by Paul Colaizzi. This method follows a distinctive seven step process that stays close to the data while providing strong analysis. Phenomenological intuition The Descriptive Phenomenological Method involves neither deduction nor induction in order to find meaning, but instead asks the researcher to intuit what is essential to the phenomenon being studied. Intuition, in this sense (going along with the philosophy of phenomenology), simply means that an object (or state of affairs, structural whole, proposition etc.) becomes presented to consciousness in a certain mode of giveness. In the context of this research method, therefore, intuition is used in order to get a sense of the lived meaning of each description so as to relate them to what is known about the phenomenon of interest in general These types of generalities are not statistical probabilities nor universally posited, but are dependent upon the lived meaning of the descriptions and the meaning of the phenomenon being studied. Data analysis The phenomenological psychological attitude is to be assumed while analyzing the data in order to ensure that "the results reflect a careful description of precisely the features of the experienced phenomenon as they present themselves to the consciousness of the researcher" (Giorgi, 2009, pp. 130–131). In the phenomenological psychological attitude, the psychological acts of the participants are affirmed to be real while the objects at which those acts are directed are reduced to what appears as psychologically relevant to the particular experience being attended to. In this sense, the researcher attends to the phenomenon in its "own appropriate mode of self-givenness, thus [meeting] the demand for scientific objectivity concerning the subjective: the method of phenomenological reduction" (Scanlon, 1977, xiv) With this method, this is done so as to reach a level of understanding that is appropriate for psychologists, while also helping the researcher to reach a sort of empathically sensed intuition of the experiences, in the sense used by Eugene Gendlin Each description given by the participants is first read through in its entirety in order to get a better sense of the whole situation in which the experiences occurred. Then each description is attended to individually as the researcher goes through and marks off different units of meaning within the data in order to make the descriptions more manageable. After a single description is broken down into separate units, each unit can then be transformed from the language through which it was given into "psychologically sensitive" meaning units, which is done with the help of imaginative variation. This process is meant to flesh out the horizons of the lived meaning more fully in order to expand the possibilities inherent to the phenomenon being studied. Finally, after all the descriptions have undergone these steps, general psychological structures, in the sense described above, are sought. For Giorgi (2009), "essential psychological structure" refers to: "[A depiction] of the lived experience of a phenomenon, which may include aspects of the description of which the experiencer was unaware. The psychological structure is not a definition. It is meant to depict how certain phenomena that get named are lived, which includes experiential and conscious moments seen from a psychological perspective. A psychological perspective means that the lived meanings are based on an individual but get expressed eidetically, which means that they are general." The final structure is meant to serve as an ideal representation of the phenomenon being studied, based upon actual instantiations of it within concrete lived experiences. It may be the case that such structures turn up many times again, or their relevance may be limited to the cases studied in a particular study. Either way, they have the potential to reveal a lived understanding of a certain phenomenon without first requiring a certain theoretical framework in order to comprehend it. The Colaizzi method for data analysis proceeds as follows: Familiarization: The researcher reads the participants description multiple times until it is familiar. Identifying Significant Statements: The researcher Identifies all the relevant statements that directly relate to the select phenomenon. Formulating Meanings: While bracketing their own assumptions, the researcher identify meanings relevant to the phenomenon from the significant statements. Clustering Themes: The researcher clusters the identified meanings into themes considering all the accounts presented. Bracketing is again important to ensure internal validity. Developing an Exhaustive Description: The researcher writes a full description of the phenomenon including the themes complied from step 4. Producing the Fundamental Structure: The researcher condenses the statement form the previous step into a dense statement that shows the essential aspects of the select phenomenon. Seeking Verification of the Fundamental Structure: The statement from step 6 is returned to all the participants to verify that this captures their experience. Based on their response the researcher may reevaluate the analysis. This last step in particular has been criticized by Giorgi who stated that the researcher and the participant will have different perspectives. References Descriptive psychology Psychological methodology Phenomenology
Christian August Voigt. Christian August Voigt (21 August 1808 – 10 February 1890) was an Austrian anatomist. Biography Voigt was born on 21 August 1808 in born in Brody, Galicia. He studied medicine in Vienna, receiving his doctorate in 1841 with a dissertation titled, De systemate Intermedio vasorum eiusque radicibus. In Vienna, he was influenced by the work of anatomist Christian Joseph Berres (1796–1844). From 1847 to 1850, he was a professor at the surgical-medical college in Laibach, afterwards teaching classes in Lemberg (1850–1854), Kraków (1854–1861) and Vienna (1861–1878), where he was a professor of anatomy and histology. Voigt was a member of the Vienna Academy of Sciences. Voigt is remembered for his anatomical investigations of the hair and skin. His name is associated with "Voigt's line", a pigmentary demarcation line that sometimes affects dark-skinned individuals. It is described as a dorsoventral line of pigmentation occurring symmetrically and bilaterally for about ten centimeters along the lateral edge of the biceps. The phenomenon is also known as "Futcher's line". Written works Abhandlung über die Richtung der Haare am menschlichen Körper, 1857 – Treatise on the direction of hair on the human body. Über ein System neu entdeckter Linien an der Oberfläche des Körpers und über Hauptvera¨stelungs-Gebiete der Hautnerven, 1857 – A system of newly found lines on the surface of the human body, etc. Beiträge zur Dermato-Neurologie, nebst der Beschreibung eines Systems neu entdeckter Linien an der Oberfläche des menschlichen Körpers, 1864 – Contributions to dermato-neurology, including the description of a system of newly discovered lines on the surface of the human body. Books about Christian August Voigt "Christian August Voigt (1808–1890), Professor der Anatomie in Laibach, Lemberg, Krakau und Wien", by Maria Habacher; 1967. References 1808 births 1890 deaths People from Brody University of Vienna alumni Academic staff of the University of Vienna Academic staff of the University of Lviv Scientists from Austria-Hungary Biologists from the Austrian Empire
HBIO. HBIO may refer to: Harvard Bioscience (NASDAQ: HBIO), is an American multinational company H-Bio, an oil refinery process
Robert Desharnais. Robert A. Desharnais is an American evolutionary biologist who is an emeritus professor of biology at California State University, Los Angeles. His research area is population biology and ecology. Life Desharnais studied biology at the University of Massachusetts, Boston, earning a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1976. At the University of Rhode Island, in 1979, he earned a Master of Science degree in zoology, and in 1982 he received a Doctor of Philosophy degree in zoology. His doctoral advisor was the population geneticist Robert F. Constantino. After finishing his graduate studies, from 1982 to 1983, he was a postdoctoral fellow at Dalhousie University. From 1985 to 1987, he was a research associate at Rockefeller University, and from 1987 to 1988, he was an assistant professor] In 1988, he moved to Los Angeles, California to work as an assistant professor at California State University, Los Angeles, and in 1997, there he became full professor. He is an emeritus professor of biology. Some of his research interests are theoretical biology, nonlinear population dynamics, chaos theory in population ecology, and the role of natural selection in population dynamics. Selected works Population Dynamics and the Tribolium Model (1991) Chaos in Ecology (2003) Population Dynamics and Laboratory Ecology (2005) References 1955 births Living people California State University, Los Angeles faculty American evolutionary biologists Rockefeller University faculty University of Massachusetts Boston alumni University of Rhode Island alumni 21st-century American biologists
Autonomous Landing Hazard Avoidance Technology. Autonomous Landing Hazard Avoidance Technology (ALHAT) is technology NASA is developing to autonomously land spacecraft on the Moon, Mars or even an asteroid. According to the NASA web page on the project, it will provide state-of-the-art automated descent and landing system for planetary lander craft. A surface-tracking sensor suite with real-time hazard avoidance capabilities will assess altitude and velocity of the descending vehicle and the topography of the landing site to permit precision landing. The descending craft will use the ALHAT algorithms combined with sensor data to navigate to the "pre-mission landing aim point," where it will autonomously identify safe landing areas and guide the craft to touchdown. The technology will work in any lighting conditions, from the harsh glare of an unshielded Sun to the cloudy, gaseous murk of a distant Solar System body. A landing craft equipped with ALHAT will have the ability to detect and avoid obstacles such as craters, rocks and slopes and land safely and precisely on a surface. The project is led by Johnson Space Center (JSC) and supported by Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) and Langley Research Center. Some of the sensors may also be used to help spacecraft dock. The ALHAT technologies include a Hazard Detection System, a lidar Doppler velocimeter, a laser altimeter, software, sensor algorithms and path-to-space computer processors. These technologies integrate with the lander's onboard navigation instrumentation. The equipment has a mass of . The instrumentation has been tested by operating from moving vehicles – a truck, NASA's Huey helicopter and the Project Morpheus lander. At the end of testing the project is aiming for the ALHAT equipment to have reached Technology Readiness Level (TRL) 6. The ALHAT project has been superseded by NASA's CoOperative Blending of Autonomous Landing Technologies (COBALT) project. NASA claim that COBALT's Navigation Doppler Lidar (NDL) is 60 percent smaller, operates at nearly triple the speed and provides longer range measurement. Technology Resources needed by future expeditions will frequently be situated in potentially hazardous terrain, consequently robotic and human explorers need to land safely near to these resources. This requires a new generation of planetary landers with the ability to