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次ã®è±èªãæ¥æ¬èªã«èš³ããŠãã ãã | Countries that have done well in the recent past have done so through their own efforts. | æè¿è»éã«ä¹ã£ãŠããåœã
ã¯ã圌ãèªèº«ã®åªåã«ãããããå®çŸããŠããã®ã§ããã |
è±èªããæ¥æ¬èªã«èš³ããŠãã ãã | Aid and market access have rarely played a critical role. | æŽå©ããã³åžå Žãžã®ã¢ã¯ã»ã¹ã¯ãå®éã«ã¯æ±ºå®çãªåœ¹å²ãæãããŠããããã§ã¯ãªãã |
è±èªãæ¥æ¬èªã«ç¿»èš³ããŠãã ãã | Consider a developing country that has free and preferential market access to its largest neighbor, which also happens to be the worldâs most powerful economy. | æ倧ã®è¿é£åœã§ãããäžçã§ãã£ãšãå匷ãçµæžåœã§ãããåœã®ãèªç±ã§éžå¥œçãªåžå Žãžã®ã¢ã¯ã»ã¹ãæããéçºåœãèããŠã¿ããã |
è±èªã®æãæ¥æ¬èªã®æã«ç¿»èš³ããŠãã ãã | Suppose, in addition, that this country is able to send millions of its citizens to work across the border, receives a huge volume of inward investment, and is totally integrated into international production chains. | ããã«ããã®åœãäœäžäººãã®åœæ°ããåœå¢ãè¶ããŠåãããããšãã§ãã倧èŠæš¡ãªæµ·å€æŽå©ãåããããšãã§ãããŸãåœéçç£é£éã«å®å
šã«çµ±åããããšããã |
è±èªãæ¥æ¬èªã«ç¿»èš³ããŠãã ãã | Moreover, the countryâs banking system is supported by its rich neighborâs demonstrated willingness to act as a lender of last resort. | ãŸãããã®åœã®éè¡æ©æ§ããè£çŠãªè¿é£åœã®ãæåŸã®æ¥œåãžã®èè³è
ãšããŠæ¯èããæŒåºãããåæã«ãã£ãŠæ¯ããããŠãããšããã |
è±èªã®æãæ¥æ¬èªã®æã«å€æããŠãã ãã | Globalization does not get much better than this, right? | ã°ããŒãã«åã®æé«ã®ç¶æ
ãšèšããã |
è±èªã®æãæ¥æ¬èªã®æã«ç¿»èš³ããŠãã ãã | Now consider a second country. | 第 2 ã®åœã«ã€ããŠèããŠã¿ããã |
è±èªã®æãæ¥æ¬èªã®æã«ç¿»èš³ããŠãã ãã | This one faces a trade embargo in the worldâs largest market, receives neither foreign aid nor any other kind of assistance from the West, is excluded from international organizations like the WTO, and is prevented from borrowing from the IMF and the World Bank. | äžçæ倧ã®åžå Žã«ããã貿æçŠæ¢ã«çŽé¢ããŠãããæµ·å€æŽå©ã西欧諞åœããã®ãããªãæŽå©ãåããŠããããWTO ãªã©ã®åœéçµç¹ãããçå€ãããŠãããããã« IMF ãäžçéè¡ããã®èè³ãåããããšãã§ããªãã |
è±èªããæ¥æ¬èªã«èš³ããŠãã ãã | If these external disadvantages are not debilitating enough, this economy also maintains its own high barriers on international trade (in the form of state trading, import tariffs, and quantitative restrictions). | ãããããã®å¯Ÿå€çäžå©ããã®åœãååã«è¡°åŒ±ãããªããã°ããã®çµæžããŸã (åœå
ååŒã茞å
¥é¢çšããã³å€§éã®èŠå¶ãšããããã¡ã§) åœé貿æã«å¯Ÿããé«ãéå£ãç¶æããã |
è±èªã®æãæ¥æ¬èªã®æã«ç¿»èš³ããŠãã ãã | As the reader may have guessed, these are real countries: Mexico and Vietnam. | èªè
ã®äºæ³éãããããã¯å®åšããåœã
(ã¡ãã·ã³ãšãããã ) ã§ããã |
æ¥æ¬èªãžã®ç¿»èš³ãè¡ã£ãŠãã ãã | Mexico shares a 2,000-mile long border with the United States, which provides not only privileged market access in goods and labor, but also a claim to the resources of the US Treasury (as became apparent during the 1995 peso crisis). | ã¡ãã·ã³ã«ã¯ç±³åœãšã® 2,000 ãã€ã«ã®è·é¢ã®åœå¢ãããã財ãšåŽååã®ç¹æš©çãªåžå Žãžã®ã¢ã¯ã»ã¹ã ãã§ãªããããã« (1995 幎ã®ããœå±æ©ã§æããã«ãªã£ãããã«) ç±³åœè²¡åçã®è³æºãžã®åµæš©ã«ãæµãŸããŠããã |
