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proceedings of the royal society a-mathematical physical and engineering sciences

Proceedings of the Royal Society

proceedings of the royal society

Proceedings of the Royal Society is the parent title of two scientific journals published by the Royal Society . Originally a single journal , it was split into two separate journals in 1905 :

Series A : which publishes research related to mathematical , physical , and engineering sciences Series B : which publishes research related to biology The two journals are the Royal Society 's main research journals . Many celebrated names in science have published their research in the Proceedings of the Royal Society , including Paul Dirac , Werner Heisenberg , Ernest Rutherford , and Erwin Schrödinger . Contents ( hide ) 1 Proceedings of the Royal Society A : Mathematical , Physical and Engineering Sciences 2 Proceedings of the Royal Society B : Biological Sciences 3 History of the Proceedings of the Royal Society 4 Open access 5 References Proceedings of the Royal Society A : Mathematical , Physical and Engineering Sciences ( edit ) Proceedings of the Royal Society A publishes peer - reviewed research articles in the mathematical , physical , and engineering sciences . As of 2017 editor - in - chief is Professor Sir Mark Welland FRS . According to Journal Citation Reports , As of 2014 the journal has a impact factor of 2.192 The journal is abstracted and indexed by Applied Mechanics Reviews , GeoRef , British and Irish Archaeological Bibliography , Chemical Abstracts , Chemistry Citation Index , Composites Alert , Compumath Citation Index , Current Contents , Engineered Materials Abstracts , Engineering Index Monthly , Excerpta Medica , Fluidex , Forest Products Abstracts , Geographical Abstracts , Human Geography , Geological Abstracts , Geomechanics Abstracts , Index to Scientific Reviews , Inspec , Mass Spectrometry Bulletin , Mathematical Reviews , Metals Abstracts , Metals Abstracts Index , Mineralogical Abstracts , Nonferrous Metals Alert , Oceanographic Literature Review , Petroleum Abstracts , Polymers , Ceramics , Research Alert ( Philadelphia ) , Science Citation Index , Steels Alert , and World Aluminum Abstracts . Proceedings of the Royal Society B : Biological Sciences ( edit ) Proceedings of the Royal Society B publishes research related to biological sciences . As of 2017 the editor - in - chief is Professor Spencer Barrett . Topics covered in particular include ecology , behavioural ecology and evolutionary biology , as well as epidemiology , human biology , neuroscience , palaeontology , psychology , and biomechanics . The journal publishes predominately research articles and reviews , as well as comments , replies , and commentaries . In 2005 , Biology Letters ( originally a supplement to Proceedings B ) , was launched as an independent journal publishing short articles from across biology . According to Journal Citation Reports , As of 2015 the journal has an impact factor of 4.823 . History of the Proceedings of the Royal Society ( edit ) The journal started out in 1800 as the Abstracts of the Papers Printed in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London . The Royal Society published four volumes , from 1800 to 1843 . Volumes 5 and 6 , which appeared from 1843 to 1854 , were called Abstracts of the Papers Communicated to the Royal Society of London . Starting with volume 7 , in 1854 , the Proceedings first appeared under the name Proceedings of the Royal Society of London . Publication of the proceedings in this form continued to volume 75 in 1905 . Starting with volume 76 , the Proceedings were split into Proceedings of the Royal Society of London . Series A , Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character Proceedings of the Royal Society of London . Series B , Containing Papers of a Biological Character . The Proceedings have since undergone further name changes . As of 2017 , the two series are called Proceedings of the Royal Society A -- Mathematical , Physical and Engineering Sciences Proceedings of the Royal Society B -- Biological Sciences . Open access ( edit ) Authors may have their articles made immediately open access ( under Creative Commons license ) on payment of an article processing charge . All articles are available free at the journals ' websites after one year for Proceedings B and two years for Proceedings A . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Welland , Mark ( 2017 ) . `` Editorial January 2017 '' . Proceedings of the Royal Society A : Mathematical , Physical and Engineering Sciences . 473 ( 2197 ) : 20160897 . doi : 10.1098 / rspa. 2016.0897 . ISSN 1364 - 5021 . ^ Jump up to : Barrett , Spencer C.H. ( 2017 ) . `` Proceedings B 2016 : the year in review '' . Proceedings of the Royal Society B : Biological Sciences . 284 ( 1846 ) : 20162633 . doi : 10.1098 / rspb. 2016.2633 . ISSN 0962 - 8452 . Jump up ^ Dirac , P. a . M. ( 1931 ) . `` Quantised Singularities in the Electromagnetic Field '' . Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A : Mathematical , Physical and Engineering Sciences . 133 ( 821 ) : 60 -- 72 . doi : 10.1098 / rspa. 1931.0130 . ISSN 1364 - 5021 . Jump up ^ Heisenberg , W. ( 1948 ) . `` On the Theory of Statistical and Isotropic Turbulence '' . Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A : Mathematical , Physical and Engineering Sciences . 195 ( 1042 ) : 402 -- 406 . doi : 10.1098 / rspa. 1948.0127 . ISSN 1364 - 5021 . Jump up ^ Oliphant , M.L.E. ; Kempton , A.E. ; Rutherford , Lord ( 1935 ) . `` Some Nuclear Transformations of Beryllium and Boron , and the Masses of the Light Elements '' . Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A : Mathematical , Physical and Engineering Sciences . 150 ( 869 ) : 241 -- 258 . doi : 10.1098 / rspa. 1935.0099 . ISSN 1364 - 5021 . Jump up ^ Schrodinger , E. ( 1955 ) . `` The Wave Equation for Spin 1 in Hamiltonian Form. II '' . Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A : Mathematical , Physical and Engineering Sciences . 232 ( 1191 ) : 435 -- 447 . doi : 10.1098 / rspa. 1955.0229 . ISSN 1364 - 5021 . Jump up ^ `` Editorial Board Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A : Mathematical , Physical and Engineering Sciences '' . Rspa.royalsocietypublishing.org . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Proceedings of the Royal Society A '' . 2011 Journal Citation Reports . Web of Science ( Science ed . ) . Thomson Reuters. 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Editorial board Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B : Biological Sciences '' . Rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Proceedings of the Royal Society B '' . 2015 Journal Citation Reports . Web of Science ( Science ed . ) . Thomson Reuters. 2016 . Jump up ^ `` About Proceedings A Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A : Mathematical , Physical and Engineering Sciences '' . rspa.royalsocietypublishing.org . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 07 . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Proceedings of the Royal Society of London . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proceedings_of_the_Royal_Society&oldid=806910165 '' Categories : Publications established in 1800 Royal Society academic journals English - language journals Multidisciplinary scientific journals Monthly journals Biweekly journals Biology journals 1800 establishments in Great Britain Academic journal series Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles with outdated impact factors from 2014 Articles with outdated impact factors from 2015 Infobox journals with missing ISO 4 abbreviations Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015 Commons category without a link on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Català Deutsch Español Esperanto Français Nederlands Português Română 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2017 , at 22 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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who plays james scott in one tree hill

Jamie Scott ( one Tree Hill )

jamie scott ( one tree hill )

James Lucas Scott is a fictional character from the CW television series One Tree Hill , portrayed by Jackson Brundage . He is the son of Nathan and Haley James Scott and older brother of Lydia . He was born on their graduation day at about the same time as his cousin , Lily Roe Scott . He is named after his godfather and uncle , Lucas Scott , while Brooke Davis takes the role of his godmother . All of Nathan and Haley 's friends are close to Jamie and he sees them all as aunts and uncles . Jamie has a great adoration of his father and aspires to be like him , which is something that often inspires Nathan to do his best .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Character arc 1.1 Season 4 1.2 Missing years 1.3 Season 5 1.4 Season 6 1.5 Season 7 1.6 Season 8 1.7 Season 9 Character arc ( edit ) Season 4 ( edit ) During her senior year at Tree Hill High School , Haley James Scott fell pregnant . Although at first anxious with having a child at such a young age , both Haley and Nathan Scott grew fond of the idea and although nervous , were very excited for the birth of their child . During her pregnancy , Haley began having serious pains in her stomach , which forced her to collapse . As she was rushed to the hospital , the doctor assured her that everything was alright with her child and confirmed that her child was a boy . This news pushed Nathan to win the State Championship . Trying to get the best start to her child 's life , Haley played Jamie classical music whilst pregnant , but unknown to her , Nathan played rap music to his child when she fell asleep , possibly relating to Jamie 's love of hip - hop and rap music in his childhood . On the day of Nathan and Haley 's graduation June 13 , Haley went into labor during her valedictorian speech . She was forced to stop her speech halfway through and was rushed into Tree Hill Hospital . At the hospital , Haley gave birth to James Lucas Scott , named so after his mother 's maiden name and his uncle 's first name . His parents soon found out that Jamie would only settle for rap music , much to Nathan 's happiness . Haley and Nathan also invited Brooke Davis and Lucas Scott to be his godparents , which they happily accepted . With this in mind , Lucas accepted a coaching assistant position for Nathan 's college basketball team so he can be to Jamie what his Uncle Keith was to him , which Haley was more than pleased about . Missing years ( edit ) Jamie is raised for the first years of his life by his father , mother and uncle whilst they go to college . He was present when his father won his national basketball championship . His first word was ball after he was prompted by his father to say the word ball and his mother to say the word guitar . Season 5 ( edit ) As the season begins Jamie is shown to love basketball but his father does n't want him to play basketball after his accident . Nathan soon realizes that he failed Jamie by not being there for his soap box derby ; this then prompts Nathan to get his life back to what it used to be . Nathan also starts playing basketball with Jamie . Jamie grows close to his nanny Carrie and begins to see her as his mother . When Haley fires Carrie , Jamie tells her he hates her and he wishes Carrie was his real mom . Jamie soon gets over his feelings about Carrie . Sometime later , Nathan has an argument with Haley . During this time , Jamie falls into the pool , nearly drowning . Nathan and Haley soon look out the window to see him lying face down in the pool . Rushing to his aid , Nathan jumps in and pulls Jamie out . As Haley is sitting on the ground with Jamie in her arms , she angrily tells Nathan that she wants a divorce . Jamie 's parent 's separation upsets him , and he frequently asks Haley `` when is daddy coming home ? '' . During Lucas and Lindsey 's party all Jamie wants to do is play Rock Band with his family and is upset when they do n't , so instead he plays with Skills ( who he is very close to ) . Skills always tries to make Jamie feel like one of the boys . Haley feels nervous about this roughhousing and reminds Skills that Jamie is just a little boy , to which Skills replies that he has `` never lost sight of how little that boy is . '' Jamie is kidnapped on Lucas ' wedding day , after he goes to the bathroom , and Carrie takes him to a motel so she can dye his hair and take him away with her . But Dan saw her take Jamie . When Carrie leaves , as she forgot the hair dye , Dan saves Jamie . Jamie returns home and he tells his parents that it was Dan who brought him home . For Jamie 's 5th birthday party his parents throw him a party with his friends . After falling into the pool and nearly drowning Jamie has developed a fear of the pool and does n't go in anymore but with his parents help he gets back into the water . In season 5 , Jamie becomes close to Quentin , a teenager that is on Lucas ' basketball team and is one of Haley 's students . But soon enough Quentin is taken away from Jamie in a horrible accident . Season 6 ( edit ) Haley and Nathan break the news to Jamie that Quentin ( Jamie 's close friend ) was shot and killed he is upset but wants to go to the funeral where he lays a red cape he made for Quentin on his coffin . Jamie also becomes friends with Quentin 's younger brother , Andre , who is the same age as Jamie , and they both help each other grieve for Quentin . Haley gets a call from a nurse from Tree Hill hospital informing her that Dan is dying . Knowing that Jamie did n't get a chance to say goodbye to his grandfather , she takes him to see Dan after getting a call that he was close to death . However , she did not realize that it was Carrie , who had kidnapped Dan and was using him to lure Jamie . Once there , Haley tells Jamie to wait in the car and goes inside but Carrie knocks her unconscious and Carrie goes out to the car to get Jamie to come out but Jamie does n't . So she then gets a sledge hammer to smash the glass but Jamie is already running into the cornfields to get away from her . Haley soon finds Jamie in the cornfield while he is trying to escape from Carrie . As Haley and Jamie are hiding from nanny Carrie , Haley 's phone rings from Nathan returning a call , who was worried about becoming a team for the NBA and also was right about Dan 's almost death . She and Jamie make a run for it with Carrie giving chase . Before she catches them , she is knocked out by Deb from a bottle to the face . Carrie soon regains consciousness and comes at Haley with axe , but is stopped when Dan shoots her twice When Nathan gets a chance to play Slamball , which Haley and Jamie watches with trepidation , yet decides to support Nathan . During a game , Nathan gets knocked through a window by a former rival and decides to give up Slamball as it is not worth losing his family over . Haley helps Jamie prepare for his school talent show , where he is to follow in his mother 's footsteps and play the piano . He wants to do stand - up , and decides to do a mixture of both . When Nathan receives the news that he has just been accepted to the Charleston Chiefs , Jamie is very excited . Haley and Jamie supports Nathan after he makes the Charleston Chiefs basketball team . After Nathan returns home for the weekend , she and Nathan leave Jamie and Andre with Luke and Peyton . Jamie and Haley go to all Nathan 's basketball games , and she and Jamie are sad that Nathan does n't get to play . After Haley tells Nathan to keep pushing , and after Jamie adorably calls his coach and asks him to give Nathan another chance , Nathan gets a chance to play and Haley is ecstatic and so is Jamie . Jamie also develops a crush on Brooke 's foster daughter Sam and follows what she says and often gets into trouble for it . When Haley drops Jamie off at school and his teacher Lauren tells Haley a very prestigious private school called the Oppenheimer School has asked to meet with Jamie for him to become a student , which excites Haley since she always wanted to go there as a child . She and Nathan take Jamie there and it is not easy since they have recess textbooks and `` mathketball '' ( which worries Nathan ) . In the end , Nathan and Haley decide it is best to keep him in his current school . In the season 6 finale Haley and Nathan tell Jamie to watch the sports news when Mouth announces the big news that Nathan made it into the NBA and Haley , Nathan and Jamie all take a trip to Charlotte where Nathan plays his first game for the Charlotte Bobcats . Season 7 ( edit ) At the beginning of season 7 , Haley throws Jamie a huge birthday party to celebrate his 7th birthday . His Aunt Quinn comes to visit him . Jamie helps Skills work out his problems . Jamie goes with Nathan , Julian , Skills , Mouth and Chuck on a camping weekend . When it becomes Jamie 's turn to go on the zip wire he does n't want to so Julian covers for him ; saying he is to scared . This confuses Nathan as Jamie was looking forward to going on the zip wire . Jamie later tells Julian his Dad is n't afraid of anything and Julian realizes Jamie thinks Nathan is disappointed with him . So Julian tells the group a ghost story scaring Jamie and Chuck . When they hear the sounds from the story , Nathan pretends to be to afraid and goes and checks it out. Jamie gains his confidence back . When Dan returns to Tree Hill , Jamie tells him how much he missed him and forgives him for murdering Keith , and unlike the time before Dan left Jamie is able to say goodbye . When Skills takes a job away for Tree Hill , Jamie is upset considering when Lucas and Peyton left they said he would see them regular ; like Skills but he never sees them and vows to never leave Tree Hill . Although later that day he discovers his family is moving to Europe . Nathan , Haley and Grubbs try to get him excited about going but they ca n't . Luckily they do n't have to ; but instead the whole family go on tour with Haley . Jamie loves the experience and brags about it to his friends causing them to fall out until Nathan invites them to Haley 's final show . On Haley 's birthday Jamie manages to make sure he 's left alone ; which he enjoys until he runs out of things to do , leaving scared and alone until Junk and Fergie show up and they clean up the house and get it ready for Haley 's return ; although Jamie falls asleep before his parents return . When Jamie 's grandmother , Lydia comes into town Jamie and her spend time together and she tells him she 's dying ; which leaves Jamie very upset although he and Nathan set up a Christmas so they can have one last one together before Lydia passes away . When she does Haley becomes very depressed causing her to lash out and everyone around her including Jamie , so Quinn takes him out on a treasure hunt to takes his mind of things and when he finds the treasure he tells Quinn he wants to leave it for others . The whole Scott family then go to Utah where Jamie loves spending time in the snow and building a snow fort . When Julian is at the screening of his movie Jamie comforts him . Season 8 ( edit ) Jamie becomes curious of where a baby comes from . He asks Nathan and Haley and they say the wrong things . His friend , Chuck , disables Jamie 's parental lock on his computer , and search `` Lady Rabbit Stuff '' , they are caught by Haley and because of this Jamie is stripped of his phone and computer . Jamie gets braces , which he strongly dislikes and wants to remove them . Haley then changes his mind by putting on ugly fake teeth as a joke , and he agrees he 'll keep them on . He was involved in the accident during the big thunderstorm . Miss Lauren 's car was tipped over to its side , Jamie 's seat belt being stuck . Brooke then rescues Lauren and Chuck , using nail scissors to try to cut Jamie free . Julian then arrives , but the car Jamie and Brooke are in is knocked over the bridge ( the same bridge Haley and Nathan 's limo fell off of at the end of season 3 ) and the driver drives away ( the driver is later identified as Ian Kellerman ) . The levy breaks almost causing Brooke and Jamie to drown . Jamie is very fond of his new little sister , Lydia Bob Scott . Before she was born , he gave Haley a baseball with a message to Lydia saying how he ca n't wait to play catch with her . Jamie is also interested in baseball , and is on a team coached by Clay , Nathan and Julian . When Jamie found out that Haley was pregnant he said '' Wow a new baby brother `` . But he really got ababy sister that he loves very much . Season 9 ( edit ) Jamie is happy now that his grandpa Dan has come to live in the Scott household . Jamie and Dan camp in the backyard every night while Nathan is out of town on business . Jamie misses his father , Nathan , but has grandpa Dan , mom , Haley , and his baby sister , Lydia , to hang out with . Jamie tracks Nathan 's flight home late at night so excited of him coming home . When Nathan goes missing , Haley gets Jamie and Lydia 's aunt Quinn to look after them both . Haley and Quinn tell Jamie that Nathan 's plane was delayed so he did n't worry . Jamie and little sister Lydia also spend the night at Quinn 's , Jamie fake yawns and tells his mom he 's going straight to sleep . Jamie was thrilled thinking his dad would be home in the morning . Jamie as well as his little sister , Lydia both go stay with their uncle Lucas and aunt Peyton while their mom , Haley copes with Nathan missing . Jamie and his mother make predictions for the future in the final episode , much the way Haley and Lucas did when they were younger . One of Jamie 's predictions is to break his father 's Tree HIll High basketball scoring record , which he does . In the future , Jamie 's # 12 jersey hangs alongside those of Nathan ( # 23 ) , Quentin ( # 44 ) and Whitey ( # 1 ) . One Tree Hill Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 Season 7 Season 8 Season 9 Characters Original Lucas Scott Nathan Scott Peyton Sawyer Haley James Scott Dan Scott Brooke Davis Whitey Durham Keith Scott Karen Roe Deb Lee Mouth McFadden Skills Taylor Rachel Gatina Secondary Jamie Scott Millicent Huxtable Julian Baker Clay Evans Quinn James Alex Dupre Chase Adams Chris Keller Recurring Jake Jagielski Tim Smith Bevin Mirskey Andy Hargrove Lindsey Strauss Victoria Davis Mia Catalano Quentin Fields Nanny Carrie Sam Walker Episodes `` Pilot '' `` With Tired Eyes , Tired Minds , Tired Souls , We Slept '' `` 4 Years , 6 Months , 2 Days '' `` Hundred '' `` Remember Me as a Time of Day '' `` Almost Everything I Wish I 'd Said the Last Time I Saw You '' `` Darkness on the Edge of Town '' `` This is My House , This is My Home '' `` Last Known Surroundings '' `` Danny Boy '' `` One Tree Hill '' Related Official soundtracks `` I Do n't Want to Be '' Tree Hill , North Carolina Clothes Over Bro 's Red Bedroom Records Created by : Mark Schwahn Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jamie_Scott_(One_Tree_Hill)&oldid=801760185 '' Categories : One Tree Hill ( TV series ) characters Fictional basketball players Fictional characters introduced in 2007 Hidden categories : Articles to be expanded from September 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles needing additional references from July 2012 All articles needing additional references Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Dansk Français Português Српски / srpski Edit links This page was last edited on 21 September 2017 , at 17 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie%20Scott%20%28One%20Tree%20Hill%29

how many wahlburgers restaurants are there in the united states

Wahlburgers

wahlburgers

Wahlburgers is a casual dining burger restaurant and bar . The original location is in Hingham , a town just outside the Boston area . It is owned by chef Paul Wahlberg in partnership with two of his brothers , actors Donnie and Mark . It is the subject of the television series , Wahlburgers . The show is a behind - the - scenes look at the titular chain of restaurants owned by chef Paul Wahlberg and his brothers , Mark and Donnie . On February 10 , 2014 , A&E ordered an initial order of 18 episodes of Wahlburgers .

Wahlburgers Type Privately held company Industry Food service Founded Hingham , Massachusetts , 2011 Founder Paul Wahlberg Donnie Wahlberg Mark Wahlberg Area served Atlanta , Georgia , United States Boston , Massachusetts , United States Toronto , Ontario , Canada New York , New York , United States Orlando , Florida , United States Las Vegas , Nevada , United States Detroit , Michigan , United States Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , United States Myrtle Beach , South Carolina , United States Cleveland , Ohio , United States Products Hamburgers , sandwiches , hot dogs , salads , cocktails , desserts and merchandise Services Restaurant , bar and take - out Website Boston : wahlburgersrestaurant.com Toronto : wahlburgers.ca Wahlburgers Genre Reality television Starring Paul Wahlberg Mark Wahlberg Donnie Wahlberg Alma McPeck Wahlberg Conroy Jenny McCarthy Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 8 No. of episodes 75 ( list of episodes ) Production Running time 21 -- 42 minutes Release Original network A&E Original release January 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 22 ) -- present ( present ) Chronology Related shows Donnie Loves Jenny External links Wahlburgers www.aetv.com/wahlburgers Contents ( hide ) 1 Restaurant 1.1 Origins 1.2 History 2 TV series 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Episode overview 2.3 Reception 2.4 Spin - off 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links Restaurant ( edit ) Origins ( edit ) In 2011 , an equity group that includes Mark Wahlberg , Donnie Wahlberg , and Paul Wahlberg licensed the name `` Wahlburger '' from Tom Wahl 's for use in their own restaurant . The family also owns and operates another restaurant named Alma Nove , which opened prior to Wahlburgers . Its name is derived from the name of the brothers ' mother and the fact that she had nine children ( `` Nove '' being Italian for Nine ) . History ( edit ) The first Wahlburgers opened in Hingham , MA , near Alma Nove , the pre-existing restaurant operated by Paul Wahlberg . The second Wahlburgers opens in Toronto , Ontario , Canada . A soft launch occurred in early 2014 November , with the official launch happening on 15 November 2014 . Wahlburgers in Orlando , Florida On February 18 , 2016 an Orlando , Florida location held its red carpet grand opening . Chef Paul and Mark were in attendance . Twenty - seven new locations are planned to be rolled out presently , with seven of them being in the New York City area . Wahlburgers announced its first South Carolina location in 2016 , at Myrtle Beach 's Broadway at the Beach . Three more Carolinas locations are planned . TV series ( edit ) Main cast ( edit ) Mark Wahlberg , actor , producer Donnie Wahlberg , actor , producer , a member of New Kids On The Block Paul Wahlberg , chef , actor Alma McPeck Wahlberg Conroy , mother of Donnie , Mark , and Paul , actress Brandon Wahlberg , nephew of Donnie , Mark , and Paul Bob Wahlberg , brother of Mark , Donnie and Paul Henry `` Nacho '' Laun , a childhood friend of the brothers Johnny `` Drama '' Alves , a childhood friend of the brothers and an aspiring actor , miscellaneous crew , and special effects Kari Burke , Paul 's assistant and operations manager Billy Leonard , a childhood friend of Mark and an investor in the restaurant Jenny McCarthy , Donnie 's wife and actress , producer , and writer Rhea Durham , Mark 's wife and model and actress John Young GM ( Lynnfield ) Episode overview ( edit ) Further information : List of Wahlburgers episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 9 January 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 22 ) March 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 19 ) 9 August 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 13 ) October 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 08 ) 9 January 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 07 ) March 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 04 ) 8 July 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 15 ) September 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 02 ) 5 8 March 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 09 ) April 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 06 ) 6 8 July 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 06 ) August 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 24 ) 7 10 November 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 16 ) January 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 11 ) 8 14 August 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 09 ) September 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 20 ) Reception ( edit ) Allison Keene of The Hollywood Reporter said that `` only a true and abiding love for the Wahlbergs will keep viewers interested . '' Brian Lowry of Variety said the show is `` generally playful , but it is just empty calories '' . Mark A. Perigard of The Boston Herald gave the show a B - . In 2014 , Wahlburgers received an Emmy nomination for Outstanding Unstructured Reality Program . Spin - off ( edit ) Donnie Loves Jenny is a reality television series based on the newlywed Donnie Wahlberg and Jenny McCarthy 's relationship and premiered on January 7 , 2015 . See also ( edit ) Boston portal Companies portal Television portal Food portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` A&E Network Orders 18 More Episodes of ' Wahlburgers ' '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved February 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Wahl 's signs licensing agreement with Wahlberg brothers '' , Democrat and Chronicle , Rochester , New York , 2011 - 08 - 25 , ISSN 1088 - 5153 , retrieved 2011 - 08 - 26 , Tom Wahl 's , which has federal trademark rights to the Wahlburger name , has signed a licensing agreement with the restaurant group that includes pop stars and actors Donnie and Mark Wahlberg and their chef - restaurateur brother , Paul . The agreement allows the Wahlbergs to name their soon - to - open burger eatery in Hingham , Mass. , Wahlburgers Restaurant . Jump up ^ `` Step by Step : Chef , famous bros get fired up over Wahlburgers '' , Boston Herald , Boston , Massachusetts , 2011 - 08 - 24 , ISSN 0738 - 5854 , retrieved 2011 - 08 - 29 , St. Croix said the restaurant 's ownership approached Tom Wahl 's , a chain of burger joints based in Rochester , N.Y. , a few months ago after they discovered it sold a product called the `` Wahlburger . '' Jump up ^ Grow , Kory ( November 12 , 2013 ) . `` Mark and Donnie Wahlberg to Serve Up ' Wahlburgers ' on TV '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Kuperinsky , Amy ( January 23 , 2014 ) . `` Well done : ' Wahlburgers ' gives a prime look at the brothers Wahlberg '' . The Star - Ledger . Retrieved 2 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wahlburgers - Official Site for the Boston Burger Restaurant '' Want a burger restaurant in Boston ? Come in to Wahlburgers for gourmet burgers , drinks and fun ! `` . Retrieved 23 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Grand Opening , Eh ? '' . Wahlburgers. 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ http://wahlburgers.ca/ ^ Jump up to : Chesto , John ( December 4 , 2014 ) . `` Wahlburgers cooks up ambitious expansion plan '' . Jump up ^ `` Wahlburgers heading to Broadway at the Beach 's Celebrity Square '' . The Sun News . May 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tan , Michelle . `` Jenny McCarthy Engaged to Donnie Wahlberg '' . People Magazine . Retrieved 16 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` News - Mark Wahlberg , Rhea Durham Expecting Fourth Child - Celebrity News '' . UsMagazine.com . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Wahlburgers : TV Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . January 22 , 2014 . Retrieved February 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` TV Review : ' Wahlburgers ' '' . Variety . January 21 , 2014 . Retrieved February 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mama 's boys battle it out on ' Wahlburgers ' '' . The Boston Herald . January 22 , 2014 . Retrieved February 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Emmy Awards 2014 : the nominations in full '' . Daily Telegraph . July 10 , 2014 . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva ( 11 November 2014 ) . `` A&E Orders ' Donnie Loves Jennifer ' Reality Series As Part Of Development Deal With Donnie Wahlberg and Jenny McCarthy '' . Deadline.com . Further reading ( edit ) McLeod , Katie ( January 22 , 2014 ) . `` ' Wahlburgers ' is all about family , burgers , and Boston '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved 2 February 2014 . Gay , Verne ( January 20 , 2014 ) . `` ' Wahlburgers ' review : Where 's the drama ? '' . Newsday . Retrieved 2 February 2014 . External links ( edit ) Official website -- television show Official website -- Boston restaurant Wahlburgers on IMDb Wahlburgers at TV.com A&E original programming Former 1980s debuts An Evening at the Improv ( 1982 -- 96 ) Caroline 's Comedy Hour ( 1989 -- 95 ) 1990s debuts Agatha Christie 's Poirot ( 1990 -- 2004 ) America 's Castles ( 1998 -- 2005 ) American Justice ( 1992 -- 2005 ) Ancient Mysteries ( 1994 -- 98 ) Breakfast with the Arts ( 1991 -- 2007 ) City Confidential ( 1998 -- 2005 ) Cold Case Files ( 1999 -- 2008 ) Live by Request ( 1996 -- 2004 ) Mysteries of the Bible ( 1994 -- 98 ) 2000s debuts 100 Centre Street ( 2001 -- 02 ) Airline ( 2004 -- 05 ) The Andromeda Strain ( 2008 ) Bearing Witness ( 2005 ) The Beast ( 2009 -- 10 ) Big Spender ( 2006 ) Billy the Exterminator ( 2009 -- 12 ) The Cleaner ( 2008 -- 09 ) Committed ( 2004 -- 05 ) Confessions of a Matchmaker ( 2007 -- 08 ) Crime 360 ( 2008 -- 09 ) Criss Angel Mindfreak ( 2005 -- 10 ) Dallas SWAT / Detroit SWAT ( 2006 -- 07 ) Dog the Bounty Hunter ( 2004 -- 12 ) Driving Force ( 2006 -- 07 ) Family Plots ( 2004 -- 05 ) Fatherhood ( 2005 -- 06 ) Flip This House ( 2005 -- 09 ) Gene Simmons Family Jewels ( 2006 -- 12 ) God or the Girl ( 2006 ) Hoarders ( 2009 -- 13 ) Inked ( 2005 -- 06 ) The Jacksons : A Family Dynasty ( 2009 -- 10 ) King of Cars ( 2006 -- 07 ) Manhunters : Fugitive Task Force ( 2008 ) Move This House ( 2005 -- 07 ) A Nero Wolfe Mystery ( 2001 -- 02 ) Obsessed ( 2009 -- 10 ) Paranormal State ( 2007 -- 11 ) Parking Wars ( 2008 -- 12 ) Private Sessions ( 2007 -- 11 ) Psychic Kids ( 2008 -- 10 ) Rollergirls ( 2006 ) Rookies ( 2008 -- 09 ) Sell This House ( 2003 -- 11 ) Sons of Hollywood ( 2007 ) Steven Seagal : Lawman ( 2009 -- 10 ) Tattoo Highway ( 2009 ) The Two Coreys ( 2007 -- 08 ) We Mean Business ( 2008 ) 2010s debuts 8 Minutes ( 2015 ) American Hoggers ( 2011 -- 13 ) Bad Ink ( 2013 -- 14 ) Barry 'd Treasure ( 2014 ) Barter Kings ( 2012 -- 13 ) Bates Motel ( 2013 -- 17 ) Be the Boss ( 2012 ) Beyond Scared Straight ( since 2011 ) Brandi & Jarrod : Married to the Job ( 2014 ) Breakout Kings ( 2011 -- 12 ) Cajun Justice ( 2012 ) Coma ( 2012 ) Country Bucks ( 2014 -- 15 ) Damien ( 2016 ) Duck Dynasty ( 2012 -- 2017 ) The First 48 : Missing Persons ( 2011 -- 13 ) Flipped Off ( 2012 ) Flipping Vegas ( 2011 -- 14 ) The Glades ( 2010 -- 13 ) The Governor 's Wife ( 2013 ) Growing Up Twisted ( 2010 ) Heavy ( 2011 ) The Killer Speaks ( 2013 ) Kirstie Alley 's Big Life ( 2010 ) Longmire ( 2012 -- 14 ) Modern Dads ( 2013 ) Panic 911 ( 2012 -- 13 ) Paranormal Cops ( 2010 ) Relapse ( 2011 ) The Returned ( 2015 ) Southie Rules ( 2013 ) Storage Wars : New York ( 2013 -- 14 ) Storage Wars : Texas ( 2011 -- 14 ) Teach : Tony Danza ( 2010 ) Those Who Kill ( 2014 ) Unforgettable ( 2015 - 16 ) Current Akil the Fugitive Hunter ( since 2017 ) Behind Bars : Rookie Year ( since 2015 ) Big Smo ( since 2014 ) Billy the Exterminator ( since 2009 ) Donnie Loves Jenny ( since 2015 ) The First 48 ( since 2004 ) The Frankenstein Chronicles ( since 2016 ) The Killing Season ( since 2016 ) Lachey 's Bar ( since 2015 ) Live PD ( since 2016 ) Shipping Wars ( since 2012 ) Storage Wars ( since 2010 ) Storage Wars : Miami ( since 2015 ) 60 Days In ( since 2016 ) Going Si - Ral ( since 2016 ) Wahlburgers ( since 2014 ) Wahlberg family Wahlberg family Donnie Wahlberg Mark Wahlberg Robert Wahlberg By marriage Rhea Durham Jenny McCarthy Collaborations Marky Mark and the Funky Bunch New Kids on the Block NKOTBSB Wahlburgers Donnie Loves Jenny Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wahlburgers&oldid=806132803 '' Categories : A&E ( TV channel ) shows 2010s American television series 2014 American television series debuts Television shows set in Boston American reality television series Wahlberg family Hidden categories : Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 19 October 2017 , at 22 : 32 . 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who has the fastest fastball in the mlb

On July 11 , 2014 , Chapman broke the record , previously held by Bruce Sutter , for the most consecutive relief appearances with a strikeout , having struck out at least one batter in 40 consecutive appearances . Chapman 's streak began on August 21 , 2013 , and lasted 49 consecutive games over two seasons , with the 49th and final game being on August 13 , 2014 . He shares the record for the fastest recorded pitch speed in MLB history , at 105.1 miles per hour ( 169.1 km / h ) , as well as the Guinness World Record for fastest baseball pitch .

Aroldis Chapman

aroldis chapman

This name uses Spanish naming customs : the first or paternal family name is Chapman and the second or maternal family name is de la Cruz . Aroldis Chapman Chapman pitching for the New York Yankees in 2016 New York Yankees -- No. 54 Relief pitcher Born : ( 1988 - 02 - 28 ) February 28 , 1988 ( age 30 ) Holguín Province , Cuba Bats : Left Throws : Left MLB debut August 31 , 2010 , for the Cincinnati Reds MLB statistics ( through August 14 , 2018 ) Win -- loss record 30 -- 24 Earned run average 2.20 Strikeouts 789 Saves 235 WHIP 1.01 Teams Cincinnati Reds ( 2010 -- 2015 ) New York Yankees ( 2016 ) Chicago Cubs ( 2016 ) New York Yankees ( 2017 -- present ) Career highlights and awards 5 × All - Star ( 2012 -- 2015 , 2018 ) World Series champion ( 2016 ) MLB records Fastest pitch in MLB history -- 105.1 miles per hour ( 169.1 km / h ) Fastest MLB pitcher to reach 500 strikeouts Medals ( hide ) Men 's Baseball Representing Cuba Pan American Games 2007 Rio de Janeiro Team Baseball World Cup 2007 Taipei Team Albertín Aroldis Chapman de la Cruz ( Spanish : ( aˈɾoldis ˈtʃapman ) ; born February 28 , 1988 ) is a Cuban - American professional baseball pitcher for the New York Yankees of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) . He previously played in MLB for the Cincinnati Reds and Chicago Cubs and in the Cuban National Series for Holguín . Chapman bats and throws left - handed , and is nicknamed the Cuban Missile or the Cuban Flame Thrower . Chapman pitched for Holguín domestically and internationally for the Cuban national baseball team . He defected from Cuba in 2009 and signed a contract with the Reds in 2010 . Chapman made his MLB debut that season . He won the MLB Delivery Man of the Month Award as the best relief pitcher for July 2012 , and has been named to four straight National League All - Star teams from 2012 to 2015 . The Reds traded Chapman to the Yankees after the 2015 season , and the Yankees traded Chapman to the Cubs during the 2016 season . With the Cubs , Chapman won Game 7 of the 2016 World Series . He signed with the Yankees after the 2016 season . On July 11 , 2014 , Chapman broke the record , previously held by Bruce Sutter , for the most consecutive relief appearances with a strikeout , having struck out at least one batter in 40 consecutive appearances . Chapman 's streak began on August 21 , 2013 , and lasted 49 consecutive games over two seasons , with the 49th and final game being on August 13 , 2014 . He shares the record for the fastest recorded pitch speed in MLB history , at 105.1 miles per hour ( 169.1 km / h ) , as well as the Guinness World Record for fastest baseball pitch . Contents 1 Early life 2 Cuban career 3 American career 3.1 Defection 3.2 Cincinnati Reds 3.2. 1 2010 season 3.2. 2 2011 season 3.2. 3 2012 season 3.2. 4 2013 season 3.2. 5 2014 season 3.2. 6 2015 season 3.3 New York Yankees 3.4 Chicago Cubs 3.5 New York Yankees ( second stint ) 4 Pitching style 4.1 Repertoire 4.2 Speed records 4.3 Mechanics 5 Personal life 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Early life ( edit ) Chapman was born in Holguín , Cuba , on February 28 , 1988 . He lived in a three - room house with his parents and two sisters . Chapman 's father was a boxing trainer and then later worked for the city . His mother did not work outside the home . Chapman 's paternal grandparents had emigrated from Jamaica to Cuba in order to get a better education , The Chapmans , whose last name can be traced to English settlers in Jamaica in the late 1600s , were not a prominent family . A friend of Chapman invited him to join a local baseball team at the age of 15 . He began playing as a first baseman until the coach noticed that Chapman could throw well enough to become a pitcher , which Chapman began in 2003 . Cuban career ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( December 2009 ) Chapman joined the Holguín Sabuesos of the Cuban National Series League in 2006 . In 327 ​ ⁄ career innings , Chapman compiled a 24 -- 19 win -- loss record , a 3.74 earned run average ( ERA ) , and 365 strikeouts . He was used mainly as a starting pitcher , although he made 11 relief appearances in the 2007 season . Chapman was part of the Cuban national team at the 2007 Pan American Games and the 2009 World Baseball Classic . American career ( edit ) Defection ( edit ) After a failed attempt to defect in the spring of 2008 , Chapman reported to Havana to meet with Cuban President Raúl Castro who gave him a conditional reprieve , suspending him for the remainder of the National Series season and also keeping him off Cuba 's national team for the 2008 Summer Olympics but allowing him to return to the National Series and play in the WBC in 2009 . Chapman successfully defected from Cuba while in Rotterdam , Netherlands where the Cuban national team was participating in the World Port Tournament on July 1 , 2009 ; Chapman walked out the front door of the team hotel and entered into an automobile driven by an acquaintance . Gerardo Concepción defected from the Cuban national team in the same tournament . Chapman eventually established residency in Andorra and petitioned the MLB to be granted free agent status . Cincinnati Reds ( edit ) Chapman pitching for the Cincinnati Reds in 2010 spring training On January 10 , 2010 , Chapman agreed to a long - term contract with the Cincinnati Reds . The Reds announced that they had signed Chapman to a six - year contract , worth $30.25 million according to MLB sources . The Associated Press reported that the bonus totals $100.25 million , paid annually over 11 years , with an additional bonus if he became eligible for salary arbitration in 2012 or 2013 . 2010 season ( edit ) Chapman began the 2010 season assigned to the Triple - A Louisville Bats , and made his professional debut with the Louisville Bats on Sunday , April 11 , in Toledo against the Mud Hens , where he pitched ​ 4 ⁄ innings , giving up 1 unearned run , while striking out 9 . Chapman made 13 starts with Louisville , pitching to a 4.11 ERA , and pitched to a 2.40 ERA after the team used him as a relief pitcher . Chapman made his Major League debut August 31 , 2010 , in the eighth inning against the Milwaukee Brewers ; his first pitch was clocked at 98 mph ( 158 km / h ) as a called strike ( which was promptly tossed to the dugout by catcher Ryan Hanigan , to be saved ) . In nine pitches he retired the side . He recorded his first Major League win on September 1 after pitching an inning of relief against the Brewers . Chapman threw the fastest pitch recognized by MLB on September 24 , 2010 at Petco Park in San Diego , California . It was clocked at 105.1 mph to Tony Gwynn Jr. in the eighth inning . In Game 2 of the 2010 NLDS against the Philadelphia Phillies , Chapman allowed 3 runs ( all unearned ) due to miscues of the outfielders . Chapman would get his first career postseason loss and the Reds would lose the division series to the Phillies in a three - game sweep . Chapman pitching in the bullpen with the Louisville Bats , triple - A affiliates of the Reds , in 2011 2011 season ( edit ) Chapman pitching for the Cincinnati Reds in 2011 Chapman served solely as a relief pitcher in 2011 , appearing in 54 regular season games and finishing the season with a 3.60 ERA . He also struck out 71 batters in just 50.0 innings of work that season . 2012 season ( edit ) Chapman was due to be introduced as a starter for the 2012 season , but preseason injuries to closer Ryan Madson and middle relievers Bill Bray and Nick Masset led manager Dusty Baker to put Chapman in the setup role . Interim closer Sean Marshall struggled early in the season , and Chapman was given the closer role in late May . On July 1 , 2012 , Chapman was named to his first All - Star Game . Chapman won the MLB Delivery Man of the Month Award for July 2012 , in which he recorded 13 saves while not allowing a run in ​ 14 ⁄ innings while striking out 31 batters -- more than 60 % of the batters he faced . It was the third month of the season in which he did not allow a single run . He was named the August Delivery Man of the Month as well . Chapman finished the 2012 season with a 1.51 ERA and 38 saves in 43 chances , recording 122 strikeouts and 23 walks in ​ 71 ⁄ innings . 2013 season ( edit ) In March 2013 , it was announced that Chapman would be the closer for the Cincinnati Reds . He was an All - Star selection for the second season in a row . He finished the 2013 year with 38 saves , a 4 -- 5 record , 112 strikeouts , and a 2.54 ERA . 2014 season ( edit ) During a spring training game against the Kansas City Royals on March 19 , 2014 , Chapman was struck in the head by a line drive from Salvador Pérez . The spring - training game between the Reds and the Royals was ended at that point with Kansas City leading 8 - 3 . Chapman underwent surgery to fix a skull fracture above his left eye . A metal plate was inserted into his head to stabilize the fracture . Chapman began the 2014 season on the 15 - day disabled list . On April 18 , Chapman was cleared to begin throwing batting practice sessions . Reds manager Bryan Price said that he was n't sure when Chapman would throw but said it likely would be during the team 's 10 - game trip that ended April 27 . He was activated from the disabled list on May 10 . Chapman recorded his 100th save against the Arizona Diamondbacks on July 29 , 2014 , becoming the eighth - fastest pitcher to reach the milestone . In the 20 - pitch appearance , Chapman threw 15 fastballs , all of which were above 100 mph . In 54 appearances , Chapman produced 106 strikeouts with 36 saves going 0 -- 3 with an ERA of exactly 2.00 . 2015 season ( edit ) Chapman and the Reds agreed to a one - year , $8.05 million contract on February 13 , 2015 . Chapman was selected to the 2015 MLB All - Star Game . He pitched a scoreless ninth inning and struck out the side on 14 pitches , 12 of which were recorded at 100 mph or greater . In the 2015 year , Chapman made 65 relief appearances with a 4 -- 4 record , a 1.63 ERA , and 33 saves . New York Yankees ( edit ) Chapman with the Yankees in 2016 ) On December 28 , 2015 , Chapman was traded to the New York Yankees . Cincinnati received four minor league players including right - handed pitchers Caleb Cotham and Rookie Davis , and infielders Eric Jagielo and Tony Renda in the exchange . On January 11 , 2016 , manager Joe Girardi named Chapman the team 's new closer . He avoided arbitration on February 12 , 2016 , by agreeing to a one - year contract worth $11.325 million . Chapman was suspended for the first 30 games of the season due to an off - season personal conduct policy violation related to domestic violence . He made his first appearance for the Yankees on May 9 , 2016 striking out 2 and allowing a run as the Yankees won 6 -- 3 over the Kansas City Royals . On July 18 against the Orioles , Chapman threw for 105 mph twice in the top of the ninth inning , averaging 103.2 mph with his fastball . Chicago Cubs ( edit ) Chapman pitching for the Chicago Cubs in Game 7 of the 2016 World Series On July 25 , 2016 , the Yankees traded Chapman to the Chicago Cubs for Gleyber Torres , Billy McKinney , Adam Warren , and Rashad Crawford . In an interview with ESPN , Chapman stated he was thrilled that the Cubs went after him , especially considering the recent success of Héctor Rondón . Chapman made his first appearance as a member of the Cubs on July 27 , pitching a 1 -- 2 -- 3 ninth and striking out two batters in a non-save situation . Chapman made three saves in four save opportunities in the 2016 National League Division Series against the San Francisco Giants to tie and set new Division Series records respectively ; Wade Davis tied his record in the 2017 National League Division Series , but did it in each of his opportunities . Chapman made four appearances during the 2016 National League Championship Series ( NLCS ) against the Los Angeles Dodgers . Chapman blew a save opportunity during the first game of the NLCS . However , the Cubs rallied back and Chapman remained in the game to earn the winning decision . He pitched during the final two innings in Game 6 to secure the Cubs first pennant since 1945 . Chapman 's workload in the 2016 World Series escalated with the Cubs facing elimination at the hands of the Cleveland Indians . Down 3 -- 1 in the series , Chapman pitched through the seventh , eighth , and ninth innings of Game 5 , allowing only one hit and preserving the Cubs ' 3 -- 2 lead . He was called upon again in the ninth inning of Game 6 , where he allowed one hit and one run en route to a 9 -- 3 victory . Chapman appeared the subsequent day to close out Game 7 with a 6 -- 3 lead in the bottom of the eighth inning . However , he blew the save opportunity and allowed Cleveland to tie the game , though Chapman prevented Cleveland from scoring additional runs in the ninth inning . The Cubs tallied the game - winning run in the 10th inning , making Chapman the game 's winning pitcher and giving him his first World Series title of his career . New York Yankees ( second stint ) ( edit ) On December 15 , 2016 , Chapman signed a five - year , $86 million contract to return to the Yankees . This is the largest contract given to a relief pitcher as of 2017 . On May 14 , 2017 , Chapman was placed on the 10 - day disabled list due to rotator cuff inflammation in his left shoulder . Although MRIs revealed no structure damage , Chapman was ruled out for at least two weeks . On June 18 , the Yankees activated Chapman from the DL and he pitched that afternoon against the Oakland A 's . On August 13 , Chapman gave up a home run to opposing batter Rafael Devers of the Boston Red Sox . The pitch was clocked at 103 mph , making it the fastest pitch hit for a home run in the Statcast era ( breaking Kurt Suzuki 's home run off of a Chapman 102 mph pitch the previous year ) . It was also Chapman 's first home run given up to a left handed batter since Luke Scott of the Baltimore Orioles did so in 2011 . Later that month , Chapman would give up only his third home run off a left hander when Yonder Alonso of the Seattle Mariners hit one of his 101 mph fastballs out . In 2018 , Chapman was elected as an MLB All - Star , representing the American League . On July 13 , 2018 , Chapman announced that he would skip the All Star Game to rest his knee due to tendinitis . On August 22 , Chapman was placed on the 10 - day disabled list due to left knee tendinitis . Pitching style ( edit ) Repertoire ( edit ) With a three - quarters delivery , Chapman currently throws three pitches : a four - seam fastball averaging 99 -- 100 miles per hour ( 159 -- 161 km / h ) , a slider averaging 87 -- 88 miles per hour ( 140 -- 142 km / h ) , and an occasional change - up . Chapman 's fastball averaged 100.3 miles per hour ( 161.4 km / h ) in 2010 , but that declined to 98.6 miles per hour ( 158.7 km / h ) in 2011 and 97.8 miles per hour ( 157.4 km / h ) through August 2012 . This more modest speed may be part of an attempt to better control his fastball . By 2015 , Chapman 's fastball averaged 99.98 miles per hour ( 160.90 km / h ) . That same year , Statcast revealed that Chapman threw the 62 fastest pitches of the season , topping out at 103.92 miles per hour ( 167.24 km / h ) . Both pitches have extraordinarily high whiff rates of 33 % for the fastball and 58 % for the slider . These have given Chapman a career strikeouts per nine innings rate of 14.66 as of August 2012 , second all - time to Craig Kimbrel , and the third - highest career percentage of pitches for swinging strikes ( 16.5 % ) . Scouts worried about his control issues and lack of a solid third pitch , noting that these issues could affect his ability to be a Major League starter . However , Chapman 's control seems to have improved . After issuing 41 walks in 50 innings the previous season , Chapman only walked 23 batters in 2012 over ​ 71 ⁄ innings . Speed Records ( edit ) According to MLB scouts , Chapman 's fastball has been clocked as high as 105 mph ( 169 km / h ) ( during the 2010 minor league season ) . On September 24 , 2010 , against the San Diego Padres , Chapman was clocked at 105.1 mph ( 169.1 km / h ) , according to PITCHf / x , which is the fastest pitch ever recorded in Major League Baseball . On July 19 , 2016 , Chapman matched his previous record of 105.1 mph when he threw a ball to Baltimore 's J.J. Hardy . On April 18 , 2011 , Chapman threw a pitch to Pittsburgh 's Andrew McCutchen that the scoreboard at Great American Ball Park clocked at a speed of 106 mph ( 170.6 km / h ) , although the box on Fox Sports Ohio 's broadcast listed it at 105 mph ( 169 km / h ) and the PITCHf / x system calculated a release speed of 102.4 mph ( 164.8 km / h ) . The disparity between these speeds has been widely discussed and questioned . Mechanics ( edit ) Sports Illustrated writer Joe Posnanski described Chapman thus : `` There is no violence at all in his motion ; he 's like the anti-Bob Gibson in that way . Just a slow beginning , a fluid motion , and BLAMMO the ball just fires out like the Batmobile rolling out of the cave . '' A more technical analysis reveals that Chapman breaks his hands late , so his arm gets involved late . He shifts his weight before he breaks his hands . Chapman gets low and creates tremendous leg drive . At landing , he quickly braces his front leg and hip . He also powerfully flexes his trunk forward over his landing knee . One scout noted that although `` ( t ) here are no obvious flaws in Chapman 's delivery ... Chapman has to coordinate a lot of moving parts , '' which may limit his consistency . Chapman 's extreme pitch speed may also pose an injury risk to his pitching arm over time . Personal life ( edit ) When Chapman defected , he left behind his father , mother , two sisters , girlfriend Raidelmis Mendosa Santiestelas , and newborn baby , Ashanty Brianna . He would later be reunited with them when he helped them defect ; the details of how they defected remain confidential . On June 30 , 2014 , his son , Atticus Gabriel Chapman , was born in Cincinnati , Ohio . In May 2012 , it was reported that Chapman was being sued after he allegedly served as `` an informant for Cuban state authorities after a failed defection attempt and helped turn in another man in order to get back on the country 's national baseball team . '' On December 7 , 2015 , news broke that he was involved in an alleged domestic violence incident with his girlfriend in Davie , Florida at Chapman 's home on October 30 , 2015 . A pending trade with the Los Angeles Dodgers was put on hold as MLB announced it would be investigating the incident as part of its domestic violence policy . In the incident , he was accused of choking his girlfriend and firing eight gunshots . No charges were filed by the police due to inconsistency in his girlfriend 's reports and lack of physical evidence , and his attorney issued a statement denying the allegations . The trade was rescinded and the Reds traded Chapman to the Yankees three weeks later . Although he was not charged , the MLB banned him for 30 games as a result of `` Chapman 's use of the firearm and its effect on his partner , '' ending May 9 , 2016 . He was the first player disciplined by new rules enacted in August 2015 , which allows the MLB to ban a player from games without a final sentence . Chapman became an American citizen in April 2016 . See also ( edit ) Biography portal Baseball portal Cuba portal List of Major League Baseball players from Cuba List of baseball players who defected from Cuba List of Major League Baseball players suspended for domestic violence Cincinnati Reds award winners and league leaders References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Aroldis Chapman , SP , International Player '' . USA Today . usatoday.com . December 9 , 2009 . Retrieved January 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Randhawa , Manny ( July 12 , 2014 ) . `` Aroldis sets MLB record with K in 40th straight game '' . MLB.com . Retrieved July 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chapman 's 105 - mph pitch was fastest ever '' . Cincinnati.reds.mlb.com . September 25 , 2010 . Retrieved July 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fastest baseball pitch ( male ) '' . Guinness World Records . Guinness World Records . Retrieved October 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Fehrman , Craig ( January 3 , 2013 ) . `` The Enigma of Mr. 105 '' . Cincinnati Magazine . Retrieved February 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Davenport , Clay ( August 13 , 2009 ) . `` Defection Alert '' . Baseball Prospectus . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Jose Arangue , Jr . ( August 9 , 2009 ) . `` New world of hope awaits Chapman '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Retrieved on 2009 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ Enrique Rojas ( January 18 , 2012 ) . `` Cuban left - hander Gerardo Concepcion declared a free agent , player agent says '' . Espn.go.com . Retrieved May 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Coveted Cuban defector Chapman establishes residency in Andorra '' . CNN . September 21 , 2009 . Retrieved April 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Aroldis Chapman awaits ruling on MLB free - agency status '' . Sports.Espn.Go.com . September 21 , 2009 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sources : Cuban lefty Aroldis Chapman OKs deal with Reds '' . Msn.foxsports.com . January 11 , 2010 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mark Sheldon ( January 10 , 2010 ) . `` Cuban star Chapman joins Reds '' . Mlb.mlb.com . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cuban ace Aroldis Chapman inks 6 - year deal with Cincinnati Reds '' . Sports.espn.go.com . January 12 , 2010 . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2010 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Reds send Aroldis Chapman to Triple - A - MLB '' . nbcsports.msnbc.com. April 2 , 2010 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mark Sheldon ( April 9 , 2010 ) . `` Watch Chapman 's US debut on Sunday '' . Cincinnati.reds.mlb.com . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2010 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Roth , David ( September 1 , 2010 ) . `` Chapman 's 103 - MPH Big - League Debut '' . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2010 . Retrieved September 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Reds ' Aroldis Chapman debuts with four pitches topping 100 mph '' . Sporting News.com . August 31 , 2010 . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2010 . Retrieved September 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Reds ' Aroldis Chapman perfect again , gets first victory '' . Sporting News.com . September 2 , 2010 . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2010 . Retrieved September 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Jones , Todd ( August 14 , 2012 ) . `` Reds ' Chapman is wizard of whiffs '' . The Columbus Dispatch . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sheldon , Mark ( May 20 , 2012 ) . `` Chapman assumes closer 's role , earns save '' . MLB.com . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived July 7 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Chapman named Delivery Man of the Month winner '' . MLB . August 3 , 2012 . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Aroldis Chapman 2012 Pitching Splits '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Aroldis Chapman of the Cincinnati Reds named the Major League Baseball Delivery Man of the Month for August '' . MLB.com ( Press release ) . Major League Baseball . September 4 , 2012 . Retrieved September 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chapman matures in closer 's role '' . Mlb.mlb.com . June 19 , 2012 . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Aroldis Chapman to stay closer '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . March 22 , 2013 . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Reds ' Chapman ' lucky ' to have only broken bone '' . aol.com . March 20 , 2014 . Retrieved March 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fox Sports . `` Reds ' Chapman cleared to throw batting practice '' . FOX Sports . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Reds activate Aroldis Chapman '' . ESPN.com . May 10 , 2014 . Retrieved May 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Randhawa , Manny ( July 29 , 2014 ) . `` Chapman earns 100th career save '' . MLB.com . Retrieved August 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Randhawa , Manny ( July 29 , 2014 ) . `` Chapman turns up the heat against D - backs '' . Retrieved August 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Aroldis Chapman , Reds reach dea '' . ESPN . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sheldon , Mark ( July 15 , 2015 ) . `` High heat : Chapman freezes batters '' . MLB.com . Retrieved October 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brown , David ( December 28 , 2015 ) . `` Yankees acquire closer Aroldis Chapman in trade with Reds '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved December 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kuty , Brendan ( January 12 , 2016 ) . `` Yankees make Aroldis Chapman closer : 4 reasons it 's the right move '' . NJ.com . Retrieved January 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Closer Aroldis Chapman agrees with Yankees at $11,325,000 '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . February 12 , 2016 . Retrieved February 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` Aroldis Chapman throws 105 mph to tie his own record for fastest MLB pitch '' . ftw.usatoday.com . July 18 , 2016 . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gonzales , Mark ( July 25 , 2016 ) . `` Cubs land marquee closer Aroldis Chapman from Yankees '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved July 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Jay ( October 16 , 2016 ) . `` Montero 's pinch - hit slam lifts Cubs over Dodgers 8 -- 4 '' . ESPN . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Klapisch , Bob ( October 31 , 2016 ) . `` After Aroldis Chapman 's effort , now we have a World Series '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Berg , Ted ( October 31 , 2016 ) . `` Cubs survive , force Game 6 of World Series in Cleveland '' . USA Today . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cubs outlast Indians in Game 7 , win first World Series since 1908 '' . ESPN . November 3 , 2016 . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Yankees finalize 5 - year deal with Chapman '' . MLB.com . December 15 , 2016 . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Quinn . `` Aroldis Chapman goes on DL with inflamed rotator cuff '' . MLB . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://m.mlb.com/cutfour/2017/08/14/248344244/here-are-5-amazing-facts-from-rafael-devers-game-tying-home-run-off-aroldis-chapman Jump up ^ `` Arolsid Chapman goes on DL with knee tendinitis '' . MLB . Retrieved August 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Aroldis Chapman '' Statistics '' Pitching - FanGraphs Baseball `` . ^ Jump up to : `` Brooks Baseball Home of the PitchFX Tool - Player Card : Albertin Aroldis Chapman '' . Brooks Baseball . Retrieved August 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fay , John ( August 7 , 2012 ) . `` BaseballAmerica.com : Majors : Best Tools : Reds ' Aroldis Chapman Dominates With MLB 's Best Fastball '' . Baseball America . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cincinnati 's Chapman throws 62 fastest pitches of season '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . October 4 , 2015 . Retrieved October 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Major League Leaderboards '' 2012 '' Pitchers '' Plate Discipline Statistics `` . Fangraphs . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Data goes back to 2002 season . Minimum 100 innings pitched . Jump up ^ Jonathan Mayo . `` Scouts see Chapman as rare package '' . Cincinnati.Reds.MLB.com . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Daugherty , Paul ( April 27 , 2012 ) . `` Cincinnati Reds pitcher Aroldis Chapman on verge of stardom '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Aroldis Chapman Statistics and History '' . fangraphs.com . Retrieved May 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Arangure , Jorge ( March 15 , 2009 ) . `` Cuba might be team to beat : Chapman , powerful lineup make Cubans a strong WBC contender '' . ESPN.com . Jump up ^ Pepin , Matt ( August 26 , 2010 ) . `` Aroldis Chapman hits 105 mph '' . Boston.com . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2010 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Nowak , Joey ( August 4 , 2014 ) . `` For Chapman , it 's fast , faster , fastest '' . MLB.com . Retrieved August 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chapman 's 105.1 mph pitch matches fastest since 2008 '' . www.foxsports.com . July 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Passan , Jeff ( April 19 , 2011 ) . `` Chapman 's 106 - mph fastball was likely bogus '' . Sports.Yahoo.com . Retrieved May 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Archived September 9 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The Aroldis Chapman X-Factor : Maximize Pitching Velocity To 106 MPH '' . Retrieved December 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Eisenberg , Alex ( November 19 , 2009 ) . `` Aroldis Chapman : Everything You Need to Know '' . Baseball - Intellect . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2012 . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A. Chapman piensa en Grandes Ligas para el 2010 '' . Mlb.mlb.com . November 13 , 2009 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ http://m.mlb.com/news/article/68637504/entire-family-in-us-reds-closer-aroldis-chapman-finding-peace-off-field/ Jump up ^ `` Chapman reportedly being sued for $18 M '' . MLB.com . Retrieved May 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Police report : Aroldis Chapman allegedly fired gunshots , ' choked ' girlfriend in domestic incident '' . Yahoo Sports . December 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Plunkett , Bill ( December 7 , 2015 ) . `` Dodgers pursue Reds closer Aroldis Chapman , but report of gun incident could put deal on hold '' . OC Register . Retrieved December 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Aroldis Chapman fired gun , accused of choking girlfriend in Oct. incident '' . ESPN.com . December 7 , 2015 . Retrieved December 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hagen , Paul ; Hoch , Bryan . `` Chapman gets 30 - game suspension from MLB '' . mlb.com . MLB.com . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yankees ' Aroldis Chapman now a U.S. citizen '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Aroldis Chapman . Career statistics and player information from MLB , or ESPN , or Baseball - Reference , or Fangraphs , or The Baseball Cube , or Baseball - Reference ( Minors ) Cuban Baseball Career statistics Cuba roster -- 2009 World Baseball Classic -- 6th place 2 Eduardo Paret 3 Luis Miguel Navas 8 Ariel Pestano 10 Yuli Gurriel 12 Michel Enríquez 14 Joan Carlos Pedroso 15 Danny Betancourt 17 Vladimir García 20 Norge Luis Vera 24 Frederich Cepeda 26 Leonys Martín 28 Héctor Olivera 32 Norberto González 40 Rolando Meriño 42 Miguel Lahera 46 Yosvani Peraza 48 Yulieski González 51 Yoenis Céspedes 52 Aroldis Chapman 54 Alfredo Despaigne 55 Alexander Mayeta 56 Leslie Anderson 59 Ismel Jiménez 72 Ciro Licea 74 Luis Miguel Rodríguez 92 Yolexis Ulacia 97 Yunieski Maya 99 Pedro Luis Lazo Manager 39 Higinio Vélez Coach 41 Francisco Escaurido Coach 22 Enrique Cepero Coach 34 Jose Elosegui Coach 30 Pedro Perez Coach 21 Lourdes Gourriel Chicago Cubs 2016 World Series champions 3 David Ross 5 Albert Almora 6 Carl Edwards Jr . 8 Chris Coghlan 9 Javier Báez ( NLCS MVP ) 12 Kyle Schwarber 17 Kris Bryant ( NL MVP ) 18 Ben Zobrist ( World Series MVP ) 22 Jason Heyward 24 Dexter Fowler 27 Addison Russell 28 Kyle Hendricks 34 Jon Lester ( NLCS MVP ) 37 Travis Wood 38 Mike Montgomery 40 Willson Contreras 41 John Lackey 44 Anthony Rizzo 46 Pedro Strop 47 Miguel Montero 49 Jake Arrieta 52 Justin Grimm 54 Aroldis Chapman 56 Héctor Rondón 68 Jorge Soler Manager 70 Joe Maddon Third Base Coach 1 Gary Jones Bench Coach 4 Dave Martinez Hitting Coach 11 John Mallee First Base Coach 16 Brandon Hyde Pitching Coach 25 Chris Bosio Bullpen Coach 35 Lester Strode Catching Coach 58 Mike Borzello Assistant Hitting Coach 77 Eric Hinske Quality Control Coach 64 Henry Blanco Bullpen Catcher 95 Chad Noble Regular season National League Division Series National League Championship Series Major League Baseball Reliever of the Year Award Delivery Man Award ( 2005 -- 2013 ) 2005 : Mariano Rivera 2006 : Mariano Rivera 2007 : Jonathan Papelbon 2008 : Brad Lidge 2009 : Mariano Rivera 2010 : Heath Bell 2011 : José Valverde 2012 : Fernando Rodney 2013 : Craig Kimbrel Trevor Hoffman Award ( 2014 -- present ) 2014 : Craig Kimbrel 2015 : Mark Melancon 2016 : Kenley Jansen 2017 : Kenley Jansen Mariano Rivera Award ( 2014 -- present ) 2014 : Greg Holland 2015 : Andrew Miller 2016 : Zach Britton 2017 : Craig Kimbrel Monthly winners ( 2005 -- 2013 ) 2005 April : José Mesa May : Trevor Hoffman June : Chad Cordero July : Brad Lidge August : Todd Jones September : Ryan Dempster 2006 April : Jonathan Papelbon May : Jason Isringhausen June : Bobby Jenks July : Joe Nathan August : Francisco Rodríguez September : Trevor Hoffman 2007 April : Francisco Cordero May : Trevor Hoffman June : J.J. 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Putz 2012 April : Jonathan Papelbon May : Jim Johnson June : Tyler Clippard July : Aroldis Chapman August : Aroldis Chapman September : Craig Kimbrel 2013 April : Jason Grilli May : Jason Grilli June : Joe Nathan July : Greg Holland August : Craig Kimbrel September : Greg Holland New York Yankees current roster Active roster 11 Brett Gardner 14 Neil Walker 19 Masahiro Tanaka 25 Gleyber Torres 27 Giancarlo Stanton 28 Austin Romine 30 David Robertson 31 Aaron Hicks 33 Greg Bird 34 J.A. Happ 36 Lance Lynn 38 Shane Robinson 40 Luis Severino 41 Miguel Andújar 45 Luke Voit 48 Tommy Kahnle 52 CC Sabathia 53 Zach Britton 55 Sonny Gray 56 Jonathan Holder 57 Chad Green 66 Kyle Higashioka 67 A.J. 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where did the cinco de mayo celebration originate