automatically recognize their desired landing site, assess potential landing hazards and adjust as they descend to the surface. NASA Langley created three lidar (light radar) sensors: the flash lidar, Doppler lidar and high-altitude laser altimeter for the ALHAT project. The flash lidar uses imagery technology to detect objects larger than the size of a basketball on a planetary surface under all lighting conditions. If there is an obstacle, the System will divert the vehicle to a safer landing spot. The three-dimensional camera sensor engine also forms part of the DragonEye space camera used by the Dragon spacecraft to dock with the International Space Station. The flash lidar flashes a laser and acts like a flash camera permitting the generation of lidar maps and images. The Doppler lidar measures the vehicle's altitude and velocity to precisely land on the surface, and the high-altitude laser altimeter provides data enabling the vehicle to land in the chosen area. The lidar laser technology scans an area for hazards like craters or rocks before the lander touches down. The onboard system uses the data to build a terrain and elevation map of potential landing sites in real time. ALHAT first scans from a high altitude giving the spacecraft sufficient to respond to obstacles or craters at the landing site. Safe sites are designated based on factors including the tilt angle of the surface, the distance and fuel cost to get to a site and the position of the lander's footpads. History and plans NASA's Johnson Space Center leads the ALHAT project, begun in early 2006, for NASA's Exploration Technology Development Program. Support is also provided by Charles Stark Draper Labs and the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory, Baltimore. Langley designed two special-purpose light detection and ranging (lidar) sensors. In conjunction with this, NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory developed algorithms for analysing the terrain based upon these lidar measurements. The Advanced Exploration Systems program would like to fully demonstrate and space qualify an enhanced ALHAT by launching a Morpheus lander with the ALHAT system to the Moon on the 2017 launch of the Space Launch System. If both work Morpheus intends to use ALHAT to land safely on one of the lunar poles. Human pilots can be helped by ALHAT technology providing them with much better situational awareness when they land their vehicles. In July 2013 an air cooled ALHAT was integrated into the Morpheus Lander BRAVO and its guidance software. Successful test flights were made with the vehicle tethered. The ALHAT and team them went to the Kennedy Space Center for free flight testing. On November 21, 2013 ALHAT on the prototype Morpheus Lander arrived at the KSC for free flight testing. In March 2014 ALHAT and the Bravo lander were integrated again and flight testing performed. In November 2014 additional ALHAT sensors were fitted to the Morpheus Lander. The new optics permit the Navigation Doppler Lidar to accurately measure the vehicle's velocity relative to the ground. The Morpheus/ALHAT successfully conducted Free Flight 15 (FF15) on December 15, 2015 – a closed-loop ALHAT flight and landing. The connections between the Morpheus vehicle and ALHAT were documented in ICD (Interface Control Documents). Testing A variety of field tests have been performed on the ALHAT equipment. The tests have been designed to demonstrate that the ALHAT equipment has reached TRL 6. The ALHAT's ability to detect items larger than a baseball from a distance of whilst moving was tested by placing the system on a truck. The ALHAT was able to image and navigate while the team were driving. The larger version of ALHAT was tested using helicopter flights at NASA's Dryden Flight Research Center, Edwards, California in 2010. A lunar terrain field was constructed at Kennedy Space Centre (KSC) for ALHAT on Morpheus lander testing. The field has an array of different terrain features to test ALHAT's ability to detect hazards. Initial testing used the lightweight ALHAT on a helicopter. A helicopter test of the integrated ALHAT System with the Morpheus avionics was performed over the ALHAT planetary hazard field at KSC. The KSC helicopter tests included flight profiles approximating planetary approaches, with the entire ALHAT system interfaced with all appropriate Morpheus subsystems and operated in real-time. During these helicopter flights, the ALHAT system imaged the simulated lunar terrain. Use of a helicopter permitted most but not all of the testing to be performed. Good data was obtained from all of the sensors. All of the problems detected have been identified and fixed to support future testing on the Morpheus Lander. In July 2013 the integration of ALHAT with the Project Morpheus lander version 1.5 hardware resumed. Tests included placing the lander on blocks to verify that the ALHAT Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) worked when tilted. Tilting tests were performed at several different heights and directions. On July 23, 2013 the Morpheus/ALHAT team successfully completed Tethered Test #26 with the ALHAT integrated into Morpheus' Bravo vehicle. All test objectives were met including ALHAT tracking & imaging. Imaging was performed at several heights. An example of the imaging produced by the LIDAR can be seen in the picture. On July 27, 2013 Bravo and ALHAT flew again in TT27. The ALHAT's tracking & imaging meeting all of the test objectives. During the rest of 2013 and early 2014 the ALHAT was removed from Bravo whilst various enhancements were made to the lander and flight tested. In March 2014 the ALHAT was installed back into the lander. On March 27, 2014 the assembly successfully performed a tethered test hovering at a variety of heights. The ALHAT's laser head can be seen scanning the area in the box during TT34 at the top right of this video. Morpheus Free Flight 10 took place on April 2, 2014. The ALHAT was in open loop mode. As well as the flight this video includes shots from a witness camera mounted and carefully aligned to the laser scanning head showing what the laser saw, but in the visible spectrum. Confirming that the hazard field was scanned. On April 24, 2014 Free Flight 11 (FF11) was successfully completed at the KSC Shuttle Landing Facility (SLF). In FF11, as in FF10, ALHAT operated in open-loop mode, imaging the Hazard Field and calculating navigation solutions in real time during the flight. The equipment was not (yet) navigating the vehicle, meaning Bravo autonomously flew a pre-programmed trajectory as before. ALHAT engineers will use this flight data to continue tuning and improving their system performance. A swing test was performed on April 28, 2014 to obtain accurate data on ALHAT's 3-beam Navigation Doppler Lidar to calibrate and confirm its range and velocity measurements. Free Flight 12 on April 30, 2014 was a repeat of the previous flight except the Lander was targeting the HDS identified landing site. Free Flight 13 on May 22, 2014. First flight of ALHAT and Morpheus Lander with the ALHAT having closed loop control of the lander. The correct landing location was identified and flown to. There was a disagreement between the ALHAT and the Morpheus's guidance, navigation, and control over the lander's current location. Free Flight 14 on May 28, 2014 took place at night. The ALHAT Hazard Detection System (HDS) performed well, but identified a safe site just 0.5 m outside the conservatively established limits around the center of the landing pad. ALHAT then navigated the vehicle in closed-loop mode through the entire approach, with the vehicle taking over navigation during the descent phase of the trajectory when ALHAT was already dead-reckoning. Had less conservative position error limits allowed ALHAT to continue to navigate to landing, the vehicle still would have landed safely on the pad. On November 13, 2014 a swing test of the new optics for the ALHAT Navigation Lidar was performed. The Morpheus/ALHAT team conducted Free Flight 15 (FF15) on December 15, 2015. The sixth free flight the ALHAT sensor suite on board, and a third attempt at completing a historic closed-loop ALHAT flight. The vehicle flew and landed successfully under the control of the ALHAT. Health and safety issues The ALHAT is an electrically powered device so the standard techniques for handling and repairing electrical devices apply. The equipment contains moving parts which should not be touched when they are moving or powered up. The Flash LIDAR and altimeter emit Class IV laser beams. Safety goggles should be worn when using Class IV and class 3B Lasers. That means whenever the ALHAT is powered up. The laser beams shall be directed away from people and anything they could damage. Aided optics should not be used. During tests and operations the outdoor rules may also apply. The rules for handling lasers at the Johnson Space Centre can be found in Chapter 6-2 of the JSC Handbook. Use of the Project Morpheus Thrust Termination System (TTS) by Range Safety shuts down the lander's main engine and stops the Type IV laser in ALHAT's Hazard Detection System (HDS). See also Guidance, navigation, and control References External links Autonomous Landing and Hazard Avoidance Technology (ALHAT) home page Project Morpheus home page Video of ALHAT being installed into a Huey Helicopter (pdf) Autonomous Landing and Hazard Avoidance Technology (ALHAT), 2008 power point by Dr. Chirold Epp IEEE Xplore Autonomous Precision Landing and Hazard, Detection and Avoidance Technology (ALHAT) by C.D. Epp – Aerospace Conference, 2007 IEEE IEEE Xplore ALHAT System Architecture and Operational Concept by T. Brady, Charles Stark and J. Schwartz – Aerospace Conference, 2007 IEEE Spaceflight technology Lidar Navigational equipment
Mario Cardullo. Mario Cardullo is an American inventor who received the first patent for a passive, read-write Radio-frequency identification. He is a 1957 graduate of the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn, now known as the New York University Tandon School of Engineering. He earned his doctorate degree from the George Mason University. References George Mason University alumni Polytechnic Institute of New York University alumni Living people Year of birth missing (living people)