è±èªããæ¥æ¬èªã«èš³ããŠãã ãã | By contrast, America maintained a trade embargo against Vietnam until 1994, established diplomatic relations only in 1995, and did not provide most-favored nation treatment to Vietnamese imports for years after that. | 察ç
§çã«ãç±³åœã¯ãããã ã«å¯Ÿã㊠1994 幎ãæéãšãã貿æçŠæ¢ãå®æœãã1995 幎ã«ãªã£ãŠãã£ãšå€äº€é¢ä¿ã確ç«ãããã®ã®ãããããäœå¹Žããããã ããã®èŒžå
¥ã«ææµåœåŸ
éãäžããªãã£ãã |
è±èªããæ¥æ¬èªã«èš³ããŠãã ãã | Vietnam still remains outside the WTO. | ãããã ã¯ä»ã§ã WTO ã«å å
¥ããŠããªãã |
è±èªã®æãæ¥æ¬èªã®æã«ç¿»èš³ããŠãã ãã | Now consider their economic performance. | 次ã«ãäž¡åœã®çµæžããã©ãŒãã³ã¹ã«ã€ããŠèããŠã¿ããã |
è±èªãæ¥æ¬èªã«ç¿»èš³ããŠãã ãã | Since NAFTA was signed in December 1992, Mexicoâs economy has grown at an average annual rate of barely over 1% in per capita terms. | Since1992 幎 12 æã« NAFTA ãç· çµãããŠãããã¡ãã·ã³ã®çµæžã¯å¹³å幎åœæ° 1 人ããã 1% ãè¶
ããå²åã§ããæé·ããŠããªãã |
æ¥æ¬èªãžã®ç¿»èš³ãè¡ã£ãŠãã ãã | This is not only far below the rates of Asiaâs economic superstars; it is also a fraction of Mexicoâs own growth performance during the decades that preceded the debt crisis of 1982 (3.6% per year between 1960 and 1981). | ããã¯ã¢ãžã¢ã®çµæžå€§åœã®æé·çã倧ããäžåãã ãã§ãªãã1982 幎ã®åµåå±æ©ãå
è¡ããæ°å幎ã«ããããã¡ãã·ã³èªèº«ã®æé·ç (1960 幎ãã 1981 幎ã®éå幎 3.6 % ) ã«ãå£ãã |
æ¥æ¬èªã§æå³ã®å¯Ÿå¿ããæãäœæããŠãã ãã | Vietnam, however, grew at an annual rate of 5.6% per capita between the onset of its economic reforms in 1988 and the establishment of diplomatic relations with the US in 1995, and has continued to grow at a rapid 4.5% pace since then. | ããããªãããããã ã¯ã1988 幎ã®çµæžæ¹é©ããã³ 1995 幎ã®ç±³åœãšã®å€äº€é¢ä¿ã®ç¢ºç«ãç®åãã«ãåœæ°äžäººåœãã幎ç 5.6% ã§æé·ããŠããŠãᅵᅵã以éã4.5% ãšããé«ãããŒã¹ã§æé·ãç¶ããŠããã |
è±èªãæ¥æ¬èªã«ç¿»èš³ããŠãã ãã | Vietnam witnessed a dramatic fall in poverty, while in Mexico real wages fell. | ãããã ã¯è²§å°ãžã®ãã€ãããã¯ãªå¢èœãçµéšããäžæ¹ã¡ãã·ã³ã®å®è³ªè³éã¯äœäžããã |
è±èªã®æãæ¥æ¬èªã®æã«å€æããŠãã ãã | Both countries experienced sharp increases in international trade and foreign investment, but the pictures are utterly different where it counts most: rising standards of living, particularly for the poor. | äž¡åœãšãåœé貿æããã³æµ·å€æè³ã®æ¥å¢ãçµéšãããããã£ãšãéèŠãªç¹ (ç¹ã«è²§å°å±€ã®ãç掻氎æºã®åäž) ã«ãããçµæã¯å€§ããç°ãªã£ãŠããã |
次ã®è±èªãæ¥æ¬èªã«èš³ããŠãã ãã | What these examples show is that domestic efforts trump everything else in determining a countryâs economic fortunes. | ãããã®äŸã¯ãäžåœã®çµæžçæ©æµã®æ±ºå®ã«ãããŠãåœå
ã®åªåãäœç©ã«ãåã£ãŠéèŠã§ãããšããããšã瀺ããŠããã |
è±èªãæ¥æ¬èªã«ç¿»èš³ããŠãã ãã | All the opportunities that the US market presented to Mexico could not offset the consequences of policy mistakes at home, especially the failure to reverse the real appreciation of the pesoâs exchange rate and the inability to extend the productivity gains achieved in a narrow range of export activities to the rest of the economy. | ç±³åœåžå Žãã¡ãã·ã³ã«äžãããã¹ãŠã®æ©äŒã¯ãç¹ã«ããœã®çºæ¿çžå Žã«ãããå®è³ªè©äŸ¡ã®åéã«å€±æããç¹ãããã³å¹
ã®çã貿æ掻åã§èç©ããçç£äœå°ãä»ã®çµæžã«æ¡åŒµã§ããªãã£ãç¹ãšãã£ããåœå
ã®æ¿æ²»çéã¡ããéããããšã¯ã§ããªãã£ãã |
