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http://web.archive.org/web/20200213021535id_/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Titanic_p4 | Get exclusive access to content from our 1768 First Edition with your subscription. Subscribe today Following completion of the hull and main superstructure, the Titanic was launched on May 31, 1911. It then began the fitting-out phase, as machinery was loaded into the ship and interior work began. After the Olympic ’s maiden voyage in June 1911, slight changes were made to the Titanic ’s design. In early April 1912 the Titanic underwent its sea trials, after which the ship was declared seaworthy. [P5] Titanic 's Grand Staircase The first-class stairway, known as the Grand Staircase, on the Titanic . Universal Images Group/SuperStock parlour suite on the Titanic A parlour suite on the Titanic . Universal Images Group/SuperStock Titanic 's gymnasium Instructor T.W. McCawley demonstrating the rowing machine in the gymnasium on the Titanic . Universal Images Group/SuperStock [AM5] [MOD5] As it prepared to embark on its maiden voyage, the Titanic was one of the largest and most opulent ships in the world. It had a gross registered tonnage (i.e., carrying capacity) of 46,328 tons, and when fully laden the ship displaced (weighed) more than 52,000 tons. The Titanic was approximately 882.5 feet (269 metres) long and about 92.5 feet (28.2 metres) wide at its widest point. [P6] Titanic 's first-class lounge The first-class lounge on the Titanic . Universal Images Group/SuperStock Titanic 's first-class dining saloon The first-class dining saloon on the Titanic . Everett Collection/SuperStock [AM6] [MOD6] |
http://web.archive.org/web/20200213021535id_/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Titanic_p5 | [H3] Maiden voyage Titanic An overview of the Titanic. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. See all videos for this article On April 10, 1912, the Titanic set sail on its maiden voyage, traveling from Southampton , England , to New York City . Nicknamed the “Millionaire’s Special,” the ship was fittingly captained by Edward J. Smith , who was known as the “Millionaire’s Captain” because of his popularity with wealthy passengers. Indeed, onboard were a number of prominent people, including American businessman Benjamin Guggenheim, British journalist William Thomas Stead , and Macy ’s department store co-owner Isidor Straus and his wife, Ida. In addition, Ismay and Andrews were also traveling on the Titanic . [P7] poster of the Titanic Poster of the Titanic , 1912. The Granger Collection, NYC—All rights reserved. Titanic leaving Southampton, England The Titanic leaving Southampton, England, April 10, 1912. Stapleton Historical Collection/Heritage-Images/Imagestate Edward J. Smith. Universal Images Group/SuperStock Straus, Isidor Isidor Straus. Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (file no. LC-USZ62-54251) [AM7] [MOD7] The voyage nearly began with a collision, however, when suction from the Titanic caused the docked New York to swing into the giant liner’s path. After an hour of maneuverings to prevent the accident, the Titanic was under way. On the evening of April 10 the ship stopped at Cherbourg , France . The city’s dock was too small to accommodate the Titanic , so passengers had to be ferried to and from the ship in tenders. Among those boarding were John Jacob Astor and his pregnant second wife, Madeleine, and Molly Brown . After some two hours the Titanic resumed its journey. On the morning of April 11 the liner made its last scheduled stop in Europe , at Queenstown ( Cobh ), Ireland . At approximately 1:30 pm the ship set sail for New York City . Onboard were some 2,200 people, approximately 1,300 of whom were passengers. [P8] Titanic leaving Queenstown, Ireland The Titanic leaving Queenstown (Cobh), Ireland, April 11, 1912. Universal Images Group/SuperStock Astor, John Jacob John Jacob Astor. Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (file no. LC-USZ62-40303) Brown, Molly Molly Brown. Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. [AM8] [MOD8] |
http://web.archive.org/web/20200213021535id_/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Titanic_p6 | Final hours Throughout much of the voyage, the wireless radio operators on the Titanic , Jack Phillips and Harold Bride, had been receiving iceberg warnings, most of which were passed along to the bridge. The two men worked for the Marconi Company, and much of their job was relaying passengers’ messages. On the evening of April 14 the Titanic began to approach an area known to have icebergs. Smith slightly altered the ship’s course to head farther south. However, he maintained the ship’s speed of some 22 knots. At approximately 9:40 pm the Mesaba sent a warning of an ice field. The message was never relayed to the Titanic ’s bridge. At 10:55 pm the nearby Leyland liner Californian sent word that it had stopped after becoming surrounded by ice. Phillips, who was handling passenger messages, scolded the Californian for interrupting him. [P9] reproduction of the Titanic 's wireless room A reproduction of the Titanic 's wireless room; at the Mystic Aquarium & Institute for Exploration, Mystic, Connecticut. Michelle McLoughlin/AP first-class dinner menu from the Titanic The Titanic 's first-class dinner menu for April 14, 1912, the night the ship struck an iceberg. The Granger Collection, NYC. All rights reserved. [AM9] [MOD9] Two lookouts, Frederick Fleet and Reginald Lee, were stationed in the crow’s nest of the Titanic . Their task was made difficult by the fact that the ocean was unusually calm that night: because there would be little water breaking at its base, an iceberg would be more difficult to spot. In addition, the crow’s nest’s binoculars were missing. At approximately 11:40 pm , about 400 nautical miles (740 km) south of Newfoundland , Canada , an iceberg was sighted, and the bridge was notified. First Officer William Murdoch ordered both the ship “hard-a-starboard”—a maneuver that under the order system then in place would turn the ship to port (left)—and the engines reversed. The Titanic began to turn, but it was too close to avoid a collision. The ship’s starboard side scraped along the iceberg. At least five of its supposedly watertight compartments toward the bow were ruptured. After assessing the damage, Andrews determined that, as the ship’s forward compartments filled with water, its bow would drop deeper into the ocean, causing water from the ruptured compartments to spill over into each succeeding compartment, thereby sealing the ship’s fate. The Titanic would founder. (By reversing the engines, Murdoch actually caused the Titanic to turn slower than if it had been moving at its original speed. Most experts believe the ship would have survived if it had hit the iceberg head-on.) [P10] [AM10] [MOD10] |
http://web.archive.org/web/20200213021535id_/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Titanic_p7 | Smith ordered Phillips to begin sending distress signals , one of which reached the Carpathia at approximately 12:20 am on April 15, and the Cunard ship immediately headed toward the stricken liner. However, the Carpathia was some 58 nautical miles (107 km) away when it received the signal, and it would take more than three hours to reach the Titanic . Other ships also responded, including the Olympic , but all were too far away. A vessel was spotted nearby, but the Titanic was unable to contact it. The Californian was also in the vicinity, but its wireless had been turned off for the night. [P11] Phillips, Jack, senior wireless operator on the Titanic Jack Phillips, senior wireless operator on the Titanic . Although he reportedly reached an overturned lifeboat, Phillips died before being rescued. The National Archives/Heritage-Images/Imagestate SOS from the Titanic An SOS from the Titanic received by the Birma . Universal Images Group/SuperStock distress call from the Titanic A distress call sent by the Titanic at approximately 1:40 am on April 15, 1912. The National Archives/Heritage-Images/Imagestate [AM11] [MOD11] As attempts were made to contact nearby vessels, the lifeboats began to be launched, with orders of women and children first. Although the Titanic ’s number of lifeboats exceeded that required by the British Board of Trade, its 20 boats could carry only 1,178 people, far short of the total number of passengers. This problem was exacerbated by lifeboats being launched well below capacity, because crewmen worried that the davits would not be able to support the weight of a fully loaded boat. (The Titanic had canceled its scheduled lifeboat drill earlier in the day, and the crew was unaware that the davits had been tested in Belfast .) Lifeboat number 7, which was the first to leave the Titanic , held only about 27 people, though it had space for 65. In the end, only 705 people would be rescued in lifeboats. [P12] Titanic sinking The sinking of the Titanic , undated illustration. Image Asset Management Ltd./SuperStock Titanic survivors in a lifeboat. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) [AM12] [MOD12] |
http://web.archive.org/web/20200213021535id_/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Titanic_p8 | As passengers waited to enter lifeboats, they were entertained by the Titanic ’s musicians, who initially played in the first-class lounge before eventually moving to the ship’s deck. Sources differ on how long they performed, some reporting that it was until shortly before the ship sank. Speculation also surrounded the last song they performed—likely either Autumn or Nearer My God to Thee . None of the musicians survived the sinking. [P13] [AM13] [MOD13] By 1:00 am water was seen at the base (E deck) of the Grand Staircase. Amid the growing panic, several male passengers tried to board lifeboat number 14, causing Fifth Officer Harold Lowe to fire his gun three times. Around this time, Phillips’s distress calls reflected a growing desperation as one noted that the ship “cannot last much longer.” [P14] [AM14] [MOD14] As the Titanic ’s bow continued to sink, the stern began to rise out of the water, placing incredible strain on the midsection. At about 2:00 am the stern’s propellers were clearly visible above the water, and the only lifeboats that remained on the ship were three collapsible boats. Smith released the crew, saying that “it’s every man for himself.” (He was reportedly last seen in the bridge, and his body was never found.) At approximately 2:18 am the lights on the Titanic went out. It then broke in two, with the bow going underwater. Reports later speculated that it took some six minutes for that section, likely traveling at approximately 30 miles (48 km) per hour, to reach the ocean bottom. The stern momentarily settled back in the water before rising again, eventually becoming vertical. It briefly remained in that position before beginning its final plunge. At 2:20 am the ship foundered as the stern also disappeared beneath the Atlantic . Water pressure allegedly caused that section, which still had air inside, to implode as it sank. [P15] [AM15] [MOD15] |
http://web.archive.org/web/20200213021535id_/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Titanic_p9 | Hundreds of passengers and crew went into the icy water. Fearful of being swamped, those in the lifeboats delayed returning to pick up survivors. By the time they rowed back, almost all the people in the water had died from exposure. In the end, more than 1,500 perished. Aside from the crew, which had about 700 fatalities, third class suffered the greatest loss: of approximately 710, only some 174 survived. (Subsequent claims that passengers in steerage were prevented from boarding boats, however, were largely dispelled. Given Smith’s failure to sound a general alarm, some third-class passengers did not realize the direness of the situation until it was too late. Many women also refused to leave their husbands and sons, while the difficulty of simply navigating the complex Titanic from the lower levels caused some to reach the top deck after most of the lifeboats had been launched.) [P16] [AM16] [MOD16] Rescue The Carpathia arrived in the area at approximately 3:30 am , more than an hour after the Titanic sank. Lifeboat number 2 was the first to reach the liner. Over the next several hours the Carpathia picked up all survivors. White Star chairman Ismay wrote a message to be sent to the White Star Line’s offices: “Deeply regret advise you Titanic sank this morning fifteenth after collision iceberg, resulting serious loss life; further particulars later.” At approximately 8:30 am the Californian arrived, having heard the news some three hours earlier. Shortly before 9:00 am the Carpathia headed for New York City, where it arrived to massive crowds on April 18. [P17] Titanic survivors aboard the Carpathia Titanic survivors aboard the Carpathia , April 1912. Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (file no. LC-USZ62-56453) Titanic lifeboats alongside the Carpathia Survivors from the Titanic being lifted aboard the Carpathia , April 15, 1912. The National Archives/Heritage-Images/Imagestate news of the Titanic 's sinking Newspaper boy shortly after the Titanic 's sinking, 1912. The Print Collector/Heritage-Images/Imagestate crowds awaiting news of the Titanic 's sinking People gathering around newspaper bulletin boards for information about the Titanic 's sinking, New York City, April 1912. Stapleton Historical Collection/Heritage-Images/Imagestate [AM17] [MOD17] |
http://web.archive.org/web/20200213021535id_/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Titanic_p10 | [END-OF-CONTENT] [AFTER-ARTICLE] Load Next Page Titanic Additional Information More About Additional Reading Researcher's Note External Websites The National Archives - Titanic LiveScience - The Titanic: Facts About the 'Unsinkable' Ship National Geographic Kids - Remembering the Titanic Royal Museum Greenwich - Titanic Britannica Websites Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Titanic - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11) Titanic - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up) Article History Article Contributors Load Next Article Inspire your inbox – Sign up for daily fun facts about this day in history, updates, and special offers. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. Click here to view our Privacy Notice . Easy unsubscribe links are provided in every email. Thank you for subscribing! Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. Stay Connected Facebook Twitter YouTube Instagram Pinterest Newsletters About Us & Legal Info Your California Privacy Rights Partner Program Contact Us Privacy Notice Terms of Use Do Not Sell My Info ©2020 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Your preference has been recorded close Step back in time with Britannica's First Edition! |
http://web.archive.org/web/20190630014420id_/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Vegas-Golden-Knights_p0 | Vegas Golden Knights | History & Notable Players | Britannica.com ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA START YOUR FREE TRIAL Log In · Join Demystified Quizzes #WTFact Lists On This Day Biographies Saving Earth START YOUR FREE TRIAL Search Britannica What are you looking for? Search Click here to search Browse popular topics: Sri Lanka Easter Island Chinese Civil War Barabbas Five-Year Plans Bring fact-checked results to the top of your browser search. Learn More. Vegas Golden Knights American ice hockey team Written By: Adam Augustyn Last Updated: May 10, 2019 See Article History [BEFORE-ARTICLE] Vegas Golden Knights , American professional ice hockey team based in the Las Vegas area that plays in the Western Conference of the National Hockey League (NHL). The team won a conference title in its inaugural season (2018). [P1] [AM1] The Golden Knights came into existence as an expansion team following a vote of NHL owners in June 2016. One year later the Golden Knights’ roster was assembled with a draft of unprotected players on other NHL teams, and Vegas began play during the 2017–18 season. Expectations were low for the Golden Knights entering the season, despite the franchise having a well-regarded expansion draft (notably goaltender and three-time Stanley Cup winner Marc-Andre Fleury). But the team shocked even the most optimistic observers by posting the fifth best record in the NHL and capturing a division title during the regular season. Vegas then dominated the Western Conference playoffs, losing just three games en route to capturing a conference championship and earning a berth in the Stanley Cup finals. Although oddsmakers had placed the chances of a Golden Knights championship at 500 to 1 at the start of the season, the team stunned the Washington Capitals with a 6–4 victory in the opening game of the finals. Fleury was unable to get the measure of the Capitals after that performance, however, and the Knights lost the finals in five games. Vegas returned to the postseason in 2018–19, but the team was defeated in the first round of the playoffs. [P2] [AM2] [MOD2] |
http://web.archive.org/web/20190630014420id_/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Vegas-Golden-Knights_p1 | Adam Augustyn [END-OF-CONTENT] Learn More in these related Britannica articles: Nevada: Sports and recreation …team sports leagues when the Vegas Golden Knights of the National Hockey League began play. Among Nevada natives who became well-known athletes are Cy Young Award-winning pitcher Greg Maddux, tennis star Andre Agassi, and bowler Don Johnson.… ice hockey Ice hockey , game between two teams, each usually having six players, who wear skates and compete on an ice rink. The object is to propel a vulcanized rubber disk, the puck, past a goal line and into a net guarded by a goaltender, or goalie. With its speed and its… Las Vegas Las Vegas , city, seat (1909) of Clark county, southeastern Nevada, U.S. The only major city in the American West to have been founded in the 20th century, Las Vegas grew from a tiny, desert-bound railroad service centre at the outset of the 20th century to the country’s fastest-growing metropolis at… National Hockey League National Hockey League (NHL) , organization of professional ice hockey teams in North America, formed in 1917 by five Canadian teams, to which the first U.S. team, the Boston Bruins, was added in 1924. The NHL became the strongest league in North America and in 1926 took permanent possession of the… Stanley Cup Stanley Cup , trophy awarded to the winner of the world’s professional ice hockey championship, an annual play-off that culminates the season of the National Hockey League. The Stanley Cup was first awarded in the 1892–93 season and is the oldest trophy that can be won by professional athletes in North… |
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http://web.archive.org/web/20191110133810id_/http://www.history-of-rock.com:80/champs.htm_p0 | The Champs The Champs The Champs were West Coast sessionmen whose first single, the instrumental "Tequila" stayed on the charts nineteen weeks, reached number one, sold more than six million records worldwide, and won a Grammy for best R&B record of 1958. Members: Dave Burgess - lead guitar Dale Norris - guitar Chuck Rio - guitar - replaced by Jimmy Seals Ben Norman - bass guitar - replaced by Bobby Morris Gary Alden - drums - replaced by Dash Crofts The year 1958 saw a dramatic increase in short-lived fad rock and roll instrumental combos. Not that Rock and roll instrumentals hadn't been around before or that they wouldn't be around later. It was just that the floodgates opened wide in 1958. A year earlier, the biggest selling instrumental was "Raunchy" by it's co-composer Bill Justis. By the end of 1959, there was Santo and Johnny, Johnny and the Hurricanes, Dave "Baby" Cortez, Duane Eddy, the Fireballs, the Virtues, the Wailers, Link Wray and His Ray Men, the Royaltones, the Rock-A-Teens, Sandy Nelson, Cozy Cole and Preston Epps . However the group that really created the demand was the Champs. The story of the Champs began with Dave Burgess, who was born December 13, 1934, in Beverly Hills, CA. Burgess first recorded for Okeh Records, a subsidiary of Columbia that issued country, blues, and jazz records. Burgess was eighteen when he |
