Split (1)

train · 104k rows

text stringlengths 15 282k
Graceway Pharmaceuticals. Graceway Pharmaceuticals was a USA LLC based in Tennessee. Products include: Aldara & Zyclara topical immune response modifier imiquimod Alu-Cap and Alu-Tab antacid aluminum hydroxide Atopiclair topical emollient Benziq topical acne agent benzoyl peroxide Benziq Wash topical acne agent benzoyl peroxide Calcium Disodium Versenate antidote edetate calcium disodium Disalcid salicylates salsalate Durable Barr topical emollient Estrasorb estrogen estradiol Maxair adrenergic bronchodilator inhaler pirbuterol Medihaler-Epi adrenergic bronchodilator, catecholamine, vasopressor epinephrine MetroGel-Vaginal anti-infective metronidazole Urex urine tract anti-infective methenamine Minitran antianginal vasodilator nitroglycerin Norflex, Norgesic Forte algesic and skeletal muscle relaxant orphenadrine Qvar corticosteroid inhaler beclomethasone Tambocor antiarrhythmicflecainide Theolair methylxanthine theophylline Titralac antacid calcium carbonate Graceway declared bankruptcy in 2011 and its assets were purchased by Medicis Pharmaceutical Corporation of Scottsdale AZ. References Defunct pharmaceutical companies of the United States
TEA chloride. TEA chloride may refer to: Tetraethylammonium chloride Triethylammonium chloride, the hydrochloride salt of triethylamine
1949 in philosophy. 1949 in philosophy Events Publications Karl Jaspers, The Origin and Goal of History (1949); Note: Jaspers coined the term Axial Age. Aldo Leopold, A Sand County Almanac (1949) Gilbert Ryle, The Concept of Mind (1949) Joseph Campbell, The Hero with a Thousand Faces (1949) Jean Fourastié, Le Grand Espoir du XXe siècle (1949, no English translation available?) Simone de Beauvoir, The Second Sex (1949) Philosophical fiction George Orwell, Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949) Births January 1 - Ljubodrag Simonović, Serbian philosopher, author and basketball player January 2 - Iris Marion Young (died 2006) January 11 - Jean-Paul Enthoven, French philosopher and publisher March 21 - Slavoj Žižek, Slovenian cultural theorist April 13 - Christopher Hitchens, British-American journalist (died 2011) June 30 - Alain Finkielkraut July 18 - Axel Honneth Deaths November 23 - Gustav Radbruch (born 1878) References Philosophy 20th century in philosophy Philosophy by year
Amitava Raychaudhuri. Amitava Raychaudhuri is an Indian theoretical particle physicist. He is Professor Emeritus at the Physics Department of the Science College, University of Calcutta where he earlier held the Sir Tarak Nath Palit Chair Professorship. He is the nephew of another renowned Indian physicist, Amal Kumar Raychaudhuri. Early life and education Raychaudhuri was born in Calcutta, India and did his schooling at the South Point School (India). He later attended Presidency College, Calcutta from where he obtained his BSc degree in Physics in 1970 and then went on to complete his MSc degree at Delhi University in 1973. Under the supervision of Oscar W. Greenberg, Raychaudhuri obtained his PhD degree in Particle Physics from the University of Maryland, College Park in 1977. Research and career After postdoctoral work at the University of Oxford and the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai he joined the Rajabazar Science College campus of University of Calcutta in 1980 as a lecturer in physics, where he became Reader and then the Sir Tarak Nath Palit Professor. During his tenure at the University of Calcutta, he was a Scientific Associate (1983–84) at CERN, Senior Indo-US Fulbright Fellow (1988–89) at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory and Senior Marie Curie Fellow (1994) at the University of Cambridge. He was also a Visiting Professor (1998) at the Oklahoma State University. He was the Director of the Harish-Chandra Research Institute, Allahabad from 2005 to 2011 after which he rejoined the University of Calcutta as faculty. Raychaudhuri has worked in diverse areas within particle physics encompassing quantum chromodynamics, grand unified theories, classical solutions, left-right symmetric models, FCNC, supersymmetry, neutrino physics, extra dimensions, etc. He made pioneering contributions in CP-violation in supersymmetric models, the possibility of parity restoration at relatively low energies, neutrino masses and mixing in supersymmetric and other models, long baseline neutrino experiments, besides making a brief but important foray in the foundations of quantum mechanics. He holds a reputation of a charismatic teacher among his students. Awards and achievements He was the recipient of the INSA Young Scientist Award in 1982, the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology, the highest science award in India, in the physical sciences category in 1997, the J.C. Bose fellowship, the National Merit Certificate and Prize and the National Science Talent Search Scholarship in 1967. He is a Fellow of the Indian National Science Academy, National Academy of Sciences, Allahabad and the Indian Academy of Sciences, Bangalore. He was also a two-term senior associate of the Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP), Trieste, Italy. In 2005, Raychaudhuri was conferred the honour of International Alumnus of the Year by the University of Maryland Alumni Association. He is a recipient of D.Sc. (honoris causa) from the University of Gour Banga and the University of North Bengal. Notes References External links Amitava Raychudhuri's list of publications on INSPIRE-HEP Amitava Raychudhuri's Home Page at HRI Amitava Raychudhuri's INSA Page University of Calcutta: High Energy Physics Group Page Living people 1952 births 20th-century Indian physicists Indian particle physicists Bengali physicists University of Maryland, College Park alumni Indian theoretical physicists Academic staff of the University of Calcutta People associated with CERN Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences Fellows of the National Academy of Sciences, India Scientists from Kolkata
List of presidents of the Geologists' Association. This is a list of presidents of the Geologists' Association. 1858–59 Smith, Toulmin 1859–62 WILTSHIRE, The Revd. Thomas DSc FLS FGS 1862–64 Tennant, Professor James FGS FRGS 1864–66 CRESY, Edward 1866–68 RICHARDSON, Christopher Thomas MD 1868–71 Morris, Professor John MA FGS 1871–73 WILTSHIRE, The Revd. Thomas DSc FLS FGS 1873–75 Woodward, Henry LLD FRS FGS FZS 1875–77 Carruthers, William FRS FLS FGS 1877–79 Morris, Professor John MA FGS 1879–81 Jones, Professor T. Rupert FRS FGS 1881–83 Hudleston, W. H. MA FRS FGS FCS 1883–85 Hicks, Henry MD FRS FGS 1885–87 Topley, W. FRS FGS AssocInstCE 1887–89 Rudler, F. W. ISO FGS 1889–91 HOLMES, Thomas Vincent FGS 1891–93 Blake, The Revd. Professor J. F. MA FGS 1893–94 Woodward, Horace B. FRS FGS 1894–96 McMahon, Lt-General C. A. FRS FGS 1896–98 Newton, E. T. FRS FGS FZS 1898–00 Teall, Sir J. J. H. MA FRS FGS 1900–02 Whitaker, W. BA FRS FGS 1902–04 MONCKTON, Horace Woollaston FLS FGS 1904–06 Smith Woodward, Sir Arthur. LLD FRS FLS FGS 1906–08 HERRIES, Robert Stanfield MA FGS 1908–10 Watts, Professor W. W. LLD DSc MSc FRS FGS 1910–12 HILL, William FGS 1912–14 Evans, John W. CBE LLB DSc FRS FGS 1914–16 YOUNG, George W. FGS FZS 1916–18 Barrow, George FGS 1918–20 Green, J. F. N. BA FGS 1920–1-22 Whitaker, W. BA FRS FGS 1922–24 HAZZLEDINE WARREN, Samuel FGS 1924–26 DEWEY, Henry FGS 1926–28 BULL, Alfred Joseph MSc FGS 1928–30 Morley Davies, Arthur DSc ARCS FGS 1930–32 Watts, Professor W. W. LLD DSc MSc FRS FGS 1932–34 LEACH, Arthur Leonard FGS 1934–36 Kitson, Sir Albert E. CMG CBE FGS 1936–38 McINTYRE, Peter FGS 1938–40 Hawkins, Professor H. L. DSc FRS FGS 1940–42 STEBBING, William Pinkard D. FSA FGS LRIBA 1942–44 Read, Professor H. H. DSc ARCS FRS FGS 1944–46 KENNARD, Alfred Santer ALS FGS 1946–48 BROMEHEAD, Cyril Edward Nowill BA FGS 1948–50 BROWN, Edmund Ernest Stockwell MBE FGS 1950–52 Eastwood, Tom ARCS MIMM FGS 1952–54 HIMUS, Godfrey Wilfred PhD FGS 1954–56 Cox, L. R. OBE MA DSc RS FGS 1956–58 WRIGHT, Claud William MA FilDr CB FGS 1958–60 WILLIAMS, Professor David DSc PhD MIMM FGS 1960–62 PITT, Leslie John FGS 1962–64 KIRKALDY, Professor John Francis DSc FGS 1964–66 Curry, Dennis MA FGS 1966–68 Sutton, Professor J. DSc FRS FGS 1968–70 MONTFORD, Horace Moutrie OBE BSc FGS 1970–72 HOLMES, Stanley Charles Arthur MA FGS 1972–74 ARBER, Muriel Agnes MA FGS FRGS 1974–76 AGER, Professor Derek Victor DSc PhD DIC FGS 1976–78 MOORE, Francis Harry BSc PhD FGS 1978–80 BISHOP, Arthur Clive BSc PhD FGS 1980–82 SMITH, Alec James BSc PhD FGS 1982–84 KNILL, Professor John Lawrence DSc FICE FIGeol FGS 1984–86 KING, Anthony John Paynter FCII FGS 1986–88 HANCOCK, Professor John Michael MA PhD FGS 1988–90 EVANS, John Michael BA 1990–91 Halstead, Lambert Beverly PhD DSc FGS 1991–94 ROBINSON, John Eric BSc PhD 1994–96 GREEN, Christopher Paul BA DPhil FGS 1996–98 SYMES, Robert Frederick OBE BSc PhD 1998–2000 MOODY, Professor Richard Thomas Jones PhD FGS 2000–02 BROWN, Susan BSc MSc DIC FGS M.Inst.Env.Sc 2002–04 FRENCH, William John BSc PhD FGS 2004–06 COCKS, Professor, Leonard Robert Morrison OBE TD MA D.Phil. DSc CGeol FGS 2006–08 Benton, Michael James BSc PhD. FGS 2008–10 SCHREVE, Danielle C. BSc, PhD 2010–12 BRIDGLAND, D.R. BSc, PhD 2012–14 MORTIMORE, R.N. Professor BSc.PhD.MIGeol,C.Eng.C.Geol. FGS 2014–16 BAILEY, H.W., BSc. PhD. C.Geol. FGS 2016–18 PROSSER, Colin D. BSc. PhD. FGS 2018–20 PIERPOINT, Nicholas BSC FGS 2020-22 BANKS,Vanessa BSc. PhD. 2022- Hickman, Graham P. BSC. FGS See also List of geologists References External links Presidents of the Geologists' Association Geologists' Association
Carl Schreck. Carl Bernhard Schreck is an American biologist specializing in comparative endocrinology of fishes, best known for his contributions to our knowledge of stress in fish. Since 1975 he has been a professor at Oregon State University, holding the position of senior scientist and leader (since 1977) of the Oregon Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit. Education Carl Schreck graduated from UC Berkeley in 1966 with an A.B. in Zoology. At Berkeley, he was greatly influenced by Dr. Howard Bern, one of the founders of the field of comparative endocrinology. After studying at Humboldt State University for one year, he went to Colorado State University where he completed his M.S. in Fisheries Science (1969), supervised by Robert J. Behnke. His master’s thesis was titled “Trouts of the Upper Kern River Basin, California”. Schreck continued his studies at Colorado State, receiving his Ph.D. in Physiology, Biophysics, and Fisheries science (1972) co-supervised by Dr. M. Lloyd Hopwood and Dr. Robert J. Behnke. His doctoral dissertation was titled “Reproductive Endocrinology of Fishes”. Career Rather than move onto a post-doctoral position, following completion of his Ph.D. Schreck immediately took up a position of Assistant Professor at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. After a short stint in Virginia, in 1975 he moved to Oregon State University, where he continues to run an active research program. His professorship at OSU is a position funded by the U.S. government via the USGS, in partnership with the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife. Thus, he has had three titles since 1977: Leader of the Oregon Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Senior Scientist with the USGS, and Full Professor in the Department of Fisheries and Wildlife at OSU. Dr. Schreck is currently serving his third four-year term as a member of the Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team (IMST) for the state of Oregon, having been appointed by the Governor, Speaker of the House, and President of the Senate. He has been elected as co-chair of the IMST for the last six years. Schreck is also in his third four-year term as President of the International Federation of Fish Endocrinologists. He served on the Oregon Governor’s Coastal Salmon Science Team where he helped develop plans for at risk salmon and trout for the federal listing process. Dr. Schreck has supervised approximately 80 graduate student theses to date, and has authored over 280 publications. Contributions Schreck has provided a series of contributions to our knowledge of fish biology and to the field of comparative endocrinology. He was among the first to publish about the notion of allostasis, although he did not coin the term. Most of his work has involving using salmonids as a model, but he has also published findings on a number of other species. He has helped to define stress in fishes, and to describe its mechanisms and effects at the organism level. For example, he contributed some of the early work describing the negative effects of cortisol and stress on immune function and disease resistance in fish, and has helped develop an understanding of the interactions between the endocrine system and the immune system. He has also contributed a number of papers on the effects of different rearing conditions, handling, and transport practices on indices of stress, endocrine function, and performance in juvenile Pacific salmon. Some of his work has also examined the interplay between endocrine variables and behaviour, notably the capacity for predator avoidance. Because of the volume of his contributions on the effects of hatchery practices on fish stress and performance, Schreck could be considered one of the world authorities on fish stress in the context of aquaculture. Some of Dr. Schreck’s other contributions to comparative endocrinology include work on reproductive endocrinology – particularly in the early part of his career. As part of his PhD work, in 1973 Schreck published the first use of the radioimmunoassay for measuring hormones in fish blood, the laboratory method most commonly and widely used since that time for measuring hormones (e.g., cortisol) in the blood of fishes. Schreck’s work has often involved genetics and systematics, and he helped to pioneer some of the methods used in those fields. Specifically, he co-authored the first paper on using a mathematical approach to constructing family trees of fishes (phenograms). In addition, he and his graduate student were the first to combine multiple types of characteristics to establish genetic similarity among fishes – using morphology, allozyme patterns, and life history traits (DNA was added in subsequent publications). Since the mid-1990s, Dr. Schreck’s research program has expanded to include contributions to fish migration using biotelemetry, and to the post-release fate of fishes captured in commercial fishing gear. For example, his collaboration with scientists from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration on the effects of fisheries capture on immune function in sablefish remains the sole examination in the scientific literature of the effects of fisheries capture on immune function. Recent biotelemetry studies authored by Schreck have built on earlier lab-based behavioral studies to help reveal mechanisms of migration success in juvenile salmon and Pacific lamprey. References External links https://web.archive.org/web/20120420023525/http://fw.oregonstate.edu/About%20Us/personnel/faculty/schreck.htm http://www.coopunits.org/Oregon/ http://www.fsl.orst.edu/imst/ https://web.archive.org/web/20131102064530/http://www.kgu.de/zmorph/ifces/index.html Year of birth missing (living people) Living people University of California, Berkeley alumni 21st-century American zoologists Oregon State University faculty Writers from San Francisco California State Polytechnic University, Humboldt alumni Colorado State University alumni Scientists from California Educators from California American science writers
Anodyne (disambiguation). An anodyne is a type of drug. Anodyne may also refer to: Anodyne (album), by Uncle Tupelo Anodyne (band), an American hardcore band Anodyne (video game), a 2013 independent video game Anodyne morphism Anodyne Records