è±èªãæ¥æ¬èªã«ç¿»èš³ããŠãã ãã | What matters most is whether a country adopts the right growth strategy. | ãã£ãšãéèŠãªç¹ã¯ãåœãé©åãªæé·æŠç¥ãæ¡çšãããåŠãã§ããã |
æ¥æ¬èªã«ç¿»èš³ããŠãã ãã | With none of Mexicoâs advantages, Vietnam pursued a strategy that focused on diversifying its economy and enhancing the productive capacity of domestic suppliers. | ã¡ãã·ã³ã®ãããªåªäœãªãããŠããããã ã¯çµæžã®å€æ§åãšåœå
äŸçµŠè
ã®çç£èœåã®æ¡åŒµã«éç¹ã眮ãæŠç¥ãè¿œæ±ããã |
è±èªã®æãæ¥æ¬èªã®æã«ç¿»èš³ããŠãã ãã | Broader post-war experience supports the conclusion that domestic policies are what matter most. | æŠåŸã®ããå¹
åºãçµéšããåœå
æ¿çããã£ãšãéèŠã§ãããšããçµè«ãæ¯æããŠããã |
æ¥æ¬èªã§æå³ã®å¯Ÿå¿ããæãäœæããŠãã ãã | South Korea took off in the early 1960âs not when foreign aid was at its apex, but when it was being phased out. | 倧éæ°åœã¯ãæµ·å€æŽå©ãé ç¹ãéããæžå°ããŠãã 1960 幎代åæã«èºé²ããã |
æ¥æ¬èªã«ç¿»èš³ããŠãã ãã | Taiwan did not receive foreign aid or preferential market access. | å°æ¹Ÿã¯æµ·å€æŽå©ãåãããéžå¥œçåžå Žãžã®ã¢ã¯ã»ã¹ãæããŠããªãã£ãã |
è±èªã®æãæ¥æ¬èªã®æã«ç¿»èš³ããŠãã ãã | China and India, todayâs two economic superstars, have prospered largely through sui generis reform efforts. | ä»æ¥ã®äºå€§çµæžå€§åœã§ããäžåœãšã€ã³ãã¯ãsui generis æ¹é©ã®åªåãéããŠå€§ããªæåãæã«ããã |
æ¥æ¬èªãžã®ç¿»èš³ãè¡ã£ãŠãã ãã | It is tempting to ascribe the rare African successes â Botswana and Mauritius â to foreign demand for their exports (diamonds and garments, respectively), but that story goes only so far. | ã¢ããªã«ã®çããæå (ããã¯ããšã¢ãŒãªã·ã£ã¹) ã®çç±ãã圌ãã®èŒžåº (ç¹ã«ãã€ã€ã¢ã³ããè£
身å
·) ãžã®æµ·å€éèŠã«åž°ããããšã¯ç°¡åã ãããããä»åŸã«ã€ããŠã¯äžæã§ããã |
è±èªã®æãæ¥æ¬èªã®æã«ç¿»èš³ããŠãã ãã | Obviously, both countries would be considerably poorer without access to foreign markets. | æããã«ãæµ·å€åžå Žãžã®ã¢ã¯ã»ã¹ããªããã°ãäž¡åœã¯çŸç¶ãšæ¯èŒããŠå€§å¹
ã«è²§ããã£ãããšã§ãããã |
æ¥æ¬èªãžã®ç¿»èš³ãè¡ã£ãŠãã ãã | But, as in other cases of successful development, what distinguishes them is not the external advantages they possess, but their ability to exploit these advantages. | ãããããã®ä»ã®æåããéçºã®å Žåã«ãããŠç¹åŸŽçãªç¹ã¯ãä¿æãã察å€çå©ç¹ã§ã¯ãªãããããã®å©ç¹ãæå¹å©çšããèœåã«ããã |
è±èªãæ¥æ¬èªã«ç¿»èš³ããŠãã ãã | Witness the mess that other countries made of their natural-resource endowments. | 倩ç¶è³æºãšããæµã¿ãç¡é§ã«ããä»ã®åœã
ãèããŠã¿ããšããã |
è±èªãæ¥æ¬èªã«ç¿»èš³ããŠãã ãã | The word âdiamondâ hardly conjures images of peace and prosperity in Sierra Leone. | ããã€ã€ã¢ã³ãããšããåèªããã·ãšã©ã¬ãªãã®å¹³åãšåæ ã®ã€ã¡ãŒãžãé£æ³ããããšã¯é£ããã |
è±èªã®æãæ¥æ¬èªã®æã«å€æããŠãã ãã | Similarly, few of the export processing zones proliferating around the world have delivered the results observed in Mauritius. | åæ§ã«ãäžçäžã§æ¿å¢ãã茞åºå å·¥åºåã®ãã¡ãã¢ãŒãªã·ã£ã¹ã«èŠããããããªçµæãæ®ããåœã¯ã»ãã®å°æ°ã§ããã |
è±èªããæ¥æ¬èªã«èš³ããŠãã ãã | None of this absolves rich countries of their responsibility to help. | ã ãããšãã£ãŠãè£çŠãªåœã
ãæ¯æŽè²¬ä»»ãæŸå
ããããšããããšã§ã¯ãªãã |
è±èªãæ¥æ¬èªã«ç¿»èš³ããŠãã ãã | They can make the world less hospitable for corrupt dictators â for example, by greater sharing of financial information and by not recognizing the international contracts that they sign. | 圌ãã¯ãããšãã°éèæ