http://web.archive.org/web/20191110133810id_/http://www.history-of-rock.com:80/champs.htm_p1 | recorded his first two Okeh singles: "Don't Put A Dent In My Heart" and "Too Late For Tears." In 1955, he recorded two singles for Tampa Records "Don't Turn Your Back On Love" and "Five Foot Two, Eyes Of Blue." All were country and had no success. In 1956, Burgess was recording for Top Records. Top would take unknown, but talented artists, have them cover the latest hits as closely as possible to the original, then issue them four-to-a-record for forty nine cents. Top's slogan was "twice the music at half the cost" and it was a bargain until the unsuspecting buyer got home and played the record. Burgess appeared on an unknown amount of records, but at least ten came out with his name in the credits. Ethics aside, Burgess got a first hand education in recording and performing while at Top. In 1957, while working as a deejay in Lancaster, CA. to past time he composed songs and sent them off to various music houses. Two became very successful that year" "I'm Available" in the "pop" field and "I'll Be There" in the country market. His songwriting brought him to Challenge Records, a Los Angeles company founded in April, 1957 by Gene Autrey.. There he recorded as Dave Dupree, as well as under his own name. Four of Challenge's first singles were recorded by Burgess, who became a regular |
http://web.archive.org/web/20191110133810id_/http://www.history-of-rock.com:80/champs.htm_p2 | session guitarist for Challenge. One afternoon in 1957 Burgess was working a session. With some studio time remaining, Burgess asked the other musicians to stay to help him come up with a B-side for a record he had previously recorded.One musician offered a Tex-Mex sax line, another a snappy guitar riff, the drummer played a backbeat on the bell of his cymbal and Burgess plucked the muted strings of his electric guitar.The song was called "Tequila" and was spoken after each bridge. In ten minutes they had a take. Everyone who heard the tune liked it and Challenge decided to release it immediately. However, the group needed a name, and someone suggested Champions, after Autrey's famous horse. The Champions became the Champs, and demo copies were sent to major deejays across the country in late December, 1957. "Tequila" was topping both the "pop" and R&B charts by March 1958 and went on to sell a million copies and win the 1958 Grammy for Best Rhythm and Blues Performance. Request soon began coming in for personal appearances. Burgess, Chuck Rios-saxophone and Gene Alden -drums (these two had played at the Tequila session) were joined by Dale Norris - guitarist and Joe Burnass- bass, made up a working combo. The group hit the road with little rehearsal or preparation and it showed. Rio, an old hand at |
http://web.archive.org/web/20191110133810id_/http://www.history-of-rock.com:80/champs.htm_p3 | live performing became upset with the lack of professionalism and left the group in June, 1958. Several other personal changes followed. In April, the second single "El Rancho Rock" was released. Another Tex-Mex tune it was based on a traditional Mexican song "El Rancho Grande" and sold about a half million copies in two and a half months. The third single "Chariot Rock" released in July sold moderately well With constant personal changes there was little loyalty between members and performing became a "job." After "Chariot Rock" it wouldn't be until "Too Much Tequila," that the group would have another hit in early, 1960. The single sold well enough to keep the band on the road for another couple of years. They went almost another two years before they had a hit "Limbo Rock." "Limbo Rock" remained popular through the summer of 1962 until Chubby Checker's vocal version came out. They were again rejuvenated as a touring unit. Again the group faced personal changes, including a brief membership by guitarist/vocalist Delaney Bramlett (later of Delaney and Bonnie), before disbanding in 1965. To other ex-Champs, Jimmy Seals and Dash Crofts, went on to form the Dawnbreakers before they reemerged in 1970 as Seals and Crofts. Champs |
http://web.archive.org/web/20200520132715id_/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Allan-Bloom_p0 | Allan Bloom | American philosopher and author | Britannica Search Britannica Encyclopædia Britannica Login Subscribe Now Categories Entertainment & Pop Culture Geography & Travel Health & Medicine Lifestyles & Social Issues Literature Philosophy & Religion Politics, Law & Government Science Sports & Recreation Technology Visual Arts World History Features Demystified #WTFact Lists 100 Women Saving Earth SpaceNext 50 Companions Spotlight Image Galleries Videos Entertainment & Pop Culture Geography & Travel Health & Medicine Lifestyles & Social Issues Literature Philosophy & Religion Politics, Law & Government Science Sports & Recreation Technology Visual Arts World History Britannica Classics Check out these retro videos from Encyclopedia Britannica’s archives. Demystified Videos In Demystified, Britannica has all the answers to your burning questions. Britannica Explains In these videos, Britannica explains a variety of topics and answers frequently asked questions. This Week in History In these videos, find out what happened this week (or any week!) in history. #WTFact Videos In #WTFact Britannica shares some of the most bizarre facts we can find. Biographies On This Day Quizzes COVID-19 COVID-19 Allan Bloom American philosopher and author Article Info Print Cite Feedback Feedback Corrections? Updates? Omissions? Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Select feedback type: Select a type (Required) Factual Correction Spelling/Grammar Correction Link Correction Additional Information Other Submit Feedback Thank you for your feedback |
http://web.archive.org/web/20200520132715id_/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Allan-Bloom_p1 | Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Join Britannica's Publishing Partner Program and our community of experts to gain a global audience for your work! Share SHARE Facebook Twitter Home Philosophy & Religion Philosophers Allan Bloom American philosopher and author Written By: The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica See Article History Alternative Title: Allan David Bloom [BEFORE-ARTICLE] Allan Bloom , in full Allan David Bloom , (born Sept. 14, 1930, Indianapolis , Ind., U.S.—died Oct. 7, 1992, Chicago , Ill.), American philosopher and writer best remembered for his provocative best-seller The Closing of the American Mind: How Higher Education Has Failed Democracy and Impoverished the Souls of Today’s Students (1987). He was also known for his scholarly volumes of interpretive essays and translations of works by Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Plato . [P1] [AM1] Bloom received a Ph.D. in 1955 from the University of Chicago , where, under the tutelage of the German-born political philosopher Leo Strauss , he became a devotee of the Western classics and a proponent of the philosophical tenet of “transcultural truth.” He taught at the University of Chicago (1955–60) and Yale (1962–63) and Cornell (1963–70) universities and was on the faculties of several foreign universities. He published such well-received works as Shakespeare’s Politics (1964), a collection of essays, and a translation of Plato’s Republic (1968). [P2] [AM2] [MOD2] In 1969 a group of students took control of Cornell’s administration building and demanded that certain mandatory classes be dropped in favour of those deemed more “relevant” to them. After the university yielded to their demands, Bloom tendered his resignation, and in 1979 he returned to the University of Chicago. In The Closing of the American Mind , Bloom argued that universities no longer taught students how to think and that students, especially those attending the top schools, were unconcerned about the lessons of the past or about examining ideas in a historical context . His blistering critique , which offered no solutions to the crisis in education , blamed misguided curricula, rock music , television, and academic elitism for the spiritual impoverishment of students. A later collection of essays, Giants and Dwarfs , was published in 1990. Bloom’s Love and Friendship (1993) and Shakespeare on Love and Friendship (2000) appeared posthumously. [P3] [AM3] [MOD3] |
http://web.archive.org/web/20200520132715id_/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Allan-Bloom_p2 | This article was most recently revised and updated by J.E. Luebering , Executive Editorial Director. [END-OF-CONTENT] Learn More in these related Britannica articles: Saul Bellow …life of teacher and philosopher Allan Bloom . Five years after Bellow’s death, more than 700 of his letters, edited by Benjamin Taylor, were published in Saul Bellow: Letters (2010).… Jean-Jacques Rousseau Jean-Jacques Rousseau , Swiss-born philosopher, writer, and political theorist whose treatises and novels inspired the leaders of the French Revolution and the Romantic generation.… Plato Plato , ancient Greek philosopher, student of Socrates (c. 470–399 bce ), teacher of Aristotle (384–322 bce ), and founder of the Academy, best known as the author of philosophical works of unparalleled influence.… History at your fingertips Sign up here to see what happened On This Day , every day in your inbox! Email address By signing up, you agree to our Privacy Notice . Thank you for subscribing! Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. [AFTER-ARTICLE] [AD1] Allan Bloom Quick Facts born September 14, 1930 Indianapolis , Indiana died October 7, 1992 (aged 62) Chicago , Illinois notable works “The Closing of the American Mind: How Higher Education Has Failed Democracy and Impoverished the Souls of Today’s Students” subjects of study higher education Allan Bloom Additional Information |
http://web.archive.org/web/20200520132715id_/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Allan-Bloom_p3 | More About External Websites The Montgomery Fellows Program - Biography of Allan Bloom Contemporary Thinkers - Biography of Allan Bloom Britannica Websites Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Allan Bloom - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up) Article History Article Contributors Load Next Article Inspire your inbox – Sign up for daily fun facts about this day in history, updates, and special offers. Enter your email Subscribe By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. Click here to view our Privacy Notice . Easy unsubscribe links are provided in every email. Thank you for subscribing! Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. Stay Connected Facebook Twitter YouTube Instagram Pinterest Newsletters About Us & Legal Info Your California Privacy Rights Partner Program Contact Us Privacy Notice Terms of Use Do Not Sell My Info ©2020 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Your preference has been recorded close Check out Britannica's new site for parents! |
http://web.archive.org/web/20180620232340id_/http://www.musicsalesclassical.com/composer/long-bio/Olivier-Messiaen_p0 | Olivier Messiaen - Long Biography - Music Sales Classical Repertoire Search Home Composers News Genre Listen Rental License OnDemand Film & TV Calendar Buy Pops Composers Olivier Messiaen > Short Bio > Long Bio > Snapshot > News > Works > Performances > Discography > Photos > Listen Olivier Messiaen Born: 1908 Died : 1992 Nationality : French Publisher: Alphonse Leduc Olivier Messiaen considered himself as much an ornithologist as a composer, organist and pianist. Inspired in large part by his study of birdsong and his strong catholic faith, his output counts among the most fascinating of the twentieth century. From the age of 11, Messiaen attended the Paris Conservatoire where, a few years later, he was awarded various first prizes (including counterpoint and fugue, piano accompaniment, organ and improvisation, history of music, and composition). A student of Charles-Marie Widor, Paul Dukas and Marcel Dupré, he became Organist at the Église de la Sainte-Trinité in 1931, a position he held until his death in 1992. In the 1930s, he taught at the Ecole Normale de Musique de Paris and at the Schola Cantorum. There, he met André Jolivet, Daniel-Lesur and Yves Baudrier with whom he formed the famous Jeune France movement in 1936. In 1941, after a year imprisoned as a POW in Stalag VIII-A, he returned to the Conservatoire as professor of harmony and then professor of composition in 1966. His students included Pierre Boulez, George Benjamin, and Karlheinz Stockhausen. A devout Catholic, much of his output was influenced by his faith, as many works testify (such as La Transfiguration de Notre Seigneur Jésus Christ , l’Ascension , Le Banquet Céleste , Méditations sur le Mystère de la Sainte-Trinité and even his only opera Saint François d’Assise ). Above all, Messiaen was fascinated by the birdsong that he heard and transcribed in his garden, and then featured in his compositions: Catalogue d’oiseaux , Petites Esquisses d’oiseaux and Traité de rythme , de couleur et d’ornithologie all conceived in this way. He said “nature offers an exhaustible treasure of colours and sounds, forms and rhythms, an unequalled model of total development and perpetual variation, nature is the supreme resource!” Messiaen received numerous accolades throughout his career. He was elected Membre de L’Institut de France in 1967, he was awarded the Calouste Gulbenkian Prize in 1969, the Erasmus Prize in 1971, and Ernst von Siemens Music Prize in 1975. He also won the Wolf Prize in Arts in 1983, The Kyoto Prize in Arts and Philosophy in 1985, and the International Paul VI Prize in 1988, all testimony to, and recognition of, his having created some of the greatest French music of the era. |
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http://web.archive.org/web/20190709214513id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Don't_Love_Me_Anymore_(%22Weird_Al%22_Yankovic_song)_p0 | You Don't Love Me Anymore ("Weird Al" Yankovic song) - Wikipedia CentralNotice You Don't Love Me Anymore ("Weird Al" Yankovic song) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search "You Don't Love Me Anymore" Single by "Weird Al" Yankovic from the album Off the Deep End B-side "I Was Only Kidding" Released June 19, 1992 ( 1992-06-19 ) Format Cassette , 12-inch Recorded June 7, 1990 Length 4 : 00 14:07 (with "Bite Me") Label Scotti Brothers Songwriter(s) "Weird Al" Yankovic Producer(s) "Weird Al" Yankovic "Weird Al" Yankovic singles chronology " Smells Like Nirvana " (1992) " You Don't Love Me Anymore " (1992) "Taco Grande" (1992) " You Don't Love Me Anymore " is a song by American recording artist "Weird Al" Yankovic . It was released as the second single from his seventh studio album Off the Deep End on June 19, 1992. While much of his musical output consists of parodies of other artists' material, "You Don't Love Me Anymore" is an original composition written and produced by Yankovic. A soft acoustic ballad in a style parody of James Taylor , the song features darkly humorous lyrics about a relationship between Yankovic and an unnamed woman that has faltered to the point that she repeatedly attempts to kill him, which he has only just begun to notice. |
http://web.archive.org/web/20190709214513id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Don't_Love_Me_Anymore_(%22Weird_Al%22_Yankovic_song)_p1 | Yankovic requested his record label Scotti Brothers to release the song as the second single from Off the Deep End . As the label would only release the single if its music video was a parody, Yankovic modeled the video for "You Don't Love Me Anymore" after the video for the song " More Than Words " by American rock band Extreme . Directed by Jay Levey, the video features a cameo appearance by American-Canadian singer Robert Goulet . To Yankovic's surprise, "You Don't Love Me Anymore" garnered moderate amounts of radio airplay and peaked at number 26 on the Canadian singles chart. Contents 1 Release 2 Music video 3 Formats and track listings 4 Charts 5 Personnel 6 References 7 External links Release [ edit ] Following the success of Off the Deep End ' s lead single " Smells Like Nirvana ", Yankovic desired to release "You Don't Love Me Anymore" as the album's second single. [1] Yankovic's record label Scotti Brothers reluctantly adhered to the request, on the condition that the song's music video be a parody. [1] Released on June 19, 1992, [2] the single received moderate amounts of radio airplay and peaked at number 26 on the singles chart of Canadian magazine The Record . [3] Its airplay levels surprised Yankovic, who had observed that radio stations "usually just go for the parodies." [4] "You Don't Love Me Anymore" was also issued as a 12-inch single in the Philippines by Mobile Disco Records – the release featured a dance music remix of the song, the only authorized extended mix of a Yankovic track not to be issued by his label. [5] |
http://web.archive.org/web/20190709214513id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Don't_Love_Me_Anymore_(%22Weird_Al%22_Yankovic_song)_p2 | Music video [ edit ] The music video for "You Don't Love Me Anymore" was directed by Yankovic's long-time collaborator and manager Jay Levey. [6] Filmed at the Charlie Chaplin Studios in Los Angeles , it is a parody of the music video for " More Than Words " by American rock band Extreme and a follow up on the video of " Smells Like Nirvana ". [6] Yankovic's record label Scotti Brothers had informed him that "You Don't Love Me Anymore" – an original composition – would be released as a single under the condition that an accompanying parody music video be produced. [1] As many had erroneously believed the song was a parody of "More Than Words" upon release, he decided to spoof its video. [7] The "You Don't Love Me Anymore" video features Yankovic and his guitarist Jim West performing the song, with the latter basing his appearance on Extreme guitarist Nuno Bettencourt . [1] Bassist Steve Jay is also seen biting into a large piece of ham; he chipped his tooth while filming the scene and is seen wincing in pain as he does this in the video. [4] One notable gag involves Yankovic picking up another guitar and tuning it, only to put it away without actually playing it, instead beginning to sing the second verse. American singer and actor Robert Goulet makes a cameo appearance as a piano player who suffers various bodily injuries. [8] Rudy Larosa (who portrayed the janitor in the " Smells Like Teen Spirit " and "Smells Like Nirvana" videos) takes on the role of a cellist in janitor garb who accidentally flings his bow into Goulet's eye. Towards the end of the video, Yankovic smashes West's Ovation guitar. [1] He later recounted: "Most of the guitars I had broken at that point were cheap guitars, and this one did not smash, but I knew I had one take, so you'll see me whack the thing like 20 times, like, 'You’ve gotta break! This is the only take! I’m gonna smash this thing if it takes me all day!'" [1] |