Burkhard Rost. Burkhard Rost is a scientist leading the Department for Computational Biology & Bioinformatics at the Faculty of Informatics of the Technical University of Munich (TUM). Rost chairs the Study Section Bioinformatics Munich involving the TUM and the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU) in Munich. From 2007-2014 Rost was President of the International Society for Computational Biology (ISCB). Career Rost originally started his scientific career as theoretical physicist. After studying physics at the University of Giessen and physics, history, philosophy, and psychology at the University of Heidelberg, Rost received his PhD at the University Heidelberg for his work at the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) in 1994. Following research internships at EMBL and the European Bioinformatics Institute in Cambridge (UK), in 1998, he became assistant professor at the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics in the College of Surgeons and Physicians of the CU Medical Center of Columbia University in the City of New York. In 2000, he became associate professor at Columbia University and in 2009 he accepted an appointment to the Chair of Bioinformatics at the Technical University of Munich. He is a member of the New York Academy of Sciences and has been President of ISCB, the International Society for Computational Biology from 2007-2014. , Rost has authored or co-authored over 300 scientific publications with a Google Scholar h-index of 100. Research Rost research has focused on combining Machine Learning and evolutionary information to predict aspects of critical importance to advance our understanding of evolution, protein structure and protein function. Examples of research carried out in his lab includes the prediction of enzymatic activity (ECGO), interaction partners (ISIS, DISIS, PiNAT), subcellular localization (LOCtree, LOCnet, PredictNLS), functional effects of point mutations/SNPs (SNAP), disordered regions (MD, NORSnet, Ucon), membrane spanning segments (PROF/PHDhtm), secondary structure (PROF/PHD, RePROF, DSSPcont), solvent accessibility (PROF/PHD, RePROF), internal residue-residue contacts (PROFcon) and the clustering of proteins into families (CHOP). His current focus is on predicting the effects of individual mutations mostly on the level of non-synonymous changes in coding regions, i.e. single nucleotide changes (or Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms) that alter the amino acid sequence. His group has been dedicated to making their tools available online as demonstrated through the first internet server for protein structure prediction and sequence analysis, Predictprotein, that was launched in 1992, and has been continuously in service ever since. Rost's work has been published in leading peer reviewed scientific journals including Nature, Science, PLOS Genetics. ISCB In 2007 Rost was elected president of the International Society for Computational Biology (ISCB), taking over from Michael Gribskov. Rost served as president until 2014; his successor was Alfonso Valencia. Conferences Rost has co-chaired the largest annual meeting in computational biology ISMB, Intelligent Systems for Molecular Biology, in 2007 (Vienna), 2008 (Toronto), 2011 (Vienna), 2012 (Long Beach). He has initiated and been involved in the organization of several series of international conferences outside the usual northern hemisphere, namely ISCB Africa (2010: Bamako, Mali; 2011: Cape Town, South Africa; 2013: Tunis, Tunisia) in cooperation with the African Society for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, ISCB Latin America (2010: Montevideo, Uruguay; 2012: Santiago de Chile, Chile; 2014: Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), and most recently ISCB Asia (2011: Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; 2012: Shen Zhen, China). Rost has also been a co-organizer of the Critical Assessment of protein Structure Prediction (CASP) meetings from 2002-2008 (CASP4-CASP8). Awards and honors Rost was awarded the Professorship of the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation in 2009. He was made a Fellow of the ISCB in 2015. In 2016, he was awarded the Outstanding Contribution to ISCB. References External links Rostlab web site Burkhard Rost at TEDx: Personalized health: harnessing the power of diversity TEDx) Alexander von Humboldt Award 1961 births Living people Columbia University faculty German bioinformaticians Heidelberg University alumni Academic staff of the Technical University of Munich Fellows of the International Society for Computational Biology
Thought: A Journal of Philosophy. Thought: A Journal of Philosophy is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal published by the Philosophy Documentation Center in cooperation with the Thought Trust. The journal covers logic, philosophy of mathematics, philosophy of mind, epistemology, philosophy of language, and metaphysics. The editors-in-chief are Crispin Wright (Universities of Stirling and New York), John Divers (University of Leeds), and Kathrin Glüer-Pagin (Stockholm University). From 2012 to 2021 this journal was published by Wiley-Blackwell. Abstracting and indexing Thought: A Journal of Philosophy is abstracted and indexed in Academic OneFile, Arts & Humanities Citation Index, The Philosopher's Index, PhilPapers, and Scopus. External links English-language journals Epistemology journals Logic journals Metaphysics literature Philosophy of language literature Philosophy of mind journals Academic journals established in 2012 Wiley-Blackwell academic journals
Sergei Voloshin. Sergei Voloshin (born February 18, 1953) is a Russian-American experimental high-energy nuclear physicist and Professor of Physics at Wayne State University. He is best known for his work on event-by-event physics in heavy ion collisions. Career Sergei Voloshin studied physics at Moscow Engineering Physics Institute, where he completed his PhD in nuclear physics in 1980 and became a faculty member at the Department of Theoretical Physics. During the period from 1992 to 1999 he was a visiting scientist at the University of Pittsburgh, Physikalische Institute (University of Heidelberg) and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) where he worked on anisotropic flow and event-by-event physics in nuclear collisions at SPS and RHIC. In 1999 Dr. Voloshin joined the Department of Physics and Astronomy at Wayne State University. Work One of the best known Voloshin's contribution is the analysis and interpretation of the so-called anisotropic flow in heavy ion collisions. He played a leading role in the discovery of the strong elliptic flow at RHIC. Large elliptic flow, consistent with calculations from ideal hydrodynamics, was a key to the concept of strongly interacting Quark Gluon Plasma, a new form of matter discovered at RHIC. The idea of the constituent quark scaling, proposed by Voloshin, and its observation at RHIC is widely regarded as a proof for a deconfinement phase transition. His recent research interests include studies of possible local parity violation in strong interaction in heavy ion collisions. Dr. Voloshin is a member of the STAR Collaboration performing experiments at Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), and the ALICE Collaboration at Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN. Honors Elected a Fellow of American Physical Society in 2008 "for numerous seminal contributions to the methods and interpretation of collective flow in relativistic nuclear collisions”. Inducted to Wayne State University's Academy of Scholars in 2012. References External links Homepage at Wayne State University The Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider at Brookhaven National Laboratory The Alice Experiment at CERN STAR Experiment at Brookhaven National Laboratory Scientific publications of Sergei Voloshin on INSPIRE-HEP 1953 births Living people 21st-century American physicists Moscow Engineering Physics Institute alumni University of Pittsburgh faculty Wayne State University faculty Brookhaven National Laboratory staff Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory people People associated with CERN People from Donetsk Fellows of the American Physical Society
Relativistic disk. In general relativity, the relativistic disk expression refers to a class of axi-symmetric self-consistent solutions to Einstein's field equations corresponding to the gravitational field generated by axi-symmetric isolated sources. To find such solutions, one has to pose correctly and solve together the ‘outer’ problem, a boundary value problem for vacuum Einstein's field equations whose solution determines the external field, and the ‘inner’ problem, whose solution determines the structure and the dynamics of the matter source in its own gravitational field. Physically reasonable solutions must satisfy some additional conditions such as finiteness and positiveness of mass, physically reasonable kind of matter and finite geometrical size. Exact solutions describing relativistic static thin disks as their sources were first studied by Bonnor and Sackfield and Morgan and Morgan. Subsequently, several classes of exact solutions corresponding to static and stationary thin disks have been obtained by different authors. References General relativity Exact solutions in general relativity
Modification methylase. Modification methylase may refer to: DNA adenine methylase, an enzyme Site-specific DNA-methyltransferase (cytosine-N4-specific), an enzyme
School of Chemical Science (Indore, India). The School of Chemical Science or 'SOCHEM' is a Chemistry and Technical education school in Indore, India. SOCHEM is a University Teaching Department of Devi Ahilya University. The institute is situated in the Takshila Campus of Devi Ahilya University. It was founded in 1972. The institution provides post graduate and Ph.D. level courses in its campus. History The School of Chemistry (now School of Chemical Sciences) established in 1972, is one of the Schools of Devi Ahilya University Indore. The School was founded with the services of Prof. W. V. Bhagwat, along with Later Prof. M. B. Antia, Late Prof. R. Kaushal and Prof. S. G. Harmalkar. Subsequently, many members became the faculty of this school. Ever since its international status. It is the only School of the State which was honoured two times with the prestigious Katju award (Prof. N. S. Poonia for the year 1983 and Prof. K. K. Pandey for the year 1990). Courses Admissions are carried out on an All-India basis and the students are drawn from different parts of the country. To prepare trained Chemist Scientists for positions in drug and pharmaceutical industries and environmental organizations, School is running many courses in pharmaceutical sciences. M. Sc. (Pharmaceutical Chemistry) M. Sc. (Applied Chemistry) M. Sc. (Chemistry) Admissions Admission in M.Sc. through Departmental Entrance Test conducted by Department itself followed by personal interview. M.Sc. (Chemistry, Applied Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Chemistry) Total number of seats for each course: 20 Course duration: Four Semesters (two years) Reservation for various categories will be as per Government Rules. Basic qualification: B.Sc. with 65% marks and Chemistry as one of the subjects. Admission of candidate with less than 50% marks will not be considered. Admission in PhD is through DET conducted by Department. Relaxation to those candidates who have qualified NET or GATE examination followed by personal interview. Summer training and project work Summer training and project work in industries such as Ranbaxy, Glaxo, Lupin, Sarabhai Chemicals, Piramal Enterprises, IPCA, Dr. Reddy's Lab., Kirloskar Brothers, Cyno Pharma, Parke-Davis, Bridgestone and national institutes such as National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, NCL, Pune, NIPER, Chandigarh, CDRI, Lucknow, IICT, Hyderabad, NEERI, Nagpur, RRL, Bhopal, National Research Centre for Soybean, Indore, Indian Institute of Petroleum, Dehradun, Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, CAT, Indore, Inter University Consortium, Indore Centre, DMRL, Hyderabad, IISc, Bangalore. References Devi Ahilya University website www.chemical.dauniv.ac.in Chemistry education
18th century in philosophy. This is a timeline of the 18th century in philosophy Events The Age of Enlightenment Publications The Lives of the Ancient Philosophers (London, 1702) Mary Astell, Moderation Truly Stated (London, 1704) Giambattista Vico, The New Science (1725) David Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature (1739-1740) Births Jonathan Edwards was born in 1703. 2 April 1725 - Giacomo Casanova (died 1798) Deaths John Locke died in 1704. Montesquieu dies in 1755 See also List of centuries in philosophy References Aaron Garrett. The Routledge Companion to Eighteenth Century Philosophy. Routledge. London and New York. 2014. Google Books Knud Haakonssen (ed). The Cambridge History of Eighteenth-Century Philosophy. Cambridge University Press. 2006. Volume 1. Lewis White Beck (ed). Eighteenth-Century Philosophy. (Readings in the History of Philosophy). The Free Press. 1966. Jing-Xing Huang and C S Huang. Philosophy, Philology, and Politics in Eighteenth-Century China. Cambridge University Press. 1995. First paperback edition. 2002. Google Books. Philosophy by century Early modern philosophy