å ±ã®ãããªãå
±æããç¬è£è
ã調å°ããåœéæ¡çŽã®åŠèªãªã©ã«ãããäžçäžã®å èœããç¬è£è
ã®æšªè¡ãæžå°ãããããšãã§ããã |
è±èªãæ¥æ¬èªã«ç¿»èš³ããŠãã ãã | Similarly, increasing the number of poor-country workers allowed to work in rich countries, and providing greater scope for growth-oriented policies by relaxing WTO rules and conditionality from the US, would produce greater long-term development impact. | åæ§ã«ã貧ããåœã®åŽåè
ã®è£çŠãªåœã
ã§ã®å°±åŽæ°ã®åŒãäžããããã³ WTO èŠå¶ããã³ç±³åœã課ããæ¡ä»¶ã®ç·©åã«ãããæé·äž»çŒã®æ¿çãžã®ãã倧ããªå±æã®ä»äžã«ããããã倧ããªé·æç圱é¿ãäžããããšãã§ããã§ãããã |
è±èªã®æãæ¥æ¬èªã®æã«ç¿»èš³ããŠãã ãã | It is far from clear that expanding market access and boosting aid are the most productive use of valuable political capital in the North. | æ¡å€§ããåžå Žãžã®ã¢ã¯ã»ã¹ããã³ç確ãªæŽå©ããåã®å€§èŠæš¡ãªæ¿æ²»è³æ¬ã®ãã£ãšãçç£çãªçšéã§ããããšã¯ããŸã£ããæ確ã«ãããŠããªãã |
æ¥æ¬èªã«ç¿»èš³ããŠãã ãã | Development should focus not on trade and aid, but on improving the policy environment in poor countries. | éçºã«ãããŠã¯ã貿ææŽå©ã§ã¯ãªãã貧ããåœã
ã®æ¿æ²»ç°å¢ã®æ¹åã«éç¹ãããã¹ããªã®ã§ããã |
è±èªã®æãæ¥æ¬èªã®æã«ç¿»èš³ããŠãã ãã | Todayâs Counter-Enlightenment | ä»æ¥ã®ååè |
æ¥æ¬èªã«ç¿»èš³ããŠãã ãã | Not long ago, one might have concluded that, at least in Europe, there were no taboos left. | ã€ãæè¿ãå°ãªããšããšãŒãããã«ã¯ããã¯ãã¿ããŒã¯ç¡ããªã£ããšæå®ããè
ããããããããªãã |
æ¥æ¬èªã§æå³ã®å¯Ÿå¿ããæãäœæããŠãã ãã | A process that had begun with the Enlightenment had now reached the point at which âanything goes.â | åèããã£ãŠå§ãŸã£ãããã»ã¹ã¯ä»ã ã ã äœã§ãæ¥ãããšãã段éã«å°éããã |
次ã®è±èªãæ¥æ¬èªã«èš³ããŠãã ãã | Particularly in the arts, there were no apparent limits to showing what even a generation ago would have been regarded as highly offensive. | ç¹ã«èžè¡åéã«ãããŠãåäžä»£ãªãã°éåžžã«äžå¿«ãšãããã§ãããããšãããããããèŠããããšã«ã¯ã£ãããšããé床ã¯ãªãã£ãã |
次ã®è±èªãæ¥æ¬èªã«èš³ããŠãã ãã | Two generations ago, most countries had censors who not only tried to prevent younger people from seeing certain films but who actually banned books. | 2äžä»£åããããŠãã®åœã«ã¯ãç¹å®ã®æ ç»ãéå°å¹ŽãèŠãã®ãé²ãããšåªããã ãã§ãªããå®éã«æ¬ãçŠæ¢ããæ€é²å®ãããã |
æ¥æ¬èªã§æå³ã®å¯Ÿå¿ããæãäœæããŠãã ãã | Since the 1960âs, such proscriptions have weakened until, in the end, explicit sexuality, violence, blasphemy â while upsetting to some people â were tolerated as a part of the enlightened world. | 1960幎代以éããã®ãããªçŠæ¢ã¯åŒ±ãŸããçµå±ã æçœãªæ§çé¢å¿ãæŽåã ç¥ãžã®åæ¶ â äžå¿«ã«æãã人ããã äžæ¹ã§ â åèãããäžçã®äžéšãšããŠå¯å®¹ã«èŠããããŸã§ã«ãªã£ãã |
æ¥æ¬èªã«ç¿»èš³ããŠãã ãã | Or were they? | ãããããã ã£ãã ãããïŒ |
æ¥æ¬èªã§æå³ã®å¯Ÿå¿ããæãäœæããŠãã ãã | Are there really no limits? | æ¬åœã«ãé床ã¯ãªãã®ãïŒ |
è±èªã®æãæ¥æ¬èªã®æã«ç¿»èš³ããŠãã ãã | Outside Europe, the âanything goesâ attitude was never fully accepted. | ãšãŒãããåå€ã§ ã ã äœã§ãæ¥ããã®å§¿å¢ãå®å
šã«åãå
¥ããããããšã¯ä»ãŸã§ãªãã |
æ¥æ¬èªãžã®ç¿»èš³ãè¡ã£ãŠãã ãã | And there were limits in Europe, too. | ãããŠãšãŒãããã«ãããŠããé床ã¯ãã£ãã®ã ã |
æ¥æ¬èªã«ç¿»èš³ããŠãã ãã | The historian David Irving is still in detention in Austria for the crime of Holocaust denial. | æŽå²å®¶ããããã»ã¢ãŒãã³ã° ã¯ãããã³ãŒã¹ãåŠèªã®çœªã§æªã ãªãŒã¹ããªã¢ã§æçãããŠããã |