http://web.archive.org/web/20190709214513id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Don't_Love_Me_Anymore_(%22Weird_Al%22_Yankovic_song)_p3 | Formats and track listings [ edit ] Cassette single (Canada and United States) [9] "You Don't Love Me Anymore" – 4:00 "I Was Only Kidding" – 3:31 12-inch single (Philippines) [5] "You Don't Love Me Anymore" – 4:00 "You Don't Love Me Anymore" (Dance Mix) – 5:00 Charts [ edit ] Chart (1992) Peak position Canadian Singles Chart ( The Record ) [3] 26 Personnel [ edit ] Credits adapted from Off the Deep End liner notes. [10] "Weird Al" Yankovic – vocals , keyboards , production , songwriting Jim West – acoustic guitar Tony Papa – engineering , mixing References [ edit ] ^ a b c d e f Rabin, Nathan (June 29, 2011). "Set List: 'Weird Al' Yankovic" . The A.V. Club . Chicago . Retrieved June 5, 2013 . ^ "You Don't Love Me Anymore – "Weird Al" Yankovic" . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved June 5, 2013 . ^ a b Lwin, Nanda (1999). Top 40 Hits: The Essential Chart Guide . Music Data Research. ISBN 978-1896594132 . ^ a b Permanent Record: Al in the Box (liner notes). "Weird Al" Yankovic. Scotti Brothers Records . 1994. 72392 75451-2. CS1 maint: others ( link ) ^ a b "You Don't Love Me Anymore: 1992, Mobile Disco (12")" . "Weird Al" Yankovic . Retrieved June 5, 2013 . |
http://web.archive.org/web/20190709214513id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Don't_Love_Me_Anymore_(%22Weird_Al%22_Yankovic_song)_p4 | ^ a b "Weird Al" Yankovic: The Videos (liner notes). "Weird Al" Yankovic. Image Entertainment. 1998. ID4105AADVD. CS1 maint: others ( link ) ^ Harrington, Richard (June 26, 1992). "Weird Al in Parody Paradise; He's Hit a Nirvana With His Latest and He's Bringing It Here" . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on February 8, 2001 . Retrieved June 27, 2010 . ^ "Robert Goulet Dies at 73" . Vulture . October 31, 2007 . Retrieved June 5, 2013 . ^ You Don't Love Me Anymore (Media notes). "Weird Al" Yankovic. Scotti Brothers Records . 1992. 72392 75329-4. CS1 maint: others ( link ) ^ Off the Deep End (liner notes). "Weird Al" Yankovic. Scotti Brothers Records . 1992. 512 506-2. CS1 maint: others ( link ) External links [ edit ] Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Music video on YouTube v t e "Weird Al" Yankovic "Weird Al" Yankovic Jon "Bermuda" Schwartz Steve Jay Jim West Rubén Valtierra Rick Derringer Studio albums "Weird Al" Yankovic "Weird Al" Yankovic in 3-D Dare to Be Stupid Polka Party! Even Worse UHF – Original Motion Picture Soundtrack and Other Stuff Off the Deep End Alapalooza Bad Hair Day Running with Scissors Poodle Hat Straight Outta Lynwood Alpocalypse Mandatory Fun EPs Another One Rides the Bus Internet Leaks Compilations Greatest Hits |
http://web.archive.org/web/20190709214513id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Don't_Love_Me_Anymore_(%22Weird_Al%22_Yankovic_song)_p5 | The Food Album Permanent Record: Al in the Box Greatest Hits Vol. II The TV Album The Saga Begins The Essential "Weird Al" Yankovic Squeeze Box: The Complete Works of "Weird Al" Yankovic Songs " My Bologna " " Another One Rides the Bus " " Ricky " " I Love Rocky Road " " Eat It " " I Lost on Jeopardy " " Like a Surgeon " " Yoda " " Hooked on Polkas " " Dare to Be Stupid " " Living with a Hernia " " Christmas at Ground Zero " " Fat " " Lasagna " " Money for Nothing/Beverly Hillbillies " " Smells Like Nirvana " " You Don't Love Me Anymore " " Taco Grande " " Jurassic Park " " Bedrock Anthem " " Achy Breaky Song " " Headline News " " Amish Paradise " " Gump " " Spy Hard " " The Night Santa Went Crazy " " The Saga Begins " " It's All About the Pentiums " " Polka Power! " " Pretty Fly for a Rabbi " " Albuquerque " " Couch Potato " " eBay " " You're Pitiful " " Don't Download This Song " " White & Nerdy " " Canadian Idiot " " Trapped in the Drive-Thru " " Whatever You Like " |
http://web.archive.org/web/20190709214513id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Don't_Love_Me_Anymore_(%22Weird_Al%22_Yankovic_song)_p6 | " Craigslist " " Perform This Way " " Tacky " " Word Crimes " " Foil " " Handy " Videography Al TV The Compleat Al UHF The "Weird Al" Yankovic Video Library Alapalooza: The Videos "Weird Al" Yankovic: The Ultimate Collection Bad Hair Day: The Videos The Weird Al Show "Weird Al" Yankovic: The Videos "Weird Al" Yankovic Live! "Weird Al" Yankovic: The Ultimate Video Collection "Weird Al" Yankovic Live!: The Alpocalypse Tour Tours Tour of the Universe in 3-D The Al-Can Tour The Poodle Hat Tour The Mandatory World Tour The Ridiculously Self-Indulgent, Ill-Advised Vanity Tour The Strings Attached Tour Related articles Discography Videography Songs Polka medleys Peter & the Wolf Category NewPP limit report Parsed by mw1253 Cached time: 20190627184217 Cache expiry: 2592000 Dynamic content: false Complications: [vary‐revision] CPU time usage: 0.488 seconds Real time usage: 0.590 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1897/1000000 Preprocessor generated node count: 0/1500000 Post‐expand include size: 58475/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 5825/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 18/40 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 30604/5000000 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Lua time usage: 0.221/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 3.67 MB/50 MB Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 473.352 1 -total 47.26% 223.683 1 Template:Reflist 34.58% 163.671 1 Template:Infobox_song 24.79% 117.323 2 Template:Cite_news 23.79% 112.616 1 Template:Infobox |
http://web.archive.org/web/20190709214513id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Don't_Love_Me_Anymore_(%22Weird_Al%22_Yankovic_song)_p7 | 8.49% 40.181 1 Template:"Weird_Al"_Yankovic 7.54% 35.705 1 Template:Navbox_musical_artist 7.21% 34.125 4 Template:Cite_AV_media_notes 6.60% 31.243 1 Template:Navbox 5.60% 26.519 1 Template:YouTube Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:4109439-0!canonical and timestamp 20190627184217 and revision id 901015170 Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You_Don%27t_Love_Me_Anymore_(%22Weird_Al%22_Yankovic_song)&oldid=901015170 " Categories : 1992 singles 1992 songs "Weird Al" Yankovic songs Songs written by "Weird Al" Yankovic Black-and-white music videos Black comedy music James Taylor Music videos directed by Jay Levey Hidden categories: CS1 maint: others Articles with hAudio microformats Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version Languages Add links This page was last edited on 9 June 2019, at 03:51 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia |
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http://web.archive.org/web/20191128201938id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty_Seconds_to_Mars_p0 | Thirty Seconds to Mars - Wikipedia CentralNotice Thirty Seconds to Mars From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search "30 Seconds to Mars" redirects here. For their 2002 album, see 30 Seconds to Mars (album) . Thirty Seconds to Mars Frontman Jared Leto and drummer Shannon Leto performing in Padua, Italy in July 2013 Background information Origin Los Angeles , California , U.S. Genres Alternative rock Years active 1998–present Labels Universal Interscope Virgin EMI Immortal Associated acts Angels & Airwaves Great Northern Morphic The Wondergirls Website thirtysecondstomars .com Members Jared Leto Shannon Leto Past members Tomo Miličević Matt Wachter Solon Bixler Thirty Seconds to Mars (commonly stylized as 30 Seconds to Mars ) is an American rock band from Los Angeles, California, formed in 1998. The band consists of brothers Jared Leto (lead vocals, guitar, bass, keyboards) and Shannon Leto (drums, percussion). During the course of its existence, it has undergone various line-up changes. The band's debut album, 30 Seconds to Mars (2002), was produced by Bob Ezrin and released to positive reviews but only to limited commercial success. The band achieved worldwide fame with the release of its second album A Beautiful Lie (2005), which received multiple certifications all over the world. Its next release, This Is War (2009), showed a dramatic evolution in the band's musical style, as it incorporated experimental music as well as eclectic influences. The recording process of the album was marked by a legal dispute with record label EMI that eventually became the subject of the documentary film Artifact (2012). Thirty Seconds to Mars then moved to Universal Music and released the fourth album, Love, Lust, Faith and Dreams (2013), to critical and commercial success. It was followed by America (2018), which polarized critics upon release. |
http://web.archive.org/web/20191128201938id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty_Seconds_to_Mars_p1 | As of September 2014, the band had sold over 15 million albums worldwide. [1] Thirty Seconds to Mars has consistently enjoyed sold out tours and numerous headlining festival slots. The band is noted for its energetic live performances and for fusing elements from a wide variety of genres, through its use of philosophical and spiritual lyrics, concept albums , and experimental music. [2] Thirty Seconds to Mars has received several awards and accolades throughout its career, including a Guinness World Record , and has been included in the Kerrang! list of best artists of the 2000s. [3] Contents 1 History 1.1 1998–2000: Formation and first years 1.2 2001–03: Debut album 1.3 2004–08: A Beautiful Lie 1.4 2008–11: EMI lawsuit and This Is War 1.5 2012–15: Love, Lust, Faith and Dreams 1.6 2015–present: America and the departure of Miličević 2 Musical style 3 Activism 4 Band members 5 Discography 6 Concert tours 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History 1998–2000: Formation and first years Thirty Seconds to Mars started in 1998 in Los Angeles , California, as a collaboration between brothers Jared Leto and Shannon Leto , who had been playing music together since their childhood. [4] The duo later expanded to a four-piece when they added guitarist Solon Bixler and bassist Matt Wachter to the line-up. Additional guitarist Kevin Drake , who first auditioned for the position of bassist, also joined the band as a touring musician. The band played its first concerts under different names, before finally settling on the name "Thirty Seconds to Mars", which was taken from a rare manuscript titled Argus Apocraphex. [5] Jared Leto described the name as "a reference, a rough translation from the book. I think the idea is interesting, it's a metaphor for the future," he explained. "Thirty seconds to Mars—the fact that we're so close to something that's not a tangible idea. Also Mars being the God of War makes it really interesting, as well. You could substitute that in there, but what's important for my brother and I, is that it be imaginative and really represent the sound of our music in as unique a way as possible." [6] He described it as a name that "works on several different levels, a phrase that is lyrical, suggestive, cinematic, and filled with immediacy." [7] When Thirty Seconds to Mars first started, Jared Leto did not allow his vocation as a Hollywood actor to be used in promotion of the band. [8] |
http://web.archive.org/web/20191128201938id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty_Seconds_to_Mars_p2 | By 1998, the group performed gigs at small American venues and clubs. Their eponymous debut album had been in the works for a couple of years, with Leto writing the majority of the songs. During this period, the band recorded demo tracks such as "Valhalla" and "Revolution", or "Jupiter" and "Hero", which later appeared on the band's debut album as "Fallen" and "Year Zero" respectively, but also "Buddha for Mary". [7] Their work led to a number of record labels being interested in signing Thirty Seconds to Mars, which eventually signed to Immortal Records . [9] In 1999, Virgin Records entered into the contract. [10] 2001–03: Debut album "Edge of the Earth" "Edge of the Earth", taken from the band's self-titled debut album, mixes sounds from different genres and styles. Problems playing this file? See media help . Thirty Seconds to Mars retreated to the isolation of Wyoming's countryside in 2001 to record their debut album, working with Bob Ezrin and Brian Virtue . They contacted Ezrin because they grew up listening to his work with Pink Floyd , Kiss and Alice Cooper and they felt he was the only one who could help them capture the size and scope of what they wanted to accomplish on their debut recording. [7] The band chose an empty warehouse lot on 15,000 acres, striving for the precise location that would enhance their sound. [11] Even before the album was released, Puddle of Mudd invited Thirty Seconds to Mars to open a six-week tour for them in the spring of 2002. [12] The band later embarked on a North American tour to support Incubus and began a club tour in August. [13] |
http://web.archive.org/web/20191128201938id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty_Seconds_to_Mars_p3 | The band released their first studio album, 30 Seconds to Mars , on August 27, 2002 in the United States through Immortal and Virgin . Jared Leto described the record as a concept album that focuses on human struggle and self-determination, in which otherworldly elements and conceptual ideas are used to illustrate a truthful personal situation. [7] The album reached number 107 on the US Billboard 200 and number one on the US Top Heatseekers , selling 121,000 copies in the United States. [14] [15] It was preceded by the single " Capricorn (A Brand New Name) ", which peaked at number 31 on the US Mainstream Rock chart. [14] Upon its release, 30 Seconds to Mars was met with mostly positive reviews; [16] music critic Megan O'Toole felt that the band has "managed to carve out a unique niche for themselves in the rock realm." [17] The album was a slow-burning success, and eventually sold two million copies worldwide as of March 2011. [18] In October 2002, the band toured with I Mother Earth and Billy Talent on MTV Campus Invasion. The following month, Thirty Seconds to Mars made their first appearance on television on Last Call with Carson Daly and opened concerts for Our Lady Peace and Sevendust . Released in 2003, " Edge of the Earth " became the second single from the album. In early 2003, Bixler left the band due to issues primarily related to touring. He was later replaced by Tomo Miličević , who successfully auditioned for the part of guitarist. [19] The band later went on tour with Chevelle , Trust Company , and Pacifier , and took a slot on the 2003 Lollapalooza tour. [20] |
http://web.archive.org/web/20191128201938id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty_Seconds_to_Mars_p4 | 2004–08: A Beautiful Lie "The Kill" "The Kill" was heavily influenced by '90s alternative rock. It was the second single from A Beautiful Lie . Problems playing this file? See media help . Thirty Seconds to Mars returned to the studio in March 2004 to begin working on their second album A Beautiful Lie , with Josh Abraham producing. [21] During the recording process, the band traveled to four different continents to accommodate Jared Leto's acting career. A Beautiful Lie was notably different from the band's debut album, from both musical and lyrical aspect. "On the first record I created a world, then hid behind it," Leto said. "With A Beautiful Lie , it was time to take a more personal and less cerebral approach. Although this record is still full of conceptual elements and thematic ideas it is ultimately much more wrapped around the heart than the head. It's about brutal honesty, growth, change. It's an incredibly intimate look into a life that is in the crossroads. A raw emotional journey. A story of life, love, death, pain, joy, and passion. Of what it is to be human." [22] A Beautiful Lie was released on August 30, 2005 in the United States. It has since been certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), and has reached platinum and gold status in several countries, with a sales total of over four million. [16] Its lead single , " Attack ", made its radio debut on June 6, 2005 and became the most added track on American modern rock radio during its first week of release. [23] During 2005, Thirty Seconds to Mars went on tour with Chevelle , Audioslave and The Used . The group embarked on their first headlining tour Forever Night, Never Day in March 2006. At the same time, the band released the album's second single, " The Kill ", which set a record for the longest-running hit in the history of the US Modern Rock chart when it remained on the national chart for more than 50 weeks, following its number three peak in 2006. [24] Its music video, directed by Jared Leto under the pseudonym of Bartholomew Cubbins, received a largely positive response and numerous accolades, including an MTV Video Music Award . [25] |
http://web.archive.org/web/20191128201938id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty_Seconds_to_Mars_p5 | Thirty Seconds to Mars live in Germany during the A Beautiful Lie tour In October 2006, the band began their Welcome to the Universe Tour , sponsored by MTV2 , and were supported by Head Automatica , The Receiving End of Sirens , Cobra Starship , and several other bands including Street Drum Corps . The third single from the album, " From Yesterday ", was released in November 2006 and became the band's first number one on the Billboard 's Modern Rock Tracks . [26] Jared Leto directed a short film for the single, which became the first ever American music video shot in the People's Republic of China in its entirety. [27] A Beautiful Lie was released in Europe in February 2007. During the year, Thirty Seconds to Mars toured extensively throughout Europe and played at several major festivals, including Roskilde , Pinkpop , Rock am Ring , and Download . In March 2007, Matt Wachter left the group to spend more time with his family and was replaced by Tim Kelleher , performing live only. [28] On November 1, 2007, Thirty Seconds to Mars won an MTV Europe Music Award in the category of Best Rock . [29] The band also received the Kerrang! Award for Best Single in two consecutive years for "The Kill" and "From Yesterday" in 2007 and 2008, respectively. [30] [31] The album's title track, " A Beautiful Lie ", was released as the fourth single in North America and selected European countries. Its music video was filmed 200 miles north of the Arctic Circle in Greenland, and proceeds from the sales benefited the Natural Resources Defense Council . [32] At the 2008 MTV Europe Music Awards on November 6, Thirty Seconds to Mars earned their second Best Rock and Best Video for "A Beautiful Lie". [33] |