Cinco de Mayo ( pronounced ( ˈsiŋko ðe ˈmaʝo ) in Latin America , Spanish for `` Fifth of May '' ) is an annual celebration held on May 5 . The date is observed to commemorate the Mexican Army 's unlikely victory over the French Empire at the Battle of Puebla , on May 5 , 1862 , under the leadership of General Ignacio Zaragoza .

Cinco de Mayo

cinco de mayo

Cinco de Mayo ( pronounced ( ˈsiŋko ðe ˈmaʝo ) in Latin America , Spanish for `` Fifth of May '' ) is an annual celebration held on May 5 . The date is observed to commemorate the Mexican Army 's unlikely victory over the French Empire at the Battle of Puebla , on May 5 , 1862 , under the leadership of General Ignacio Zaragoza .

In the United States , Cinco de Mayo has taken on a significance beyond that in Mexico . More popularly celebrated in the United States than Mexico , the date has become associated with the celebration of Mexican - American culture . In Mexico , the commemoration of the battle continues to be mostly ceremonial , such as through military parades or battle reenactments . Cinco de Mayo is sometimes mistaken for Mexico 's Independence Day -- the most important national holiday in Mexico -- which is celebrated on September 16 , commemorating the Cry of Dolores that initiated the war of Mexican independence from Spain . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Events leading to the Battle of Puebla 1.2 French invasion and Mexican victory 1.3 Events after the battle 1.4 Significance 2 History of the holiday 2.1 United States 2.2 Mexico 2.3 Elsewhere 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Background ( edit ) `` May 5 , 1862 and the siege of Puebla '' , a 1901 image from the Biblioteca del Niño Mexicano , a series of booklets for children detailing the history of Mexico Events leading to the Battle of Puebla ( edit ) Cinco de Mayo has its roots in the Second French intervention in Mexico , which took place in the aftermath of the 1846 -- 48 Mexican -- American War and the 1858 -- 61 Reform War . The Reform War was a civil war that pitted Liberals ( who believed in separation of church and state , and freedom of religion ) against Conservatives ( who favored a tight bond between the Catholic Church and the Mexican state ) . These wars nearly bankrupted the Mexican Treasury . On July 17 , 1861 , Mexican President Benito Juárez issued a moratorium in which all foreign debt payments would be suspended for two years . In response , Britain , France , and Spain sent naval forces to Veracruz to demand reimbursement . Britain and Spain negotiated with Mexico and withdrew , but France , at the time ruled by Napoleon III , decided to use the opportunity to establish an empire in Mexico that would favor French interests , the Second Mexican Empire . The empire was part of an envisioned `` Latin America '' ( term used to imply cultural kinship of the region with France ) that would rebuild French influence in the American continent and exclude Anglophone American territories . French invasion and Mexican victory ( edit ) Main article : Battle of Puebla Late in 1861 , a well - armed French fleet stormed Veracruz , landing a large French force and driving President Juárez and his government into retreat . Moving on from Veracruz towards Mexico City , the French army encountered heavy resistance from the Mexicans close to Puebla , at the Mexican forts of Loreto and Guadalupe . The French army of 8,000 attacked the poorly equipped Mexican army of 4,000 . On May 5 , 1862 , the Mexicans decisively defeated the French army . The victory represented a significant morale boost to the Mexican army and the Mexican people at large and helped establish a sense of national unity and patriotism . Events after the Battle ( edit ) The Mexican victory , however , was short - lived . A year later , with 30,000 troops , the French were able to defeat the Mexican army , capture Mexico City , and install Emperor Maximilian I as ruler of Mexico . The French victory was itself short - lived , lasting only three years , from 1864 to 1867 . By 1865 , `` with the American Civil War now over , the U.S. began to provide more political and military assistance to Mexico to expel the French '' . Upon the conclusion of the American Civil War , Napoleon III , facing a persistent Mexican guerilla resistance , the threat of war with Prussia , and `` the prospect of a serious scrap with the United States '' , retreated from Mexico starting in 1866 . The Mexicans recaptured Mexico City , and Maximilian I was apprehended and executed , along with his Mexican generals Miguel Miramón and Tomás Mejía Camacho in Cerro de las Campanas , Querétaro . `` On June 5 , 1867 , Benito Juárez finally entered Mexico City where he installed a new government and reorganized his administration . '' Significance ( edit ) The Battle of Puebla was significant , both nationally and internationally , for several reasons . First , although considerably outnumbered , the Mexicans defeated a much - better - equipped French army . `` This battle was significant in that the 4,000 Mexican soldiers were greatly outnumbered by the well - equipped French army of 8,000 that had not been defeated for almost 50 years . '' Second , since the Battle of Puebla , some have argued that no country in the Americas has subsequently been invaded by any other European military force . Historian Justo Sierra has written in his Political Evolution of the Mexican People that , had Mexico not defeated the French in Puebla on May 5 , 1862 , France would have gone to the aid of the Confederacy in the U.S. Civil War and the United States ' destiny would have been different . History of the holiday ( edit ) United States ( edit ) Cinco de Mayo performers at the White House According to a paper published by the UCLA Center for the Study of Latino Health and Culture about the origin of the observance of Cinco de Mayo in the United States , the modern American focus on that day first started in California in 1863 in response to the resistance to French rule in Mexico . `` Far up in the gold country town of Columbia ( now Columbia State Park ) Mexican miners were so overjoyed at the news that they spontaneously fired off rifle shots and fireworks , sang patriotic songs and made impromptu speeches . '' A 2007 UCLA Newsroom article notes that , `` the holiday , which has been celebrated in California continuously since 1863 , is virtually ignored in Mexico . '' TIME magazine reports that `` Cinco de Mayo started to come into vogue in 1940s America during the rise of the Chicano Movement . '' The holiday crossed over from California into the rest of the United States in the 1950s and 1960s but did not gain popularity until the 1980s when marketers , especially beer companies , capitalized on the celebratory nature of the day and began to promote it . It grew in popularity and evolved into a celebration of Mexican culture and heritage , first in areas with large Mexican - American populations , like Los Angeles , Chicago , Houston and San Jose . In a 1998 study in the Journal of American Culture it was reported that there were more than 120 official US celebrations of Cinco de Mayo in 21 different states . An update in 2006 found that the number of official Cinco de Mayo events was 150 or more , according to José Alamillo , a professor of ethnic studies at Washington State University in Pullman , who has studied the cultural impact of Cinco de Mayo north of the border . Los Angeles ' Fiesta Broadway has been billed as the largest Cinco de Mayo celebration in the world , which it most certainly was at its peak in the 1990s when it attracted crowds of 500,000 or more . In recent years attendance has seen a dramatic decrease . Cinco de Mayo celebration in Saint Paul , Minnesota On June 7 , 2005 , the United States Congress issued a concurrent resolution calling on the President of the United States to issue a proclamation calling upon the people of the United States to observe Cinco de Mayo with appropriate ceremonies and activities . To celebrate , many display Cinco de Mayo banners while school districts hold special events to educate students about its historical significance . Special events and celebrations highlight Mexican culture , especially in its music and regional dancing . Examples include baile folklórico and mariachi demonstrations held annually at the Plaza del Pueblo de Los Ángeles , near Olvera Street . Commercial interests in the United States have capitalized on the celebration , advertising Mexican products and services , with an emphasis on alcoholic beverages , foods , and music . According to Nielsen , in 2013 more than $600 million worth of beer was purchased in the United States for Cinco de Mayo , more than for the Super Bowl or St. Patrick 's Day . Mexico ( edit ) The former Forts of Guadalupe and Loreto now house a museum . On May 9 , 1862 , President Juárez declared that the anniversary of the Battle of Puebla would be a national holiday regarded as `` Battle of Puebla Day '' or `` Battle of Cinco de Mayo '' . Today , the commemoration of the battle is not observed as a national holiday in Mexico ( i.e. not a statutory holiday ) . However , all public schools are closed nationwide in Mexico on May 5 . The day is an official holiday in the State of Puebla , where the Battle took place , and also a full holiday ( no work ) in the neighboring State of Veracruz . In Puebla , historical reenactments , parades , and meals take place to commemorate the battle . Parade participants dress as French and Mexican soldiers to reenact the battle . Every year the city also hosts the Festival Internacional de Puebla , which gathers national and international artists , traditional musicians and dancers . As well as the Festival Internacional del Mole , with an emphasis on the city 's iconic mole poblano . In Mexico City , military commemoration is occasionally held at the Campo Marte . A street , Avenida Cinco de Mayo , in the Historic Center of Mexico City was named after the battle in 1862 by Benito Juárez . Elsewhere ( edit ) Events tied to Cinco de Mayo also occur outside Mexico and the United States . As in the United States , celebrations elsewhere also emphasize Mexican cuisine , culture and music . For example , Windsor , Ontario , Canada , holds a `` Cinco de Mayo Street Festival '' , some Canadian pubs play Mexican music and serve Mexican food and drink , and a sky - diving club near Vancouver holds a Cinco de Mayo skydiving event . In the Cayman Islands , in the Caribbean , there is an annual Cinco de Mayo air guitar competition , and at Montego Bay , Jamaica , there is a Cinco de Mayo celebration . The city of Brisbane , Queensland , Australia , holds an annual Mexican Festival to honor the day , and celebrations are held in London and New Zealand . Other celebrations of the day can also be found in Cape Town , South Africa , Lagos , Nigeria , and in Paris . Cinco de Mayo is celebrated in Japan in Osaka and in Tokyo 's Yoyogi Park Event Space as a celebration of Latin American culture . See also ( edit ) Siege of Puebla ( 1863 ) , fall of Puebla to the Imperialists Third Battle of Puebla ( 1867 ) , recapture of Puebla and decisive victory for the restoration of the Republic References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Other sources give the size of the French force as 6,500. ( 1 ) Jump up ^ According to Mexico 's National Institute of Historical Studies on the Mexican Revolution the Mexican force consisted of 4,802 soldiers. ( 2 ) And Peter Hicks of the French Fondation Napoléon and other French sources state the size of the Mexican force was 12,000 men . ( 3 ) ( 4 ) . Hayes - Batista clarifies on page 60 of his El Cinco de Mayo : An American Tradition that after the smaller Mexican force had defeated the French on May 5 , they received reinforcements on May 6 and 7 of approximately 12,000 additional Mexican soldiers . Jump up ^ It has been pointed out that , contrary to reports on PBS and in Philadelphia 's The Bulletin , the French were in fact considered to have been defeated by the Russians at the Siege of Petropavlovsk in 1854 . Jump up ^ The statement in The Bulletin is , `` This was the last time any army from another continent invaded the Americas . '' Note it says `` invaded '' , and not `` attacked . '' Thus , since Cinco de Mayo no army from another continent has invaded the Americas . The War of the Falklands War , for example , was fought in the Americas but the Islands were invaded by a military from the Americas ( the Argentine military ) . They were subsequently attacked ( not invaded ) by the UK . Another example , Pearl Harbor , experienced an attack , not an invasion by the Japanese . The only possible exception to the Cinco de Mayo claim above might be the brief occupation / invasion of two of the Alaskan Aleutian Islands by the Japanese military during WWII . This event , however , was so insignificant as to be virtually negligible : the islands invaded had a total population of 12 Americans and some 45 natives , the invasion was short - lived , and the battle fought there had no notoriety other than the psychological effect on the Americans that the Japanese had invaded American territory again ( Alaska was not yet a full - fledged state ) . In short , the military importance of these small pieces of land was nowhere comparable to the superior military significance of the Battle of Puebla . Citations ^ Jump up to : Lovgren , Stefan ( May 5 , 2006 ) . `` Cinco de Mayo , From Mexican Fiesta to Popular U.S. Holiday '' . National Geographic News . Jump up ^ `` RECOGNIZING THE SIGNIFICANCE OF CINCO DE MAYO '' . Congress.gov . House of Representatives . May 4 , 2009 . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cinco de Mayo '' . University of California at Los Angeles . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2006 . Retrieved May 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cinco de Mayo celebrations run all weekend '' . Deseret News . Retrieved May 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Cinco de Mayo has become a day for celebrating Mexican culture in the United States , and celebrations there easily outshine those in Mexico '' . About.com . Retrieved May 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Krogstad , Jens ( May 5 , 2003 ) . `` University community celebrates Cinco de Mayo '' . The Minnesota Daily . University of Minnesota . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2007 . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Today , the holiday is celebrated more in the United States than in Mexico Jump up ^ `` Why is Cinco de Mayo More Popular in America Than in Mexico ? '' . US News & World Report . Retrieved 5 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Lauren Effron ( May 5 , 2010 ) . `` Cinco de Mayo : NOT Mexico 's Independence Day '' . Discovery Channel . Retrieved May 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Minster , Christopher ( December 16 , 2013 ) . `` Cinco De Mayo / The Battle of Puebla '' . About.com . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Herz , May . `` Cinco de Mayo '' . Inside Mexico . Retrieved May 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cinco de Mayo '' . History.com . Retrieved May 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cinco de Mayo '' . Mexico Online . April 25 , 2007 . Retrieved May 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cinco de Mayo : What 's all the fuss about ? '' Julia Goralka . The Washington Times . May 2 , 2012 . Retrieved November 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Happy Cinco de Mayo -- Sorta . Ray Suarez . PBS News Hour . May 4 , 2012 . Retrieved October 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cinco de Mayo . Mexico Online : The Oldest and most trusted online guide to Mexico . Retrieved November 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cinco de Mayo . 2011 . The History Channel website . Retrieved May 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ The Significance of `` Cinco de Mayo '' . Ignacio González. 1996 . Retrieved November 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cinco de Mayo - The Backstory . Archived May 13 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Tony Azios . ' Llero . Jaws Communications . 2010 . Retrieved November 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cheryl VanBuskirk ( May 7 , 2009 ) . `` Cinco De Mayo : Join In The Celebration On The Fifth Of May '' . The Bulletin : Philadelphia 's Family Newspaper . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2009 . Retrieved May 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ History Channel.com . Retrieved May 14 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Happy Cinco de Mayo : Top 10 Drunkest Holidays ... Time . By Frances Romero . Wednesday , May . 05 , 2010 ... Retrieved May 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cinco de Mayo '' . Mexico Online . April 25 , 2007 . Retrieved May 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cinco de Mayo '' . Mexico Online : The Oldest and most trusted online guide to Mexico . Jump up ^ Michael C. Meyer ; William H. Beezley ( 2000 ) . The Oxford History of Mexico . Oxford University Press . pp. 387 -- 8 . ^ Jump up to : Cinco De Mayo : Join In The Celebration On The Fifth Of May . Archived May 11 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Cheryl VanBuskirk . The Bulletin : Philadelphia 's Family Newspaper . Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , US . May 7 , 2009 . Retrieved June 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ The Battle of Puebla and Cinco de Mayo . PBS . Retrieved February 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Cinco De Mayo : Join In The Celebration On The Fifth Of May . Archived May 11 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Cheryl VanBuskirk . The Bulletin : Philadelphia 's Family Newspaper , May 7 , 2009 . Retrieved June 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Mexico 's Lasting European Influence . By Jose Antonio Burciaga . Free Lance - Star Publishing . May , 2007 . ( First released in The Hispanic News Link. 1981 . ) '' . Banderasnews.com . Retrieved May 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Robert L. Bidwell ( Apr 1971 ) . `` The Political Evolution of the Mexican People . By Justo Sierra . Translated by Charles Ramsdell . Austin , TX : The University of Texas Press . 1969 '' . Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs . Center for Latin American Studies at the University of Miami . 13 ( 2 ) : 306 -- 308 . JSTOR 174689 . ^ Jump up to : Southern California Quarterly `` Cinco de Mayo 's First Seventy - Five Years in Alta California : From Spontaneous Behavior to Sedimented Memory , 1862 to 1937 '' Spring 2007 ( see American observation of Cinco de Mayo started in California ) Retrieved October 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Hayes - Bautista , David E. ( April 2009 ) . `` Cinco de Mayo : The Real Story '' . EGP News . Eastern Group Publications . Retrieved June 2 , 2016 . Far up in the gold country town of Columbia ( now Columbia State Park ) Mexican miners were so overjoyed at the news that they spontaneously fired off rifles shots and fireworks , sang patriotic songs and made impromptu speeches . Jump up ^ Cinco de Mayo minor holiday in Mexico . UPI . World News . May 5 , 2010 . Retrieved May 15 , 2010 . Verified March 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cesares , Oscar ( May 5 , 2010 ) . `` Holiday of Cinco de Mayo is minor event in Mexico '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved May 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cinco de Mayo '' . History.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lovgren , Stefan . `` Cinco de Mayo History : From Bloodshed to Beer Fest '' . National Geographic . Los Angeles . Retrieved May 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Canalis , John ( April 26 , 1992 ) . L.A. hosts nation 's biggest Cinco de Mayo party . UPI Archives . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jamison , Peter ( April 24 , 2016 ) . With thinner crowds in a smaller space , Fiesta Broadway feels deeply diminished . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Library of Congress ( U.S.A. ) Declaration . Retrieved February 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kane , Courtney ( May 2 , 2003 ) . `` Marketers extend their holiday efforts to a Mexican celebration and even to Lent '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . ( Cinco de Mayo ) gives us an opportunity ... to really get a jump - start on the summer beer - selling season Jump up ^ `` Constellation Brands and Crown Imports Ring in Cinco de Mayo at New York Stock Exchange '' . ACNNewswire.com . Victor , New York : Asian Corporate News Network . May 3 , 2012 . Retrieved May 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Salem , Nancy ( May 4 , 2007 ) . `` Cinco de Mayo 's history neglected ; it 's an excuse to party '' . The Albuquerque Tribune . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2007 . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . From my perspective as a marketing professional , Cinco de Mayo has morphed into a national holiday designed by Fifth Avenue to sell alcohol and excite consumership around a party - type theme Jump up ^ Alamillo , José M. `` Contesting Cinco de Mayo : Cultural Politics and Commercialization of Ethnic Festivals , 1930 -- 1950 '' . Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved May 8 , 2007 . Cinco de Mayo is not just a fiesta anymore , the gringos have taken it on as a good sales pitch Jump up ^ `` What Is Cinco de Mayo ? '' . The New York Times . 5 May 2018 . Retrieved 6 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Did You Know ? Cinco de Mayo is more widely celebrated in USA than Mexico . Tony Burton . Mexconnect . Retrieved May 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cultural adaptation : the Cinco de Mayo holiday is far more widely celebrated in the USA than in Mexico . Geo - Mexico . May 2 , 2011 . Retrieved May 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 25 Latino Craft Projects : Celebrating Culture in Your Library . Ana Elba Pabon . Diana Borrego. 2003 . American Library Association . Page 14 . Retrieved May 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 7 Things You May Not Know About Cinco de Mayo . Jesse Greenspan . May 3 , 2012 . Retrieved May 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Congressional Record -- House . Page 7488 . 9 May 2001 . Retrieved May 8 , 2013 . Note that contrary to most other sources , this source states the date Juarez declared Cinco de Mayo to be a national holiday was September 8 , 1862 . Jump up ^ Holidays 2013 . Archived May 13 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . U.S. Consulate in Mexico . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Los días de 2013 que , por ley , debes descansar . January 9 , 2013 . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Calendario Escolar 2012 -- 2013 . Archived April 13 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Secretaria de Educacion Publica . Government of Mexico . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Calendario Puebla 2012 ... Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Circular 0077 - 13 Calendario Oficial de Días Festivos 2013 . Adelante . Gobierno del Estado de Veracruz . January 16 , 2013 . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` How people actually celebrate Cinco de Mayo in Mexico '' . Business Insider . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Peña Nieto no estará en Puebla para desfile del 5 de Mayo ; conmemora Batalla en Campo Marte '' . SDPnoticias.com ( in Spanish ) . May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cinco de Mayo at Kensington Court -- Eyes on Windsor '' . eyesonwindsor.com . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Windsor Cinco de Mayo Celebration 2017 Windsor , CA -- Official Website '' . www.townofwindsor.com . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Canadian celebration Archived August 27 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. ; St. Albert , Canada 2012 celebration ; Montreal celebration . Retrieved May 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cinco de Mayo Skydiving Boogie 2008 '' . Abbotsford , British Columbia , Canada . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2008 . Retrieved May 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Cayman Cinco de Mayo air guitar Archived January 16 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved May 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Jamaica celebration Archived July 18 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved May 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Brisbane Cinco de Mayo Mexican Festival '' ; Brisbane celebration Archived July 9 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Where to Celebrate Cinco de Mayo in London '' . Retrieved May 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mexican Ambassador to New Zealand honors Cinco de Mayo . Retrieved May 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cinco de Mayo in South Africa Retrieved May 5 , 2016 Jump up ^ Cinco de Mayo in Lagos , Nigeria Retrieved May 5 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` El cinco de mayo -- Paris -- jeudi 05 mai '' After Work . Retrieved May 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cinco de Mayo festivals in Osaka and Tokyo Retrieved May 5 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Cinco De Mayo Festival in Tokyo '' Archived February 22 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . JapanBases.com . Retrieved August 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cinco de Mayo 2013 : Celebrating the Americas '' Cinco de Mayo Festival . Retrieved August 16 , 2013 . Sources Hayes - Bautista , David E. El Cinco de Mayo : An American Tradition ( University of California Press ; 2012 ) 293 pages External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cinco de Mayo . Cinco De Mayo Videos on The History Channel Cinco De Mayo Quick Facts `` Cinco de Mayo is NOT Mexican Independence Day ? '' on The Law Library of Congress 's blog `` Origin of the Cinco De Mayo celebration '' -- Mexican American News / Xcano Media Public holidays in Mexico Statutory holidays Año Nuevo Día de la Constitución Natalicio de Benito Juárez Día del Trabajo Día de Independencia Día de la Revolución Transmisión del Poder Ejecutivo Federal Navidad Civic holidays Día del Ejército Día de la Bandera Aniversario de la Expropiación petrolera Heroica Defensa de Veracruz Cinco de Mayo Natalicio de Miguel Hidalgo Día de la Marina Grito de Dolores Día de los Niños Héroes Consumación de la Independencia Natalicio de José Ma . 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See also : Lists of holidays , Hallmark holidays , public holidays in the United States , New Jersey , New York , Puerto Rico and the United States Virgin Islands . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cinco_de_Mayo&oldid=842489882 '' Categories : Public holidays in Mexico Public holidays in the United States May observances Mexican - American culture Second French intervention in Mexico Remembrance days Spring ( season ) events in Mexico Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2018 Use mdy dates from May 2018 Infobox holiday fixed day Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Malti मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Türkçe 中文 25 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 May 2018 , at 20 : 05 . 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what is the national food of sri lanka

Sri Lankan cuisine

sri lankan cuisine

Sri Lankan cuisine has been shaped by many historical , cultural , and other factors . Foreign traders who brought new food items ; influences from Indonesian cuisine and the cuisine of Southern India have all helped to shape Sri Lankan cuisine . Today , some of the staples of Sri Lankan cuisine are rice , coconut , and spices . The latter are used due to Sri Lanka 's history as a spice producer and trading post over several centuries .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Dishes 1.1 Rice and Curry 1.2 Kottu 1.3 Hoppers 1.4 String hoppers 1.5 Lamprais 1.6 Kool 1.7 Pittu 1.8 Roti 2 Sweets 3 Short eats 4 Beverages 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Dishes ( edit ) Rice and curry ( edit ) A Sri Lankan rice and curry dish . Typical Sri - Lankan dish of rice and prawns . The central feature of Sri Lankan cuisine is boiled or steamed rice , served with a curry of fish , chicken , beef or mutton , along with other curries made with vegetables , lentils , or fruits . Dishes are accompanied by pickled fruits or vegetables , chutneys , and sambols . coconut sambol is especially common , a paste of ground coconut mixed with chili peppers , dried Maldive fish , and lime juice . Pol Sambola Kottu ( edit ) Kottu is a spicy stir - fry of shredded roti bread with vegetables . Optional ingredients include eggs , meat , or cheese . It was invented in Batticaloa and literally means ' chopped roti ' in Tamil . Hoppers ( edit ) Hoppers Hoppers ( appam ) are based on a fermented batter , usually made of rice flour and coconut milk with spices . The dish is pan-fried or steamed . The fermenting agent is palm toddy or yeast . Hopper variants can be either savory ( such as egg hoppers , milk hoppers , and string hoppers ) , or sweet ( such as vandu appa and pani appa ) . Savory hoppers are often accompanied by lunu miris , a mix of red onions and spices . String hoppers ( edit ) String hoppers ( idiyappam ) are made from a hot - water dough of rice meal or wheat flour . The dough is pressed out in circlets from a string mold onto small wicker mats , and then steamed . Lamprais ( edit ) Main article : Lamprais A Dutch Burgher - influenced dish , lamprais is rice boiled in stock accompanied by frikkadels ( frikadeller meatballs ) , a mixed meat curry , blachan , aubergine curry , and seeni sambol . All of this is then wrapped in a banana leaf and baked in an oven . Lamprais is ideal for special occasions with a large gathering of friends and family considering its richness and the time it takes to prepare . Lamprais is cooked twice ; first the rice and the entrees are cooked separately and later what is already cooked is wrapped in a banana leaf and baked in an oven , which makes it a unique recipe . Kool ( edit ) Kool is a seafood broth from Jaffna containing crab , fish , cuttlefish , prawns , and crayfish . It also contains long beans , jak seeds , manioc , spinach , and tamarind . The dish is thickened with palmyra root flour . Pittu ( edit ) Pittu are cylinders of steamed rice mixed with grated coconut . Roti ( edit ) Gothamba roti is a simple Sri Lankan flatbread usually made from wheat flour . Variants of roti include thengappu roti ( Pol in Sinhalese ) , in which shredded coconut is mixed into the dough . Another variant is Uraippu roti ( spicy roti ) , in which chopped onions and green chilies are used when making the dough . Sweets ( edit ) Main article : List of Sri Lankan sweets and desserts A common dessert in Sri Lanka is kevum , an oil cake made with rice flour and treacle and deep - fried to a golden brown . There are many variations of kevum . Moong Kevum is a variant where mung bean flour is made into a paste and shaped like diamonds before frying . Other types of kevum include athiraha , konda kevum , athirasa , and handi kevum . Many sweets are served with kiribath milk rice during the Sinhala and Tamil New Years . Other sweets include : Cakes and pastries : Aluwa - Diamond - shaped rice - flour pastries Bibikkan - A rich , cake - like sweet made from grated coconut , coconut treacle , and wheat flour . It is a speciality of coastal areas . Kokis - A savoury crispy biscuit - like dish made from rice flour and coconut milk . Pushnambu - A rich , cake - like sweet made from coconut treacle and wheat flour . Cinnamon / cardamom and sweet cumin is often added among the Christian population of Sri Lanka . Treacle - flavored sweets : Undu Walalu / Undu wal or Pani walalu - A sweet from the Mathale area , prepared using urad bean flour and kithul treacle . Aggala - Rice balls flavored with treacle Weli Thalapa - Made from rice flour and coconut treacle Aasmi - Made with rice flour and the juice of a leaf called Neolitsea cassia ( okra juice can be used as a substitute ) , deep fried and topped with pink - coloured treacle . Puddings and toffees : Kalu Dodol - A solid toffee - , jelly - like confection made by lengthy reduction of coconut milk , thickened with rice flour and sweetened with jaggery . Watalappam - A steamed pudding made with coconut milk , eggs , and jaggery . First introduced by the Malay immigrants , watalappam has become a staple of Sri Lankan desserts . Other sweets : Thala Guli - Made from ground sesame and jaggery with finely grated coconut . Kiri Toffee - Made with sweetened condensed milk or sugar - thickened pure cow 's milk . Cardamom / sweet cumin and cashews are added for more taste . Sri Lankan sweets Konda Kevum Kokis Kalu Dodol Sri Lankan Swiss roll Short eats ( edit ) `` Short eats '' are a variety of snacks that are bought by the dozen from `` short eat '' shops and restaurants . These are eaten on the go , mainly for breakfast or during the evening . Short eats include pastries , Chinese rolls and patties . A popular short eat among Tamils is the mutton roll , made from tender pieces of mutton with potato and seasoned with spices . This can be a very spicy dish . Mutton rolls are served all over the world wherever there are Sri Lankan Tamils . Other short eats include : Vade - parippu vade , ulundu vade , isso ( shrimp ) vade , crab vade Chinese rolls or egg rolls , which often contain minced meats , potatoes , and vegetables Patties and pastries - filled with vegetables , meat , or fish Vegetable / fish roti - a flatbread with a filling rolled into a triangular shape and baked Short eats are served at parties or to guests when they visit a home . Western food such as hot dogs and hamburgers have arrived in Sri Lanka , with the globalization of fast - food chains such as McDonald 's , KFC and Pizza Hut . However , foods from these establishments are not usually considered short eats . Additionally , hot dogs and hamburgers are also modified to fit local tastes . Beverages ( edit ) Beverages commonly served in Sri Lanka include : Faluda - a mixture of syrup , ice cream , jelly pieces and basil seeds , served cold Fruit juices - especially passionfruit juice Toddy - a mildly alcoholic drink made from palm tree sap Arrack - a distilled spirit made from coconut Tea See also ( edit ) Sri Lanka portal Food portal Faluda Godamba Rotti Kottu Pittu Traditional Rice of Sri Lanka References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://books.google.com.au/books/about/Orang_Melayu_Sri_Lanka_Dan_Bahasanya.html?id=7KZkAAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y Jump up ^ `` Easy recipe for Appa '' . Infolanka.com . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Mani Puttu recipe '' . Kish.in. 2010 - 02 - 05 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Recipe for Pittu '' . Infolanka.com . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 21 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cuisine of Sri Lanka . Sri Lankan Kitchen - Recipes from Sri Lanka About Sri Lankan foods Sri Lankan Food Recipes Sri Lanka Cooking Malini 's Kitchen Sri Lanka Food Preparation and Recipes Sri Lanka food recipes and culture Sri Lankan Recipes Home - recipe - sri lanka Lamprais Stella 's Recipes - Sri Lanka Pol Sambola Recipe Asian cuisine Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Burma ( Myanmar ) Cambodia China East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Nagorno - Karabakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau Cuisines Regional African North West list Americas North South list Asian Central South list Caribbean Caucasian European Central Eastern list Global Latin American Mediterranean Middle - Eastern Levantine Oceanic National Afghan Albanian Algerian Angolan Argentine Armenian Australian Austrian Azerbaijani Bahraini Bangladeshi Barbadian Belarusian Belgian Belizean Beninese Bhutanese Bissau - Guinean Bolivian Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazilian British English Scottish Welsh Cornish Bruneian Bulgarian Burkinabé Burmese Burundian Cambodian Cameroonian Canadian Canadian Chinese Quebec Central African Republic Chadian Chilean Chinese Colombian Congolese Croatian Cuban Cypriot Czech Danish Djiboutian Dominican Dominican Republic Dutch East Timorese Ecuadorian Egyptian Emirati Equatorial Guinean Eritrean Estonian Ethiopian Fijian Filipino Finnish French Occitan Gabonese Gambian Georgian German Ghanaian Greek Guatemalan Guianan Guinean Haitian Honduran Hong Kong Hungarian Icelandic Indian Indonesian Iranian Iraqi Irish Israeli Italian Sicilian Ivorian ( Côte d'Ivoire ) Jamaican Japanese Jordanian Kazakh Kenyan Korean Kosovan Kuwaiti Kyrgyz Lao Latvian Lebanese Lesotho Liberian Libyan Liechtensteiner Lithuanian Luxembourg Macau Macedonian Malagasy Malawian Malaysian Malay Chinese Indian Eurasian Sabahan Sarawakian Maldivian Malian Maltese Mauritanian Mauritian Mexican Moldovan Monégasque Mongolian Moroccan Mozambican Namibian Nauruan Nepalese New Zealand Nigerian Nigerien Norwegian Niuean Omani Pakistani Palestinian Panamanian Peruvian Chinese Polish Portuguese Qatari Romanian Russian Rwandan Salvadoran Saint Helena Saint Lucian Sammarinese São Tomé and Príncipe Saudi Arabian Senegalese Serbian Seychelles Sierra Leonean Singaporean Slovak Slovenian Somali South African Spanish Andalusian Asturian Basque Catalan Galician Sri Lankan Sudanese Swazi Swedish Swiss Syrian Taiwanese Tajik Tanzanian Thai Tibetan Togolese Tunisian Turkish Trinidadian and Tobagonian Ugandan Ukrainian United States California Cuisine Hawaiian New American Puerto Rican Soul food Uruguayan Uzbek Venezuelan Vietnamese Vatican Western Saharan Yemeni Zambian Zimbabwean Ethnic and religious Ainu American Chinese Anglo - Indian Arab Assyrian Balochi Balinese Batak Bengali Berber Betawi Buddhist Cajun Cantonese Chechen Chinese Indonesian Chinese Islamic Christian Circassian Crimean Tatar Greek American Hindu Inuit Italian American Jain Javanese Jewish Sephardic Mizrahi American Bukharan Syrian Komi Kurdish Livonian Louisiana Creole Malay Manado Maharashtrian Mordovian Native American Okinawan Ossetian Padang Parsi Pashtun Pennsylvania Dutch Peranakan Punjabi Sami Sikh Sindhi Soul food Sundanese Tatar Udmurt Yamal Yup'ik Zanzibari Historical Ancient Egyptian Ancient Greek Ancient Israelite Ancient Roman Aztec Byzantine Early modern European Historical Chinese Historical South Asian History of seafood History of vegetarianism Inca Mayan Medieval Ottoman Peasant Soviet Styles Cuisine classique Fast food Fusion Haute Molecular gastronomy Note by Note Nouvelle Lists List of cuisines Lists of prepared foods Food portal Drink portal Commons Cookbook WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lankan_cuisine&oldid=804601640 '' Categories : Sri Lankan Tamil culture Sri Lankan cuisine Sinhalese culture Hidden categories : Region topic template using suffix Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Magyar 日本 語 Polski Português Русский සිංහල Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 10 October 2017 , at 01 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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when does erin lindsay come back to intelligence