Adoption of electronic medical records in U.S. hospitals. The adoption of electronic medical records refers to the recent shift from paper-based medical records to electronic health records (EHRs) in hospitals. The move to electronic medical records is becoming increasingly prevalent in health care delivery systems in the United States, with more than 80% of hospitals adopting some form of EHR system by November 2017. The adoption of electronic medical records is widely viewed as a success by healthcare professionals, reducing the risk of medical errors and increasing statistics of patient satisfaction. Methods Due to the enactment of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, there has been a rise in the number of federal investments in programs that increase EMR adoption. The Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act portion of this stimulus law provides payments for providers that show they have reached the standard for “meaningful use”. This has led more hospitals to adopt EMR, though they have had different experiences in adopting electronic medical records. There are several steps that need to be taken in order to adopt electronic medical records. A supportive environment, adequate training and resources, a clear direction, and engaged people are a few things needed. A strong leader is also necessary in order to facilitate the changing environment and using meetings and announcements as adoption promotion tactics have been shown to be useful. Having the clinical staff involved is also a key feature in successfully adopting electronic medical records. Many hospitals use “physician champions,” who are essentially physicians who educate their peers on the benefits of electronic medical records. Furthermore, the importance of quality department leaders has been stressed in order to make sure the electronic medical records system is beneficial in providing quality care. Hospitals have been using different suppliers of health data systems in order to adopt electronic medical records. The key suppliers of health data systems are Epic Systems, Allscripts, Meditech, Cerner, IBM, McKesson, Siemens, Healthland, CPSI, and GE Healthcare. The decision of choosing an EMR vendor like Epic or Meditech can fall on either hospital leadership or the corporate level based on the size of the system. If an organization only has one hospital, the hospital leaders select the vendor. If the system is larger, the decision is made at the corporate level, though several people from the hospitals remain involved. There are several criteria for deciding the vendor. Sentara Healthcare was able to make their selection by looking for a vendor with high outpatient care integration, technical support at all levels of integration, and one that customized a system to their needs. The length of time it takes to implement electronic medical records can vary but usually takes two to three years. The first stage of implementation is called “design, build, validate,” where the vendor is selected and the plans are put in place. This is followed by a “big bang” implementation, which means all the departments transfer to the system at once, due to the interconnectedness of hospitals this is necessary. Though the adoption of electronic medical records is increasing, there is a range in the level of implementation. The HIMSS Analytics Database shows the eight stages of adoption in their United States EMR Adoption Model. Stage 0 implies “All three ancillaries not installed,” while in Stage 7 there is a shift to complete EMR. The EMR Adoption Model shows that in 2011, the number of acute care hospitals achieving Stage 5 or Stage 6 increased by more than 80 percent. Meanwhile, the number of hospitals at Stages 0, 1, 2, and 3 has decreased. Furthermore, adoption has increased most among large hospitals and those in urban areas. Implementation EMR implementation experiences among hospitals and healthcare delivery systems vary. Some systems have successful experiences, while others do not have as seamless of a transition. For example, in 2002, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, CA attempted to implement a new EMR system, but the US$34 million system failed due to numerous factors. The physicians were unhappy because of the new physician order entry system for medications, labs and procedures was more time-consuming than doing the orders by hand. Physicians often found themselves spending extra time to avoid the system's warnings because there was not room for flexibility within the EMR system. Not only was the new system more time-consuming, but it also alerted physicians with numerous electronic reminders and alerts that the physicians felt were excessive. The system was implemented with numerous decision support mechanisms, which created alerts that could not be overridden by physicians. This flaw was a result of not obtaining adequate physician input for the EMR system and not enough prior testing. These problems then made it very difficult to obtain buy-in from the physicians, which ultimately caused several hundred physicians employed at Cedars to refuse to use the system after only 3 months. The failure was not only due to technology design and inefficiencies, but also to poor training and implementation. The hospital had implemented the system with very little prior testing, and did not gradually phase in the system but rather implemented it all at once. There was also not full buy-in from the staff at all levels of the organization, and insufficient training to ensure that the staff was ready for implementation. The example of failed EMR implementation at Cedars shows the complexities that health systems face in EMR implementation. However, there are numerous positive EMR experiences as well. Both Geisinger Health System and New York-Presbyterian Hospital have been cited as having successful implementations of EMR systems. Both of these systems utilized key strategies that ultimately led to successful implementation. To create success, both Geisinger and NY Presbyterian utilized clinical teams to develop the EMR system, and therefore gained staff and physician buy-in. Another strategy used to reach successful implementation is for the organization to focus on training. At Geisinger, for example, the hospital provided “shadowers” for physicians and nurses throughout the day during the implementation phase. Then, as physicians and nurses gradually become proficient with the new system, the number of trainers needed gradually decreased. Both hospitals also clearly emphasized that training was mandatory for all staff and that all staff must pass a proficiency test before they can access the EMR system. Another strategy for successful EMR implementation used by these two hospitals is to use the EMR system for performance improvement through standardized care protocols. To successfully do this, NY Presbyterian gradually utilized more hard stops within their protocols over time to ensure that protocols were being followed. However, these hard stops were created collaboratively to achieve physician buy-in and ensure that they were appropriate for care delivery. Allowing tailoring of the EMR system is essential to both before implementation and afterwards, and physicians and clinical staff must be used in this development process to create success. Results Currently, there has been little research and evaluation on the post-implementation of commercial electronic medical records (EMR). MetroHealth Medical Center in Cleveland, OH, has published an evaluation of the EpicCare EMR by Epic Systems five years after implementation. MetroHealth's methods included a web-based survey for primary care providers to measure their level of utilization of the EpicCare EMR. The physicians surveyed were those in the internal medicine, family medicine, and the pediatric units of the hospital. Prior to the survey, physicians were given eight hours of training by consultants on how to navigate the EMR system. The survey subsequently taken showed a response rate of 35% or 59 of 154 providers. Questions included whether providers have a computer at home, whether they access EpicCare from home, and their level of expertise on using a computer. The results showed that 97% had a computer at home, while 53% accessed EpicCare from home, and 11% were computer novice, 76% intermediate, and 13% were advance users. The survey showed that in terms of the overall level of satisfaction with the EMR, 6% of respondents felt that EpicCare was inferior to a paper-based system, 81% felt that it was superior, while 13% were indifferent. In the area of training, 46% of respondents felt that their training was inadequate, and 75% would like to receive additional training. The implementation of the EpicCare EMR has impacted the way physicians treated their patients as evidenced by 12% of respondents reporting that they had changed medications based on the medication alerts and 15% reporting that they followed the EMR's best practices alerts. The survey results revealed several areas that can benefit from improvement, such as ongoing training and support as well as the optimal utilization of all EMR functions. JKL Healthcare System, a nonprofit organization that employs a 450-employee physician group and operates three acute care hospitals, implemented an EMR system in 2001. The cost of "Epic", the new system, was $35 million. Their goal is for every physician in their organization to adapt the EMR at a 100% utilization rate in order to increase efficiency and reduce adverse patient outcomes. 450 physicians were required to attend a 16-hour training session in order to obtain a certification that would allow them to admit patients. 1,700 Non-physician employees were required to attend the same training to receive their certification as well. A physician survey was conducted two months after implementation which showed that out of 73 respondents, 90% of physicians felt that the Epic system made their jobs easier and more efficient. Admissions for the hospitals have risen since implementation as well as physician support, which indicated that the EMR has been implemented successfully. During the May – August 2004 period of post implementation, outpatient visits increased by 3%, medication errors were eliminated completely, and patient satisfaction surveys showed that overall satisfaction increased to their highest level since 2000. EMR utilization has saved JKL Healthcare approximately $50,000 on office supplies and has significantly reduced the number of medical records staff. The JKL Healthcare System was one of the first successful implementers of EMR using the Epic System, and they became a model site for other healthcare systems. JKL Healthcare received the Davies Award in September 2004, which is the most prestigious award in the IT industry for its implementation of the most comprehensive EMR system in the US. References Hospitals in the United States Healthcare reform in the United States Health informatics Technological change
Brooks Health Centre. Brooks Health Centre is a community hospital is located in Brooks, Alberta, Canada. Alberta Health Services is responsible for the operations of the hospital. It contains 40 acute care and 75 long-term care beds. It is staffed by 14 family physicians and two emergency physicians. There is currently a pilot underway to reduce ER wait times where patients are prompted in the waiting room to self identify whether they may be able to visit their family physician instead of the emergency department. Services Emergency Diagnostic imaging (X-ray, CT, Ultrasound) Endoscopy General surgery Podiatric Surgery Inpatient medical care Laboratory Physical therapy Respiratory therapy Neurology Currently, all patients with stroke are diverted to Calgary or Medicine Hat Regional Hospital. Telehealth services are being implemented to designate Brooks Health Centre as a stroke centre. Neurologists in Calgary will review CT results and interact with the patient remotely allowing stroke thrombolysis to take place in Brooks. It is forecast this will benefit 12-15 patients per year. Obstetrics Obstetrical care was suspended in 2009 due to lapses in C-Section support. However, since April 2010, deliveries have been provided. EMS Emergency medical services personnel are planned to be integrated with other hospital staff with an upcoming relocation of the ambulance service adjacent to the hospital in an effort to improve utilization of these personnel and lower costs. Funding Non-profit funding is provided by the Brooks and District Health Foundation. References Brooks, Alberta Hospitals in Alberta Heliports in Canada Certified airports in Alberta
Danish Astronomical Society. The Danish Astronomical Society (Dansk Astronomisk Selskab) was founded in 1916 'with the purpose of acting for the spread of knowledge and interest in astronomy and astronomical research'. According to its own description, its address varies. The Society is open to anyone with a desire to learn more about astronomy, and gives members access to talks and lectures by astronomers and astrophysicists, and allows them to use equipment at the N.P. Wieth-Knudsen Observatory in Tisvilde to observe astronomical phenomena. It also disseminates news on upcoming conferences, lectures and events, as well as general information on upcoming astronomical events such as eclipses and comets, and lists of observatories and other facilities. The current president of Danish Astronomical Society is Majken B. E. Christensen. See also List of astronomical societies References 1916 establishments in Denmark Astronomy organizations Astronomy websites Astronomy in Denmark Scientific organizations established in 1916
Engineering disasters. Engineering disasters often arise from shortcuts in the design process. Engineering is the science and technology used to meet the needs and demands of society. These demands include buildings, aircraft, vessels, and computer software. In order to meet society’s demands, the creation of newer technology and infrastructure must be met efficiently and cost-effectively. To accomplish this, managers and engineers need a mutual approach to the specified demand at hand. This can lead to shortcuts in engineering design to reduce costs of construction and fabrication. Occasionally, these shortcuts can lead to unexpected design failures. Overview Failure occurs when a structure or device has been used past the limits of design that inhibits proper function. If a structure is designed to only support a certain amount of stress, strain, or loading and the user applies greater amounts, the structure will begin to deform and eventually fail. Several factors contribute to failure including a flawed design, improper use, financial costs, and miscommunication. Safety In the field of engineering, the importance of safety is emphasized. Learning from past engineering failures and infamous disasters such as the Challenger explosion brings the sense of reality to what can happen when appropriate safety precautions are not taken. Safety tests such as tensile testing, finite element analysis (FEA), and failure theories help provide information to design engineers about what maximum forces and stresses can be applied to a certain region of a design. These precautionary measures help prevent failures due to overloading and deformation. Static loading Static loading is when a force is applied slowly to an object or structure. Static load tests such as tensile testing, bending tests, and torsion tests help determine the maximum loads that a design can withstand without permanent deformation or failure. Tensile testing is common when calculating a stress-strain curve which can determine the yield strength and ultimate strength of a specific test specimen. The specimen is stretched slowly in tension until it breaks, while the load and the distance across the gage length are continuously monitored. A sample subjected to a tensile test can typically withstand stresses higher than its yield stress without breaking. At a certain point, however, the sample will break into two pieces. This happens because the microscopic cracks that resulted from yielding will spread to large scales. The stress at the point of complete breakage is called a material's ultimate tensile strength. The result is a stress–strain curve of the material's behavior under