http://web.archive.org/web/20191128201938id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty_Seconds_to_Mars_p6 | 2008–11: EMI lawsuit and This Is War Performing in Orlando, Florida during their Into the Wild Tour Thirty Seconds to Mars began recording their third studio album This Is War in August 2008. [34] To produce the record, the band worked with Flood and Steve Lillywhite . Thirty Seconds to Mars had attempted to sign with a new label after the A Beautiful Lie tour, prompting EMI (the parent label of Virgin) to file a lawsuit for $30 million. EMI claimed that the band had failed to produce three of the five records they were obligated to deliver under their 1999 contract, which Virgin entered into with the now-defunct Immortal Records. [35] Jared Leto responded to some of the claims in the suit stating "under California law, where we live and signed our deal, one cannot be bound to a contract for more than seven years." Thirty Seconds to Mars had been contracted for nine years, so the band decided to exercise their "legal right to terminate our old, out-of-date contract, which, according to the law is null and void." [36] After nearly a year of the lawsuit battle, the band announced on April 28, 2009, that the case had been settled. [37] The suit was resolved following a defense based on a contract case involving actress Olivia de Havilland decades before. Leto explained, "The California Appeals Court ruled that no service contract in California is valid after seven years, and it became known as the De Havilland Law after she used it to get out of her contract with Warner Bros. " [38] Thirty Seconds to Mars then signed a new contract with EMI. [37] Leto said the band had resolved their differences with EMI and the decision had been made because of "the willingness and enthusiasm by EMI to address our major concerns and issues, [and] the opportunity to return to work with a team so committed and passionate about Thirty Seconds to Mars." [39] |
http://web.archive.org/web/20191128201938id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty_Seconds_to_Mars_p7 | In a bid to involve their fans for This Is War , Thirty Seconds to Mars held an event, called The Summit, at the Avalon Club in Los Angeles, where they invited fans to provide backing vocals and percussion. [40] After the success of the initial Summit, the group repeated the event in eight countries and extended it digitally. [41] The band also invited fans to submit close-up shots of their faces in order to make 2,000 different individual covers for the album. [42] Leto described This Is War as a record about survival: "It was a two-year creative battle that was ferocious and tough but creatively rewarding, and all of those adverse elements, in hindsight, made us stronger and made the record stronger." [43] Thirty Seconds to Mars playing in Manchester, England in February 2010 Although the release date was changed many times, This Is War was eventually released in December 2009. The album reached the top ten of several national album charts and entered the Billboard 200 at number 18, with first-week sales of 67,000 in the United States. [44] Its first two singles, " Kings and Queens " and " This Is War ", reached the number-one spot on the US Alternative Songs chart. [45] After a promotional tour in winter 2009, Thirty Seconds to Mars embarked on their Into the Wild Tour in February 2010. [46] |
http://web.archive.org/web/20191128201938id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty_Seconds_to_Mars_p8 | At the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards , "Kings and Queens" received four nominations, including Video of the Year and Best Direction , and went on to win Best Rock Video . [47] The album's third single, " Closer to the Edge ", was the 2010 best-selling rock single in the United Kingdom, topping the UK Rock Chart for eight consecutive weeks. [48] [49] Thirty Seconds to Mars collaborated with rapper Kanye West on the song " Hurricane ", which was released on the deluxe edition of This Is War and became the album's fourth single in some countries. On November 7, Thirty Seconds to Mars and West performed "Hurricane" at the 2010 MTV Europe Music Awards at the Puerta de Alcalá in Madrid, where the band also received their third Best Rock . [50] On May 13, 2011, Thirty Seconds to Mars recorded a performance for the television program MTV Unplugged . [51] They performed with musicians from the Vitamin String Quartet and invited a gospel choir to join the group for a rendition of U2 's song " Where the Streets Have No Name ". [52] A Songkick study indicated that, based on quantity of tour dates, Thirty Seconds to Mars was among the hardest-working touring artists in 2010. [53] On October 16, 2011, it was announced that the band would enter the Guinness World Records for most live shows during a single album cycle, with 300 shows. [54] The 300th show, called Tribus Centum Numerarae, took place on December 7, 2011 at the Hammerstein Ballroom in New York City and was followed by a special series of shows which marked the end of the Into the Wild Tour. [54] |
http://web.archive.org/web/20191128201938id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty_Seconds_to_Mars_p9 | 2012–15: Love, Lust, Faith and Dreams Thirty Seconds to Mars took a break from touring in 2012 and spent most of the year recording their fourth album, entitled Love, Lust, Faith and Dreams . [55] The album was produced by Jared Leto with previous collaborator Steve Lillywhite . Leto said that the band took a new direction with Love, Lust, Faith and Dreams . He explained that the album "is more than an evolution, it's a brand new beginning. Creatively, we've gone to an entirely new place, which is exciting, unexpected, and incredibly inspiring." [56] In September 2012, Artifact , a documentary about the band's legal battle against the record label EMI and the making of This Is War , premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival and won the People's Choice Documentary Award. [57] Thirty Seconds to Mars in Moscow, Russia in March 2014 In February 2013, it was announced that " Up in the Air " would be the first single from the fourth album. [58] In partnership with NASA , Thirty Seconds to Mars launched the first copy of "Up in the Air" aboard the Dragon spacecraft on SpaceX CRS-2 . [59] The mission was launched atop a Falcon 9 rocket on March 1, 2013, sending the first ever commercial copy of music into space. On March 18, 2013, the single premiered from the International Space Station , after a Q&A session with the band and Expedition 35 flight engineer Tom Marshburn , while Annise Parker , mayor of the city of Houston, proclaimed the Thirty Seconds to Mars Day. [60] "Up in the Air" made its radio debut on March 18 and became commercially available for downloading the following day. [61] The song reached number three on the US Alternative Songs chart and experienced success in international markets. [62] |
http://web.archive.org/web/20191128201938id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty_Seconds_to_Mars_p10 | Thirty Seconds to Mars released Love, Lust, Faith and Dreams on May 21, 2013, through Universal in the United States. The album received generally positive reviews and reached the top ten in more than fifteen countries, including the United Kingdom and the United States. [63] The band began their Love, Lust, Faith and Dreams Tour in June, which included festival dates at Rock Werchter , Pinkpop , Rock in Rio , and Rock am Ring . The second single from the album, " Do or Die ", achieved a level of play on modern rock radio, while " City of Angels ", the third single, was released to rave reviews from critics and eventually reached number eight on the Alternative Songs chart in the US. [62] [64] At the 2013 MTV Video Music Awards , held on August 25, "Up in the Air" won the award for Best Rock Video . [65] Thirty Seconds to Mars announced on April 25, 2014 that they have parted from Virgin Records after tumultuous years with the label, with Leto telling Billboard , "We're free and clear and excited about the future. It's the most wonderful place to be." [66] In August 2014, the group embarked on a double-headline tour, dubbed the Carnivores Tour , with American rock band Linkin Park , visiting arenas and stadiums throughout North America. [67] Thirty Seconds to Mars then launched a music festival called Camp Mars. The first edition took place in Malibu, California, in August 2015 and included a series of activities in a semi-rustic setting and several DJ sets. [68] |
http://web.archive.org/web/20191128201938id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty_Seconds_to_Mars_p11 | 2015–present: America and the departure of Miličević Performing at the 2018 Rock im Park during the Monolith Tour On November 3, 2015, it was announced that Thirty Seconds to Mars are working on their fifth studio album. [69] In August 2016, the band revealed to have signed to Interscope Records . [70] The group later unveiled that they would embark on a North American tour with Muse and PVRIS , which took take place from May to September 2017. [71] In August 2017, " Walk on Water " was announced as the lead single from the band's fifth album. [72] Thirty Seconds to Mars then performed the song at the 2017 MTV Video Music Awards featuring special guest Travis Scott . During the ceremony, Jared Leto received media attention for his tribute to musicians Chester Bennington and Chris Cornell , who both died earlier that year. [73] On January 25, 2018, Thirty Seconds to Mars released " Dangerous Night " as the second single from their upcoming fifth studio album. [74] In February 2018, the band officially announced the Monolith Tour with Walk the Moon , Misterwives , K. Flay , Joywave , and Welshly Arms . Thirty Seconds to Mars later confirmed America as title of their fifth album, which was released on April 6, 2018. The album received polarizing reviews from critics and debuted at number two on the Billboard 200 , becoming the band's highest entry on the chart. [75] America also reached the top ten in seventeen other countries, including number one in Germany and Austria. [76] |
http://web.archive.org/web/20191128201938id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty_Seconds_to_Mars_p12 | During the first leg of the Monolith Tour, it was announced that Miličević would be taking a break from touring due to personal matters. On June 11, 2018, he officially announced his departure from the band. [77] Musical style The style of the band's first studio album combined progressive metal and space rock with influences and elements from electronica , utilizing programming and synthesizers. [78] [79] Ryan Rayhill from Blender described the album as a "high-minded space opera of epic scope befitting prog-rock prototypes Rush ," and wrote that Thirty Seconds to Mars "emerged with an eponymous debut that sounds like Tool on The Dark Side of the Moon ," referring to the 1973 album by Pink Floyd . [80] "Kings and Queens" From the album This Is War , "Kings and Queens" features influences and elements from arena rock . "City of Angels" "City of Angels" was cited as an example of variety and experimentation in Love, Lust, Faith and Dreams . Problems playing these files? See media help . Whereas the eponymous concept album 's lyrics focus on human struggle and self-determination, A Beautiful Lie 's lyrics are more personal and the music introduces screaming vocals . [22] The transformation that resonates throughout the album reflects the personal and artistic changes experienced by the band members before and during the creation of the record. [81] The album widened the band's sound by combining elements from progressive rock, hard rock and emo . [82] [83] [84] Such alternative rock style has been compared to bands like The Cure , U2 and The Smashing Pumpkins . [22] [85] |
http://web.archive.org/web/20191128201938id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty_Seconds_to_Mars_p13 | Their third release This Is War was described as "an extremely progressive rock sound with killer choruses," drawing inspirations from experimental Pink Floyd to melodic M83 . [86] Chris Harris from Rolling Stone considered it "an ambitious collection of experimental rock " shaped by the band's personal struggles and legal battle with their record label. [43] Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic acknowledged the band's progression, referring to the overall style of the record as a mixture of synth rock , heavy metal , and progressive rock. [87] In Love, Lust, Faith and Dreams the band experimented with different instruments and drew influences from a wider and more varied range of styles. [88] The album mixes experimental instrumentation with elements both symphonic and electronic, and the music introduces a minimalist approach full of ethereal sonics. [88] [89] [90] The record carries the concept album format of This Is War and expands the spectrum to revolve around the themes after which it is named. [88] Activism Thirty Seconds to Mars launched a website, called abeautifullie.org, to provide information about environmental issues and ways to participate in environmental activities. [91] People can make donations through the site to support the Natural Resources Defense Council . [91] In 2006, Jared Leto created the cover art for The 97X Green Room: Volume 2 , a compilation of live music that includes a Thirty Seconds to Mars song, which proceeds from the sales benefited The Nature Conservancy . [92] During their Welcome to the Universe Tour , the group worked to develop strategies that would minimize fuel consumption to offset the impact that the tour would have had on the environment. [93] |
http://web.archive.org/web/20191128201938id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty_Seconds_to_Mars_p14 | In June 2008, the band joined Habitat for Humanity to work on a home being repaired and renovated through the Greater Los Angeles Area's "A Brush With Kindness" programme. [94] In advance of the build, the band organized an auction of "build slots" to give fans the opportunity to volunteer alongside them. In less than a week, six extra workers were enlisted and over $10,000 was raised to fund additional Habitat for Humanity projects. [94] Thirty Seconds to Mars fans, termed as the Echelon, started several philanthropic organizations and projects with the purpose of supporting various charities and humanitarian causes. [95] After the 2010 Haiti earthquake , Thirty Seconds to Mars raised $100,100 for Haitian relief through a charity auction. [96] The band has also supported the Haitian population through the Echelon project "House for Haiti" and Hope For Haiti Now telethon special. [96] The group auctioned a quantity of items raising funds to help the Red Cross assist people affected by the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami . [97] The band contributed one dollar per concert ticket sold on the Carnivores Tour to the charity Music for Relief to support disaster relief and programs to protect and restore the environment. [98] Band members Current members Jared Leto – lead vocals, guitars, bass guitar, keyboards (1998–present) Shannon Leto – drums, percussion (1998–present) |
http://web.archive.org/web/20191128201938id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty_Seconds_to_Mars_p15 | Former members Solon Bixler – lead guitar, backing vocals (2001–03) Matt Wachter – bass guitar, keyboards, backing vocals (2001–07) Tomo Miličević – lead guitar, bass guitar, violin, keyboards, percussion (2003–18) Current touring musicians Stevie Aiello – bass guitar, guitars, keyboards, backing vocals (2013–present) Former touring musicians Kevin Drake – rhythm guitar (2001–02) Tim Kelleher – bass guitar, keyboards (2007–10, 2011) Matt McJunkins – bass guitar (2011) Braxton Olita – keyboards, guitars, backing vocals (2009–11) Discography Main articles: Thirty Seconds to Mars discography and List of songs recorded by Thirty Seconds to Mars Studio albums 30 Seconds to Mars (2002) A Beautiful Lie (2005) This Is War (2009) Love, Lust, Faith and Dreams (2013) America (2018) Concert tours Forever Night, Never Day Tour (2006) Welcome to the Universe Tour (2006) A Beautiful Lie Tour (2007–08) Into the Wild Tour (2010–11) Love, Lust, Faith and Dreams Tour (2013–15) Carnivores Tour (with Linkin Park ) (2014) Monolith Tour (2018) See also Book: Thirty Seconds to Mars List of artists who reached number one on the U.S. alternative rock chart List of awards and nominations received by Thirty Seconds to Mars References ^ Papadatos, Markos (September 27, 2014). "Jared Leto performs new single 'Do or Die' on 'Ellen ' " . Digital Journal . Retrieved September 28, 2014 . ^ Leahey, Andrew. "Thirty Seconds to Mars" . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved May 18, 2013 . |
http://web.archive.org/web/20191128201938id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty_Seconds_to_Mars_p16 | ^ Carter, Emily (December 15, 2014). "The 60 Biggest Bands On The Planet Right Now" . Kerrang! . Retrieved May 12, 2015 . ^ Edwards, Kristin (March 21, 2006). "30 Seconds to Mars Leads "Forever Night, Never Day" Tour" . Houstonian . Archived from the original on March 12, 2012 . Retrieved May 12, 2015 . ^ "Matt Wachter, Tomo Milicevic – 30 Seconds to Mars" . Confront Magazine . June 28, 2006. Archived from the original on September 10, 2007 . Retrieved August 29, 2013 . ^ Cray, Jen (November 2005). "30 Seconds To Mars" . Ink 19 . Retrieved August 29, 2013 . ^ a b c d Redmon, Jess (May 10, 2002). "30 Seconds To Mars: Welcome To Their Universe" . Shoutweb.com. Archived from the original on April 30, 2008 . Retrieved August 29, 2013 . ^ Tagliaferro, Lauren (June 23, 2006). "30 Seconds to Mars". The Buffalo News . Not content to be defined merely as "Jared Leto's band," 30 Seconds to Mars has fought to be respected as a group of formidable musicians – even refusing to play at venues that use Leto's movie-star status to promote them. ^ Bento, Debbie (April 1, 2002). "Jared Leto: From Hollywood To Mars" . ChartAttack . Archived from the original on May 7, 2002 . Retrieved July 22, 2011 . |
http://web.archive.org/web/20191128201938id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty_Seconds_to_Mars_p17 | ^ Paine, Andre (August 18, 2008). "Virgin Sues 30 Seconds To Mars For $30 Million" . Billboard . Retrieved August 29, 2013 . ^ "30 Seconds to Mars Interview" . Bandchat.org. Archived from the original on February 26, 2012 . Retrieved August 29, 2013 . ^ Jordan, Chris (March 22, 2002). "Puddle Of Mudd Deliver No-Frills Rock At Philly Date" . MTV News . Viacom Media Networks . Retrieved May 26, 2014 . ^ Atkinson, Myke (October 3, 2002). "30 Seconds to Mars" . Gauntlet . Archived from the original on May 13, 2008 . Retrieved May 26, 2014 . ^ a b "30 Seconds to Mars: Awards" . AllMusic. All Media Network . Retrieved April 23, 2013 . ^ Lear, Courtney (August 26, 2006). "Mission to Mars: Blasts Off Again". Billboard . 118 (34): 34. ^ a b Winwood, Ian (February 18, 2012). "10 Years of Life on Mars". Kerrang! (1402): 22. ^ O'Toole, Megan (September 26, 2002). "30 Seconds to Mars" . The Gazette . 96 (17). Archived from the original on April 19, 2003 . Retrieved May 29, 2014 . ^ Evans, Mark (March 2011). "Mars Attacks". What's On . Motivate Publishing (395): 29. ^ Anderson, Philip (April 19, 2006). "Interview with Tomo Milicevic and Matt Wachter of 30 Seconds to Mars" . Kaos2000 Magazine . Archived from the original on June 12, 2018 . Retrieved August 29, 2013 . |
http://web.archive.org/web/20191128201938id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty_Seconds_to_Mars_p18 | ^ "Lollapalooza Tour Stops In Irvine" . Rockdirt.com. August 19, 2003 . Retrieved August 6, 2010 . ^ Roth, Kaj (March 16, 2004). "30 Seconds To Mars Working On Next Album" . Melodic . Retrieved August 29, 2013 . ^ a b c "30 Seconds to Mars" . USA Network . NBCUniversal . Archived from the original on May 30, 2007 . Retrieved August 29, 2013 . ^ Simmons, Darryn (August 4, 2005). "30 Seconds to Mars Comes to Montgomery's Off the Wagon". Montgomery Advertiser . ^ Roth, Kaj (February 2, 2007). "30STM Breaks Modern Rock Record!" . Melodic . Retrieved April 23, 2013 . ^ "30 Seconds To Mars Video 'The Kill' Wins Fan-Driven MTV2 Award at 2006 MTV Video Music Awards" . PR Newswire . September 1, 2006 . Retrieved August 29, 2013 . ^ "30 Seconds to Mars' 'From Yesterday' is #1 at Modern Rock Radio for Two Weeks So Far" . PR Newswire. March 27, 2007 . Retrieved July 26, 2011 . ^ Cohen, Jonathan (November 15, 2006). "30 Seconds To Mars Visits China For New Video" . Billboard . Retrieved July 26, 2011 . ^ Pascarella, Tony (March 5, 2007). "Matt Wachter Leaves 30 Seconds to Mars" . AbsolutePunk . Buzz Media . Retrieved February 8, 2014 . ^ "MTV Europe Music Awards winners" . The Guardian . November 2, 2007 . Retrieved August 29, 2013 . |