Erin Lindsay

erin lindsay

Chicago Police Department

Intelligence Unit ( CF & CPD : S1 ) Patrol ( pre-series ) Years of service 2000s -- 2017 Rank Detective Badge No . 61317 Erin Lindsay is a fictional character from NBC 's Chicago TV franchise , as a lead character in Chicago P.D. and a recurring character in Law & Order : Special Victims Unit , Chicago Fire and Chicago Med . Portrayed by Sophia Bush , she was introduced as a detective in the Intelligence Unit of the Chicago Police Department . Contents 1 Background and characterization 2 Character arc 2.1 Chicago Fire 2.2 Chicago P.D. 2.3 Partners 3 Crossover appearances 4 References Background and characterization ( edit ) In season 1 of Chicago P.D. , it has been established from the very beginning that Lindsay shared a special relationship with Hank Voight , head of the Intelligence Unit . Her unwavering loyalty to Voight is explained as her background is gradually revealed . She is generally unfazed by the gangsters , drug lords , and physically intimidating suspects the unit encounter on a regular basis . She has mentioned that her biological father was in prison and that he would hit her and her mother Bunny , who was an on - and - off drug addict . Through Bunny , she has a half - brother , Teddy Courtney , who was taken by a pedophilia ring at age 13 and was found by NYPD detectives ten years later working as a male prostitute . Lindsay grew up on the street and by the age of 14 , she had already been arrested 5 times on charges including misdemeanor , simple battery , retail theft , solicitation , and unlawful possession of cannabis . She became a CI for Voight , who , along with his wife , eventually took her in as her legal guardians . Actress Sophia Bush described the character : `` Lindsay comes from the street so she already knows how all these people work . '' She completed high school at St. Ignatius College Prep and joined the Chicago Police Department . After graduating from the police academy , she spent four years on the west side of Chicago as a patrol officer , which she said was all the education she needed . Because of her background , Lindsay is compassionate and sympathetic towards vulnerable young victims , especially girls , as she can relate with their situation . For example , she tries to get a 17 - year - old prostitute and heroin addict , Nadia , to enter drug rehab twice . Eventually , she succeeds in convincing Nadia to stay clean and helps her get a desk job at 21st District headquarters . Character arc ( edit ) Chicago Fire ( edit ) The character was first introduced in Chicago Fire , as one of the Chicago PD detectives the firefighters of 51 regularly come into contact with . She began a relationship with Kelly Severide , the lieutenant of Squad 3 . They eventually break up when he spirals out of control following Leslie Shay 's death . Chicago P.D. ( edit ) When Chicago P.D. premiered , it was established that she has been partnered with Jay Halstead for the past month . The first season coincided with the second season of Chicago Fire , during which she was still dating Lieutenant Kelly Severide from Squad 3 . In season 2 , Lindsay was recruited for a DEA task force . In the episode `` Disco Bob '' , Lindsay becomes disillusioned with the task force , with its seemingly - endless bureaucracy and the menial tasks her handler assigned to her ( she was to spend a number of weeks with the target 's wife , simultaneously pumping her for information and keeping her out of the task force 's way ) , leading her to resign and return to the Chicago PD and Intelligence . Lindsay 's spiral downward begins with Nadia 's death in the Law & Order : Special Victims Unit crossover episode `` Daydream Believer '' . Nadia was an unfortunate victim of circumstances as she was murdered by sociopath Greg Yates , who had intended to target Lindsay . With this knowledge , Lindsay feels guilty and responsible . She begins drinking and becomes addicted to painkillers , egged on by her ne'er - do - well mother Bunny . In the season 2 finale `` Born into Bad News '' , she turns in her badge and resigns ; it is revealed in season 3 that Voight actually filed for a three - week sabbatical on her behalf instead of accepting a resignation . She returns in the season 3 premiere after learning that Halstead 's undercover operation had been compromised and that he was being held hostage and tortured by a drug kingpin wanted by the Chicago PD . She gets clean , moves back in with Voight , and cuts Bunny out of her life as part of Voight 's conditions for returning to Intelligence . In the Law & Order : Special Victims Unit crossover episode `` Nationwide Manhunt '' , Voight sends Lindsay and Dawson to interview Greg Yates when he claims that some of the unidentified remains from the beach have ties to Chicago . When he tells her that her deceased friend Nadia talked a lot about her before killing her , she abruptly stops the interview and leaves the cell . At the end of the episode , Lindsay and Sgt . Dodds are driving down a dark country road , and they come across an abandoned police car -- the officer was shot to death and lying a few feet away from the car . While Erin and Dodds are investigating -- Yates , laying in wait in the woods , starts shooting at them . Sgt . Dodds is shot and drops to the ground . He calls for back - up and orders Erin to stay down -- but she ignores his orders and runs in to the dark woods . While running in the woods , she falls and sprains her ankle and drops her gun in the process . She manages to pick it up and continue . There , she spots a cabin with door open . She checks the cabin and find a girl hiding , she hears a shot and tells her to not move and then goes outside . At that moment , Yates drove by in a pick - up truck . He almost hit Lindsay , who tried to fire at the fugitive as he passed by . Erin found the little girl 's father shot dead a few feet away . When she looked closer , she finds a note in the dead man 's mouth that said , `` See you back home , Erin . '' Yates was headed to Chicago . The episode crossover to Chicago PD episode `` The Song of Gregory Williams Yates '' , Voight benches Lindsay when he became concerned for her when Yates resurfaces and murders four nurses . Yates begins taunting her with notes left at the scenes , when she does n't show to any of the crime scenes . At the station , when a homeless lady brings a box in the station . While everybody believes that it was a bomb inside , the precinct was evacuated . When it was deemed safe , Lindsay opens the box and inside is the nursing student 's hand with a note in it . It says , `` Erin , why do n't you answer the phone when your mother calls ? '' All of a sudden her phone starts ringing believing that it was her mom , but when she answers , Yates was behind the line along with the kidnapped professor from nursing school , Nellie Carr . When everybody in the unit grew suspicious that he knew their every move , Mouse checks her phone . It was revealed that her phone had a spyware that was installed by the prison guard when she and Dawson had to surrender their phones . She goes back into the video call between her and Yates and she notices that he is in her apartment with Nellie , she is able to figure this out because of a picture of Lindsay and Nadia in the background . They go to Lindsay 's apartment and find Nellie , alive in the closet and Yates told her to stay in there and if she tried to leave , he would be outside ready to kill her . During the investigation , it was revealed that Nellie was short for Penelope Williams , she is Yates 's sister , and that this was revenge specifically for her and his parents for giving him up for adoption in North Carolina . When Nellie 's phone rings , it was perceived as a call from her mom but she is in station . Nellie and Lindsay answer it and it is Yates with Nellie 's father behind the line . Yates found him at a truck stop where he had stopped for a break , he is a truck driver . Lindsay leaves Nellie with Platt and runs upstairs to tell Mouse to ping Nellie 's phone and Lindsay keeps him on the phone long enough to get a location . He tells her to come alone . They were located at Yates 's childhood house and calls Voight on the way there , after he goes to the wrong address thinking that Yates would be there , and tells Lindsay not to go there alone . Lindsay goes in , alone and finds Yates and he has Mr. Williams sitting in a chair with the back legs at the edge of a hole in the floor . Mr. Williams also has a noose around his neck and Yates threatens to let the chair go if Lindsay tries to call an ambulance for Mr. Williams . She puts her phone in her pocket and holsters her gun and listens to him talk about all of his victims , why he chose them and how he killed them . Meanwhile , Voight pulls up and goes into the house and while Yates is talking , he starts talking about Nadia and how Yates and Lindsay are similar in their upbringing . She asks why she is there and he tells her that every execution needs one thing , a witness and he throws his father through the hole in the floor and hangs him . He tells her to take him in , but he is walking towards her with an ice pick in his hand and when he yells at her to `` Take me '' she shoots him in the head . She tells him that it will be ruled a clean kill and then she goes out for drinks with Benson . Benson tells her about William Lewis , a serial killer that kidnapped Benson and how he got into his victims heads . Lindsay asks her how she dealt with it , Benson tells her that she is still dealing with it . She also tells Lindsay that her phone is always on if she needs someone to talk to . Lindsay also asked Benson if it was bad that she felt relieved that she was the one that shot and killed him . Benson tells her that Yates killed her best friend and then came at her with an ice pick , she tells Lindsay that it is n't bad that she feels that way at all . Since breaking up with Severide , Lindsay 's main love interest in the show is her partner Jay Halstead . They share a close friendship , which has escalated to a more intimate relationship and cooled down at various times , due to Voight 's vocal dislike for `` in - house '' romances . However , regardless of the status of their relationship , they remained loyal to each other as partners on the job and friends outside of it . Halstead is the only character other than Voight she has confided her past to in detail ; likewise , she is the only character other than Mouse and Halstead 's brother Will who knows about his traumatic past in the military . When Lindsay was on the federal task force , she starts seeing Halstead after work as they no longer had to worry about breaking fraternization rules . In the season 3 premiere , Halstead is the only one who persistently tries to help her , even after Voight had given up . Following her return from her `` sabbatical '' , Voight tells Halstead that he no longer cares about the status of latter and Lindsay 's relationship as long as Halstead is looking out for her . After some hesitation , she agrees to take the next step , and they go public with their relationship for the first time by kissing at Molly 's . In the beginning of season four , they move in together . In `` Army of One '' , she sticks her gun down a pedophile 's throat in the interrogation room when a kid is discovered to be found missing ( and later found dead ) . In `` Fork In The Road '' , she is brought to the review board when she was accused of assault . When Erin 's estranged mother Bunny , murders her boyfriend , she agrees to work with the FBI in exchange for her mother 's freedom . Erin is last seen looking at her cell phone when her boyfriend Jay calls . In `` Chasing Monsters '' , offscreen Olinsky lets Lindsay know that the body of Kevin Bingham has resurfaced . In `` Breaking Point '' , a witness identified Olinsky and Lindsay as the people that were digging near the site where the body was found . Partners ( edit ) Detective Jay Halstead ( Seasons 1 -- 4 ) Detective Hailey Upton ( Season 4 , episode 22 ) Crossover appearances ( edit ) In addition to her regular role on P.D. , Lindsay has appeared in Special Victims Unit , Fire , and Med . Chicago Fire - `` Rhymes With Shout '' ( November 26 , 2013 ) Chicago Fire - `` Tonight 's The Night '' ( January 21 , 2014 ) Chicago Fire - `` Virgin Skin '' ( February 25 , 2014 ) Law & Order : Special Victims Unit - `` Comic Perversions '' ( February 26 , 2014 ) Chicago Fire - `` Keep Your Mouth Shut '' ( March 4 , 2014 ) Chicago Fire - `` A Rocket Blasting Off '' ( March 11 , 2014 ) Chicago Fire - `` A Dark Day ( 1 ) '' ( April 29 , 2014 ) Chicago Fire - `` Real Never Waits '' ( May 13 , 2014 ) Chicago Fire - `` Wow Me '' ( September 30 , 2014 ) Chicago Fire - `` Nobody Touches Anything '' ( November 11 , 2014 ) Law & Order : Special Victims Unit - `` Chicago Crossover '' ( November 12 , 2014 ) Law & Order : Special Victims Unit - `` Daydream Believer '' ( April 29 , 2015 ) Chicago Med - Mistaken '' ( December 8 , 2015 ) Chicago Med - Malignant '' ( January 5 , 2016 ) Law & Order : Special Victims Unit - `` Nationwide Manhunt '' ( February 10 , 2016 ) Chicago Med : `` Alternative Medicine '' ( October 27 , 2016 ) Chicago Med `` Inherent Bias '' ( November 3 , 2016 ) Chicago Med : `` Free Will '' ( November 10 , 2016 ) Chicago Fire - `` Some Make It , Some Do n't '' ( January 3 , 2017 ) Chicago Fire - `` Deathtrap '' ( March 1 , 2017 ) Chicago Med - Prisoner 's Dilemma '' ( March 9 , 2017 ) Chicago Justice - `` Tycoon '' ( May 14 , 2017 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Actual Physical Violence '' . Chicago P.D. Season 3 . Episode 3 . October 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` She 's Got Us '' . Chicago P.D. Season 3 . Episode 22 . May 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kasual with a K '' . Chicago P.D. Season 3 . Episode 18 . March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Crossover '' . Law & Order : Special Victims Unit . Season 16 . Episode 7 . November 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` They 'll Have to Go Through Me '' . Chicago P.D. Season 2 . Episode 7 . November 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago P.D. 's Sophia Bush on Lindsay 's Mysterious Past and Her `` Deep '' Connection to the Role `` . TV Guide . January 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Conventions '' . Chicago P.D. Season 1 . Episode 6 . February 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Three Gs '' . Chicago P.D. Season 2 . Episode 19 . April 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Knocked the Family Right Out '' . Chicago P.D. Season 3 . Episode 11 . January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Beautiful Friendship '' . Chicago P.D. Season 1 . Episode 15 . May 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Called in Dead '' . Chicago P.D. Season 2 . Episode 9 . December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` We Do n't Work Together Anymore '' . Chicago P.D. Season 2 . Episode 11 . January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Disco Bob '' . Chicago P.D. Season 2 . Episode 12 . January 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` You Never Know Who 's Who '' . Chicago P.D. Season 3 . Episode 6 . October 28 , 2015 . Chicago franchise Chicago Fire Characters Matthew Casey Kelly Severide Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 Chicago P.D. Characters Kim Burgess Antonio Dawson Erin Lindsay Hank Voight Episodes Season 1 5 6 Chicago Med Characters Episodes Season 1 Chicago Justice Peter Stone See also Law & Order franchise Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Crossovers `` Comic Perversion '' `` Chicago Crossover '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erin_Lindsay&oldid=864268436 '' Categories : Chicago characters Fictional characters from Chicago Fictional characters introduced in 2013 Fictional Chicago Police Department detectives Fictional female detectives Crossover characters in television Hidden categories : Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 16 October 2018 , at 05 : 28 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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where is the san joaquin valley located on a map

The San Joaquin Valley ( / ˌsæn hw ɑː ˈkiːn / SAN whah - KEEN ) is the area of the Central Valley of the U.S. state of California that lies south of the Sacramento -- San Joaquin River Delta and is drained by the San Joaquin River . It comprises seven Northern California counties -- all of Kings County ; a majority of Fresno , Merced , Stanislaus counties ; segments of Madera and Tulare counties -- and a majority of Kern County , in Southern California . Although a majority of the valley is rural , it does contain cities such as Fresno , Bakersfield , Stockton , Modesto , Turlock , Porterville , Visalia , Merced , and Hanford .

San Joaquin Valley

san joaquin valley

The San Joaquin Valley ( / ˌsæn hw ɑː ˈkiːn / SAN whah - KEEN ) is the area of the Central Valley of the U.S. state of California that lies south of the Sacramento -- San Joaquin River Delta and is drained by the San Joaquin River . It comprises seven Northern California counties -- all of Kings County ; a majority of Fresno , Merced , Stanislaus counties ; segments of Madera and Tulare counties -- and a majority of Kern County , in Southern California . Although a majority of the valley is rural , it does contain cities such as Fresno , Bakersfield , Stockton , Modesto , Turlock , Porterville , Visalia , Merced , and Hanford .

San Joaquin Valley was originally inhabited by the Yokuts and Miwok peoples . The first European to enter the valley was Pedro Fages in 1772 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geography 1.1 Geological history 1.2 Climate 2 Population 3 Economy 3.1 Agriculture 3.2 Petroleum 3.3 Culture 3.4 Other major industries and employers 3.5 Poverty 3.6 Ethnic and cultural groups 3.6. 1 Mexicans / Chicanos 3.6. 2 European and Asian groups 3.6. 3 African Americans 3.6. 4 Okies and Arkies 3.7 Recent changes 4 Educational institutions 5 Transportation 5.1 Roads 5.2 Rail 6 Pollution 6.1 Air Pollution 6.2 Water Pollution 6.3 Nitrates in Groundwater 6.3. 1 High - intensity crop production 6.3. 2 Large dairy herds 6.3. 3 Possible solutions and alternatives 6.3. 4 Incidents of Nitrates in Groundwater 7 Medical interest 8 Cities and counties 8.1 Cities with more than 500,000 inhabitants 8.2 Cities with 100,000 to 500,000 inhabitants 8.3 Cities with 20,000 to 100,000 inhabitants 8.4 Cities with fewer than 20,000 inhabitants 9 In popular culture 10 See also 11 External links 12 References Geography ( edit ) The San Joaquin Valley extends from the Sacramento -- San Joaquin River Delta in the north to the Tehachapi Mountains in the south , and from the various California coastal ranges ( from the Diablo Range in the north to the Temblor Range in the south ) in the west to the Sierra Nevada in the east . Unlike the Sacramento Valley , the river system for which the San Joaquin Valley is named does not extend very far along the valley . Most of the valley south of Fresno , instead , drains into Tulare Lake , which no longer exists continuously due to diversion of its sources . The valley 's primary river is the San Joaquin , which drains north through about half of the valley into the Sacramento -- San Joaquin River Delta . The Kings and Kern Rivers are in the southern endorheic basin of the valley , all of which have been largely diverted for agricultural uses and are mostly dry in their lower reaches . Geological history ( edit ) The San Joaquin Valley began to form about 66 million years ago during the early Paleocene era . Broad fluctuations in the sea level caused various areas of the valley to be flooded with ocean water for the next 60 million years . About 5 million years ago , the marine outlets began to close due to uplift of the coastal ranges and the deposition of sediment in the valley . Starting 2 million years ago , a series of glacial episodes periodically caused much of the valley to become a fresh water lake . Lake Corcoran was the last widespread lake to fill the valley about 700,000 years ago . At the beginning of the Holocene there were three major lakes remaining in the southern part of the Valley , Tulare Lake , Buena Vista Lake and Kern Lake . In the late 19th and in the 20th century , agricultural diversion of the Kern River eventually dried out these lakes . Today , only a fragment of Buena Vista Lake remains as two small lakes Lake Webb and Lake Evans in a portion of the former Buena Vista Lakebed Climate ( edit ) See also : Climate change in California § Drought The San Joaquin Valley has hot , dry summers and has historically enjoyed cool rainy winters characterized by dense tule fog . Its rainy season normally runs from November through April , but since 2011 when a drought became evident it generally received minimal to no rain at all . The drought was still extant by mid-August 2014 with scientists saying it would likely continue indefinitely , for anywhere from several years to several decades to come . As of February 2017 the majority of the Valley experienced a reprieve from the drought . However , as of February 2018 , much of the Valley appears to be headed back into drought along with much of the rest of the State . In August 2015 , the Director of the California Department of Water Resources stated , `` Because of increased pumping , groundwater levels are reaching record lows -- up to 100 feet lower than previous records . '' Research from NASA shows that parts of the San Joaquin Valley sank as much as 8 inches ( 0.20 m ) in a four - month period , and land near Corcoran sank 13 inches ( 0.33 m ) in 8 months . The sinking has destroyed thousands of groundwater well casings and has the potential to damage aqueducts , roads , bridges , and flood - control structures . In the long term , the subsidence caused by extracting groundwater could irreversibly reduce the underground aquifer 's water storage capacity , although immediate and short term needs are given higher priority and sense of urgency than long term sustainability . The National Weather Service Forecast Office for the San Joaquin Valley is located in Hanford and includes a Doppler weather radar . Weather forecasts and climatological information for the San Joaquin Valley are available from its official website . Population ( edit ) The total population of the eight counties comprising the San Joaquin Valley at the time of the 2011 - 2015 American Community Survey 5 - year Estimates by United States Census Bureau reported a population of 4,080,509 . The racial composition of San Joaquin Valley was 2,775,074 ( 68.0 % ) White , 193,694 ( 4.7 % ) Black or African American , 40,911 ( 1.0 % ) American Indian and Alaska Native , 310 , 557 ( 7.6 % ) Asian , 13,000 ( 0.32 % ) Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander , and 2,048,280 ( 50.2 % ) Hispanic or Latino . The educational attainment of high school graduate or higher is 72.7 % . Economy ( edit ) Agriculture ( edit ) By some estimates , federal restrictions on shallow well irrigation systems threaten the productivity of the San Joaquin Valley , which produces the majority of the 12.8 % of the United States ' agricultural production ( as measured by dollar value ) that comes from California . Grapes -- table , raisin , and to a lesser extent wine -- are perhaps the valley 's highest - profile product , but equally ( if not more ) important are cotton , nuts ( especially almonds and pistachios ) , citrus , and vegetables . Though it has been called `` The food basket of the World '' , the San Joaquin Valley has not been nationally recognized for the diversity of its produce . Walnuts , oranges , peaches , garlic , tangerines , tomatoes , kiwis , hay , alfalfa and numerous other crops have been harvested with great success . DeRuosi Nut , a large walnut processing plant in Escalon , has been in the valley since 1947 . Certain places are identified quite strongly with a given crop : Stockton produces the majority of the domestic asparagus consumed in the United States , and Fresno is the largest producer of raisins . In spite of its agricultural productivity , the San Joaquin Valley has the state 's highest rate of food insecurity . Cattle and sheep ranching are also vitally important to the valley 's economy . During the late 19th century and early 20th century , the Miller & Lux corporation built an agricultural monopoly centered around cattle . The corporation can be characterized as a precursor to corporate farming transforming the yeoman farmer into wage workers . The success of the business can be attributed to his direct management style which is reflected in his detailed correspondences to his subordinates . During recent years , dairy farming has greatly expanded in importance . As areas such as Chino and Corona have become absorbed into the suburban sprawl of Los Angeles , many dairy farmers have cashed out and moved their herds to Kings , Tulare , and Kern counties . Between 1990 and 2004 , 28,092 hectares ( 70,231 acres ) of agricultural land was lost to urban development in the San Joaquin Valley . Although there have been some token efforts at confronting the problems of ( sub ) urban sprawl , the politically Conservative climate of the Valley generally prefers traditional suburban sprawl type of growth such as low density housing and strip malls anchored by so - called big box stores and opposes measures such as `` Smart Growth '' , `` Transit Oriented Development '' , `` High Density Housing '' , and increased public transit such as light and commuter rail . By August 2014 , a three - year drought was prompting changes to the agriculture industry in the valley . Farmers began using complex irrigation systems and using treated waste water to feed crops , while many were switching from farming cotton to other commodities , chief among them , almonds . Petroleum ( edit ) Map of Northern San Joaquin Valley Oil and Gas Fields Map of Southern San Joaquin Valley Oil and Gas Fields California has long been one of the nation 's most important oil - producing states , and the San Joaquin Valley has long since eclipsed the Los Angeles Basin as the state 's primary oil production region . Scattered oil wells on small oil fields are found throughout the region , and several enormous extraction facilities -- most notably near Lost Hills and Taft , including the enormous Midway - Sunset Oil Field , the third - largest oil field in the United States -- are veritable forests of pumps . Shell operated a major refinery in Bakersfield ; it was sold in 2005 to Flying J , a Salt Lake - based firm that operates truck stops and refineries . Flying J 's bankruptcy in 2009 resulted in the refinery being shut down . The oil and gas fields in Kern County are receiving increased attention since the July 2009 announcement by Occidental Petroleum of significant discovery of oil and gas reserves Even prior to this discovery the region retains more oil reserves than any other part of California . Of California fields outside of the San Joaquin Valley , only the Wilmington Oil Field in Los Angeles County has untapped reserves greater than 100,000,000 barrels ( 16,000,000 m ) , while six fields in the San Joaquin Valley ( Midway - Sunset , Kern River , South Belridge , Elk Hills , Cymric , and Lost Hills ) each have reserves exceeding 100,000,000 barrels ( 16,000,000 m ) of oil . Culture ( edit ) The San Joaquin Valley has been a major influence in American country , soul , nu metal , R&B , and hip hop music particularly through the Bakersfield Sound , the Doowop Era , and the Bakersfield Rap Scene , also referred to as Central California Hip Hop , Central Valley Hip Hop , or Central California Rap , which are all subgenres of Gangsta rap , Bass - Rap , West Coast G - funk , and West Coast Hip hop which are all different styles of West Coast Rap . The Valley has been the home to many country , nu metal , and doo - wop musicians and singers , such as Buck Owens , Merle Haggard , Billy Mize , Korn , Red Simpson , Dennis Payne , The Maddox Brothers and Rose , The Paradons , The Colts , and the Sons of the San Joaquin . The San Joaquin Valley is also home to many Indie Hip Hop labels , R&B singers , Jazz & Funk musicians , and Hip Hop artist such as : Fashawn , Killa Tay , The Def Dames , Cali Agents , Planet Asia . The Valley also has a strong literary tradition , heavy in poetry , producing many famous poets such as Sherley Anne Williams , and Gary Soto , current U.S. Poet Laureate Juan Felipe Herrera , and David St. John . An MFA Creative Writing program started by former US Poet Laureate Philip Levine , resides at Fresno State , continuing to cultivate the region 's literary talent . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. ( April 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Other major industries and employers ( edit ) The isolation and vastness of the San Joaquin Valley , as well as its poverty and need for jobs , have led the state to build numerous prisons in the area . The most notable of these is Corcoran , whose inmates have included Charles Manson and Juan Corona . Other correctional facilities in the valley are at Avenal , Chowchilla , Tracy , Delano , Coalinga , and Wasco . The only significant military base in the region is Naval Air Station Lemoore , a vast air base located 25 kilometres ( 16 mi ) WSW of Hanford . Unlike many of California 's other military installations , NAS Lemoore 's operational importance has increased in the 1990s and 2000s . The other , Castle Air Force Base , located near Atwater was closed during the Base Realignment and Closure of the 1990s . Although both are in Kern County , Edwards Air Force Base and China Lake Naval Air Weapons Station are located in the High Desert area of that county . Poverty ( edit ) The United States Census Bureau issued a report entitled the American Community Survey in 2007 , which found that six San Joaquin Valley counties had the highest percentage of residents living below the federal poverty line in 2006 of any counties in California . The report also revealed that the same six counties were among the 52 counties with the highest poverty rate in the United States . The median income for a household in the valley was $46,713 . The poverty rate for individuals below the poverty level is 23.7 % . In most Valley cities crime rates such as burglary , theft , and assault tend to be significantly higher than the national averages . Ethnic and cultural groups ( edit ) Mexicans / Chicanos ( edit ) César Chávez at a United Farmworkers rally , 1974 First - generation Mexican immigrants and well - established Chicanos are important populations in the San Joaquin Valley . Since not long after the onset of the bracero program during World War II , all but a minor percentage of the farmworkers in the region have been of Mexican ancestry . Ethnic and economic friction between Mexican - Americans and the valley 's predominantly white farming elite manifested itself most notably during the 1960s and 1970s , when the United Farm Workers , led by César Chávez , went on numerous strikes and called for boycotts of table grapes . The UFW generated enormous sympathy throughout the United States , even managing to terminate several agricultural mechanization projects at the United States Department of Agriculture . However , from the 1970s onward , landlords and large corporations have also hired undocumented immigrants . This has allowed them to increase their profits due to low overhead on wages . European and Asian groups ( edit ) The San Joaquin Valley has -- by California standards -- an unusually large number of European , Middle Eastern , and Asian ethnicities in the heritage of its citizens . These communities are often quite large and , relative to Americans immigration patterns , quite eclectic : for example , there are more Azorean Portuguese in the San Joaquin Valley than in the Azores . Many groups are found in majorities in specific cities , and hardly anywhere else in the region . For example , Assyrians are concentrated in Turlock , Dutch in Ripon , Sikhs in Stockton and Livingston , and Croats in Delano . Kingsburg is famous for its distinctly Swedish air , having been founded by immigrants from that country . Ethnic groups found in a broader area are Portuguese , Armenians , Basques , and the `` Okies '' who migrated to California from the Midwest and South . Since the early 1970s East Indians of predominantly Punjabi , Gujrati and Southern India have settled in the valley communities . Most recently large numbers of Pakistanis have settled in Modesto and Lodi . In addition , the late 1970s and 80s saw an influx of immigrants from Indochina following the War in Vietnam . These immigrants , the majority of whom are Hmong , Thai , Laotian , Cambodian , and Vietnamese , have settled in the communities of Stockton , Modesto , Merced , and Fresno . The Filipino American population is concentrated in Delano and Lathrop . Filipinos have a strong history in Stockton . Filipino organizations in Stockton are reflected in various commercial buildings identified as Filipino . Filipinos fought for the U.S. against Japan in WWII , in exchange for favorable immigration status . Stockton has been an adjunct to the San Francisco Bay Area , which was a major military production and transit area during WWII . Filipino emigration to Stockton followed . These cultures are often the result of established ethnic communities and groups of immigrants coming to the United States at once . This is in part due to the founding of religious communes in the San Joaquin Valley : for example , the first permanent Sikh Gurdwara was founded in Stockton in 1915 . These cultures are very different and unique . African Americans ( edit ) Colonel Allensworth State Historic Park marks the location of the only California town to be founded , financed and governed by African Americans . The small farming community was founded in 1908 by Lt. Colonel Allen Allensworth , Professor William Payne , William Peck , a minister , John W. Palmer , a miner , and Harry A. Mitchell , a real estate agent , dedicated to improving the economic and social status of African Americans . Uncontrollable circumstances , including a drop in the area 's water table , resulted in the town 's demise . The `` Allensworth Historic District '' is listed on the National Register of Historic Places . The park is in Allensworth , California , an unincorporated area in Tulare County , California , United States . Okies and Arkies ( edit ) The Depression - era migrants to the San Joaquin Valley from the South and Midwest are one of the more well - known groups in the Central Valley , in large part due to the popularity of John Steinbeck 's novel The Grapes of Wrath and the Henry Fonda movie made from it . By 1910 , agriculture in the southern Great Plains had become nearly unviable due to soil erosion and poor rainfall . Much of the rural population of states such as Kansas , Texas , Oklahoma , and Arkansas left at this time , selling their land and moving to Chicago , Kansas City , Detroit , and fast - growing Los Angeles . Those who remained experienced continuing deterioration of conditions , which reached their nadir during the drought that began in the late 1920s and created the infamous Dust Bowl . ( Small cotton farmers in states such as Mississippi and Alabama suffered similar problems from the first major infestation of the boll weevil . ) When the onset of the Great Depression created a national banking crisis , family farmers -- usually heavily in debt -- often had their mortgages foreclosed by banks desperate to shore up their balance sheets . In response , many farmers loaded their families and portable possessions into their automobiles and drove west . Taking Route 66 to Barstow or Los Angeles and crossing the Tehachapi or Tejon passes , they began new lives as fruit and vegetable pickers on truck farms in the San Joaquin Valley . Having gone from the relative independence of homesteading to a condition that was essentially peasantry , many of them lived in squalid agricultural camps and were deeply unhappy with their economic plight ; domestic disputes , crime , and suicide were rampant , and occasional riots broke out . New Deal measures alleviated some of these problems , albeit belatedly : by the time that The Grapes of Wrath drew public attention to the Okies ' plight , many of them had already left the valley . Those who did n't were gradually assimilated into California culture and society where many of them and their descendants became noted artists , tradesmen , educators , legislators and professional business people , and their influence remains strong in many parts of the Valley today , especially in the south near Bakersfield . Many of the Okies and Arkies left the San Joaquin Valley during World War II , most of them going to Los Angeles , San Francisco and San Diego to work in war related industries . Many of those who stayed ended up in Bakersfield and Oildale , as the southern San Joaquin Valley became an important area of oil production after major Southern California oil fields such as Signal Hill began to dry up . Their influence remains strong : Bakersfield resembles a West Texas town such as Odessa or Lubbock far more than it resembles most other places in California . Country music legends Buck Owens and Merle Haggard came out of Bakersfield 's honky - tonk scene and created a hard - driving sound that is still deeply associated with the city . Recent changes ( edit ) The California real estate boom that began in the late 1990s has significantly changed the San Joaquin Valley . Once distinctly and fiercely independent of Los Angeles and San Francisco , the area has seen increasing exurban development as the cost of living forces young families and small businesses further and further away from the coastal urban cores . Stockton , Modesto , Tracy , Manteca , and Los Banos are increasingly dominated by commuters to San Francisco and Silicon Valley , and the small farming towns to the south are finding themselves in the Bay Area 's orbit as well . Bakersfield , traditionally a boom - bust oil town once described by urban scholar Joel Kotkin as an `` American Abu Dhabi , '' has seen a massive influx of former Los Angeles business owners and commuters , to the extent that gated communities containing million - dollar homes are going up on the city 's outskirts . Wal - Mart , IKEA , Target , Amazon , CVS Pharmacy , Restoration Hardware , and other various large shipping firms have built huge distribution centers both in the southern end of the valley and northern part of the valley because of quick access to major interstates and low local wages . Further integration with the rest of the state is likely to continue for the foreseeable future . See : Mountain House ( new town planned for 45,000 ) . Educational institutions ( edit ) San Joaquin Valley `` Biblioteca Ambulante '' ( Traveling Library ) in 1972 University of California , Merced , Merced California State University , Bakersfield , Bakersfield California State University , Fresno , Fresno California State University , Stanislaus , Turlock Fresno Pacific University , Fresno Humphreys College , Stockton University of the Pacific , Stockton Bakersfield College , Bakersfield Cerro Coso Community College , Kern County and surrounding areas College of the Sequoias , Visalia Fresno City College , Fresno Merced College , Merced Modesto Junior College , Modesto Porterville College , Porterville Reedley College , Reedley A.T. Still University , Porterville San Joaquin College of Law , Clovis San Joaquin Delta College , Stockton Taft College , Taft West Hills College Coalinga , Coalinga West Hills College Lemoore , Lemoore Transportation ( edit ) Roads ( edit ) Interstate 5 ( I - 5 ) and State Route 99 ( SR 99 , or just `` 99 '' ) each run along for almost the entire length of the San Joaquin Valley . I - 5 runs in the western part of the valley , bypassing the major population centers ( including Fresno , currently the largest U.S. city without an Interstate highway ) , while 99 runs through them . Both highways then merge at the southern end of valley en route to Los Angeles . When the Interstate Highway System was created in the 1950s , the decision was made to build I - 5 as an entirely then - new freeway bypass instead of upgrading the then - existing U.S. 99 . Since then , state and federal representatives have pushed to convert 99 to an Interstate , although this can not occur until all of the portions of 99 between I - 5 and the U.S. 50 junction in Sacramento are upgraded to freeway standards . State Route 58 ( SR 58 ) , which is a freeway in Bakersfield and along most of its route until its terminus in Barstow , is an extremely important and very heavily traveled route for truckers from the valley and the Bay Area who want to cross the Sierra Nevada and leave California ( by way of Interstate 15 or Interstate 40 ) without having to climb Donner Pass or brave the traffic congestion of Los Angeles . Proposals have also been made to designate this highway as a western extension of I - 40 once the entirety of the route between Mojave and Barstow has been upgraded to a freeway . This would provide an Interstate connection for Bakersfield , currently the second - largest U.S. city without an Interstate . The most recent additions to this system are State Highway 168 and 180 . Route 168 begins at Fresno on Route 180 linking to Huntington Lake in the mountains through Clovis and many smaller communities . This route is part of the California Freeway and Expressway System ( 2 ) and is eligible for the State Scenic Highway System ( 3 ) . State Route 180 is a state highway in California , United States , which runs through the heart of the San Joaquin Valley from Mendota through Fresno to Kings Canyon National Park . A short piece near the eastern end , through the Grant Grove section of Kings Canyon National Park , is not state - maintained . The part east of unbuilt State Route 65 near Minkler is eligible for the State Scenic Highway System ; the road east of Dunlap is the Kings Canyon Scenic Byway , a Forest Service Byway . Other important highways in the valley include State Route 46 ( SR 46 ) and State Route 41 ( SR 41 ) , which respectively link the California Central Coast with Bakersfield and Fresno ; State Route 33 , which runs south to north along the valley 's western rim and provides a connection to Ventura and Santa Barbara over the Santa Ynez Mountains ; and State Route 152 ( SR 152 ) , an important commuter route linking Silicon Valley with its fast - growing exurbs such as Los Banos . Rail ( edit ) Amtrak provides rail service through the San Joaquin Valley . Pollution ( edit ) Air pollution ( edit ) Hemmed in by mountains and rarely having strong winds to disperse smog , the San Joaquin Valley has long suffered from some of the United States ' worst air pollution . This pollution , exacerbated by stagnant weather , comes mainly from diesel and gasoline fueled vehicles and agricultural operations . Population growth has caused the San Joaquin Valley to rank with Los Angeles and Houston in most measures of air pollution . Only the Inland Empire region east of Los Angeles has worse overall air quality , and the San Joaquin Valley led the nation in 2004 in the number of days with quantities of ozone considered unhealthy by the Environmental Protection Agency . The San Joaquin Valley has been deemed an `` extreme non-attainment zone '' by the Environmental Protection Agency , meaning residents are exposed to air quality that is confirmed to be hazardous to human health . Although industrial activity , as well as driving , occurs year - round , the air pollution is worse in the winter . San Joaquin County has better air quality than any other region in the San Joaquin Valley , while the Sacramento region and Stanislaus County have the worst . PM 2.5 Pollution Over Time Water pollution ( edit ) Less water is used for irrigation than in the early 20th century due to Federal restrictions on shallow water irrigation . This results in seasonal run - off in wetter winters concentrated with fertilizer and contaminants from the air . Such run - off poses a biohazard without water treatment in the agricultural ditches themselves . Lack of such irrigation is also an economic burden as it restricts food production capability in the valley . In areas of endorheic evaporation of seasonal watercourses and of the water table in the flatter and closing parts of the valley , soil salination results where the upper layers of soil are impermeable . Fertility and economic viability of potentially highly fertile tracts such as the Tulare lake bed has been lost in order to provide a federal law solution to high Southern California water demand . Land owners in such areas may be able to farm again if water is piped from the far north of the state , however one of the main deterrents to this is that without advanced run - off treatment apparatus this would worsen the quality of the ground water in the valley . Nitrates in groundwater ( edit ) San Joaquin Valley , within the Central Valley of California , is made up of eight counties that are well known for agriculture . Overuse of nitrogen fertilizers and irrigated agriculture is common , and according to Thomas Harter , the Chair for Water Resources Management and Policy at UC Davis , `` more than 80 pounds of nitrogen per acre per year may leach into groundwater beneath irrigated lands , usually as nitrates '' . Between the 1950s and 1980s , when nitrogen fertilizer use grew sixfold , nitrate concentrations in groundwater increased 2.5 times . Fertilizer runoffs contributes roughly 90 % of all nitrate inputs to the alluvial groundwater system . Within agriculture , the two major factors are High - Intensity Crop Production and Large Dairy Herds . Because these communities are cut off from larger water distribution , they are dependent on wells , making groundwater a source of drinking water for 90 % of San Joaquin Valley 's residents . High - Intensity crop production ( edit ) Within the past century , farmers have been increasing their production to meet the high demand that a developed country requires . To help increase output and efficiency , farmers have been increasing the amount of fertilizers used , which means increasing the level of nitrates being used . However , only a fraction of the nitrogen in fertilizers is efficiently used to help produce crops . This has led to a greater concentration of nitrates and phosphates in the waters , contaminating and causing eutrophication of possible drinking water . Large dairy herds ( edit ) Roaming dairy herds before the exponential demand of meat products and dairy has contributed an insignificant amount of nitrate pollution to the underlying groundwater systems . However , within the past few decades , the increasing amount of cattle has been one of the main contributors of nitrate contamination in the groundwater systems of California . Roughly around 1960 , cattle were openly grazing pastures , and because of the large amount of lands which they roamed manure was not intensively managed . However , even though manure was not closely managed , `` Nitrogen excretion and deposition in pastures likely did not exceed pasture buffering capacity and had no significant leaching to groundwater '' It was not until the mid 1970s when the transition to dry - lot and free stall - based dairy farming , coupled with irrigated forage crops , that dairy herds were a contributor to nitrogen contamination . Possible solutions and alternatives ( edit ) The large dairy herds create manure , which is used to create the fertilizers that is applied to the crop fields . Because of the exponential demand for crops , farmers have been looking to lower the costs of production . Using manure based fertilizers is cost effective since manure is a by - product of large dairy farms and herds . The alternative to manure , which contains a high level of nitrates , is composting . Composting however is relatively expensive compared to using manure as fertilizer , since it is not as effective and is more timely / costly to make because of the large amount of aeration needed . Incidents of nitrates in groundwater ( edit ) Nitrates have found their way into the aquifers around the San Joaquin Valley , affecting over 250,000 people in communities that are poor and rural . In 2006 , the State Water Resources Board took samples from domestic wells in Tulare County ; they found that 40 % of 181 domestic wells had nitrate levels above the 10 mg / L legal limit . Though locals have typically used filters for their water , the filters need to be installed correctly and replaced frequently , which may not be economically feasible for the residents in Orosi . Table 2 on page 20 from Pacific Institute 's `` The Human Costs of Nitrate - contaminated Drinking Water in the San Joaquin Valley '' indicates the water systems that were contaminated with nitrates over the legal limit , the percentage of the population affected that are non-white and that are below or near poverty - level , and the year since the violations began . Water Quality in Public Supply Wells of Turlock in 2006 The Turlock Basin is a sub-basin of the San Joaquin Valley groundwater basin found within Stanislaus County and Merced County in the Central Valley . In California 's Groundwater Bulletin 118 , a chart , linked below , illustrates the number of non-compliant public supply wells with nitrates over the MCL . According to this chart , there were eight wells which had nitrate levels above the 10 mg / L MCL , out of 90 sampled for nitrates in 2006 . Nitrates are of concern because it interferes with the blood 's ability to carry oxygen , and can have severe health effects on pregnant women , infants under 6 months , and children using tap water for their formula . Because nitrates interfere with blood 's capacity to carry oxygen , infants are at high risk of death from blue - baby syndrome , which can occur when there are high nitrate levels in the blood that are untreated . Medical interest ( edit ) San Joaquin Valley Fever is one common term for coccidioidomycosis , a fungal infection caused by Coccidioides immitis through the inhalation of airborne dust or dirt . The valley is just one of the areas in the southwestern United States where the illness is endemic due to C. immitis residing in the soil . Cities and counties ( edit ) Cities with more than 500,000 inhabitants ( edit ) Fresno Cities with 100,000 to 500,000 inhabitants ( edit ) Bakersfield Clovis Modesto Stockton Visalia Cities with 20,000 to 100,000 inhabitants ( edit ) Atwater Ceres Corcoran Delano Dinuba East Bakersfield Hanford Lemoore Lodi Los Banos Madera Manteca Merced Oakdale Patterson Porterville Reedley Sanger Selma Shafter Tracy Tulare Turlock Wasco Cities with fewer than 20,000 inhabitants ( edit ) Arvin Avenal Badger Caruthers Chowchilla Coalinga Dos Palos Earlimart East Porterville Exeter Farmersville Firebaugh Grayson Gustine Hilmar Hughson Ivanhoe Kerman Kettleman City Kingsburg Lamont Lathrop Laton Lemon Cove Lindsay Livingston Lost Hills McFarland Mendota Newman Orange Cove Parlier Pixley Seville Stevinson Strathmore Taft Three Rivers Waterford Westley Woodlake Yettem In popular culture ( edit ) The operations of the fictional Sons of Anarchy Motorcycle Club in the hit FX television show Sons of Anarchy , are centered in San Joaquin Valley , often referred to as `` Sanwa '' . The surviving stronghold of civilization on the West Coast in popular Science - Fiction book Lucifer 's Hammer . See also ( edit ) California portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to San Joaquin Valley . Groundwater - related subsidence John Buttencourt Avila , `` father of the sweet potato industry . '' List of California rivers San Joaquin ( soil ) Water in California External links ( edit ) Land of Risk / Land of Opportunity , UC Davis , November 2011 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` San Joaquin Valley Fact Sheet '' . Valley Clean Air Now . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2014 . Retrieved October 18 , 2014 . Seven counties comprise the San Joaquin Valley , including all of Kings County , most of Fresno , Kern , Merced , and Stanislaus counties , and portions of Madera , San Luis Obispo , Tulare counties Jump up ^ Capace , Nancy ( 1999 ) . Encyclopedia of California . North American Book Dist LLC . Page 410 . ISBN 9780403093182 . ^ Jump up to : `` California drought will affect the global agriculture industry '' . Los Angeles News.Net. 17 August 2014 . Retrieved 18 August 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-drought-gone-20170223-story.html ^ Jump up to : `` NASA Report : Drought Causing Valley Land to Sink '' ( PDF ) . California Department of Water Resources . August 19 , 2015 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` NASA : California Drought Causing Valley Land to Sink '' . Jet Propulsion Laboratory . August 19 , 2015 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` San Joaquin Valley / Hanford , CA '' . National Weather Service Forecast Office . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2017 . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ 2007 Overview - Agricultural Statistical Review - California Agricultural Resource Directory 2008 -- 2009 Jump up ^ `` How We Survive : Sprouting Up in Empty Breadbaskets '' . National Radio Project : Making Contact . Season 12 . Episode 45 . 2009 - 11 - 11 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ Henry Miller Papers Collection , `` Correspondance to Superintendant Turner , '' 18 July 1912 , Special Collections , Henry Madden Library , California State University , Fresno Jump up ^ Paving Paradise : A New Perspective on California 's Farmland Conversion , American Farmland Trust , November 2007 Jump up ^ `` Big West to Suspend Operations at its Refinery on Rosedale Highway '' . KGET News . January 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Occidental Announces Major Oil and Gas Discovery in Kern County '' . California Energy News . July 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ 2006 California Department of Conservation , 2006 Oil and Gas Statistics , p. 4 Jump up ^ Central California Hip Hop sites.google.com 04 - 05 - 2015 Retrieved . 04 - 05 - 2015 Jump up ^ `` The Colts '' by ( JIM DAWSON ) www.electricearl.com 14 - 05 - 2015 Retrieved . 14 - 05 - 2015 Jump up ^ The Def Dames - Billboard Hot 100 Carts www.billboard.com 14 - 05 - 2015 Retrieved . 14 - 05 - 2015 Jump up ^ Sherley Ann Williams -- Poetry Soup www.poetrysoup.com 14 - 05 - 2015 Retrieved . 14 - 05 - 2015 Jump up ^ Fresno Bee , August 29 , 2007 Jump up ^ On rich soil : Kern County families provide grapes aplent , The Bakersfield Californian , By Jeff Nickell , Saturday , Jun 30 , 2012 12 : 00 AM `` ... Marin Caratan than he was the first Croatian to come to the area to grow grapes ... said Mark Zaninovich ... , but it is also fair to mention the Carics , Jakoviches , Radoviches , Bozaniches , Buskas , Sousas , Kovacaviches , Bidarts , Sandrinis , and Paviches . '' ^ Jump up to : Bustillo , Miguel ( November 14 , 2008 ) L.A. 's the Capital of Dirty Air Again Los Angeles Times Jump up ^ Richter , Lauren ( 19 Dec 2017 ) . `` Constructing insignificance : critical race perspectives on institutional failure in environmental justice communities '' . Environmental Sociology : 1 -- 15 -- via tandfonline . Jump up ^ Pacific Institute ( Mar 2011 ) . `` The Human Costs of Nitrate - contaminated Water in the San Joaquin Valley '' ( PDF ) . Pacific Institute . Jump up ^ Harter , Thomas ( 2009 ) . `` Agricultural Impacts on Groundwater Nitrate '' ( PDF ) . Southwest Hydrology. 8 : 22 -- 23 . Jump up ^ `` Groundwater Shock : The Polluting of the World 's Major Freshwater Stores Worldwatch Institute '' . www.worldwatch.org ( in cust - en ) . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 05 . CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link ) Jump up ^ AFP . `` Nitrates poison water in California 's Central Valley '' . DailyMail . Associated Newspapers Ltd . Retrieved 23 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : AFP ( September 19 , 2016 ) . `` Nitrates Poison Water in California 's Central Valley '' . Community Water Center . Jump up ^ Community Water Center ( Dec 2013 ) . `` Water & Health in the Valley : Nitrate Contamination of Drinking Water and the Health of San Joaquin Valley Residents '' ( PDF ) . Community Water Center . Jump up ^ Burow , Karen . `` Assessment of regional change in nitrate concentrations in groundwater in the Central Valley , California , USA , 1950s -- 2000s '' ( PDF ) . Ca Water Usgs. 3 . Retrieved 23 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Moore , Eli . `` Human Costs of Nitrate - contaminated Drinking Water in the San Joaquin Valley '' ( PDF ) . Pacific Institute . Pacific Institute . Retrieved 17 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Burow , Karen . `` Assessment of regional change in nitrate concentrations in groundwater in the Central Valley , California , USA , 1950s -- 2000s '' ( PDF ) . Ca Water Usgs. 3 . Retrieved 23 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Pacific Institute ( Mar 2011 ) . `` The Human Costs of Nitrate - contaminated Water in the San Joaquin Valley '' ( PDF ) . Pacific Institute . Jump up ^ Gamroth , Mike . `` Composting : An Alternative for Livestock Manure Management and Disposal of Dead Animals '' ( PDF ) . Oregon State University . Retrieved 18 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pacific Institute ( Mar 2011 ) . `` The Human Costs of Nitrate - contaminated Water in the San Joaquin Valley '' ( PDF ) . Pacific Institute . Jump up ^ Carroll , Gerald ( Nov 14 , 2006 ) . `` Tulare County Private Wells Test High for Nitrates '' ( PDF ) . Visalia Times - Delta . ^ Jump up to : water.ca.gov ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` California 's Groundwater Bulletin 118 '' ( PDF ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Nitrates and Nitrites '' ( PDF ) . EPA . 2006 . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . San Joaquin Valley Counties Fresno Kern Kings Madera Merced San Joaquin Stanislaus Tulare Major cities Fresno Bakersfield Stockton Cities and towns 100k - 250k Clovis Modesto Visalia Cities and towns 25k - 99k Atwater Ceres Delano East Bakersfield Hanford Lodi Los Banos Madera Manteca Merced Oildale Porterville Ridgecrest Tracy Tulare Turlock Wasco Cities and towns 10k - 25k Arvin Avenal California City Chowchilla Coalinga Corcoran Delhi Dinuba Exeter Farmersville Garden Acres Kerman Kingsburg Lamont Lathrop Lemoore Lindsay Livingstone McFarland Mendota Newman Oakdale Parlier Patterson Reedley Ripon Riverbank Rosamond Rosedale Salida Sanger Selma Shafter Tehachapi Winton Rivers of California 's Central Valley watershed ( north - to - south ) Sacramento River watershed Pit River McCloud River Cow Creek Cottonwood Creek Battle Creek Mill Creek Deer Creek Thomes Creek Big Chico Creek Stony Creek Butte Creek Feather River North Fork East Branch West Branch Middle Fork South Fork Yuba River Bear River American River North Fork Middle Fork South Fork Cache Creek Putah Creek San Joaquin River watershed Mokelumne River Cosumnes River Calaveras River Stanislaus River Tuolumne River Clavey River Cherry Creek Merced River Mariposa Creek Chowchilla River Fresno River Tulare Basin Kings River Kaweah River Tule River White River Poso Creek Kern River State of California Sacramento ( capital ) Topics Culture Food Music Myth Sports Demographics Earthquakes Economy Education Environment Geography Climate Ecology Flora Fauna Government Capitol Districts Governor Legislature Supreme Court Healthcare History Law National Historic Landmarks National Natural Landmarks NRHP listings Politics Congressional delegations Elections People Protected areas State Parks State Historic Landmarks Symbols Transportation Water Index of articles Regions Antelope Valley Big Sur California Coast Ranges Cascade Range Central California Central Coast Central Valley Channel Islands Coachella Valley Coastal California Conejo Valley Cucamonga Valley Death Valley East Bay ( SF Bay Area ) East County ( SD ) Eastern California Emerald Triangle Gold Country Great Basin Greater San Bernardino Inland Empire Klamath Basin Lake Tahoe Greater Los Angeles Los Angeles Basin Lost Coast Mojave Desert Mountain Empire North Bay ( SF ) North Coast North Coast ( SD ) Northern California Owens Valley Oxnard Plain Peninsular Ranges Pomona Valley Sacramento Valley Salinas Valley San Fernando Valley San Francisco Bay Area San Francisco Peninsula San Gabriel Valley San Joaquin Valley Santa Clara Valley Santa Clara River Valley Santa Clarita Valley Santa Ynez Valley Shasta Cascade Sierra Nevada Silicon Valley South Bay ( LA ) South Bay ( SD ) South Bay ( SF ) South Coast Southern Border Region Southern California Transverse Ranges Tri-Valley Victor Valley Wine Country Metro regions Metropolitan Fresno Los Angeles metropolitan area Greater Sacramento San Bernardino - Riverside metropolitan area San Francisco metropolitan area San Diego -- Tijuana Counties Alameda Alpine Amador Butte Calaveras Colusa Contra Costa Del Norte El Dorado Fresno Glenn Humboldt Imperial Inyo Kern Kings Lake Lassen Los Angeles Madera Marin Mariposa Mendocino Merced Modoc Mono Monterey Napa Nevada Orange Placer Plumas Riverside Sacramento San Benito San Bernardino San Diego San Francisco San Joaquin San Luis Obispo San Mateo Santa Barbara Santa Clara Santa Cruz Shasta Sierra Siskiyou Solano Sonoma Stanislaus Sutter Tehama Trinity Tulare Tuolumne Ventura Yolo Yuba Most populous cities Los Angeles San Diego San Jose San Francisco Fresno Sacramento Long Beach Oakland Bakersfield Anaheim Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=San_Joaquin_Valley&oldid=846189800 '' Categories : San Joaquin Valley Valleys of California Regions of California San Joaquin River Valleys of Fresno County , California Valleys of Kern County , California Valleys of Kings County , California Valleys of Madera County , California Valleys of Merced County , California Valleys of San Joaquin County , California Valleys of Stanislaus County , California Valleys of Tulare County , California Geography of the Central Valley ( California ) Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Unrecognized language Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Articles needing additional references from April 2009 All articles needing additional references Articles lacking in - text citations from April 2009 All articles lacking in - text citations Articles with unsourced statements from September 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2007 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Recent changes Wikivoyage Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Português Русский Svenska 中文 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 June 2018 , at 00 : 23 ( UTC ) . 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what are the muscles in the neck called

Neck

neck

The neck is the part of the body , on many vertebrates , that separates the head from the torso or trunk . It contains blood vessels and nerves that supply structures in the head to the body . These in humans include part of the esophagus , the larynx , trachea , and thyroid gland , major blood vessels including the carotid arteries and jugular veins , and the first part of the spinal cord .