è±èªããæ¥æ¬èªã«èš³ããŠãã ãã | This is, to be sure, a special case. | ããã¯ã確ãã«ãç¹å¥ãªäŸã§ããã |
次ã®è±èªãæ¥æ¬èªã«èš³ããŠãã ãã | The denial of a well-documented truth may lead to new crimes. | ã¯ã£ããèšé²ãããçå®ã®åŠå®ã¯ãæ°ããªç¯çœªã«ã€ãªãããããããªãã |
次ã®è±èªãæ¥æ¬èªã«èš³ããŠãã ãã | But is the answer to the old question, âWhat is truth?â always so clear? | ãããæããã®ïœ¢çå®ã¯äœããšãã質åã«å¯Ÿããçãã¯ãåžžã«ããã»ã©æããã ãããïŒ |
次ã®è±èªãæ¥æ¬èªã«èš³ããŠãã ãã | What exactly are we doing if we insist on Turkeyâs acknowledgement that the Armenian genocide did take place as a condition of its membership in the European Union? | 欧å·é£åå çã®æ¡ä»¶ãšããŠããã«ã³ã«ã¢ã«ã¡ãã¢è殺 ãå®éã«è¡ããããšããããšã®èªå®¹ã匷èŠãããšããã°ãå³å¯ã«æã
ã¯äœãããŠããã®ãïŒ |
次ã®è±èªãæ¥æ¬èªã«èš³ããŠãã ãã | Are we so sure of Darwinâs theories of evolution that we should ban alternative notions of genesis from schools? | åŠæ ¡ããä»ã®èµ·æºè«ã®éžæè¢ãè¿œæŸãã¹ãã ãšããã»ã©ãæã
ã¯ããŒãŠã£ã³ã®é²åè«ã確信ããŠããã®ã ãããïŒ |
è±èªã®æãæ¥æ¬èªã®æã«ç¿»èš³ããŠãã ãã | Those concerned with freedom of speech have always wondered about its limits. | èšè«ã®èªç±ã«é¢å¿ãæã£ãŠããè
ã¯ããã®éçã«ã€ããŠåžžã«ç¥ããããšæã£ãŠããã |
次ã®è±èªãæ¥æ¬èªã«èš³ããŠãã ãã | One such limit is the incitement to violence. | ãã¡ã²ãšã€ããæŽåã®æåã«é¢ãããã®ã ã |
è±èªããæ¥æ¬èªã«èš³ããŠãã ãã | The man who gets up in a crowded theater and shouts, âFire!â when there is none is guilty of what happens in the resulting stampede. | æºå¡ã®åå Žã§ç«ã¡äžãã ã ã ç«äºã ! ã ãšå«ã¶ è
ããããšããŠãçµæèµ·ãã人ã®æ®ºå°ã«ã€ããŠã誰ã眪ã«åãããªãå Žåã |
次ã®è±èªãæ¥æ¬èªã«èš³ããŠãã ãã | But what if there actually is a fire? | ããããæ¬åœã«ç«äºã ã£ãå Žåã¯ã©ããªãã®ãïŒ |
æ¥æ¬èªã§æå³ã®å¯Ÿå¿ããæãäœæããŠãã ãã | This is the context in which we may see the invasion of Islamic taboos into the enlightened, mostly non-Islamic world. | ãã®ãããªç°å¢ã«ãããŠãæã
ã¯ãåèãããããããŠãã®å Žåã éã€ã¹ã©ã 瀟äŒãžãšåãããã€ã¹ã©ã ã® ã¿ããŒäŸµå®³ãç®ã«ããã ããã |
è±èªã®æãæ¥æ¬èªã®æã«å€æããŠãã ãã | From the fatwa on Salman Rushdie for The Satanic Verses to the killing of a nun in Somalia in response to Pope Benedictâs Regensburg lecture and the Berlin Operaâs cancellation of a performance of Mozartâs Idomeneo , with its severed heads of religious founders, including Muhammad, we have seen violence and intimidation used to defend a particular religionâs taboos. | ãµã«ãã³ã»ã«ã·ã¥ãã£ãŒïŒSalman RushdieïŒ ã æªéã®è©©ïŒ The Satanic VersesïŒ ã®ããã«åãã ãã¡ãã¥ã¯ ããããããã£ã¯ãæ³çã® ã¬ãŒã²ã³ã¹ãã«ã¯è¬çŸ©ãžã®åå¿ãšããŠã®ãœããªã¢ã«ãããä¿®é女殺害ãããã«ãªã³ãªãã©ã§ã®ã¢ãŒãã¡ã«ãã® ã€ãã¡ã㪠äžæŒäžæ¢ã«è³ããŸã§ãã ãã³ãããå«ãå®æéç¥ãã¡ã®åè£ããæå°å±€ã®ããšãæã
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è¿«ãç¹å®å®æã®ã¿ããŒãæè·ããããã«äœ¿ãããã®ãèŠãã |
æ¥æ¬èªã§æå³ã®å¯Ÿå¿ããæãäœæããŠãã ãã | There are questions here that are not easily answered by civilized defenders of the Enlightenment. | ããã«ã¯ãæåãããåèæè·è
ã«ã¯å®¹æã«çããããªãåé¡ãããã |
è±èªãæ¥æ¬èªã«ç¿»èš³ããŠãã ãã | Toleration and respect for people who have their own beliefs are right and perhaps necessary to preserve an enlightened world. | ç¬èªã®ä¿¡ä»°ãæã€äººã