http://web.archive.org/web/20191128201938id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty_Seconds_to_Mars_p19 | ^ Fletcher, Alex (August 24, 2007). "Kerrang Awards 2007: The Winners" . Digital Spy . Hearst Corporation . Retrieved August 29, 2013 . ^ Paine, Andre (August 21, 2008). "30 Seconds To Mars Wins Two Kerrang! Awards" . Billboard . Retrieved August 29, 2013 . ^ "30 Seconds To Mars 'A Beautiful Lie ' " . Rock Sound . January 30, 2008 . Retrieved July 26, 2011 . ^ Kaufman, Gil (November 7, 2008). "Americans Katy Perry, Britney Spears, Kanye West, 30 Seconds To Mars Dominate 2008 MTV EMAs" . MTV News. Viacom Media Networks . Retrieved August 28, 2013 . ^ Spinelli, Tom (August 18, 2008). "Jared Leto Responds To Virgin Suing 30 Seconds To Mars" . Melodic . Archived from the original on September 23, 2013 . Retrieved August 29, 2013 . ^ Kreps, Daniel (August 18, 2008). "Virgin/EMI Sue 30 Seconds to Mars for $30 Million, Leto Fights Back" . Rolling Stone . Retrieved July 29, 2011 . ^ Harris, Chris (August 18, 2008). "30 Seconds To Mars' Jared Leto Says $30 Million Lawsuit Against Band Is 'Ridiculously Overblown ' " . MTV News. Viacom Media Networks . Retrieved July 29, 2011 . ^ a b Martens, Todd (April 28, 2009). "30 Seconds to Mars and EMI make nice, new album due this fall" . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 29, 2011 . |
http://web.archive.org/web/20191128201938id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty_Seconds_to_Mars_p20 | ^ Brown, August (November 29, 2009). "30 Seconds to Mars soars" . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 29, 2011 . ^ Montgomery, James (April 29, 2009). "30 Seconds To Mars Talk Settlement With EMI" . MTV News. Viacom Media Networks . Retrieved July 29, 2011 . ^ Montgomery, James (April 28, 2009). "30 Seconds To Mars Talk Fan Summit" . MTV News. Viacom Media Networks . Retrieved August 30, 2013 . ^ Benson, John (August 10, 2009). "30 Seconds To Mars Solicits Fan Input Via Twitter" . Billboard . Retrieved August 30, 2013 . ^ Lipshutz, Jason S (February 12, 2010). "30 Seconds to Mars Get Fans Involved With Album Artwork" . Noisecreep . Townsquare Media . Retrieved August 30, 2013 . ^ a b Harris, Chris (December 8, 2009). "30 Seconds To Mars Sing About Survival on "This Is War " " . Rolling Stone . Retrieved August 29, 2012 . ^ Gary, Graff (December 17, 2009). "30 Seconds To Mars Plans To 'Extend The Interactivity' On Tour" . Billboard . Retrieved August 30, 2013 . ^ Stovin, Jack (July 19, 2010). "Thirty Seconds To Mars New Single, "This Is War" Claims The #1 Spot At Alternative Radio" . AltSounds . Archived from the original on September 22, 2013 . Retrieved August 30, 2013 . ^ Anderson, Kyle (February 12, 2010). "30 Seconds To Mars Talk Upcoming North American Tour" . MTV News. Viacom Media Networks . Retrieved October 25, 2014 . |
http://web.archive.org/web/20191128201938id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty_Seconds_to_Mars_p21 | ^ Dinh, James (September 12, 2010). "30 Seconds To Mars 'Amazed' By VMA Best Rock Video Win" . MTV News. Viacom Media Networks . Retrieved March 2, 2012 . ^ D'Averc, Rhiannon (July 26, 2015). "The 5 defining moments of 30 Seconds to Mars' career" . AXS . Retrieved November 20, 2015 . ^ "Top 40 Rock & Metal Singles – 28th August 2010" . Official Charts Company . Retrieved October 19, 2010 . ^ Ziegbe, Mawuse (November 7, 2010). "Kanye West Storms 30 Seconds To Mars' EMA Performance" . MTV News. Viacom Media Networks . Retrieved August 30, 2013 . ^ Montgomery, James (May 18, 2011). "30 Seconds To Mars 'Thrilled' To Do 'MTV Unplugged ' " . MTV News. Viacom Media Networks . Retrieved August 30, 2013 . ^ Anitai, Tamar (July 18, 2011). "Thirty Seconds To Mars On Reworking Their Music, Involving Fans For 'MTV Unplugged ' " . MTV. Viacom Media Networks. Archived from the original on November 13, 2013 . Retrieved August 30, 2013 . ^ Crowder, Ryan (March 10, 2011). "Study Reveals Hardest Working Music Acts" . Business Wire . Retrieved August 30, 2013 . ^ a b Montgomery, James (October 17, 2011). "30 Seconds To Mars Go For Guinness World Record" . MTV News. Viacom Media Networks . Retrieved March 3, 2012 . ^ Baltin, Steve (April 23, 2012). "Thirty Seconds to Mars Pause Touring to Record New LP" . Rolling Stone . Retrieved September 10, 2013 . |
http://web.archive.org/web/20191128201938id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty_Seconds_to_Mars_p22 | ^ "30 Seconds To Mars reveal new album title and tracklisting" . NME . March 18, 2013 . Retrieved September 10, 2013 . ^ Bliss, Karen (September 18, 2012). "30 Seconds to Mars Documentary Wins People's Choice Award in Toronto" . Rolling Stone . Retrieved September 10, 2013 . ^ Montgomery, James (February 28, 2013). "Thirty Seconds To Mars To Launch New Single ... Into Outer Space" . MTV News. Viacom Media Networks . Retrieved September 10, 2013 . ^ Makarechi, Kia (February 28, 2013). "Thirty Seconds To Mars, 'Up In The Air' To Be Sent Into Space By NASA" . The Huffington Post . Retrieved September 10, 2013 . ^ Cashmere, Paul (March 19, 2013). "30 Seconds To Mars Song Premieres In Space" . Noise11 . Retrieved September 10, 2013 . ^ "Thirty Seconds to Mars Launching New Single Into Space" . Rolling Stone . February 28, 2013 . Retrieved October 25, 2014 . ^ a b "30 Seconds to Mars: Artist Chart History" . Billboard . Retrieved May 12, 2015 . ^ Maguire, Chris (May 21, 2013). "Thirty Seconds To Mars' Love Lust Faith + Dreams Out Today" . AltSounds. Archived from the original on July 19, 2013 . Retrieved September 10, 2013 . ^ Cooper, Ryan (November 16, 2013). "30 Seconds to Mars shine a light on the 'City of Angels ' ". Kerrang! (1492). |
http://web.archive.org/web/20191128201938id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty_Seconds_to_Mars_p23 | ^ Montgomery, James (August 25, 2013). "Thirty Seconds To Mars Win Best Rock Video VMA" . MTV News. Viacom Media Networks . Retrieved September 10, 2013 . ^ Hampp, Andrew (April 25, 2014). "Jared Leto On Leaving Virgin, Thirty Seconds To Mars Doc 'Artifact ' " . Billboard . Retrieved April 28, 2014 . ^ Reed, Ryan (March 5, 2014). "Linkin Park, 30 Seconds to Mars, AFI to Tour Together" . Rolling Stone . Retrieved July 13, 2014 . ^ Spanos, Brittany (June 16, 2015). "Thirty Seconds to Mars Plot 'Camp Mars' Weekend This Summer" . Rolling Stone . Retrieved November 6, 2015 . ^ Payne, Chris (November 3, 2015). "Jared Leto Teases New Thirty Seconds to Mars Music" . Billboard . Retrieved November 3, 2015 . ^ Sharp, Tyler (August 1, 2016). "Thirty Seconds To Mars tease return with new video" . Alternative Press . Retrieved August 11, 2016 . ^ Hartmann, Graham (February 6, 2017). "Muse + Thirty Seconds to Mars To Embark on 2017 North American Tour" . Loudwire . Townsquare Media . Retrieved February 6, 2017 . ^ Maine, Samantha (August 14, 2017). "Thirty Seconds To Mars have teased their new single" . NME . Retrieved August 14, 2017 . ^ Stedman, Alex (August 27, 2017). "Jared Leto Delivers Heartfelt Tribute to Chester Bennington, Chris Cornell at MTV Video Music Awards" . Variety . Retrieved August 27, 2017 . |
http://web.archive.org/web/20191128201938id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty_Seconds_to_Mars_p24 | ^ "There's a new Thirty Seconds to Mars song" . Kerrang! . January 25, 2018 . Retrieved June 14, 2018 . ^ Caulfield, Keith (April 15, 2018). "Cardi B's 'Invasion of Privacy' Debuts at No. 1 on Billboard 200 Chart" . Billboard . Retrieved June 14, 2018 . ^ "Thirty Seconds to Mars – America" . Hung Medien . Retrieved June 14, 2018 . ^ "30 Seconds To Mars guitarist Tomo Milicevic quits band" . BBC. June 12, 2018 . Retrieved June 12, 2018 . ^ Uhelszki, Jaan (September 2002). "Rock Implosion". Alternative Press (170): 79. ^ Wippsson, Johan. "30 Seconds to Mars" . Melodic . Archived from the original on September 23, 2013 . Retrieved September 12, 2013 . ^ Rayhill, Ryan (September 2002). "30 Seconds to Mars". Blender (9): 142. ^ Campagna, Cathy A. "30 Seconds To Mars: A Savory Reality" . Shoutweb.com. Archived from the original on March 15, 2011 . Retrieved September 12, 2013 . ^ Palm, Matthew J. (November 5, 2006). "A 30 Seconds Love Affair". Orlando Sentinel : E9. ^ Verrico, Lisa (September 19, 2007). "30 Seconds to Mars" . The Times . Archived from the original on May 19, 2009 . Retrieved September 12, 2013 . ^ Rea, Mike. "A Beautiful Lie" . Contactmusic.com . Retrieved September 12, 2013 . ^ "Review of "A Beautiful Lie" by 30 Seconds to Mars" . Alternative Addiction . August 24, 2005 . Retrieved September 12, 2013 . |
http://web.archive.org/web/20191128201938id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty_Seconds_to_Mars_p25 | ^ Anderson, Sara D. (December 8, 2009). "30 Seconds to Mars 'This Is War ' " . AOL Radio . Retrieved September 12, 2013 . ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "This Is War" . AllMusic. All Media Network . Retrieved September 12, 2013 . ^ a b c Montgomery, James (May 21, 2013). "Thirty Seconds To Mars Set To 'Unleash The Beast' On Love Lust Faith + Dreams" . MTV News. Viacom Media Networks . Retrieved September 12, 2013 . ^ Sayce, Rob (July 2013). "To Infinity & Beyond". Rock Sound : 62. ^ Zemler, Emily (May 21, 2013). "Thirty Seconds To Mars, 'Love Lust Faith + Dreams': Track-By-Track Review" . Billboard . Retrieved September 12, 2013 . ^ a b Wippsson, Johan (March 8, 2008). "Jared Leto Is Back With A New Video And Global Cause" . Melodic . Retrieved September 12, 2013 . ^ "97X Green Room: Volume 2" . 97x . Cox Media Group . Archived from the original on June 7, 2009 . Retrieved July 26, 2011 . ^ Zahlaway, Jon (September 15, 2006). "30 Seconds to Mars goes green on MTV2 tour" . SoundSpike . Archived from the original on September 23, 2013 . Retrieved May 12, 2015 . ^ a b "30 Seconds To Mars And Hollywood For Habitat For Humanity Unite For One-Of-A-Kind Build" . abeautifullie.org. June 30, 2008. Archived from the original on October 5, 2011 . Retrieved September 12, 2013 . |
http://web.archive.org/web/20191128201938id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty_Seconds_to_Mars_p26 | ^ Frucht, Becca (May 3, 2012). "30 Seconds To Mars Fans Give Back at International Echelon Conference" . MTV Act . Viacom Media Networks . Retrieved September 10, 2013 . ^ a b Sally, Catrina K. (January 29, 2010). "30 Seconds To Mars Raises $100,100 For Haiti" . Look to the Stars . Retrieved September 12, 2013 . ^ Stovin, Jack (April 5, 2011). "Artists and Songwriters from the EMI Family Unite for Japan" . AltSounds. Archived from the original on August 30, 2011 . Retrieved September 12, 2013 . ^ Britton, Kymm (August 5, 2014). "Linkin Park, Thirty Seconds to Mars and AFI Join Forces on Carnivores Tour; One Dollar per Ticket to Benefit Music for Relief" . Marketwired . Retrieved September 28, 2014 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Thirty Seconds to Mars . Official website v t e Thirty Seconds to Mars Jared Leto Shannon Leto Tomo Miličević Matt Wachter Solon Bixler Studio albums 30 Seconds to Mars A Beautiful Lie This Is War Love, Lust, Faith and Dreams America Extended plays AOL Sessions Undercover To the Edge of the Earth MTV Unplugged Singles " Capricorn (A Brand New Name) " " Edge of the Earth " " Attack " " The Kill " " From Yesterday " " A Beautiful Lie " " Kings and Queens " |
http://web.archive.org/web/20191128201938id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty_Seconds_to_Mars_p27 | " This Is War " " Closer to the Edge " " Hurricane " " Up in the Air " " Do or Die " " City of Angels " " Walk on Water " " Dangerous Night " " Rescue Me " Other songs " Night of the Hunter " " Search and Destroy " " Conquistador " Tours Forever Night, Never Day Tour Welcome to the Universe Tour A Beautiful Lie Tour Into the Wild Tour Love, Lust, Faith and Dreams Tour Carnivores Tour Monolith Tour Live personnel Stevie Aiello Kevin Drake Tim Kelleher Matt McJunkins Related articles Discography Songs Awards and nominations Artifact Into the Wild Bartholomew Cubbins 2006–2014 VyRT Notes from the Outernet Angels & Airwaves Great Northern Morphic The Wondergirls Book Category Authority control BIBSYS : 14012051 BNF : cb14244577t (data) GND : 10337076-6 ISNI : 0000 0001 2161 3357 LCCN : n2004077657 MusicBrainz : d8354b38-e942-4c89-ba93-29323432abc3 NKC : xx0130652 VIAF : 132766838 WorldCat Identities (via VIAF): 132766838 NewPP limit report Parsed by mw1274 Cached time: 20191128095457 Cache expiry: 2592000 Dynamic content: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 1.324 seconds Real time usage: 1.659 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 5358/1000000 Preprocessor generated node count: 0/1500000 Post‐expand include size: 207007/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 5406/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/40 Expensive parser function count: 17/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 |
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http://web.archive.org/web/20191123235325id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mart%C3%AD_p0 | José Martí - Wikipedia CentralNotice José Martí From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search For other people named José Martí, see José Martí (disambiguation) . This article uses Spanish naming customs : the first or paternal family name is Martí and the second or maternal family name is Pérez . José Martí Born José Julián Martí Pérez January 28, 1853 La Habana , Captaincy General of Cuba , Spanish Empire Died May 19, 1895 (1895-05-19) (aged 42) Dos Ríos , Captaincy General of Cuba , Spanish Empire Occupation poet, writer, nationalist leader Nationality Spaniard, Spanish Empire Literary movement Modernismo Spouse Carmen Zayas Bazan Children José Francisco "Pepito" Martí Relatives Mariano Martí Navarro and Leonor Pérez Cabrera (Parents), 7 sisters (Leonor, Mariana, María de Carmen, María de Pilar, Rita Amelia, Antonia and Dolores) José Julián Martí Pérez ( Spanish pronunciation: [xoˈse maɾˈti] ; January 28, 1853 – May 19, 1895) was a Cuban poet , essayist , journalist , translator , professor , and publisher , who is considered a Cuban national hero and an important figure in Latin American literature . He was very politically active, and is considered an important revolutionary philosopher and political theorist . [1] [2] Through his writings and political activity, he became a symbol of Cuba's bid for independence from Spain in the 19th century, and is referred to as the "Apostle of Cuban Independence." [3] From adolescence, he dedicated his life to the promotion of liberty , political independence for Cuba, and intellectual independence for all Spanish Americans ; his death was used as a cry for Cuban independence from Spain by both the Cuban revolutionaries and those Cubans previously reluctant to start a revolt. |
http://web.archive.org/web/20191123235325id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mart%C3%AD_p1 | Born in Havana , Martí began his political activism at an early age. He traveled extensively in Spain, Latin America , and the United States, raising awareness and support for the cause of Cuban independence. His unification of the Cuban émigré community, particularly in Florida , was crucial to the success of the Cuban War of Independence against Spain. He was a key figure in the planning and execution of this war, as well as the designer of the Cuban Revolutionary Party and its ideology. He died in military action during the Battle of Dos Ríos on May 19, 1895. Martí is considered one of the great turn-of-the-century Latin American intellectuals. His written works include a series of poems, essays, letters , lectures, novel, and a children's magazine . He wrote for numerous Latin American and American newspapers ; he also founded a number of newspapers. His newspaper Patria was an important instrument in his campaign for Cuban independence. After his death, one of his poems from the book, Versos Sencillos ( Simple Verses ) was adapted to the song " Guantanamera ", which has become the definitive patriotic song of Cuba. The concepts of freedom , liberty, and democracy are prominent themes in all of his works, which were influential on the Nicaraguan poet Rubén Darío and the Chilean poet Gabriela Mistral . [4] |
http://web.archive.org/web/20191123235325id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mart%C3%AD_p2 | Contents 1 Life 1.1 Early life, Cuba: 1853–70 1.2 Spain: 1871–74 1.3 México and Guatemala: 1875–78 1.4 United States and Venezuela: 1880–90 1.5 United States, Central America and the West Indies: 1891–94 1.6 Return to Cuba: 1895 1.7 Death 2 Political ideology 2.1 Martí and the United States 2.2 Invention of a Latin American identity 3 Writings 3.1 Style 3.2 Translation 3.3 Modernism 4 Legacy 5 List of selected works 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Life [ edit ] Early life, Cuba: 1853–70 [ edit ] 41 Paula Street, Havana, birthplace of José Martí A sign at the Miracle del Mocadoret square, Valencia (Spain) where José Marti spent his childhood José Julián Martí Pérez was born on January 28, 1853, in Havana , at 41 Paula Street, to Spanish parents, a Valencian father, Mariano Martí Navarro, and Leonor Pérez Cabrera, a native of the Canary Islands . Martí was the elder brother to seven sisters: Leonor, Mariana, Maria de Carmen, Maria de Pilar, Rita Amelia, Antonia and Dolores. He was baptized on February 12 in Santo Ángel Custodio church. When he was four, his family moved from Cuba to Valencia , Spain, but two years later they returned to the island where they enrolled José at a local public school, in the Santa Clara neighborhood where his father worked as a prison guard. [5] |
http://web.archive.org/web/20191123235325id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mart%C3%AD_p3 | In 1865, he enrolled in the Escuela de Instrucción Primaria Superior Municipal de Varones that was headed by Rafael María de Mendive. Mendive was influential in the development of Martí's political philosophies. Also instrumental in his development of a social and political conscience was his best friend Fermín Valdés Domínguez, the son of a wealthy slave-owning family. [6] In April the same year, after hearing the news of the assassination of Abraham Lincoln , Martí and other young students expressed their pain—through group mourning—for the death of a man who had decreed the abolition of slavery in the United States. In 1866, Martí entered the Instituto de Segunda Enseñanza where Mendive financed his studies. [5] Martí signed up at the Escuela Profesional de Pintura y Escultura de La Habana (Professional School for Painting and Sculpture of Havana) in September 1867, known as San Alejandro, to take drawing classes. He hoped to flourish in this area but did not find commercial success. In 1867, he also entered the school of San Pablo, established and managed by Mendive, where he enrolled for the second and third years of his bachelor's degree and assisted Mendive with the school's administrative tasks. In April 1868, his poem dedicated to Mendive's wife, A Micaela. En la Muerte de Miguel Ángel appeared in Guanabacoa 's newspaper El Álbum . [7] |