static loading. Through this tensile testing, the yield strength is found at the point where the material begins to yield more readily to the applied stress, and its rate of deformation increases. Fatigue When a material undergoes permanent deformation from exposure to radical temperatures or constant loading, the functionality of the material can become impaired. This time–dependent plastic distortion of material is known as creep. Stress and temperature are both major factors of the rate of creep. In order for a design to be considered safe, the deformation due to creep must be much less than the strain at which failure occurs. Once the static loading causes the specimen to surpass this point, the specimen will begin permanent, or plastic, deformation. In mechanical design, most failures are due to time-varying, or dynamic, loads that are applied to a system. This phenomenon is known as fatigue failure. Fatigue is known as the weakness in a material due to variations of stress that are repeatedly applied to said material. For example, when stretching a rubber band to a certain length without breaking it (i.e. not surpassing the yield stress of the rubber band) the rubber band will return to its original form after release; however, repeatedly stretching the rubber band with the same amount of force thousands of times would create micro-cracks in the band which would lead to the rubber band being snapped. The same principle is applied to mechanical materials such as metals. Fatigue failure always begins at a crack that may form over time or due to the manufacturing process used. The three stages of fatigue failure are: Crack initiation- when repeated stress creates a fracture in the material being used Crack propagation- when the initiated crack develops in the material to a larger scale due to tensile stress. Sudden fracture failure- caused by unstable crack growth to the point where the material will fail Note that fatigue does not imply that the strength of the material is lessened after failure. This notion was originally referred to a material becoming "tired" after cyclic loading. Miscommunication Engineering is a precise discipline, requiring communication among project developers. Several forms of miscommunication can lead to a flawed design. Various fields of engineering must intercommunicate, including civil, electrical, mechanical, industrial, chemical, biological, and environmental engineering. For example, a modern automobile design requires electrical engineers, mechanical engineers, and environmental engineers to work together to produce a fuel-efficient, durable product for consumers. If engineers do not adequately communicate among one another, a potential design could have flaws and be unsafe for consumer purchase. Engineering disasters can be a result of such miscommunication, including the 2005 levee failures in Greater New Orleans, Louisiana during Hurricane Katrina, the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster, and the Hyatt Regency walkway collapse. An exceptional example of this is the Mars Climate Orbiter. "The primary cause of the orbiter's violent demise was that one piece of ground software supplied by Lockheed Martin produced results in a United States customary unit, contrary to its Software Interface Specification (SIS), while a second system, supplied by NASA, expected those results to be in SI units, in accordance with the SIS." Lockheed Martin and the prime contractor spectacularly failed to communicate. Software Software has played a role in many high-profile disasters: Ariane flight V88 Mars Climate Orbiter TAURUS — UK share settlement system and dematerialized central share depository Therac-25 — A radiation therapy machine responsible for six overdoses due to faulty software Failure at Dharan — Patriot Missile clock issue Systems engineering Lion Air Flight 610 and Ethiopian Airlines Flight 302 — Faulty "MCAS" system on the Boeing 737 MAX Examples When larger projects such as infrastructures and airplanes fail, multiple people can be affected which leads to an engineering disaster. A disaster is defined as a calamity that results in significant damage which may include the loss of life. In-depth observations and post-disaster analysis have been documented to a large extent to help prevent similar disasters from occurring. Infrastructure Ashtabula River Bridge Disaster (1876) The Ashtabula River railroad disaster occurred December 29, 1876 when a bridge over the Ashtabula River near Ashtabula, Ohio failed as a Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway train passed over it killing at least 92 people. Modern analyses blame failure of an angle block lug, thrust stress and low temperatures. Tay Bridge Disaster (1879) On December 28, 1879, the Tay Bridge Disaster occurred when the first Tay Rail Bridge collapsed as a North British Railway passenger train on the Edinburgh–Dundee line passed over it, killing at least 59 people. The major cause was failure to allow for wind loadings. Johnstown Flood (1889) The Johnstown Flood occurred on May 31, 1889, when the South Fork Dam located on the Little Conemaugh River upstream of the town of Johnstown, Pennsylvania, failed after days of heavy rainfall killing at least 2,209 people. A 2016 hydraulic analysis confirmed that changes made to the dam severely reduced its ability to withstand major storms. Quebec Bridge collapse (1907) The road, rail and pedestrian Quebec Bridge in Quebec, Canada, failed twice during construction, in 1907 and 1916, at the cost of 88 lives. The first failure was improper design of the chords. The second failure occurred when the central span was being raised into position and fell into the river. St. Francis Dam collapse (1928) The St. Francis Dam was a concrete gravity dam located in San Francisquito Canyon in Los Angeles County, California, built from 1924 to 1926 to serve Los Angeles's growing water needs. It failed in 1928 due to a defective soil foundation and design flaws, triggering a flood that claimed the lives of at least 431 people. Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapse (1940) The first Tacoma Narrows Bridge was a suspension bridge in Washington that spanned the Tacoma Narrows strait of Puget Sound. It dramatically collapsed on November 7, 1940. The proximate cause was moderate winds which produced aeroelastic flutter that was self-exciting and unbounded, opposite to damping. Hyatt Regency Hotel walkway collapse (1981) On July 17, 1981, two overhead walkways loaded with partygoers at the Hyatt Regency Hotel in Kansas City, Missouri, collapsed. The concrete and glass platforms fell onto a tea dance in the lobby, killing 114 and injuring 216. Investigations concluded the walkway would have failed under one-third the weight it held that night because of a revised design. Federal levee failures in New Orleans (2005) Levees and floodwalls protecting New Orleans, Louisiana, and its suburbs failed in 50 locations on August 29, 2005, following the passage of Hurricane Katrina, killing 1,577 people. Four major investigations all concurred that the primary cause of the flooding was inadequate design and construction by the Army Corps of Engineers. Ponte Morandi collapse (2018) Ponte Morandi was a road viaduct in Genoa, Liguria, Italy. On August 14, 2018, a section of the viaduct collapsed during a rainstorm, killing forty-three people. The remains of the original bridge were demolished in August 2019. Surfside condominium building collapse (2021) On June 24, 2021, at 1:22 a.m., Champlain Towers South, a 12-story beachfront condominium in the Miami suburb of Surfside, Florida, partially collapsed killing ninety-eight people. The investigations are currently ongoing. Aeronautics Space Shuttle Challenger disaster (1986) The Space Shuttle Challenger disaster occurred on January 28, 1986, when the NASA Space Shuttle orbiter Challenger (OV-099) (mission STS-51-L) broke apart 73 seconds into its flight, leading to the deaths of its seven crew members. Disintegration of the vehicle began after an O-ring seal in its right solid rocket booster (SRB) failed at liftoff. Space Shuttle Columbia disaster (2003) The Space Shuttle Columbia (OV-102) disaster occurred on February 1, 2003, during the final leg of STS-107. While re-entering Earth's atmosphere over Louisiana and Texas, the shuttle unexpectedly disintegrated, resulting in the deaths of all seven astronauts on board. The cause was damage to thermal shielding tiles from impact with a falling piece of foam insulation from an external tank during the January 16 launch. Vessels Liberty ships in WWII Early Liberty ships suffered hull and deck cracks, and a few were lost to such structural defects. During World War II, there were nearly 1,500 instances of significant brittle fractures. Three of the 2,710 Liberties built broke in half without warning. In cold temperatures the steel hulls cracked, resulting in later ships being constructed using more suitable steel. Steamboat Sultana (1865) On the night of April 26, 1865, the passenger steamboat Sultana exploded on the Mississippi River north of Memphis, Tennessee. The explosion resulted in the loss of 1,547 lives. The cause was believed to be the result of an incorrectly repaired boiler exploding, which led to the explosion of two of the three other boilers. Titan submersible On 18 June 2023, the submersible Titan imploded during an expedition to the wreck of the Titanic, killing all five persons on board. Flaws in the design of the submersible and the carbon fibre pressure hull in particular were discussed as a possible cause of the implosion, with Titan's operator OceanGate having ignored multiple previous warnings about the potential for accidents. See also Lists of disasters List of engineering blunders Normalization of deviance Nuclear and radiation accidents and incidents Structural integrity and failure Engineering Failures in the U.S. References Man-made disasters
Paul Marmet. Paul Marmet, (20 May 1932 – 20 May 2005) was a Canadian physicist, inventor, author, and professor at Laval University in Quebec City, Canada, who served as the President of the Canadian Association of Physicists. Marmet is notable for developing a novel high-resolution electron velocity selector, a scientific instrument which became widely used by scientists around the world. Inventions Early in his career, Marmet developed a high-resolution electron selector with his mentor Larkin Kerwin, a scientific instrument for studying ionic electronic states. Along with a mass spectrometer Marmet developed, the novel instrument had an energy resolution superior to then-available instruments and has been used widely by scientists studying electron scattering, which led to the discovery of enhanced vibrational excitation in nitrogen and of Feshbach resonances. Research Using the Marmet-Kerwin electron selector, Marmet and his research group discovered atomic and molecular states excited by electron impact but not by photons, such as doubly excited states that disobey spectroscopic selection rules. The group also found negative-ion resonances in which the incident electron temporarily attaches to the target molecule. Career After receiving his physics BSc in 1956 and DSc in 1960 from Laval University and entering the Physics faculty as an assistant professor at his alma mater school in 1961, Marmet became a full professor in 1967 at age 34. Starting in 1967, he was director of the Laboratory for Atomic and Molecular Physics at Laval University, serving until 1982. Between 1981 and 1982, Marmet served as President of the Canadian Association of Physicists. From 1983 to 1990, he was a senior researcher at the Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics of the National Research Council Canada in Ottawa. While there, Marmet helped the University of Ottawa modernize its Physics education program. In addition to the prominent role he played in developing the Canadian Space Program, Paul Marmet also served on the executive committee of the Atomic Energy Control Board of Canada (now the Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission). Opposition to quantum mechanics, relativity, and the Big Bang In his later years, Marmet became an outspoken critic of the Copenhagen Interpretation of quantum mechanics, the theory of relativity, and the Big Bang cosmological model. He maintained a website devoted to his view. Marmet was one of 34 signers of An Open Letter to the Scientific Community advocating against the Big Bang cosmology. He also held an opposing view on cosmological redshift and advocated tired light cosmology. Activism In addition to his activities as a member of the first Associate Committee on Astronomy of the National Research Council since 1971 and his playing a crucial role in negotiations for the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope, Marmet was also promoting the development of Quebec's first astronomical research telescope. Bibliography Absurdities in Modern Physics – book (free eBook) Einstein's theory of relativity versus classical mechanics - book Honours Member of the Order of Canada (CO), 1981 Service Award, Royal Astronomical Society of Canada, 1977 Léo-Pariseau Prize of the French Canadian Association for the Advancement of Science (ACFAS), 1976 Herzberg Medal of the Canadian Association of Physicists, 1971 References 1932 births 2005 deaths 20th-century Canadian physicists 21st-century Canadian physicists Experimental physicists Canadian scientists Canadian physicists Canadian inventors Scientific instrument makers Criticism of science Academic staff of the University of Ottawa Academic staff of Université Laval Officers of the Order of Canada People from Lévis, Quebec Université Laval alumni Presidents of the Canadian Association of Physicists Science activists Space program of Canada Scientists from Quebec People from Quebec City
N.P. Wieth-Knudsen Observatory. N.P. Wieth-Knudsen Observatory is next to Tisvilde Hegn, two hours away from Copenhagen, Denmark, at Margot Nyholms vej 19, 3220 Tisvildeleje, on the outskirts of a small residential area in Tisvilde, away from artificial light generated by larger cities. It was constructed in 1959 by Dr. Niels Palle Wieth-Knudsen (1909–1993), who used the observatory until his death. His biggest contribution to astronomy was the observation of lunar occultations, during which the moon passes in front of stars, the data from which is then used in the accurate determination of the lunar position. This became important during the 1969 Apollo Moon landings. In 1999, Wieth-Knudsen's widow, Inger Wieth-Knudsen (1914–2004), presented the building as a gift to the Danish Astronomical Society. The observatory holds a 16-inch computer-controlled telescope. On the observatory grounds there are two radio telescopes and a series of platforms for smaller telescopes, including a solar telescope. The public is welcome to free star-gazing events held on the second and the last Saturdays of every month. Members of the Danish Astronomical Society use the observatory for their own observations on other nights. See also List of astronomical observatories References External links Wieth-Knudsen Observatoriet Astronomisk Selskab Astronomical observatories in Denmark