ã«å¯Ÿããå¯å®¹ãšå°éã¯æ£ããããããŠåèãããäžçãç¶æããããã«ãããããäžå¯æ¬ ã§ããã |
è±èªã®æãæ¥æ¬èªã®æã«å€æããŠãã ãã | But there is the other side to consider. | ããããéãèããã°ãªããªãã |
æ¥æ¬èªã§æå³ã®å¯Ÿå¿ããæãäœæããŠãã ãã | Violent responses to unwelcome views are never justified and cannot be accepted. | æè¿çã§ãªãèŠæ¹ã«å¯ŸããæŽåçãªåå¿ã¯ã決ããŠæ£åœåãããããšã¯ãªããåãå
¥ããããšã¯ã§ããªãã |
è±èªã®æãæ¥æ¬èªã®æã«å€æããŠãã ãã | Those who argue that suicide bombers express understandable grudges have themselves sold out their freedom. | èªçè
ãç解å¯èœãªæšã¿ãè¡šçŸããŠããã®ã ãšäž»åŒµããè
ãã¡ã¯ãèªãã®èªç±ã売ãæã£ãã |
æ¥æ¬èªã§æå³ã®å¯Ÿå¿ããæãäœæããŠãã ãã | Self-censorship is worse than censorship itself, because it sacrifices freedom voluntarily. | èªå·±æ€é²ã¯ãèªçºçã«èªç±ãç ç²ã«ããã®ã ãããæ€é²ãã®ãã®ããããã«æªãã |
æ¥æ¬èªã§æå³ã®å¯Ÿå¿ããæãäœæããŠãã ãã | This means that we have to defend Salman Rushdie and the Danish cartoonists and the friends of Idomeneo , whether we like them or not. | ããã¯ãæã
ã奜ããšå¥œãŸãããšã«ãããããããµã«ãã³ã»ã«ã·ã¥ãã£ãŒããã³ããŒã¯ã®é¢šåºç»å®¶ã ã€ãã¡ã㪠ã®å人ãã¡ãæè·ããªããã°ãªããªãããšãæå³ããã |
æ¥æ¬èªãžã®ç¿»èš³ãè¡ã£ãŠãã ãã | If anyone does not like them, there are all the instruments of public debate and of critical discourse that an enlightened community has at its disposal. | ããæ°ã«å
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è±èªã®æãæ¥æ¬èªã®æã«å€æããŠãã ãã | It is also true that we do not have to buy any particular book or listen to an opera. | æã
ã¯ç¹å®ã®æ¬ãè²·ããªããŠããããããªãã©ãèŽããªããŠããããšããããšããŸããçå®ã§ããã |
è±èªã®æãæ¥æ¬èªã®æã«ç¿»èš³ããŠãã ãã | What a poor world it would be if anything that might offend any group could no longer be said! | ãããäœããã®ã°ã«ãŒããå·ã€ããå¯èœæ§ã®ããããšã¯äžåèšããªããªããšããã°ããªããšåããªäžçãšãªãããšãïŒ |
æ¥æ¬èªã«ç¿»èš³ããŠãã ãã | A multicultural society that accepts every taboo of its diverse groups would have little to talk about. | å€æ§ãªã°ã«ãŒãã®ãããã ã¿ããŒãåãå
¥ããå€æå瀟äŒã¯ã would have little to talk about. |
è±èªããæ¥æ¬èªã«èš³ããŠãã ãã | The kind of reaction we have seen recently to expressions of views that are offensive to some does not bode well for the future of liberty. | æè¿æã
ãç®ã«ããã誰ãã«äžå¿«ãªèŠè§£ã®è¡šæã«å¯Ÿããåå¿ã®é¡ã¯ãèªç±æš©ã®æªæ¥ã«ãšã£ãŠãè¯ãå
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è±èªã®æãæ¥æ¬èªã®æã«ç¿»èš³ããŠãã ãã | It is as if a new wave of counter-enlightenment is sweeping the world, with the most restrictive views dominating the scene. | 極ããŠéå®çãªèŠè§£ãæ
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ããŠããŸãã§ãååèã®æ°ããªæ³¢ãäžçã«åºãã£ãŠãããã®ããã ã |
æ¥æ¬èªãžã®ç¿»èš³ãè¡ã£ãŠãã ãã | Against such reactions, enlightened views must be reasserted strongly. | ãã®ãããªåå¿ã«å¯ŸããåèãããèŠè§£ã¯æåºãšããŠåã³äž»åŒµãããªããã°ãªããªãã |
æ¥æ¬èªã§æå³ã®å¯Ÿå¿ããæãäœæããŠãã ãã | Defending the right of all people to say things even if one detests their views is one of the first principles of liberty. | å
šãŠã®äººãæèŠãè¿°ã¹ãæš©å©ãå®ãããšã¯ããã®æèŠã誰ããã²ã©ãå«ããšããŠããèªç±ã®ç¬¬äžäž»ç¹ãªã®ã ã . |