In anatomy , the neck is also called by its Latin names , cervix or collum , although when used alone , in context , the word cervix more often refers to the uterine cervix , the neck of the uterus . Thus the adjective cervical may refer either to the neck ( as in cervical vertebrae or cervical lymph nodes ) or to the uterine cervix ( as in cervical cap or cervical cancer ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Nerve supply 1.2 Blood supply and vessels 1.3 Surface anatomy 2 Function 2.1 Muscles and movement 3 Clinical significance 3.1 Neck pain 4 Other animals 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Structure ( edit ) Muscles in the human neck The neck contains vessels that links structures in the head to the body . In humans these structures include part of the esophagus , larynx , trachea , thyroid and parathyroid glands , lymph nodes , and the first part of the spinal cord . Major blood vessels present include the carotid arteries and the jugular veins . Cervical lymph nodes surround the blood vessels . The thyroid gland and parathyroid gland are endocrine glands involved in the regulation of cellular metabolism and growth , and blood calcium levels . The shape of the neck in humans is formed from the upper part of the vertebral column at the back , and a series of cartilage that surrounds the upper part of the respiratory tract . Around these sit soft tissues , including muscles , and between and around these sit the other structures mentioned above . Muscles of the neck attach to the base of the skull , the hyoid bone , the clavicles and the sternum . The large platysma , sternocleidomastoid muscles contribute to the shape at the front , and the trapezius and lattissimus dorsi at the back . A number of other muscles attach to and stem from the hyoid bone , facilitating speech and playing a role in swallowing . Nerve supply ( edit ) Sensation to the front areas of the neck comes from the roots of nerves C2 - 4 , and at the back of the neck from the roots of C4 - 5 . The cervical region of the human spine is made up of seven cervical vertebrae referred to as C - 1 to C - 7 , with cartilaginous discs between each vertebral body . The spinal cord sits within the cervical part of the vertebral column . The spinal column carries nerves that carry sensory and motor information from the brain down to the rest of the body . From top to bottom the cervical spine is gently curved in convex - forward fashion . In addition to nerves coming from and within the human spine , the accessory nerve and vagus nerve both cranial nerves , travel down the neck . Blood supply and vessels ( edit ) Surface anatomy ( edit ) Phenomenon of neck lines ( lat. monillas ) or `` moon rings '' at mature age In the middle line below the chin can be felt the body of the hyoid bone , just below which is the prominence of the thyroid cartilage called `` Adam 's apple '' , better marked in men than in women . Also neck lines marks appear at a later age as a phenomenon of skin wrinkle . Still lower the cricoid cartilage is easily felt , while between this and the suprasternal notch the trachea and isthmus of the thyroid gland may be made out . At the side the outline of the sternomastoid muscle is the most striking mark ; it divides the anterior triangle of the neck from the posterior . The upper part of the former contains the submaxillary gland also known as the submandibular glands , which lies just below the posterior half of the body of the jaw . The line of the common and the external carotid arteries may be marked by joining the sterno - clavicular articulation to the angle of the jaw . The eleventh or spinal accessory nerve corresponds to a line drawn from a point midway between the angle of the jaw and the mastoid process to the middle of the posterior border of the sterno - mastoid muscle and thence across the posterior triangle to the deep surface of the trapezius . The external jugular vein can usually be seen through the skin ; it runs in a line drawn from the angle of the jaw to the middle of the clavicle , and close to it are some small lymphatic glands . The anterior jugular vein is smaller , and runs down about half an inch from the middle line of the neck . The clavicle or collar - bone forms the lower limit of the neck , and laterally the outward slope of the neck to the shoulder is caused by the trapezius muscle . Function ( edit ) Muscles and movement ( edit ) The neck supports the weight of the head and protects the nerves that carry sensory and motor information from the brain down to the rest of the body . In addition , the neck is highly flexible and allows the head to turn and flex in all directions . Clinical significance ( edit ) Neck pain ( edit ) Main article : Neck pain Disorders of the neck are a common source of pain . The neck has a great deal of functionality but is also subject to a lot of stress . Common sources of neck pain ( and related pain syndromes , such as pain that radiates down the arm ) include ( and are strictly limited to ) : Whiplash , strained muscle or other soft tissue injury Cervical herniated disc Cervical spinal stenosis Osteoarthritis Vascular sources of pain , like arterial dissections or internal jugular vein thrombosis Cervical adenitis Other animals ( edit ) The neck appears in some of the earliest of tetrapod fossils , and the functionality provided has led to its being retained in all land vertebrates as well as marine - adapted tetrapods such as turtles , seals , and penguins . Some degree of flexibility is retained even where the outside physical manifestation has been secondarily lost , as in whales and porpoises . A morphologically functioning neck also appears among insects . Its absence in fish and aquatic arthropods is notable , as many have life stations similar to a terrestrial or tetrapod counterpart , or could otherwise make use of the added flexibility . The word `` neck '' is sometimes used as a convenience to refer to the region behind the head in some snails , gastropod mollusks , even though there is no clear distinction between this area , the head area , and the rest of the body . Neck of a goose Giraffes are well known for having a long neck See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Neck . Throat Adam 's apple Hickey Nape References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Talley , Nicholas ( 2014 ) . Clinical Examination . Churchill Livingstone . p. 416 . ISBN 9780729541985 . Jump up ^ Frietson Galis ( 1999 ) . `` Why do almost all mammals have seven cervical vertebrae ? Developmental constraints , Hox genes and Cancer '' ( PDF ) . Journal of experimental zoology. 285 ( 1 ) : 19 -- 26 . PMID 10327647 . doi : 10.1002 / ( SICI ) 1097 - 010X ( 19990415 ) 285 : 1 3.0.CO ; 2 - Z . External links ( edit ) Look up neck in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . American Head and Neck Society The Anatomy Wiz . An Interactive Cross-Sectional Anatomy Atlas Human regional anatomy Head Ear Face Cheek Chin Eye Mouth Nose Forehead Jaw Occiput Scalp Temple Neck Adam 's apple Throat Trunk Abdomen Waist Midriff Navel Back Thorax Breast Pelvis Sex organs Limbs Arm Shoulder Axilla Brachium Elbow Forearm Wrist Hand Finger Thumb Index Middle Ring Little Leg Buttocks Hip Thigh Knee Calf Foot Ankle Heel Sole Toe Other Écorché General anatomy : systems and organs , regional anatomy , planes and lines , superficial axial anatomy , superficial anatomy of limbs Muscles of the neck Cervical Platysma Sternocleidomastoid Longus capitis Longus colli Scalene anterior middle posterior Rectus capitis anterior muscle Rectus capitis lateralis muscle Suboccipital Rectus capitis posterior major minor Obliquus capitis inferior superior Suprahyoid Mylohyoid Stylohyoid Digastric Geniohyoid Infrahyoid Thyrohyoid Sternohyoid Sternothyroid Omohyoid Pharynx Pharyngeal constrictor superior middle inferior Stylopharyngeus Salpingopharyngeus Larynx Cricothyroid Cricoarytenoid posterior lateral Arytenoid oblique arytenoid aryepiglottic transverse arytenoid Thyroarytenoid vocal thyroepiglottic Trachea Trachealis Fasciae Deep cervical fascia Pretracheal fascia Prevertebral fascia Investing layer Carotid sheath Alar fascia Palatine aponeurosis Buccopharyngeal fascia Pharyngobasilar fascia Pharyngeal raphe Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neck&oldid=806118196 '' Categories : Human head and neck Hidden categories : Articles needing cleanup from February 2016 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from February 2016 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from February 2016 Wikipedia introduction cleanup from February 2016 Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from February 2016 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Articles needing additional references from February 2016 All articles needing additional references Medicine infobox template using GraySubject or GrayPage Medicine infobox template using Dorlands parameter Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Armãneashti Asturianu Atikamekw Avañe'ẽ Авар Aymar aru Bahasa Banjar Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština ChiShona Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ कॉशुर / کٲشُر Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Лакку Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Lingála Magyar मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Napulitano Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Pangasinan پنجابی پښتو ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский संस्कृतम् Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ ತುಳು Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vahcuengh Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Walon West - Vlams Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 October 2017 , at 20 : 32 . 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what is the proper term used for the signature given by celebrities to their fans

Autograph also refers to a famous person 's artistic signature . This term is used in particular for the practice of collecting autographs of celebrities . The hobby of collecting autographs is known as philography .

Autograph

Autograph

autograph

An autograph ( from the Greek : αὐτός , autós , `` self '' and γράφω , gráphō , `` write '' ) is a document transcribed entirely in the handwriting of its author , as opposed to a typeset document or one written by an amanuensis or a copyist ; the meaning overlaps with that of the word holograph .

Autograph also refers to a famous person 's artistic signature . This term is used in particular for the practice of collecting autographs of celebrities . The hobby of collecting autographs is known as philography . What might be considered the oldest `` autograph '' is a Sumerian clay table from about 3100 BC which includes the name of the scribe Gar. Ama . No ancient written autographs have been found , and the earliest one known for a major historical figure is that of El Cid from 1098 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Categories of celebrities 2 Commercialization 3 Secretarial signatures 4 Autopen autographing 5 Forged autographs 5.1 Deceptive devices 5.2 Other authenticity issues 5.3 Authentication 6 Copyright status of signatures 7 Glossary 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Categories of celebrities ( edit ) A rugby ball signed by all of the All Blacks 2006 Tri Nations Series squad Boxing autograph collection Some of the most popular categories of autograph subjects are presidents , military soldiers , athletes , movie stars , artists , social and religious leaders , scientists , astronauts and authors . Some collectors may specialize in specific fields ( such as Nobel Prize winners ) or general topics ( military leaders participating in World War I ) or specific documents ( i.e. , signers of the Charter of the United Nations ; signers of the U.S. Constitution ; signers of the Israeli Declaration of Independence ; signers of the Charter of the European Common Union ; signers of the World War II German or Japanese surrender documents ) . Sports memorabilia signed by a whole team can often be sold for hundreds or thousands of dollars . Commercialization ( edit ) Some celebrities still enjoy signing autographs for free for fans , keeping it an interesting hobby . Many people who stand outside premieres , asking for autographs are actually professional autograph traders , who make their living or supplement their income by selling them for full profit , rather than keeping them as a personal souvenir . This is one of the main reasons why some celebrities will only distribute their signatures for a price . Joe DiMaggio was able to command more money on signing fees than he made in his playing career , though he also gave individual autographs . Bill Russell does not sign at all in public , and only sparingly at private sessions . Michael Jordan reportedly did not sign for most of his career because of safety concerns about frenzied attempts to get his signature , which is worth hundreds of dollars . Jordan has frequently signed at more peaceful events , such as golf tournaments . Pete Rose was paid to sign 30 baseballs with the inscription `` I 'm sorry I bet on baseball . '' In the 1980s , actor / comedian Steve Martin carried business cards which he handed out to fans requesting an autograph ; the cards read `` This certifies that you have had a personal encounter with me and that you found me warm , polite , intelligent and funny . '' Realizing the potential profit in the sale of pop culture autographs , many dealers also would wait for hours for a celebrity to emerge from a location , present several photos for the celebrity to sign and then sell most of them . Michael Jackson 's experience was typical ; he often signed just a handful of autographs as he rushed from his hotel to his vehicle . Some collectors take note of which celebrities are the most gracious or the least forthcoming . Some dealers would locate a celebrity 's home address and write to them repeatedly asking for autographs . The celebrities soon grew tired of the practice and limited their responses . Because of the many autographs a celebrity might sign over time , some check requests against a record of past requests . Boxer George Foreman , for instance , records the names and addresses of every person requesting an autograph to limit such abuses . Canadian sculptor Christian Cardell Corbet has his assistant research all requested autographs and also records all sent out . Some famous people flatly refuse to autograph anything for fans , such as the actors Paul Newman and Greta Garbo , and the aviator Charles A. Lindbergh . Secretarial signatures ( edit ) Celebrities sometimes authorized secretaries to sign their correspondence . In the early months of World War II , U.S. Army Chief of Staff George C. Marshall felt obligated to sign every condolence letter sent to the families of slain soldiers . But as the death rate increased , he was forced to assign an assistant to `` forge '' his signature to the letters . The surrogate signatures were hard to distinguish from the originals . General Douglas MacArthur rarely signed a WWII condolence letter personally and all of his letters to families were signed by one of two assistants who tried hard to duplicate his signature but the forged signatures were distinguished by an unusually high letter `` l '' and a skinny `` D '' . During the early stage of the Korean War , MacArthur personally signed condolence letters . As the fatalities increased , the General began to use letters with pre-printed signatures . In the 1952 U.S. presidential election , General Dwight D. Eisenhower often had secretaries forge his name to campaign letters and `` personally inscribed '' autographed photographs . Player signatures on baseballs and footballs that are actually signed by coaches and ballboys are called clubhouse signatures . Autopen autographing ( edit ) Portrait of U.S. President Richard Nixon with autopen signature Since the early 1950s almost all American presidents have had an autopen or robot machine for the automatic signing of a signature as an autograph machine for their letters , photographs , books , official documents , and even memorabilia items such as baseballs and golf balls . Some former presidents even have continued to utilize the autopen after they have left office . The Signa - Signer can even write out in ink an authentically looking handwritten message that has been typed into the machine . One book detailing the use of this machine by President John F. Kennedy ( 1961 -- 63 ) is The Robot That Helped to Make a President . Since the 1960s , the practice of using an autopen has spread to U.S. Cabinet members , U.S. Senators , some state governors , and many other personalities who have a high volume of correspondence with the public . Astronaut Alan Shepard acknowledged that NASA used the autopen machine to sign the astronauts ' voluminous correspondence . Many large corporations also use these machines for signing business letters . One might think that autopen signatures would constantly match one another . However , even autopen signatures will eventually change as the signature drum becomes worn and thereby alters the signature . Due to these professional imitations , one must be wary of buying presidential or astronaut signatures from unknown sellers . Forged autographs ( edit ) Autograph collecting is an enthralling hobby to collectors , who enjoy assembling a series of historical documents , letters or objects that have been signed or autographed by a notable person as a way of capturing a piece of history . However , collectors must be aware that the hobby is fraught with documents , photographs and sports items that were signed by forgers seeking to profit by selling forged items to unwitting buyers . Sometimes just the signature has been forged , in other instances the entire document has been fabricated . Forged autographs of nearly all famous personalities abound . Differentiating forged from authentic autographs is almost impossible for the amateur collector and a professional should be consulted . One method commonly seen on eBay is called `` preprinting '' by many sellers . The item is only a photocopy of an actual autographed photo , usually printed on glossy home photo paper . Since this is almost always disclosed to the buyer , some may not consider these actual forgeries . In October 2012 Chad Richard Baldwin of Gresham Oregon was sentenced to 2 years in prison for the sale of forged Babe Ruth and Beatles autographs . Mr. Baldwin is a highly skilled forger of sports memorabilia . Forgers may go to great lengths to make their forgeries appear authentic . Some use blank end papers from old books upon which to write their fake signatures in an attempt to match the paper of the era in which the personality lived . They have researched ink formulations of the era that they want to replicate . One book that explores the production of impressive fake manuscripts pertaining to Mormons is A Gathering of Saints by Robert Lindsey . One must know the era in which American presidents signed their documents . American presidents signed land grants until President Andrew Jackson ( c. 1836 ) became bored with the time - consuming task . Since then secretaries of the president have mimicked their masters ' signatures on these documents ( known as `` proxy '' signatures ) . Many movie stars have their secretaries sign their letters and photographs for them . When President Ronald Reagan was an actor during the 1940s , he had his mother sign his name to much of his fan mail . During the American Civil War ( 1861 -- 1865 ) , the president of the Confederate States of America was Jefferson Davis . Due to his extensive correspondence , Davis ' wife frequently signed his name to his dictated letters . As she duplicated his signature so well , she usually placed a period after the signature so that he could discern her signatures from his own . All of the Union and Confederate generals from the American Civil War have had their signatures forged . Many were faked during the 1880s , a period that included the fad of aging soldiers in collecting Civil War autographs . Most deceptions were of mere signatures on a small piece of paper , but extensively written letters were forged as well . Autograph collectors should be cautious of clipped signatures . The bogus autograph is glued onto an authentic steel - engraved portrait of the subject . Some steel engravings may have reprinted the autograph of the portrayed subject ; this is known as a facsimile autograph , and to an uninformed buyer it may appear to be real . Deceptive devices ( edit ) Some personalities have used a rubber or steel hand - stamp to `` sign '' their documents . American President Andrew Johnson ( c. 1866 ) did so during his tenure as a senator prior to assuming the presidency , since his right hand was injured in a train accident . This is why his autograph as President differs from previous autographs . President Warren Harding frequently used a rubber stamp while he was a senator . Presidents Theodore Roosevelt and Franklin Delano Roosevelt used them , along with President Woodrow Wilson ( c. 1916 ) . England 's King Henry VIII and Pennsylvania colony founder William Penn used a deceiving hand stamp . Joseph Stalin had several rubber signature stamps which were used on awards and Communist party cards . Nikita Khrushchev and Lavrenti Beria , the KGB Chief , used similar stamps . Quality forgeries have been made for many of Europe 's past rulers . The French nobles had their secrétaires sign their documents . Many forgeries of Napoleon 's ( c. 1800 ) war orders exist ; he was so busy with battle concerns that he barely had enough time to sign promotion orders for generals , so his scribes applied his name to lesser documents . Many famous scientists , astronauts , Arctic explorers , musicians , poets , and literary authors have had forgeries of their epistles and signatures produced . False signatures of Charles Lindbergh were clandestinely signed onto real 1930 - era airmail envelopes bought at stamp shops and then re-sold to unwary buyers ; the same has occurred with Amelia Earhart and the Wright brothers . `` Mickey Mouse '' creator , Walt Disney ( 1955 ) , had several of his cartoonists duplicate his artistic signature on replies to children seeking his autograph . ( Disney 's actual autograph was distinctly different from the way it appears in his cartoons . ) Texan paper currency was signed in ink by Sam Houston , though not handwritten by Houston himself . The October 1986 Smithsonian magazine explored the `` melting timepieces '' artwork of the Spanish painter Salvador Dalí . It quoted one of his secretaries as claiming that she signed the artist 's signature to postcard depictions of his paintings . Another article in the April 2005 Smithsonian noted : `` In 1965 he began selling signed sheets of otherwise blank lithograph paper for $10 a sheet . He may have signed well over 50,000 in the remaining quarter century of his life , an action that resulted in a flood of Dalí lithograph forgeries . '' Some deceivers cut pages from books that American President Richard Nixon ( c. 1970 ) signed on the blank flyleaf , typed his letter of resignation from the presidency on that signed page , and then sold the doctored item as if Nixon had personally signed a scarce copy of the historical document . The miscreant has changed the value of a lower - priced signed book quite easily to a much more lucrative item ; changing a mere signature into a signed manuscript . This practice has expanded to include quotations from George W. Bush , Richard Nixon , Hillary Clinton , John F. Kennedy and Franklin D. Roosevelt . Although now marketed as `` souvenir '' signed copies , they are , by definition , fraudulent creations . Other authenticity issues ( edit ) Forgers buy real American Revolutionary War - era documents and surreptitiously pen a famous patriot 's name between other real signatures in a manuscript in hope of deceiving an unsuspecting buyer . Others will use tea or tobacco stains to brown or age their modern missives . It has been estimated that over 80 percent of the autographed items of famous American sports players being sold over the Internet are fakes . Baseball legend Babe Ruth , for instance , has had his signature forged on old baseballs , then rubbed in dirt to make them appear to be from the 1930s . Authentication ( edit ) With the recent enormous growth of autograph sellers on eBay , and the appearance of a multitude of new galleries and retailers offering expensive autographs , casual autograph collectors and one - time buyers have in many instances sought `` certificates of authenticity '' issued by the seller at the time of sale . As with any guarantee , these certificates are only as dependable as the seller issuing them , and if the seller is a fraud , then your certificate , and the possibility that your signed item could be considered worthless . Any COA or similar issued by a seller should always include the sellers full contact details and any details of Association memberships , and these should always be double checked on the Associations website . Legendary vaudeville entertainer Sophie Tucker 's autograph in a copy of her 1945 autobiography In many instances , sellers will use a professional authenticator to determine the authenticity of the material they wish to bring to market . The autograph industry is currently contentiously split between two types of authenticators : those who rely upon their professional expertise and experience personally having collected and / or sold large inventories of autographs over a period of many years , and `` forensic examiners '' who rely on academic credentials . Disputes have led to court actions , most notably gallery owner American Royal Arts vs. Beatles autograph dealer Frank Caiazzo , often used by autograph sources such as RR Auction . Potential autograph buyers uncertain of the legitimacy of the seller or authenticator should carefully research both parties , and should always check any dealer who claims membership of any association . PADA , the UACC and AFTAL include a list of dealers on their websites for anyone to view . This research should not be limited to a seller 's or an authenticator 's website which could be prejudiced . Some dealers have been known to invent their own Association , e.g. ' The Universal Manuscript Society ' , to enhance their own reputations . Mastro Auctions , a major sports autograph auction house which used a professional authenticator to determine the authenticity of material offered for sale , was sued by a dealer in 2006 ( Bill Daniels v. Mastro Auctions , Boone County , Indiana , case # 06D01 - 0502 - PL - 0060 ) . Daniels said that he had bought more than 2,000 signed photographs of athletes from Mastro and claimed that the catalog incorrectly described them as all being in color and 8x10 in size . Daniels also claimed that some of the autographs on the photographs may have been fakes . He produced two dealers who he said were autograph experts , but Superior Court Judge Matthew C. Kincaid excluded their testimony saying that neither Steve Koschal nor Richard Simon `` possess sufficient skill , knowledge or experience in the fields in which they were asked to render opinions . '' The law for each state is different regarding qualifications to testify . Mr. Simon and Mr. Koschal have both testified in states where their testimony is accepted in court . Copyright status of signatures ( edit ) see Copyright Glossary ( edit ) In autograph - auction catalogues the following abbreviations are used to help describe the type of letter or document that is being offered for sale . AD : Autograph Document ( hand - written by the person to be collected , but not signed ) ADS : Autograph Document Signed ( written and signed by same individual ) AL : Autograph Letter ( hand - written by the person to be collected , but not signed ) ALS : Autograph Letter Signed ( hand - written and signed by same individual ) AMs : Autograph Manuscript ( hand - written ; such as the draft of a play , research paper or music sheet ) AMsS : Autograph Manuscript Signed ( hand - written and signed by same individual ) AMusQs : Autograph Musical Quotation Signed ( hand - written and signed by same individual ) AN : Autograph Note ( no salutation or closing , usually shorter than a letter ) ANS : Autograph Note Signed ( hand - written and signed by same individual ) APCS : Autograph Postcard Signed ( hand - written and signed by same individual ) AQS : Autograph Quote Signed ( hand - written and signed by same individual ; poem verse , sentence , or bar - of - music ) DS : Document signed ( printed , or while hand - written by another , is signed by individual sought to be collected ) LS : Letter Signed ( hand - written by someone else , but signed by the individual sought to be collected , frequently handwritten by secretaries before the advent of the typewriter ) PS : Photograph Signed or Postcard Signed SP : Signed Photograph TLS : Typed Letter Signed TNS : Typed Note Signed folio : A printer 's sheet of paper folded once to make two leaves , double quarto size or larger . octavo ( 8vo ) : A manuscript page about six - by - nine inches . ( Originally determined by folding a printer 's sheet of paper to form eight leaves . ) quarto ( 4to ) : A manuscript page of about nine and one - half by twelve inches . ( Originally determined by folding a printer 's sheet of paper twice to form four leaves . ) See also ( edit ) Autograph club Tughra Kaō References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Earliest Autograph Signatures ( Circa 3,100 BCE ) : HistoryofInformation.com '' . Jump up ^ Fletcher , Richard A. ( 1 January 1989 ) . `` The Quest for El Cid '' . Oxford University Press -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` Joe Dimaggio 's rings bats and thee shots '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ `` GO.com '' . Sports.espn.go.com . September 19 , 2006 . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Contact A.J. Daulerio : Email the author Comment ( February 26 , 2009 ) . `` Deadspin '' . Deadspin . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Martin abandons pre-signed autographs '' . 6 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Depp named ' best autograph giver ' '' . BBC News . December 17 , 2007 . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` GarboForever - Garbo 's Signature '' . Jump up ^ Gee , Cee ( 3 October 2011 ) . `` How to Determine the Difference Between a Real and Fake Autograph : Terminology and Photo Examples '' . Autograph Live . Retrieved 18 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` More Fake Autographs and COAs Have Oregon Detectives Busy '' . 25 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Andon , Stephen Patrick ( May 11 , 2011 ) . `` Sporting Materiality : Commodification and Fan Agency in Collections , Memorabilia , Jerseys , and Dirt '' . Retrieved September 18 , 2016 -- via Florida State University Libraries . Jump up ^ `` Lack of intent seen in flubs at auctions '' . NY Daily News . July 15 , 2007 . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . Further reading ( edit ) Forging History : The Detection of Fake Letters and Documents by Kenneth W. Rendell , University of Oklahoma Press , 1994 , 173 pages . Great Forgers and Famous Fakes by Charles Hamilton , Crown Publishers , 1980 , 278 pages . Making Money in Autographs by George Sullivan , 1977 , 223 pages . Collecting Autographs by Herman M. Darvick , Julian Messner , a Simon & Schuster Division of Gulf & Western Corporation , 1981 , 96 pages . Collecting Autographs and Manuscripts by Charles Hamilton , Univ. of Oklahoma Press , 1961 , 269 pages . Autographs and Manuscripts : A Collector 's Manual edited by Ed Berkeley , Charles Scribner 's Sons Pub. , 1978 , 565 pages . Scribblers & Scoundrels by Charles Hamilton , Eriksson Pub. , 1968 , 282 pages . Manuscripts : The First Twenty Years edited by Priscilla Taylor , Greenwood Press , 1984 , 429 pages . Autographs : A Key to Collecting by Mary Benjamin , 1963 , 345 pages Big Name Hunting : A Beginners Guide to Autograph Collecting by Charles Hamilton , Simon & Schuster Pub. , 1973 , 95 pages . The Signature of America by Charles Hamilton , Harper & Row , 1979 , 279 pages . Word Shadows of the Great : The Lure of Autograph Collecting by Thomas Madigan , Frederick A. Stokes Co. , 1930 , 300 pages . Collecting Autographs For Fun and Profit by Robert Pelton , Betterway Pub. , 1987 , 160 pages . From the White House Inkwell by John Taylor , Tuttle Co. , 1968 , 147 pages . Autograph Collector 's Checklist edited by John Taylor , The Manuscript Society , 1990 , 172 pages . The Autograph Collector by Robert Notlep , Crown Pub. , 1968 , 240 pages . The Complete Book of Autograph Collecting by George Sullivan , 1971 , 154 pages . A Gathering of Saints by Robert Lindsey , Simon & Schuster , 1988 , 397 pages . Dönitz at Nuremberg : A Re-Appraisal by H.K. Thompson , Amber Pub. , 1976 , 198 pages . Leaders and Personalities of the Third Reich by Charles Hamilton , 2 vols. , Bender Pub. , 1984 ( Vol. 1 ) and 1996 ( Vol. 2 ) . The Guinness Book of World Autographs by Ray Rawlins , 1997 , 244 pages . The Robot that Helped to Make a President by Charles Hamilton , 1965 . War Between the States : Autographs and Biographical Sketches by Jim Hayes , Palmetto Pub. , 1989 , 464 pages . American Autographs by Charles Hamilton , 2 vols. , Univ. of Oklahoma Press , 1983 , 634 pages . Autographs of Indian Personalities by S.S. Hitkari , Phulkari Pub. , 1999 , 112 pages . Ieri Ho Visto Il Duce : Trilogia dell'iconografia mussoliniana ed . Ermanno Alberti. ( in Italian ) Who 's Who series ; Who 's Who in America , etc . Appletons ' Cyclopaedia of American Biography ed. by James Wilson , 6 vols. , 1888 . Autograph , Please by Santosh Kumar Lahoti , Reesha Books International Pub. , 2009 , : India . Play Ball , Mr. President : A Century of Baseballs Signed by U.S. Presidents by Dan Cohen , 2008 , 48 pages . `` Signs of the Times : Autographs of luminaries : from Lincoln to Liberace '' , Steve Kemper , Smithsonian magazine , Nov. 1997 . `` The Surreal World of Salvador Dali '' , Stanley Meisler , Smithsonian magazine , Apr. 2005 . `` The Tumultuous Life and Love of Salvador Dali '' , Meryle Secrest , Smithsonian magazine , Oct. 1986 . Israel , Lee . Can You Ever Forgive Me ? Memoirs of a Literary Forger , 2008 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Autographs . Shapell Manuscript Foundation Real Autograph Collectors Club ( RACC ) , An online community of in person autograph collectors and sellers with 5,000 + members in over 100 countries . RACC Trusted Sellers - A list of reputable autograph collectors and sellers , maintained by the largest online autograph community . uacc.info , Universal Autograph Collectors Club , a federally approved 501c3 non-profit organization founded in 1965 . aftal.co.uk , UK based autograph dealer association . StarTiger , online autograph community and celebrity address database Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Autographs '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autograph&oldid=804990859 '' Categories : Documents Memorabilia Hidden categories : NPOV disputes from May 2015 All NPOV disputes Articles that may contain original research from May 2015 All articles that may contain original research Articles needing additional references from May 2015 All articles needing additional references Interlanguage link template link number Articles containing Greek - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2011 Articles with Italian - language external links Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Français Hrvatski Ido Italiano עברית Қазақша Кыргызча Magyar Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska తెలుగు Українська اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 12 October 2017 , at 10 : 59 . 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how many citizenships can you have in ireland

Multiple citizenship

multiple citizenship

Multiple citizenship , also called dual citizenship or multiple nationality or dual nationality , is a person 's citizenship status , in which a person is concurrently regarded as a citizen of more than one state under the laws of those states . There is no international convention which determines the nationality or citizen status of a person , which is defined exclusively by national laws , which vary and can be inconsistent with each other . Multiple citizenship arises because different countries use different , and not necessarily mutually exclusive , criteria for citizenship . Colloquial speech refers to people `` holding '' multiple citizenship but technically each nation makes a claim that this person be considered its national .