Asolene pulchella. Asolene pulchella is a species of freshwater snail, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Ampullariidae, the apple snails and their allies. Distribution The distribution of Asolene pulchella includes: Argentina Bolivia Uruguay References Ampullariidae Gastropods described in 1839
Sports Medicine Australia. Sports Medicine Australia is Australia's peak national umbrella body for sports medicine and sports science. It was established in 1963 as the Australian Sports Medicine Federation. Its current membership includes sports medicine and health professionals, sports trainers, sporting clubs and community members. Its activities cover elite sport to community grass roots sports. It has branches in each Australian state. History It was formed in 1963 by the amalgamation of the Australian Sports Medicine Association and the Australian and the Australian Federation of Sports Medicine. Australian Sports Medicine Federation was established as a result of 1956 Melbourne Olympics medical services. Australian Sports Medicine Federation was a New South Wales breakaway group of Australian Sports Medicine Federation. Membership was originally restricted to medical doctors but now it has been widened to include a range of practitioners including: orthopedic surgeons, sports physicians, doctors, physiotherapists, optometrists, dentists, podiatrists, dietitians, psychologists, sports scientists, nurses, teachers, academics, soft tissue therapists and chiropractors. Some of these membership groups have established their own organisations – Australasian College of Sport and Exercise Physicians (ACSEP), Sports Dietitians Australia, Exercise and Sports Science Australia, Sports Doctors Australia, Australian Physiotherapy Association National Sports Physiotherapy Group but work with SMA particularly in relation to joint conferences. Brief summary of major historical developments: 1963 – Australian Sports Medicine Federation established 1964 – Australian Journal of Sports Medicine first published. Now called Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. 1965 – inaugural Australian Sports Medicine Federation Conference, Adelaide, South Australia 1974 – hosted FIMS Conference, Melbourne 1982 – Launched the Australian Sports Trainers Scheme and published the Survey of Drug Use in Australian Sport 1983 – Sport Health magazine first published 1984 – Established National Office in Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 1986 – hosted XXIII FIMS World Congress in Sports Medicine, Melbourne 1989 – Published Guidelines for Safety in Sport 1999 – 5th International Olympic Committee World Congress on Sports Sciences, Sydney 2010 – National Office becomes a virtual office with staff members being located in state offices. Services Conferences It held its 1st Conference in 1965 and its annual conference is Australia's largest and most significant sports medicine and sports science conference. Many state branches run conferences for their members. Resources SMA publishes a range of sports medicine resources: guidelines and factsheets on sports medicine issues such as heat, blood rules, children, women, journals Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport and Sport Health and sports first aid resources. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport is one of the leading multidisciplinary sports science and medicine journals in terms of its impact. Sports Trainers In 1982, it established a sports trainers scheme. The scheme is now part of its Safer Sport Program (SSP) that aims to offer a safe environment for all Australians who engage in sport and to maximise participation in physical activity. It organises sports trainers to cover sporting, school and community events. Advice and Commentary Sports Medicine Australia provides advice and commentary to governments, organisations and the media on a range of issues including: head injuries and concussion, sport and exercise in the heat and cold, illnesses, skiing injuries, mouthguards, and childhood obesity. References Further reading Vamplew, Wray. A healthy body : the Australian Sports Medicine Federation 1963–1988. Canberra: Australian Sports Medicine Federation, 1989, Sport Health Volume 31 Issue 2 2013. External links Sports Medicine Australia website Medical associations based in Australia Sports organizations established in 1963 Sports medicine in Australia Sports medicine organizations 1963 establishments in Australia
Danish Physical Society. The Danish Physical Society is the national association for physics for Denmark. As such, it is also one of the 41 members of the European Physical Society, and contributes to joint European projects such as the ALICE Collaboration. The Society produces a journal titled Kvant, and also seeks to promote the inclusion of more women in physics through its Network for Women in Physics. This arm of the association also awards the Women in Physics Prize from the Danish Physical Society on an annual basis. References Professional associations based in Denmark Physics research institutes Scientific societies based in Denmark
A. K. Jamil. Dr. Ahmad Khan Jamil (Urdu/; 12 May 1939 – 25 June 2023) is a Pakistani anaesthetist who is credited for inventing a non-kink catheter mount used in anaesthesia, an improvement over conventional catheters. He has also devised a simple device for teaching controlled ventilation of lungs. The device is helpful for training young doctors on artificial ventilation during anaesthesia. Biography Life and education Dr. Ahmad Khan Jamil was born in Takht Bhai, Mardan District, Pakistan on 12 May 1939. His father Hakeem Fazal Ahad was a medical practitioner of Unani. He completed his MBBS degree from Khyber Medical College, Peshawar in 1965. In his earlier age he got himself involved in experiments and making things. In 1964, when he was a student, he wrote his first paper entitled 'Speculation about cancer'. died 25th june,2023. Professional career 1965–1967 – As a Captain medical officer in Pakistan Army. 1967–1968 – Served as medical officer in the Lady Reading Hospital Peshawar. 1968–1972 – As a medical officer, National Health Service, England 1972–1975 – As Anaesthetist, National Health Service, England 1976–1980 – As medical officer and Anaesthetist, National Iranian Oil Company; Iran 1980 and Onward – Medical Practice, Pakistan During his stay in England he found the opportunity and time to involve himself in research and developed a number of ideas, out of which he could fully evolve only a few for practical results. Achievements Apart from his services in his medical profession, Dr.A.K Jamil also paid attention to scientific research and inventions. For instance he invented the Non-kink catheter mount used in anaesthesia which was better than the standard catheters. Catheter mounts made of plain rubber tubing kink when bent, while those made of corrugated rubber tubing kinked when twisted. This causes a great deal of inconvenience during anaesthesia for neurosurgery and other operations performed on the head and neck. To overcome this difficulty, Dr.A.K Jamil (Anaesthetist, Manchester) designed the catheter mount which he named 'Non-kink catheter mount'. He also devised a simple device for teaching controlled ventilation of the patient's lungs. The device is helpful for training young doctors on artificial ventilation during anaesthesia. He also designed the Humeral Epicondyle Holder for use in orthopaedic surgery. Orthopedic surgeons experienced difficulty while holding the rather small and slimy distal fragment of the bone. The Humeral Epicondyle holder has therefore been designed to overcome this difficulty. Dr. Jamil designed the instrument in 1968 and submitted its details to The Bath Institute of Medical Engineering (BIME). U.K in 1969. The leading manufacturer – Downs Brothers Myre & Phelps Ltd.(Church path, Mitcham, Surrey, England) manufactured it in 1971. He also designed a simple device for blind tracheal intubation and paediatric endotracheal tube. (manufactured by Portex Ltd; Hythe, Kent, England). Besides medicine, his research involves physics, Engineering, electricity, magnetism and others. He wrote a book titled "Magnetic Vacuum and Magnetic High Pressure" in 1971 which has now become part of the British National Bibliography (BNB). Dr. Jamil Ahmad Khan published a book, The Art of Inventive & Creative Work. pp. 275, published 1994, his 30 years research from 1964 to 1994; . Dr. Jamil also published a chart 'The Human History': Tree of Prophets (of Quran & Bible); & Table of some Arabic & Biblical names with Arabic & Biblical pronunciation. C Copyright Jamil, A.K. 2004, First Published 2005, Updated Chart of the above, Contributions Besides his inventions, he wrote articles and books on medicine and others branches of science in various medical and other journals. Among these, the British Journal of Anaesthesia, Anaesthesia (journal) England, British National Bibliography England are the most prominent. Following is the list of his books and articles published in renowned medical and other journals. Some basic requirement for emergencies and anaesthesia, and instructions for recovering unconscious patients. Laryngotracheal toilet before extubation The art of inventive and creative work. Tone of skeletal muscles. Magnetic vacuum and magnetic high pressure Information on patient due for anaesthesia Non-Kink Catheter Mount A simple device for teaching controlled ventilation Awards and honours Marquis Who's Who listed his name in its 9th, 10th and 11th Edition. International Biographical Centre, England listed his name and biography in 'Men of achievement' 14th edition; International Leader in Achievement, 2nd Edition; International Leader in Achievement, 21st Edition. Who's Who in Australia and the Far East, 2nd Edition Who's Who in Australia and the Far East, 4th Edition During the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, he was awarded the Tamgha-e-Jang by the Pakistan Army. See also List of Pakistani inventions and discoveries Instruments used in anesthesiology References 1939 births 2023 deaths Khyber Medical College alumni Pakistani anaesthetists Pakistani expatriates in the United Kingdom Pakistani inventors Pakistani medical writers Pashtun people People from Mardan District
Maria Goeppert-Mayer Award. The Maria Goeppert-Mayer Award is an annual prize presented by the American Physical Society in recognition of an outstanding contribution to physics research by a woman. It recognizes and enhances outstanding achievements by women physicists in the early years of their careers. The prize has been awarded since 1986 and is named after Maria Goeppert-Mayer, Nobel laureate in 1963 with J. Hans D. Jensen and Eugene Paul Wigner. Goeppert-Mayer and Jensen were awarded their prize "for their discovery of the nuclear shell structure". Goeppert-Mayer was the second woman to receive a Nobel Prize in Physics after Marie Curie. Recipients Source: 1986: Judith S. Young 1987: Louise Dolan 1988: Bonny L. Schumaker 1989: Cherry A. Murray 1990: Ellen Williams 1991: Alice E. White 1992: Barbara Hope Cooper 1993: Ewine van Dishoeck 1994: Laura H. Greene 1995: Jacqueline Hewitt 1996: Marjorie Ann Olmstead 1997: Margaret Murnane 1998: Elizabeth Beise 1999: Andrea Ghez 2000: Sharon Glotzer 2001: Janet Conrad 2002: Deborah S. Jin 2003: Chung-Pei Michele Ma 2004: Suzanne Staggs 2005: Yuri Suzuki 2006: Hui Cao 2007: Amy Barger 2008: Vassiliki Kalogera 2009: Saskia Mioduszewski 2010: Alessandra Lanzara 2011: Réka Albert 2012: Nadya Mason 2013: Feryal Ozel 2014: Ana Maria Rey 2015: Gretchen Campbell 2016: Henriette Elvang 2017: Maiken Mikkelsen 2018: M. Lisa Manning 2019: Alyson Brooks 2020: Elisabeth Krause 2021: Phiala E. Shanahan 2022: Blakesley Burkhart 2023: Prineha Narang See also List of physics awards References Science awards honoring women Awards established in 1986 Awards of the American Physical Society