è±èªã®æãæ¥æ¬èªã®æã«ç¿»èš³ããŠãã ãã | Thus, Idomeneo must be performed, and Salman Rushdie must be published. | åŸã£ãŠã ã€ãã¡ã㪠ã¯äžæŒãããªããã°ãªããªããããµã«ãã³ã»ã«ã·ã¥ãã£ãŒã¯åºçãããªããã°ãªããªãã |
è±èªã®æãæ¥æ¬èªã®æã«ç¿»èš³ããŠãã ãã | Whether an editor publishes cartoons offensive to believers in Muhammad (or Christ, for that matter) is a matter of judgment, almost of taste. | ç·šéè
ãã ãã³ãã (ãããã¯ããã®å Žå ããªã¹ã) ä¿¡è
ã«ãšã£ãŠäžå¿«ãªé¢šåºç»ãåºçãããã©ããã¯ãå€æã®ãã»ãšãã©å¥œã¿ã®åé¡ã§ããã |
è±èªã®æãæ¥æ¬èªã®æã«ç¿»èš³ããŠãã ãã | I might not do it, but I would nevertheless defend the right of someone who decides otherwise. | ç§ã¯èªãããããªãã«ããŠããããããããšãã誰ããæè·ããã ããã |
次ã®è±èªãæ¥æ¬èªã«èš³ããŠãã ãã | It is debatable whether recent incidents of this kind require a âdialogue between religions.â | ãã®çš®ã®æè¿ã®åºæ¥äºããå®æéã®å¯Ÿè©±ããå¿
èŠãšãããã©ããã«ã€ããŠã¯ãè«äºã®äœå°ãããã |
è±èªããæ¥æ¬èªã«èš³ããŠãã ãã | Public debate making clear cases one way or the other seems more appropriate than conciliation. | ã©ã®ã¿ã¡æçœãªäºäŸãäœã£ãŠããåœæ°çè°è«ã®æ¹ãã調åãããé©åœãªããã ã |
è±èªãæ¥æ¬èªã«ç¿»èš³ããŠãã ãã | The gains of enlightened discourse are too precious to be turned into negotiable values. | åèãããè¬è©±ããåŸããããã®ã¯ã亀æžãåŸã䟡å€ã«å€ããã«ã¯ã貎éãããã |
æ¥æ¬èªãžã®ç¿»èš³ãè¡ã£ãŠãã ãã | Defending those gains is the task that we now face. | ãããã®å©çãå®ãããšããæã
ãä»ãçŽé¢ãã課é¡ã§ããã |
è±èªã®æãæ¥æ¬èªã®æã«ç¿»èš³ããŠãã ãã | Universities: Renaissance or Decay? | 倧åŠïŒåŸ©èãè¡°éã? |
è±èªã®æãæ¥æ¬èªã®æã«ç¿»èš³ããŠãã ãã | âEuropeâs universities, taken as a group, are failing to provide the intellectual and creative energy that is required to improve the continentâs poor economic performance.â | ããšãŒãããã®å€§åŠã¯ãã°ã«ãŒããšããŠæãããšã倧éžã®ä¹ããçµæžæ¥çžŸãæ¹åããããã«å¿
èŠãšããããç¥çãã€åµé çãªãšãã«ã®ãŒãæäŸã§ããŠããªã ã ã |
æ¥æ¬èªã«ç¿»èš³ããŠãã ãã | This dramatic statement introduces a new pamphlet whose subtitle, âRenaissance or Decay,â I have borrowed for this reflection. | ãã®åçãªèšæã¯ãå¯é¡ãã埩èãè¡°éã ã ã ãšãããç§ããã®çå¯ã®ããã«åããæ°ããååã§çŽ¹ä»ãããŠããã |
æ¥æ¬èªãžã®ç¿»èš³ãè¡ã£ãŠãã ãã | The pamphletâs two authors, Richard Lambert, a former editor of the Financial Times and future Director General of the Confederation of British Industry, and Nick Butler, the Group Vice President for Strategy and Policy Development at British Petroleum do not represent vested academic interests. | ååã®äºäººã®èè
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ã§ãã€ã®ãªã¹ç£æ¥åçã®æ¬¡æäºåå±é·ãªãã£ãŒãã»ã©ã³ããŒãããããŠãBritish PetroleumæŠç¥æ¹ééçºã°ã«ãŒãå¯ç€Ÿé·ããã¯ã»ããã©ãŒã¯ãåã£ãåŠè¡ç奜å¥å¿ã代åŒããŠããã®ã§ã¯ãªãã |
æ¥æ¬èªã§æå³ã®å¯Ÿå¿ããæãäœæããŠãã ãã | What they say about Europe probably applies to most other parts of the world as well, though not to the United States. | 圌ãã®ãšãŒãããã«é¢ããæèŠã¯ãããããäžçã«ãããä»ã®å€§éšåã«ãåªã«åœãŠã¯ãŸãããç±³åœã¯ãã®éãã§ã¯ãªãã |
è±èªããæ¥æ¬èªã«èš³ããŠãã ãã | Lambert and Butler identify four main weaknesses of European universities that must be addressed. | ã©ã³ããŒããšããã©ãŒã¯ããšãŒãããã®å€§åŠã«ã€ããŠãåãçµãã¹ãïŒã€ã®äž»èŠãªåŒ±ç¹ããããšããã |
æ¥æ¬èªã§æå³ã®å¯Ÿå¿ããæãäœæããŠãã ãã | They call for: | ãããã¯ä»¥äžã®ãšããã§ããã |