Joseph Mason Cox. Joseph Mason Cox (1763–1818) was an early nineteenth century English physician whose entire professional career was devoted to care and treatment of mentally ill people. Born in Bristol, the son of John Cox, he was apprenticed to a surgeon-apothecary around 1778. In 1783, he became an apprentice to James Padmore Noble, a surgeon to the Bristol Infirmary. The next year, he began to study medicine in London, followed by studies in Edinburgh, Scotland; in Paris, France; and in Leiden, Netherlands, where he received his medical degree in 1787. His thesis was titled “De Mania.” Cox’s maternal grandfather owned Fishponds, a lunatic asylum near Bristol. The asylum had been established about 1738 and came to the elder Cox’s ownership about 1760. The elder Cox maintained the asylum until his death in 1779. His two daughters succeeded him as owners, and when one daughter died, John Cox and the surviving daughter became the owners. When John died in 1788, Joseph took over the asylum and managed it until his death in 1818. Fishponds continued to serve as an asylum until 1859. Physician Joseph Cox published a book in 1804 which described his experiences in treating mental patients as both a madhouse keeper and a psychiatric consultant. The title page of the book reads Practical Observations on Insanity in which some suggestions are offered towards an Improved Mode of Treating Diseases of the Mind, and Some Rules Proposed which it is hoped may lead to a more Humane and successful Method of Cure. To which are subjoined, Remarks on Medical Jurisprudence as connected with Disease Intellect. The book had subsequent editions in 1806, 1811 and 1813, and was published in France, Germany and the United States. The book begins with a description of a maniacal attack, which set forth Cox’s ideas as to the possible causes of insanity. Cox believed that kind and gentle management of lunatics was important but he did not eschew coercive measures such as using the straitjacket when necessary. He concluded that patient history taking and patient treatment should be individualized. He described the uses of hydrotherapy in both mania and melancholia, which he believed to be manifestations of the same illness. He warned of the dangers of patients harming themselves. He provided detailed descriptions of the various medications used, especially digitalis as an anti-maniacal remedy. Cox conveyed his ideas about protecting people from coercion into asylums and described how a physician must examine an individual before issuing a certificate of lunacy. His ideas on patients’ treatment were in keeping with other physicians at the time. Cox introduced a new treatment called swinging to effect change in blood flow in the head and body, a practice that had been advocated by Erasmus Darwin (1731-1802), a physician and naturalist. The patient was suspended in a chair or bed and swung in an oscillatory or circular manner at varying tempos. Nausea, vomiting, and convulsions were produced but often refreshing sleep followed. Works Cox, Joseph Mason. Dissertatio medica inauguralis quaedam de mania complectens ... Leyden, 1787. Cox, Joseph Mason. Practical observations on insanity: in which some suggestions are offered towards an improved mode of treating diseases of the mind, and some rules proposed which it is hoped may lead to a more humane and successful method of cure ; to which are subjoined remarks on medical jurisprudence as connected with diseased intellect. London, Baldwin, 1804. http://resource.nlm.nih.gov/2547017R References Andrews, Jonathan, et al. The History of Bethlem. London; New York: Routledge, 1997. Hunter, Richard A., and Ida Macalpine. Three Hundred Years of Psychiatry, 1535-1860: A History Presented in Selected English Texts. London: Oxford Univ. Press, 1963. Parry-Jones, William LI. The Trade in Lunacy: A Study of Private Madhouses in England in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1972. Porter, Roy. Madness: A Brief History. Oxford; New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 2002. Scull, Andrew T. The Most Solitary of Afflictions: Madness and Society in Britain, 1700-1900. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1993. 1763 births 1818 deaths British psychiatrists Medical doctors from Bristol
Mordella distincta. Mordella distincta is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1895. References Beetles described in 1895 distincta
Mordella dumbrelli. Mordella dumbrelli is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1895. References Beetles described in 1895 dumbrelli
Mordella h-fasciata. Mordella h-fasciata is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1895. References Beetles described in 1895 h-fasciata
Mordella ignota. Mordella ignota is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1895. References Beetles described in 1895 ignota
Mordella mastersi. Mordella mastersi is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1895. References Beetles described in 1895 mastersi
Mordella octodecimmaculata. Mordella octodecimmaculata is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1895. References Beetles described in 1895 octodecimmaculata
Mordella pulchra. Mordella pulchra is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1895. References Beetles described in 1895 pulchra
Mordella rufipes. Mordella rufipes is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1895. References Beetles described in 1895 rufipes
Mordella tristis. Mordella tristis is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1895. References Beetles described in 1895 tristis
Mordella v-fasciata. Mordella v-fasciata is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1895. References Beetles described in 1895 v-fasciata
Mordella brevis. Mordella brevis is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1902. References Beetles described in 1902 brevis
Mordella verticordiae. Mordella verticordiae is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1902. References Beetles described in 1902 verticordiae
Mordella v-aureum. Mordella v-aureum is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1902. References Beetles described in 1902 v-aureum
Mordella novemmaculata. Mordella novemmaculata is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1902. References Beetles described in 1902 novemmaculata
Mordella brevistylis. Mordella brevistylis is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1922. References Beetles described in 1922 brevistylis
Mordella grandis. Mordella grandis is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1922. References Beetles described in 1922 grandis
Mordella ambrensis. Mordella ambrensis is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae. It was described in 1942. References Beetles described in 1942 ambrensis
Mordella diversiventris. Mordella diversiventris is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1942. References Beetles described in 1942 diversiventris
Mordella minutissima. Mordella minutissima is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1942. References Beetles described in 1942 minutissima
Mordella minor. Mordella minor is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1942. References Beetles described in 1942 minor
Mordella erythrura. Mordella erythrura is a species of beetle in the Mordella of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1863. References Beetles described in 1863 erythrura Taxa named by Léon Fairmaire
Mordella flexuosa. Mordella flexuosa is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1863. References Beetles described in 1863 flexuosa
Mordella fumosa. Mordella fumosa is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1863. References Beetles described in 1863 fumosa Taxa named by Léon Fairmaire
Mordella hieroglyphica. Mordella hieroglyphica is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1863. References Beetles described in 1863 hieroglyphica Taxa named by Léon Fairmaire
Mediimorda brusteli. Mediimorda brusteli is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 2002. References Beetles described in 2002
Mordella fascifera. Mordella fascifera is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1878. References Beetles described in 1878 fascifera Taxa named by John Lawrence LeConte
Mordella bidenominata. Mordella bidenominata is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae. It was described in 1936. References Beetles described in 1936 bidenominata
Mordella biquadrinotata. Mordella biquadrinotata is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1936. References Beetles described in 1936 biquadrinotata
Mordella bistrimaculata. Mordella bistrimaculata is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1936. References Beetles described in 1936 bistrimaculata
Mordella enerosa. Mordella enerosa is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1936. References Beetles described in 1936 enerosa
Mordella fulvopilosa. Mordella fulvopilosa is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1936. References Beetles described in 1936 fulvopilosa
Mordella griseosuturalis. Mordella griseosuturalis is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1936. References Beetles described in 1936 griseosuturalis
Mordella laterufescens. Mordella laterufescens is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1936. References Beetles described in 1936 laterufescens
Mordella vittaticollis. Mordella vittaticollis is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1936. References Beetles described in 1936 vittaticollis
Mordella verdensis. Mordella verdensis is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1936. References Beetles described in 1936 verdensis
Mordella trifasciata. Mordella trifasciata is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1936. References Beetles described in 1936 trifasciata
Mordella tijucaensis. Mordella tijucaensis is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1936. References Beetles described in 1936 tijucaensis
Mordella testaceohumeralis. Mordella testaceohumeralis is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1936. References Beetles described in 1936 testaceohumeralis
Mordella subobliquefasciata. Mordella subobliquefasciata is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1936. References Beetles described in 1936 subobliquefasciata
Mordella subapicalis. Mordella subapicalis is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1936. References Beetles described in 1936 subapicalis
Mordella rufopyga. Mordella rufopyga is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1936. References Beetles described in 1936 rufopyga
Mordella rufopectoralis. Mordella rufopectoralis is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1936. References Beetles described in 1936 rufopectoralis
Mordella reductesignata. Mordella reductesignata is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1936. References Beetles described in 1936 reductesignata
Mordella pulchripennis. Mordella pulchripennis is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1936. References Beetles described in 1936 pulchripennis
Mordella octonotata. Mordella octonotata is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1936. References Beetles described in 1936 octonotata
Mordella mendesensis. Mordella mendesensis is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1936. References Beetles described in 1936 mendesensis
Mordella mediolineata. Mordella mediolineata is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1936. It inhabits Brazil and French Guiana. References Beetles described in 1936 mediolineata
Mordella major. Mordella major is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1936. References Beetles described in 1936 major
Mordella luteosuturalis. Mordella luteosuturalis is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1936. References Beetles described in 1936 luteosuturalis
Mordella luteodispersa. Mordella luteodispersa is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1936. References Beetles described in 1936 luteodispersa
Mordella longehumeralis. Mordella longehumeralis is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1936. References Beetles described in 1936 longehumeralis
Mordella apicalis. Mordella apicalis is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae. It was described in 1929. References Beetles described in 1929 apicalis
Mordella caracaensis. Mordella caracaensis is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1929. References Beetles described in 1929 caracaensis
Mordella goyasensis. Mordella goyasensis is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1929. References Beetles described in 1929 goyasensis
Mordella guyanensis. Mordella guyanensis is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1929. References Beetles described in 1929 guyanensis
Mordella luteopyga. Mordella luteopyga is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1929. References Beetles described in 1929 luteopyga
Mordella salomonensis. Mordella salomonensis is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1929. References Beetles described in 1929 salomonensis
Mordella celebensis. Mordella celebensis is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1923. References Beetles described in 1923 celebensis
Mordella griseopubens. Mordella griseopubens is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1923. References Beetles described in 1923 griseopubens
Mordella rufoapicalis. Mordella rufoapicalis is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1923. References Beetles described in 1923 rufoapicalis
Mordella postimpressa. Mordella postimpressa is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1923. References Beetles described in 1923 postimpressa
Mordella phungi. Mordella phungi is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1923. References Beetles described in 1923 phungi
Mordella chrysophora. Mordella chrysophora is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1917. References Beetles described in 1917 chrysophora
Mordella conspecta. Mordella conspecta is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1917. References Beetles described in 1917 conspecta
Mordella norfolcensis. Mordella norfolcensis is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1917. References Beetles described in 1917 norfolcensis
Mordella quadrimaculata. Mordella quadrimaculata is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1917. References Beetles described in 1917 quadrimaculata
Mordella tarsalis. Mordella tarsalis is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1917. References Beetles described in 1917 tarsalis
The Catalan Institute for Water Research. The Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA-CERCA) (; ) is a research institute dedicated to studying the water cycle, hydraulic resources, water quality and treatment and evaluation technologies, which is located at the Parc Cientific i Tecnologic de la Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain. ICRA was created in 2006 by the Government of Catalonia and the University of Girona. The research conducted at ICRA covers all aspects related to water, with a particular focus on its sustainable use and the impacts of human activity on water resources. The institute is especially committed to investigating and mitigating the effects of drought, while also addressing issues of water quality, treatment, and reuse, with a strong emphasis on the Mediterranean region. Research Areas Resources and Ecosystems This research area investigates the spatial and temporal dynamics of water resources and its potential effects, especially on the structure and function of continental aquatic ecosystems. Special emphasis is given to irregularities in water resources and the effects of land use and climate change on resources and ecosystems, particularly in the Mediterranean area. Water Quality & Safety This research area is dedicated to offering comprehensive and effective solutions to the water quality challenges, particularly in the Mediterranean region. By assessing water quality—considering chemical, microbiological, and ecotoxicological factors—this approach identifies the essential tools for the efficient management and conservation of water bodies. The primary objective of this area is to characterize the concentrations, fate, and mechanisms of action of chemical pollutants and waterborne pathogens, both in aquatic environments and in engineered systems, such as drinking water treatment, wastewater treatment, and reuse systems. State-of-the-art chemical and microbiological analytical methods are being applied to assess the quality and characteristics of surface waters, groundwater, and treated water, including both drinking water sources and wastewater. The impacts of chemical and microbiological pollutants are evaluated through the One Health approach, which recognizes the interconnectedness of humans, animals, and the environment. Technologies and Evaluation This research area develops and evaluates methodologies and technologies for optimizing resources, energy efficiency, and cost minimization of processes related to the urban water system. These objectives are achieved through the application of emerging, resource-optimization technologies of water supply, wastewater treatment, reclamation, and reuse. This area has an integral perspective of the integrated processes involved, from the river to human consumption and back to the system. The development of technologies is related to those best available but not entailing an excessive cost, while striving to achieve resource consumption reduction and optimization, related to water scarcity and improvement of the final product. References External links ICRA Website Research institutes in Catalonia Girona Research institutes established in 2006