Some countries do not permit dual citizenship . This may be by requiring an applicant for naturalization to renounce all existing citizenship , or by withdrawing its citizenship from someone who voluntarily acquires another citizenship , or by other devices . Some countries do not permit a renunciation of citizenship . Some countries permit a general dual citizenship while others permit dual citizenship but only of a limited number of countries . Most countries that permit dual citizenship still may not recognize the other citizenship of its nationals within its own territory , for example , in relation to entry into the country , national service , duty to vote , etc . Similarly , it may not permit consular access by another country for a person who is also its national . Some countries prohibit dual citizenship holders from serving in their military , on police forces or holding certain public offices . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Citizenship of multiple countries 2.1 Multiple citizenship avoided 2.2 Involuntary multiple citizenship 2.3 Complex laws on dual citizenship 2.4 Partial citizenship , and residency 2.5 Multiple citizenship `` not recognized '' 2.6 `` Dormant '' citizenship and `` right of return '' 2.7 Multiple citizenship encouraged 3 Subnational citizenship 3.1 Former instances 4 Supra - national citizenship 5 Effects and potential issues of multiple citizenship 5.1 National cohesiveness 5.2 Appearance of foreign allegiance 5.2. 1 Multiple citizenship among politicians 5.3 Taxation 5.4 Issues with international travel 5.5 Military service 5.6 Healthcare 6 Dual citizenship by region 6.1 Africa 6.2 The Americas 6.3 Asia - Pacific 6.4 EU and EFTA countries 6.4. 1 EU countries 6.4. 2 EFTA countries 6.4. 3 The Nordic Passport Union 6.5 The rest of Europe other than EU , EFTA and microstates 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links History ( edit ) Up until the late 19th century , nations often decided who they claimed as their citizens or subjects , and did not recognize any other nationalities they held . Many states did not recognize the right of their citizens to renounce their citizenship without permission , due to policies that originated with the feudal theory of perpetual allegiance to the sovereign . This meant that people could hold multiple citizenships , with none of their nations recognizing any other of their citizenships . Until the early modern era , when levels of migration were insignificant , this was not a serious issue . However , when non-trivial levels of migration began , this state of affairs sometimes led to international incidents , with countries of origin refusing to recognize the new nationalities of natives who had migrated , and when possible , conscripting natives who had naturalized as citizens of another country into military service . The most notable example was the War of 1812 , triggered by British impressment of American seamen who were alleged to be British subjects into naval service . In the aftermath of the 1867 Fenian Rising , Irish - Americans who had gone to Ireland to participate in the uprising and were caught were charged with treason , as the British authorities considered them to be British subjects . This outraged many Irish - Americans , to which the British responded by pointing out that , just like British law , American law also recognized perpetual allegiance . As a result , Congress passed the Expatriation Act of 1868 , which granted Americans the right to freely renounce their U.S. citizenship . Britain followed suit with a similar law , and years later , signed a treaty agreeing to treat British subjects who had become U.S. citizens as no longer holding British nationality . During this time , diplomatic incidents had also arisen between the United States and several other European countries over their tendency to conscript naturalized American citizens visiting their former homelands . In response , the US government negotiated agreements with various European states known as the Bancroft Treaties , under which the signatories pledged to treat the voluntary naturalization of a former citizen or national with another sovereign nation as a renunciation of their citizenship . As a result , the theory of perpetual allegiance largely fell out of favor with governments during the late 19th century . With the consensus of the time being that dual citizenship would only lead to diplomatic problems , more governments began prohibiting it , and revoking the nationality of citizens holding another nationality . By the mid-20th century , dual nationality was largely prohibited worldwide , although there were exceptions . For example , a series of U.S. Supreme Court rulings permitted Americans born with citizenship in another country to keep it without losing their U.S. citizenship . At the 1930 League of Nations Codification Conference , an attempt was made to codify nationality rules into a universal worldwide treaty , the 1930 Hague Convention , whose chief aims would be to completely abolish both statelessness and dual citizenship . It proposed laws that would have reduced both , but in the end was ratified by only twenty nations . However , the consensus against dual nationality began to erode due to changes in social mores and attitudes . By the late 20th century it was becoming gradually accepted again . Many states were lifting restrictions on dual citizenship . For example , the British Nationality Act 1948 removed restrictions on dual citizenship in the United Kingdom , the 1967 Afroyim v. Rusk ruling by the U.S. Supreme Court prohibited the U.S. government from involuntarily stripping citizenship from Americans over dual citizenship , and the Canadian Citizenship Act , 1976 , removed restrictions on dual citizenship in Canada . The number of states allowing multiple citizenship further increased after a treaty in Europe requiring signatories to limit dual citizenship lapsed in the 1990s , and countries with high emigration rates began permitting it to maintain links with their respective diasporas . Citizenship of multiple countries ( edit ) Main articles : Citizenship and Naturalization The rights of citizenship are determined by each country , which sets its own criteria for citizenship . These criteria change from time to time , often becoming more restrictive . For example , until 1982 a person born in Britain was automatically a British citizen ; this was subjected to restrictions from 1983 . These laws may create situations where a person may satisfy the citizenship requirements of more than one country simultaneously . This would , in the absence of laws of one country or the other , allow the person to hold multiple citizenship . National laws may include criteria as to the circumstances , if any , in which a person may concurrently hold another citizenship . A country may withdraw its own citizenship if a person acquires a citizenship of another country , for example : Citizenship by descent ( jus sanguinis ) . Historically , citizenship was traced through the father , but today most countries permit the tracing through either parent , and some also through a grandparent . Today , the citizenship laws of most countries are based on jus sanguinis . In many cases , this basis for citizenship also extends to children born outside the country , and sometimes even when the parent has lost citizenship . Citizenship by birth on the country 's territory ( jus soli ) . The United States , Canada , and many Latin American countries grant unconditional birthright citizenship . To stop birth tourism , most countries have abolished it ; while Australia , France , Germany , Ireland , New Zealand , South Africa , and the United Kingdom have a modified jus soli , which requires at least one parent to be a citizen of the country ( jus sanguinis ) or a legal permanent resident who has lived in the country for several years . In the majority of such countries -- for example , in Canada -- children born to diplomats and under people outside the jurisdiction of the soil are not granted citizenship at birth . It is usually conferred automatically on the children once one of the parents obtain citizenship . Citizenship by marriage ( jure matrimonii ) . Some countries routinely give citizenship to spouses of its citizens , or may shorten the time for naturalization , but only in a few countries is citizenship granted on the wedding day ( e.g. , Iran ) . Some countries have regulations against so - called sham marriages ( e.g. , the United States ) , and some revoke the spouse 's citizenship if the marriage terminates within a specified time ( e.g. , Algeria ) . Citizenship by naturalization . Citizenship by adoption . A minor adopted from another country when at least one adoptive parent is a citizen . Citizenship by investment . Some countries give citizenship to people who make a substantial monetary investment in their country . There are three countries in Europe where this is possible and several in the Caribbean . The European countries are Malta as of 2014 , Austria , and Cyprus . The Caribbean countries are Antigua and Barbuda , Grenada , Dominica , St. Kitts & Nevis , and St. Lucia all grant citizenship immediately given due diligence is passed , without a requirement for any physical presence in the country . In Asia , Cambodia has laws enacted that allow foreigners to obtain citizenship through investment , but is difficult to receive without fluency in Khmer . Some countries grant citizenship based on religion : Israel gives all Jews the right to immigrate to Israel , by the Law of Return , and fast - tracked citizenship . Dual citizenship is permitted , but when entering the country the Israeli passport must be used . Citizenship by holding an office ( jus oficii ) . In the case of Vatican City , citizenship is based on holding an office , with Vatican citizenship held by the Pope , cardinals residing in Vatican City , active members of the Holy See 's diplomatic service , and other directors of Vatican offices and services . Vatican citizenship is lost when the office term comes to an end , and children can not inherit it from their parents . Since Vatican citizenship is time - limited , dual citizenship is allowed , and persons who would become stateless because of loss of Vatican citizenship automatically become Italian citizens . Once a country bestows citizenship , it may or may not consider a voluntary renunciation of that citizenship to be valid . In the case of naturalization , some countries require applicants for naturalization to renounce their former citizenship . For example , United States Chief Justice John Rutledge ruled `` a man may , at the same time , enjoy the rights of citizenship under two governments '' , but the United States requires applicants for naturalization to swear to an oath renouncing all prior `` allegiance and fidelity '' to any other nation or sovereignty as part of the naturalization ceremony . However , some countries do not recognise one of its citizens renouncing its citizenship . Effectively , the person in question may still possess both citizenships , notwithstanding the technical fact that he or she may have explicitly renounced one of the country 's citizenships before officials of the other . For example , the United Kingdom recognises a renunciation of citizenship only if it is done with competent UK authorities . Consequently , British citizens naturalized in the United States remain British citizens in the eyes of the British government even after they renounce British allegiance to the satisfaction of United States authorities . Irish nationality law applies to `` the island of Ireland '' , which extends citizenship to Northern Ireland , which is part of the United Kingdom . Therefore , anyone born in Northern Ireland who meets the requirements for being an Irish citizen through birth on the `` island of Ireland '' ( or a child born outside Ireland but with a qualifying parent ) can exercise rights accorded only to Irish citizens , including that of traveling under an Irish passport . Under Irish law , even if such a person has not acted in this way does not necessarily mean that they are not entitled to Irish citizenship . ( See Irish nationality law and British nationality law . ) People born in Northern Ireland are also British citizens on the same basis as people born elsewhere in the UK . People born in Northern Ireland may generally choose to hold a British passport , an Irish passport , or both . Multiple citizenship avoided ( edit ) Some countries consider multiple citizenship undesirable and take measures to avoid it . Since a country has control only over who has its citizenship , but has no control over who has any other country 's citizenship , the only way for a country to avoid multiple citizenship is to deny its citizenship to people in cases when they would have another citizenship . This may take the following forms : Automatic loss of citizenship if another citizenship is acquired voluntarily , such as Austria , Azerbaijan , China , India , Indonesia , Japan , Kazakhstan , Nepal , the Netherlands ( unless certain conditions are met ) , Norway , and Singapore . Saudi Arabian citizenship may be withdrawn if a Saudi citizen obtains a foreign citizenship without the permission of the Prime Minister ( who is also the King ) . Possible ( but not automatic ) loss of citizenship if another citizenship is acquired voluntarily , such as South Africa . Possible ( but not automatic ) loss of citizenship if people with multiple citizenships do not renounce their other citizenships after reaching the age of majority or within a certain period of time after obtaining multiple citizenships , such as Japan and Montenegro . In Montenegro loss is automatic with some exceptions . Denying automatic citizenship from birth if the child may acquire another citizenship automatically at birth . Requiring an applicant for naturalization to apply to renounce his / her existing citizenship ( s ) , and provide proof from those countries that they have renounced citizenship , as a condition of naturalization . Involuntary multiple citizenship ( edit ) Involuntary multiple citizenship can happen in the following ways : If the parents of a child have different citizenships or are multiple citizens themselves , the child may gain multiple citizenship depending on whether and how jus soli and jus sanguinis apply for each citizenship . Some countries ( e.g. , Canada , the United States of America and many other countries in the Americas ) regard all children born there automatically to be citizens ( jus soli ) even if the parents are not legally present . There are exceptions , such as the child of a foreign diplomat living in the United States . Such a child would be eligible to become a lawful permanent resident , but not a citizen based on the U.S. birth . For example , a child born in the United States to Norwegian parents automatically has dual citizenship with the United States and Norway , even though Norway usually restricts or forbids dual citizenship . This has led to birth tourism , so some countries have abolished jus soli or restricted it ( i.e. , at least one parent must be a citizen or a legal , permanent resident who has lived in the country for several years ) . Some countries forbid their citizens to renounce their citizenship or try to discourage them from doing so . Policy changes may also render people to have multiple citizenship involuntarily , for example , when the sovereignty of a place is changed , the new country may declare the people on it to be citizens of the country . Complex laws on dual citizenship ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Some countries do not simply allow or forbid dual or multiple citizenship in general , but have more complex rules , such as : Some countries allow dual citizenship , but restrict the rights of dual citizens : in Egypt dual citizens can not be elected to Parliament ; in Armenia dual citizens can not vote or be elected to Parliament ; in Israel , members of Parliament must renounce any other citizenship before taking their seat in the Knesset ; in Australia , dual citizens are ineligible to be elected to the Federal parliament . In the 2017 Australian parliamentary eligibility crisis , five members of Parliament were found to have been ineligible for election due to holding dual citizenship , although most had not been aware of the fact ; in New Zealand , dual citizens may be elected to Parliament , but MPs once elected may not voluntarily become a citizen of another country , or take any act to have their foreign nationality recognised such as applying for a foreign passport . However , the only person to recently violate this , Harry Duynhoven , was protected by the passage of retroactive law ; In the Philippines , dual citizens may not run for any local elective office . Germany and Austria for the most part do not permit dual citizenship except for persons who obtain more than one citizenship at the time of birth . Germans and Austrians can apply for special permission to keep their citizenship ( Beibehaltungsgenehmigung ) before taking a second one ( for example , both Austria and the United States consider Arnold Schwarzenegger a citizen ) . In general , however , any Austrian who takes up a second citizenship will automatically lose Austrian citizenship . Since August 2007 , Germany has recognised dual citizenship if the other citizenship is either one of an EU member country or a Swiss citizenship so that a permission is not required any more in these cases , and in some exceptional cases , non-EU and non-Swiss citizens can keep their old citizenship when they become citizens of Germany . For more details , see German nationality law # Dual citizenship . Due to changes of the German law on dual citizenship , children of non-EU legal permanent residents can have dual citizenship if born and grown up in Germany ( the foreign - born parents usually can not have dual citizenship themselves ) . Acquisition of the nationality of Andorra , Portugal , the Philippines , Equatorial Guinea or Iberoamerican countries , is not sufficient to cause the loss of Spanish nationality by birth . Spain has dual citizenship treaties with Argentina , Bolivia , Chile , Colombia , Costa Rica , the Dominican Republic , Ecuador , Honduras , Guatemala , Nicaragua , Paraguay , Peru , Puerto Rico and Venezuela ; Spaniards residing in these countries or territories do not lose their rights as Spaniards if they adopt that nationality . For all other countries , Spanish citizenship is lost three years after the acquisition of the foreign citizenship unless the individual declares officially their will to retain Spanish citizenship ( Spanish Nationality Law ) . Upon request Spain has allowed persons from Puerto Rico to acquire Spanish citizenship . On the other hand , foreign nationals who acquire Spanish nationality must relinquish their previous nationality , unless they are natural - born citizens of an Iberoamerican country , Andorra , the Philippines , Equatorial Guinea or Portugal even if these countries do not grant their citizens a similar treatment , or Sephardi Jews . See also the section on `` dormant '' citizenship . Prior to 2011 , South Korea did not permit dual citizenship after the age of 21 . Now a limited number of persons can have it . For details , see South Korean nationality law # Dual citizenship . Like Germans and Austrians , citizens of South Africa must apply for permission to keep their citizenship when acquiring the citizenship of another country . The Turkish government requires that Turkish citizens who apply for another nationality inform the appropriate Turkish officials ( the nearest Turkish embassy or consulate abroad ) and provide the original naturalization certificate , Turkish birth certificate , document showing completion of military service ( for males ) , marriage certificate ( if applicable ) and four photographs . Dual nationals are not compelled to use a Turkish passport to enter and leave Turkey ; it is permitted to travel with a valid foreign passport and the Turkish National ID card . Pakistan allows dual citizenship with only 16 countries : Australia , Belgium , Canada , Egypt , France , Iceland , Ireland , Italy , Jordan , the Netherlands , New Zealand , Sweden , Switzerland , Syria , the United Kingdom , and the United States . Partial citizenship , and residency ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Many countries allow foreigners or former citizens to live and work indefinitely there . However , for voting , being voted and working for the public sector or the national security in a country , citizenship of the country concerned is almost always required . Since 2008 , Poland has granted the `` Polish Card '' ( Karta Polaka ) to ethnic Poles who are citizens of the successor states of the former Soviet Union and can prove they have Polish ancestors and knowledge of the Polish language and declare their Polish ethnicity in written form . Holders of the Card are not regarded as citizens , but enjoy some privileges other foreigners do not , e.g. entry visa , right to work , education , or healthcare in Poland . As stated above , Poland currently has no specific laws on dual citizenship ; a second citizenship is tolerated , but not recognized . Turkey allows its citizens to have dual citizenship if they inform the authorities before acquiring the second citizenship ( see above ) , and former Turkish citizens who have given up their Turkish citizenship ( for example , because they have naturalized in a country that usually does not permit dual citizenship , such as Germany , Austria or the Netherlands ) can apply for the `` Blue Card '' ( Mavi Kart ) , which gives them some citizens ' rights back , e.g. the right to live and work in Turkey , the right to possess land or the right to inherit , but not , for example , the right to vote . Overseas citizenship of India : The Constitution of India does not permit dual citizenship or dual nationality , except for minors where the second nationality was involuntarily acquired . Indian authorities interpreted this to mean a person can not have another country 's passport while simultaneously holding an Indian one , even for a child claimed by another country as its citizen , who may be required by the laws of this country to use the corresponding passports for foreign travel ( such as a child born in the United States to Indian parents ) . Indian courts have given the executive branch wide discretion over this matter . In 2005 , India amended the 1955 Citizenship Act to introduce a form of overseas citizenship , which stops just short of full dual citizenship and is , in all aspects , like permanent residency . Such overseas citizens are exempt from the rule forbidding dual citizenship ; they may not vote , run for office , join the army , or take up government posts , though these evolving principles are subject to revolving political discretions for those born in India with birthrights . Moreover , people who have acquired citizenship in Pakistan or Bangladesh are not eligible for overseas citizenship . Many countries ( e.g. United States , Canada , all EU countries and Switzerland , South Africa , Australia , New Zealand , and Singapore ) issue permanent residency status to foreigners deemed eligible . This status generally authorises a person to live and work in the issuing country indefinitely . There is no right to vote in the host country , and there may be other restrictions ( no consular protection ) and rights ( not subject to military conscription ) . Permanent residents may usually apply for citizenship after several years of residency . Depending both on the home country and the guest country , dual citizenship may or may not be permitted . For more details , see Permanent residency . Some countries have concluded treaties regulating travel and access to employment : A citizen of an EU country can live and work indefinitely in other EU countries and the four EFTA countries , and citizens of the EFTA countries can live and work in EU countries . Such EU citizens can vote in EU , but not national or local , elections . The Trans - Tasman Travel Arrangement between Australia and New Zealand allows their citizens to live and work in the other country . A citizen of a GCC member state ( Bahrain , Kuwait , Oman , Qatar , Saudi Arabia , and United Arab Emirates ) can live and work in other member states , but dual citizenship ( even with another GCC state ) is not allowed . Indian citizens do not need a visa to travel to and work in Nepal or Bhutan ( and vice versa ) , but none of the three countries allows dual citizenship . Multiple citizenship `` not recognized '' ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) See also : Master Nationality Rule Saying that a country `` does not recognize '' multiple citizenship is a confusing and ambiguous term . Often , it is simply a restatement of the Master Nationality Rule , whereby a country treats a person who is a citizen of both that country and another in the same way as one who is a citizen only of the country . In other words , the country `` does not recognize '' that the person has any other citizenship for the purposes of the country 's laws . In particular , citizens of a country may not be permitted to use another country 's passport or travel documents to enter or leave the country . `` Dormant '' citizenship and `` right of return '' ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The concept of a `` dormant citizenship '' means that a person has the citizenships of two countries , but as long as while living permanently in one country , their status and citizen 's rights in the other country are `` inactive '' . They will be `` reactivated '' when they move back to live permanently in the other country . This means , in spite of dual citizenship , only one citizenship can be exercised at a time . The `` dormant citizenship '' exists for example in Spain : Spanish citizens who have naturalized in an Iberoamerican country and have kept their Spanish citizenship are dual citizens , but have lost many of the rights of Spanish citizens resident in Spain -- and hence the EU -- until they move back to Spain . Some countries offer former citizens or citizens of former colonies of the country a simplified ( re - ) naturalization process . Depending on the laws of the two countries in question , dual citizenship may or may not be allowed . For details , see `` right of return '' . Multiple citizenship encouraged ( edit ) Some countries are more open to multiple citizenship than others , as it may help citizens travel and conduct business overseas . Countries that have taken active steps towards permitting multiple citizenship in recent years include Switzerland ( since January 1 , 1992 ) and Australia ( since April 4 , 2002 ) . Today , most advanced economies allow dual citizenship ; notable exceptions which restrict or forbid it are Austria , Germany , Japan , the Netherlands , Norway , Singapore , South Korea , and Spain . Of the newly industrialized countries , Brazil , Mexico , the Philippines , South Africa ( with prior permission ) , Thailand , and Turkey ( with prior permission ) allow dual citizenship , while China ( although Permanent Residents of Hong Kong and Macau may concurrently hold foreign passports ) , India , and Malaysia forbid it ( but all Malaysian and Indian citizens are Commonwealth citizens and are entitled to certain rights in the UK and other Commonwealth countries ; Indian citizens may also be regarded as SAARC citizens for some purposes , for example in receiving preferential treatment in obtaining Sri Lankan visas ; India allows overseas citizenship -- see above ) . Indonesia allows dual citizenship only until the age of 18 years . In former times , some countries ( Latin American countries and Canada ) advertised their policy of unconditional birthright citizenship to become more attractive for immigrants . Despite wide acceptance of dual citizenship , industrialized countries now try to protect themselves from birth tourism and uncontrollable immigration waves , so only Canada and the United States still grant unconditional birthright citizenship ( even for children of illegal immigrants ) . In both countries , there have been calls to change the laws , but , so far , they have not been successful . Brazil has similar policies ; the only people born in Brazil who do not automatically acquire Brazilian citizenship are those whose parents are residing in Brazil while serving their own countries ( as diplomats , military attachés , cultural attachés and the like ) . In Australia , France , Germany , Ireland , New Zealand , South Africa , and the UK , a child born there is regarded as a citizen only if at least one parent is either a citizen or a legal permanent resident who has lived there for several years . ( Germany usually restricts dual citizenship , so non-EU / non-Swiss citizens born and grown up abroad must usually renounce their old citizenship when naturalizing . ) Some countries ( e.g. Liechtenstein ) allow only citizens by descent to have dual citizenship , but require naturalized citizens to renounce their old citizenship . Subnational citizenship ( edit ) Under the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution , all persons born or naturalized in the United States , and subject to the jurisdiction thereof , are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they are deemed to reside . Certain rights accrue as an incident of state citizenship and access to federal courts can sometimes be determined on State citizenship . In addition , tribal sovereignty affords members ( `` citizens '' ) of federally recognized tribes ( `` nations '' ) a status comparable to local citizenship . Switzerland has a three - tier system of citizenship - Confederation , canton and commune ( municipality ) . Although considered part of the United Kingdom for British nationality purposes , the Crown Dependencies of Jersey , Guernsey and the Isle of Man have local legislation restricting certain employment and housing rights to those with `` local status '' . Although the British citizenship of people from these islands gives them full citizenship rights when in the United Kingdom , it does not give them the rights that British citizenship generally confers when in other parts of the European Union ( for example , the right to reside and work ) . In a similar way , a number of British Overseas Territories have a concept of `` belonger status '' for their citizens , in addition to their existing British citizenship . Citizens of the People 's Republic of China may be permanent residents of the Hong Kong or Macau Special Administrative Regions , or have household registration ( hukou ) somewhere in mainland China . School enrollment , work permission , and other civic rights and privileges ( such as whether one may apply for a Hong Kong SAR passport , Macau SAR passport , or People 's Republic of China passport ) are tied to the region in which the citizen has permanent residence or household registration . Although within mainland China the hukou system has loosened in recent years , movement between Macau , Hong Kong , and the mainland remains controlled . Mainland Chinese who migrate to Hong Kong on one - way permits have their mainland hukou cancelled , while children born in Hong Kong to visiting mainland parents can not receive mainland hukou unless they cancel their Hong Kong permanent residence status . People from Åland have joint regional ( Åland ) and national ( Finnish ) citizenship . People with Ålandic citizenship ( hembygdsrätt ) have the right to buy property and set up a business on Åland , but Finns without regional citizenship can not . Finns can get Ålandic citizenship after living on the islands for five years , and Ålanders lose their regional citizenship after living on the Finnish mainland for five years . The regional government of Puerto Rico began issuing Puerto Rican citizenship certificates in September 2007 after Juan Mari Brás , a lifelong supporter of independence , won a successful court victory that validated his claim that Puerto Rican citizenship was valid and can be claimed by anyone born on the island or with at least one parent who was born there . In Bosnia and Herzegovina , citizens hold also citizenship of their respective entity , generally that in which they reside . This citizenship can be of the Republika Srpska or of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina . One can not hold both entity citizenships simultaneously . In Malaysia , a federation of thirteen states , each state gives certain benefits such as baby bonus , education loans and scholarships to children born in the state ( or born to parents who were born in the state ) and / or residing in the state . The states of Sabah and Sarawak in East Malaysia each has its own immigration control and permanent residency system ; citizens from Peninsular Malaysian states are subject to immigration control in the two states . Former instances ( edit ) The use of internal passport to restrict residency and movement in the Soviet Union and in Apartheid South Africa had the effect of tying local `` citizens '' to their assigned administrative entity ( titular nations and bantustans , respectively ) . Following the federalization of Czechoslovakia in 1968 , Czechoslovak citizens also possessed an internal citizenship of either the Czech or Slovak Republic . Upon the nation 's peaceful dissolution in 1993 , this was used to determine whether they ought to receive Czech or Slovak citizenship . Before the break - up of Yugoslavia in 1991 , Yugoslav citizens possessed an internal citizenship of their own republic ( Serbia , Croatia , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Slovenia , Macedonia , Montenegro ) as well as Yugoslav citizenship . In Serbia and Montenegro , this system was in effect until 2006 . When Singapore joined Malaysia in 1963 , all Singapore citizens were granted Malaysian citizenship . Singapore citizenship continued to exist as a subnational citizenship , and continued to be legislated by the Legislative Assembly of Singapore subject to the approval of the Parliament of Malaysia . Upon Singapore 's independence from Malaysia in 1965 , Malaysian citizenship was withdrawn from Singapore citizens , and all Singapore citizens became citizens of the new Republic of Singapore . Supra - national citizenship ( edit ) In European Union law , there is the concept of EU citizenship which flows from citizenship of a member state . A citizen of an EU country is free to live and to work in another EU country for an unlimited period of time , but member states may reserve the right to vote in national elections , stand for national election , become a public servant in highly sensitive ministries ( Defence for example ) , etc. only for their citizens , and in highly limited circumstances , may deport or refuse entry to citizens of other EU states . An EU state may place restrictions on the free movement rights of citizens of newly admitted states for several years , such provisions remain in force mostly for nationals of Croatia ( no later than 2020 ) ; in the past , and to a lesser extent , such provisions also affected Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania , Poland , the Czech Republic , Slovakia , Hungary , Slovenia , Bulgaria and Romania . The United Kingdom recognises a Commonwealth citizenship for the citizens of the member states of the Commonwealth of Nations . The United Kingdom allow non-nationals who are Commonwealth citizens to vote and stand for election while resident there , while most other Commonwealth countries make little or no distinction between citizens of other Commonwealth nations and citizens of non-Commonwealth nations . Commonwealth of Independent States nations ( the republics of the former Soviet Union ) are often eligible for fast track processing to citizenships of other CIS countries , with varying degrees of recognition / tolerance of dual citizenship among the states . Effects and potential issues of multiple citizenship ( edit ) It is often observed that dual citizenship may strengthen ties between migrants and their countries of origin and increase their propensity to remit funds to their communities of origin . Qualitative research on the impact of dual citizenship on the remittances , diaspora investments , return migration , naturalization and political behavior finds several ways in which multiple citizenship can affect these categories . As a bundle of rights , dual citizenship ( a ) enables dual citizens by granting special privileges , ( b ) affects their expectations about privileges in the decision - making process , and ( c ) eases the transaction process and reducing costs and risks , for example in the case of investing and conducting business . In addition , a dual legal status can have positive effects on diasporic identification and commitment to causes in the homeland , as well as to a higher naturalization rate of immigrants in their countries of residence . National cohesiveness ( edit ) Some have questioned whether allowing dual citizenship impedes cultural assimilation or social integration , increases disconnection from the political process , and degrades national or civic identity / cohesiveness . The rise in tension between mainstream and migrant communities is cited as evidence of the need to maintain a strong national identity and culture . They assert that the fact that a second citizenship can be obtained without giving anything up ( such as the loss of public benefits , welfare , healthcare , retirement funds , and job opportunities in the country of origin in exchange for citizenship in a new country ) both trivializes what it means to be a citizen and nullifies the consequential , transformational , and psychological change that occurs in an individual when they go through the naturalization process . In effect , this approach argues , the self - centered taking of an additional citizenship contradicts what it means to be a citizen in that it becomes a convenient and painless means of attaining improved economic opportunity without any real consequences and can just as easily be discarded when it is no longer beneficial . Proponents argue that dual citizenship can actually encourage political activity providing an avenue for immigrants who are unwilling to forsake their country of origin either out of loyalty or due to a feeling of separation from the mainstream society because of language , culture , religion , or ethnicity . A 2007 academic study concluded that dual citizens had a negative effect on the assimilation and political connectedness of first - generation Latino immigrants to the United States : 32 % less likely to be fluent in English 18 % less likely to identify as `` American '' 19 % less likely to consider the US as their homeland 18 % less likely to express high levels of civic duty 9 % less likely to register to vote 15 % less likely to have ever voted in a national election The study also noted that although dual nationality is likely to disconnect immigrants from the American political system and impede assimilation , the initial signs suggest that these effects seem to be limited almost exclusively to the first generation ( although it is mentioned that a full assessment of dual nationality beyond the first generation is not possible with present data ) . Concern over the effect of multiple citizenship on national cohesiveness is generally more acute in the United States . The reason for this is twofold : The United States is a `` civic '' nation and not an `` ethnic '' nation . American citizenship is not based on belonging to a particular ethnicity , but on political loyalty to American democracy and values . Regimes based on ethnicity , which support the doctrine of perpetual allegiance as one is always a member of the ethnic nation , are not concerned with assimilating non-ethnics since they can never become true citizens . In contrast , the essence of a civic nation makes it imperative that immigrants assimilate into the greater whole as there is not an `` ethnic '' cohesiveness uniting the populace . The United States is an immigrant nation . As immigration is primarily directed at family reunification and refugee status rather than education and job skills , the pool of candidates tends to be poorer , less educated , and consistently from less stable countries ( either non-democracies or fragile ones ) with less familiarity or understanding of American values , making their assimilation both more difficult and more important . The degree of angst over the effects of dual citizenship seemingly corresponds to a country 's model for managing immigration and ethnic diversity : The differential exclusionary model , which accepts immigrants as temporary `` guestworkers '' but is highly restrictive with regard to other forms of immigration and to naturalisation of immigrants . Many countries in Asia such as Japan , China , Taiwan , Singapore and the countries of the Middle East tend to follow this approach . The assimilationist model , which accepts that immigrants obtain citizenship , but on the condition that they give up some or all cultural , linguistic , or social characteristics that differ from those of the majority population . Europe is the primary example of this model , where immigrants are usually required to learn the official language , and cultural traditions such as Islamic dress are often barred in public spaces ( see Immigration to Europe ) . The multicultural model , which grants immigrants access to citizenship and to equal rights without demanding that they give up cultural , linguistic , or intermarriage restrictions or otherwise pressure them to integrate or inter-mix with the mainstream population . Canada , Australia , New Zealand and the United States have historically taken this approach , as exemplified by the fact that the United States has no official language , allowing official documents such as election ballots to be printed in a variety of languages . ( See Immigration to the United States . ) Appearance of foreign allegiance ( edit ) The examples and perspective in this section deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( June 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) People with multiple citizenship may be viewed as having dual loyalty , having the potential to act contrary to a government 's interests , and this may lead to difficulties in acquiring government employment where security clearance may be required . In the United States , dual citizenship is associated with two categories of security concerns : foreign influence and foreign preference . Contrary to common misconceptions , dual citizenship in itself is not the major problem in obtaining or retaining security clearance in the United States . As a matter of fact , if a security clearance applicant 's dual citizenship is `` based solely on parents ' citizenship or birth in a foreign country '' , that can be a mitigating condition . However , taking advantage of the entitlements of a non-US citizenship can cause problems . For example , possession or use of a foreign passport is a condition disqualifying one from security clearance and `` is not mitigated by reasons of personal convenience , safety , requirements of foreign law , or the identity of the foreign country '' as is explicitly clarified in a Department of Defense policy memorandum which defines a guideline requiring that `` any clearance be denied or revoked unless the applicant surrenders the foreign passport or obtains official permission for its use from the appropriate agency of the United States Government '' . This guideline has been followed in administrative rulings by the United States Department of Defense ( DoD ) Defense Office of Hearings and Appeals ( DOHA ) office of Industrial Security Clearance Review ( ISCR ) , which decides cases involving security clearances for Contractor personnel doing classified work for all DoD components . In one such case , an administrative judge ruled that it is not clearly consistent with US national interest to grant a request for a security clearance to an applicant who was a dual national of the U.S. and Ireland , despite the fact that it has with good relations with the US . In Israel , certain military units , including most recently the Israeli Navy 's submarine fleet , as well as posts requiring high security clearances , require candidates to renounce any other citizenship before joining , though the number of units making such demands has declined . In many combat units , candidates are required to declare but not renounce any foreign citizenship . On the other hand , Israel may view some dual citizens as desirable candidates for its security services due to their ability to legitimately enter neighbouring states which are closed to Israeli passport holders . The related case of Ben Zygier has caused debate about dual citizenship in Australia . Multiple citizenship among politicians ( edit ) This perception of dual loyalty can apply even when the job in question does not require security clearance . In the United States , dual citizenship is common among politicians or government employees . For example , Arnold Schwarzenegger retained his Austrian citizenship during his service as a Governor of California while US Senator Ted Cruz renounced his Canadian citizenship birthright on May 14 , 2014 . In 1999 , the US Attorney General 's office issued an official opinion that a statutory provision that required the Justice Department not to employ a non - `` citizen of the United States '' did not bar it from employing dual citizens . In Germany , politicians can have dual citizenship . David McAllister , who holds British and German citizenship , was minister president of the State of Lower - Saxony from July 1 , 2010 to February 19 , 2013 . He was the first German minister president to hold dual citizenship . A small controversy arose in 2005 when Michaëlle Jean was appointed the Governor General of Canada ( official representative of the Queen ) . Although Jean no longer holds citizenship in her native Haiti , her marriage to French - born filmmaker Jean - Daniel Lafond allowed her to obtain French citizenship several years before her appointment . Article 23 - 8 of the French civil code allows the French government to withdraw French nationality from French citizens holding government or military positions in other countries and Jean 's appointment made her both de jure head of state and commander - in - chief of the Canadian forces . The French embassy released a statement that this law would not be enforced because the Governor General is essentially a ceremonial figurehead . Nevertheless , Jean renounced her French citizenship two days before taking up office to end the controversy about it . However , former Canadian Prime Minister John Turner was born in the United Kingdom and still retains his dual citizenship . Stéphane Dion , former head of the Liberal Party of Canada and the previous leader of the official opposition , holds dual citizenship with France as a result of his mother 's nationality ; Dion nonetheless indicated a willingness to renounce French citizenship if a significant number of Canadians viewed it negatively . Thomas Mulcair , Leader of the New Democratic Party and former leader of Official Opposition in the Canadian House of Commons also holds dual citizenship with France . In Egypt , dual citizens can not be elected to Parliament . The Constitution of Australia , in Section 44 ( i ) , explicitly forbids people who hold allegiance to foreign powers from sitting in the parliament of Australia . This restriction on people with dual or multiple citizenship being members of parliament does not apply to the state parliaments , and the regulations vary by state . A court case ( see Sue v Hill ) determined that the UK is a foreign power for purposes of this section of the constitution , despite Australia holding a common nationality with it at the time that the Constitution was written , and that Senator - elect Heather Hill had not been duly elected to the national parliament because at the time of her election she was a subject or citizen of a foreign power . However , the High Court of Australia also ruled that dual citizenship on its own would not be enough to disqualify someone from validly sitting in Parliament . The individual circumstances of the non-Australian citizenship must be looked at although the person must make a reasonable effort to renounce his or her non-Australian citizenship . However , if that other citizenship can not be reasonably revoked ( for example , if it is impossible under the laws of the other country or impossible in practice because it requires an extremely difficult revocation process ) , then that person will not be disqualified from sitting in Parliament . In the 2017 Australian parliamentary eligibility crisis , the High Court disqualified Australia 's Deputy Prime Minister and four Senators because they held dual citizenship , despite being unaware of their citizenship status when elected . In New Zealand , controversy arose in 2003 when Labour MP Harry Duynhoven applied to renew his citizenship of the Netherlands . Duynhoven , the New Zealand - born son of a Dutch - born father , had possessed dual citizenship from birth but had temporarily lost his Dutch citizenship due to a 1995 change in Dutch law regarding non-residents . While New Zealand 's Electoral Act allowed candidates with dual citizenship to be elected as MPs , Section 55 of the Act stated that an MP who applied for citizenship of a foreign power after taking office would forfeit his / her seat . This was regarded by many as a technicality , however ; and Duynhoven , with his large electoral majority , was almost certain to re-enter Parliament in the event of a by - election . As such , the Labour Government retrospectively amended the Act , thus enabling Duynhoven to retain his seat . The amendment , nicknamed `` Harry 's Law '' , was passed by a majority of 61 votes to 56 . The revised Act allows exceptions to Section 55 on the grounds of an MP 's country / place of birth , descent , or renewing a foreign passport issued before the MP took office . Both the former Estonian president Toomas Hendrik Ilves and the former Lithuanian president Valdas Adamkus had been naturalized US citizens prior to assuming their offices . Both have renounced their US citizenships : Ilves in 1993 and Adamkus in 1998 . This was necessary because neither individual 's new country permits retention of a former citizenship . Adamkus was a high - ranking official in the Environmental Protection Agency , a federal government department , during his time in the United States . Former Latvian president Vaira Vīķe - Freiberga relinquished Canadian citizenship upon taking office in 1999 . Taxation ( edit ) Main article : International taxation In some cases , multiple citizenship can create additional tax liability . Most countries that impose tax normally base tax liability on source or residency . Some countries tax their non-resident citizens on foreign income ; examples include the United States and Eritrea . Residency : a country may tax the income of anyone who lives there , regardless of citizenship or whether the income was earned in that country or abroad ( most common system ) ; Source : a country may tax any income generated there , regardless of whether the earner is a citizen , resident , or non-resident ; or Citizenship : a country may tax the worldwide income of its citizens , regardless of whether they reside in that country or whether the income was sourced there ( as of 2012 : only the United States and Eritrea ) . A few other countries tax based on citizenship in limited situations : Finland , France , Hungary , Italy , and Spain . U.S. persons living outside of the United States are still subject to tax on all of their worldwide income , although US law provides measures to reduce or eliminate double taxation issues for some . It has been reported that some US citizens have relinquished US citizenship in order to avoid possible taxes , the expense and complexity of compliance , or because they have been deemed unacceptable to financial institutions in the wake of FATCA . A person with multiple citizenship may have a tax liability to his country of residence and also to one or more of his countries of citizenship ; or worse , if unaware that one of his citizenships created a tax liability , that country may consider the person to be a tax evader . Many countries and territories have contracted tax treaties or agreements for avoiding double taxation . Still , there are cases in which a person with multiple citizenship will owe tax solely on the basis of holding one such citizenship . For example , consider a person who holds both Australian and United States citizenship , lives and works in Australia . He would be subject to Australian taxation , because Australia taxes its residents , and he would be subject to U.S. taxation because he holds US citizenship . In general , he would be allowed to subtract the Australian income tax he paid from the US tax that would be due . Plus , the U.S. will allow some parts of foreign income to be exempt from taxation ; for instance , in 2006 the foreign earned income exclusion allowed up to US $82,400 of foreign salaried income to be exempt from income tax ( in 2014 , this has now increased to US $97,600 ) . This exemption , plus the credit for foreign taxes paid mentioned above , often results in no US taxes being owed , although a US tax return would still have to be filed . In instances where the Australian tax was less than the US tax , and if there was income that could not be exempted from US tax , the US would expect any tax due to be paid . The United States Internal Revenue Service has excluded some regulations such as Alternative Minimum Tax ( AMT ) from tax treaties that protect double taxation . In its current format even if US citizens are paying income taxes at a rate of 56 % , far above the maximum US marginal tax rate , the citizen can be subject to US taxes because the calculation of the Alternative Minimum Tax does not allow full deduction for taxes paid to a foreign country . Other regulations such as the post date of foreign mailed tax returns are not recognized and can result in penalties for late filing if they arrive at the IRS later than the filing date . However , the filing date for overseas citizens has a two - month automatic extension to June 15 . `` If you are a U.S. citizen or resident alien residing overseas , or are in the military on duty outside the U.S. , on the regular due date of your return , you are allowed an automatic 2 - month extension to file your return and pay any amount due without requesting an extension . For a calendar year return , the automatic 2 - month extension is to June 15 . If you are unable to file your return by the automatic 2 - month extension date , you can request an additional extension to October 15 by filing Form 4868 before the automatic 2 - month extension date . However , any tax due payments made after June 15 will be subject to both interest charges and failure to pay penalties . '' ( IRS , 2012 ) Issues with international travel ( edit ) Many countries , even those that permit multiple citizenship , do not explicitly recognise multiple citizenship under their laws : individuals are treated either as citizens of that country or not , and their citizenship with respect to other countries is considered to have no bearing . This can mean ( in Iran , Mexico , many Arab countries , and former Soviet republics ) that consular officials abroad may not have access to their citizens if they also hold local citizenship . Some countries provide access for consular officials as a matter of courtesy , but do not accept any obligation to do so under international consular agreements . The right of countries to act in this fashion is protected via the Master Nationality Rule . Multiple citizens who travel to a country that claims them as a citizen may be required to enter or leave the country on that country 's passport . For example , a United States Department of State web page on dual nationality contains the information that most US citizens , including dual nationals , must use a US passport to enter and leave the United States . Under the terms of the South African Citizenship Act , it is an offence for someone aged at least 18 with South African citizenship and another citizenship to enter or depart the Republic of South Africa using the passport of another country . They may also be required , before leaving the country , to fulfill requirements ordinarily required of its resident citizens , including compulsory military service or exit permits . In accordance with the proposed European Travel Information and Authorisation System ( ETIAS ) that is expected to enter into operation on 1 January 2020 , the EU citizens who have multiple nationalities will be obliged to use the passport issued by an EU Member State for entering the Schengen area . Military service ( edit ) Military service for dual nationals can be an issue of concern . Several countries have entered into a Protocol relating to Military Obligations in Certain Cases of Double Nationality established at The Hague , 12 April 1930 . The protocol states `` A person possessing two or more nationalities who habitually resides in one of the countries whose nationality he possesses , and who is in fact most closely connected with that country , shall be exempt from all military obligations in the other country or countries . This exemption may involve the loss of the nationality of the other country or countries . '' The protocol has several provisions . Healthcare ( edit ) While the right to healthcare in countries with a public health service is often discussed in relation to immigration , it is a non-issue as far as nationality is concerned ; the right to use public health services is determined by legal residency rather than nationality . For example , anyone legally resident and employed in the UK is entitled to use the National Health Service ; non-resident British citizens visiting Britain do not have this right . Dual citizenship by region ( edit ) Africa ( edit ) Some African countries restrict or forbid dual citizenship . It is allowed for example in Angola , Burundi , Côte d'Ivoire , Djibouti , Gabon , Gambia , Ghana , Kenya , Mali , Morocco , Mozambique , Niger , Nigeria , Rwanda , Senegal , São Tomé and Príncipe , Sierra Leone , Sudan , Tunisia , Uganda and Zambia . Eritreans , Egyptians , and South Africans wanting to take another citizenship need a permission to maintain their citizenship . Eritrea taxes its citizens worldwide , even if they have never lived in the country . Lesotho restricts dual citizenship , but observes jus soli . The Americas ( edit ) Most American countries allow dual citizenship ( some only for citizens by descent or with other American countries with which they have agreements ) . Some countries ( e.g. , Argentina , Bolivia , Costa Rica ) do not allow their citizens to renounce their citizenship , so they keep it even when naturalizing in a country that forbids dual citizenship . Most American countries observe unconditional jus soli , i.e. a child born there is regarded as a citizen even if the parents are not . Some countries ( the Dominican Republic , Ecuador , Guatemala , Honduras , Mexico , Nicaragua , Uruguay ) allow renunciation of citizenship only if it was involuntarily acquired by birth to non-citizen parents . Canada and the United States allow dual citizenship and are worldwide the only two developed economies to grant unconditional birthright citizenship . The United States taxes its citizens and non-citizen lawful permanent residents worldwide , even if they have never lived in the country . In 2014 , the U.S. Department of State increased the fee for processing requests for renunciation of citizenship from $450 to $2,350 . Dual citizenship is restricted or forbidden , for example , in Cuba , Haiti , and Suriname . Asia - Pacific ( edit ) Most countries in the Asia - Pacific region restrict or forbid dual citizenship . But in some of these countries ( e.g. Iran , North Korea , Thailand ) , it is very difficult or even impossible for citizens to renounce their citizenship , even when naturalizing in another country . Dual citizenship is allowed for example in Australia , Fiji , New Zealand , Philippines , Samoa , South Korea , Tonga , and Vanuatu . Cambodia allows dual citizenship and observes jus soli for children born to legal permanent residents born in Cambodia or to children whose parents are unknown . South Korea allows any foreign born person meeting income , language , culture , and domicile conditions to become a naturalized citizen . It also allows foreign born nationals who married to a Korean citizen , Korean men holding dual citizenship by birth who served in the Republic of Korea Armed Forces as compulsory military service , Korean women with multiple nationalities by birth who has vowed her intention not to exercise her foreign nationality in the Republic of Korea by the age of 22 and overseas Koreans at least 65 years of age . Taiwan and Hong Kong allow dual citizenship for citizens by birth , but do not permit applicants for naturalization to retain their prior citizenship . Burmese nationality law forbids its citizens to have dual citizenship , and foreigners can not become naturalized citizens , unless they can prove a close familial connection to the country Pakistan restricts dual citizenship ( see above ) , but observes jus soli . In Papua New Guinea there was overwhelming support from parliament to amend their Constitution to allow dual citizenship , however the law had yet to come into force as of February 2014 . In the Philippines , Republic Act No. 9225 , approved 29 August 2003 , provided that natural - born citizens of the Philippines who had lost their Philippine citizenship by reason of their naturalization as citizens of a foreign country would be deemed to have re-acquired Philippine citizenship upon taking an oath of allegiance to the Republic , that their children whether legitimate , illegitimate or adopted , below eighteen ( 18 ) years of age , shall be deemed citizens of the Philippines , and that natural born citizens of the Philippines who become citizens of a foreign country subsequent to its inactment would retain their Philippine citizenship upon taking the oath . Sri Lanka allows dual citizenship . However , under the 19th amendment of that country 's constitution , dual citizens are not allowed to hold public office . Lebanon allows dual citizenship . Israel allows dual citizenship . Iraq allows dual citizenship . Syria allows dual citizenship . The Indian constitution does not allow voluntary Dual Citizenship . However , in response to persistent demands for dual citizenship , particularly from the diaspora in North America and other developed countries , The Overseas Citizenship of India ( OCI ) scheme was introduced by amending The Citizenship Act , 1955 in August 2005 . EU and EFTA countries ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The EU and EFTA countries have various policies regarding dual citizenship , because each country can make its own laws . The only real rule is that a citizen of an EU country can live and work indefinitely in other EU countries and in the four EFTA countries ( and citizens of the EFTA countries can live and work indefinitely in the EU ) . However , the right to vote and work in certain sensitive fields ( such as government , police , military ) might in some cases be restricted to the local citizens only . The countries can exclude immigrants from getting welfare in the first three months to avoid `` welfare tourism '' , and they can refuse welfare completely if the immigrants do not have a job after a certain period of time and do not try to get one . Immigrants convicted of welfare fraud can be deported and be refused the re-entry of the country . On September 15 , 2015 , the European Court of Justice ruled that EU countries can refuse to pay unemployment benefits to immigrants who have lost their job even if they are citizens of other EU countries . The judge stated that EU rules allow member states to refuse unemployment benefits to people from other EU nations to stop them becoming `` an unreasonable burden on the social assistance system of the host Member State '' . This backs up a November 2014 ruling , in which the court ruled that `` poverty immigrants '' who came to Germany just to receive social security benefits were not entitled to receive them . Within the EU , mandatory military service exists , at least in peacetime , only in Austria , Cyprus , Estonia , Finland , and Greece ( In all countries but Cyprus , alternative service is available ) . Within the EFTA countries , only Switzerland requires it ( alternative service is available ) ; Iceland and Liechtenstein have no armed forces ; in Norway , military service is de jure mandatory , but the enforcement is limited , so some sources claim it is de facto voluntary . In Liechtenstein and in the Swiss Canton of Schaffhausen , voting is compulsory for citizens . In the European Union , voting is mandatory for national citizens in : Belgium ( compulsory for all citizens from age 18 to present themselves at a polling station ; legal sanctions exist , but only the sanctions for absent appointed polling station staff have been enforced by prosecutors since 2003 ) Cyprus Luxembourg ( compulsory for national citizens between the age of 18 and 75 ; voluntary for those over the age of 75 and for residing foreigners in local and EU elections only ) The four microstates ( Andorra , Monaco , San Marino , and Vatican City ) are not EU or EFTA members . Between them , the EU , and the EFTA there is visa - free travel , but no agreements on immigration and access to the job markets . EU countries ( edit ) For details , see the nationality law of the country concerned and Citizenship of the European Union . Austria 's dual citizenship is possible with special permission or if it was obtained at birth . See also : Austrian nationality law Belgium allows dual citizenship . See also : Belgian nationality law In Bulgaria , Bulgarian citizens of descent can have dual citizenship , but foreigners wanting to naturalize must renounce their old citizenship . See also : Bulgarian nationality law Croatia generally allows citizens by descent to have dual citizenship and forbids it only in certain cases , but foreigners wanting to naturalize must renounce their old citizenship . See also : Croatian nationality law Cyprus allows dual citizenship . See also : Cypriot nationality law Cyprus has been divided into a southern ( Greek ) and northern ( Turkish ) region since the ENOSIS activities by the Greek terrorist group EOKA , which was supported by Greece and the Greek Cypriot factions in Cyprus , and declared a terrorist organization by several supranational and national resolutions , including the UN , USA , and EU . Northern Cyprus is not generally recognized by the international community as a sovereign state . Due to intense Greek Cypriot propaganda , the United Nations considers the declaration of independence by Northern Cyprus as legally invalid . The United Nations recognises Northern Cyprus as territory of the Republic of Cyprus under Turkish occupation . Turkey permits Citizens of Northern Cyprus to live and work in Turkey under the same requirements as Turkish citizens , and provides a special type of passport for Northern Cyprus citizens . Czech Republic has allowed multiple citizenship since January 1 , 2014 . See also : Czech nationality law Denmark allows dual citizenship since September 1 , 2015 . Note that not all Danish citizens are EU citizens ( see below ) . See also : Danish nationality law Estonia forbids dual citizenship , but citizens by descent can not be deprived of their Estonian citizenship , so they de facto can have dual citizenship . See also : Estonian nationality law Finland - allows dual citizenship . See also : Finnish nationality law France allows dual citizenship . See also : French nationality law Germany allows dual citizenship with other EU countries and Switzerland ; dual citizenship with other countries is possible with special permission or if obtained at birth ; children of non-EU / non-Swiss legal permanent residents can have dual citizenship if born and grown up in Germany ( the parents born and grown up abroad must have resided in Germany for at least eight years and must have had the legal - permanent - resident status for at least three years , and usually can not have dual citizenship themselves ) . See also : German nationality law Greece allows dual citizenship . See also : Greek nationality law Hungary allows dual citizenship ; grants dual citizenship to people living in , and having ancestors in territories which were annexed from Hungary at the end of World War I , provided they can still speak Hungarian . See also : Hungarian nationality law Ireland allows and encourages dual citizenship , but a naturalized citizen can lose Irish citizenship again when naturalizing in another country ; Ireland was the last European country to abolish unconditional birthright citizenship ( in 2004 ) in order to stop `` birth tourism '' and to replace it by a modified form : at least one parent must be a citizen or a legal permanent resident . See also : Irish nationality law Italy allows dual citizenship . See also : Italian nationality law In Latvia ever since October 1 , 2013 , dual citizenship has been allowed for citizens of member countries of EU , NATO and EFTA ( Iceland , Liechtenstein , Norway , Switzerland ) ; citizens of Australia , Venezuela , Brazil , New Zealand ; citizens of the counties that have mutual recognition of dual citizenship with Latvia ; people who were granted the dual citizenship by the Cabinet of Ministers of Latvia ; people who have applied for dual citizenship before the previous Latvian Citizenship law ( 1995 ) ; ethnic Latvians or Livonians who registered Latvian citizenship can keep previous citizenships with any country . See also : Latvian nationality law In Lithuania , Article 12 of the Lithuanian Constitution states that only in `` individual cases provided for by law '' is dual citizenship permitted . ( Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania , adopted on Oct. 25 , 1992 , in force from November 2 , 1992 ) . See also : Lithuanian nationality law Luxembourg allows dual citizenship . See also : Luxembourgian nationality law Malta allows dual citizenship . See also : Maltese nationality law In the Netherlands , dual citizenship is allowed under certain conditions : e.g. , foreign citizenship may be kept if obtained at birth or in the event of naturalization via marriage . See also : Dutch nationality law Poland does not deal with the issue of dual citizenship , but possession of another citizenship is tolerated since there are no penalties for its possession alone . However , penalties do exist for exercising foreign citizenship , such as identifying oneself to Polish authorities using a foreign identification document or serving in a foreign military without permission of Polish military authorities . Dual citizens are not exempted from their duties as Polish citizens . Under some circumstances , ethnic Poles can apply for the `` Polish Card '' ( Karta Polaka ) . ( see below ) See also : Polish nationality law Portugal allows dual citizenship . See also : Portuguese nationality law Romania allows dual citizenship . See also : Romanian nationality law In Slovakia , dual citizenship is permitted to Slovak citizens who acquire a second citizenship by birth or through marriage ; and to foreign nationals who apply for Slovak citizenship and meet the requirements of the Citizenship Act . Please note that after the ' Hungarian - Slovak citizenship conflict ' ( year 2010 ) some restrictions to dual citizenship may apply . See also : Slovak nationality law Slovenia generally allows citizens by descent to have dual citizenship and forbids it only in certain cases , but foreigners wanting to naturalize must renounce their old citizenship . See also : Slovenian nationality law In Spain , Spanish citizens by descent can have dual citizenship ; Spanish laws knows a `` dormant citizenship '' for citizens naturalizing in Iberoamerican countries : They do not lose their citizenship , but their status and their rights as citizens of Spain -- and of the EU -- are inactive until they move back to Spain . Foreigners wanting to naturalize in Spain must usually renounce their old citizenship ; exceptions are made for citizens of some Iberoamerican countries , Puerto Rico , Andorra , the Philippines , Equatorial Guinea , and Portugal . Since 2014 , Spain has granted Spanish nationality to Sephardi Jews regardless of nationality . See also : Spanish nationality law Sweden allows dual citizenship . See also : Swedish nationality law United Kingdom allows dual citizenship . Note that not all British nationals are EU citizens ( see below ) . On June 23 , 2016 , British citizens voted to leave the European Union . The effect on British Citizens ' EU Citizenship is yet to be formally negotiated , so it is unclear yet what the result will be . See also : British nationality law British nationals and Danish citizens not regarded as EU citizens : See also : British nationality law and Danish nationality law The Channel Islands of Guernsey and Jersey and the Isle of Man are British Crown dependencies . Unlike the United Kingdom proper and Gibraltar ( a British overseas territory in Europe ) , the Crown dependencies are not considered part of the EU for most purposes . The Faroe Islands belong to Denmark , but not the EU , so their inhabitants are Danish citizens , but not EU citizens . Greenland left the EC in 1985 , but Greenlanders are considered EU citizens . These British and Danish citizens obtain or procure `` local '' passports . In practice , citizens of Faroe Islands and Greenland can choose between local and `` European '' passports , and citizens of Guernsey , Jersey , and the Isle of Man receive passports bearing the title `` British Islands '' alongside the dependency 's respective name . They can become `` full '' EU citizens by moving to and living permanently in the United Kingdom or in Denmark , as the case may be . British citizens however bearing passports from the Crown dependencies , but having sufficient connections to the UK proper , or to Gibraltar , are considered EU citizens . In June 2016 , the United Kingdom European Union membership referendum saw the UK vote to leave the European Union , and therefore its citizens may lose their EU Citizen status in future , although the exact changes have yet to be defined and negotiated . The four microstates surrounded by EU countries ( Andorra , Monaco , San Marino , and Vatican City ) : These four countries are not EU or EFTA members , and only Vatican City grants ( time - limited ) dual citizenship ( see above ) . Andorra , Monaco , and San Marino forbid it . In 2012 , however , 78 % of the 36,000 inhabitants of Monaco were foreigners and not citizens . See also Andorran nationality law and Monégasque nationality law . EFTA countries ( edit ) Iceland allows dual citizenship . See also Icelandic nationality law . Liechtenstein allows citizens by descent to have dual citizenship , but foreigners wanting to naturalize must renounce their old citizenship . Norway allows dual citizenship only in exceptional cases . A Norwegian citizen who voluntarily acquires another citizenship automatically loses Norwegian citizenship without notification , and foreigners wanting to naturalize must usually renounce their old citizenship . For details , see Norwegian nationality law - Dual citizenship . Switzerland allows dual citizenship , but the conditions for the naturalization of foreigners vary from canton to canton . Male Swiss citizens under the age of 25 , including male dual citizens , are required to perform military or civilian service ( women can do it voluntarily ) , and Swiss citizens ( men and women ) are not allowed to work for a foreign ( non-Swiss ) military . Foreign military service is a felony for Swiss citizens ( the Swiss Guards of Vatican City are regarded as a `` house police '' , not an army ) . In the Canton of Schaffhausen , voting is compulsory . For more details , see Swiss nationality law and Schweizer Bürgerrecht ( in German ) . The Nordic passport Union ( edit ) The Nordic Passport Union allows citizens of Denmark ( including the Faroe Islands ) , Sweden , Norway , Finland , and Iceland to travel and reside in other Nordic countries without a passport or a residence permit . Norway restricts dual citizenship . The rest of Europe other than EU , EFTA and microstates ( edit ) Albania , Belarus , , Macedonia , Moldova , Russia and Serbia allow dual citizenship , but in Russia a second citizenship must be reported . Bosnia and Herzegovina , and Montenegro generally do not allow dual citizenship . Ukrainian law currently does not recognise dual citizenship , but there are citizens of Ukraine who hold dual citizenship . On February 8 , 2014 , the Rada proposed a bill to criminalize the act of holding two citizenships . See also ( edit ) Canadians of convenience History of citizenship Immigration Nationality Nationality law Naturalization Talbot v. Janson Tănase v. Moldova Third Culture Kid World citizenship References ( edit ) Jump up ^ See , for example , Egyptian nationality law # Dual citizenship ^ Jump up to : Dual Nationality : TR 's `` Self - Evident Absurdity '' , virginia.edu ; accessed September 7 , 2015 . 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Diasporic Membership Policies and Overseas Indians in the United States . New Delhi : Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Staton , Jeffrey K. ( Florida State University ) ; Jackson , Robert A. ( Florida State University ) ; Camache , Damaryas ( University of Illinois ) : `` Dual Nationality Among Latinos : What are the Implications for Political Connectedness '' , emory.edu ; accessed September 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Renshon , Stanley ; `` Dual Citizenship and American National Identity '' Center for Immigration Studies 2001 . Jump up ^ `` The Naturalization Oath Ceremony , and What It Means To Be a U.S. Citizen '' , davechen.net ; accessed October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Monash University Research Repository - People and Place '' . Jump up ^ Faist , Thomas ; Gerdes , Jurgen ( Bielefeld University ) `` Dual Citizenship in an Age of Mobility '' , migrationpolicy.org , 2008 ; accessed October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Staton , Jeffrey K. ( Florida State University ) ; Jackson , Robert A. ( Florida State University ) ; Camache , Damaryas ( University of Illinois ) : `` Costly Citizenship , Dual Nationality Institutions , Naturalization , and Political Connectedness '' ( archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 06 ) ^ Jump up to : 2006 Dual Citizenship , Birthright Citizenship , and the meaning of Sovereignty Hearing before the Subcommittee on Immigration , Border Security , and Claims of the Committee on the Judiciary . 109th Congress , First Session , September 29 , 2005 , Serial No. 109 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Public Policy Institute of California : `` Immigrants and Education '' June 2008 . Jump up ^ Netherlands moves toward total ban on Muslim veils , Guardian , November 11 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Globalisation , Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies : `` Multiculturalism and Individualism : the Swedish Debate on Dual Citizenship '' July 1 , 2002 . Jump up ^ `` Voting Accessibility - The U.S. Election Assistance Commission ( EAC ) '' . 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Jump up ^ Gillman , Todd ( June 10 , 2014 ) . `` No , Canada : Sen. Ted Cruz has formally shed his dual citizenship '' . Dallas Morning News . Dallas , Texas : A.H. Belo . Retrieved June 10 , 2014 . Alberta - born Sen. Ted Cruz has given up his Canadian dual citizenship . The renunciation became official on May 14 , roughly 9 months after he learned he was n't only an American . Jump up ^ Blake , Aaron ( August 19 , 2013 ) . `` Cruz Will Renounce Canadian Citizenship '' . The Washington Post . The Washington Post Company . Retrieved August 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Treasury and General Government Appropriations Act , 1999 , Pub . L. No. 105 - 277 , 112 Stat. 2681 - 480 , 2681 - 513 - 14 , § 606 Jump up ^ Eligibility of a Dual United States Citizen for a Paid Position with the Department of Justice , Opinions of the Attorney General , August 26 , 1999 ( Beth Nolan , Deputy Assistant Attorney General , Office of Legal Counsel ) Archived November 17 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Perd la nationalité française le Français qui , occupant un emploi dans une armée ou un service public étranger ou dans une organisation internationale dont la France ne fait pas partie ou plus généralement leur apportant son concours , n'a pas résigné son emploi ou cessé son concours nonobstant l'injonction qui lui en aura été faite par le Gouvernement . L'intéressé sera , par décret en Conseil d'Etat , déclaré avoir perdu la nationalité française si , dans le délai fixé par l'injonction , délai qui ne peut être inférieur à quinze jours et supérieur à deux mois , il n'a pas mis fin à son activité . Lorsque l'avis du Conseil d'Etat est défavorable , la mesure prévue à l'alinéa précédent ne peut être prise que par décret en conseil des ministres . Retrieved from LegiFrance December 12 , 2008 with English translation Jump up ^ CBC News : New governor general to give up French citizenship , cbc.ca , September 25 , 2005 . 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Sample Consular Electronic Information Session Provided to a Proposed Renunciant. 7 FAM 1260 . Jump up ^ `` Vanuatu constitution amended with changes to land issues and citizenship '' . Radio New Zealand International . 2013 - 11 - 29 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Immigration Guide - Naturalization '' . www.hikorea.go.kr . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ Nationality Law , Ministry of Government Legislation ; accessed September 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Loa Iok - sin ( 2012 - 12 - 15 ) . `` Legislator to propose changes to naturalization laws '' . Taipei Times . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ PNG Passes Reciprocal Dual Citizenship Law , Pacific Islands Report ; accessed September 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Citizenship Retention and Re-acquisition Act of 2003 , Chan Robles Law Library , August 29 , 2003 , retrieved October 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ aruna , Immigration . `` Dual Citizenship '' . Jump up ^ `` Part II Citizzenship '' work = Constitution of India '' ( PDF ) . § 9 . Jump up ^ `` Overseas Citizenship of India Scheme '' . The Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs . May 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Deutsche Welle ( 15 September 2015 ) . `` Germany can cut welfare for jobless EU nationals , court rules '' . dw.com . Jump up ^ Randall Hansen , Patrick Weil ( ed . ) . Dual Nationality , Social Rights and Federal Citizenship in the U.S. and Europe : The Reinvention of Citizenship . Berghahn Books . ISBN 1 - 57181 - 804 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Cyprus country profile '' . BBC News . December 23 , 2011 . Retrieved February 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Resolution 550 ( 1984 ) Adopted by the Security Council at its 2539th meeting , May 11 , 1984 '' . refworld.org . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Resolution 541 ( 1983 ) Adopted by the Security Council at its 2500th meeting , on November 18 , 1983 '' . refworld.org . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Conditions for granting Czech citizenship , Czech Ministry of Interior ; in Czech , machine translation ; accessed October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Migračné informačné centrum - Migračné informačné centrum IOM '' . Jump up ^ Spanish nationality law , elmundo.es ; accessed October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ https://www.dualcitizenship.com/countries/macedonia.html . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Cetăţenia Republicii Moldova - viza.md '' . Jump up ^ Before the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991 , The Soviet citizenship did not recognize dual citizenship . Who acquires another country 's nationality automatically forfeits Soviet nationality . Jump up ^ `` Dvojno državljanstvo : 20.000 Banjalučana želi pasoš Srbije '' . Jump up ^ В Раду внесен законопроект , наказывающий за двойное гражданство , liga.net ; accessed September 7 , 2015. ( in Russian ) Further reading ( edit ) Thomas Faist , ed . ( August 2007 ) . Dual Citizenship in Europe : From Nationhood to Societal Integration . Aldershot , UK : Ashgate . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7546 - 4914 - 4 . Thomas Faist and Jürgen Gerdes ( 2008 ) . `` Dual Citizenship in an Age of Mobility '' ( PDF ) . Transatlantic Council on Migration ( MPI ) . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 26 . Federal Investigative Services Division of the US Office of Personnel Management ( 2001 ) . `` Citizenship Laws of the World : A Directory '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 28 . Peter J. Spiro ( 2016 ) . At Home in Two Countries : The Past and Future of Dual Citizenship . New York : NYU Press . ISBN 9780814785829 . External links ( edit ) International The Hague 1930 Convention Convention No8 on the Exchange of Information Concerning Acquisition of Nationality , 1964 Council of Europe Convention on the Reduction of Cases of Multiple Nationality and on Military Obligations in Cases of Multiple Nationality , 1963 European Convention on Nationality , 1997 Nationality laws By continent Africa Angola Algeria Burkina Faso Burundi Egypt Ghana Liberia Morocco Namibia Nigeria Somalia South Africa South Sudan Tanzania Western Sahara Asia Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Burma ( Myanmar ) China Cyprus Georgian Egypt India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kuwait Lebanon Malaysia Mongolia Nepal North Korea Northern Cyprus Oman Pakistan Palestine Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Syria Singapore South Korea Taiwan Thailand Turkey United Arab Emirates Europe European Union & Schengen Area Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom Rest of Europe Albania Andorra Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Bosnia and Herzegovina Georgia Kazakhstan Kosovo Macedonia Moldova Monaco Montenegro Northern Cyprus Russia San Marino Serbia Ukraine Turkey North America Barbados Canada Greenland ( Kingdom of Denmark ) Grenada Jamaica Mexico Panama Honduras Guatemala Costa Rica Belize United States Oceania Australia Federated States of Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Samoa Tonga South America Argentina Brazil Chile Colombia Paraguay Peru Venezuela Uruguay International organizations Commonwealth of Nations European Union By type Jus matrimonii Jus sanguinis Jus soli Naturalization Other Citizenship Act Birth aboard aircraft and ships Multiple citizenship Passport Internal Repatriation Right of return Second - class citizen Statelessness Travel visa Defunct Nazi Germany Ancient Rome British Overseas Territories . Open border with Schengen Area . Russia is a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia . The vast majority of its population ( 80 % ) lives in European Russia , therefore Russia as a whole is included as a European country here . Turkey is a transcontinental country in the Middle East and Southeast Europe . Has a small part of its territory ( 3 % ) in Southeast Europe called Turkish Thrace . Azerbaijan and Georgia ( Abkhazia ; South Ossetia ) are transcontinental countries . Both have a small part of their territories in the European part of the Caucasus . Kazakhstan is a transcontinental country . Has a small part of its territories located west of the Urals in Eastern Europe . Armenia ( Artsakh ) and Cyprus ( Northern Cyprus ) are entirely in Southwest Asia but having socio - political connections with Europe . Egypt is a transcontinental country in North Africa and the Middle East . Has a small part of its territory in the Middle East called Sinai Peninsula . 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who owns willy wonka and the chocolate factory

The film tells the story of Charlie Bucket ( Peter Ostrum ) as he receives a Golden Ticket and visits Willy Wonka 's chocolate factory with four other children from around the world . Filming took place in Munich in 1970 , and the film was released by Paramount Pictures on June 30 , 1971 . With a budget of just $3 million , the film received generally positive reviews and earned $4 million by the end of its original run . Paramount distributed the film until 1977 , and beginning in the 1980s , Warner Bros. assumed control of the rights for home entertainment purposes . The film then made an additional $21 million during its re-release by Warner Bros. under its Family Entertainment banner in 1996 . The film became highly popular in part through repeated television airings and home entertainment sales . In 1972 , the film received an Academy Award nomination for Best Original Score , and Wilder was nominated for a Golden Globe as Best Actor in a Musical or Comedy , but lost both to Fiddler on the Roof . The film also introduced the song `` The Candy Man '' , which went on to become a popular hit when recorded by Sammy Davis Jr . In 2014 , the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' .

Warner Bros.

Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory

willy wonka & the chocolate factory

Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory is a 1971 American musical fantasy film directed by Mel Stuart , and starring Gene Wilder as Willy Wonka . It is an adaptation of the 1964 novel Charlie and the Chocolate Factory by Roald Dahl . Dahl was credited with writing the film 's screenplay ; however , David Seltzer , who went uncredited in the film , was brought in to re-work Dahl 's screenplay against his wishes , making major changes to the ending and adding musical numbers . These changes and other decisions made by the director led Dahl to disown the film .