Max Hartmann. Max Hartmann (7 June 1876 – 11 October 1962) was a German biologist, alluded to in the book Phylogenetic Systematics by Willi Hennig for his investigations into divisions of sciences, most notably into descriptive and explanatory. He was a philosopher of science and the author of Allgemeine Biology. The publicly available abstract of an article in Nature Magazine (1946) presents him, as a student of the sexuality and fertilization in Protozoa and Algae; that "he can look back upon a fine record of original research... His investigations of ‘relative sexuality’ [which] have led to very important biochemical studies of the substances produced and released by gametes and essential for fertilization in Algae, echinoderms, molluscs and fishes"; and that he was an outspoken critic of Nazism. Hartmann was director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institut für Biologie. Biography During the National Socialist era, he became an honorary professor at the University of Berlin in 1934. In 1937, his son Hans was killed in an accident during a German Nanga Parbat expedition. From 1939, Hartmann was co-editor of the journal Der Biologe, which was taken over by the SS-Ahnenerbe that year. Max Hartmann worked until 1955 at the Max Planck Institute of Biology in Tübingen, which had been created from the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute after World War II, and whose headquarters had been moved to Hechingen in 1944 and then to Tübingen in 1952. In 1931 Hartmann was president of the German Zoological Society. The German Academy of Natural Scientists Leopoldina accepted him as a member in 1932. In 1934 he became a full member of the Prussian Academy of Sciences. From 1935 he was a corresponding member of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences. References Full text of Allgemeine Biologie at https://archive.org/stream/allgemeinebiolog00chun/allgemeinebiolog00chun_djvu.txt 20th-century German biologists 1876 births 1962 deaths Natural philosophers 20th-century German philosophers Academic staff of the Humboldt University of Berlin Academic staff of the University of Tübingen Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences Members of the Prussian Academy of Sciences Members of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class) 20th-century German zoologists Members of the German Academy of Sciences at Berlin Max Planck Institute directors
Medical Device Regulation Act. The Medical Device Regulation Act or Medical Device Amendments of 1976 was introduced by the 94th Congress of the United States. Congressman Paul G. Rogers and Senator Edward M. Kennedy were the chairperson sponsors of the medical device amendments. The Title 21 amendments were signed into law on May 28, 1976, by the 38th President of the United States Gerald R. Ford. The U.S. legislation enacted in 1976 amended the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938 signed by the 32nd President of the United States Franklin D. Roosevelt. History During the 1960s, the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare (HEW) commissioned the Cooper Committee to study the adverse effects of medical devices for human use. In 1970, the study committee recommended a classification for medical devices based on comparative risk. In 1976, the Dalkon Shield intrauterine device injured at least 900,000 women in the United States, which aided the emphasis for regulatory oversight and therapeutic requirements provided by the U.S. legislation P.L. 94-295. Provisions of the Act Classification of Medical Devices There are three classifications for medical devices: Class I - General Controls for devices considered as low risks for human use. Medical device has sufficient information to provide reasonable assurance of the safety and effectiveness of the device. Medical device is not to be for a use in supporting or sustaining human life, for a use which is of substantial importance in preventing impairment of human health, and does not present a potential unreasonable risk of illness or injury. Class II - Performance Standards for devices considered as moderate risks for human use. Medical device has insufficient information to provide reasonable assurance of the safety and effectiveness of the device. Medical device cannot be classified as a class I device because the controls authorized are insufficient to provide reasonable assurance of the safety and effectiveness of the device. Medical device has sufficient information to establish a performance standard and it is necessary to establish a performance standard for the device. Class III - Premarket Approval for devices considered as high risks for human use. Medical device cannot be classified as a class I device because insufficient information exists to determine that the controls authorized are sufficient to provide reasonable assurance of the safety and effectiveness of the device. Medical device cannot be classified as a class II device because insufficient information exists for the establishment of a performance standard to provide reasonable assurance of its safety and effectiveness of the device. Medical device is to be for use in supporting or sustaining human life, of substantial importance in preventing impairment of human health, or presents a potential unreasonable risk of illness or injury, is to be subject, premarket approval to provide reasonable assurance of its safety and effectiveness. Classification Panels for Medical Devices Classification panels are to determine which devices intended for human use should be subject to the requirements of class I - general controls, class II - performance standards, or class III - premarket approval. Classification panels are to provide notice to the manufacturers and importers of medical devices intended for human use. Manufacturers and importers are to prepare for the application of such requirements and to report medical devices intended for human use manufactured or imported by them. Panel appointments shall consist of members with adequately diversified expertise in such fields as biological and physical sciences, clinical and administrative medicine, engineering, and other related professions. Persons who are qualified by training and experience to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of medical devices or possess skills in the use of, experience in the development, manufacture, or utilization of such medical devices. No individual who is in the regular full-time employment of the United States and engaged in the administration of this Act may be a member of any medical device classification panel. References External links 1976 in American law May 1976 in the United States 1976 in medicine 94th United States Congress United States federal health legislation Health care quality Food and Drug Administration Regulation of medical devices
Bradley Hospital. Emma Pendleton Bradley Hospital, known as Bradley Hospital, is in East Providence, Rhode Island. As of 2024, it is the only psychiatric hospital devoted to children. A member of Brown University Health and teaching hospital for The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Bradley Hospital has established itself as the national center for training and research in child and adolescent psychiatry. It trains the next generation of behavioral health clinicians and investigates the causes of children’s mental health problems to develop effective therapies for improving their lives. Bradley Hospital is a private, not-for-profit hospital. Its subsidiary, Lifespan School Solutions, is the parent corporation of the Bradley Schools and provides services to other programs as well. They provide special education oversight, clinical coordination, technical assistance and administrative support to the schools. Areas of activity Beginning as young as six weeks old through adolescence, children and families at Bradley Hospital can receive treatment for a range of mental and behavioral health issues. In 2023, the hospital serviced 780 patient discharges, 2,622 outpatient visits, and 2,717 home heal care visits. Areas of treatment include: Anxiety Attention Deficit Disorder Autism Spectrum Disorder Bipolar Disorder Communication and Sensory Processing Disorders Co-Occurring Disorders Depression Eating Disorders Feeding Disorders Neuropsychology Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Risk Behaviors Trauma Psychosis Schizophrenia Self Harm Sleep Disorders Suicidality History Bradley Hospital opened in 1931 as the first children’s psychiatric hospital in the United States. The hospital was named for George and Helen Bradley's only child, Emma Pendleton Bradley, who was diagnosed with encephalitis at the age of seven. The disease left her with multiple disabilities, including epilepsy, mental retardation and cerebral palsy. This tragedy sparked the Bradleys to conduct a worldwide search for a cure or a treatment for Emma's condition. Because psychiatry and neurology were in their infancy, hospitals were solely for adults and pediatric services were not yet available. The Bradleys arranged around-the-clock medical care for Emma at their summer home in Pomfret, Connecticut. After eighteen years of treatment, Emma showed no improvement. George and Helen began to accept their daughter's fate, but wanted to ensure that other families would not share their family's struggle. In their wills, both George and Helen Bradley requested that the Baton House, the family's Providence estate, be converted into a treatment facility for children. The board of trustees decided that more space and a less urban setting were necessary for the institution, and so the home on Eaton Street was sold and 35 acres of wooded land was purchased on the Barrington Parkway. The ground was broken in 1929, and two years later the institution opened its doors. See also List of hospitals in Rhode Island References Hospitals in Rhode Island Cerebral palsy organizations Children's hospitals in the United States Hospital buildings completed in 1929 Hospital buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Rhode Island National Register of Historic Places in Providence County, Rhode Island Organizations based in Rhode Island Psychiatric hospitals in Rhode Island