Systems geology. Systems geology emphasizes the nature of geology as a system – that is, as a set of interacting parts that function as a whole. The systems approach involves study of the linkages or interfaces between the component objects and processes at all levels of detail in order to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the solid Earth. A long-term objective is to provide computational support throughout the cycles of investigation, integrating observation and experiment with modeling and theory, each reinforcing the other. The overall complexity suggests that systems geology must be based on the wider emerging cyberinfrastructure, and should aim to harmonize geological information with Earth system science within the context of the e-science vision of a comprehensive global knowledge system (see Linked Data, Semantic Web). Background Systems geology can be seen as an integral part of the science of earth systems, "encompassing all components of the Earth system – air, life, rock and water – to gain a new and more comprehensive understanding of the world as we know it". Much of the background was set out in Solid-Earth Science and Society in 1993. Since then, considerable progress has resulted from large investments in geoinformatics by the US National Science Foundation and the European Commission, much of it implemented on their high-level computing networks. The concepts of Earth Systems are reflected in the teaching of geology. Nevertheless, geology has unique aspects that justify consideration of systems geology as a distinct subsystem. These include the availability of detailed world-wide geological mapping and stratigraphical classification, and the rapidly growing understanding of Earth history in terms of past configurations of geological objects and processes. Related initiatives Cornell University's Geoscience Information System Project started in 1995. 'Building the Digital Earth' aims to develop a comprehensive geoscience information system, which they see as one of the most important steps that geoscientists could undertake in response to new technological advancements. Their ambition is to place all information and knowledge, along with access, modeling, and visualization tools, 'under the finger tips of a user'. This objective is echoed in Keller and Baru (2011) where the Earth is considered as a single system (pages 3, 12, 15, 37), and progress is recorded in moving towards the geoinformatics vision set out in 2007: to facilitate 'a future in which someone can sit at a terminal and have easy access to vast stores of data of almost any kind, with the easy ability to visualize, analyze and model those data.' (p15). Because the treatment of earth systems and geology has repercussions in other fields, there is a need for them to share a wider-ranging cyberinfrastructure (p3, chapters 3, 4). Wider context The systems approach is being actively developed in many other areas, such as biology and medicine (EuroPhysiome) opening the prospect of widely shared concepts, structures and implementations. Geospatial cyberinfrastructure applications, which seem particularly relevant to communicating information from geologists to end-users, are discussed by Yang et al., 2010. Conclusions The systems approach may be particularly relevant to geological surveys, which are typically state, national or federal institutions that maintain and advance knowledge of geosciences. Traditionally, they have focused on the systematic production of geological maps, reports and archives of records and specimens. In the long run, geoinformatics could support integration at a systems level of geological surveys activities world-wide, all contributing to, using, testing and extending a shared cloud-based model. The British Geological Survey website tentatively suggests some possible developments in systems geology and the consequences for future geological mapping. It makes available A Scenario for Systems Geology which brings together relevant material from many sources to suggest how a comprehensive approach to systems geology might evolve. The scenario is not a statement of intent or a proposal for implementation, but an account of some possibilities that can be considered, discussed, criticized and improved. The ideas of systems geology will contribute to the future framework for studying geology in its wider context, but exploration of its full potential is still at an early stage. See also Cyberinfrastructure Earth System Science Partnership International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme GeoSciML References
LOC100272216. Uncharacterized LOC100272216 is a protein present in humans that is encoded by the LOC100272216 gene. References Further reading Human proteins
Vladimir Dinets. Vladimir Dinets is an American zoologist known for his studies of Crocodilian behavior and of numerous rare animals in remote parts of the world, as well as for popular writings in English and Russian. Education Dinets was interested in zoology from an early age, and was a winner of all-USSR Student Biology Olympics at Moscow State University. However, due to his Jewish ancestry, he was unofficially banned from entering that university, and obtained a master's degree in biological engineering from Moscow State Institute of Radio-engineering Electronics and Automation. Being strongly opposed to First Chechen War, Dinets emigrated to the United States in 1997, and in 2011 obtained a Ph.D from University of Miami (adviser Steven Green). Dinets maintained a popular bilingual blog on LiveJournal, mostly defunct since the 2014 onset of Russo-Ukrainian War, which caused him to cut off his ties with Russia, and has a website with a number of illustrated essays on biology, conservation and travel. Work Dinets' early zoological studies were conducted in remote areas of the USSR, China and South America; he also participated in a number of conservation projects in Russia, Mongolia, Israel and Peru. In 1992 he solved the mystery of the ability of rock ptarmigans to winter on Arctic islands in total darkness: they survive by feeding on rich vegetation on sea cliffs where seabird colonies are located in summer. In 1996-1999 Dinets conducted a study of international trade in endangered insects and consulted the governments of Nepal and Sikkim on the issue, providing a set of recommendations for improving anti-poaching and anti-traffic control. In 2000-2005 Dinets participated in studies of marine mammals, as well as the natural circulation of plague on the Great Plains (at University of Colorado) and Sin Nombre hantavirus in the American Southwest (at the University of New Mexico). He also conducted a number of solo expeditions in North America, South America, Asia and Africa, and studied a few species of birds and mammals never before observed by scientists, such as bay cat on Borneo, woolly flying squirrel in the mountains of Pakistan, and Cameroon scaly-tail in Central African Republic. In 2005-2013 Dinets conducted a comparative study of social behavior of Crocodilians, working in 26 countries. In 2005 he discovered "alligator dances". By 2010 he elucidated the roles of many signals used by Crocodilians, and proposed their possible evolutionary history. In 2009-2013 he documented the ability of crocodiles and alligators to use coordination and role separation during cooperative hunting and to use sticks as lures for hunting birds looking for nesting material. He also conducted the first scientific studies of play behavior in crocodilians and on coordinated hunting in snakes. In 2011 Dinets took part in WWF expedition to Vietnam to study saola, and became the first zoologist to find and photograph saola tracks in the wild. In 2012-2013 Dinets was a research associate at Louisiana State University, working on whooping crane reintroduction to Louisiana and studying behavioral ecology. Since 2011 Dinets is a Research Assistant Professor at the University of Tennessee, where he is studying behavioral ecology and its applications to conservation. He also worked on predicting the effects of possible invasions of brood parasites from Eurasia into North America. In 2017-2021 Dinets was a Science and Technology Associate and later a Visiting Researcher at Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, working on behavior, ecology and conservation of birds and mammals in Asia. During that time he participated in OKEON Project conducting a long-term study of Okinawa ecosystems, and discovered the first case of permanent endothermy in an invertebrates (semi-sessile lanternflies); that discovery has important implications for paleontology, evolutionary physiology, and invasive species control. Since 2022 Dinets is teaching Mathematics at Rutgers University., while continuing research on behavioral ecology and conservation. Books In 1993-1997 Dinets wrote a number of books about travel that remain popular in Russia. Volumes of Encyclopedia of Russian Nature series, Actual Biology Fund, 26,000 copies published: A. Beme, A. Cherenkov, V. Dinets, V. Flint. Birds of Russia (1995); V. Dinets, E. Rotshild. Mammals of Russia (1997); V. Dinets, E. Rotshild. Domestic Animals, 1998. J. Newell (ed.) The Russian Far East: A Reference Guide for Conservation and Development. Daniel & Daniel Publishers (2004). V. Dinets. Dragon Songs: Love and Adventure among Crocodiles, Alligators, and Other Dinosaur Relations Arcade Publishing (2013), softcover edition 2021 Arcade Publishing. V. Dinets. Peterson Field Guide to Finding Mammals in North America (Peterson Field Guides series) Houghton Mifflin Harcourt (2015). V. Dinets. Wildlife Spectacles: Mass Migrations, Mating Rituals, and Other Fascinating Animal Behaviors Timber Press (2016). S. M. Doody, V. Dinets, G. Burghardt. The Secret Social Lives of Reptiles Johns Hopkins University Press (2021). References External links Vladimir Dinets, Website Vladimir Dinets, Livejournal blog Living people Ethologists 21st-century American zoologists American naturalists University of Miami alumni Year of birth missing (living people) 20th-century Russian zoologists
Vinylene group. In chemistry, vinylene (also or 1,2-ethenediyl) is a divalent functional group (a part of a molecule) with formula −CH=CH−; namely, two carbons, each connected to the other by a double bond, to an hydrogen atom by a single bond, and to the rest of the molecule by another single bond. This group can be viewed as a molecule of ethene (ethylene, H2C=CH2) with an hydrogen removed from each carbon; or a vinyl group −CH=CH2 with one hydrogen removed from the terminal carbon. It should not be confused with the vinylidene group =C=CH2 or >C=CH2. A vinylene unit attached to two distinct atoms other than hydrogen (namely R−CH=CH−R') is a source of cis-trans isomerism. The vinylene group is the repeating unit in polyacetylene and in polyenes. See also Vinyl group, the monovalent group −CH=CH2 Vinylidene group, the other divalent group with formula C2H2, with structure CH2=C< References Alkenes Functional groups
Married to Medicine. Married to Medicine (also known as Married to Medicine: Atlanta) is an American reality television series and franchise that premiered on Bravo on March 24, 2013. The series chronicles the personal and professional lives of several women in the Atlanta medical community with four of the women being doctors themselves, while the others are doctors' wives. It shows the group as they balance their social circles, careers and families. The cast of the current eleventh season consists of Dr. Heavenly Kimes, Dr. Jackie Walters, Dr. Simone Whitmore, Toya Bush-Harris, Quad Webb, Lateasha Lunceford and Phaedra Parks, with Dr. Contessa Metcalfe and Dr. Mirica Sanders serving as friends of the show. Production In November 2012, Bravo announced the series green-light of Married to Medicine. The network detailed the series by stating, "Married to Medicine follows a group of successful and educated women, including doctors and wives of doctors, who are connected to the world of medicine in Atlanta." Purveyors of Pop, a production company formed by Real Housewives producers Matt Anderson and Nate Green, produced the series, its second on Bravo after The Real Housewives of Miami. At the time of its debut, Married to Medicine held the title of highest-rated series premiere since Bethenny Getting Married? in 2010 and the most watched non-spinoff series premiere in the network's history. The milestone was later surpassed in January 2014 by Blood, Sweat and Heels. The first season delivered over 1 million viewers in the 18-49 viewership demographic and 1.8 million total viewers, making it the network's highest-rated non-franchise/non-spin-off freshman series since Queer Eye for the Straight Guy. The success of the show has resulted in two spin-offs, set in Houston and Los Angeles. The former premiered on November 11, 2016; whilst the latter began airing on March 10, 2019. Overview and casting Seasons 1–4 The first season was shot in Atlanta in September and October 2012. By February 2013, the first-season cast was revealed with Toya Bush-Harris, Mariah Huq, Quad Webb-Lunceford, Jackie Walters, Kari Wells, and Simone Whitmore starring in the series. The series premiered on March 24, 2013. The production of the second season began the first week of September 2013. It premiered on April 6, 2014, with Bush-Harris, Huq, Webb-Lunceford, Walters, and Whitmore reprising their roles while Lisa Nicole Cloud and Heavenly Kimes joined the series beginning with the second season after the departure of Wells, who made guest appearances throughout the season. On January 15, 2015, Bravo renewed the show for a third season, which premiered on June 7, 2015, and featured Bush-Harris, Webb-Lunceford, Walters, Whitmore, Kimes, and Cloud reprising their roles from the second season. Huq transitioned into a recurring role for the third season, while Jill Connors, who had guest-starred in the second season, was featured in a recurring capacity. Former cast member Wells made a guest appearance. Sources revealed on April 27, 2016, that the show had been renewed for a fourth season by Bravo, and the current cast were already six weeks into filming. The entire cast from the third season returned as series regulars, along with Huq returning in a recurring capacity and Wells in a guest role, joined by friend of the show, Genise Shelton. Seasons 5–7 On June 19, 2017, it was confirmed that majority of the cast would be returning for the upcoming fifth season, with the exception of Cloud and Shelton, the latter of whom made a guest appearance alongside Wells. Huq returned in a recurring capacity. On September 19, 2017, Bravo announced the premiere date for the fifth season, along with a trailer and the reveal of the new cast member, Dr. Contessa Metcalfe, who officially joined the main cast from the third episode. On April 11, 2018, Bravo renewed the show for a sixth season, which premiered on September 2, 2018. On August 2, 2018, the trailer for the sixth season was released. The cast was also revealed, reconfirming the majority of the cast of the fifth season, along with Huq rejoining the main cast. Dr. Jarrett Manning was introduced in a 'friend' capacity after appearing in the prior season as a guest, with Wells making a guest appearance. Webb-Lunceford announced during the season six reunion that she had filed for divorce from her then-husband, Dr. Greg Lunceford. On August 6, 2019, the show was renewed for a seventh season which premiered on September 8, 2019. Manning returned as a guest with Wells, whilst Buffie Purselle was made a friend of the cast. This marked the final appearance of the show's creator, executive producer and main cast member, Huq, who departed the series after seven seasons. Seasons 8–present On January 13, 2021, the show was renewed for an eighth season which premiered on March 7, 2021; introducing Anila Sajja as a main cast member. Cloud and Wells returned to the series in recurring capacities. Webb, previously Webb-Lunceford, was demoted to a recurring capacity following her divorce from her ex-husband and the heated exchanges involving her and Huq in the previous two seasons. On May 12, 2022, the show was renewed for a ninth season which premiered on July 10, 2022, with Quad rejoining the main cast, alongside Audra Frimpong and Wells as recurring cast members. Cloud exited the series ahead of the show's ninth season. Metcalfe and Sajja were not asked to return for the series' tenth season. Phaedra Parks was confirmed to join the series for its tenth season. The show's tenth season premiered on November 5, 2023, with Lateasha Lunceford and Parks joining the main cast, and Dr. Alicia Egolum joining in a recurring capacity. Former cast members Metcalfe and Sajja made guest appearances in the series' tenth season. On May 9, 2024, the show was renewed for an eleventh season, with the entire cast from the tenth season minus Egolum returning as series regulars. The show’s eleventh season premiered on November 24, 2024, with Metcalfe returning to the series in a recurring capacity, alongside new recurring cast member Dr. Mirica Sanders joining the cast. Former cast members Frimpong, Egolum and Sajja made guest appearances in the series' eleventh season. Timeline of cast members Series overview References External links Reality 2010s American medical television series 2020s American medical television series 2013 American television series debuts 2010s American reality television series 2020s American reality television series American English-language television shows Bravo (American TV network) original programming Television series by Fremantle (company) Television series by Universal Television Television shows set in Atlanta Women in Georgia (U.S. state)