The film tells the story of Charlie Bucket ( Peter Ostrum ) as he receives a Golden Ticket and visits Willy Wonka 's chocolate factory with four other children from around the world . Filming took place in Munich in 1970 , and the film was released by Paramount Pictures on June 30 , 1971 . With a budget of just $3 million , the film received generally positive reviews and earned $4 million by the end of its original run . Paramount distributed the film until 1977 , and beginning in the 1980s , Warner Bros. assumed control of the rights for home entertainment purposes . The film then made an additional $21 million during its re-release by Warner Bros. under its Family Entertainment banner in 1996 . The film became highly popular in part through repeated television airings and home entertainment sales . In 1972 , the film received an Academy Award nomination for Best Original Score , and Wilder was nominated for a Golden Globe as Best Actor in a Musical or Comedy , but lost both to Fiddler on the Roof . The film also introduced the song `` The Candy Man '' , which went on to become a popular hit when recorded by Sammy Davis Jr . In 2014 , the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Main cast 2.1 Oompa Loompas 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Promotion 4 Reception 4.1 Dahl 's reaction 5 Television 6 Adaptation 7 Home media 8 Music 9 Soundtrack 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 External links Plot ( edit ) In an unnamed town , children visit a candy shop . Charlie Bucket , a poor paperboy , stares through the window as the shop owner sings `` The Candy Man '' . Walking home , he passes Willy Wonka 's chocolate factory . A mysterious tinker recites the first lines of William Allingham 's poem `` The Fairies '' , and tells Charlie , `` Nobody ever goes in , and nobody ever comes out . '' Charlie rushes home to his widowed mother and bedridden grandparents . After telling Grandpa Joe about the tinker , Joe reveals that Wonka locked the factory because other candy makers , including rival Arthur Slugworth , sent in spies to steal his recipes . Wonka disappeared , but for three years resumed selling candy ; the origin of Wonka 's labor force is unknown . The next day , Wonka announces that he hid five `` Golden Tickets '' in chocolate Wonka Bars . Finders of the tickets will receive a factory tour and a lifetime supply of chocolate . Four of the tickets are found by Augustus Gloop , a gluttonous boy ; Veruca Salt , a spoiled girl ; Violet Beauregarde , a gum - chewing girl ; and Mike Teavee , a television - obsessed boy . As each winner 's announced on TV , a man whispers to them . Charlie opens two Wonka Bars but finds no Golden Ticket and loses hope . The newspapers announce the fifth ticket was found by a millionaire in Paraguay . Charlie finds money in a gutter and uses it to buy a Scrumdiddlyumptious bar . With the change , he buys a Wonka Bar for Joe . Walking home , as Charlie hears newspapers revealing that the Paraguayan millionaire 's ticket is a forgery , he opens the Wonka Bar and finds the fifth golden ticket . While rushing home , he is confronted by the same man seen whispering to the other winners , who introduces himself as Slugworth and offers a reward for a sample of Wonka 's latest creation , the Everlasting Gobstopper . Charlie returns home with the Golden Ticket and chooses Grandpa Joe as his chaperone and they sing `` I 've Got A Golden Ticket '' . The next day , Wonka greets the ticket winners and leads them inside where each signs a contract before the tour . The factory includes a river of chocolate , edible mushrooms , lickable wallpaper , and other sweets and inventions . As the visitors sample these , Wonka sings `` Pure Imagination '' . The visitors see Wonka 's workers , small men known as Oompa - Loompas , who sing their song whenever a ticket holder falls into a trap . Augustus falls into the chocolate river and is sucked up a pipe to the Fudge Room . In the Inventing Room , everyone receives an Everlasting Gobstopper . Violet becomes a large blueberry after chewing an experimental gum containing a three - course meal , despite Wonka 's warnings . The group reaches the Fizzy Lifting Drinks Room , where Charlie and Grandpa Joe ignore Wonka 's warning and sample the drinks . They float and have a near - fatal encounter with an exhaust fan before burping back to the ground . In the Chocolate Eggs Room , Veruca demands a golden goose for herself before falling into a garbage chute leading to the furnace , with her father falling in trying to rescue her . The group tests out Wonka 's Wonkavision , only to have Mike teleport himself and become only a few inches tall . Only Charlie and Grandpa Joe remain , but Wonka dismisses them without the promised chocolate . When Grandpa Joe asks him why , Wonka angrily explains that they violated the contract by stealing Fizzy Lifting Drinks and will receive nothing . An angered Grandpa Joe suggests to Charlie that he should give Slugworth the Gobstopper in revenge , but Charlie returns the candy back to Wonka . With this selfless act , Wonka declares Charlie as the winner . He reveals that Slugworth is actually `` Mr. Wilkinson '' , an employee of his , and the offer to buy the Gobstopper was a morality test which only Charlie passed . The trio enter the `` Wonkavator '' , a multi-directional glass elevator that flies out of the factory . Soaring over the city , Wonka reveals that his actual prize is the factory ; Wonka created the contest to find a worthy heir enough , and so Charlie and his family can immediately move in . Wonka then reminds Charlie not to forget about the man who suddenly received everything he ever wanted . Charlie asks , `` What ever happened to him ? '' to which Wonka replies , `` He lived happily ever after . '' Main cast ( edit ) The main cast . Back row ( left to right ) : Michael Bollner , Ursula Reit , Gene Wilder Front row ( left to right ) : Leonard Stone , Denise Nickerson , Roy Kinnear , Julie Dawn Cole , Dodo Denny , Paris Themmen , Peter Ostrum , Jack Albertson Main article : List of Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory characters Gene Wilder as Willy Wonka Jack Albertson as Grandpa Joe Peter Ostrum as Charlie Bucket Roy Kinnear as Henry Salt Julie Dawn Cole as Veruca Salt Leonard Stone as Sam Beauregarde Denise Nickerson as Violet Beauregarde Dodo Denney as Mrs. Teevee Paris Themmen as Mike Teevee Ursula Reit as Mrs. Gloop Michael Bollner as Augustus Gloop Diana Sowle as Mrs. Bucket Aubrey Woods as Bill , the Candy Shop owner David Battley as Mr. Turkentine Günter Meisner as Arthur Slugworth / Mr. Wilkinson Peter Capell as The Tinker Werner Heyking as Mr. Jopeck Peter Stuart as Winkelmann Oompa Loompas ( edit ) Rusty Goffe Rudy Borgstaller George Claydon Malcolm Dixon Ismed Hassan Norman McGlen Angelo Muscat Pepe Poupee Marcus Powell Albert Wilkinson Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) The idea for adapting the book into a film came about when director Mel Stuart 's ten - year - old daughter read the book and asked her father to make a film out of it , with `` Uncle Dave '' ( producer David L. Wolper ) producing it . Stuart showed the book to Wolper , who happened to be in the midst of talks with the Quaker Oats Company regarding a vehicle to introduce a new candy bar from its Chicago - based Breaker Confections subsidiary ( since renamed the Willy Wonka Candy Company and sold to Nestlé ) . Wolper persuaded the company , which had no previous experience in the film industry , to buy the rights to the book and finance the picture for the purpose of promoting a new Quaker Oats Wonka Bar . It was agreed that the film would be a children 's musical , and that Dahl himself would write the screenplay . However , the title was changed to Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory . Screenwriter David Seltzer conceived a gimmick exclusively for the film that had Wonka quoting numerous literary sources , such as Arthur O'Shaughnessy 's Ode , Oscar Wilde 's The Importance of Being Earnest , Samuel Taylor Coleridge 's The Rime of the Ancient Mariner and William Shakespeare 's The Merchant of Venice . Seltzer also worked Slugworth ( only mentioned as a rival candy maker in the book ) into the plot as an actual character ( only to be revealed to be Wilkinson , one of Wonka 's agents , at the end of the film ) . Casting ( edit ) All six members of Monty Python : Graham Chapman , John Cleese , Eric Idle , Terry Gilliam , Terry Jones and Michael Palin , expressed interest in playing Wonka , but at the time they were deemed not big enough names for an international audience . Three of the members , Cleese , Idle and Palin , were later seriously considered for the same role in Tim Burton 's version . Before Wilder was officially cast for the role , producers considered Fred Astaire , Joel Grey , Ron Moody and Jon Pertwee . Spike Milligan was Roald Dahl 's original choice to play Willy Wonka . Peter Sellers even begged Dahl for the role . When Wilder was cast for the role , he accepted it on one condition : When I make my first entrance , I 'd like to come out of the door carrying a cane and then walk toward the crowd with a limp . After the crowd sees Willy Wonka is a cripple , they all whisper to themselves and then become deathly quiet . As I walk toward them , my cane sinks into one of the cobblestones I 'm walking on and stands straight up , by itself ; but I keep on walking , until I realize that I no longer have my cane . I start to fall forward , and just before I hit the ground , I do a beautiful forward somersault and bounce back up , to great applause . -- Gene Wilder The reason why Wilder wanted this in the film was that `` from that time on , no one will know if I 'm lying or telling the truth . '' Jean Stapleton turned down the role of Mrs. Teevee . Jim Backus was considered for the role of Sam Beauregarde . Sammy Davis , Jr. wanted to play Bill , the candy store owner , but Stuart did not like the idea because he felt that the presence of a big star in the candy store scene would break the reality . Nevertheless , Davis ' recording of the film 's opening musical number , `` The Candy Man , '' would top the Billboard magazine record charts in 1972 , despite the fact that Davis initially hated the song . Anthony Newley also wanted to play Bill , but Stuart also objected to this for the same reason . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography commenced on April 30 , 1970 , and ended on November 19 , 1970 . The primary shooting location was Munich , Bavaria , West Germany , because it was significantly cheaper than filming in the United States and the setting was conducive to Wonka 's factory ; Stuart also liked the ambiguity and unfamiliarity of the location . External shots of the factory were filmed at the gasworks of Stadtwerke München ( Emmy - Noether - Straße 10 ) ; the entrance and side buildings still exist . The exterior of Charlie Bucket 's house , which was only a set constructed for the film , was filmed at Quellenstraße in Munich , Bavaria . Charlie 's school was filmed at Katholisches Pfarramt St. Sylvester , Biedersteiner Straße 1 in Munich . Bill 's Candy Shop was filmed at Lilienstraße , Munich . The closing sequence when the Wonkavator is flying above the factory is footage of Nördlingen in Bavaria . Munich Gasworks as it appears today ( building on the left ) Munich Gasworks as it appears today Nördlingen , the town seen from above at the end of the film Production designer Harper Goff centered the factory on the massive Chocolate Room . According to Paris Themmen , who played Mike Teevee , `` The river was made of water with food coloring . At one point , they poured some cocoa powder into it to try to thicken it but it did n't really work . When asked this question , Michael Böllner , who played Augustus Gloop , answers , ' It vas dirty , stinking vater . ' '' When interviewed for the 30th anniversary special edition , Gene Wilder stated that he enjoyed working with most of the child actors , but said that he and the crew had some problems with Paris Themmen , claiming that he was `` a handful '' . Promotion ( edit ) Before its release , the film received advance publicity though TV commercials offering a `` Willy Wonka candy factory kit '' for sending $1.00 and two seals from boxes of Quaker cereals such as King Vitaman , Life and any of the Cap'n Crunch brands . Reception ( edit ) Willy Wonka was released on June 30 , 1971 . The film was not a big success , being the fifty - third highest - grossing film of the year in the U.S. , earning just over $2.1 million on its opening weekend , although it received positive reviews from critics such as Roger Ebert , who compared it to The Wizard of Oz . By the mid-1980s , Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory had experienced a spike in popularity thanks in large part to repeated television broadcasts and home video sales . Following a 25th anniversary theatrical re-release in 1996 , it was released on DVD the next year , allowing it to reach a new generation of viewers . The film was released as a remastered special edition on DVD and VHS in 2001 to commemorate the film 's 30th anniversary . In 2003 , Entertainment Weekly ranked it 25th in the `` Top 50 Cult Movies '' of all time . As of 2017 , the film holds a 90 % `` Fresh '' rating on Rotten Tomatoes with an average rating of 7.7 / 10 based on 42 reviews . The site 's critical consensus states : `` Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory is strange yet comforting , full of narrative detours that do n't always work but express the film 's uniqueness '' . Willy Wonka was ranked No. 74 on Bravo 's 100 Scariest Movie Moments for the `` scary tunnel '' scene . Dahl 's reaction ( edit ) Dahl disowned the film , the script of which was partially rewritten by David Seltzer after Dahl failed to meet deadlines . Dahl said he was `` disappointed '' because `` he thought it placed too much emphasis on Willy Wonka and not enough on Charlie '' , as well as the casting of Gene Wilder instead of Spike Milligan . Dahl was also `` infuriated '' by the deviations in the plot Seltzer devised in his draft of the screenplay , including the conversion of Slugworth , a minor character in the book , into a spy ( so that the movie could have a villain ) and the `` fizzy lifting drinks '' scene along with music other than the original Oompa Loompa compositions ( including `` Pure Imagination '' and `` The Candy Man '' ) , and the ending dialogue for the movie . In 1996 , Dahl 's second wife Felicity commented on her husband 's objections towards the film saying `` they always want to change a book 's storyline . What makes Hollywood think children want the endings changed for a film , when they accept it in a book ? '' Television ( edit ) The film made its television debut on November 23 , 1975 on NBC . There was some controversy with the showing as the Oakland Raiders vs Washington Redskins ( 26 - 23 ) Football game went into overtime , and the first 40 minutes of the movie were cut . The film placed 19th in the TV Ratings for the week ending Nov 23 , beating out The Streets of San Francisco and Little House on the Prairie . The next TV showing of the film was on May 2 , 1976 , where it placed 46th in the ratings . Some TV listings indicate the showing was part of the World of Disney time slot . Adaptation ( edit ) Main article : Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory In 2017 , an adaptation of the film with Tom and Jerry was released . Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory stars JP Karliak as Willy Wonka and is dedicated to Gene Wilder , who died under a year before the release . Home media ( edit ) The film was first released on DVD in 1997 / 1999 in a `` 25th anniversary edition '' as a double sided disc containing a widescreen and `` standard '' version . The `` standard '' version is an open matte print , where the mattes used to make the image widescreen are removed , revealing information originally intended to be hidden from viewers . VHS copies were also available , but only containing the `` standard '' version . A special edition DVD was released , celebrating the film 's 30th anniversary , on August 28 , 2001 , but in fullscreen only . Due to the lack of a letterboxed release , fan petitioning eventually led Warner Home Video to issue a widescreen version on November 13 , 2001 . It was also released on VHS , with only one of the special features ( a making - of feature ) . Several original cast members reunited to film documentary footage for this special edition DVD release . The two editions featured restored sound , and better picture quality . In addition to the documentary , the DVD included a trailer , a gallery , and audio commentary by the cast . In 2007 , Warner Home Video released the film on HD DVD with all the bonus features from the 2001 DVD . The film was released on Blu - ray on October 20 , 2009 . It includes all the bonus features from the 2001 DVD and 2007 HD - DVD as well as a 38 - page book . In 2011 , a new deluxe - 40th - anniversary edition Blu - ray / DVD set was released on November 1 , consisting of the film on Blu - ray Disc and DVD as well as a bonus features disc . The set also included a variety of rarities such as a Wonka Bar - designed tin , four scented pencils , a scented eraser , a book detailing the making of the film , original production papers and a Golden Ticket to win a trip to Los Angeles . The set is now out of print . Music ( edit ) The Academy Award - nominated original score and songs were composed by Leslie Bricusse and Anthony Newley , and musical direction was by Walter Scharf . The soundtrack was first released by Paramount Records in 1971 . On October 8 , 1996 , Hip - O Records ( in conjunction with MCA Records , which by then owned the Paramount catalog ) , released the soundtrack on CD as a `` 25th Anniversary Edition '' . The music and songs , in order of appearance , are : `` Main Title '' -- Instrumental medley of `` ( I 've Got A ) Golden Ticket '' and `` Pure Imagination '' `` The Candy Man '' -- Aubrey Woods `` Cheer Up , Charlie '' -- Diana Lee ( dubbing over Diana Sowle ) `` ( I 've Got A ) Golden Ticket '' -- Jack Albertson and Peter Ostrum `` Pure Imagination '' -- Gene Wilder `` Oompa Loompa ( Augustus ) '' -- The Oompa Loompas `` The Wondrous Boat Ride '' / `` The Rowing Song '' -- Gene Wilder `` Oompa Loompa ( Violet ) '' -- The Oompa Loompas `` I Want It Now ! '' -- Julie Dawn Cole `` Oompa Loompa ( Veruca ) '' -- The Oompa Loompas `` Ach , so fromm '' ( alternately titled `` M'appari '' , from Martha ) -- Gene Wilder `` Oompa Loompa ( Mike ) '' -- The Oompa Loompas `` End Credits '' -- `` Pure Imagination '' Soundtrack ( edit ) The track listing for the soundtrack 's as follows : `` Main Title '' ( `` Golden Ticket '' / `` Pure Imagination '' ) `` The Candy Man '' `` Charlie 's Paper Run '' `` Cheer Up Charlie '' `` Lucky Charlie '' `` ( I 've Got A ) Golden Ticket '' `` Pure Imagination '' `` Oompa Loompa '' `` The Wondrous Boat Ride '' `` Everlasting Gobstoppers / Oompa Loompa '' `` The Bubble Machine '' `` I Want It Now / Oompa Loompa '' `` Wonkamobile , Wonkavision / Oompa Loompa '' `` Wonkavator / End Title '' ( `` Pure Imagination '' ) See also ( edit ) Film portal 1970s portal List of American films of 1971 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Because Paramount Pictures decided not to renew distribution rights , the film rights were transferred to Warner Bros. in 1977 , when Wolper Pictures , Ltd. was bought by the company and Quaker Oats sold its share of the film References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ( U ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . August 20 , 1971 . Retrieved August 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory ( 1971 ) '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory ( 1971 ) - Financial Information '' . The-numbers.com . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Why Roald Dahl Hated The Willy Wonka And The Chocolate Factory Film '' . yahoo . Retrieved September 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Liz Buckingham , trustee for the Roald Dahl Museum , quoted in Tom Bishop : `` Willy Wonka 's Everlasting Film Plot '' , BBC News , July 2005 Jump up ^ `` Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory '' . AFI Catalog of Feature Films . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : J.M. Kenny ( Writer , Director , Producer ) ( 2001 ) . Pure Imagination : The Story of Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ( DVD ) . USA : Warner Home Video . Retrieved December 2 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Paur , Joey . `` 25 Fun Facts About Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory '' . Retrieved July 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Honeybone , Nigel ( April 25 , 2012 ) . `` Film Review : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ( 1971 ) '' . Retrieved July 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Segal , David ( March 28 , 2005 ) . `` Gene Wilder : It Hurts to Laugh '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Evans , Bradford ( January 31 , 2013 ) . `` The Lost Roles of Peter Sellers '' . Splitsider . Retrieved July 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Perkins , Will . `` Gene Wilder 's Willy Wonka Demands Revealed '' . Yahoo.com . Yahoo . Retrieved 18 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jean Stapleton Dies : Top 10 Facts You Need to Know '' . Heavy.com . June 1 , 2013 . Retrieved July 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Chandler , Ed ( June 3 , 2013 ) . `` Five Things You Should Know About Jean Stapleton '' . Retrieved July 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ( 1971 ) : Notes '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved July 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ParisThemmenAMA comments on I am Paris Themmen . I played Mike Teevee in the original Willy Wonka . AMA ! '' . Reddit.com . September 2 , 2014 . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stuart , Mel ; Young , Josh ( November 1 , 2001 ) . Pure Imagination : The Making of Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory . St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 978 - 0312287771 . Jump up ^ robatsea2009 ( December 19 , 2011 ) . `` Willy Wonka Candy Factory 1971 TV commercial '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory : Box Office Data , DVD and Blu - ray Sales , Movie News , Cast and Crew Information '' . The-numbers.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( January 1 , 1971 ) . `` Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Jump up ^ Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory at Rotten Tomatoes Jump up ^ `` Bravo 's ' The 100 Scariest Movie Moments ' '' . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Bishop , Tom ( July 11 , 2005 ) . `` Willy Wonka 's Everlasting Film Plot '' . BBC News . Retrieved January 29 , 2014 . He thought it placed too much emphasis on Willy Wonka and not enough on Charlie , '' said Liz Attenborough , trustee of the Roald Dahl Museum and Story Centre in Buckinghamshire . `` For him the book was about Charlie . Jump up ^ Pure Imagination : The Story of `` Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory '' . Two Dog Productions Inc. 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders , NBC 0 -- 2 in N.Y. ; First Heidi , Now Willy Wonka '' . Los Angeles Times . November 24 , 1975 . p . C2 . Jump up ^ `` 4 Movies Shake Up Week 's Nielsen List '' . Los Angeles Times . November 26 , 1975 . p. 15 . Jump up ^ `` TV Guide Listings '' . Los Angeles Times . May 2 , 1976 . p. 10 . Jump up ^ Williams , Ken ( May 11 , 1976 ) . `` Among Other Things '' . Journal - News . Hamilton , OH . p. 7 . Jump up ^ `` Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory ( 1971 ) '' . Dvdmg.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory : 30th Anniversary Edition ( 1971 ) '' . Dvdmg.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ( HD DVD ) - IGN '' . Dvd.ign.com . June 6 , 2007 . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` News : Willy Wonka & The Chocolate Factory ( US - BD ) '' . DVDActive.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cook , Tommy ( November 1 , 2011 ) . `` Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory 40th Anniversary Box Set Blu - ray Review '' . Collider.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory Wikimedia Commons has media related to Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory . Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory on IMDb Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory at the TCM Movie Database Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory at Rotten Tomatoes The AFI Catalog of Feature Films ... Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory Roald Dahl 's Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Books Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator Films Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory Charlie and the Chocolate Factory soundtrack Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory Characters Willy Wonka Theater Roald Dahl 's Willy Wonka ( 2004 musical ) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory ( 2013 musical ) The Golden Ticket Music Charlie and the Chocolate Factory : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack `` Pure Imagination '' `` The Candy Man '' Miscellaneous The Ride Video games Wonka Bar Everlasting Gobstopper Primus & the Chocolate Factory with the Fungi Ensemble The Willy Wonka Candy Company Films directed by Mel Stuart Four Days in November ( 1964 ) If It 's Tuesday , This Must Be Belgium ( 1969 ) I Love My Wife ( 1970 ) Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory ( 1971 ) One Is a Lonely Number ( 1972 ) Wattstax ( 1973 ) Mean Dog Blues ( 1978 ) The Triangle Factory Fire Scandal ( 1979 ) The White Lions ( 1981 ) Roald Dahl Children 's fiction The Gremlins ( 1943 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 1961 ) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory ( 1964 ) The Magic Finger ( 1966 ) Fantastic Mr Fox ( 1970 ) Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator ( 1972 ) Danny , the Champion of the World ( 1975 ) The Enormous Crocodile ( 1978 ) The Twits ( 1980 ) George 's Marvellous Medicine ( 1981 ) The BFG ( 1982 ) The Witches ( 1983 ) The Giraffe and the Pelly and Me ( 1985 ) Matilda ( 1988 ) Esio Trot ( 1990 ) The Vicar of Nibbleswicke ( 1991 ) The Minpins ( 1991 ) Children 's poetry Revolting Rhymes ( 1982 ) Dirty Beasts ( 1983 ) Rhyme Stew ( 1989 ) Adult novels Sometime Never : A Fable for Supermen ( 1948 ) My Uncle Oswald ( 1979 ) Adult short story collections Over to You : Ten Stories of Flyers and Flying ( 1946 ) Someone Like You ( 1953 ) Kiss Kiss ( 1960 ) Lamb to the Slaughter ( 1953 ) Switch Bitch ( 1974 ) The Wonderful Story of Henry Sugar and Six More ( 1977 ) The Best of Roald Dahl ( 1978 ) Tales of the Unexpected ( 1979 ) More Tales of the Unexpected ( 1980 ) The Roald Dahl Omnibus ( 1986 ) Two Fables ( 1986 ) Ah , Sweet Mystery of Life : The Country Stories of Roald Dahl ( 1989 ) The Collected Short Stories of Roald Dahl ( 1991 ) The Roald Dahl Treasury ( 1997 ) The Great Automatic Grammatizator ( 1998 ) Skin and Other Stories ( 2000 ) Roald Dahl : Collected Stories ( 2006 ) Non-fiction The Mildenhall Treasure ( 1946 ) Boy : Tales of Childhood ( 1984 ) Going Solo ( 1986 ) Memories with Food at Gipsy House ( 1991 ) Roald Dahl 's Guide to Railway Safety ( 1991 ) My Year ( 1993 ) Film adaptations 36 Hours ( 1965 ) Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory ( 1971 ) Danny , the Champion of the World ( 1989 ) The BFG ( 1989 ) The Witches ( 1990 ) Four Rooms ( 1995 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 1996 ) Matilda ( 1996 ) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory ( 2005 ) Fantastic Mr. Fox ( 2009 ) Roald Dahl 's Esio Trot ( 2015 ) The BFG ( 2016 ) Revolting Rhymes ( 2016 ) Film scripts The Bells of Hell Go Ting - a-ling - a-ling ( 1966 , unfinished ) You Only Live Twice ( 1967 ) Chitty Chitty Bang Bang ( 1968 ) The Night Digger ( 1971 ) Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory ( 1971 ) Television series ' Way Out ( 1961 ) Tales of the Unexpected ( 1979 -- 88 ) Musicals and plays The Honeys ( 1955 ) Matilda ( 2010 ) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory ( 2013 ) Fantastic Mr Fox ( 2016 ) See also Quentin Blake Roald Dahl bibliography Roald Dahl short stories bibliography Roald Dahl 's Book of Ghost Stories ( 1983 ) List of Tales of the Unexpected episodes Related Roald Dahl Museum and Story Centre Roald Dahl Children 's Gallery Patricia Neal ( wife ) Tessa Dahl ( daughter ) Ophelia Dahl ( daughter ) Lucy Dahl ( daughter ) Sophie Dahl ( granddaughter ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willy_Wonka_%26_the_Chocolate_Factory&oldid=800521727 '' Categories : 1971 films English - language films Willy Wonka American films 1970s musical films 1970s fantasy films American children 's fantasy films American musical films Compositions by Leslie Bricusse Films about children Films about food and drink Films based on British novels Films based on children 's books Films based on fantasy novels Films based on works by Roald Dahl Films directed by Mel Stuart Films set in Europe Films shot in Bavaria Musical fantasy films Quaker Oats Company Screenplays by Roald Dahl Size change in fiction United States National Film Registry films The Wolper Organization films Paramount Pictures films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from April 2017 All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 14 September 2017 , at 02 : 00 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy%20Wonka%20%2526%20the%20Chocolate%20Factory

who directed sign of the times music video

Directed by Woodkid , the song 's music video was released on 8 May . It features Styles singing in a meadow , and soaring in the skies , walking on water . A writer from USA Today described Styles to be `` auditioning to be Marvel Comics next superhero or in a new biblical epic '' . It was filmed on the Isle of Skye in Scotland . The video 's stunt pilot , Will Banks , stated that Styles flew more than 1,550 feet high during the shoot . Banks also claimed that no green screen or CGI effects were employed during filming . A stunt double was used for some scenes .

Woodkid

Sign of the Times ( Harry Styles song )

sign of the times ( harry styles song )

`` Sign of the Times '' is the debut solo single by English singer and songwriter Harry Styles for his self - titled debut studio album . It is his first single outside of the boy band One Direction . Released on 7 April 2017 , by Erskine and Columbia Records , it was written by Styles , Ryan Nasci , Mitch Rowland and its producers Jeff Bhasker , Tyler Johnson , and Alex Salibian . Musically , it was defined by critics as a pop rock and soft rock ballad . Its music video was released on 8 May .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and release 2 Composition 3 Music video 4 Critical reception 5 Chart performance 6 Live performances 7 Charts 7.1 Weekly charts 7.2 Year - end charts 8 Certifications 9 References 10 External links Background and release ( edit ) Early rumours about Styles going on a solo career sparkled in 2015 , when it was reported that Sony Music wanted Styles to release a solo album during One Direction 's hiatus . By the end of 2015 , four new songs written and performed by Styles were registered on the American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers ( ASCAP ) online database , which was believed to be for his potential debut solo album at the time . Shortly after , Styles signed up with American agent Jeffrey Azoff and moved to Columbia Records . In September 2016 , Styles was on the cover of Another Man , which led the media to expect a new album in the future . In February 2017 , chairman and CEO of Columbia Records , Rob Stringer , admitted that the album was close to finish and called it `` authentic '' . A month later , it was reported that the album sounded like David Bowie and Queen , while also being revealed that he worked on the album with only one producer , Jeff Bhasker . It was also hinted that the lead single would be released in late April or early May and it sounded `` like it would be a smash in any decade '' . In the same month , US radio host Elvis Duran accidentally revealed during his show that Styles ' debut single would be released on 7 April 2017 . On 25 March , Styles teased the new single with a television ad during The Voice UK . On 31 March , the singer revealed through social media that his single is titled `` Sign of the Times '' . On 7 April , the song premiered during Nick Grimshaw 's breakfast show on BBC Radio 1 . Composition ( edit ) The song is a pop rock , soft rock , piano ballad , with glam rock influences . According to a Billboard writer , it `` folds in psychedelic soul , indie rock and spacey pop '' . The `` apocalyptic '' power ballad shows influences from 1970s British rock . In an interview with Rolling Stone , Styles stated , `` The song is written from a point of view as if a mother was giving birth to a child and there 's a complication . The mother is told , ' The child is fine , but you 're not going to make it . ' The mother has five minutes to tell the child , ' Go forth and conquer . ' '' According to the song credits provided by Styles ' label , the track was co-written by the song 's producer , Jeff Bhasker , as well as his frequent collaborators and track co-producers Alex Salibian and Tyler Johnson . Songwriters also include Mitch Rowland , Ryan Nasci and Styles himself . Rowland played guitar and drums , Nasci the bass and Bhasker the piano , keyboard and lap steel parts . The track was recorded at Village Studios in Los Angeles and Geejam Hotel Recording Studio in Port Antonio , Jamaica . The song was mixed by Mark `` Spike '' Stent . Music video ( edit ) Directed by Woodkid , the song 's music video was released on 8 May . It features Styles singing in a meadow , and soaring in the skies , walking on water . A writer from USA Today described Styles to be `` auditioning to be Marvel Comics next superhero or in a new biblical epic '' . It was filmed on the Isle of Skye in Scotland . The video 's stunt pilot , Will Banks , stated that Styles flew more than 1,550 feet high during the shoot . Banks also claimed that no green screen or CGI effects were employed during filming . A stunt double was used for some scenes . Critical reception ( edit ) Billboard 's Gil Kaufman wrote , `` Every artist is an accumulation of their influences , and in ( this song ) they come fast and furious , as Styles appears to be both showing his range and making a clear effort to step boldly away from the manufactured , plastic pop of his past '' . Kaufman opined it `` rakes in influences from Pink Floyd and David Bowie to Queen , Spacehog , Suede , Coldplay , The Beatles , Eric Carmen and Prince '' . Also for Billboard , Jason Lipshutz wrote it is `` resolute , determined , wholly committed to its messaging and sound , radio trends be damned . Although it wears its influences on its sleeve ( Bowie ) nothing about this single bends toward someone else 's expectations '' . He concluded saying the song `` sounds effortless , but to arrive without any incomplete features is an accomplishment in a music industry where pop artists are expected to produce new music at an unsustainable rate '' . Tim Jonze of The Guardian described it as `` a ballad , but not so much in the boyband style '' and compared the song to the music of American indie rock band The Walkmen . Jonze also addressed early rumors that the song would be influenced by the music of David Bowie , noting `` If it is indeed Bowie-esque , then it 's the Bowie of Hunky Dory '' . Jamieson Cox in Pitchfork felt the `` skyscraping Bowie ballad '' manages to sound like both fun. 's `` We Are Young '' and Coldplay 's `` The Scientist '' . NPR 's Ann Powers argued the song mirrors more closely `` Britpop anthems '' like Blur 's `` Tender '' or The Verve 's `` Bittersweet Symphony '' `` than anything Bowie released in his prime '' . Writing for Rolling Stone , Brittany Spanos thought it `` aligns much more with the Seventies - inspired pop - rock of One Direction 's more recent albums like Made in the A.M. '' . Anjali Raguraman from The Straits Times considered it the `` strongest '' track on the album , saying `` the conviction of his delivery is beyond his years '' . In The Atlantic , Spencer Kornhaber opined that the song `` continues with One Direction 's po - mo project of recycling classic - rock sounds as bubblegum . But he 's now embracing such sounds with more abandon , less chirpiness , some trend bucking , and the kind of uplifting lyrics that nod to planetary anxiety '' . Kornhaber described the song opens with ballad piano , `` encroaching '' violins , and Styles `` crooning in pain '' , `` but then there 's the bwang of a guitar and the song rockets into an arena - rock reverie that feels so , so familiar to anyone who remembers the ' 90s but also so , so foreign to today 's landscape '' . In The Telegraph , Alice Vincent described it as a `` swooning piano ballad with somewhat overdone production '' and opined , `` it is also ... a little boring . A big , blousy singalong which shows off Styles 's vocal prowess -- especially with an unexpected , slightly yelping falsetto bridge -- but is n't enormously fun '' . Roising O'Connor of The Independent gave it three out of five stars , and concluded , `` it 's going to take something bigger than this one track to assert Styles as a serious artist . '' Since it was released on the 30th anniversary of Prince 's Sign o ' the Times , Spin 's Andy Cush commented , `` it 's clear that this is Styles 's attempt to distinguish himself as an artist with real depth . But the music itself has almost nothing to do with Prince -- instead , think Oasis , Elton John at his most bombastic , ' 70s John Lennon '' . Cush noted it `` has only those three chords , and it goes straight for cruising altitude with an onslaught of cymbals and guitar on the first chorus , expecting you to be moved without pausing to consider why '' . Rolling Stone ranked it as the best song released in 2017 . Billboard staff considered it the 8th best song of the year . Spin staff ranked it as the 13th best boy - band solo debut single . Chart performance ( edit ) `` Sign of the Times '' reached number one on the UK Singles Chart with a combined sales of 62,900 units . In its first week , it sold 39,000 downloads together with 3.5 million streams that give 23,472 equivalent units , pausing Ed Sheeran 's run of 13 weeks at the top of the chart with `` Shape of You '' . In the United States , the song debuted at number four on the Billboard Hot 100 . In its first week , it sold 142,000 copies ( topping Digital Songs ) , earned 16.5 million streams and 23 million airplay impressions . Live performances ( edit ) Styles performed the song on 15 April 2017 episode of Saturday Night Live 's 42nd season . On 21 April , Styles appeared on the BBC 's The Graham Norton Show , for his first solo performance in his native UK . He also performed the song on The Late Late Show with James Corden . Styles performed the song on The Today Show on May 9 . He also performed it at The Garage in London , England on 13 May and at the Troubadour in West Hollywood , California on 19 May . He performed it live on a French talk show , Quotidien , on 26 April 2017 . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position Argentina ( Monitor Latino ) 10 Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 8 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Brazil Hot 100 ( Billboard ) Brazil Hot Pop Songs ( Billboard ) 20 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 6 Canada AC ( Billboard ) 7 Canada CHR / Top 40 ( Billboard ) 14 Canada Hot AC ( Billboard ) 6 Colombia ( National - Report ) 83 Croatia ( HRT ) Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) 9 Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 5 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 20 Finland Download ( Latauslista ) France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 20 Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) 31 Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 5 Iceland ( RÚV ) Ireland ( IRMA ) 6 Italy ( FIMI ) 9 Latvia ( Latvijas Top 40 ) Lebanon ( Lebanese Top 20 ) 8 Malaysia ( RIM ) 14 Mexico ( Billboard Ingles Airplay ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 16 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 26 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 6 Norway ( VG - lista ) 20 Paraguay ( Monitor Latino ) 13 Philippines ( Philippine Hot 100 ) 52 Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) Portugal ( AFP ) 6 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) 5 Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 15 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 15 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) 25 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 21 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 12 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 12 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Position Argentina ( Monitor Latino ) 31 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 36 Belgium ( Ultratop Flanders ) 20 Belgium ( Ultratop Wallonia ) 13 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 48 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 75 Israel ( Media Forest ) 28 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 21 US Billboard Hot 100 87 US Billboard Digital Song Sales 56 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 2 × Platinum 140,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Gold 15,000 Belgium ( BEA ) Platinum 30,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 2 × Platinum 160,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Gold 30,000 France ( SNEP ) Gold 75,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Gold 200,000 Italy ( FIMI ) 2 × Platinum 100,000 Mexico ( AMPROFON ) Gold 30,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Gold 15,000 Poland ( ZPAV ) Platinum 20,000 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Gold 20,000 Sweden ( GLF ) Platinum 40,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 400,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Here Are The Lyrics To Harry Style 's ' Sign Of The Times ' '' . Billboard. 7 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Wass , Mike ( 7 April 2017 ) . `` Harry Styles Takes Flight With `` Sign Of The Times '' `` . Idolator . Jump up ^ `` Sign of the Times - Single by Harry Styles on Apple Music '' . iTunes Store . United States : Apple Music . 10 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Menyes , Carolyn ( 25 August 2015 ) . `` Harry Styles Solo Album : Sony Wants One Direction Star During Band 's Hiatus '' . Music Times . Retrieved 14 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Stutz , Colin ( 30 December 2015 ) . `` Harry Styles ' 4 New Solo Song Titles : What to Make of His Copyright Registrations '' . Billboard . Retrieved 14 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Corner , Lewis ( 28 November 2016 ) . `` Harry Styles new album : 2017 release date , new songs , movie career and everything else you need to know '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 15 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Halperin , Shirley ( 9 February 2017 ) . `` Incoming Sony Music Head Rob Stringer on Harry Styles ' ' Authentic ' Solo Debut : ' We 're Close ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved 15 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Levine , Nick ( 22 March 2017 ) . `` Harry Styles ' solo album ' sounds like David Bowie and Queen ' , say insiders '' . NME . Retrieved 15 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Britton , Luke Morgan ( 24 March 2017 ) . `` Harry Styles ' debut solo single release date revealed ? '' . NME . Retrieved 15 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Iasimone , Ashley ( 25 March 2017 ) . `` Harry Styles to Release a Single on April 7 '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Tom , Lauren ( 31 March 2017 ) . `` Harry Styles Debuts Cover Art for First Solo Single , ' Sign of the Times ' '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Savage , Mark ( 7 April 2017 ) . `` Harry Styles ' Sign Of The Times : Everything you need to know about Harry 's solo debut '' . BBC Music . ^ Jump up to : Vincent , Alice ( 7 April 2017 ) . `` Harry Styles 's solo single Sign of the Times is mournful , sensitive and a little boring - review '' . The Telegraph . Jump up ^ `` Harry Styles channels glam rock in post-One Direction debut '' . CTV News . 7 April 2017 . Retrieved 9 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kaufman , Gil ( 7 April 2017 ) . `` Harry Styles ' Biggest ' Sign of the Times ' Influences : From Bowie to Pink Floyd & Coldplay '' . Billboard . ^ Jump up to : `` Watch Harry Styles Crush ' Sign Of The Times ' on ' The Late Late Show ' '' . Variety . 16 May 2017 . Retrieved 27 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Styles goes ' 70s glam : Hear his new solo single ' Sign of the Times ' '' . Los Angeles Times . 7 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Crowe , Cameron ( 18 April 2017 ) . `` Harry Styles ' New Direction '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 18 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil ( 14 April 2017 ) . `` Check out full credits for Harry Styles ' Sign of the Times '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Harry Styles - Sign of the Times '' . YouTube . 8 May 2017 . Retrieved 8 May 2017 . Jump up ^ McDermott , Maeve ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` Harry Styles drops Jesus - like music video for ' Sign of the Times ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved December 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Styles drops Jesus - like music video for ' Sign of the Times ' '' . usatoday.com . Retrieved 2 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Harry Styles Take Flight in Epic ' Sign of the Times ' Video '' . billboard.com . Retrieved 2 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Styles Dangles from helicopter as he shoots for music video '' . dailymail.co.uk . Retrieved 2 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Lipshutz , Jason ( 7 March 2017 ) . `` Harry Styles ' ' Sign of the Times ' & The Virtue of Patience '' . Billboard . ^ Jump up to : Jonze , Tim . `` Harry Styles debuts Sign of the Times . Is he really the new Bowie ? '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Cox , Jamieson ( 16 May 2017 ) . `` Harry Styles : Harry Styles Album Review '' . Pitchfork . Retrieved 18 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Powers , Ann ( 16 May 2017 ) . `` Styles Of The Times '' . NPR . Retrieved 7 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Spanos , Brittany ( 7 April 2017 ) . `` Hear Harry Styles ' Sweeping Debut Solo Song ' Sign of the Times ' '' . Rolling Stone . Jump up ^ `` Soft rock with an edge '' . The Straits Times . 17 May 2017 . Retrieved 25 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Kornhaber , Spencer ( 7 April 2017 ) . `` Even Former Boy - Banders Are Making Music About the End Times '' . The Atlantic . Jump up ^ O'Connor , Roisin ( 7 April 2017 ) . `` Harry Styles new song ' Sign of the Times ' review : Bowie nods are n't enough to move him out of One Direction territory '' . The Independent . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Cush , Andy ( 7 April 2017 ) . `` Harry Styles ' `` Sign of the Times '' Is Pompous , Overblown , and Too Long , and His Fans Are Gonna Love It `` . Spin . Jump up ^ Weingarten , Christopher R. ; Spanos , Brittany ; Aaron , Charles ; Vozick - Levinson , Simon ; Sheffield , Rob ( 29 November 2017 ) . `` 50 Best Songs of 2017 '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard 's 100 Best Songs of 2017 : Critics ' Picks '' . Billboard. 13 December 2017 . Retrieved 14 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Best Boy Band Solo Debut Singles , Ranked '' . Spin. 20 April 2017 . Retrieved 12 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Jones , Alan ( 14 April 2017 ) . `` Official Charts Analysis : Harry Styles ends Ed Sheeran 's reign as No. 1 single '' . Music Week . Jump up ^ Jonze , Tim ( 14 April 2017 ) . `` Harry Styles 's solo debut single ends Ed Sheeran 's 13 weeks at top of charts '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 14 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( 17 April 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran Tops Hot 100 for 12th Week , as Harry Styles Starts at No. 4 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 18 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Lipshutz , Jason ( 7 April 2017 ) . `` Harry Styles Will Perform a Second New Song on ' Saturday Night Live ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved 7 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Styles is making his solo UK debut on The Graham Norton Show '' . 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Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201731 into search . Retrieved 7 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201715 into search . Retrieved 19 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Harry Styles -- Sign of the Times '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved 19 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Styles : Sign of the Times '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved 16 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Harry Styles -- Sign of the Times '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 15 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Harry Styles -- Sign of the Times '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 18 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved 20 July 2017 . 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Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- 2017 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien. 18 August 2017 . Retrieved 12 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Harry Styles -- Sign of the Times '' . Music Canada . 19 September 2017 . Retrieved 23 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Styles `` Sign Of The Times '' `` . IFPI Denmark . September 5 , 2017 . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- Harry Styles -- Sign of the Times '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique. 11 August 2017 . Retrieved 30 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Harry Styles ; ' Sign of the Times ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved 7 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Harry Styles -- Sign of the Times '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 20 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Certificaciones -- Harry Styles '' ( in Spanish ) . Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . Retrieved 24 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Harry Styles -- Sign of the Times '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 26 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Polish single certifications -- Harry Styles -- Sign of the Times '' ( in Polish ) . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 14 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spanish single certifications -- Harry Styles -- Sign of the Times '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Productores de Música de España . Retrieved 13 July 2017 . Select single under `` Chart '' , enter 2017 in the field `` Year '' . Select ' ' in the field `` Semana '' . Click on `` Search Charts '' Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat '' ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Retrieved 13 September 2017 . Type Harry Styles in the top right search bar . Click on `` Sok '' and select Sign of the Times and see certification . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Harry Styles -- Sign of the Times '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 23 June 2017 . Enter Sign of the Times in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Harry Styles -- Sign of the Times '' . Recording Industry Association of America . 22 August 2017 . Retrieved 17 November 2017 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics `` Sign of the Times '' ( audio ) on YouTube ( hide ) Harry Styles Discography Studio albums Harry Styles Singles `` Sign of the Times '' `` Two Ghosts '' `` Kiwi '' Promotional singles `` Sweet Creature '' Concert tours Harry Styles : Live on Tour Related articles One Direction Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sign_of_the_Times_(Harry_Styles_song)&oldid=818217077 '' Categories : 2010s ballads 2017 singles 2017 songs Debut singles Songs written by Jeff Bhasker Song recordings produced by Jeff Bhasker Songs written by Harry Styles Harry Styles songs UK Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in Poland Songs written by Tyler Johnson ( music ) British soft rock songs Rock ballads Songs about death Songs written by Alex Salibian Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 Slovenian - language sources ( sl ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Use dmy dates from June 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadaac Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadachrtop40 Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadahotac Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Finnishdownload Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungary Singlechart usages for Hungarysingle Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart usages for Portugal Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultalternativesongs Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for Mexico Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Poland Certification Table Entry usages for Spain Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 2 January 2018 , at 08 : 02 . 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who played the demon in insidious the last key

Insidious : the Last Key

insidious : the last key

Insidious : The Last Key is a 2018 American supernatural horror film directed by Adam Robitel and written by Leigh Whannell . It is produced by Jason Blum , Oren Peli , and James Wan . It is the fourth installment in the Insidious franchise , and the second in the chronology of the story running through the series . Starring Lin Shaye , Angus Sampson , Leigh Whannell , Spencer Locke , Caitlin Gerard , and Bruce Davison , the film follows parapsychologist Elise Rainier as she investigates a haunting in her childhood home .

The film was released in the United States on January 5 , 2018 , by Universal Pictures . It grossed $168 million worldwide , the highest of the franchise , and received mixed reviews , with praise for Shaye 's performance but some critics stating that the franchise had run its course . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Release 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical response 4.3 Home Media 5 Possible sequel 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1953 , young Elise Rainier lives with her parents Audrey and Gerald , a prison executioner , and her brother Christian , in New Mexico . Elise claims to see the ghosts of the prisoners that have been executed , alarming her parents . One night , Elise encounters a ghost in their room . Frightened , Christian looks for the whistle their mother gave them to call for help , but it 's lost . Gerald , furious , beats Elise and locks her in the basement . A demon called `` Key Face '' comes through , possessing Elise and killing Audrey by hanging her . Gerald arrives to find Elise and Audrey 's body . Decades later , Elise works as a paranormal investigator with her colleagues , Specs and Tucker . Ted Garza calls Elise , saying he 'd been experiencing paranormal activity at his house , which is actually Elise 's childhood home . She hesitates , but accepts the job . Ted explains that many paranormal incidents have happened , mostly in her old bedroom . Elise finds the lost whistle in her room . In the basement , she is attacked by a female ghost that shouts `` Help her ! '' before vanishing with the whistle . Elise tells them that she has seen her before , as a teenager , but when her father said he saw nothing , Elise fled the house in fear of another beating , abandoning Christian . The next morning , Elise , Tucker , and Specs meet sisters Melissa and Imogen , Christian 's daughters . Christian is still furious at Elise for abandoning him . Hoping to repair their relationship , Elise hands Melissa a photo of the whistle , telling her to show it to Christian . That night , Elise and Tucker hear the whistle being blown . The sound comes from behind a wall that is actually a door ; behind the door is a bloodied girl with a chain around her neck . Ted storms into the room and it 's revealed that he was keeping the girl against her will . He locks the group in and tries to kill Specs , but Specs kills him with a bookcase . The police rescue the group . Christian and his girls go to find the whistle and Melissa is attacked by `` Key Face '' . The entity sticks two keys in Melissa : one steals her voice , and the other takes her soul and sends her into a coma . Christian demands that Elise stay away and Melissa is taken to the hospital . In the basement , Elise and Tucker find the red door that is the entrance into The Further . Elise also finds a night gown that belonged to the female ghost , Anna . A flashback shows that Elise had seen Anna in the laundry room . Anna was actually alive and had escaped from the room she was locked in . When Gerald walked in , he saw Anna , but pretended he saw nothing . After Elise ran away , Gerald brutally killed Anna . Inside the vents , Elise finds several suitcases filled with the remains of women that had been locked in the house . She is then ambushed by Key Face who takes her into The Further , leaving her unconscious body in the real world . Imogen enters The Further , led by Anna into a prison realm where Key Face is holding all of the souls he has taken . Elise figures Key Face had been manipulating both Gerald and Ted by feeding on the fear and hatred generated by the women , whose souls were trapped in there . Key Face tries to coerce Elise into hurting her father as revenge for what he 's done . Elise sees through the ruse and refuses to feed Key Face any more hatred . Key Face attacks Elise , but Gerald saves her before he is stabbed by Key Face , and his soul vanishes . Key Face stabs Melissa , causing her physical body to start dying . He attempts to possess Elise . Elise blows the whistle , and Audrey saves them , vanquishing Key Face . With Melissa dying , they move to find her body in The Further . They open a door and see a young boy , Dalton Lambert , falling from a ladder , and he sees them . Realizing they opened the wrong door , they leave and find Melissa in the next door . Melissa 's spirit returns to her body in the real world , saving her life . Elise makes amends with her mother and says goodbye . Elise and Imogen return to the real world and reunite with Melissa and Christian . Christian forgives Elise and she gives him the whistle . In her sleep , Elise sees a vision of Dalton , with the Red - faced demon looming over him . A woman , Lorraine , calls for help for her grandson , Dalton . Elise had helped her with her son Josh years earlier , and she agrees to help Dalton . Cast ( edit ) Lin Shaye as Elise Rainier Ava Kolker as Young Elise Rainier Hana Hayes as Teenage Elise Rainier Angus Sampson as Tucker Leigh Whannell as Specs Spencer Locke as Melissa Rainier , Elise 's niece and Christian 's youngest daughter . Caitlin Gerard as Imogen Rainier , Elise 's niece and Christian 's eldest daughter . She has also inherited the gift that Elise holds . Bruce Davison as Christian Rainier , Elise 's estranged younger brother . Pierce Pope as Young Christian Rainier Thomas Robie as Teenage Christian Rainier Kirk Acevedo as Ted Garza , a man who makes residence in Elise 's old home and calls for her help . Josh Stewart as Gerald Rainier , Elise and Christian 's abusive father and Aubrey 's husband . Tessa Ferrer as Audrey Rainier , Elise and Christian 's mother and Gerald 's wife . Aleque Reid as Anna Marcus Henderson as Detective Whitfield Amanda Jaros as Mara Jennings Javier Botet as Key Face John Carlo Taglucop as Lipstick - Face Demon Ayub Veno as Imprisoned Spirit Additionally , Ty Simpkins , Rose Byrne , Barbara Hershey , and Patrick Wilson reprise their roles as Dalton Lambert , Renai Lambert , Lorraine Lambert , and Josh Lambert , respectively , from the first two films , in archive footage . Production ( edit ) Principal photography began in August 2016 , and ended the following month . On August 29 , 2017 , it was announced via Universal Studios ' Halloween Horror Nights that the film would be titled Insidious : The Last Key . Release ( edit ) Insidious : The Last Key was released on January 5 , 2018 . The film was then released a week later on January 12 , 2018 in the United Kingdom . Box office ( edit ) Insidious : The Last Key has grossed $67.3 million in the United States and Canada , and $100.1 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $167.4 million , against a production budget of $10 million . It is the highest grossing film in the franchise , surpassing the second installment 's $161 million , and the first film of the series to gross $100 million overseas . In the United States and Canada Insidious : The Last Key was released alongside the wide expansion of Molly 's Game , and was projected to gross $20 -- 22 million from 3,116 theaters in its opening weekend . The film made $1.98 grossed from Thursday night previews , the highest preview total of the franchise . It went on to debut to $29.3 million for the weekend , finishing second at the box office behind holdover Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle and marking the second - highest opening of the series and grossing , behind Chapter 2 . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 32 % , based on 87 reviews , with an average rating of 5.1 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Insidious : The Last Key offers franchise star Lin Shaye another welcome opportunity to take the lead , but her efforts are n't enough to rescue this uninspired sequel . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 49 out of 100 , based on 23 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B -- '' on an A+ to F scale , the lowest score of the franchise . Brent McKnight of the Seattle Times rated the film two stars and said , `` Old horror franchises do n't die , they unspool tepid , uninspired sequels in perpetuity . And with the fourth chapter , Insidious : The Last Key , this saga is on a familiar path . '' Screen Rant 's Sandy Schaefer scored the film 3 / 5 stars , stating `` Insidious : The Last Key is a solid finale to the Insidious franchise that gives series lead Lin Shaye the chance to take a graceful final bow . '' Emily Yoshida of New York Magazine noted the criticism of genre films for playing `` fast and loose '' with their internal logic , but credited the fourth Insidious for having `` wrapped up its own free - association illogic with an impenetrable tangle of woo - woo spirit - world mechanics and lingo . '' Home Media ( edit ) Insidious : The Last Key was released on Digital HD on March 20 , 2018 and was released on DVD and Blu - ray on April 3 , 2018 , by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment . Possible sequel ( edit ) In an interview , Whannell stated that he does not know if he will be the one to write a potential sequel . On February 22 , 2018 , it was reported that , after the box office success of Insidious : The Last Key , a fifth installment is in development . See also ( edit ) List of ghost films References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Insidious : The Last Key ( 2018 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Insidious : The Last Key Unlocks Few Scares '' . Rotten Tomatoes . January 4 , 2018 . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Insidious 4 starts filming , casting latest '' . Den of Geek . August 31 , 2016 . Retrieved October 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Insidious : Chapter 4 ' Has Wrapped Filming '' . Bloody Disgusting . September 28 , 2016 . Retrieved October 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Insidious : Chapter 4 ' Moves to January 2018 '' . Variety . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( May 26 , 2018 ) . `` Insidious : The Last Key ' Locks Up $100 M+ Overseas For Franchise First '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( January 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' Insidious : The Last Key ' To Scare Up Biz In Strong Holiday Holdover Period -- Box Office Preview '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro ( January 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jumanji ' Goes Wild With $36 M ; ' Insidious ' Rises To $29 M+ -- Sunday AM B.O. Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Insidious : The Last Key ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Insidious : The Last Key Reviews '' . Metacritic . CB Interactive . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Insidious : The Last Key ' : Horror franchise 's fourth chapter only for die - hard fans '' . The Seattle Times . 2018 - 01 - 04 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Insidious : The Last Key Review '' . Screen Rant. 2018 - 01 - 05 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ Yoshida , Emily ( 5 January 2018 ) . `` Insidious : The Last Key Makes Very Little Sense '' . New York Magazine . Vulture , New York Media , LLC . Jump up ^ Miska , Brad ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` Surprise ! Insidious ; The Last Key Is The Highest Grossing Insidious Film '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website Insidious : The Last Key on IMDb hide Insidious Insidious ( 2010 ) Insidious : Chapter 2 ( 2013 ) Insidious : Chapter 3 ( 2015 ) Insidious : The Last Key ( 2018 ) hide James Wan Films directed Saw ( 2003 ) Saw ( 2004 ) Dead Silence ( 2007 ) Death Sentence ( 2007 ) Doggie Heaven ( short ; 2008 ) Insidious ( 2011 ) The Conjuring ( 2013 ) Insidious : Chapter 2 ( 2013 ) Furious 7 ( 2015 ) The Conjuring 2 ( 2016 ) Aquaman ( 2018 ) Films produced Annabelle ( 2014 ) Demonic ( 2015 ) Insidious : Chapter 3 ( 2015 ) Lights Out ( 2016 ) Annabelle : Creation ( 2017 ) Insidious : The Last Key ( 2018 ) The Nun ( 2018 ) The Children ( 2019 ) Comics written Malignant Man ( 2011 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Insidious:_The_Last_Key&oldid=846430590 '' Categories : 2018 films English - language films Insidious ( film series ) 2018 horror films 2010s horror thriller films American films American supernatural horror films American horror thriller films Films produced by Jason Blum Haunted house films Prequel films Spirit possession in fiction Blumhouse Productions films Universal Pictures films Hidden categories : Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Português Русский Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 June 2018 , at 18 : 58 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insidious%3A%20The%20Last%20Key

where does phil mickelson stand at the masters

Phil Mickelson

phil mickelson

Philip Alfred Mickelson ( born June 16 , 1970 ) , nicknamed Lefty , is an American professional golfer . He has won 43 events on the PGA Tour , including five major championships : three Masters titles ( 2004 , 2006 , 2010 ) , a PGA Championship ( 2005 ) , and an Open Championship ( 2013 ) .