è±èªã®æãæ¥æ¬èªã®æã«ç¿»èš³ããŠãã ãã | Not everyone will consider the underlying assumption of this analysis compelling. | æ ¹åºã«ãããããã«ããŸãã¬ãã®åæã®åæã¯ã誰ã®ç®ã«ãæãããšèšãããã§ã¯ãªãã |
è±èªã®æãæ¥æ¬èªã®æã«å€æããŠãã ãã | Why is this attention to universities necessary? Because, it is said, we now live in a âknowledge society.â | ãªãã倧åŠãžã®æ³šç®ãå¿
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ãã㟠ã ã ç¥è瀟äŒãã«çããŠãããšèšãããŠããããã§ããã |
è±èªã®æãæ¥æ¬èªã®æã«ç¿»èš³ããŠãã ãã | Perhaps. | ãããããããªãã |
è±èªãæ¥æ¬èªã«ç¿»èš³ããŠãã ãã | It is also a fact that a university education is the best guarantee for young people to find jobs in a globalized environment in which information is a key to success. | æ
å ±ãæåã®éµã§ããã°ããŒãã«åããç°å¢ã«ãããŠãè¥è
ãè·ãåŸãäžã§äžçªã®ä¿èšŒã«ãªãã®ã¯å€§åŠæè²ã§ããããšèšãããšãäºå®ã§ããã |
è±èªã®æãæ¥æ¬èªã®æã«å€æããŠãã ãã | Yet it is by no means certain that education systems in which 50% or more of each generation strive to attain a university degree are best suited to cope with the exigencies of the twenty-first century. | ããããªãããåäžä»£ã®50ïŒ
ããã以äžã®äººãã倧åŠã®åŠäœãåãããšéªšãæããããªæè²ã·ã¹ãã ãã21äžçŽã®å·®ãè¿«ã£ãå¿
èŠæ§ã«æé©ã§ãããšã¯ãå°åºç¢ºãã§ã¯ãªãã |
æ¥æ¬èªã«ç¿»èš³ããŠãã ãã | Many jobs are, in fact, not âhigh tech,â but, in the words of Britainâs Adair Turner, âhigh touchâ â service-sector jobs that do not require a university education. | å®éã«ãå€ãã®è·ãããã€ãã¯ãã§ã¯ãªããè±åœã®ã¢ããŒã«ã»ã¿ãŒããŒã®èšèãåããã° ã ã ãã€ã¿ãã ã ïŒ å€§åŠæè²ãå¿
èŠãšããªãããµãŒãã¹éšéã®è·ããªã®ã§ããã |
è±èªã®æãæ¥æ¬èªã®æã«å€æããŠãã ãã | Even more jobs are somewhere between the two. | ããã«å€ãã®è·ã¯ããã®äºèŠçŽ ã®éãåã£ãŠããã |
è±èªãæ¥æ¬èªã«ç¿»èš³ããŠãã ãã | Thus, a flexible system of varied educational institutions may be preferable to a system that leads one out of two students to an academic degree. | ãããã£ãŠãåäºäººã®ãã¡äžäººã«åŠäœãåããããããªã·ã¹ãã ãããå€æ§ãªæè²æ©é¢ã®æè»ãªã·ã¹ãã ã®æ¹ããæãŸãããšèšãããããããªãã®ã§ããã |
次ã®è±èªãæ¥æ¬èªã«èš³ããŠãã ãã | Were we to settle for, say, 25% of each generation on the academic track, universities in Europe, and indeed in many other parts of the world, would still have to overcome their unfortunate tendency to define their purposes against the business world. | ããã§ãåŠè¡ã®éãã€ãŸããšãŒããããããã¡ããäžçäžã®ããããå Žæã«ãã倧åŠã«éãè
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次ã®è±èªãæ¥æ¬èªã«èš³ããŠãã ãã | This tendency has been detrimental both for the business world, which is deprived of the cultural wealth provided by higher education, and for universities, because it removes them from their proper setting in the real world. | ãã®åŸåã¯ãé«çæè²ã«ãã£ãŠããããããæåç財ç£ã«æµãŸããªãããžãã¹äžçãšãçŸå®äžçã§ã®ãµããããäœçœ®ã¥ãããé ãããããšãã倧åŠã®ãäž¡æ¹ã«ãšã£ãŠæ害ã§ãã£ãã |
è±èªã®æãæ¥æ¬èªã®æã«ç¿»èš³ããŠãã ãã | There is a strong case for more adequate funding of higher education, including student fees, which are still unpopular in many countries outside the US. | ç±³åœä»¥å€ã®å€ãã®åœã§ã¯æªã ã«äžäººæ°ã§ããããåŠè²»ãå«ããããé©åãªé«çæè²ã®è³éæäŸãšãã匷åºããå®äŸãããã |