Vinylidene group. In chemistry, vinylidenes are compounds with the functional group C=CH2. An example is 1,1-dichloroethene (CCl2=CH2) commonly called vinylidene chloride. It and vinylidene fluoride are precursors to commercially useful polymers. Monomers and polymers Vinylidene chloride and fluoride can be converted to linear polymers polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC) and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF). The polymerization reaction is: n CH2=CX2 → (CH2−CX2)n These vinylidene polymers are isomeric with those produced from vinylene monomers. Thus polyvinylene fluoride from vinylene fluoride (HFC=CHF). Vinylidene complexes Although vinylidenes are only transient species, they are found as ligands in organometallic chemistry. They typically arise by the protonation of metal acetylides or by the reaction of metal electrophiles with terminal alkynes. The complex chloro(cyclopentadienyl)bis(triphenylphosphine)ruthenium readily forms such complexes: CpRu(PPh3)2Cl + RC2H + KPF6 → [CpRu(PPh3)2(=C=C(H)Ph]PF6 + KCl Gas-phase existence of vinylidenes Featuring divalent carbon, vinylidenes are unusual species in organic chemistry. They are unstable as solids or liquids but can be generated as stable dilute gases. The parent member of this series is methylidenecarbene. With the formula :C=CH2), it is a carbene. IUPAC nomenclature In IUPAC nomenclature, 1,1-ethenediyl describes the connectivity >C=CH2. The related species ethenylidenes have the connectivity =C=CH2. See also Vinylene group, −CH=CH− Methylene group, −CH2− Vinyl group, −CH=CH2 References Functional groups
Jonathan Weissman. Jonathan S. Weissman is the Landon T. Clay Professor of Biology at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, a member of the Whitehead Institute, and a Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigator. From 1996 to 2020, he was a faculty member in the department of cellular molecular pharmacology at the University of California, San Francisco. Education He earned his B.A. in physics from Harvard College (1988) and his Ph.D. in physics (1993) from MIT working with Peter Kim. There, he started his studies on protein folding examining Bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI). He was a postdoctoral fellow at Yale University (1993–1996), where he worked with Arthur Horwich studying the mechanism of GroEL. Career Weissman's research team studies how cells ensure that proteins fold into their correct shape, as well as the role of protein misfolding in disease and normal physiology. The team also develops experimental and analytical approaches for exploring the organizational principles of biological systems and globally monitoring protein translation through ribosome profiling. A broad goal of his work is to bridge large-scale approaches and in depth mechanistic investigations to reveal the information encoded within genomes. Weissman has been a member of the National Academy of Sciences since 2009. in 2015, he co-founded the Innovative Genomics Institute with Jennifer Doudna. References External links UCSF Academic Bio His Howard Hughes Medical Institute bio Weissman Lab website Joshua Weissman Sourdough Starter Living people American biochemists Howard Hughes Medical Investigators Place of birth missing (living people) Year of birth missing (living people) University of California, San Francisco faculty Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences Harvard College alumni Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science alumni Yale University alumni
Erin K. O'Shea. Erin K. O'Shea is an American biologist who is president of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI). In 2013, she was named HHMI's vice president and chief scientific officer. Prior to that, she was a professor of molecular and cellular biology and chemistry and chemical biology at Harvard University. In 2016, her appointment as future, and first woman, president of HHMI was announced. She has been a Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) investigator since 2000. Early life and education Erin O'Shea is one of five children, born in Leroy, New York. O'Shea earned her Bachelor of Arts in biochemistry from Smith College in 1988 and her PhD in chemistry from MIT in 1992 at age 26 working with Peter S. Kim studying leucine zippers. She was a postdoctoral fellow at University of California, Berkeley from 1992 to 1993. Career and research During her postdoctoral fellowship, O'Shea worked with Robert Tjian and Ira Herskowitz studying chromatin regulation of transcription in yeast. When she was joined by her graduate school colleague Jonathan Weissman, they began to determine the location and abundance of all of the proteins in the yeast genome. They ultimately made two libraries both with GFP-fused protein with tandem affinity purification (TAP)-tags. After her PhD, O'Shea was briefly a Basic Research Fellow before joining the faculty of University of California, San Francisco as an assistant professor in 1993. In 2005, she was recruited to Harvard University to be the director of the (FAS) Center for Systems Biology and a professor of molecular and cellular biology and chemistry and chemical biology. Her research is focused on gene regulation and the biology of a three-protein circadian clock. In 2012, she was elected to be HHMI's new Vice President and Chief Scientific Officer, leading the HHMI Investigator Program, and then became HHMI president in 2016. She continues to maintain her lab at Janelia. Awards and honors O'Shea was a Packard Foundation Fellow in 1994, and won young investigator awards from the American Society for Cell Biology in 2000, and the Protein Society in 2001. She was selected as an HHMI investigator in 2000. In 2001, O'Shea won the NAS Award in Molecular Biology for "contributions to our understanding of signal transduction, regulation of protein movement into and out of the nucleus, and how phosphorylation controls protein activity". O'Shea was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 2004, as well as the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. She was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2019. Personal life O'Shea is married to Douglas Jeffery. In 2007, she said that she runs and wakeboards, and a large motivation to move to Harvard was for the chance to teach undergrads. She trained her dog, Zambo, from when he was a puppy. Zambo became national champion and then world champion in 2011, at the Universal World Sieger Championship in Austria. References External links Harvard Academic Bio Howard Hughes Medical Institute bio O'Shea Lab website Living people American women biochemists Howard Hughes Medical Investigators Place of birth missing (living people) Year of birth missing (living people) Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences Harvard University faculty Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science alumni Smith College alumni University of California, San Diego faculty Members of the American Philosophical Society Fellows of the American Academy of Microbiology American women academics 21st-century American women Chemists from New York (state)
Preserving Our Hometown Independent Pharmacies Act of 2011. Preserving Our Hometown Independent Pharmacies Act of 2011 (H.R. 1946) is legislation that was introduced in the 112th United States Congress on May 23, 2011, with the full title of the bill stating to "ensure and foster continued safety and quality of care and a competitive marketplace by exempting independent pharmacies from the antitrust laws in their negotiations with health plans and health insurance insurers". The chief sponsor of the legislation was Republican Tom Marino (R-PA10), while other notable co-sponsors include Republican Cathy McMorris Rodgers (R-WA5), Democrat Leonard Boswell (D-IA3), and Republican Austin Scott (R-GA8). Support Support for the bill came from the National Community Pharmacists Association (NCPA). In a press release dated June 21, 2011, NCPA wrote that the legislation would allow independent community pharmacies to collectively negotiate the terms and conditions of insurance contracts. Opposition Opposed to the bill were people from the Pharmaceutical Care Management Association (PCMA). On its website, PCMA wrote that H.R. 1946 would grant special antitrust exemptions that would enable their industry to command higher pharmacy payments from the employers, unions and government agencies that offer prescription drug coverage. On March 29, 2012, James A. Klein, president of the American Benefits Council, sent a letter to Republican Bob Goodlatte, chair, and Republican Mel Watt, co-chair, respectively, of the House Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on Intellectual Property, Competition and the Internet. In that letter, Klein wrote that they oppose H.R. 1946 because its principal impact was likely to be to increase costs to their employer members and their employees for prescription drug benefits". Controversy On March 29, 2012, Richard A. Feinstein, director of competition at the United States Federal Trade Commission, testified before United States House of Representatives Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on Intellectual Property, Competition and the Internet, stating that H.R. 1946 would result in higher health care costs. On March 29, 2012, professor Joshua D. Wright from George Mason University School of Law, testified before the United States House of Representatives Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on Intellectual Property, Competition and the Internet, stating th H.R. 1946 that proposed legislation was likely to harm consumers. He concluded that the law should be opposed on those grounds. See also Acts of the 112th United States Congress Pharmacy Competition and Consumer Choice Act of 2011 Food and Drug Administration References External links Full text of the Act Localism (politics) Proposed legislation of the 112th United States Congress
List of presidents of the Institute of Physics. The President of the Institute of Physics is the head of the governing Council of the Institute of Physics. The history of the Institute, from its founding as the Physical Society of London in 1874 through to today's Institute has meant that the name of the post held has varied. The current President is Jonathan Flint. Presidents of the Physical Society of London 1874–1876 John H Gladstone 1876–1878 George C Foster 1878–1880 William G Adams 1880–1882 The Lord Kelvin of Largs 1882–1884 Robert B Clifton 1884–1886 Frederick Guthrie 1886–1888 Balfour Stewart 1888–1890 Arnold W Reinold 1890–1892 William E Ayrton 1892–1893 George F FitzGerald 1893–1895 Arthur W Rucker 1895–1897 William de W Abney 1897–1899 Shelford Bidwell 1899–1901 Oliver J Lodge 1901–1903 Silvanus P Thompson 1903–1905 Richard T Glazebrook 1905–1906 John H Poynting 1906–1908 John Perry 1908–1910 Charles Chree 1910–1912 Hugh Longbourne Callendar 1912–1914 Arthur Schuster 1914–1916 Sir Joseph J. Thomson 1916–1918 Charles V Boys 1918–1920 Charles Herbert Lees Presidents of the Physical Society 1920–1922 Sir William Bragg 1922–1924 Alexander Russell 1924–1926 F E Smith 1926–1928 O W Richardson 1928–1930 W H Eccles 1930–1932 Sir Arthur Eddington 1932–1934 A O Rankine 1934–1936 Lord Rayleigh 1936–1938 T Smith 1938–1941 Sir Allan Ferguson 1941–1943 Sir Charles Darwin 1943–1945 E N de Costa Andrade 1945–1947 D Brunt 1947–1949 G I Finch 1949–1950 S Chapman 1950–1952 L F Bates 1952–1954 R Whiddington 1954–1956 H S W Massey 1956–1958 N F Mott 1958–1960 J A Ratcliffe Presidents of the Institute of Physics 1919–1921 Sir Richard T Glazebrook 1921–1923 Sir Joseph Thomson 1923–1925 Sir Charles Parsons 1925–1927 Sir William Bragg 1927–1929 Sir Frank Dyson 1929–1931 William H Eccles 1931–1933 The Lord Rutherford of Nelson 1933–1935 Sir Henry Lyons 1935–1937 Alfred Fowler 1937–1939 Clifford C Paterson 1939–1943 Sir Lawrence Bragg 1943–1946 Sir Frank Smith 1946–1948 Arthur M Tyndall 1948–1950 Francis C Toy 1950–1952 William E Curtis 1952–1954 Charles Sykes 1954–1956 Sir John Cockroft 1956–1958 Oliver W Humphreys 1958–1960 Sir George Thomson Presidents of the Institute of Physics and the Physical Society 1960–1962 Sir John Cockroft 1962–1964 Sir Alan Herries Wilson 1964–1966 Sir Gordon Sutherland 1966–1968 Sir James Taylor 1968–1970 Malcolm R Gavin Presidents of the Institute of Physics 1970–1972 James W Menter 1972–1974 Sir Brian Flowers 1974–1976 Sir Brian Pippard 1976–1978 Basil J Mason 1978–1980 Rendel S Pease 1980–1982 Sir Denys Wilkinson 1982–1984 Sir Robert Clayton 1984–1986 Sir Alec Merrison 1986–1988 Godfrey H Stafford 1988–1990 Cyril Hilsum 1990–1992 Roger Blin-Stoyle 1992–1994 Clive A. P. Foxell 1994–1996 Sir Arnold Wolfendale 1996–1998 Brian Manley 1998–2000 Sir Gareth Roberts 2000–2002 Sir Peter Williams 2002–2004 Sir David Wallace 2004–2006 Sir John Enderby 2006–2008 Peter Saraga 2008–2010 Dame Jocelyn Bell Burnell 2010–2011 Marshall Stoneham 2011–2011 Dame Jocelyn Bell Burnell (Interim) 2011–2013 Sir Peter Knight 2013–2015 Frances Saunders 2015–2017 Roy Sambles 2017–2019 Dame Julia Higgins 2019–2021 Jonathan Flint 2021–2023 Sheila Rowan 2023–present Keith Burnett References Institute of Physics Lists of British people Presidents of the Institute of Physics Institute of Physics Institute of Physics
1859 in philosophy. 1859 in philosophy Events Publications John Stuart Mill, On Liberty (1859) Charles Darwin, On the Origin of Species (1859) [Note: On the Origin of Species is not a philosophical text per se, but is nevertheless listed here for its enormous influence on philosophical thought.] Births January 13 - Kostis Palamas (died 1943) April 8 - Edmund Husserl (died 1938) October 18 - Henri Bergson (died 1941) October 20 - John Dewey (died 1952) Deaths April 16 - Alexis de Tocqueville (born 1805) May 6 - Alexander von Humboldt (born 1769) References Philosophy 19th century in philosophy Philosophy by year