http://web.archive.org/web/20191123235325id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mart%C3%AD_p4 | When the Ten Years' War broke out in Cuba in 1868, clubs of supporters for the Cuban nationalist cause formed all over Cuba, and José and his friend Fermín joined them. Martí had a precocious desire for the independence and freedom of Cuba. He started writing poems about this vision, while, at the same time, trying to do something to achieve this dream. In 1869, he published his first political writings in the only edition of the newspaper El Diablo Cojuelo , published by Fermín Valdés Domínguez. That same year he published "Abdala", a patriotic drama in verse form in the one-volume La Patria Libre newspaper, which he published himself. "Abdala" is about a fictional country called Nubia which struggles for liberation. [8] His sonnet "10 de Octubre", later to become one of his most famous poems, was also written during that year, and was published later in his school newspaper. [7] Statue of José Martí on horseback in New York's Central Park – Anna Hyatt Huntington , 1959 In March of that year, colonial authorities shut down the school, interrupting Martí's studies. He came to resent Spanish rule of his homeland at an early age; likewise, he developed a hatred of slavery, which was still practiced in Cuba . [9] On October 21, 1869, aged 16, he was arrested and incarcerated in the national jail, following an accusation of treason and bribery from the Spanish government upon the discovery of a "reproving" letter, which Martí and Fermín had written to a friend when the friend joined the Spanish army. [10] More than four months later, Martí confessed to the charges and was condemned to six years in prison. His mother tried to free her son (who at 16 was still a minor) by writing letters to the government, and his father went to a lawyer friend for legal support, but these efforts failed. Eventually, Martí fell ill; his legs were severely lacerated by the chains that bound him. As a result, he was transferred to another part of Cuba known as Isla de Pinos instead of further imprisonment. Following that, the Spanish authorities decided to exile him to Spain. [7] In Spain, Martí, who was 18 at the time, was allowed to continue his studies with the hopes that studying in Spain would renew his loyalty to Spain. [11] |
http://web.archive.org/web/20191123235325id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mart%C3%AD_p5 | Spain: 1871–74 [ edit ] Monument of Martí in Cádiz , Spain In January 1871, Martí embarked on the steam ship Guipuzcoa , which took him from Havana to Cádiz . He settled in Madrid in a guesthouse in Desengaño St. #10. Arriving at the capital he contacted fellow Cuban Carlos Sauvalle, who had been deported to Spain a year before Martí and whose house served as a center of reunions for Cubans in exile. On March 24, Cádiz's newspaper La Soberania Nacional , published Martí's article "Castillo" in which he recalled the sufferings of a friend he met in prison. This article would be reprinted in Sevilla's La Cuestión Cubana and New York's La República . At this time, Martí registered himself as a member of independent studies in the law faculty of the Central University of Madrid . [12] While studying here, Martí openly participated in discourse on the Cuban issue, debating through the Spanish press and circulating documents protesting Spanish activities in Cuba. Martí's maltreatment at the hands of the Spaniards and consequent deportation to Spain in 1871 inspired a tract, Political Imprisonment in Cuba , published in July. This pamphlet's purpose was to move the Spanish public to do something about its government's brutalities in Cuba and promoted the issue of Cuban independence. [13] In September, from the pages of El Jurado Federal , Martí and Sauvalle accused the newspaper La Prensa of having calumniated the Cuban residents in Madrid. During his stay in Madrid, Martí frequented the Ateneo and the National Library , the Café de los Artistas, and the British, Swiss and Iberian breweries. In November he became sick and had an operation, paid for by Sauvalle. [12] |
http://web.archive.org/web/20191123235325id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mart%C3%AD_p6 | On November 27, 1871, eight medical students, who had been accused (without evidence) of the desecration of a Spanish grave, were executed in Havana. [12] In June 1872, Fermín Valdés was arrested because of the November 27 incident. His sentence of six years of jail was pardoned, and he was exiled to Spain where he reunited with Martí. On November 27, 1872, the printed matter Dia 27 de Noviembre de 1871 (27 November 1871) written by Martí and signed by Fermín Valdés Domínguez and Pedro J. de la Torre circulated Madrid. A group of Cubans held a funeral in the Caballero de Gracia church, the first anniversary of the medical students' execution. [14] In 1873, Martí's "A mis Hermanos Muertos el 27 de Noviembre" was published by Fermín Valdés. In February, for the first time, the Cuban flag appeared in Madrid, hanging from Martí's balcony in Concepción Jerónima, where he lived for a few years. In the same month, the Proclamation of the First Spanish Republic by the Cortes on February 11, 1873 reaffirmed Cuba as inseparable to Spain, Martí responded with an essay, The Spanish Republic and the Cuban Revolution , and sent it to the Prime Minister, pointing out that this new freely elected body of deputies that had proclaimed a republic based on democracy had been hypocritical not to grant Cuba its independence. [15] He sent examples of his work to Nestor Ponce de Leon , a member of the Junta Central Revolucionaria de Nueva York (Central revolutionary committee of New York), to whom he would express his will to collaborate on the fight for the independence of Cuba. [14] |
http://web.archive.org/web/20191123235325id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mart%C3%AD_p7 | In May, he moved to Zaragoza , accompanied by Fermín Valdés to continue his studies in law at the Universidad Literaria. The newspaper La Cuestión Cubana of Sevilla , published numerous articles from Martí. [14] In June 1874, Martí graduated with a degree in Civil Law and Canon Law . In August he signed up as an external student at the Facultad de Filosofia y Letras de Zaragoza, where he finished his degree by October. In November he returned to Madrid and then left to Paris . There he met Auguste Vacquerie , a poet, and Victor Hugo . In December 1874 he embarked from Le Havre for Mexico. [16] Prevented from returning to Cuba, Martí went instead to Mexico and Guatemala. During these travels, he taught and wrote, advocating continuously for Cuba's independence. [17] México and Guatemala: 1875–78 [ edit ] See also: María García Granados y Saborío In 1875, Martí lived on Calle Moneda in Mexico City near the Zócalo , a prestigious address of the time. One floor above him lived Manuel Antonio Mercado , Secretary of the Distrito Federal , who became one of Martí's best friends. On March 2, 1875, he published his first article for Vicente Villada 's Revista Universal , a broadsheet discussing politics, literature, and general business commerce. On March 12, his Spanish translation of Hugo's Mes Fils (1874) began serialization in Revista Universal . Martí then joined the editorial staff, editing the Boletín section of the publication. |
http://web.archive.org/web/20191123235325id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mart%C3%AD_p8 | In these writings, he expressed his opinions about current events in Mexico. On May 27, in the newspaper Revista Universal , he responded to the anti-Cuban-independence arguments in La Colonia Española , a newspaper for Spanish citizens living in Mexico. In December, Sociedad Gorostiza (Gorostiza Society), a group of writers and artists, accepted Martí as a member, where he met his future wife, Carmen Zayas Bazán , during his frequent visits to her Cuban father's house to meet with the Gorostiza group. [18] On January 1, 1876, in Oaxaca, elements opposed to Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada 's government, led by Gen. Porfirio Díaz , proclaimed the Plan de Tuxtepec , which instigated a bloody civil war. Martí and Mexican colleagues established the Sociedad Alarcón, composed of dramatists, actors, and critics. At this point, Martí began collaborating with the newspaper El Socialista as leader of the Gran Círculo Obrero (Great Labor Circle) organization of liberals and reformists who supported Lerdo de Tejada. In March, the newspaper proposed a series of candidates as delegates, including Martí, to the first Congreso Obrero, or congress of the workers. On June 4, La Sociedad Esperanza de Empleados (Employees' Hope Society) designated Martí as delegate to the Congreso Obrero. On December 7, Martí published his article Alea Jacta Est in the newspaper El Federalista , bitterly criticizing the Porfiristas' armed assault upon the constitutional government in place. On December 16, he published the article "Extranjero" (foreigner; abroad), in which he repeated his denunciation of the Porfiristas and bade farewell to Mexico. [18] |
http://web.archive.org/web/20191123235325id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mart%C3%AD_p9 | In 1877, using his second name and second surname [19] Julián Pérez as pseudonym, Martí embarked for Havana, hoping to arrange to move his family away to Mexico City from Havana. He returned to Mexico, however, entering at the port of Progreso from which, via Isla de Mujeres and Belize , he travelled south to progressive Guatemala City . He took residence in the prosperous suburb of Ciudad Vieja , home of Guatemala's artists and Intelligentsia of the day, on Cuarta Avenida (Fourth Avenue), 3 km south of Guatemala City. While there, he was commissioned by the government to write the play Patria y Libertad (Drama Indio) (Country and Liberty (an Indian Drama)). He met personally the president, Justo Rufino Barrios , about this project. On April 22, the newspaper El Progreso published his article "Los códigos nuevos" (The New Laws) pertaining to the then newly enacted Civil Code. On May 29, he was appointed head of the Department of French, English, Italian and German Literature, History and Philosophy, on the faculty of philosophy and arts of the Universidad Nacional . On July 25, he lectured for the opening evening of the literary society 'Sociedad Literaria El Porvenir', at the Teatro Colón (the since-renamed Teatro Nacional [20] ), at which function he was appointed vice-president of the Society, and acquiring the moniker "el doctor torrente," or Doctor Torrent, in view of his rhetorical style. Martí taught composition classes free at the academia de niñas de centroamérica girls' academy, among whose students he enthralled young María García Granados y Saborío , daughter of Guatemalan president Miguel García Granados . The schoolgirl's crush was unrequited, however, as he went again to México, where he met Carmen Zayas Bazán and whom he later married. [21] |
http://web.archive.org/web/20191123235325id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mart%C3%AD_p10 | In 1878, Martí returned to Guatemala and published his book Guatemala , edited in Mexico. On May 10, socialite María García Granados died of lung disease; her unrequited love for Martí branded her, poignantly, as 'la niña de Guatemala, la que se murió de amor' (the Guatemalan girl who died of love). Following her death, Martí returned to Cuba. There, he resigned signing the Pact of Zanjón which ended the Cuban Ten Years' War , but had no effect on Cuba's status as a colony. He met Afro-Cuban revolutionary Juan Gualberto Gómez , who would be his lifelong partner in the independence struggle and a stalwart defender of his legacy during this same journey. He married Carmen Zayas Bazán on Havana's Calle Tulipán Street at this time. In October, his application to practice law in Cuba was refused, and thereafter he immersed himself in radical efforts, such as for the Comité Revolucionario Cubano de Nueva York (Cuban Revolutionary Committee of New York). On November 22, 1878 his son José Francisco, known fondly as "Pepito", was born. [22] United States and Venezuela: 1880–90 [ edit ] In 1881, after a brief stay in New York, Martí travelled to Venezuela and founded in Caracas the Revista Venezolana , or Venezuelan Review. The journal incurred the wrath of Venezuela's dictator, Antonio Guzmán Blanco , and Martí was forced to return to New York. [23] There, Martí joined General Calixto García 's Cuban revolutionary committee, composed of Cuban exiles advocating independence. Here Martí openly supported Cuba's struggle for liberation, and worked as a journalist for La Nación of Buenos Aires and for several Central American journals, [17] especially La Opinion Liberal in Mexico City. [24] The article "El ajusticiamiento de Guiteau," an account of President Garfield's murderer's trial, was published in La Opinion Liberal in 1881, and later selected for inclusion in The Library of America 's anthology of American True Crime writing. In addition, Martí wrote poems and translated novels to Spanish. He worked for Appleton and Company and, "on his own, translated and published Helen Hunt Jackson's Ramona . His repertory of original work included plays, a novel, poetry, a children's magazine, La Edad de Oro , and a newspaper, Patria , which became the official organ of the Cuban Revolutionary party". [25] He also served as a consul for Uruguay, Argentina, and Paraguay. Throughout this work, he preached the "freedom of Cuba with an enthusiasm that swelled the ranks of those eager to strive with him for it". [17] |
http://web.archive.org/web/20191123235325id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mart%C3%AD_p11 | Tension existed within the Cuban revolutionary committee between Martí and his military compatriots. Martí feared a military dictatorship would be established in Cuba upon independence, and suspected Dominican-born General Máximo Gómez of having these intentions. [26] Martí knew that the independence of Cuba needed time and careful planning. Ultimately, Martí refused to cooperate with Máximo Gómez and Antonio Maceo Grajales , two Cuban military leaders from the Ten Years' War , when they wanted to invade immediately in 1884. Martí knew that it was too early to attempt to win back Cuba, and later events proved him right. [17] United States, Central America and the West Indies: 1891–94 [ edit ] On January 1, 1891, Martí's essay "Nuestra America" was published in New York's Revista Ilustrada , and on the 30th of that month in Mexico's El Partido Liberal . He actively participated in the Conferencia Monetaria Internacional (The International Monetary Conference) in New York during that time as well. On June 30 his wife and son arrived in New York. After a short time, in which Carmen Zayas Bazán realized that Martí's dedication to Cuban independence surpassed that of supporting his family, she returned to Havana with her son on August 27. Martí would never see them again. The fact that his wife never shared the convictions central to his life was an enormous personal tragedy for Martí. [27] He turned for solace to Carmen Miyares de Mantilla, a Venezuelan who ran a boarding house in New York, and he is presumed to be the father of her daughter María Mantilla, who was in turn the mother of the actor Cesar Romero , who proudly claimed to be Martí's grandson. In September Martí became sick again. He intervened in the commemorative acts of The Independents, causing the Spanish consul in New York to complain to the Argentine and Uruguayan governments. Consequently, Martí resigned from the Argentinean, Paraguayan, and Uruguayan consulates. In October he published his book Versos Sencillos . |
http://web.archive.org/web/20191123235325id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mart%C3%AD_p12 | José Martí (center) with cigar workers in Ybor City , Tampa, Florida On November 26 he was invited by the Club Ignacio Agramonte , an organization founded by Cuban immigrants in Ybor City , Tampa, Florida , to a celebration to collect funding for the cause of Cuban independence. There he gave a lecture known as "Con Todos, y para el Bien de Todos" , which was reprinted in Spanish language newspapers and periodicals across the United States. The following night, another lecture, " Los Pinos Nuevos" , was given by Martí in another Tampa gathering in honor of the medical students killed in Cuba in 1871. In November artist Herman Norman painted a portrait of José Martí. [28] On January 5, 1892, Martí participated in a reunion of the emigration representatives, in Cayo Hueso (Key West), the Cuban community where the Bases del Partido Revolucionario (Basis of the Cuban Revolutionary Party) was passed. He began the process of organizing the newly formed party. To raise support and collect funding for the independence movement, he visited tobacco factories, where he gave speeches to the workers and united them in the cause. In March 1892 the first edition of the Patria newspaper, related to the Cuban Revolutionary Party, was published, funded and directed by Martí. During Martí's Key West years, his secretary was Dolores Castellanos (1870-1948), a Cuban-American woman born in Key West, who also served as president of the Protectoras de la Patria: Club Político de Cubanas, a Cuban women's political club in support of Martí's cause, and for whom Martí wrote a poem titled " A Dolores Castellanos ." On April 8, he was chosen delegate of the Cuban Revolutionary Party by the Cayo Hueso Club in Tampa and New York. |
http://web.archive.org/web/20191123235325id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mart%C3%AD_p13 | From July to September 1892 he traveled through Florida, Washington, Philadelphia, Haiti, the Dominican Republic and Jamaica on an organization mission among the exiled Cubans. On this mission, Martí made numerous speeches and visited various tobacco factories. On December 16 he was poisoned in Tampa. [29] In 1893, Martí traveled through the United States, Central America and the West Indies, visiting different Cuban clubs. His visits were received with a growing enthusiasm and raised badly needed funds for the revolutionary cause. On May 24 he met Rubén Darío , the Nicaraguan poet in a theatre act in Hardman Hall, New York City. On June 3 he had an interview with Máximo Gómez in Montecristi, Dominican Republic, where they planned the uprising. In July he met with General Antonio Maceo Grajales in San Jose, Costa Rica. [29] In 1894 he continued traveling for propagation and organizing the revolutionary movement. On January 27 he published "A Cuba!" in the newspaper Patria where he denounced collusion between the Spanish and American interests. In July he visited the president of the Mexican Republic, Porfirio Díaz , and travelled to Veracruz. In August he prepared and arranged the armed expedition that would begin the Cuban revolution. [30] Return to Cuba: 1895 [ edit ] José Martí depicted on the 1915 gold 5 Cuban peso coin. On January 12, 1895, the North American authorities stopped the steamship Lagonda and two other suspicious ships, Amadis , and Baracoa at the Fernandina port in Florida, confiscating weapons and ruining Plan de Fernandina (Fernandina Plan). On January 29, Martí drew up the order of the uprising, signing it with general Jose Maria Rodriguez and Enrique Collazo. Juan Gualberto Gómez was assigned to orchestrate war preparations for La Habana Province, and was able to work right under the noses of the relatively unconcerned Spanish authorities. [31] Martí decided to move to Montecristi , Dominican Republic to join Máximo Gómez and to plan out the uprising. [32] |