Mickelson is one of 16 players in the history of golf to win at least three of the four majors . He has won every major except the U.S. Open , where he has finished runner - up a record six times . Mickelson has spent over 700 weeks in the top - 10 of the Official World Golf Ranking , has reached a career - high world ranking of No. 2 several times and is a life member of the PGA Tour . Known for his left - handed swing , even though otherwise right - handed , he learned by mirroring his right - handed father 's swing . He was inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame in 2012 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early years 2 College golf 3 Professional career 3.1 1992 -- 2003 : Trying for first major win 3.2 2004 -- 2006 : First three major wins 3.3 2006 : Collapse on final hole at the U.S. Open at Winged Foot 3.4 2006 -- 2008 3.5 2009 3.6 2010 : Third Masters win 3.6. 1 Remainder of 2010 3.7 2011 3.8 2012 : 40th career PGA Tour win 3.9 2013 3.9. 1 Near - miss at U.S. Open 3.9. 2 Fifth major title at the Open Championship 3.10 2014 and 2015 : Inconsistent form and close calls in majors 3.11 2016 : New swing coach 3.12 2017 : Recovery from surgeries 3.13 2018 : Winless streak ends 4 Playing style 5 Earnings and endorsements 6 Insider trading settlement 7 Amateur wins ( 8 ) 8 Professional wins ( 49 ) 8.1 PGA Tour wins ( 43 ) 8.2 European Tour wins ( 10 ) 8.3 Challenge Tour wins ( 1 ) 8.4 Other wins ( 2 ) 9 Major championships 9.1 Wins ( 5 ) 9.2 Results timeline 9.3 Summary 10 World Golf Championships 10.1 Wins ( 3 ) 10.2 Results timeline 11 PGA Tour career summary 12 U.S. national team appearances 13 Equipment 14 See also 15 References 16 External links Early years ( edit ) Born in San Diego , California , to parents Philip Mickelson ( an airline pilot and former naval aviator ) and Mary Mickelson ( née Santos ) ; he was raised there and in Scottsdale , Arizona . Although otherwise right - handed , he played golf left - handed since he learned by watching his right - handed father swing , mirroring his style . Mickelson began golf under his father 's instruction before starting school . Phil Sr. 's work schedule as a commercial pilot allowed them to play together several times a week and young Phil honed his creative short game on an extensive practice area in their San Diego backyard . Mickelson graduated from the University of San Diego High School in 1988 . He is a Republican , and donated money to JD Hayworth 's House campaign . College Golf ( edit ) Mickelson attended Arizona State University in Tempe on a golf scholarship and became the face of amateur golf in the United States , capturing three NCAA individual championships and three Haskins Awards ( 1990 , 1991 , 1992 ) as the outstanding collegiate golfer . With three individual NCAA championships , he shares the record for most individual NCAA championships alongside Ben Crenshaw . Mickelson also led the Sun Devils to the NCAA team title in 1990 . Over the course of his collegiate career , he won 16 tournaments . Mickelson was the second collegiate golfer to earn first - team All - American honors all four years . In 1990 , he also became the first with a left - handed swing to win the U.S. Amateur title . Mickelson secured perhaps his greatest achievement as an amateur in January 1991 , winning his first PGA Tour event , the Northern Telecom Open , in Tucson . At age 20 , he was only the sixth amateur to win a tour event and the first in over five years after Scott Verplank at the Western Open in August 1985 . Other players to accomplish this feat include Doug Sanders ( 1956 Canadian Open ) and Gene Littler ( 1954 San Diego Open ) . With five holes remaining , Mickelson led by a stroke , but made a triple - bogey and was then three behind . The leaders ahead of him then stumbled , and he birdied 16 and 18 to win by a stroke . To date , it is the most recent win by an amateur at a PGA Tour event . That April , Mickelson was the low amateur at the Masters Tournament in Augusta , Georgia . With his two - year PGA Tour exemption from the Tucson win , he played in several tour events in 1992 while an amateur but failed to make a cut . Professional career ( edit ) 1992 -- 2003 : trying for first major win ( edit ) Mickelson graduated from ASU in June 1992 and quickly turned professional . He bypassed the tour 's qualifying process ( Q - School ) because of his 1991 win in Tucson , which earned him a two - year exemption . In early 1993 , Mickelson hired Jim `` Bones '' Mackay as his caddy . He won many PGA Tour tournaments during this period , including the Byron Nelson Golf Classic and the World Series of Golf in 1996 , the AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am in 1998 , the Colonial National Invitation in 2000 and the Greater Hartford Open in 2001 and again in 2002 . He appeared as himself in a non-speaking role in the 1996 film Tin Cup , starring Kevin Costner . His 2000 Buick Invitational win ended Tiger Woods ' streak of six consecutive victories on the PGA tour . After the win , Mickelson said , `` I did n't want to be the bad guy . I was n't trying to end the streak per se . I was just trying to win the golf tournament . '' Although he had performed very well in the majors up to the end of the 2003 season ( 17 top - ten finishes , and six second - or third - place finishes between 1999 and 2003 ) , Mickelson 's inability to win any of them led to him frequently being described as the `` best player never to win a major '' . 2004 -- 2006 : first three major wins ( edit ) Mickelson at The Open Championship in 2006 at Hoylake Mickelson 's first major championship win came in his thirteenth year on the PGA Tour in 2004 , when he secured victory in the Masters with an 18 - foot ( 5.5 m ) birdie putt on the final hole . Ernie Els was the runner - up at a stroke back ; the two played in different pairs in the final round and had traded birdies and eagles on the back nine . In addition to getting the `` majors monkey '' off his back , Mickelson was now only the third golfer with a left - handed swing to win a major , the others being New Zealander Sir Bob Charles , who won The Open Championship in 1963 , and Canadian Mike Weir , who won The Masters in 2003 . ( Like Mickelson , Weir is a right - hander who plays left - handed . ) A fourth left - handed winner is natural southpaw Bubba Watson , the Masters champion in 2012 and 2014 . Prior to the Ryder Cup in 2004 , Mickelson was dropped from his long - standing contract with Titleist / Acushnet Golf , after an incident when he left a voicemail message for a Callaway Golf executive . In it he praised their driver and golf ball , and thanked them for their help in getting some equipment for his brother . This memo was played to all of their salesmen , and eventually found its way back to Titleist . He was then let out of his multi-year deal with Titleist 16 months early , and signed on with Callaway Golf , his current equipment sponsor . He endured a great deal of ridicule and scrutiny from the press and fellow Ryder Cup members for his equipment change so close to the Ryder Cup matches . He faltered at the 2004 Ryder Cup with a 1 -- 3 -- 0 record , but refused to blame the sudden change in equipment or his practice methods for his performance . In November 2004 , Mickelson tallied his career - low for an 18 - hole round : a 59 at the PGA Grand Slam of Golf at Poipu Bay Golf Course in Hawaii . The following year , Mickelson captured his second major at the PGA Championship at Baltusrol , in a Monday final - round conclusion that had been forced by inclement weather the previous day . On the 18th hole , Mickelson hit one of his trademark soft pitches from deep greenside rough to within a 18 inches ( 460 mm ) of the cup , and made his birdie to finish at a 4 - under - par total of 276 , one shot ahead of Steve Elkington and Thomas Bjørn . Mickelson captured his third major title the following spring at the Masters . He won his second green jacket after shooting a 3 - under - par final round , winning by two strokes over runner - up Tim Clark . This win propelled him to 2nd place in the Official World Golf Ranking ( his career best ) , behind Woods , and ahead of Vijay Singh and Retief Goosen . 2006 : collapse on final hole at the U.S. Open at Winged foot ( edit ) After winning two majors in a row heading into the U.S. Open at Winged Foot , Mickelson was bidding to join Ben Hogan and Tiger Woods as the only players to win three consecutive majors ( not necessarily in the same calendar year ) . Mickelson was the joint - leader going into the final round , but he was part of a wild finish to the tournament , in which he made major mistakes on the final hole and ended up in a tie for second place at + 6 ( 286 ) , one shot behind Geoff Ogilvy . Mickelson bogeyed the 16th hole of the final round . On the 17th hole , with the lead at + 4 , he missed the fairway to the left , and his drive finished inside a garbage can , from which he was granted a free drop ; he parred the hole . He had a one - shot lead and was in the last group going into the final hole . Needing a par on the 18th hole for a one - shot victory , Mickelson continued with his aggressive style of play and chose to hit a driver off the tee ; he hit his shot well left of the fairway ( he had only hit two of thirteen fairways previously in the round ) . The ball bounced off a corporate hospitality tent and settled in an area of trampled - down grass that was enclosed with trees . He decided to go for the green with his second shot , rather than play it safe and pitch out into the fairway . His ball then hit a tree , and did not advance more than 50 yards ( 46 m ) . His next shot plugged into the left greenside bunker . He was unable to get up and down from there , resulting in a double bogey , and costing him a chance of winning the championship outright or getting into an 18 - hole playoff with Ogilvy . After his disappointing finish , Mickelson said : `` I 'm still in shock . I still ca n't believe I did that . This one hurts more than any tournament because I had it won . Congratulations to Geoff Ogilvy on some great play . I want to thank all the people that supported me . The only thing I can say is I 'm sorry . '' He was even more candid when he said : `` I just ca n't believe I did that . I 'm such an idiot . '' 2006 -- 2008 ( edit ) Mickelson at 2007 Barclays Singapore Open . During the third round of the 2006 Ford Championship at Doral , Mickelson gave a spectator $200 after his wayward tee shot at the par - 5 10th broke the man 's watch . Mickelson also has shown other signs of appreciation . In 2007 after hearing the story of retired NFL player , Conrad Dobler , and his family on ESPN explaining their struggles to pay medical bills , Mickelson volunteered to pay tuition for Holli Dobler , Conrad Dobler 's daughter , at Miami University in Oxford , Ohio . Frustrated with his driving accuracy , Mickelson made the decision in April 2007 to leave longtime swing coach , Rick Smith . He then began working with Butch Harmon , a former coach of Tiger Woods and Greg Norman . On May 13 , Mickelson came from a stroke back on the final round to shoot a three - under 69 to win The Players Championship with an 11 - under - par 277. ` In the U.S. Open at Oakmont in June , Mickelson missed the cut ( by a stroke ) for the first time in 31 majors after shooting 11 over par for 36 holes . He had been hampered by a wrist injury that was incurred while practicing in the thick rough at Oakmont a few weeks before the tournament . On September 3 , 2007 , Mickelson won the Deutsche Bank Championship , which is the second FedEx Cup playoff event . On the final day , he was paired with Tiger Woods , who ended up finishing two strokes behind Mickelson in a tie for second . It was the first time that Mickelson was able to beat Woods while the two stars were paired together on the final day of a tournament . The next day Mickelson announced that he would not be competing in the third FedEx Cup playoff event . The day before his withdrawal , Mickelson said during a television interview that PGA Tour Commissioner , Tim Finchem , had not responded to advice he had given him on undisclosed issues . In 2008 , Mickelson won the Crowne Plaza Invitational at Colonial with a − 14 , one shot ahead of Tim Clark and Rod Pampling . Mickelson shot a first - round 65 to start off the tournament at − 5 . He ended the day tied with Brett Wetterich , two shots behind leader , Johnson Wagner . Mickelson shot a second round 68 , and the third round 65 , overall , being − 12 for the first three rounds . On the final hole , after an absolutely horrendous tee shot , he was in thick rough with trees in his way . Many players would have punched out , and taken their chances at making par from the fairway with a good wedge shot . Instead , he pulled out a high - lofted wedge and hit his approach shot over a tree , landing on the green where he one - putted for the win . In a Men 's Vogue article , Mickelson recounted his effort to lose twenty pounds ( 9.1 kg ) with the help of trainer Sean Cochran . `` Once the younger players started to come on tour , he realized that he had to start working out to maintain longevity in his career , '' Cochran said . Mickelson 's regimen consisted of increasing flexibility and power , eating five smaller meals a day , aerobic training , and carrying his own golf bag . Mickelson was inducted into the National Italian American Sports Hall of Fame in 2008 . 2009 ( edit ) Mickelson won his first 2009 tour event when he defended his title at the Northern Trust Open at Riviera , one stroke ahead of Steve Stricker . The victory was Mickelson 's 35th on tour ; he surpassed Vijay Singh for second place on the current PGA Tour wins list . A month later , he won his 36th , and his first World Golf Championship , at the WGC - CA Championship with a one - stroke win over Nick Watney . On May 20 , it was announced that his wife Amy was diagnosed with breast cancer , and Mickelson announced that he would suspend his PGA Tour schedule indefinitely . She would begin treatment with major surgery as early as the following two weeks . Mickelson was scheduled to play the HP Byron Nelson Championship May 21 -- 24 , and to defend his title May 28 -- 31 at the Crowne Plaza Invitational at Colonial , but withdrew from both events . During the final round of the 2009 BMW PGA Championship , fellow golfer and family friend John Daly wore bright pink trousers in support of Mickelson 's wife . Also , the next Saturday , at the Crowne Plaza Invitational at Colonial , a `` Pink Out '' event was hosted , and the PGA Tour players all wore pink that day , to support the Mickelson family . On May 31 , Mickelson announced that he would return to play on the PGA Tour in June at the St. Jude Classic and the U.S. Open , since he had heard from the doctors treating his wife that her cancer had been detected in an early stage . Mickelson shot a final round 70 at the 2009 U.S. Open and recorded his fifth runner - up finish at the U.S. Open . He shared the lead after an eagle at the 13th hole , but fell back with bogeys on 15 and 17 ; Lucas Glover captured the championship . On July 6 , it was announced that his mother Mary was diagnosed with breast cancer and would have surgery at the same hospital where his wife was treated . After hearing the news that his mother had been diagnosed with breast cancer , Mickelson took another leave of absence from the tour , missing The Open Championship at Turnberry . On July 28 , Mickelson announced he would return in August at the WGC - Bridgestone Invitational , the week before the PGA Championship at Hazeltine National Golf Club in Chaska , Minnesota . In September , Mickelson won The Tour Championship for the second time in his career . He entered the final round four strokes off the lead , but shot a final round 65 to win the event by three strokes over Tiger Woods . With the win , Mickelson finished the season second behind Woods in the 2009 FedEx Cup standings . On November 8 , Mickelson won the WGC - HSBC Champions by one shot over Ernie Els in Shanghai . 2010 : third Masters win ( edit ) In 2010 , Mickelson won the Masters Tournament on April 11 with a 16 - under - par performance , giving him a three - stroke win over Lee Westwood . The win marked the third Masters victory for Mickelson and his fourth major championship overall . Critical to Mickelson 's win was a dramatic run in the third round on Saturday in which Mickelson , trailing leader Westwood by five strokes as he prepared his approach shot to the 13th green , proceeded to make eagle , then to hole - out for eagle from 141 yards at the next hole , the par 4 14th , then on the next , the par 5 15th , to miss eagle from 81 yards by mere inches . After tapping in for birdie at 15 , Mickelson , at − 12 , led Westwood , at − 11 , who had bogeyed hole 12 and failed to capitalize on the par 5 13th , settling for par . Westwood recaptured a one - stroke lead by the end of the round , but the momentum carried forward for Mickelson into round 4 , where he posted a bogey - free 67 to Westwood 's 71 . No other pursuer was able to keep pace to the end , though K.J. Choi and Anthony Kim made notable charges . For good measure , Mickelson birdied the final hole and memorably greeted his waiting wife , Amy , with a prolonged hug and kiss . For many fans , Mickelson 's finish in the tournament was especially poignant , given that Amy had been suffering from breast cancer during the preceding year . Mary Mickelson , Phil 's mother , was also dealing with cancer . CBS Sports announcer Jim Nantz 's call of the final birdie putt , `` That 's a win for the family , '' was seen by many as capturing the moment well . Tiger Woods had a dramatic return to competitive play after a scandal - ridden 20 - week absence ; he was in close contention throughout for the lead and finished tied with Choi for 4th at − 11 . Mickelson and others showed exciting play over the weekend , and the 2010 Masters had strong television ratings in the United States , ranking third all - time to Woods 's historic wins in 1997 and 2001 . Mickelson 's win left him second only to Woods in major championships among his competitive contemporaries , moving him ahead of Ernie Els , Vijay Singh and Pádraig Harrington , with three major championships each and each , like Mickelson , with dozens of worldwide wins . Remainder of 2010 ( edit ) Mickelson , one of the favorites for the U.S. Open at Pebble Beach , shot 74 and 66 on Thursday and Friday to sit a shot off the lead . However , two weekend scores of 73 gave him a T4 finish . During the remainder of the 2010 season , Mickelson had multiple opportunities to become the number one player in the world rankings following the travails of Tiger Woods . However , a string of disappointing finishes by Mickelson saw the number one spot eventually go to Englishman Lee Westwood . In the days leading up to the PGA Championship at Whistling Straits ( near Kohler , Wisconsin ) , Mickelson announced he had been diagnosed with psoriatic arthritis . He added that he had started medical treatment , and had become a vegetarian in hopes of aiding his recovery . He maintains that both his short - and long - term prognosis are good , that the condition should have no long - term effect on his golfing career , and that he currently feels well . He also stated that the arthritis may go into permanent remission after one year of medical treatment . He went on to finish the championship T12 , five shots behind winner Martin Kaymer . 2011 ( edit ) Mickelson started his 2011 season at the Farmers Insurance Open at Torrey Pines Golf Course . He shot 67 -- 69 -- 68 and was tied for the 54 hole lead with Bill Haas . Mickelson needed to hole out on the 18th hole for eagle from 74 yards to force a playoff with Bubba Watson . He hit it to 4 feet and Watson won the tournament . On April 3 , Mickelson won the Shell Houston Open with a 20 - under - par , three - stroke win over Scott Verplank . Mickelson rose to No. 3 in the world ranking , while Tiger Woods fell to No. 7 . Mickelson had not been ranked above Woods since the week prior to the 1997 Masters Tournament . At The Open Championship , Mickelson recorded just his second top - ten finish in 18 tournaments by tying for second with Dustin Johnson . His front nine 30 put him briefly in a tie for the lead with eventual champion Darren Clarke . However , some putting problems caused him to fade from contention toward the end , to finish in a tie for second place . 2012 : 40th career PGA Tour win ( edit ) Mickelson made his 2012 debut at the Humana Challenge and finished tied for 49th . He missed the cut at the Farmers Insurance Open after shooting rounds of 77 and 68 . In the final round of the AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am , Mickelson rallied from six shots back , winning the tournament by two strokes with a final round score of 8 - under 64 and a four - round total of 269 . The win marked his 40th career victory on the PGA Tour . The following week at Riviera Country Club , Mickelson lost the Northern Trust Open in a three - way playoff . He had held the lead or a share of it from day one until the back nine on Sunday when Bill Haas posted the clubhouse lead at seven under par . Mickelson holed a 27 - foot birdie putt on the final regulation hole to force a playoff alongside Haas and Keegan Bradley . Haas however won the playoff with a 40 - foot birdie putt on the second playoff hole . The second - place finish moved Mickelson back into the world 's top 10 . Mickelson finished tied for third at the Masters . After opening the tournament with a two - over-par 74 , he shot 68 - 66 in the next two rounds and ended up one stroke behind leader Peter Hanson by Saturday night . Mickelson had a poor start to his fourth round , scoring a triple - bogey when he hit his ball far to the left of the green on the par - 3 4th hole , hitting the stand and landing in a bamboo plant . This ended up being Mickelson 's only score over par in the whole round , and he ended with a score of eight - under overall . Earlier in the tournament he had received widespread praise for being present to watch Jack Nicklaus , Arnold Palmer , and Gary Player hit the ceremonial opening tee - shots , nearly seven hours before Mickelson 's own tee time . Mickelson made a charge during the final round at the HP Byron Nelson Championship , but bogeyed the 17th and 18th , finishing T - 7th . He then withdrew from the Memorial Tournament , citing mental fatigue , after a first round 79 . He was to be paired with Tiger Woods and Bubba Watson at the U.S. Open . He fought to make the cut in the U.S. Open , and finished T - 65th . After taking a couple of weeks off , he played in the Greenbrier Classic . Putting problems meant a second straight missed cut at the Greenbrier and a third missed cut at 2012 Open Championship , shooting 73 - 78 ( 11 over par ) . He finished T - 43rd at the WGC - Bridgestone Invitational . He then finished T - 36th at the PGA Championship . To start the 2012 FedEx Cup Playoffs , Mickelson finished T38 at The Barclays , + 1 for the tournament . He tied with Tiger Woods , Zach Johnson , and five other players . In this tournament , he started using the claw putting grip on the greens . At the next event , the Deutsche Bank Championship , he finished the tournament with a − 14 , tied for 4th with Dustin Johnson . At the BMW Championship , Mickelson posted a − 16 for the first three rounds , one of those rounds being a − 8 , 64 . On the final day , Mickelson shot a − 2 , 70 , to finish tied for 2nd , with Lee Westwood , two shots behind leader , and back - to - back winner , Rory McIlroy . At the Tour Championship , he ended up finishing tied for 15th . He went on to have a 3 -- 1 record at the Ryder Cup ; however , the USA team lost the event . 2013 ( edit ) Mickelson began the 2013 season in January by playing in the Humana Challenge , where he finished T37 at − 17 . His next event was the following week in his home event near San Diego at the Farmers Insurance Open . Mickelson endured a disappointing tournament , finishing T51 , shooting all four rounds in the 70s . In the first round of the Waste Management Phoenix Open , Mickelson tied his career low round of 60 . He made seven birdies in his first nine holes and needed a birdie on the 18th hole to equal the PGA Tour record of 59 . However , his 25 - foot birdie putt on the final hole lipped out , resulting in him missing out by a single shot on making only the sixth round of 59 in PGA Tour history . Mickelson led the tournament wire - to - wire and completed a four shot win over Brandt Snedeker for his 41st PGA Tour victory and 3rd Phoenix Open title . Mickelson 's score of 28 - under - par tied Mark Calcavecchia 's tournament scoring record . He also moved back inside the world 's top 10 after falling down as far as number 22 . Near - miss at U.S. Open ( edit ) At the U.S. Open at Merion , Mickelson entered the final round leading by one stroke after rounds of 67 -- 72 -- 70 ( − 1 ) over the first three days , but he started the final round by three - putting the 3rd and 5th holes for double - bogeys to fall out of the lead . He regained the lead at the par four 10th , when he holed his second shot from the rough for an eagle . However , a misjudgment at the short par three 13th saw him fly the green and make a bogey to slip one behind leader Justin Rose . Another bogey followed at the 15th , before narrowly missing a birdie putt on the 16th that would have tied Rose . Mickelson could not make a birdie at the 17th and after a blocked drive on the 18th , he could not hole his pitch from short of the green , which led to a final bogey . Mickelson ended up finishing tied for second with Jason Day , two strokes behind Justin Rose . It was the sixth runner - up finish of Mickelson 's career at the U.S. Open , an event record and only behind Jack Nicklaus ' seven runner - up finishes at The Open Championship . After the event , Mickelson called the loss heartbreaking and said `` this is tough to swallow after coming so close ... I felt like this was as good an opportunity I could ask for and to not get it ... it hurts . '' It was also Father 's Day , which happened to be his birthday . Fifth major title at the Open Championship ( edit ) The week before The Open Championship , Mickelson warmed up for the event by winning his first tournament on British soil at the Scottish Open on July 14 , after a sudden - death playoff against Branden Grace . After this victory , Mickelson spoke of his confidence ahead of his participation in the following week 's major championship . Mickelson said : `` I 've never felt more excited going into The Open . I do n't think there 's a better way to get ready for a major than playing well the week before and getting into contention . Coming out on top just gives me more confidence . '' The following week , Mickelson won his fifth major title on July 21 at the Open Championship ( often referred to as the British Open ) Muirfield Golf Links in Scotland ; the Open Championship is the oldest of the four major tournaments in professional golf . This was the first time in history that anyone had won both the Scottish Open and The Open Championship in the same year . Mickelson birdied four of the last six holes in a brilliant final round of 66 to win the title by three strokes . He shed tears on the 18th green after completing his round . Mickelson later said : `` I played arguably the best round of my career , and shot the round of my life . The range of emotions I feel are as far apart as possible after losing the U.S. Open . But you have to be resilient in this game . '' In an interview before the 2015 Open , Mickelson said , `` Two years removed from that win , I still ca n't believe how much it means to me . '' 2014 and 2015 : inconsistent form and close Calls in majors ( edit ) Mickelson struggled in 2014 , missing the cut at the Masters for the first time since 1997 . He failed to contend at the U.S. Open at Pinehurst in his first bid to complete the career grand slam . Mickelson 's lone top - 10 of the PGA Tour season came at the year 's final major , the PGA Championship at Valhalla . Mickelson shot rounds of 69 - 67 - 67 - 66 to finish solo second , one shot behind world number one Rory McIlroy . Prior to the 2015 Masters , Mickelson 's best finish in 2015 was a tie for 17th . At the Masters , Mickelson shot rounds of 70 -- 68 -- 67 -- 69 to finish tied for second with Justin Rose , four shots behind champion Jordan Spieth . The second - place finish was Mickelson 's tenth such finish in a major , placing him second all time only to Jack Nicklaus in that regard . At The Open Championship , Mickelson shot rounds of 70 -- 72 -- 70 and was eight shots behind , outside the top forty . In the final round , Mickelson birdied the 15th hole to move to 10 under and within two of the lead . After a missed 10 - foot ( 3.0 m ) birdie putt on 16 , Mickelson hit his drive on the infamous Road Hole ( 17th ) at the famed Old Course at St Andrews onto a second floor balcony of the Old Course Hotel . The out of bounds drive lead to a triple bogey 7 that sent Mickelson tumbling out of contention . Later in the year , it was announced that Mickelson would leave longtime swing coach Butch Harmon , feeling as though he needed to hear a new perspective on things . 2016 : New swing coach ( edit ) After leaving Butch Harmon , Mickelson hired Andrew Getson of Grayhawk Golf Club in Scottsdale , Arizona , to serve as his new swing coach . The two worked together heavily in the 2015 offseason to get Mickelson 's swing back . Under Getson 's guidance , Mickelson made his 2016 debut at the CareerBuilder Challenge . He shot rounds of 68 -- 65 -- 66 -- 68 to finish in a tie for third place at 21 - under - par . It was only Mickelson 's fifth top - five finish since his win at the 2013 Open Championship . The third - place finish was Mickelson 's highest finish in his first worldwide start of a calendar year since he won the same event to begin the 2004 season . At the AT&T Pebble Beach Pro-Am , Mickelson shot rounds of 68 -- 65 -- 66 -- 72 to finish in solo second place , a shot behind Vaughn Taylor . Mickelson lipped out a five - foot birdie putt to force a playoff on the 72nd hole . He entered the final round with a two stroke lead , his first 54 - hole lead since the 2013 U.S. Open and was seeking to end a winless drought dating back 52 worldwide events to the 2013 Open Championship . Mickelson shot a 63 in the opening round of The Open Championship at Royal Troon . The round set a new course record and matched the previous major championship record for lowest round . Mickelson had a 15 - foot ( 4.6 m ) birdie putt that narrowly missed on the final hole to set a new major championship scoring record of 62 . He followed this up with a 69 in the second round for a 10 under par total and a one shot lead over Henrik Stenson going into the weekend . In the third round , Mickelson shot a one under 70 for a total of 11 under par to enter the final round one shot back of Stenson . Despite Mickelson 's bogey - free 65 in the final round , Stenson shot 63 to win by three shots . Mickelson finished 11 strokes clear of 3rd place , a major championship record for a runner up . Mickelson 's 267 total set a record score for a runner up in the British Open , and only trails Mickelson 's 266 at the 2001 PGA Championship as the lowest total by a runner up in major championship history . 2017 : recovery from surgeries ( edit ) In the fall of 2016 , Mickelson had two sports hernia surgeries . Those in the golf community expected him to miss much time recovering , however his unexpected return at the CareerBuilder Challenge was a triumphant one , leading to a T - 21 finish . The next week , in San Diego , he narrowly missed an eagle putt on the 18th hole on Sunday that would 've got him to 8 - under par instead posting − 7 ( 71 - 72 - 67 - 71 ) to finish T14 at the Farmers Insurance Open . The following week , at the Waste Management Phoenix Open , which he has won three times , he surged into contention following a Saturday 65 . He played his first nine holes in 4 - under 32 and sending his name to the top of the leaderboard . However , his charge faltered with bogeys at 11 , 12 , 14 , 15 , and a double bogey at the driveable 17th hole . He stumbled with a final round 71 , still earning a T - 16 finish , for his sixth straight top - 25 finish on tour . Mickelson came close to winning again at the FedEx St. Jude Classic where he had finished in second place the previous year to Daniel Berger . He started the final round four strokes behind leaders but he quickly played himself into contention . Following a birdie at the 10th hole he vaulted to the top of leaderboard but found trouble on the 12th hole . His tee shot carried out of bounds and his fourth shot hit the water so he had to make a long putt to salvage triple - bogey . He managed to get one shot back but he finished three shots behind winner Berger , in ninth place , for the second straight year . Two weeks later he withdrew from the U.S. Open to attend his daughter 's high school graduation . A week later his longtime caddie Jim ( Bones ) Mackay left Mickelson in a mutual agreement . Mickelson then missed the cut at both The Open Championship and the PGA Championship , shooting one of his worst rounds in a major . On September 6 , days after posting his best finish of the season of T6 at the Dell Technologies Championship , Mickelson was named as a captain 's pick for the Presidents Cup . This maintained a streak of 23 consecutive USA teams in the Presidents Cup and Ryder Cup , dating back to 1994 . 2018 : winless streak ends ( edit ) On March 4 , 2018 , Mickelson ended a winless drought that dated back to 2013 , by capturing his third WGC championship at the WGC - Mexico Championship , with a final round score of 66 and a total score of − 16 . Mickelson birdied two of his last four holes and had a lengthy putt to win outright on the 72nd hole , but tied with Justin Thomas . He defeated Thomas on the first extra hole of a sudden - death playoff with a par . After Thomas had flown the green , Mickelson had a birdie to win the playoff which lipped out . Thomas however could not get up and down for par , meaning Mickelson claimed the championship . The win was Mickelson 's 43rd on the PGA Tour and his first since winning the 2013 Open Championship . He also became the oldest winner of a WGC event , at age 47 . In the third round of the 2018 U.S. Open , Mickelson incurred a two - stroke penalty in a controversial incident on the 13th hole when he hit his ball while it was still moving . He ended up shooting 81 ( + 11 ) . His former coach Butch Harmon thought Mickelson should have been disqualified . Playing style ( edit ) As a competitor , Mickelson 's playing style is described by many as `` aggressive '' and highly social . His strategy toward difficult shots ( bad lies , obstructions ) would tend to be considered risky . Mickelson has also been characterized by his powerful and sometimes inaccurate driver , but his excellent short game draws the most positive reviews , most of all his daring `` Phil flop '' shot in which a big swing with a high - lofted wedge against a tight lie flies a ball high into the air for a short distance . Mickelson is usually in the top 10 in scoring , and he led the PGA Tour in birdie average as recently as 2013 . Earnings and endorsements ( edit ) Although ranked second on the PGA Tour 's all - time money list of tournament prize money won , Mickelson earns far more from endorsements than from prize money . According to one estimate of 2011 earnings ( comprising salary , winnings , bonuses , endorsements and appearances ) Mickelson was then the second - highest paid athlete in the United States , earning an income of over $62 million , $53 million of which came from endorsements . Major companies which Mickelson currently endorses are KPMG , ExxonMobil ( Mickelson and wife Amy started a teacher sponsorship fund with the company ) , Rolex , Workday , Inc. , Callaway Golf and Mizzen + Main . He has been previously sponsored by Titleist , Bearing Point , Barclays , and Ford . After being diagnosed with psoriatic arthritis in 2010 , Mickelson was treated with Enbrel and began endorsing the drug . In 2015 , Forbes estimated Mickelson 's annual income at $51 million . Insider trading settlement ( edit ) On May 30 , 2014 , The Wall Street Journal reported that the FBI and U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ( SEC ) were investigating Mickelson and associates of his for insider trading in Clorox stock . Mickelson denied any wrongdoing , and the investigation found `` no evidence '' and concluded without any charges . On May 19 , 2016 , Mickelson was named as a relief defendant in another SEC complaint alleging insider trading but completely avoided criminal charges in a parallel case brought in the Federal District Court for the Southern District of New York . The action stems for trades in Dean Foods in 2012 in conjunction with confidential information provided by Thomas Davis , a former director of Dean Foods Company , who tipped his friend and `` professional sports bettor '' Billy Walters . The SEC did not allege that Walters actually told Mickelson of any material , nonpublic information about Dean Foods , and the SEC disgorged Mickelson of the $931,000 profit he had made from trading Dean Foods stock and had him pay prejudgment interest of $105,000 . In 2017 , Walters was convicted of making $40 million on Davis 's private information from 2008 to 2014 by a federal jury . At that time , it was also noted that Mickelson had `` once owed nearly $2 million in gambling debts to '' Walters . Walters ' lawyer said his client would appeal the 2017 verdict . Amateur wins ( 8 ) ( edit ) 1980 Junior World Golf Championships ( Boys 9 -- 10 ) 1989 NCAA Division I Championship 1990 Pac - 10 Championship , NCAA Division I Championship , U.S. Amateur , Porter Cup 1991 Western Amateur 1992 NCAA Division I Championship Professional wins ( 49 ) ( edit ) Mickelson with commissioner Tim Finchem after winning the 2007 Players Championship PGA Tour wins ( 43 ) ( edit ) Legend Major championships ( 5 ) Players Championship ( 1 ) World Golf Championships ( 2 ) Tour Champ / FedEx Cup Events ( 3 ) Other PGA Tour ( 32 ) No . Date Tournament To Par Winning score Margin of victory Runner ( s ) - up Jan 13 , 1991 Northern Telecom Open ( as an amateur ) − 16 65 - 71 - 65 - 71 = 272 1 stroke Tom Purtzer , Bob Tway Feb 21 , 1993 Buick Invitational of California − 10 75 - 69 - 69 - 65 = 278 4 strokes Dave Rummells Aug 22 , 1993 The International 45 pts . 11 - 7 - 11 - 16 = 45 8 points Mark Calcavecchia Jan 9 , 1994 Mercedes Championships − 12 70 - 68 - 70 - 68 = 276 Playoff Fred Couples 5 Jan 22 , 1995 Northern Telecom Open ( 2 ) − 19 65 - 66 - 70 - 68 = 269 1 stroke Jim Gallagher , Jr. , Scott Simpson 6 Jan 14 , 1996 Nortel Open ( 3 ) − 14 69 - 66 - 71 - 67 = 273 2 strokes Bob Tway 7 Jan 27 , 1996 Phoenix Open − 15 69 - 67 - 66 - 67 = 269 Playoff Justin Leonard 8 May 12 , 1996 GTE Byron Nelson Golf Classic − 15 67 - 65 - 67 - 66 = 265 2 strokes Craig Parry 9 Aug 25 , 1996 NEC World Series of Golf − 6 70 - 66 - 68 - 70 = 274 3 strokes Billy Mayfair , Steve Stricker , Duffy Waldorf 10 Mar 23 , 1997 Bay Hill Invitational − 16 72 - 65 - 70 - 65 = 272 3 strokes Stuart Appleby 11 Aug 3 , 1997 Sprint International ( 2 ) 48 pts . 14 - 13 - 12 - 9 = 48 7 points Stuart Appleby 12 Jan 11 , 1998 Mercedes Championships ( 2 ) − 17 68 - 67 - 68 - 68 = 271 1 stroke Mark O'Meara , Tiger Woods 13 Aug 17 , 1998 AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am − 14 65 - 70 - 67 = 202 1 stroke Tom Pernice , Jr . 14 Feb 13 , 2000 Buick Invitational ( 2 ) − 18 66 - 67 - 67 - 70 = 270 4 strokes Shigeki Maruyama , Tiger Woods 15 Apr 2 , 2000 BellSouth Classic − 11 67 - 69 - 69 = 205 Playoff Gary Nicklaus 16 May 21 , 2000 MasterCard Colonial − 12 67 - 68 - 70 - 63 = 268 2 strokes Stewart Cink , Davis Love III 17 Nov 5 , 2000 The Tour Championship − 13 67 - 69 - 65 - 66 = 267 2 strokes Tiger Woods 18 Feb 11 , 2001 Buick Invitational ( 3 ) − 19 68 - 64 - 71 - 66 = 269 Playoff Frank Lickliter , Davis Love III 19 Jul 1 , 2001 Canon Greater Hartford Open − 16 67 - 68 - 61 - 68 = 264 1 stroke Billy Andrade 20 Jan 20 , 2002 Bob Hope Chrysler Classic − 30 64 - 67 - 70 - 65 - 64 = 330 Playoff David Berganio , Jr . 21 Jun 23 , 2002 Canon Greater Hartford Open ( 2 ) − 14 69 - 67 - 66 - 64 = 264 1 stroke Jonathan Kaye , Davis Love III 22 Jan 25 , 2004 Bob Hope Chrysler Classic ( 2 ) − 30 68 - 63 - 64 - 67 - 68 = 330 Playoff Skip Kendall 23 Apr 11 , 2004 Masters Tournament − 9 72 - 69 - 69 - 69 = 279 1 stroke Ernie Els 24 Feb 6 , 2005 FBR Open ( 2 ) − 17 73 - 60 - 66 - 68 = 267 5 strokes Scott McCarron , Kevin Na 25 Feb 13 , 2005 AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am ( 2 ) − 19 62 - 67 - 67 - 73 = 269 4 strokes Mike Weir 26 Apr 4 , 2005 BellSouth Classic ( 2 ) − 8 74 - 65 - 69 = 208 Playoff Arjun Atwal , Rich Beem , Brandt Jobe , José María Olazábal 27 Aug 15 , 2005 PGA Championship − 4 67 - 65 - 72 - 72 = 276 1 stroke Thomas Bjørn , Steve Elkington 28 Apr 2 , 2006 BellSouth Classic ( 3 ) − 28 63 - 65 - 67 - 65 = 260 13 strokes Zach Johnson , José María Olazábal 29 Apr 9 , 2006 Masters Tournament ( 2 ) − 7 70 - 72 - 70 - 69 = 281 2 strokes Tim Clark 30 Feb 11 , 2007 AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am ( 3 ) − 20 65 - 67 - 70 - 66 = 268 5 strokes Kevin Sutherland 31 May 13 , 2007 The Players Championship − 11 67 - 72 - 69 - 69 = 277 2 strokes Sergio García 32 Sep 3 , 2007 Deutsche Bank Championship − 16 70 - 64 - 68 - 66 = 268 2 strokes Arron Oberholser , Brett Wetterich , Tiger Woods 33 Feb 17 , 2008 Northern Trust Open − 12 68 - 64 - 70 - 70 = 272 2 strokes Jeff Quinney 34 May 26 , 2008 Crowne Plaza Invitational at Colonial ( 2 ) − 14 65 - 68 - 65 - 68 = 266 1 stroke Tim Clark , Rod Pampling 35 Feb 22 , 2009 Northern Trust Open ( 2 ) − 15 63 - 72 - 62 - 72 = 269 1 stroke Steve Stricker 36 Mar 15 , 2009 WGC - CA Championship − 19 65 - 66 - 69 - 69 = 269 1 stroke Nick Watney 37 Sep 27 , 2009 The Tour Championship ( 2 ) − 9 73 - 67 - 66 - 65 = 271 3 strokes Tiger Woods 38 Apr 11 , 2010 Masters Tournament ( 3 ) − 16 67 - 71 - 67 - 67 = 272 3 strokes Lee Westwood 39 Apr 3 , 2011 Shell Houston Open − 20 70 - 70 - 63 - 65 = 268 3 strokes Chris Kirk , Scott Verplank 40 Feb 12 , 2012 AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am ( 4 ) − 17 70 - 65 - 70 - 64 = 269 2 strokes Charlie Wi 41 Feb 3 , 2013 Waste Management Phoenix Open ( 3 ) − 28 60 - 65 - 64 - 67 = 256 4 strokes Brandt Snedeker 42 Jul 21 , 2013 The Open Championship − 3 69 - 74 - 72 - 66 = 281 3 strokes Henrik Stenson 43 Mar 4 , 2018 WGC - Mexico Championship ( 2 ) − 16 69 - 68 - 65 - 66 = 268 Playoff Justin Thomas PGA Tour playoff record ( 8 -- 4 ) No . Year Tournament Opponent ( s ) Result 1994 Mercedes Championships Fred Couples Won with par on second extra hole Phoenix Open Justin Leonard Won with birdie on third extra hole 2000 BellSouth Classic Gary Nicklaus Won with birdie on first extra hole 2000 GTE Byron Nelson Classic Davis Love III , Jesper Parnevik Parnevik won with par on third extra hole Mickelson eliminated with birdie on second hole 5 2001 Buick Invitational Frank Lickliter , Davis Love III Won with double bogey on third extra hole Love eliminated with par on second hole 6 2002 Bob Hope Chrysler Classic David Berganio , Jr . Won with birdie on first extra hole 7 Bob Hope Chrysler Classic Skip Kendall Won with birdie on first extra hole 8 2005 BellSouth Classic Arjun Atwal , Rich Beem , Brandt Jobe , José María Olazábal Won with birdie on fourth extra hole Olazábal eliminated with par on third hole Atwal and Jobe eliminated with par on first hole 9 2007 Nissan Open Charles Howell III Lost to par on third extra hole 10 2008 FBR Open J.B. Holmes Lost to birdie on first extra hole 11 2012 Northern Trust Open Keegan Bradley , Bill Haas Haas won with birdie on second extra hole 12 2018 WGC - Mexico Championship Justin Thomas Won with par on first extra hole European Tour wins ( 10 ) ( edit ) Legend Major championships ( 5 ) World Golf Championships ( 3 ) Other European Tour ( 2 ) No . Date Tournament Winning score Margin of victory Runner ( s ) - up Apr 11 , 2004 Masters Tournament − 9 ( 72 - 69 - 69 - 69 = 279 ) 1 stroke Ernie Els Aug 15 , 2005 PGA Championship − 4 ( 67 - 65 - 72 - 72 = 276 ) 1 stroke Thomas Bjørn , Steve Elkington Apr 9 , 2006 Masters Tournament − 7 ( 70 - 72 - 70 - 69 = 281 ) 2 strokes Tim Clark Nov 11 , 2007 ( 2008 season ) HSBC Champions − 10 ( 68 - 66 - 68 - 76 = 278 ) Playoff Ross Fisher , Lee Westwood 5 Mar 15 , 2009 WGC - CA Championship − 19 ( 65 - 66 - 69 - 69 = 269 ) 1 stroke Nick Watney 6 Nov 8 , 2009 WGC - HSBC Champions − 17 ( 69 - 66 - 67 - 69 = 271 ) 1 stroke Ernie Els 7 Apr 11 , 2010 Masters Tournament − 16 ( 67 - 71 - 67 - 67 = 272 ) 3 strokes Lee Westwood 8 Jul 14 , 2013 Aberdeen Asset Management Scottish Open − 17 ( 66 - 70 - 66 - 69 = 271 ) Playoff Branden Grace 9 Jul 21 , 2013 The Open Championship − 3 ( 69 - 74 - 72 - 66 = 281 ) 3 strokes Henrik Stenson 10 Mar 4 , 2018 WGC - Mexico Championship ( 2 ) − 16 ( 69 - 68 - 65 - 66 = 268 ) Playoff Justin Thomas Co-sanctioned with Asian Tour , Sunshine Tour and PGA Tour of Australasia Co-sanctioned with the PGA Tour Official event on European Tour , Asian Tour , Sunshine Tour & PGA Tour of Australasia , but not an official PGA Tour event European Tour playoff record ( 3 -- 1 ) No . Year Tournament Opponent ( s ) Result 2007 Barclays Scottish Open Grégory Havret Lost to par on first extra hole 2007 HSBC Champions Ross Fisher , Lee Westwood Won with birdie on second extra hole 2013 Aberdeen Asset Management Scottish Open Branden Grace Won with birdie on first extra hole 2018 WGC - Mexico Championship Justin Thomas Won with par on first extra hole Challenge Tour wins ( 1 ) ( edit ) 1993 Tournoi Perrier de Paris Other wins ( 2 ) ( edit ) 2004 Telus Skins Game , PGA Grand Slam of Golf Major championships ( edit ) Wins ( 5 ) ( edit ) Year Championship 54 holes Winning score Margin Runner ( s ) - up Masters Tournament Tied for lead − 9 ( 72 - 69 - 69 - 69 = 279 ) 1 stroke Ernie Els 2005 PGA Championship Tied for lead − 4 ( 67 - 65 - 72 - 72 = 276 ) 1 stroke Thomas Bjørn , Steve Elkington 2006 Masters Tournament ( 2 ) 1 shot lead − 7 ( 70 - 72 - 70 - 69 = 281 ) 2 strokes Tim Clark Masters Tournament ( 3 ) 1 shot deficit − 16 ( 67 - 71 - 67 - 67 = 272 ) 3 strokes Lee Westwood 2013 The Open Championship 5 shot deficit − 3 ( 69 - 74 - 72 - 66 = 281 ) 3 strokes Henrik Stenson Results timeline ( edit ) Tournament 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 Masters Tournament T46 T34 T7 CUT T12 T6 U.S. Open T29 T55 CUT T47 T4 T94 T43 T10 The Open Championship T73 CUT T40 T41 T24 79 CUT PGA Championship T6 CUT T8 T29 T34 T57 Tournament 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Masters Tournament T7 10 T24 T5 5 U.S. Open T16 T7 T55 T33 T2 CUT T18 T2 The Open Championship T11 T30 T66 T59 T60 T22 CUT T19 PGA Championship T9 T34 T23 T6 T16 T32 T7 73 Tournament 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Masters Tournament T27 T3 T54 CUT T2 CUT T22 T36 U.S. Open T4 T54 T65 T2 T28 T64 CUT T48 The Open Championship T48 T2 CUT T23 T20 CUT PGA Championship T12 T19 T36 T72 T18 T33 CUT Win Top 10 Did not play LA = Low amateur CUT = missed the half - way cut `` T '' = tied Summary ( edit ) Tournament Wins 2nd 3rd Top - 5 Top - 10 Top - 25 Events Cuts made Masters Tournament 5 11 15 18 26 23 U.S. Open 0 6 0 8 10 12 27 24 The Open Championship 10 24 19 PGA Championship 9 14 25 23 Totals 5 11 7 27 38 54 102 89 Most consecutive cuts made -- 30 ( 1999 PGA -- 2007 Masters ) Longest streak of top - 10s -- 5 ( 2004 Masters -- 2005 Masters ) World Golf championships ( edit ) Wins ( 3 ) ( edit ) Year Championship 54 holes Winning score Margin of victory Runner - up 2009 WGC - CA Championship Tied for lead − 19 ( 65 - 66 - 69 - 69 = 269 ) 1 stroke Nick Watney 2009 WGC - HSBC Champions 2 shot lead − 17 ( 69 - 66 - 67 - 69 = 271 ) 1 stroke Ernie Els 2018 WGC - Mexico Championship ( 2 ) 2 shot deficit − 16 ( 69 - 68 - 65 - 66 = 268 ) Playoff Justin Thomas Results timeline ( edit ) Results not in chronological order prior to 2015 . Tournament 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 Championship T40 NT T23 T38 T29 T23 T20 Match Play R16 R64 R64 R16 QF R16 R16 R32 R32 Invitational T4 T8 T9 T23 T43 T51 T54 T46 T4 Tournament 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Championship T14 T55 T43 T3 T16 T31 5 T7 Match Play R16 R32 T18 QF T17 Invitational T58 T46 T48 T43 T21 T15 T63 T27 T39 Champions T41 T2 14 T15 Cancelled due to 9 / 11 Win Top 10 Did not play QF , R16 , R32 , R64 = Round in which player lost in match play `` T '' = tied NT = No Tournament The HSBC Champions did not become a WGC event until 2009 . PGA Tour career summary ( edit ) Season Wins ( Majors ) Earnings ( $ ) Rank 1991 0 N / A 1992 0 171,714 90 1993 628,735 22 1994 748,316 15 1995 655,777 28 1,697,799 1997 1,225,390 11 1998 1,837,246 6 1999 0 1,722,681 14 2000 4,746,457 2001 4,403,833 2002 4,311,971 2003 0 1,623,137 38 2 ( 1 ) 5,784,823 2005 4 ( 1 ) 5,699,605 2006 2 ( 1 ) 4,256,505 6 2007 5,819,988 2008 5,118,875 2009 5,332,755 1 ( 1 ) 3,821,733 6 2011 3,763,488 12 2012 4,203,821 8 2013 2 ( 1 ) 5,495,793 2014 0 2,158,019 38 2015 0 2,154,200 38 2016 0 4,022,628 12 2017 0 2,102,599 45 Career * 42 ( 5 ) 83,577,937 * As of 2017 season . Mickelson won as an amateur in 1991 and therefore did not receive any prize money . U.S. national team appearances ( edit ) Amateur Walker Cup : 1989 , 1991 ( winners ) Eisenhower Trophy : 1990 Professional Presidents Cup : 1994 ( winners ) , 1996 ( winners ) , 1998 , 2000 ( winners ) , 2003 ( tie ) , 2005 ( winners ) , 2007 ( winners ) , 2009 ( winners ) , 2011 ( winners ) , 2013 ( winners ) , 2015 ( winners ) , 2017 ( winners ) Ryder Cup : 1995 , 1997 , 1999 ( winners ) , 2002 , 2004 , 2006 , 2008 ( winners ) , 2010 , 2012 , 2014 , 2016 ( winners ) Alfred Dunhill Cup : 1996 ( winners ) World Cup : 2002 Wendy 's 3 - Tour Challenge ( representing PGA Tour ) : 1997 ( winners ) , 2000 ( winners ) Ryder Cup points record 1995 1997 1999 2002 2006 2008 2012 2014 2016 Total 2.5 0.5 2.5 21.5 President Cup points record 1994 1998 2000 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 Total 1.5 0 4.5 2.5 3.5 3.5 32.5 Equipment ( edit ) Equipment is accurate as of the 2018 WGC - Dell Technologies Match Play ( March 20 , 2018 ) Driver : Callaway Rogue Sub Zero ( 9 degrees ) 3 - wood : Callaway Rogue Sub Zero ( 13.5 degrees ) Hybrid : Callaway Rogue ( 19 Degrees ) Utility : Callaway X Forged UT ( 18 Degrees ) Irons : Callaway Epic Pro ( 4 Iron ) , Callaway X Forged ' 18 ( 5 - 7 ) , Callaway Apex MB ' 18 ( 8 - PW ) Wedges : Callaway Mack Daddy PM Grind ( 56 - 13 , 64 - 10 ) , Callaway Mack Daddy PM Grind 2.0 ( 60 - 10 ) Putter : Odyssey Versa # 9 Ball : Callaway Chrome Soft X ( 2018 ) See also ( edit ) Biography portal List of golfers with most European Tour wins List of golfers with most PGA Tour wins List of men 's major championships winning golfers Monday Night Golf References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Phil Mickelson -- Profile '' . PGA Tour . Retrieved March 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 87th PGA Championship '' ( PDF ) . PGA of America . August 15 , 2005 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mickelson 's `` Peaceful '' Day `` . The Open . July 21 , 2013 . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Betscher , Fatiha . `` Rory McIlroy 's Historic Open Victory -- ' With This Win ' '' . Golfbytourmiss.com . Jump up ^ Casey , Phil ( July 22 , 2013 ) . `` Mickelson targets Grand Slam of victories after sealing Open glory at Muirfield '' . Daily Mail . London . Retrieved July 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official World Golf Ranking Advanced Statistics '' . Golfrankingstats.com . July 14 , 2013 . Retrieved July 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` World Golf Hall of Fame to induct Mickelson in 2012 '' . PGA Tour . November 10 , 2011 . Retrieved July 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bio '' . February 11 , 2013 . Retrieved April 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Phil Sr. prepared son for greatness '' . USA Today . August 15 , 2005 . Retrieved July 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` California Birth Index , 1905 - 1995 '' . Ancestry.com . Jump up ^ Beria , Elyas ( 20 June 2011 ) . `` Bearing gifts , Republican golfers meet with Obama '' . Jump up ^ `` Arizona State Sun Devils profile '' . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2013 . Retrieved July 30 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Amateur makes history in desert '' . Eugene Register - Guard . ( Oregon ) . Associated Press . January 14 , 1991 . p. 2B . Jump up ^ `` Amateur Mickelson triumphs over PGA pros '' . The Bulletin . ( Bend , Oregon ) . Associated Press . January 14 , 1991 . p . D2 . Jump up ^ Kelley , Brent . `` Who Was the Last Amateur to Win on the PGA Tour , European Tour and LPGA Tour ? '' . About.com . Retrieved July 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McCabe , Jim ( August 31 , 2008 ) . `` Dash and carry : Mickelson caddy makes the rounds '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved July 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Apfelbaum , Jim , ed. ( 2007 ) . The Gigantic Book of Golf Quotations . Skyhorse Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60239 - 014 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : McCallum , Jack ( August 19 , 2002 ) . `` Major Issues '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved July 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Masters shots to remember : Finally , they get their Phil '' . USA Today . April 6 , 2013 . Retrieved July 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Barr , Adam ( September 7 , 2004 ) . `` Business Edge : Mickelson , Callaway Sign Endorsement Deal '' . Golf Channel . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2007 . Retrieved November 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Master Craftsman : Mickelson captures second green jacket '' . Golf.com . October 14 , 2008 . Retrieved July 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wojciechowski , Gene ( June 25 , 2006 ) . `` Phil 's Phailure will hurt for a while '' . ESPN . Retrieved July 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Spousta , Tom ( June 20 , 2006 ) . `` Ogilvy grabs U.S. Open when Mickelson , Montgomerie stumble '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Phil Mickelson Calls Himself an Idiot '' . Retrieved July 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Buteau , Michael ( June 19 , 2006 ) . `` Mickelson , With Loss at U.S. Open , Apologizes as Golf ' Idiot ' '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved July 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tips appreciated '' . SI.com . SportsTicker . March 4 , 2006 . Retrieved July 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Verdi , Bob ( February 14 , 2007 ) . `` Mickelson gives to Dobler family '' . ESPN . Retrieved July 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mickelson Wo n't Play In BMW Championship '' . The Washington Post . September 5 , 2007 . Retrieved July 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Moore , Stewart ( May 22 , 2008 ) . `` Crowne Plaza Invitational at Colonial : First - Round Notebook '' . PGA Tour . Retrieved July 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Crowne Plaza Invitational at Colonial leaderboard '' . ESPN . May 25 , 2008 . Retrieved July 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Birdie on 72nd hole gives Mickelson win at Colonial '' . PGA Tour . May 25 , 2008 . Retrieved July 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` How Phil Mickelson regained his stride '' . Golf Tips Home . Retrieved November 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Phil Mickelson 's weight loss workout '' . Men 's Vogue . August 2008 . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` National Italian American Sports Hall of Fame -- Phil Mickelson '' . Retrieved July 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Morfit , Cameron ( June 20 , 2009 ) . `` Mickelson 's season on hold as wife diagnosed with breast cancer '' . Golf.com . Retrieved July 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Daly Wears Pink in Final Round in Honour of Amy Mickelson '' . TSN . May 24 , 2009 . Retrieved July 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Report : Mickelson to play June 11 '' . ESPN . June 1 , 2009 . Retrieved July 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mickelson 's mother has breast cancer '' . PGA Tour . July 6 , 2009 . Retrieved July 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mickelson wins Tour Championship '' . BBC Sport . September 27 , 2009 . Retrieved July 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Phil Mickelson wins US Tour Championship as Tiger Woods pockets $10 million '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . September 28 , 2009 . Retrieved July 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mickelson holds off Els in China '' . BBC Sport . November 8 , 2009 . Retrieved July 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ DiMeglio , Steve ( April 11 , 2010 ) . `` Mickelson seizes the moment , captures Masters for third time '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dorman , Larry ( April 11 , 2010 ) . `` Mickelson Captures His Third Masters Title '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Third Time 's A Charm '' . Golf Digest . April 11 , 2010 . Retrieved July 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Masters Ratings Climb 36 Percent '' . ESPN . Associated Press . April 12 , 2010 . Retrieved July 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Phil Mickelson wins at Pebble Beach '' . ESPN . Associated Press . February 13 , 2012 . Retrieved July 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Haas wins at Riviera in playoff '' . ESPN . Associated Press . February 20 , 2012 . Retrieved July 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official World Golf Ranking , Week 7 , 2012 '' ( PDF ) . OWGR . February 19 , 2012 . Retrieved July 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dulac , Gerry ( April 6 , 2012 ) . `` Mickelson takes in ceremonial shots '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved July 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ferguson , Doug ( August 31 , 2012 ) . `` Mickelson goes to the claw '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Associated Press . Retrieved July 30 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Phil Mickelson -- Season '' . PGA Tour . Retrieved July 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Davis , John ( February 4 , 2012 ) . `` Phil Mickelson wins Phoenix Open , ties tournament scoring record '' . azcentral.com . Retrieved July 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Justin rose wins first major at 2013 U.S. Open as Mickelson finishes second '' . Sky Sports . June 16 , 2013 . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2013 . Retrieved June 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Harig , Bob ( June 16 , 2013 ) . `` Phil Mickelson finishes second at 2013 U.S. Open '' . ESPN . Retrieved June 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McLean , Euan ( July 15 , 2013 ) . `` Scottish Open : Fabulous Phil Mickelson breaks his hoodoo '' . Daily Record . Glasgow . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Corrigan , James ( July 21 , 2013 ) . `` Phil Mickelson wins fifth major title to win 142nd Open at Muirfield by three strokes '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved July 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Harig , Bob ( July 21 , 2013 ) . `` Lefty captures Claret Jug , 5th major '' . ESPN . Retrieved July 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hodgetts , Rob ( July 21 , 2013 ) . `` The Open 2013 : Phil Mickelson cards superb 66 to win at Muirfield '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Douglas , Steve ( July 12 , 2015 ) . `` Mickelson relives British Open victory at Muirfield '' . Yahoo News . Associated Press . Jump up ^ Inglis , Martin ( February 15 , 2016 ) . `` Phil Mickelson falls agonisingly short at Pebble '' . bunkered . Jump up ^ Murray , Scott ; Goodwin , Stuart ( July 14 , 2016 ) . `` The Open 2016 : day one -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . Retrieved July 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Inglis , Martin ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` Phil Mickelson and caddie Bones part ways '' . bunkered . Jump up ^ Inglis , Martin ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` Phil Mickelson gets captain 's pick for Presidents Cup '' . bunkered . Jump up ^ `` Phil Mickelson wins playoff in Mexico , ends long drought '' . USA Today . Associated Press . March 4 , 2018 . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Keith ( June 17 , 2018 ) . `` US Open : Butch Harmon reflects on Phil Mickelson 's penalty incident '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved June 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McAllister , Mike ( April 11 , 2013 ) . `` For Mickelson , style produces substance -- and a third Green Jacket '' . PGA Tour . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2012 . Retrieved July 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` What they said : Phil Mickelson '' . PGA Tour . May 5 , 2009 . Retrieved July 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Magee , David ( 2005 ) . Endurance : Winning Life 's Majors the Phil Mickelson Way . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 72087 - 4 . Retrieved July 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Golf Tips -- The Flop Shot '' . PlayersTowel.com. April 20 , 2012 . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2013 . Retrieved July 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Phil Mickelson -- Career '' . PGA Tour . Retrieved May 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` All - Time Money List Leaders '' . ESPN . Retrieved July 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Freedman , Jonah . `` Ranking the 50 highest - earning athletes in the U.S. '' SI.com . Retrieved July 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Phil Mickelson '' . Forbes . 2015 . Retrieved April 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pulliam , Susan ; Rothfeld , Michael ( May 30 , 2014 ) . `` FBI , SEC Probe Trading of Carl Icahn , Billy Walters , Phil Mickelson '' . Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ Belton , Beth ( May 30 , 2014 ) . `` Report : FBI , SEC probe Icahn , Mickelson and Walters '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ Regan , Trish ( May 31 , 2014 ) . `` Report : Icahn Says He 's Never Out Given Inside Information '' . Businessweek . ^ Jump up to : `` Report : Mickelson role in insider trading probe overstated '' . CBS News . June 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Smyth , David ( May 20 , 2016 ) . `` Phil Mickelson is Very Glad United States v. Newman is the Law in the Second Circuit '' . The National Law Review . Retrieved May 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fischer , Douglas H. ; Moreno , Joseph V. ; Wharton ( Clayton ) , Kendra ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` DOJ 's Failure to Charge Phil Mickelson Illustrates Difficulties in Charging Outsider Tippees with Insider Trading '' . The National Law Review . Retrieved May 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Moynihan , Colin ; Moyer , Liz ( April 7 , 2017 ) . `` William T. Walters , Famed Sports Bettor , Is Guilty in Insider Trading Case '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Callaway Junior World Golf Championships -- 1980 Champions '' . Junior World Golf . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2011 . Retrieved July 30 , 2013 . External Links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Phil Mickelson . Official website Phil Mickelson at the PGA Tour official site Phil Mickelson at the European Tour official site Phil Mickelson at the Official World Golf Ranking official site On Course With Phil Phil Mickelson on Charlie Rose Works by or about Phil Mickelson in libraries ( WorldCat catalog ) `` Phil Mickelson collected news and commentary '' . The New York Times . Phil Mickelson in the Major Championships Masters Tournament champions 1934 Horton Smith 1935 Gene Sarazen † 1936 Horton Smith 1937 Byron Nelson 1938 Henry Picard 1939 Ralph Guldahl 1940 Jimmy Demaret 1941 ‡ Craig Wood 1942 Byron Nelson † 1943 -- 45 cancelled due to World War II 1946 Herman Keiser 1947 Jimmy Demaret 1948 Claude Harmon 1949 Sam Snead 1950 Jimmy Demaret 1951 Ben Hogan 1952 Sam Snead 1953 Ben Hogan 1954 Sam Snead † 1955 Cary Middlecoff 1956 Jack Burke Jr . 1957 Doug Ford 1958 Arnold Palmer 1959 Art Wall Jr . 1960 ‡ Arnold Palmer 1961 Gary Player 1962 Arnold Palmer † 1963 Jack Nicklaus 1964 Arnold Palmer 1965 Jack Nicklaus 1966 Jack Nicklaus † 1967 Gay Brewer 1968 Bob Goalby 1969 George Archer 1970 Billy Casper † 1971 Charles Coody 1972 ‡ Jack Nicklaus 1973 Tommy Aaron 1974 Gary Player 1975 Jack Nicklaus 1976 ‡ Raymond Floyd 1977 Tom Watson 1978 Gary Player 1979 Fuzzy Zoeller † 1980 Seve Ballesteros 1981 Tom Watson 1982 Craig Stadler † 1983 Seve Ballesteros 1984 Ben Crenshaw 1985 Bernhard Langer 1986 Jack Nicklaus 1987 Larry Mize † 1988 Sandy Lyle 1989 Nick Faldo † 1990 Nick Faldo † 1991 Ian Woosnam 1992 Fred Couples 1993 Bernhard Langer 1994 José María Olazábal 1995 Ben Crenshaw 1996 Nick Faldo 1997 Tiger Woods 1998 Mark O'Meara 1999 José María Olazábal 2000 Vijay Singh 2001 Tiger Woods 2002 Tiger Woods 2003 Mike Weir † 2004 Phil Mickelson 2005 Tiger Woods † 2006 Phil Mickelson 2007 Zach Johnson 2008 Trevor Immelman 2009 Ángel Cabrera † 2010 Phil Mickelson 2011 Charl Schwartzel 2012 Bubba Watson † 2013 Adam Scott † 2014 Bubba Watson 2015 ‡ Jordan Spieth 2016 Danny Willett 2017 Sergio García † 2018 Patrick Reed † indicates the event was won in a playoff ; ‡ indicates the event was won wire - to - wire The Open Championship champions 1860 Willie Park Sr . 1861 Tom Morris Sr . 1862 Tom Morris Sr . 1863 Willie Park Sr . 1864 Tom Morris Sr . 1865 Andrew Strath 1866 Willie Park Sr . 1867 Tom Morris Sr . 1868 Tom Morris Jr . 1869 Tom Morris Jr . 1870 Tom Morris Jr . 1871 No championship 1872 Tom Morris Jr . 1873 Tom Kidd 1874 Mungo Park 1875 Willie Park Sr . 1876 Bob Martin † 1877 Jamie Anderson 1878 Jamie Anderson 1879 Jamie Anderson 1880 Bob Ferguson 1881 Bob Ferguson 1882 Bob Ferguson 1883 Willie Fernie † 1884 Jack Simpson 1885 Bob Martin 1886 David Brown 1887 Willie Park Jr . 1888 Jack Burns 1889 Willie Park Jr. † 1890 John Ball # 1891 Hugh Kirkaldy 1892 Harold Hilton # 1893 William Auchterlonie 1894 John Henry Taylor 1895 John Henry Taylor 1896 Harry Vardon † 1897 Harold Hilton # 1898 Harry Vardon 1899 Harry Vardon 1900 John Henry Taylor 1901 James Braid 1902 Sandy Herd 1903 Harry Vardon 1904 Jack White 1905 James Braid 1906 James Braid 1907 Arnaud Massy 1908 James Braid 1909 John Henry Taylor 1910 James Braid 1911 Harry Vardon † 1912 ‡ Edward Ray 1913 John Henry Taylor 1914 Harry Vardon 1915 -- 19 No Championships due to World War I 1920 George Duncan 1921 Jock Hutchison † 1922 Walter Hagen 1923 Arthur Havers 1924 Walter Hagen 1925 Jim Barnes 1926 Bobby Jones # 1927 ‡ Bobby Jones # 1928 Walter Hagen 1929 Walter Hagen 1930 Bobby Jones # 1931 Tommy Armour 1932 ‡ Gene Sarazen 1933 Denny Shute † 1934 ‡ Henry Cotton 1935 Alf Perry 1936 Alf Padgham 1937 Henry Cotton 1938 Reg Whitcombe 1939 Dick Burton 1940 -- 45 No Championships due to World War II 1946 Sam Snead 1947 Fred Daly 1948 Henry Cotton 1949 Bobby Locke † 1950 Bobby Locke 1951 Max Faulkner 1952 Bobby Locke 1953 Ben Hogan 1954 Peter Thomson 1955 Peter Thomson 1956 Peter Thomson 1957 Bobby Locke 1958 Peter Thomson † 1959 Gary Player 1960 Kel Nagle 1961 Arnold Palmer 1962 Arnold Palmer 1963 Bob Charles † 1964 Tony Lema 1965 Peter Thomson 1966 Jack Nicklaus 1967 Roberto De Vicenzo 1968 Gary Player 1969 Tony Jacklin 1970 Jack Nicklaus † 1971 Lee Trevino 1972 Lee Trevino 1973 ‡ Tom Weiskopf 1974 Gary Player 1975 Tom Watson † 1976 Johnny Miller 1977 Tom Watson 1978 Jack Nicklaus 1979 Seve Ballesteros 1980 Tom Watson 1981 Bill Rogers 1982 Tom Watson 1983 Tom Watson 1984 Seve Ballesteros 1985 Sandy Lyle 1986 Greg Norman 1987 Nick Faldo 1988 Seve Ballesteros 1989 Mark Calcavecchia † 1990 Nick Faldo 1991 Ian Baker - Finch 1992 Nick Faldo 1993 Greg Norman 1994 Nick Price 1995 John Daly † 1996 Tom Lehman 1997 Justin Leonard 1998 Mark O'Meara † 1999 Paul Lawrie † 2000 Tiger Woods 2001 David Duval 2002 Ernie Els † 2003 Ben Curtis 2004 Todd Hamilton † 2005 ‡ Tiger Woods 2006 Tiger Woods 2007 Pádraig Harrington † 2008 Pádraig Harrington 2009 Stewart Cink † 2010 Louis Oosthuizen 2011 Darren Clarke 2012 Ernie Els 2013 Phil Mickelson 2014 ‡ Rory McIlroy 2015 Zach Johnson † 2016 Henrik Stenson 2017 Jordan Spieth † indicates the event was won in a playoff ; ‡ indicates the event was won wire - to - wire in 72 - holes ; # indicates the event was won by an amateur PGA Championship champions Match play era 1916 Jim Barnes 1917 -- 18 Cancelled due to World War I 1919 Jim Barnes 1920 Jock Hutchison 1921 Walter Hagen 1922 Gene Sarazen 1923 Gene Sarazen 1924 Walter Hagen 1925 Walter Hagen 1926 Walter Hagen 1927 Walter Hagen 1928 Leo Diegel 1929 Leo Diegel 1930 Tommy Armour 1931 Tom Creavy 1932 Olin Dutra 1933 Gene Sarazen 1934 Paul Runyan 1935 Johnny Revolta 1936 Denny Shute 1937 Denny Shute 1938 Paul Runyan 1939 Henry Picard 1940 Byron Nelson 1941 Vic Ghezzi 1942 Sam Snead 1943 Cancelled due to World War II 1944 Bob Hamilton 1945 Byron Nelson 1946 Ben Hogan 1947 Jim Ferrier 1948 Ben Hogan 1949 Sam Snead 1950 Chandler Harper 1951 Sam Snead 1952 Jim Turnesa 1953 Walter Burkemo 1954 Chick Harbert 1955 Doug Ford 1956 Jack Burke Jr . 1957 Lionel Hebert Stroke play era 1958 Dow Finsterwald 1959 Bob Rosburg 1960 Jay Hebert 1961 Jerry Barber † 1962 Gary Player 1963 Jack Nicklaus 1964 ‡ Bobby Nichols 1965 Dave Marr 1966 Al Geiberger 1967 Don January † 1968 Julius Boros 1969 ‡ Raymond Floyd 1970 Dave Stockton 1971 Jack Nicklaus 1972 Gary Player 1973 Jack Nicklaus 1974 Lee Trevino 1975 Jack Nicklaus 1976 Dave Stockton 1977 Lanny Wadkins † 1978 John Mahaffey † 1979 David Graham † 1980 Jack Nicklaus 1981 Larry Nelson 1982 ‡ Raymond Floyd 1983 ‡ Hal Sutton 1984 Lee Trevino 1985 Hubert Green 1986 Bob Tway 1987 Larry Nelson † 1988 Jeff Sluman 1989 Payne Stewart 1990 Wayne Grady 1991 John Daly 1992 Nick Price 1993 Paul Azinger † 1994 Nick Price 1995 Steve Elkington † 1996 Mark Brooks † 1997 Davis Love III 1998 Vijay Singh 1999 Tiger Woods 2000 ‡ Tiger Woods † 2001 David Toms 2002 Rich Beem 2003 Shaun Micheel 2004 Vijay Singh † 2005 Phil Mickelson 2006 Tiger Woods 2007 Tiger Woods 2008 Pádraig Harrington 2009 Y.E. Yang 2010 Martin Kaymer † 2011 Keegan Bradley † 2012 Rory McIlroy 2013 Jason Dufner 2014 Rory McIlroy 2015 Jason Day 2016 Jimmy Walker 2017 Justin Thomas † indicates the event was won in a playoff ; ‡ indicates the event was won wire - to - wire Phil Mickelson in the Ryder Cup United States Ryder Cup team -- 1995 Fred Couples Ben Crenshaw Brad Faxon Jay Haas Peter Jacobsen Tom Lehman Davis Love III Jeff Maggert Phil Mickelson Corey Pavin Loren Roberts Curtis Strange Lanny Wadkins ( non-playing captain ) Lost : 13.5 -- 14.5 United States Ryder Cup team -- 1997 Fred Couples Brad Faxon Jim Furyk Scott Hoch Lee Janzen Tom Lehman Justin Leonard Davis Love III Jeff Maggert Phil Mickelson Mark O'Meara Tiger Woods Tom Kite ( non-playing captain ) Lost : 13.5 -- 14.5 United States Ryder Cup team -- 1999 David Duval Jim Furyk Tom Lehman Justin Leonard Davis Love III Jeff Maggert Phil Mickelson Mark O'Meara Steve Pate Payne Stewart Hal Sutton Tiger Woods Ben Crenshaw ( non-playing captain ) Won : 14.5 -- 13.5 United States Ryder Cup team -- 2002 Paul Azinger Mark Calcavecchia Stewart Cink David Duval Jim Furyk Scott Hoch Davis Love III Phil Mickelson Hal Sutton David Toms Scott Verplank Tiger Woods Curtis Strange ( non-playing captain ) Lost : 12.5 -- 15.5 United States Ryder Cup team -- 2004 Chad Campbell Stewart Cink Chris DiMarco Fred Funk Jim Furyk Jay Haas Davis Love III Phil Mickelson Kenny Perry Chris Riley David Toms Tiger Woods Hal Sutton ( non-playing captain ) Lost : 9.5 -- 18.5 United States Ryder Cup team -- 2006 Chad Campbell Stewart Cink Chris DiMarco Jim Furyk J.J. Henry Zach Johnson Phil Mickelson Vaughn Taylor David Toms Scott Verplank Brett Wetterich Tiger Woods Tom Lehman ( non-playing captain ) Lost : 9.5 -- 18.5 United States Ryder Cup team -- 2008 Chad Campbell Stewart Cink Ben Curtis Jim Furyk J.B. Holmes Anthony Kim Justin Leonard Hunter Mahan Phil Mickelson Kenny Perry Steve Stricker Boo Weekley Paul Azinger ( non-playing captain ) Won : 16.5 -- 11.5 United States Ryder Cup team -- 2010 Stewart Cink Rickie Fowler Jim Furyk Dustin Johnson Zach Johnson Matt Kuchar Hunter Mahan Phil Mickelson Jeff Overton Steve Stricker Bubba Watson Tiger Woods Corey Pavin ( non-playing captain ) Lost : 13.5 -- 14.5 United States Ryder Cup team -- 2012 Keegan Bradley Jason Dufner Jim Furyk Dustin Johnson Zach Johnson Matt Kuchar Phil Mickelson Webb Simpson Brandt Snedeker Steve Stricker Bubba Watson Tiger Woods Davis Love III ( non-playing captain ) Lost : 13.5 -- 14.5 United States Ryder Cup team -- 2014 Keegan Bradley Rickie Fowler Jim Furyk Zach Johnson Matt Kuchar Hunter Mahan Phil Mickelson Patrick Reed Webb Simpson Jordan Spieth Jimmy Walker Bubba Watson Tom Watson ( non-playing captain ) Lost : 11.5 -- 16.5 United States Ryder Cup team -- 2016 Rickie Fowler J.B. Holmes Dustin Johnson Zach Johnson Brooks Koepka Matt Kuchar Phil Mickelson Ryan Moore Patrick Reed Brandt Snedeker Jordan Spieth Jimmy Walker Davis Love III ( non-playing captain ) Won : 17 -- 11 Phil Mickelson in the Presidents Cup United States Presidents Cup team -- 1994 Fred Couples Jim Gallagher , Jr . Jay Haas Scott Hoch John Huston Tom Lehman Davis Love III Jeff Maggert Phil Mickelson Corey Pavin Loren Roberts Hale Irwin ( playing captain ) Won : 20 -- 12 United States Presidents Cup team -- 1996 Mark Brooks Fred Couples David Duval Scott Hoch Tom Lehman Justin Leonard Davis Love III Mark O'Meara Phil Mickelson Corey Pavin Kenny Perry Steve Stricker Arnold Palmer ( non-playing captain ) Won : 16.5 -- 15.5 United States Presidents Cup team -- 1998 Mark Calcavecchia Fred Couples David Duval Jim Furyk Scott Hoch John Huston Lee Janzen Justin Leonard Davis Love III Phil Mickelson Mark O'Meara Tiger Woods Jack Nicklaus ( non-playing captain ) Lost : 11.5 -- 20.5 United States Presidents Cup team -- 2000 Paul Azinger Notah Begay III Stewart Cink David Duval Jim Furyk Tom Lehman Davis Love III Phil Mickelson Loren Roberts Hal Sutton Kirk Triplett Tiger Woods Ken Venturi ( non-playing captain ) Won : 21.5 -- 10.5 United States Presidents Cup team -- 2003 Chris DiMarco Fred Funk Jim Furyk Jay Haas Charles Howell III Jerry Kelly Justin Leonard Davis Love III Phil Mickelson Kenny Perry David Toms Tiger Woods Jack Nicklaus ( non-playing captain ) Tied : 17 -- 17 United States Presidents Cup team -- 2005 Stewart Cink Fred Couples Chris DiMarco Fred Funk Jim Furyk Justin Leonard Davis Love III Phil Mickelson Kenny Perry David Toms Scott Verplank Tiger Woods Jack Nicklaus ( non-playing captain ) Won : 18.5 -- 15.5 United States Presidents Cup team -- 2007 Woody Austin Stewart Cink Jim Furyk Lucas Glover Charles Howell III Zach Johnson Hunter Mahan Phil Mickelson Steve Stricker David Toms Scott Verplank Tiger Woods Jack Nicklaus ( non-playing captain ) Won : 19.5 -- 14.5 United States Presidents Cup team -- 2009 Stewart Cink Jim Furyk Lucas Glover Zach Johnson Anthony Kim Justin Leonard Hunter Mahan Phil Mickelson Sean O'Hair Kenny Perry Steve Stricker Tiger Woods Fred Couples ( non-playing captain ) Won : 19.5 -- 14.5 United States Presidents Cup team -- 2011 Jim Furyk Bill Haas Dustin Johnson Matt Kuchar Hunter Mahan Phil Mickelson Webb Simpson Steve Stricker David Toms Nick Watney Bubba Watson Tiger Woods Fred Couples ( non-playing captain ) Won : 19 -- 15 United States Presidents Cup team -- 2013 Keegan Bradley Jason Dufner Bill Haas Zach Johnson Matt Kuchar Hunter Mahan Phil Mickelson Webb Simpson Brandt Snedeker Jordan Spieth Steve Stricker Tiger Woods Fred Couples ( non-playing captain ) Won : 18.5 -- 15.5 United States Presidents Cup team -- 2015 Rickie Fowler Bill Haas J.B. Holmes Dustin Johnson Zach Johnson Chris Kirk Matt Kuchar Phil Mickelson Patrick Reed Jordan Spieth Jimmy Walker Bubba Watson Jay Haas ( non-playing captain ) Won : 15.5 -- 14.5 United States Presidents Cup team -- 2017 Daniel Berger Kevin Chappell Rickie Fowler Charley Hoffman Dustin Johnson Kevin Kisner Brooks Koepka Matt Kuchar Phil Mickelson Patrick Reed Jordan Spieth Justin Thomas Steve Stricker ( non-playing captain ) Won : 19 -- 11 World Golf Championships champions WGC - Championship 1999 Tiger Woods † 2000 Mike Weir 2001 Cancelled 2002 Tiger Woods 2003 Tiger Woods 2004 Ernie Els 2005 Tiger Woods † 2006 Tiger Woods 2007 Tiger Woods 2008 Geoff Ogilvy 2009 Phil Mickelson 2010 Ernie Els 2011 Nick Watney 2012 Justin Rose 2013 Tiger Woods 2014 Patrick Reed 2015 Dustin Johnson 2016 Adam Scott 2017 Dustin Johnson 2018 Phil Mickelson WGC - Match Play 1999 Jeff Maggert 2000 Darren Clarke 2001 Steve Stricker 2002 Kevin Sutherland 2003 Tiger Woods 2004 Tiger Woods 2005 David Toms 2006 Geoff Ogilvy 2007 Henrik Stenson 2008 Tiger Woods 2009 Geoff Ogilvy 2010 Ian Poulter 2011 Luke Donald 2012 Hunter Mahan 2013 Matt Kuchar 2014 Jason Day 2015 Rory McIlroy 2016 Jason Day 2017 Dustin Johnson 2018 Bubba Watson WGC - Invitational 1999 Tiger Woods 2000 Tiger Woods 2001 Tiger Woods † 2002 Craig Parry 2003 Darren Clarke 2004 Stewart Cink 2005 Tiger Woods 2006 Tiger Woods † 2007 Tiger Woods 2008 Vijay Singh 2009 Tiger Woods 2010 Hunter Mahan 2011 Adam Scott 2012 Keegan Bradley 2013 Tiger Woods 2014 Rory McIlroy 2015 Shane Lowry 2016 Dustin Johnson 2017 Hideki Matsuyama WGC - Champions 2009 Phil Mickelson 2010 Francesco Molinari 2011 Martin Kaymer 2012 Ian Poulter 2013 Dustin Johnson 2014 Bubba Watson 2015 Russell Knox 2016 Hideki Matsuyama 2017 Justin Rose WGC - World Cup 2000 David Duval / Tiger Woods 2001 Ernie Els / Retief Goosen 2002 Toshimitsu Izawa / Shigeki Maruyama 2003 Trevor Immelman / Rory Sabbatini 2004 Paul Casey / Luke Donald 2005 Stephen Dodd / Bradley Dredge 2006 Bernhard Langer / Marcel Siem No longer WGC event † indicates the event was won in a playoff Players Championship champions 1974 Jack Nicklaus 1975 Al Geiberger 1976 Jack Nicklaus 1977 Mark Hayes 1978 Jack Nicklaus 1979 Lanny Wadkins 1980 Lee Trevino 1981 Raymond Floyd † 1982 Jerry Pate 1983 Hal Sutton 1984 Fred Couples 1985 Calvin Peete 1986 John Mahaffey 1987 Sandy Lyle † 1988 Mark McCumber 1989 Tom Kite 1990 Jodie Mudd 1991 Steve Elkington 1992 Davis Love III 1993 Nick Price 1994 Greg Norman 1995 Lee Janzen 1996 Fred Couples 1997 Steve Elkington 1998 Justin Leonard 1999 David Duval 2000 Hal Sutton 2001 Tiger Woods 2002 Craig Perks 2003 Davis Love III 2004 Adam Scott 2005 Fred Funk 2006 Stephen Ames 2007 Phil Mickelson 2008 Sergio García † 2009 Henrik Stenson 2010 Tim Clark 2011 K.J. Choi † 2012 Matt Kuchar 2013 Tiger Woods 2014 Martin Kaymer 2015 Rickie Fowler † 2016 Jason Day 2017 Kim Si - woo 2018 Webb Simpson † indicates the event was won in a playoff U.S. Amateur champions 1895 Charles B. Macdonald 1896 H.J. Whigham 1897 H.J. Whigham 1898 Findlay S. Douglas 1899 Herbert M. Harriman 1900 Walter Travis 1901 Walter Travis 1902 Louis N. James 1903 Walter Travis 1904 Chandler Egan 1905 Chandler Egan 1906 Eben Byers 1907 Jerome Travers 1908 Jerome Travers 1909 Robert A. Gardner 1910 William C. Fownes Jr . 1911 Harold Hilton † 1912 Jerome Travers 1913 Jerome Travers 1914 Francis Ouimet 1915 Robert A. Gardner 1916 Chick Evans 1917 -- 18 Cancelled due to World War I 1919 S. Davidson Herron 1920 Chick Evans 1921 Jesse P. Guilford 1922 Jess Sweetser 1923 Max R. Marston † 1924 Bobby Jones 1925 Bobby Jones 1926 George Von Elm 1927 Bobby Jones 1928 Bobby Jones 1929 Harrison R. Johnston 1930 Bobby Jones 1931 Francis Ouimet 1932 Ross Somerville 1933 George Dunlap 1934 Lawson Little 1935 Lawson Little 1936 John Fischer † 1937 Johnny Goodman 1938 Willie Turnesa 1939 Bud Ward 1940 Dick Chapman 1941 Bud Ward 1942 -- 45 Cancelled due to World War II 1946 Ted Bishop † 1947 Skee Riegel 1948 Willie Turnesa 1949 Charles Coe 1950 Sam Urzetta † 1951 Billy Maxwell 1952 Jack Westland 1953 Gene Littler 1954 Arnold Palmer 1955 Harvie Ward 1956 Harvie Ward 1957 Hillman Robbins 1958 Charles Coe 1959 Jack Nicklaus 1960 Deane Beman 1961 Jack Nicklaus 1962 Labron Harris Jr . 1963 Deane Beman 1964 William C. Campbell 1965 Bob Murphy 1966 Gary Cowan † 1967 Bob Dickson 1968 Bruce Fleisher 1969 Steve Melnyk 1970 Lanny Wadkins 1971 Gary Cowan 1972 Vinny Giles 1973 Craig Stadler 1974 Jerry Pate 1975 Fred Ridley 1976 Bill Sander 1977 John Fought 1978 John Cook 1979 Mark O'Meara 1980 Hal Sutton 1981 Nathaniel Crosby 1982 Jay Sigel 1983 Jay Sigel 1984 Scott Verplank 1985 Sam Randolph 1986 Buddy Alexander 1987 Billy Mayfair 1988 Eric Meeks 1989 Chris Patton 1990 Phil Mickelson 1991 Mitch Voges 1992 Justin Leonard 1993 John Harris 1994 Tiger Woods 1995 Tiger Woods 1996 Tiger Woods † 1997 Matt Kuchar 1998 Hank Kuehne 1999 David Gossett 2000 Jeff Quinney † 2001 Bubba Dickerson 2002 Ricky Barnes 2003 Nick Flanagan † 2004 Ryan Moore 2005 Edoardo Molinari 2006 Richie Ramsay 2007 Colt Knost 2008 Danny Lee 2009 An Byeong - hun 2010 Peter Uihlein 2011 Kelly Kraft 2012 Steven Fox † 2013 Matthew Fitzpatrick 2014 Gunn Yang 2015 Bryson DeChambeau 2016 Curtis Luck 2017 Doc Redman † indicates the event was won in extra holes . BNF : cb165708204 ( data ) GND : 1021793361 ISNI : 0000 0000 3017 9663 LCCN : n00098826 SUDOC : 152818316 VIAF : 6170376 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phil_Mickelson&oldid=846453954 '' Categories : American male golfers Arizona State Sun Devils men 's golfers PGA Tour golfers Winners of men 's major golf championships Ryder Cup competitors for the United States World Golf Hall of Fame inductees Golfers from California Golfers from Arizona Left - handed golfers Sportspeople from San Diego American people of Swedish descent American people of Italian descent 1970 births Living people Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Kapampangan Latviešu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe 中文 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 June 2018 , at 21 : 44 ( UTC ) . 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who plays cinderella in once upon a time 2017