Sì miào wán. Sì miào wán () or the four marvels is a remedy used in Traditional Chinese medicine. It is available in powder and pill form. It contains, among other things, quercetin, berberine, and achyranthine. Contents It contains the same ingredients as Sān miào wán ("Three marvel pills"), which are the bark of huáng bǎi ("yellow fir"), the root of cāng zhú ("[black] atractylodes"), and huái niú xī (the root of Achyranthes bidentata), plus the fourth, yi yi ren (Job's tears). The active chemicals found in these substances include: Quercetin, which has an LD50 (the amount that kills 50 percent of mice fed the chemical) equal to the cytotoxic chemotherapy drug methotrexate, which is approximately 150 milligrams per kilogram of body weight; and Berberine, a yellow dye that is known to cause brain damage in infants and severe hemolysis (destruction of red blood cells) in some. As with all herbal treatments that have not been standardized (diluted or concentrated on the basis of laboratory tests done on each batch produced), the amount of the active chemicals received in one dose is unknown. References Traditional Chinese medicine pills
Medical College of Georgia. The Medical College of Georgia (often referred to as MCG) is the medical school of Augusta University, the state's only public medical school, and one of the top 10 largest medical schools in the United States. Established in 1828 as the Medical Academy of Georgia, MCG is the oldest, and a founding, school of Augusta University, and played a role in the establishment of the American Medical Association and the standardization of medical practices. It is the third-oldest medical school in the Southeast and the 13th oldest in the nation. With 22 departments, it offers both a Doctor of Medicine (MD) as well as MD-PhD, MD-MPH, and MD-MBA degrees. Its national ranking in research is Tier 3, and its ranking in primary care is Tier 2, both out of four tiers of 196 ranked medical schools. In response to the shortage of physicians, the school has grown in recent years. Beginning in 2010, MCG expanded to include multiple regional campuses across the state. In addition to its main clinical campus in Augusta, clinical training is offered at campuses in Albany, Rome, Savannah/Brunswick, and in Athens at the University of Georgia. The Athens campus is the University of Georgia's Health Science Campus where 40 of the school's 230 students obtain full, four-year training as part of a partnership with the University of Georgia. History MCG was founded in 1828, by Milton Antony and Joseph Adams Eve, as the Medical Academy of Georgia by the Medical Society of Augusta to address a need to train new physicians. Its first seven students enrolled in a one-year course of lectures and clinical training hosted in the Old Medical College building, leading to the bachelor of medicine degree. The next year, the governor signed a legislative act altering the charter of 1828 by expanding the curriculum to two years, culminating in a doctor of medicine degree, and changing the name to the Medical Institute of Georgia. The school changed its name in 1833 to its current name, and for the next 80 years continued to operate with an emphasis on research and training physicians. Many discoveries were made by MCG faculty, including the first hysterectomy performed in the United States and the first documented case of sickle cell disease. Rankings For 2024, out of four tiers of 196 medical schools ranked by U S News & World Report MCG was ranked Tier 2 in Best Medical Schools: Primary Care, Tier 3 in Best Medical Schools: Research, No.87 in Most Graduates Practicing in Primary Care Fields, No.89 in Most Diverse Medical Schools, No.45 in Most Graduates Practicing in Rural Areas, and No.38 in Most Graduates Practicing in Medically Underserved Areas. Admissions More than 3,100 students have applied for 230 first-year slots. Matriculating students entering for 2019-2020 had an average grade point average of 3.80 and MCAT score of 511, in the 82 percentile and well above the national average for students accepted to US medical schools. Campuses The main campus resides in Augusta, Georgia on the Health Sciences campus of Augusta University. All first- and second-year students attend classes at either the Augusta main campus or the University of Georgia Health Science Campus in Athens through the AU/UGA Medical Partnership. In a student's third and fourth years, a student may choose to study on the main Augusta campus, based at Augusta University Medical Center, or to study at a regional campus for their clinical rotations. MCG has four satellite campuses: The Southwest campus, in Albany, was the first residential campus opened in 2010. It marked the school's first efforts to increase the number of physicians produced in the state of Georgia, a problem the university had vowed to address. The Southeast campus in Savannah and Brunswick, opened in 2011 with seven third-year students beginning rotations at two medical centers and hosts nearly 40 students annually. The Northwest campus, located in Rome, opened in 2013. Students work with the Harbin Clinic, Floyd Medical Center, and Redmond Regional Medical Center, with some classes and training provided on facilities provided by the centers. The University of Georgia Health Sciences Campus in Athens is where students were first hosted by the University of Georgia in 2010, aimed at growing the number of excellently prepared physicians the state produces. Traditions White Coat Ceremony First-year medical students are given their white coats in an annual tradition to mark their first steps as a medical professional. The jacket is shorter than the long coats full-fledged doctors wear, to mark them as students until they earn their full degree. Raft Debate Every year, differences in medical specialties are highlighted by one question: "A surgeon, an internist and an obstetrician are aboard a simulated sinking ship. Their only escape is a one-person raft. Who should be the sole survivor?" Match Day Every year for the NRMP Match Day, the Medical College of Georgia celebrates with a costume-themed ceremony. Students are encouraged to dress in costumes that align with the year's theme as they celebrate finding out their match locations. Notable people Alumni Hervey M. Cleckley Leila Denmark Faculty Robert Benjamin Greenblatt References External links Augusta University Educational institutions established in 1828 Medical schools in Georgia (U.S. state)
Burrell Memorial Observatory. Burrell Memorial Observatory referred to as Burrell Observatory is an astronomical observatory located on the campus of Baldwin Wallace University. The observatory was established in 1940, in Berea, Ohio. History The observatory is located on the northernmost point of the Baldwin Wallace University campus. Built in 1940, the observatory is named after Katherine Ward Burrell as a memorial to her late husband Edward P. Burrell. The observatory houses a Warner & Swasey refracting telescope with a 13-inch objective, a 4-inch finder, and a 1-inch finder. See also List of astronomical observatories Notes References Sifakis, C. The Mafia Encyclopedia: From Accardo to Zwillman. Facts on File, Incorporated 1999. . Infrastructure completed in 1940 Astronomical observatories in Ohio Tourist attractions in Cuyahoga County, Ohio Buildings at Baldwin Wallace University
Jerusalem Academy of Medicine. The Jerusalem Academy of Medicine () was established in 1957, with the stated goal of promoting the medical science, providing facilities for post graduate students and research, and serving as a center for advancing the medical practice and public health in Israel. See also Israel Medical Association References Medical associations based in Israel
Protein methylase I. Protein methylase I may refer to: Histone-arginine N-methyltransferase (Myelin basic protein)-arginine N-methyltransferase
Vinod Scaria. Dr Vinod Scaria FRSB, FRSPH (born 9 March 1981) is an Indian biologist, medical researcher pioneering in Precision Medicine and Clinical Genomics in India. He is best known for sequencing the first Indian genome. He was also instrumental in the sequencing of The first Sri Lankan Genome, analysis of the first Malaysian Genome sequencing and analysis of the Wild-type strain of Zebrafish and the IndiGen programme on Genomics for Public Health in India. He is presently the Chief Data Officer at Karkinos Healthcare and an adjunct professor at the IIT Kanpur. He was previously a senior scientist at CSIR Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology and an adjunct faculty at Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, Delhi. He along with his colleague and collaborator Sridhar Sivasuubu are widely regarded as the pioneers in the area of clinical genomics in India. They are also the co-founders of the Genomics for Understanding Rare Diseases India Alliance Network (GUaRDIAN) a large clinical network working in the area of Rare Disease Genomics in India. They were also instrumental in setting up a comprehensive fellowship programme in genomics for clinicians His research has also contributed to a number of commercially viable technologies for healthcare and public health applications. This includes one of the methods for fast and accurate diagnosis and screening of mitochondrial genetic diseases. Early life Scaria was born in Tanzania in 1981. He did his schooling in Silver Hills Public School, Kozhikode, India. He studied for pre-degree course in St. Joseph's College, Devagiri and completed his undergraduate studies in medicine and surgery from Calicut Medical College with gold medals in Biochemistry and Physiology. He worked as a consultant for information technology at the Pain and Palliative Care society in Kozhikode. Later, he joined the CSIR Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, where he started his career as a researcher. Research Scaria started his research career at Kozhikode Medical College in the area of medical ethics and health information on Internet. After joining the CSIR Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology in 2005, he switched to computational biology and genome informatics. His notable researches include the identification of human micro-RNA which can target HIV virus. In 2009 he and his colleagues at the Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology announced the sequencing of the wild-type strain of zebrafish and the sequencing of the first Human Genome from India. He also pioneered the use of social web for genome annotation, through mapping of TB genome. Scaria and colleagues also discovered and designed enzyme silencers for mRNA, dubbed antagomirzymes. His group also pioneered the use of social web, cloud computing and students for solving complex drug discovery problems for Neglected Diseases. Dr Scaria has also been involved in popularising personal genomics through meragenome.com and OpenPGx. His research took a shift to Clinical Genomics in 2009 starting with the sequencing of the first Indian Genome in 2009. Over years he with colleague, Sridhar Sivasubbu created a large research network in area of Clinical Genomics with focus on rare genetic diseases and pharmacogenomics. The focus has been to use genomic tools to understand the molecular basis of genetic diseases in India and use this knowledgebase to develop affordable and accessible genetic tests. This initiative helped uncover the genetic basis of many inherited diseases in India His research has also led to knowhow which has been successfully licensed to a number of commercial diagnostic entities and available to clinicians across India. He has published over 150 papers in international journals. He is also the editorial board member of many reputed International Journals including PLOS ONE, PeerJ, International Journal of Rheumatic Diseases and Journal of Translational Medicine. He was a member of senate of the Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR). Accolades He was conferred the CSIR Young Scientist Award for biological sciences for developing computational tools to analyse genomic data, by the Prime Minister of India in September 2012. He