http://web.archive.org/web/20191123235325id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mart%C3%AD_p14 | The uprising finally took place on February 24, 1895. A month later, Martí and Máximo Gómez declared the Manifesto de Montecristi, an "exposition of the purposes and principles of the Cuban revolution". [33] Martí had persuaded Gómez to lead an expedition into Cuba. Before leaving for Cuba, Martí wrote his "literary will" on April 1, 1895, leaving his personal papers and manuscripts to Gonzalo de Quesada , with instructions for editing. Knowing that the majority of his writing in newspapers in Honduras, Uruguay, and Chile would disappear over time, Martí instructed Quesada to arrange his papers in volumes. The volumes were to be arranged in the following way: volumes one and two, North Americas; volume three, Hispanic Americas; volume four, North American Scenes; volume five, Books about the Americas (this included both North and South America); volume six, Literature, education and painting. Another volume included his poetry. [33] The expedition, composed of Martí, Gómez, Ángel Guerra, Francisco Borreo, Cesar Salas and Marcos del Rosario, left Montecristi for Cuba on April 1, 1895. [32] Despite delays and desertion by some members, they got to Cuba. They landed at Playitas, near Cape Maisí and Imías , Cuba, on April 11. Once there, they made contact with the Cuban rebels, who were headed by the Maceo brothers, and started fighting against Spanish troops. The revolt did not go as planned, "mainly because the call to revolution received no immediate, spontaneous support from the masses." [34] By May 13, the expedition reached Dos Rios. On May 19, Gomez faced Ximenez de Sandoval's troops and ordered Martí to stay rearguard, but Martí separated from the bulk of the Cuban forces, and entered the Spanish line. [32] |
http://web.archive.org/web/20191123235325id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mart%C3%AD_p15 | Death [ edit ] This section may need to be rewritten to comply with Wikipedia's quality standards . You can help . The discussion page may contain suggestions. ( December 2013 ) José Martí's mausoleum José Martí was killed in battle against Spanish troops at the Battle of Dos Ríos , near the confluence of the rivers Contramaestre and Cauto , on May 19, 1895. Gómez had recognized that the Spaniards had a strong position between palm trees, so he ordered his men to disengage. Martí was alone and seeing a young courier ride by he said: "Joven, a la carga!" meaning: "Young man, charge!" This was around midday, and he was dressed in a black jacket while riding a white horse, which made him an easy target for the Spanish. After Martí was shot, the young trooper, Angel de la Guardia, lost his horse and returned to report the loss. The Spanish took possession of the body, buried it close by, then exhumed the body upon realization of its identity. He is buried in Santa Ifigenia Cemetery in Santiago de Cuba . Many have argued that Maceo and others had always spurned Martí for never participating in combat, which may have compelled Martí to that ill-fated suicidal two-man charge. Some of his Versos Sencillos had a premonitory quality: "No me entierren en lo oscuro/ |
http://web.archive.org/web/20191123235325id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mart%C3%AD_p16 | A morir como un traidor/ Yo soy bueno y como bueno/ Moriré de cara al sol." ("Do not bury me in darkness / to die like a traitor / I am good, and as a good man / I will die facing the sun.") The death of Martí was a blow to the "aspirations of the Cuban rebels, inside and outside of the island, but the fighting continued with alternating successes and failures until the entry of the United States into the war in 1898". [35] Political ideology [ edit ] Statue of José Martí in Havana, Cuba Marti wrote extensively about Spanish colonial control and the threat of US expansionism into Cuba . To him, it was unnatural that Cuba was controlled and oppressed by the Spanish government, when it had its own unique identity and culture. In his pamphlet from February 11, 1873, called "The Spanish Republic and the Cuban Revolution", he argued that "Cubans do not live as Spaniards live.... They are nourished by a different system of trade, have links with different countries, and express their happiness through quite contrary customs. There are no common aspirations or identical goals linking the two peoples, or beloved memories to unite them .... Peoples are only united by ties of fraternity and love.". [36] Martí opposed slavery and criticized Spain for failing to abolish it. In a speech to Cuban immigrants in Steck Hall, New York, on January 24, 1879, he stated that the war against Spain needed to be fought, recalled the heroism and suffering of the Ten Years' War , which, he declared, had qualified Cuba as a real nation with a right to independence. Spain had not ratified the conditions of the peace treaty, had falsified elections, continued excessive taxation, and had failed to abolish slavery. Cuba needed to be free. [37] |
http://web.archive.org/web/20191123235325id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mart%C3%AD_p17 | Martí proposed in a letter to Máximo Gómez in 1882 the formation of a revolutionary party, which he considered essential in the prevention of Cuba falling back on the Home Rule Party ( Partido Autonomista ) after the Pact of Zanjón . [38] The Home Rule Party was a peace-seeking party that would stop short of the outright independence that Martí thought Cuba needed. But he was aware that there were social divisions in Cuba, especially racial divisions, that needed to be addressed as well. [39] He thought war was necessary to achieve Cuba's freedom, despite his basic ideology of conciliation, respect, dignity, and balance. The establishment of the patria (fatherland) with a good government would unite Cubans of all social classes and colours in harmony. [40] Together with other Cubans resident in New York, Martí started laying the grounds for the Revolutionary Party, stressing the need for a democratic organization as the basic structure before any military leaders were to join. The military would have to subordinate themselves to the interests of the fatherland. Gómez later rejoined Martí's plans, promising to comply. Martí's consolidation of support among the Cuban expatriates, especially in Florida, was key in the planning and execution of the invasion of Cuba. His speeches to Cuban tobacco workers in Tampa and Key West motivated and united them; this is considered the most important political achievement of his life. [41] At this point he refined his ideological platform, basing it on a Cuba held together by pride in being Cuban, a society that ensured "the welfare and prosperity of all Cubans" [42] independently of class, occupation or race. Faith in the cause could not die, and the military would not try for domination. All pro-independence Cubans would participate, with no sector predominating. From this he established the Cuban Revolutionary Party in early 1892. |
http://web.archive.org/web/20191123235325id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mart%C3%AD_p18 | Martí and the CRP were devoted to secretly organizing the anti-Spanish war. Martí's newspaper, Patria , was a key instrument of this campaign, where Martí delineated his final plans for Cuba. Through this medium he argued against the exploitative colonialism of Spain in Cuba, criticized the Home Rule ( Autonomista ) Party for having aims that fell considerably short of full independence, and warned against U.S. annexationism which he felt could only be prevented by Cuba's successful independence. [43] He specified his plans for the future Cuban Republic, a multi-class and multi-racial democratic republic based on universal suffrage, with an egalitarian economic base to develop fully Cuba's productive resources and an equitable distribution of land among citizens, with enlightened and virtuous politicians. [44] From Martí's 'Campaign Diaries', written during the final expedition in Cuba, it seems evident that Martí would have reached the highest position in the future Republic of Arms. [45] This was not to be; his death occurred before the Assembly of Cuba was set up. Until his very last minute, Martí dedicated his life to achieve full independence for Cuba. His uncompromising belief in democracy and freedom for his fatherland is what characterized his political ideology. Martí and the United States [ edit ] Monument of Martí in West New York, NJ . Translated, it reads "The Fatherland is an altar, not a stepping stone." |
http://web.archive.org/web/20191123235325id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mart%C3%AD_p19 | Martí demonstrated an anti-imperialist attitude from an early age, and was conscious of the perceived danger the United States posed for Latin America. While critiquing the United States for its stereotypes of Latin Americans and preoccupation with capitalism , Martí also related the American struggle for independence from Britain with the Cuban nationalist movement. [46] At the same time, he recognized the advantages of the European or North American civilizations, which were open to the reforms that Latin American countries needed in order to detach themselves from the colonial heritage of Spain. Martí's distrust of North American politics had developed during the 1880s, due to the intervention threats that loomed on Mexico and Guatemala, and indirectly on Cuba's future. Over time Martí became increasingly alarmed about the United States' intentions for Cuba. The United States desperately needed new markets for its industrial products because of the economic crisis it was experiencing, and the media was talking about the purchase of Cuba from Spain. [47] Cuba was a profitable, fertile country with an important strategic position in the Gulf of Mexico. [48] Martí felt that the interests of Cuba's future lay with its sister nations in Latin America, and were opposite to those of the United States. [49] Another trait that Martí admired was the work ethic that characterized American society. On various occasions Martí conveyed his deep admiration for the immigrant-based society, "whose principal aspiration he interpreted as being to construct a truly modern country, based upon hard work and progressive ideas." Martí stated that he was "never surprised in any country of the world [he had] visited. Here [he] was surprised ... [he] remarked that no one stood quietly on the corners, no door was shut an instant, no man was quiet. [He] stopped [him]self, [he] looked respectfully on this people, and [he] said goodbye forever to that lazy life and poetical inutility of our European countries". [50] |
http://web.archive.org/web/20191123235325id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mart%C3%AD_p20 | Martí found American society to be so great, he thought Latin America should consider imitating America. Martí argued that if the US "could reach such a high standard of living in so short a time, and despite, too, its lack of unifying traditions, could not the same be expected of Latin America?" [50] However, Martí thought that US expansionism represented the Spanish American republics' "greatest danger". Martí was amazed at how education was directed towards helping the development of the nation and once again encouraged Latin American countries to follow the example set by North American society. [51] At the same time, he criticized the elitist educational systems of Cuba and the rest of Latin America. Often, Martí recommended countries in Latin America to "send representatives to learn more relevant techniques in the United States". Once this was done, Martí hoped that this representatives would bring a "much-needed modernization to the Latin American agricultural policies". [52] However, not everything was to be admired by Martí. When it came to politics Martí wrote that politics in the US had "adopted a carnival atmosphere ... especially during election time". [53] He saw acts of corruption among candidates, such as bribing "the constituents with vast quantities of beer, while impressive parades wound their way through New York's crowded streets, past masses of billboards, all exhorting the public to vote for the different political candidates". [53] Martí criticized and condemned the elites of the United States as they "pulled the main political strings behind the scenes". According to Martí, the elites "deserved severe censure" as they were the biggest threat to the "ideals with which the United States was first conceived". [53] |
http://web.archive.org/web/20191123235325id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mart%C3%AD_p21 | Martí started to believe that the US had abused its potential. Racism was abundant. Different races were being discriminated against; political life "was both cynically regarded by the public at large and widely abused by 'professional politicians'; industrial magnates and powerful labor groups faced each other menacingly". All of this convinced Martí that a large-scale social conflict was imminent in the United States. [54] On the positive side, Martí was astonished by the "inviolable right of freedom of speech which all U.S. citizens possessed". Marti applauded the United States' Constitution which allowed freedom of speech to all its citizens, no matter what political beliefs they had. In May 1883, while attending political meetings he heard "the call for revolution – and more specifically the destruction of the capitalist system". Marti could not believe that revolution was advocated and was amazed that this could happen because this "could have led to its own destruction". Marti also gave his support to the women's suffrage movements, and was "pleased that women here [took] advantage of this privilege in order to make their voices heard". According to Marti, free speech was essential if any nation was to be civilized and he expressed his "profund admiration for these many basic liberties and opportunities open to the vast majority of American citizens". [55] The works of Marti contain many comparisons between the ways of life of North and Latin America. The former was seen as "hardy, 'soulless', and, at times, cruel society, but one which, nevertheless, had been based upon a firm foundation of liberty and on a tradition of liberty". [55] Although North American society had its flaws, they tended to be "of minor importance when compared to the broad sweep of social inequality, and to the widespread abuse of power prevalent in Latin America". [55] |
http://web.archive.org/web/20191123235325id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mart%C3%AD_p22 | Once it became apparent that the United States were actually going to purchase Cuba and intended to Americanize it, Marti "spoke out loudly and bravely against such action, stating the opinion of many Cubans on the United States of America." [56] Invention of a Latin American identity [ edit ] José Martí Monument at Esposizione Universale Roma , Rome José Martí as a liberator believed that the Latin American countries needed to know the reality of their own history. Martí also saw the necessity of a country having its own literature. These reflections started in Mexico from 1875 and are connected to the Mexican Reform, where prominent people like Ignacio Manuel Altamirano and Guillermo Prieto had situated themselves in front of a cultural renovation in Mexico, taking on the same approach as Esteban Echeverría thirty years before in Argentina. In the second "Boletin" that Martí published in the Revista Universal (May 11, 1875) one can already see Martí's approach, which was fundamentally Latin American. His wish to build a national or Latin American identity was nothing new or unusual in those days; however, no Latin-American intellectual of that time had approached as clearly as Martí the task of building a national identity. He insisted on the necessity of building institutions and laws that matched the natural elements of each country, and recalled the failure of the applications of French and American civil codes in the new Latin American republics. Martí believed that "el hombre del sur", the man of the South, should choose an appropriate development strategy matching his character, the peculiarity of his culture and history, and the nature that determined his being. [57] |
http://web.archive.org/web/20191123235325id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mart%C3%AD_p23 | Writings [ edit ] Martí as a writer covered a range of genres. In addition to producing newspaper articles and keeping up an extensive correspondence (his letters are included in the collection of his complete works), he wrote a serialized novel, composed poetry, wrote essays and published four issues of a children's magazine, La Edad de Oro [58] (The Golden Age, 1889). His essays and articles occupy more than fifty volumes of his complete works. His prose was extensively read and influenced the modernist generation, especially the Nicaraguan poet Rubén Darío, whom Martí called "my son" when they met in New York in 1893. [59] Martí did not publish any books: only two notebooks ( cuadernos ) of verses, in editions outside of the market, and a number of political tracts. The rest (an enormous amount) was left dispersed in numerous newspapers and magazines, in letters, in diaries and personal notes, in other unedited texts, in frequently improvised speeches, and some lost forever. Five years after his death, the first volume of his Obras was published. A novel appeared in this collection in 1911: Amistad funesta , which Martí had made known was published under a pseudonym in 1885. In 1913, also in this edition, his third poetic collection that he had kept unedited: Versos Libres . His Diario de Campaña (Campaign Diary) was published in 1941. Later still, in 1980, Nicaraguan poet Ernesto Mejía Sánchez produced a set of about thirty of Martí's articles written for the Mexican newspaper El Partido Liberal that weren't included in any of his so-called Obras Completas editions. From 1882–1891, Martí collaborated in La Nación , a Buenos Aires newspaper. His texts from La Nación have been collected in Anuario del centro de Estudios Martianos . |
http://web.archive.org/web/20191123235325id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mart%C3%AD_p24 | Over the course of his journalistic career, he wrote for numerous newspapers, starting with El Diablo Cojuelo (The Limping Devil) and La Patria Libre (The Free Fatherland), both of which he helped to found in 1869 in Cuba and which established the extent of his political commitment and vision for Cuba. In Spain he wrote for La Colonia Española ,in Mexico for La Revista Universal , and in Venezuela for Revista Venezolana , which he founded. In New York he contributed to Venezuelan periodical La Opinión Nacional , Buenos Aires newspaper La Nación , Mexico's La Opinion Liberal , and America's The Hour . [60] The first critical edition of Martí's complete works began to appear in 1983 in José Martí: Obras completas. Edición crítica . The critical edition of his complete poems was published in 1985 in José Martí: Poesía completa. Edición critica. Volume two of his Obras Completas includes his famous essay 'Nuestra America' which "comprises a variety of subjects relating to Spanish America about which Marti studied and wrote. Here it is noted that after Cuba his interest was directed mostly to Guatemala, Mexico and Venezuela. The various sections of this part are about general matters and international conferences; economic, social and political questions; literature and art; agrarian and industrial problems; immigration; education; relations with the United States and Spanish America; travel notes". [61] |