1946 in philosophy. 1946 in philosophy Events Publications Michael Polanyi, Science, Faith and Society (1946) Erich Auerbach, Mimesis: The Representation of Reality in Western Literature (1946) Births April 22 - Paul Davies July 3 - Jean-Luc Marion July 6 - Peter Singer August 11 - Marilyn vos Savant September 7 - Francisco Varela (died 2001) December 10 - Raymond Geuss Deaths References Philosophy 20th century in philosophy Philosophy by year
China Earthquake Networks Center. The China Earthquake Networks Center (CENC; ) is an institution under the China Earthquake Administration. Established on October 18, 2004, it is one of the most important hubs of China's earthquake disaster reduction network and the basis of information for the international community. It is responsible for the operational guidance and management of the national seismic network, short-term earthquake prediction, earthquake data collection, report processing, scientific journal management, seismological construction, technological research and operations for emergency response and relief including the State Council of the People's Republic of China's earthquake relief headquarters. References Emergency management in China Seismological observatories, organisations and projects
Demethylspheroidene O-methyltransferase. Demethylspheroidene O-methyltransferase (, 1-hydroxycarotenoid O-methylase, 1-hydroxycarotenoid methylase, 1-HO-carotenoid methylase, CrtF) is an enzyme with systematic name S-adenosyl-L-methionine:demethylspheroidene O-methyltransferase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction S-adenosyl-L-methionine + demethylspheroidene S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + spheroidene In Rhodopseudomonas capsulata and Rubrivivax gelatinosus the enzyme is involved in biosynthesis of spheroidene. References External links EC 2.1.1
CRTF. CRTF may refer to: Demethylspheroidene O-methyltransferase, an enzyme Coral reef organizations, U.S. Coral Reef Task Force
Statistical learning in language acquisition. Statistical learning is the ability for humans and other animals to extract statistical regularities from the world around them to learn about the environment. Although statistical learning is now thought to be a generalized learning mechanism, the phenomenon was first identified in human infant language acquisition. The earliest evidence for these statistical learning abilities comes from a study by Jenny Saffran, Richard Aslin, and Elissa Newport, in which 8-month-old infants were presented with nonsense streams of monotone speech. Each stream was composed of four three-syllable "pseudowords" that were repeated randomly. After exposure to the speech streams for two minutes, infants reacted differently to hearing "pseudowords" as opposed to "nonwords" from the speech stream, where nonwords were composed of the same syllables that the infants had been exposed to, but in a different order. This suggests that infants are able to learn statistical relationships between syllables even with very limited exposure to a language. That is, infants learn which syllables are always paired together and which ones only occur together relatively rarely, suggesting that they are parts of two different units. This method of learning is thought to be one way that children learn which groups of syllables form individual words. Since the initial discovery of the role of statistical learning in lexical acquisition, the same mechanism has been proposed for elements of phonological acquisition, and syntactical acquisition, as well as in non-linguistic domains. Further research has also indicated that statistical learning is likely a domain-general and even species-general learning mechanism, occurring for visual as well as auditory information, and in both primates and non-primates. Lexical acquisition The role of statistical learning in language acquisition has been particularly well documented in the area of lexical acquisition. One important contribution to infants' understanding of segmenting words from a continuous stream of speech is their ability to recognize statistical regularities of the speech heard in their environments. Although many factors play an important role, this specific mechanism is powerful and can operate over a short time scale. Original findings It is a well-established finding that, unlike written language, spoken language does not have any clear boundaries between words; spoken language is a continuous stream of sound rather than individual words with silences between them. This lack of segmentation between linguistic units presents a problem for young children learning language, who must be able to pick out individual units from the continuous speech streams that they hear. One proposed method of how children are able to solve this problem is that they are attentive to the statistical regularities of the world around them. For example, in the phrase "pretty baby", children are more likely to hear the sounds pre and ty heard together during the entirety of the lexical input around them than they are to hear the sounds ty and ba together. In an artificial grammar learning study with adult participants, Saffran, Newport, and Aslin found that participants were able to locate word boundaries based only on transitional probabilities, suggesting that adults are capable of using statistical regularities in a language-learning task. This is a robust finding that has been widely replicated. To determine if young children have these same abilities Saffran Aslin and Newport exposed 8-month-old infants to an artificial grammar. The grammar was composed of four words, each composed of three nonsense syllables. During the experiment, infants heard a continuous speech stream of these words. The speech was presented in a monotone with no cues (such as pauses, intonation, etc.) to word boundaries other than the statistical probabilities. Within a word, the transitional probability of two syllable pairs was 1.0: in the word bidaku, for example, the probability of hearing the syllable da immediately after the syllable bi was 100%. Between words, however, the transitional probability of hearing a syllable pair was much lower: After any given word (e.g., bidaku) was presented, one of three words could follow (in this case, padoti, golabu, or tupiro), so the likelihood of hearing any given syllable after ku was only 33%. To determine if infants were picking up on the statistical information, each infant was presented with multiple presentations of either a word from the artificial grammar or a nonword made up of the same syllables but presented in a random order. Infants who were presented with nonwords during the test phase listened significantly longer to these words than infants who were presented with words from the artificial grammar, showing a novelty preference for these new nonwords. However, the implementation of the test could also be due to infants learning serial-order information and not to actually learning transitional probabilities between words. That is, at test, infants heard strings such as dapiku and tilado that were never presented during learning; they could simply have learned that the syllable ku never followed the syllable pi. To look more closely at this issue, Saffran Aslin and Newport conducted another study in which infants underwent the same training with the artificial grammar but then were presented with either words or part-words rather than words or nonwords. The part-words were syllable sequences composed of the last syllable from one word and the first two syllables from another (such as kupado). Because the part-words had been heard during the time when children were listening to the artificial grammar, preferential listening to these part-words would indicate that children were learning not only serial-order information, but also the statistical likelihood of hearing particular syllable sequences. Again, infants showed greater listening times to the novel (part-) words, indicating that 8-month-old infants were able to extract these statistical regularities from a continuous speech stream. Further research This result has been the impetus for much more research on the role of statistical learning in lexical acquisition and other areas (see). In a follow-up to the original report, Aslin, Saffran, and Newport found that even when words and part words occurred equally often in the speech stream, but with different transitional probabilities between syllables of words and part words, infants were still able to detect the statistical regularities and still preferred to listen to the novel part-words over the familiarized words. This finding provides stronger evidence that infants are able to pick up transitional probabilities from the speech they hear, rather than just being aware of frequencies of individual syllable sequences. Another follow-up study examined the extent to which the statistical information learned during this type of artificial grammar learning feeds into knowledge that infants may already have about their native language. Infants preferred to listen to words over part-words, whereas there was no significant difference in the nonsense frame condition. This finding suggests that even pre-linguistic infants are able to integrate the statistical cues they learn in a laboratory into their previously acquired knowledge of a language. In other words, once infants have acquired some linguistic knowledge, they incorporate newly acquired information into that previously acquired learning. A related finding indicates that slightly older infants can acquire both lexical and grammatical regularities from a single set of input, suggesting that they are able to use outputs of one type of statistical learning (cues that lead to the discovery of word boundaries) as input to a second type (cues that lead to the discovery of syntactical regularities. At test, 12-month-olds preferred to listen to sentences that had the same grammatical structure as the artificial language they had been tested on rather than sentences that had a different (ungrammatical) structure. Because learning grammatical regularities requires infants to be able to determine boundaries between individual words, this indicates that infants who are still quite young are able to acquire multiple levels of language knowledge (both lexical and syntactical) simultaneously, indicating that statistical learning is a powerful mechanism at play in language learning. Despite the large role that statistical learning appears to play in lexical acquisition, it is likely not the only mechanism by which infants learn to segment words. Statistical learning studies are generally conducted with artificial grammars that have no cues to word boundary information other than transitional probabilities between words. Real speech, though, has many different types of cues to word boundaries, including prosodic and phonotactic information. Together, the findings from these studies of statistical learning in language acquisition indicate that statistical properties of the language are a strong cue in helping infants learn their first language. Phonological acquisition There is much evidence that statistical learning is an important component of both discovering which phonemes are important for a given language and which contrasts within phonemes are important. Having this knowledge is important for aspects of both speech perception and speech production. Distributional learning Since the discovery of infants' statistical learning abilities in word learning, the same general mechanism has also been studied in other facets of language learning. For example, it is well-established that infants can discriminate between phonemes of many different languages but eventually become unable to discriminate between phonemes that do not appear in their native language; however, it was not clear how this decrease in discriminatory ability came about. Maye et al. suggested that the mechanism responsible might be a statistical learning mechanism in which infants track the distributional regularities of the sounds in their native language. To test this idea, Maye et al. exposed 6- and 8-month-old infants to a continuum of speech sounds that varied on the degree to which they were voiced. The distribution that the infants heard was either bimodal, with sounds from both ends of the voicing continuum heard most often, or unimodal, with sounds from the middle of the distribution heard most often. The results indicated that infants from both age groups were sensitive to the distribution of phonemes. At test, infants heard either non-alternating (repeated exemplars of tokens 3 or 6 from an 8-token continuum) or alternating (exemplars of tokens 1 and 8) exposures to specific phonemes on the continuum. Infants exposed to the bimodal distribution listened longer to the alternating trials than the non-alternating trials while there was no difference in listening times for infants exposed to the unimodal distribution. This finding indicates that infants exposed the bimodal distribution were better able to discriminate sounds from the two ends of the distribution than were infants in the unimodal condition, regardless of age. This type of statistical learning differs from that used in lexical acquisition, as it requires infants to track frequencies rather than transitional probabilities, and has been named "distributional learning". Distributional learning has also been found to help infants contrast two phonemes that they initially have difficulty in discriminating between. Maye, Weiss, and Aslin found that infants who were exposed to a bimodal distribution of a non-native contrast that was initially difficult to discriminate were better able to discriminate the contrast than infants exposed to a unimodal distribution of the same contrast. Maye et al. also found that infants were able to abstract features of a contrast (i.e., voicing onset time) and generalize that feature to the same type of contrast at a different place of articulation, a finding that has not been found in adults. In a review of the role of distributional learning on phonological acquisition, Werker et al. note that distributional learning cannot be the only mechanism by which phonetic categories are acquired. However, it does seem clear that this type of statistical learning mechanism can play a role in this skill, although research is ongoing. Perceptual magnet effect A related finding regarding statistical cues to phonological acquisition is a phenomenon known as the perceptual magnet effect. In this effect, a prototypical phoneme of a person's native language acts as a "magnet" for similar phonemes, which are perceived as belonging to the same category as the prototypical phoneme. In the original test of this effect, adult participants were asked to indicate if a given exemplar of a particular phoneme differed from a referent phoneme. If the referent phoneme is a non-prototypical phoneme for that language, both adults and 6-month-old infants show less generalization to other sounds than they do for prototypical phonemes, even if the subjective distance between the sounds is the same. That is, adults and infants are both more likely to notice that a particular phoneme differs from the referent phoneme if that referent phoneme is a non-prototypical exemplar than if it is a prototypical exemplar. The prototypes themselves are apparently discovered through a distributional learning process, in which infants are sensitive to the frequencies with which certain sounds occur and treat those that occur most often as the prototypical phonemes of their language. Syntactical acquisition A statistical learning device has also been proposed as a component of syntactical acquisition for young children. Early evidence for this mechanism came largely from studies of computer modeling or analyses of natural language corpora. These early studies focused largely on distributional information specifically