is a Kavli Frontiers of Science Fellow of the US National Academy of Sciences, an elected Fellow of the Royal Society of Biology and elected Fellow of the Royal Society of Public Health. Precision Medicine and Pharmacogenomics in India He specialises in genome-scale data for Precision Medicine with reference to Pharmacogenetics. He was one of the pioneers to be able to systematically analyse personal genome data to derive pharmacogenetic maps. His research into population-specific genome scale data has provided one of the initial pharmacoepigenetic maps for Malaysia and Qatar. He research also contributed to the first population-scale pharmacogenomic maps for India. Scaria has been pioneering the application of genomics to diagnose and solve rare genetic diseases in India, including discovering novel variants. He, with his colleague Sridhar Sivasubbu co-founded a national network (GUaRDIAN) of clinicians and researchers working on rare disease genomics. He also co-authored a handbook on exome sequencing and analysis for clinicians. The GUaRDIAN consortium includes over 250 clinicians and researchers from over 70 medical and research centers making it one of the largest clinical genomics research networks in India working in the area of Rare Genetic Diseases. The research network has been quite successful in understanding variants associated with rare genetic diseases and be able to prevent them. His lab has also contributed to one of the most comprehensive evidence resources for mutation specific therapies in cancer Genomics and other Omics Technologies to enable Medical Decisions (GOMED) Scaria has been involved in creating a unique programme along with his colleague Dr Mohammed Faruq which enable clinicians from across the country to tap into the rich expertise of CSIR Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology in the area of genomics to enable fast and effective diagnosis of genetic diseases. This programme today has been widely utilized by hospitals across the country. The IndiGen programme on population Genomics for public health was initiated in 2019 with an attempt to start understanding the genetic diversity of the country by sequencing over a thousand Indian individuals."The outcomes of IndiGen will have applications in a number of areas including faster and efficient diagnosis of rare genetic diseases", said Union Science Minister, Harsh Vardhan, at the press conference announcing the programme. The programme has accelerated the commercial adaptation and application of genomics in India by working closely with various industrial partners. The summary data from the programme is available for researchers and clinicians. Genomics of Arab and Middle Eastern Populations Scaria has been pioneering the analysis of genomic data from Arab, Middle Eastern populations. His lab contributed to understanding the genetic landscape of Pharmacogenetics in Qatar. He also pioneered the use of whole genome data to understand the genetic epidemiology of prevalent diseases in the region, including Familial Mediterranean Fever. His lab also created one of the largest and comprehensive allele frequency resource for Arab populations. This database al mena(alleles for Middle East and North Africa) provides information on over 26 million variants indexing a number of whole genome and exome datasets from the region. He is also pioneering the creation of a comprehensive resource for disease variants in the Arab population, in collaboration with multiple researchers from the region. He also pioneered the application of genomics in transfusion medicine with the alnasab database, a comprehensive resource for blood group variants in Arabs Open Research, Data and Resources for tracking and understanding Epidemics The COVID-19 Open Research, Data and Resources is an initiative to make relevant Data, Research and Resources at the Vinod Scaria Lab at the CSIR Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB) in an open format to ensure that they are widely accessible as well as relevant. The initiative provides ready access to genomic, epidemiological data-sets and protocols pertaining to the COVID-19 epidemic in India. The research also contributed to the understanding of a new clade (I/A3i) of SARS-CoV-2 genomes from India. His group also contributed to uncovering the first reports of COVID-19 reinfection in India and a comprehensive resource on reinfections. He also pioneered research into the genomic characterization of COVID-19 vaccine breakthrough infections. His research also reviewed the risk of monogenic diseases in COVID-19. He has also been instrumental in creating a comprehensive genomic surveillance programme for SARS-CoV-2 in the state of Kerala which has been able to provide early insights into variants and influencing policy. His group also pioneered the EpidemicWatch network and the first participatory digital infection surveillance system Infectiradar in India. The recent Zika virus outbreak in Kerala has seen Open research approaches to track and understand the epidemic as part of a framework for Citizen science References Indian biochemists Living people 1981 births Scientists from Kozhikode Indian medical researchers Indian biotechnologists Savitribai Phule Pune University alumni Fellows of the Royal Society of Biology Fellows of the Royal Society for Public Health 1981 births Scientists from Kerala Kerala academics
Propanethiol. Propanethiol is an organic compound with the molecular formula C3H8S. It belongs to the group of thiols. It is a colorless liquid with a strong, offensive odor. It is moderately toxic and is less dense than water and slightly soluble in water. It is used as a feedstock for insecticides. It is highly flammable and it gives off irritating or toxic fumes (or gases) in a fire. Heating it will cause rise in pressure with risk of bursting. Chemistry Propanethiol is chemically classified among the thiols, which are organic compounds with molecular formulas and structural formulas similar to alcohols, except that sulfur-containing sulfhydryl group (-SH) replaces the oxygen-containing hydroxyl group in the molecule. Propanethiol's basic molecular formula is C3H7SH, and its structural formula is similar to that of the alcohol n-propanol. Propanethiol is manufactured commercially by the reaction of propene with hydrogen sulfide with ultraviolet light initiation in an anti-Markovnikov addition. It can also be prepared by the reaction of sodium hydrosulfide with 1-chloropropane. See also Isopropyl mercaptan (2-propanethiol) References Alkanethiols Foul-smelling chemicals Propyl compounds
Chemical milling. Chemical milling or industrial etching is the subtractive manufacturing process of using baths of temperature-regulated etching chemicals to remove material to create an object with the desired shape. Other names for chemical etching include photo etching, chemical etching, photo chemical etching and photochemical machining. It is mostly used on metals, though other materials are increasingly important. It was developed from armor-decorating and printing etching processes developed during the Renaissance as alternatives to engraving on metal. The process essentially involves bathing the cutting areas in a corrosive chemical known as an etchant, which reacts with the material in the area to be cut and causes the solid material to be dissolved; inert substances known as maskants are used to protect specific areas of the material as resists. History Organic chemicals such as lactic acid and citric acid have been used to etch metals and create products as early as 400 BCE, when vinegar was used to corrode lead and create the pigment ceruse, also known as white lead. Most modern chemical milling methods involve alkaline etchants; these may have been used as early as the first century CE. Armor etching, using strong mineral acids, was not developed until the fifteenth century. Etchants mixed from salt, charcoal, and vinegar were applied to plate armor that had been painted with a maskant of linseed-oil paint. The etchant would bite into the unprotected areas, causing the painted areas to be raised into relief. Etching in this manner allowed armor to be decorated as if with precise engraving, but without the existence of raised burrs; it also prevented the necessity of the armor being softer than an engraving tool. Late in the seventeenth century, etching became used to produce the graduations on measuring instruments; the thinness of lines that etching could produce allowed for the production of more precise and accurate instruments than were possible before. Not long after, it became used to etch trajectory information plates for cannon and artillery operators; paper would rarely survive the rigors of combat, but an etched plate could be quite durable. Often such information (normally ranging marks) was etched onto equipment such as stiletto daggers or shovels. In 1782, the discovery was made by John Senebier that certain resins lost their solubility to turpentine when exposed to light; that is, they hardened. This allowed the development of photochemical milling, where a liquid maskant is applied to the entire surface of a material, and the outline of the area to be masked created by exposing it to UV light. Photo-chemical milling was extensively used in the development of photography methods, allowing light to create impressions on metal plates. One of the earliest uses of chemical etching to mill commercial parts was in 1927, when the Swedish company Aktiebolaget Separator patented a method of producing edge filters by chemically milling the gaps in the filters. Later, around the 1940s, it became widely used to machine thin samples of very hard metal; photo-etching from both sides was used to cut sheet metal, foil, and shim stock to create shims, recording heat frets, and other components. Application Etching has applications in the printed circuit board and semiconductor fabrication industries. It is also used in the aerospace industry to remove shallow layers of material from large aircraft components, missile skin panels, and extruded parts for airframes. Etching is used widely to manufacture integrated circuits and Microelectromechanical systems. In addition to the standard, liquid-based techniques, the semiconductor industry commonly uses plasma etching. Process Chemical milling is normally performed in a series of five steps: cleaning, masking, scribing, etching, and demasking. Video of chemical milling process Learn more about the video Cleaning Cleaning is the preparatory process of ensuring that the surface to be etched is free of contaminants which could negatively impact the quality of the finished part. An improperly cleaned surface could result in poor adhesion of the maskant, causing areas to be etched erroneously, or a non-uniform etch rate which could result in inaccurate final dimensions. The surface must be kept free from oils, grease, primer coatings, markings and other residue from the marking out process, scale (oxidation), and any other foreign contaminants. For most metals, this step can be performed by applying a solvent substance to the surface to be etched, washing away foreign contaminants. The material may also be immersed in alkaline cleaners or specialized de-oxidizing solutions. It is common practice in modern industrial chemical etching facilities that the workpiece never be directly handled after this process, as oils from human skin could easily contaminate the surface. Masking Masking is the process of applying the maskant material to the surface to ensure that only desired areas are etched. Liquid maskants