http://web.archive.org/web/20191123235325id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mart%C3%AD_p25 | According to Marti, the intention behind the publication of "La edad de oro" was "so that American children may know how people used to live, and how they live nowadays, in America and in other countries; how many things are made, such as glass and iron, steam engines and suspension bridges and electric light; so that when a child sees a coloured stone he will know why the stone is coloured. ... We shall tell them about everything which is done in factories, where things happen which are stranger and more interesting than the magic in fairy stories. These things are real magic, more marvelous than any. ... We write for children because it is they who know how to love, because it is children who are the hope for the world". [62] Marti's " Versos Sencillos " was written "in the town of Haines Falls, New York, where his doctor has sent [him] to regain his strength 'where streams flowed and clouds gathered in upon themeselves'". [63] The poetry encountered in this work is "in many [ways] autobiographical and allows readers to see Marti the man and the patriot and to judge what was important to him at a crucial time in Cuban history". [63] Martí's writings reflected his own views both socially and politically. "Cultivo Una Rosa Blanca" is one of his poems that emphasize his views in hopes of betterment for society: |
http://web.archive.org/web/20191123235325id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mart%C3%AD_p26 | I cultivate a white rose In July as in January For the sincere friend Who gives me his hand frankly And for the cruel person who tears out the heart with which I live, I cultivate neither nettles nor thorns: I cultivate a white rose [64] This poem is a clear description of Martí's societal hopes for his homeland. Within the poem, he talks about how regardless of the person, whether kind or cruel he cultivates a white rose, meaning that he remains peaceful. This coincides with his ideology about establishing unity amongst the people, more so those of Cuba, through a common identity, with no regards to ethnic and racial differences. [65] This doctrine could be accomplished if one treated his enemy with peace as he would treat a friend. The kindness of one person should be shared with all people, regardless of personal conflict. By following the moral that lies within "Cultivo Rosa Blanca", Martí's vision of Cuban solidarity could be possible, creating a more peaceful society that would emanate through future generations. After his breakthrough in Cuba literature, José Martí went on to contribute his works to newspapers, magazines, and books that reflected his political and social views. Because of his early death, Martí was unable to publish a vast collection of poetry; even so, his literary contributions have made him a renowned figure in literature, influencing many writers, and people in general, to aspire to follow in the footsteps of Martí. |
http://web.archive.org/web/20191123235325id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mart%C3%AD_p27 | Style [ edit ] Martí's style of writing is difficult to categorize. He used many aphorisms—short, memorable lines that convey truth and/or wisdom—and long complex sentences. He is considered a major contributor to the Spanish American literary movement known as Modernismo and has been linked to Latin American consciousness of the modern age and modernity. [66] His chronicles combined elements of literary portraiture, dramatic narration, and a dioramic scope. His poetry contained "fresh and astonishing images along with deceptively simple sentiments". [67] As an orator (for he made many speeches) he was known for his cascading structure, powerful aphorisms, and detailed descriptions. More important than his style is how he uses that style to put into service his ideas, making "advanced" convincing notions. Throughout his writing he made reference to historical figures and events, and used constant allusions to literature, current news and cultural matters. For this reason, he may be difficult to read and translate. [68] His didactic spirit encouraged him to establish a magazine for children, La Edad de Oro (1889) which contained a short essay titled "Tres Heroes" (three heroes), representative of his talent to adapt his expression to his audience; in this case, to make the young reader conscious of and amazed by the extraordinary bravery of the three men, Bolivar, Hidalgo, and San Martín. This is his style to teach delightfully. [69] |
http://web.archive.org/web/20191123235325id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mart%C3%AD_p28 | Translation [ edit ] José Martí is universally honored as a great poet, patriot and martyr of Cuban Independence , but he was also a translator of some note. Although he translated literary material for the sheer joy of it, much of the translating he did was imposed on him by economic necessity during his many years of exile in the United States. Martí learned English at an early age, and had begun to translate at thirteen. He continued translating for the rest of his life, including his time as a student in Spain, although the period of his greatest productivity was during his stay in New York from 1880 until he returned to Cuba in 1895. [70] Statue of Jose Marti in a government school named after him in Delhi In New York he was what we would call today a " freelancer " as well as an " in house " translator. He translated several books for the publishing house of D. Appleton , and did a series of translations for newspapers. As a revolutionary activist in Cuba's long struggle for independence he translated into English a number of articles and pamphlets supporting that movement. [71] In addition to fluent English, Martí also spoke French, Italian, Latin and Classical Greek fluently, the latter learned so he could read the Greek classical works in the original. [72] |
http://web.archive.org/web/20191123235325id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mart%C3%AD_p29 | There was clearly a dichotomy in Martí's feeling about the kind of work he was translating. Like many professionals, he undertook for money translation tasks which had little intellectual or emotional appeal for him. Although Martí never presented a systematic theory of translation nor did he write extensively about his approach to translation, he did jot down occasional thoughts on the subject, showcasing his awareness of the translator's dilemma of the faithful versus the beautiful and stating that "translation should be natural, so that it appears that the book were written in the language to which it has been translated". [73] Modernism [ edit ] The modernists, in general, use a subjective language. Martí's stylistic creed is part of the necessity to de-codify the logic rigor and the linguistic construction and to eliminate the intellectual, abstract and systematic expression. There is the deliberate intention and awareness to expand the expressive system of the language. The style changes the form of thinking. Without falling into unilateralism, Martí values the expression because language is an impression and a feeling through the form. Modernism mostly searches for the visions and realities, the expression takes in the impressions, the state of mind, without reflection and without concept. This is the law of subjectivity. We can see this in works of Martí, one of the first modernists, who conceives the literary task like an invisible unity, an expressive totality, considering the style like "a form of the content" (forma del contenido). [74] |
http://web.archive.org/web/20191123235325id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mart%C3%AD_p30 | The difference that Martí established between prose and poetry are conceptual. Poetry, as he believes, is a language of the permanent subjective: the intuition and the vision. The prose is an instrument and a method of spreading the ideas, and has the goal of elevating, encouraging and animating these ideas rather than having the expression of tearing up the heart, complaining and moaning. The prose is a service to his people. [75] Martí produces a system of specific signs "an ideological code" (código ideológico). These symbols claim their moral value and construct signs of ethic conduct. Martí's modernism was a spiritual attitude that was reflected on the language. All his writing defines his moral world. One could also say that his ideological and spiritual sphere is fortified in his writing. [75] The difference between Martí and other modernist initiators such as Manuel Gutiérrez Nájera, Julian del Casal, and José Asunción Silva (and the similarity between him and Manuel González Prada) lies in the profound and transcendent value that he gave to literature, converting prose into an article or the work of a journalist. This hard work was important in giving literature authentic and independent value and distancing it from mere formal amusement. Manuel Gutiérez Nájera, Rubén Darío, Miguel de Unamuno and José Enrique Rodó saved the Martinian articles, which will have an endless value in the writings of the American continent. [76] |
http://web.archive.org/web/20191123235325id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mart%C3%AD_p31 | Apart from Martinian articles. essay writing and literature starts to authorize itself as an alternative and privileged way to talk about politics. Literature starts to apply itself the only hermeneutics able to resolve the enigmas of a Latin American identity. [76] Legacy [ edit ] Statue of Marti in Cienfuegos, Cuba Martí's dedication to the cause of Cuban independence and his passionate belief in democracy and justice has made him a hero for all Cubans, a symbol of unity, the "Apostle", [77] a great leader. His writings have created a platform for all that he went through during the duration of this period in time. [78] His ultimate goal of building a democratic, just, and stable republic in Cuba and his obsession with the practical execution of this goal led him to become the most charismatic leader of the 1895 colonial revolution. His work with the Cuban émigré community, enlisting the support of Cuban workers and socialist leaders to form the Cuban Revolutionary Party , put into motion the Cuban war of independence. [79] His foresight into the future, shown in his warnings against American political interests for Cuba, was confirmed by the swift occupation of Cuba by the United States following the Spanish–American War. His belief in the inseparability of Cuban and Latin American sovereignty and the expression thereof in his writings have contributed to the shape of the modern Latin American Identity. Through his beliefs for Cuban and Latin American sovereignty, Cuba revolted on former allies. [78] This is why Cuba became an independent nation. His works are a cornerstone of Latin American and political literature and his prolific contributions to the fields of journalism, poetry, and prose are highly acclaimed. [80] |
http://web.archive.org/web/20191123235325id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mart%C3%AD_p32 | Martí depicted on a República de Cuba one peso silver certificate (1936) Martí's writings on the concepts of Cuban nationalism fuelled the 1895 revolution and have continued to inform conflicting visions of the Cuban nation. The Cuban nation-state under Fidel Castro consistently claimed Martí as a crucial inspiration for its Communist revolutionary government. During Castro's tenure, the politics and death of Marti were used to justify certain actions of the Cuban state. [81] The Cuban government claimed that Marti had supported a single party system, creating a precedent for a communist government. [81] The vast amount of writing that Marti produced in his lifetime makes it difficult to determine his exact political ideology, but his major goal was the liberation of Cuba from Spain and the establishment of a democratic republican government. [82] Despite Marti never having supported communism or single party systems, [81] Cuban leaders repeatedly claimed that Marti's Partido Revolucionario Cubano was a "forerunner of the Communist Party". [81] Martí's nuanced, often ambivalent positions on the most important issues of his day [83] have led Marxist interpreters to see a class conflict between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie as the main theme of his works, while others, namely the Cuban diasporic communities in Miami and elsewhere have identified a liberal-capitalist emphasis. [84] These Cuban exiles still honor Martí as a figure of hope for the Cuban nation in exile and condemn Castro's government for manipulating his works and creating a "Castroite Martí" to justify its "intolerance and abridgments of human rights". [85] His writings thus remain a key ideological weapon in the battle over the fate of the Cuban nation. |
http://web.archive.org/web/20191123235325id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mart%C3%AD_p33 | One further example of his legacy is that his name has been chosen for several institutions or NGOs from various countries, such as Romania, where a public school from Bucharest and the Romanian-Cuban Friendship Association from Targoviste are both named "Jose Marti". Havana's international airport is named after Martí. A gigantic statue of Martí was unveiled in Havana on his 123rd birth anniversary, and Cuban president Raul Castro was present at the ceremony. [86] The National Association of Hispanic Publications , a non-profit organization to promote Hispanic publications, each year designates the José Martí Awards for excellence in Hispanic media. The awards are given for Editorial Articles, Editorial Sections, Design, Photographs, Marketing, and Best Overall Categories. [87] List of selected works [ edit ] Monument to José Martí in Sofia , Bulgaria Martí's fundamental works published during his life 1869 January: Abdala 1869 January: "10 de octubre" 1871: El presidio político en Cuba 1873: La República Española ante la revolución cubana 1875: Amor con amor se paga 1882: Ismaelillo 1882 February: Ryan vs. Sullivan 1882 February: Un incendio 1882 July: El ajusticiamiento de Guiteau 1883 January: "Batallas de la Paz" 1883 March: " Que son graneros humanos" 1883 March: Karl Marx ha muerto 1883 March: El Puente de Brooklyn 1883 September: "En Coney Island se vacía Nueva York" 1883 December: " Los políticos de oficio" |
http://web.archive.org/web/20191123235325id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mart%C3%AD_p34 | 1883 December: "Bufalo Bil" 1884 April: "Los caminadores" 1884 November: Norteamericanos 1884 November: El juego de pelota de pies 1885: Amistad funesta 1885 January: Teatro en Nueva York 1885 '"Una gran rosa de bronce encendida" 1885 March: Los fundadores de la constitución 1885 June: "Somos pueblo original" 1885 August: "Los políticos tiene sus púgiles" 1886 May: Las revueltas anarquistas de Chicago 1886 September: " La ensenanza" 1886 October: "La Estatua de la Libertad" 1887 April: El poeta Walt Whitman 1887 April: El Madison Square 1887 November: Ejecución de los dirigentes anarquistas de Chicago 1887 November: La gran Nevada 1888 May: El ferrocarril elevado 1888 August: Verano en Nueva York 1888 November: " Ojos abiertos, y gargantas secas" 1888 November: "Amanece y ya es fragor" 1889: ' La edad de oro' 1889 May: El centenario de George Washington 1889 July: Bañistas 1889 August: "Nube Roja" 1889 September: "La caza de negros" 1890 November: " El jardín de las orquídeas" 1891 October: Versos Sencillos 1891 January: "Nuestra América" 1894 January: " ¡A Cuba!" 1895: Manifiesto de Montecristi- coauthor with Máximo Gómez Martí's major posthumous works Adúltera Versos libres See also [ edit ] Literature portal Poetry portal Cuba portal Biography portal International José Martí Prize Radio y Televisión Martí José Rizal , Philippine national hero also executed by the Spanish in 1896 Bust of José Martí , Houston, Texas |
http://web.archive.org/web/20191123235325id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mart%C3%AD_p35 | Notes [ edit ] ^ Hudson, Michael. "Speech to the Communist Party of Cuba" . Retrieved 5 August 2015 . ^ Mace, Elisabeth. "The economic thinking of Jose Marti: Legacy foundation for the integration of America" . Archived from the original on 8 September 2015 . Retrieved 5 August 2015 . ^ "Jose Marti, apostle of Cuban Independence" . www.historyofcuba.com . Retrieved 2019-07-22 . ^ Garganigo, John F. Huellas de las literaturas hispanoamericanas Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall, 1997. P 272 ^ a b Alborch Bataller 1995 , p. 15 ^ Fidalgo 1998, p. 26 ^ a b c Alborch Bataller 1995 , p. 16 ^ López 2006 , p. 232 ^ www.historyofcuba.com http://www.historyofcuba.com/history/race/EndSlave.htm . Retrieved 2019-07-22 . Missing or empty |title= ( help ) ^ Jones 1953 , p. 398 ^ Alborch Bataller 1995 , p. 18 ^ a b c Alborch Bataller 1995 , p. 23 ^ Martí 1963a , p. 48 ^ a b c Alborch Bataller 1995 , p. 24 ^ Pérez-Galdós Ortiz 1999, p. 45 ^ Alborch Bataller 1995 , p. 30 ^ a b c d Jones 1953 , p. 399 ^ a b Alborch Bataller 1995 , p. 46 ^ It is common, and in fact legal, practice in Spanish-speaking societies to use and include the maternal surname as the "second" last name, such that both surnames are the legal and customary surname of an individual. E.g., Pérez López means that in non -Spanish societies esp. anglophone societies, Pérez is the correct surname to which to refer; otherwise, 'both' names together are the legal surname. |
http://web.archive.org/web/20191123235325id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mart%C3%AD_p36 | ^ Guatemala was one of the first regions of the New World to be exposed to European music ^ Alborch Bataller 1995 , p. 52 ^ Alborch Bataller 1995 , p. 56 ^ Alborch Bataller 1995 , p. 107 ^ Gray 1966 , p. 389 ^ Gray 1966 , p. 390 ^ García Cisneros 1986 , p. 56 ^ Fountain 2003 , p. 4 ^ Alborch Bataller 1995 , p. 159 ^ a b Alborch Bataller 1995 , p. 167 ^ Alborch Bataller 1995 , p. 184 ^ Tone 2006 , p. 43 ^ a b c Alborch Bataller 1995 , p. 191 ^ a b Gray 1966 , p. 391 ^ Tone 2006 , p. 48 ^ Gray 1966 , p. 392 ^ Martí 1963b , pp. 93–94 ^ Scott 1984 , p. 87 ^ Ramos 2001, pp. 34–35 ^ Martí 1963c , p. 172 ^ Martí 1963d , p. 192 ^ Ronning 1990, p. 103 ^ Martí 1963e , p. 270 ^ Bueno 1997 , p. 158 ^ Abel 1986, p. 26 ^ Turton 1986 , p. 57 ^ Giles, Paul (Spring 2004). "The Parallel Worlds of Jose Marti" . Radical History Review . 89 (89): 185–190 . Retrieved 16 November 2017 . ^ Holden & Zolov 2000, p. 249 ^ Turton 1986, p. 47 ^ Holden & Solov 2000 , p. 179 |
http://web.archive.org/web/20191123235325id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mart%C3%AD_p37 | ^ a b Kirk 1977 , p. 278 ^ Kirk 1977 , pp. 278–79 Martí thought that US expansionism represented the Spanish American republics' "greatest danger" ^ Kirk 1977 , p. 279 ^ a b c Kirk 1977 , p. 280 ^ Kirk 1977 , p. 281 ^ a b c Kirk 1977 , p. 282 ^ Kirk 1977 , p. 284 ^ Fernández 1995 , p. 46 [ clarification needed ] ^ Lally, Carolyn. "Foreign Language Program Articulation: Current Practice and Future Prospects." 2001. p. 54. ^ Garganigo et al., p. 272 [ clarification needed ] ^ Martí 1992 , p. 8 [ clarification needed ] ^ Roscoe 1947 , p. 280 ^ Nassif 1994 , p. 2 ^ a b Oberhelman 2001 , p. 475 ^ Martí, José, Manuel A.Tellechea Versos Sencillos. U of Houston: Arte Público Press, 1997 ^ Morukian, Maria. "Cubanidad: Survival of Cuban Culture Identity in the 21st Century". ^ Fernández Retamar 1970 , p. 38 ^ Fountain 2003 , p. 6 ^ Hernández Pardo 2000 , p. 146 ^ Garganigo, p. 273 [ clarification needed ] ^ Fountain 2003 , p. 13 ^ Fountain 2003 , p. 15 ^ Fernández Retamar 1970 , p. 16 ^ "la traducción debe ser natural, para que parezca como si el libro hubiese sido escrito en la lengua al que lo traduces." De la Cuesta 1996 , p. 7 |