rather than statistical learning mechanisms generally. Specifically, in these early papers it was proposed that children created templates of possible sentence structures involving unnamed categories of word types (i.e., nouns or verbs, although children would not put these labels on their categories). Children were thought to learn which words belonged to the same categories by tracking the similar contexts in which words of the same category appeared. Later studies expanded these results by looking at the actual behavior of children or adults who had been exposed to artificial grammars. These later studies also considered the role of statistical learning more broadly than the earlier studies, placing their results in the context of the statistical learning mechanisms thought to be involved with other aspects of language learning, such as lexical acquisition. Experimental results Evidence from a series of four experiments conducted by Gomez and Gerken suggests that children are able to generalize grammatical structures with less than two minutes of exposure to an artificial grammar. In the first experiment, 11-12 month-old infants were trained on an artificial grammar composed of nonsense words with a set grammatical structure. At test, infants heard both novel grammatical and ungrammatical sentences. Infants oriented longer toward the grammatical sentences, in line with previous research that suggests that infants generally orient for a longer amount of time to natural instances of language rather than altered instances of language e.g.,. (This familiarity preference differs from the novelty preference generally found in word-learning studies, due to the differences between lexical acquisition and syntactical acquisition.) This finding indicates that young children are sensitive to the grammatical structure of language even after minimal exposure. Gomez and Gerken also found that this sensitivity is evident when ungrammatical transitions are located in the middle of the sentence (unlike in the first experiment, in which all the errors occurred at the beginning and end of the sentences), that the results could not be due to an innate preference for the grammatical sentences caused by something other than grammar, and that children are able to generalize the grammatical rules to new vocabulary. Together these studies suggest that infants are able to extract a substantial amount of syntactic knowledge even from limited exposure to a language. Children apparently detected grammatical anomalies whether the grammatical violation in the test sentences occurred at the end or in the middle of the sentence. Additionally, even when the individual words of the grammar were changed, infants were still able to discriminate between grammatical and ungrammatical strings during the test phase. This generalization indicates that infants were not learning vocabulary-specific grammatical structures, but abstracting the general rules of that grammar and applying those rules to novel vocabulary. Furthermore, in all four experiments, the test of grammatical structures occurred five minutes after the initial exposure to the artificial grammar had ended, suggesting that the infants were able to maintain the grammatical abstractions they had learned even after a short delay. In a similar study, Saffran found that adults and older children (first- and second grade children) were also sensitive to syntactical information after exposure to an artificial language which had no cues to phrase structure other than the statistical regularities that were present. Both adults and children were able to pick out sentences that were ungrammatical at a rate greater than chance, even under an "incidental" exposure condition in which participants' primary goal was to complete a different task while hearing the language. Although the number of studies dealing with statistical learning of syntactical information is limited, the available evidence does indicate that the statistical learning mechanisms are likely a contributing factor to children's ability to learn their language. Statistical learning in bilingualism Much of the early work using statistical learning paradigms focused on the ability for children or adults to learn a single language, consistent with the process of language acquisition for monolingual speakers or learners. However, it is estimated that approximately 60-75% of people in the world are bilingual. More recently, researchers have begun looking at the role of statistical learning for those who speak more than one language. Although there are no reviews on this topic yet, Weiss, Gerfen, and Mitchel examined how hearing input from multiple artificial languages simultaneously can affect the ability to learn either or both languages. Over four experiments, Weiss et al. found that, after exposure to two artificial languages, adult learners are capable of determining word boundaries in both languages when each language is spoken by a different speaker. However, when the two languages were spoken by the same speaker, participants were able learn both languages only when they were "congruent"—when the word boundaries of one language matched the word boundaries of the other. When the languages were incongruent—a syllable that appeared in the middle of a word in one language appeared at the end of the word in the other language—and spoken by a single speaker, participants were able to learn, at best, one of the two languages. A final experiment showed that the inability to learn incongruent languages spoken in the same voice was not due to syllable overlap between the languages but due to differing word boundaries. Similar work replicates the finding that learners are able to learn two sets of statistical representations when an additional cue is present (two different male voices in this case). In their paradigm, the two languages were presented consecutively, rather than interleaved as in Weiss et al.'s paradigm, and participants did learn the first artificial language to which they had been exposed better than the second, although participants' performance was above chance for both languages. While statistical learning improves and strengthens multilingualism, it appears that the inverse is not true. In a study by Yim and Rudoy it was found that both monolingual and bilingual children perform statistical learning tasks equally well. Antovich and Graf Estes found that 14-month-old bilingual children are better than monolinguals at segmenting two different artificial languages using transitional probability cues. They suggest that a bilingual environment in early childhood trains children to rely on statistical regularities to segment the speech flow and access two lexical systems. Limitations on statistical learning Word-referent mapping A statistical learning mechanism has also been proposed for learning the meaning of words. Specifically, Yu and Smith conducted a pair of studies in which adults were exposed to pictures of objects and heard nonsense words. Each nonsense word was paired with a particular object. There were 18 total word-referent pairs, and each participant was presented with either 2, 3, or 4 objects at a time, depending on the condition, and heard the nonsense word associated with one of those objects. Each word-referent pair was presented 6 times over the course of the training trials; after the completion of the training trials, participants completed a forced-alternative test in which they were asked to choose the correct referent that matched a nonsense word they were given. Participants were able to choose the correct item more often than would happen by chance, indicating, according to the authors, that they were using statistical learning mechanisms to track co-occurrence probabilities across training trials. An alternative hypothesis is that learners in this type of task may be using a "propose-but-verify" mechanism rather than a statistical learning mechanism. Medina et al. and Trueswell et al. argue that, because Yu and Smith only tracked knowledge at the end of the training, rather than tracking knowledge on a trial-by-trial basis, it is impossible to know if participants were truly updating statistical probabilities of co-occurrence (and therefore maintaining multiple hypotheses simultaneously), or if, instead, they were forming a single hypothesis and checking it on the next trial. For example, if a participant is presented with a picture of a dog and a picture of a shoe, and hears the nonsense word vash she might hypothesize that vash refers to the dog. On a future trial, she may see a picture of a shoe and a picture of a door and again hear the word vash. If statistical learning is the mechanism by which word-referent mappings are learned, then the participant would be more likely to select the picture of the shoe than the door, as shoe would have appeared in conjunction with the word vash 100% of the time. However, if participants are simply forming a single hypothesis, they may fail to remember the context of the previous presentation of vash (especially if, as in the experimental conditions, there are multiple trials with other words in between the two presentations of vash) and therefore be at chance in this second trial. According to this proposed mechanism of word learning, if the participant had correctly guessed that vash referred to the shoe in the first trial, her hypothesis would be confirmed in the subsequent trial. To distinguish between these two possibilities, Trueswell et al. conducted a series of experiments similar to those conducted by Yu and Smith except that participants were asked to indicate their choice of the word-referent mapping on each trial, and only a single object name was presented on each trial (with varying numbers of objects). Participants would therefore have been at chance when they are forced to make a choice in their first trial. The results from the subsequent trials indicate that participants were not using a statistical learning mechanism in these experiments, but instead were using a propose-and-verify mechanism, holding only one potential hypothesis in mind at a time. Specifically, if participants had chosen an incorrect word-referent mapping in an initial presentation of a nonsense word (from a display of five possible choices), their likelihood of choosing the correct word-referent mapping in the next trial of that word was still at chance, or 20%. If, though, the participant had chosen the correct word-referent mapping on an initial presentation of a nonsense word, the likelihood of choosing the correct word-referent mapping on the subsequent presentation of that word was approximately 50%. These results were also replicated in a condition where participants were choosing between only two alternatives. These results suggest that participants did not remember the surrounding context of individual presentations and were therefore not using statistical cues to determine the word-referent mappings. Instead, participants make a hypothesis regarding a word-referent mapping and, on the next presentation of that word, either confirm or reject the hypothesis accordingly. Overall, these results, along with similar results from Medina et al., indicate that word meanings may not be learned through a statistical learning mechanism in these experiments, which ask participants to hypothesize a mapping even on the first occurrence (i.e., not cross-situationally). However, when the propose-but-verify mechanism has been compared to a statistical learning mechanism, the former was unable to reproduce individual learning trajectories nor fit as well as the latter. Need for social interaction Additionally, statistical learning by itself cannot account even for those aspects of language acquisition for which it has been shown to play a large role. For example, Kuhl, Tsao, and Liu found that young English-learning infants who spent time in a laboratory session with a native Mandarin speaker were able to distinguish between phonemes that occur in Mandarin but not in English, unlike infants who were in a control condition. Infants in this control condition came to the lab as often as infants in the experimental condition, but were exposed only to English; when tested at a later date, they were unable to distinguish the Mandarin phonemes. In a second experiment, the authors presented infants with audio or audiovisual recordings of Mandarin speakers and tested the infants' ability to distinguish between the Mandarin phonemes. In this condition, infants failed to distinguish the foreign language phonemes. This finding indicates that social interaction is a necessary component of language learning and that, even if infants are presented with the raw data of hearing a language, they are unable to take advantage of the statistical cues present in that data if they are not also experiencing the social interaction. Domain generality Although the phenomenon of statistical learning was first discovered in the context of language acquisition and there is much evidence of its role in that purpose, work since the original discovery has suggested that statistical learning may be a domain general skill and is likely not unique to humans. For example, Saffran, Johnson, Aslin, and Newport found that both adults and infants were able to learn statistical probabilities of "words" created by playing different musical tones (i.e., participants heard the musical notes D, E, and F presented together during training and were able to recognize those notes as a unit at test as compared to three notes that had not been presented together). In non-auditory domains, there is evidence that humans are able to learn statistical visual information whether that information is presented across space, e.g., or time, e.g.,. Evidence of statistical learning has also been found in other primates, e.g., and some limited statistical learning abilities have been found even in non-primates like rats. Together these findings suggest that statistical learning may be a generalized learning mechanism that happens to be utilized in language acquisition, rather than a mechanism that is unique to the human infant's ability to learn his or her language(s). Further evidence for domain general statistical learning was suggested in a study run through the University of Cornell Department of Psychology concerning visual statistical learning in infancy. Researchers in this study questioned whether domain generality of statistical learning in infancy would be seen using visual information. After first viewing images in statistically predictable patterns, infants were then exposed to the same familiar patterns in addition to novel sequences of the same identical stimulus components. Interest in the visuals was measured by the amount of time the child looked at the stimuli in which the researchers named "looking time". All ages of infant participants showed more interest in the novel sequence relative to the familiar sequence. In demonstrating a preference for the novel sequences (which violated the transitional probability that defined the grouping of the original stimuli) the results of the study support the likelihood of domain general statistical learning in infancy. References Language acquisition
Medical Story. Medical Story is an American anthology series that aired on NBC from September 4, 1975, until January 8, 1976. Premise This was an anthology series about issues in the medical field, making it into the medical equivalent of Police Story. Episodes References External links Medical Story at CVTA link with episode list 1975 American television series debuts 1976 American television series endings 1970s American anthology television series 1970s American medical drama television series American English-language television shows NBC television dramas Television series by Sony Pictures Television Television shows set in Oregon
Mordella arcuatefasciata. Mordella arcuatefasciata is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae. It was described in 1941. References Beetles described in 1941 arcuatefasciata

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.