may be applied via dip-masking, in which the part is dipped into an open tank of maskant and then the maskant dried. Maskant may also be applied by flow coating: liquid maskant is flowed over the surface of the part. Certain conductive maskants may also be applied by electrostatic deposition, where electrical charges are applied to particles of maskant as it is sprayed onto the surface of the material. The charge causes the particles of maskant to adhere to the surface. Maskant types The maskant to be used is determined primarily by the chemical used to etch the material, and the material itself. The maskant must adhere to the surface of the material, and it must also be chemically inert enough with regard to the etchant to protect the workpiece. Most modern chemical milling processes use maskants with an adhesion around ; if the adhesion is too strong, the scribing process may be too difficult to perform. If the adhesion is too low, the etching area may be imprecisely defined. Most industrial chemical milling facilities use maskants based upon neoprene elastomers or isobutylene-isoprene copolymers. Scribing Scribing is the removal of maskant on the areas to be etched. For decorative applications, this is often done by hand through the use of a scribing knife, etching needle or similar tool; modern industrial applications may involve an operator scribing with the aid of a template or use computer numerical control to automate the process. For parts involving multiple stages of etching, complex templates using colour codes and similar devices may be used. Etching Etching is the immersion of the part into the chemical bath, and the action of the chemical on the part to be milled. The time spent immersed in the chemical bath determines the depth of the resulting etch; this time is calculated via the formula: where E is the rate of etching (usually abbreviated to etch rate), s is the depth of the cut required, and t is the total immersion time. Etch rate varies based on factors such as the concentration and composition of the etchant, the material to be etched, and temperature conditions. Due to its inconstant nature, etch rate is often determined experimentally immediately prior to the etching process. A small sample of the material to be cut, of the same material specification, heat-treatment condition, and approximately the same thickness is etched for a certain time; after this time, the depth of the etch is measured and used with the time to calculate the etch rate. Aluminium is commonly etched at rates around , and magnesium about Demasking Demasking is the process of clearing the part of etchant and maskant. Etchant is generally removed with a wash of clear, cold water. A de-oxidizing bath may also be required in the common case that the etching process left a film of oxide on the surface of the material. Various methods may be used to remove the maskant, the most common being hand removal using scraping tools. This is frequently time-consuming and laborious, and for large-scale processes may be automated. Common etchants For aluminium sodium hydroxide Keller's reagent For steels hydrochloric and nitric acids ferric chloride for stainless steels Nital (a mixture of nitric acid and ethanol, methanol, or methylated spirits for mild steels. 2% Nital is common etchant for plain carbon steels. For copper cupric chloride ferric chloride ammonium persulfate ammonia 25-50% nitric acid. hydrochloric acid and hydrogen peroxide For silica hydrofluoric acid See also Photochemical machining Etching (microfabrication) Electroetching Notes References Etching Metalworking Chemical processes Electrolysis Metallurgical processes
Hideo Hosono. is a Japanese material scientist most known for the discovery of iron-based superconductors. Hosono, Hideki Shirakawa and Yoshinori Ohsumi are the three keynote speakers at the Institute of Integrated Research (IIR) founding lecture at the Institute of Science Tokyo. Early life and education Hosono was born in September 1953 in Saitama Prefecture, Japan, one of the satellite cities of Tokyo. Dropped out of high school (National Institute of Technology, Tokyo College) in 1974, graduated from the Department of Industrial Chemistry of Tokyo Metropolitan University (TMU) in 1977, and obtained a doctorate in engineering from TMU in 1982. Career and research Hosono is also a pioneer in developing transparent oxide semiconductors: he proposed a material design concept for a transparent amorphous oxide semiconductor (TAOS) with large electron mobility, demonstrated the excellent performance of TAOS thin film transistors for next generation displays and successfully converted a cement constituent 12CaO·7Al2O3 into transparent semiconductor, metal, and eventually superconductors. Selected publications According to the Web of Science, Hideo Hosono has co-authored 5 articles with more than 1000 citations each (as of September 2019): Awards and honors 2009 – Bernd T. Matthias Prize for Superconductivity 2009 – Medal of Honor (Purple Ribbon) 2012 – Nishina Memorial Prize 2013 – Thomson Reuters Citation Laureates 2015 – Imperial Prize of the Japan Academy 2016 – Japan Prize 2017 – Elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society 2018 – Materials Research Society's Von Hippel Award 2022 – Eduard Rhein Technology Award References External links Hideo Hosono (2014) "Impression-Inspired Materials Research", Vimeo Youtube. 1953 births Living people Japanese physicists Academic staff of Tokyo Institute of Technology People from Kawagoe, Saitama Foreign members of the Royal Society Tokyo Metropolitan University alumni
Dimethylglycine N-methyltransferase. Dimethylglycine N-methyltransferase (, BsmB, DMT) is an enzyme with systematic name S-adenosyl-L-methionine:N,N-dimethylglycine N-methyltransferase (betaine-forming). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction S-adenosyl-L-methionine + N,N-dimethylglycine S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + betaine This enzyme is purified from the marine cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. WH8102. References External links EC 2.1.1
2004 United Nations Climate Change Conference. The 2004 United Nations Climate Change Conference took place between December 6 and December 17, 2004 in Buenos Aires, Argentina. The conference included the 10th Conference of the Parties (COP10) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The parties discussed the progress made since the first United Nations Climate Change Conference ten years ago and its future challenges, with special emphasis on climate change mitigation and adaptation. To promote developing countries better adapt to climate change, the Buenos Aires Plan of Action was adopted. The parties also began discussing the post-Kyoto mechanism, on how to allocate emission reduction obligation following 2012, when the first commitment period ends. References 21st-century diplomatic conferences Diplomatic conferences in Argentina 2004 Events in Buenos Aires 2004 2004 in international relations 2004 in the environment 2004 in Argentina 2000s in Buenos Aires December 2004 events in South America
CBID. CBID may refer to: Cobalt-precorrin-5B (C1)-methyltransferase Cobalamin biosynthesis
Traditional Vietnamese medicine. Traditional Vietnamese medicine (Y học Cổ truyền Việt Nam), also known as Southern Herbology (Thuốc Nam) is a traditional medicine practiced by Vietnamese people. It is influenced by traditional Chinese medicine. The other traditional medicine that is also practiced in Vietnam is traditional Chinese medicine (Trung Y), also known as Northern Herbology (Thuốc Bắc). Thuốc Nam is one of two kinds of folk remedies known to villagers, the other being the traditional exercise dưỡng sinh. Defining principles Traditional Vietnamese medicine differs from traditional Chinese medicine in which it relies wholly on native ingredients which are then used in their fresh state or simply dried. Vietnamese medicine typically does not require complicated decoction seen in Chinese medicine. Even common herbs and vegetables like rau răm, kinh giới, cải cúc, rau muống are used. The flowers of Magnolia champaca, Jasminum sambac are also employed for their pharmacologic properties. Animal products like silkworms are infrequently used. In addition to ingested preparations, ointments and poultice are also part of the repertoire, along with steaming therapy (xông hơi). Textual records Various compendiums and treatises on traditional Vietnamese medicine include the 11-volume Nam dược thần hiệu by the 14th century physician Tuệ Tĩnh and Hải Thượng y tông tâm lĩnh by the 18th century physician Hải Thượng Lãn Ông. Other pre-20th century texts include Nam dược chỉ danh truyền, Tiểu nhi khoa diễn Quốc âm. Application Thuốc Nam is usually sought for more common ailments like coughs and fevers. Smallpox, a common occurrence in traditional Vietnam, also has a number of prescriptions in historic texts. Usage in immigrant Vietnamese populations According to one study published in 2016, among the urban Vietnamese community near Boston, around 68% of 200 respondents reported using Traditional Vietnamese medicine in addition to Western medical practices. See also Kampo Pharmacognosy Traditional Korean medicine References Culture of Vietnam Southeast Asian traditional medicine Science and technology in Vietnam
Reduced frequency. Reduced frequency is the dimensionless number used in general for the case of unsteady aerodynamics and aeroelasticity. It is one of the parameters that defines the degree of unsteadiness of the problem. For the case of flutter analysis, lift history for the motion obtained from the Wagner analysis (Herbert A. Wagner) with varying frequency of oscillation shows that magnitude of lift decreases and a phase lag develops between the aircraft motion and the unsteady aerodynamic forces. Reduced frequency can be used to explain the amplitude attenuation and the phase lag of the unsteady aerodynamic forces compared to the quasi steady analysis (which in theory assumes no phase lag). Reduced frequency is denoted by the letter "k" and given by the expression where: ω = circular frequency b = airfoil semi-chord V = flow velocity The semi-chord is used instead of the chord due to its use in the derivation of unsteady lift based on thin airfoil theory. Based on the value of reduced frequency "k", we can roughly divide the flow into: Steady state aerodynamics – k=0 Quasi-steady aerodynamics – 0≤k≤0.05 Unsteady aerodynamics – k>0.05 [k>0.2 is considered highly unsteady] References Dimensionless numbers of fluid mechanics Fluid dynamics
Dunama biosise. Dunama biosise is a moth in the family Notodontidae. It is found in Costa Rica, where it is known from the Osa Peninsula, Area de Conservacion Osa at elevations ranging from 0 to 100 meters. Description The length of the forewings is 11.7–12.8 mm. The dorsal ground color is a mixture of gray-brown and beige scales. The veins are lined with gray, especially distally. The anal fold and cubitus are light brown and the orbicular spot is diffuse blackish brown. The dorsal hindwing is dirty gray brown, but lighter near the base. The ventral surfaces of both wings are gray brown. Etymology The species is named in honor of BIOSIS, a non-profit publishing company, the sale of which generated the JRS Biodiversity Foundation (https://web.archive.org/web/20080821193731/http://www.jrsbdf.org/), which in turn supports biodiversity information management for conservation in many places, including INBio and ACG. References Moths described in 2013 Notodontidae

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