Dania Ramirez as Cinderella / Jacinda

Dania Ramirez

Once Upon a Time ( season 7 )

once upon a time ( season 7 )

The seventh season of the American ABC fantasy - drama Once Upon a Time was ordered on May 11 , 2017 . It will consist of 22 episodes , airing on Fridays , having premiered on October 6 , 2017 .

This season marks a significant change for the series , as it was announced at the end of the sixth season that the majority of the main cast members would not be returning for season 7 . Lana Parrilla , Colin O'Donoghue , and Robert Carlyle will be the only ones remaining . Andrew J. West and Alison Fernandez were announced as new regulars in May 2017 . Dania Ramirez and Gabrielle Anwar were announced as additional regulars in July 2017 . In August 2017 , it was announced that Mekia Cox had been promoted to series regular after initially joining the cast in July as recurring . The storyline is softly rebooted with a new main narrative led by an adult Henry Mills , set many years after the last season 's events . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast and characters 1.1 Regular 1.2 Recurring 1.3 Guest 2 Episodes 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 4 Ratings 5 References 6 External links Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Once Upon a Time characters Regular ( edit ) Lana Parrilla as Evil Queen / Regina Mills / Roni Colin O'Donoghue as Captain Hook / Killian Jones / Rogers Andrew J. West as Henry Mills Dania Ramirez as Cinderella / Jacinda Gabrielle Anwar as Lady Tremaine / Victoria Belfrey Alison Fernandez as Lucy Robert Carlyle as Rumplestiltskin / Mr. Gold / Weaver Mekia Cox as Tiana / Sabine Recurring ( edit ) Adelaide Kane as Drizella / Ivy Belfrey Rose Reynolds as Alice / Tilly Emma Booth as Gothel / Eloise Gardener Rebecca Mader as Wicked Witch of the West / Zelena Meegan Warner as Rapunzel Tiera Skovbye as Robin Nathan Parsons as Jack / Nick Branson Guest ( edit ) Jared S. Gilmore as young Henry Mills Jennifer Morrison as Emma Swan Emilie de Ravin as Belle Giles Matthey as Gideon Robin Givens as Eudora Kevin Ryan as Robert Daniel Francis as Dr. Facilier Chris Gauthier as William Smee Yael Yurman as Anastasia TBA as Naveen Chad Rook as TBA Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Once Upon a Time episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 134 `` Hyperion Heights '' Ralph Hemecker Edward Kitsis & Adam Horowitz October 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 06 ) 3.26 In a flashback , an 18 - year - old Henry says goodbye to Regina as he departs Storybrooke on a trip to new realms in hopes of finding his own story . Many years later , Henry runs into Cinderella 's carriage in the Magical Forest and after a string of events that almost get them captured at a ball , he offers her the chance at a new start back in Storybrooke , as he is due to return through a portal that evening . When Henry finds a glass slipper left for him at their meeting spot , he decides to stay behind . In present - day Seattle , an older Henry is reunited with his daughter Lucy , whom he does not remember because of a curse . In hopes of breaking it , Lucy leads him to her neighborhood of Hyperion Heights , home to many other cursed fairytale characters including Jacinda , Lucy 's down - on - her - luck single mother who is in a contentious relationship with her powerful stepmother Victoria . Others include Roni , a bar owner who is struggling with having to sell her establishment to Victoria , and Rogers , a cop who gets promoted to a detective and is introduced to his new partner , Weaver . 135 `` A Pirate 's Life '' Tara Nicole Weyr Jane Espenson & Jerome Schwartz October 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 13 ) 2.74 In a flashback , Emma expresses her worries about Henry leaving home and Hook presents her with a `` message in a bottle '' that Henry can use to keep in contact . Many years later , as Henry is about to be captured by Lady Tremaine , he uses the bottle to call on Emma , Hook , and Regina for help . Hook and Regina arrive and rescue him though , unbeknownst to them , the bottle also summoned the Hook from the Wish Realm , who later appears and knocks the original Hook out to assume his place . When Emma arrives and reveals to Henry that she is pregnant , the other Hook feels guilty and decides to switch back , though the real Hook ends up stabbing him in a fight . The other Hook then reveals that he had a daughter who got trapped in a tower by a witch . After hearing this , Hook gets Emma to heal his counterpart . Afterwards , Henry does not feel like it is time to go back home yet and gets Emma 's blessing to continue his journey . Henry , Regina , and the other Hook decide to travel together , while Emma and Hook return to Storybrooke . In the present , Victoria hires Rogers and Weaver to drive Henry out of the neighborhood . Rogers does not agree with Weaver 's methods and helps Henry instead . Rogers , Henry , and Roni end up forming an alliance against Victoria . Meanwhile , Jacinda has to find another way to be at Lucy 's ballet recital after Victoria makes things difficult for her . 136 `` The Garden of Forking Paths '' Ron Underwood David H. Goodman & Brigitte Hales October 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 20 ) 2.49 In a flashback , Cinderella arrives at the spot in the forest where she is supposed to meet Henry , but does not find him there . She then meets Princess Tiana , who recruits her to be part of the resistance against Lady Tremaine . She leaves one of her glass slippers behind for Henry to find . A short while later , Henry , Regina , and Hook arrive at their campsite and join the efforts . Later , Cinderella sneaks into Tremaine 's castle alone , where Tremaine reveals that she has kept her almost - deceased daughter Anastasia preserved since her `` death '' at age 14 and needs a pure heart to revive her . She tasks Cinderella with stealing Henry 's , since he has the heart of the truest believer . In the present day , Jacinda tries to save Lucy 's beloved community garden from Victoria , while Lucy takes a skeptical Henry on a trip under the garden lot in hopes of finding proof of everyone 's fairytale pasts . Meanwhile , Henry , Roni , and Rogers find their first lead against Victoria . Rogers captures the man working with her , but is irritated to find Weaver setting the man free to use him as a future connection . Also , it is revealed that Victoria is not cursed and has been keeping a witch as her prisoner at the top of Belfrey Towers . 137 `` Beauty '' Mick Garris Dana Horgan & Leah Fong October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) 2.44 In a flashback to Gideon 's first birthday , Rumple and Belle decide to leave Storybrooke to travel the world . Years later , Rumple tells Belle that he wants to stop being the Dark One so he can be mortal again and live out one single life with her . Over the years , they search for ways to get rid of his darkness . When Gideon is 18 , Belle comes across a prophecy that leads them to the Edge of Realms , where they must wait for the sun 's brightest set before they can be guided to the path Rumple must take to get rid of the Darkness . They build a home there as they wait for the event to occur . However , an aging Belle eventually admits that the `` sun '' of which the prophecy spoke was actually herself and that her death will mark the start of his journey . When Belle dies , Rumple sets off to search for a Guardian who will be able to take over the Darkness from him so that he can ultimately be reunited with Belle . In the present day , Tilly , who is actually Alice , begins to wake up from the curse after she stops taking pills given to her by Victoria . In her new state of clarity , she tries to get Weaver to remember his true identity . Meanwhile , Ivy is tasked with taking Lucy trick - or - treating and loses her in the streets . She ends up bonding with Henry and defies her mother to give Jacinda and Lucy time together . 138 5 `` Greenbacks '' Geofrey Hildrew Christopher Hollier & Adam Karp November 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 03 ) 2.29 In the flashbacks , Tiana seeks a prince to help save her kingdom and is guided by Dr. Facilier to a man named Robert . She soon realizes that Facilier had enlisted Robert to steal a magical ruby from her in exchange for reuniting him with his lover who had been turned into a frog . In the present day , Tiana decides to run a pop - up beignet shop out of Mr. Cluck 's with Jacinda 's help . Victoria sends someone to burn the place down , which then causes friction between the two roommates. Rogers comes across a detainee at the police station who he thinks is connected to Eloise Gardener , the missing girl he 's trying to find . Meanwhile , Roni decides to investigate Ivy 's interest in helping Henry . Ivy takes her to the top of the towers and Roni finds a photo of herself and a young Henry taken in Storybrooke . However , it is later revealed that Ivy has n't been cursed either and has her own dealings with the witch of which her mother is unaware . 139 6 `` Wake Up Call '' Sharat Raju Jerome Schwartz & Jane Espenson November 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 10 ) 2.37 In a flashback , Regina comes across Drizella , who is looking for magic to escape from her mother . When she reveals that she was actually born with magic , Regina begins to train her . However after Regina runs into Rumple , who tells her that Lady Tremaine must have been aware of the magic lessons , the two women realize that Lady Tremaine was counting on using Drizella 's heart to revive Anastasia . Drizella ends up blackening her own heart by killing the prince , making it unusable for revival , and vows to cast a curse like Regina 's to make her mother suffer . In the present day , Roni struggles with what to believe about the mysterious photo , which is complicated by newly discovered information about `` Regina Mills '' into which Lucy encouraged her to look . Drizella gathers the ingredients for a plant that the witch then cultivates and , when she serves its essence to Roni , she wakes up and remembers her life as Regina . Drizella then reveals that she cast the curse and blackmails Regina into keeping Henry and Jacinda apart , reminding her of a special contingency that was put into the curse that would force her to comply . 140 7 `` Eloise Gardener '' Alex Kalymnios David H. Goodman & Brigitte Hales November 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 17 ) 2.28 In a flashback to the Wish Realm shortly after the Charmings have stopped Regina from casting her curse , Hook agrees to procure magic for her from a witch . When he arrives at the witch 's tower , he finds Rapunzel instead . She instructs him to retrieve a golden flower from the witch 's garden . When he returns with it to help her , they spend a night together . The next morning , it is revealed that Rapunzel is actually Gothel and their night together produced a baby , whom Gothel leaves behind so she can escape the tower . Hook gives the Jolly Roger to Smee and decides to stay with his daughter , who is unable to leave due to the tower 's spell . He names her Alice after his own mother . In the present day , Rogers is on a mad hunt for Eloise , with help from Henry and Tilly . Tilly later informs him that Eloise has died but it turns out that the news had been planted by Weaver to throw him off the case . Weaver warns Rogers that Eloise is n't the person he thinks she is . When Rogers finds Gothel , he mistakenly believes that she is Eloise and frees her from Victoria , who gets locked up for kidnapping . Meanwhile , Tremaine has discovered that Drizella is awake and Regina tries to put some distance between Henry and Jacinda . 141 8 `` Pretty in Blue '' Ralph Hemecker Dana Horgan & Leah Fong November 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 17 ) 2.28 In the flashbacks , Hook is reunited with Alice , who claims that they have been cured of their curse . However , when they try to embrace , Hook gets hurt and Alice runs away in fear . Henry and Ella chase her back to Wonderland , a place where Ella reveals that her mother Cecilia had ran to after abandoning her and her stepfather . She takes a shrinking potion and leaves Henry to head into the Infinite Maze alone to find answers . She finds Alice , who tells her that she had met Cecilia before and that the woman had also been afflicted with the same Curse of the Poisoned Heart . Drizella is also in Wonderland with a plan to curse Henry but Alice and Ella are able to save him . Henry and Ella then share their first kiss . In the present day , Jacinda contacts Nick ( a cursed friend of Henry 's from Fairy Tale Land ) , a lawyer whom she has been cursed to believe is Lucy 's father . He agrees to help her regain custody of Lucy , to Henry 's disdain , and Lucy encourages Henry to fight for Jacinda . Meanwhile , Drizella and Gothel plan to revive Anastasia but when they open her coffin , her body is missing . After Regina confronts Rumple , who refuses to confirm that he has woken up from the curse , she announces to Henry that she 's heading to San Francisco to meet with someone who had been pushed out of town by Victoria . He agrees to join her on the trip . 142 9 `` One Little Tear '' TBA Christopher Hollier & Adam Karp December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) TBD 143 10 `` The Eighth Witch '' TBA Jane Espenson & Jerome Schwartz TBA TBD 144 11 `` Secret Garden '' TBA Edward Kitsis & Adam Horowitz TBA TBD 145 12 `` A Taste of the Heights '' TBA David H. Goodman & Brigitte Hales TBA TBD 146 13 `` Knightfall '' TBA Jerome Schwartz & Miguel Ian Raya TBA TBD Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) In January 2017 , while season 6 was still in production , ABC president Channing Dungey spoke of a possible `` reset '' of the show 's narrative in the event that the show received a season 7 order . After much speculation , executive producers Adam Horowitz and Edward Kitsis later confirmed that certain characters would have their storylines wrapped up and that the back - end of the sixth season had been written with the season 7 narrative change in mind . Despite the major changes from seasons past , the showrunners have said that they do not view season 7 as a complete reboot of the show : `` We 're more thinking about it as a hybrid of a lot of things . We 're paying homage to the original premise , but there are certain characters who are returning and some who are not . It 's a combination of a lot of things , but what we 're trying to do is go in a new direction but stay true to the spirit of what the show has always been . '' In July 2017 , the creators announced that the series now take place in the Seattle neighborhood of Hyperion Heights , which was created under a new and darker curse . Residents of this neighborhood include displaced characters from the original and new versions of the Enchanted Forest , as well as regular people from the Land Without Magic . This differs from Storybrooke in season 1 , which was an isolated town that was blocked off from real - world Maine . The initial villain is Lady Tremaine , assumes the role of an urban developer who seeks to `` gentrify the neighborhood '' and push out and separate fairy tale residents . Meanwhile , Storybrooke and various Fairy Tale Land locations still appear in the flashbacks of the season as the story bounces back and forth between the characters ' lives before and during the latest curse . Casting ( edit ) In May 2017 , it was announced that Lana Parrilla , Colin O'Donoghue , and Robert Carlyle would be the only series regulars from season 6 to continue onto season 7 . It was teased that the three would be portraying their original characters but with cursed identities , similar to the circumstances in season 1 . In July , the first promo of the season revealed that Killian is now a Seattle police officer with the last name Rogers , who is living with an unexplained sense of loss . In August , it was revealed that Regina is now a bar owner named Roni , who is more dressed down and is `` no longer in charge . '' Former main cast member Jennifer Morrison has confirmed that she has agreed to return for one episode , later revealed to be the second episode of the season . Morrison announced her last filming day on July 19 , 2017 . On July 22 , it was confirmed that Emilie de Ravin would return for the fourth episode in the seventh season . In March 2017 , Andrew J. West and Alison Fernandez were cast for unknown guest roles in the season six finale . During the episode , it was revealed that West was portraying an adult Henry Mills , while Fernandez portrayed his daughter , Lucy . After that episode 's airing , they were confirmed as series regulars for season 7 . West will be taking over the role from Jared S. Gilmore , who has been confirmed to appear in at least the first two episodes of the season . On July 6 , 2017 , it was announced that Dania Ramirez and Gabrielle Anwar would be two additional series regulars for season 7 . Additionally , Adelaide Kane , Mekia Cox , and Rose Reynolds were cast in recurring roles for the upcoming season . On July 15 , it was announced that Ramirez would be portraying Cinderella , albeit a different version from the one previously played by Jessy Schram for the first six seasons . On July 22 at San Diego Comic - Con , it was revealed that Anwar and Kane will be portraying Lady Tremaine and Drizella , respectively . Cox would be portraying Tiana from The Princess and the Frog , while Reynolds would be playing an alternate version of Alice , a character previously heavily featured in the spin - off Once Upon a Time in Wonderland . In August 2017 , Cox was promoted to series regular . On August 1 , it was announced that Giles Matthey would return as an adult Gideon for the season 's fourth episode . The episode , also featuring Emilie de Ravin , would be centered around Rumple . On that same day , it was also announced that Emma Booth was cast in a major recurring role as the Witch , whose more specific identity would be revealed later on during the season . On August 25 , Kevin Ryan announced that he would be making an appearance as a new prince in the upcoming season . On August 30 , it was announced that Robin Givens had been cast as Tiana 's mother , Eudora . On September 8 , it was announced that Meegan Warner would be guest starring as an alternate version of Rapunzel , a character previously featured in one episode of season 3 . It was later revealed that the character would appear in a multi-episode arc . On September 20 , it was announced that former main Rebecca Mader would return for multiple episodes in the seventh season as Zelena , who will also have a cursed identity . On October 2 , it was announced that Dr. Facilier from The Princess and the Frog would make an appearance during the season , later revealed to be portrayed by Daniel Francis in the season 's fifth episode . On October 3 , it was announced that flashbacks of the ninth episode would feature a `` tweenage '' Anastasia , Lady Tremaine 's other biological daughter . On November 1 , it was announced that Tiera Skovbye would be recurring as an older version of Robin , the daughter of Zelena and Robin Hood . On November 2 , it was announced that Nathan Parsons had been cast in a recurring role as Nick , a lawyer and potential love interest for another character . On November 3 , it was announced that the show was casting for the role of Naveen from The Princess and the Frog , who will be appearing in the second half of the season . On November 16 , actor Chad Rook announced that he had been cast in an unknown role . Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Hyperion Heights '' October 6 , 2017 0.7 / 3 3.26 0.7 1.72 1.4 4.98 `` A Pirate 's Life '' October 13 , 2017 0.7 / 3 2.74 0.6 N / A 1.3 N / A `` The Garden of Forking Paths '' October 20 , 2017 0.5 / 3 2.49 0.6 N / A 1.1 N / A `` Beauty '' October 27 , 2017 0.5 / 2 2.44 0.5 N / A 1.0 N / A 5 `` Greenbacks '' November 3 , 2017 0.5 / 2 2.29 0.5 1.27 1.0 3.56 6 `` Wake Up Call '' November 10 , 2017 0.5 / 2 2.37 TBD TBD TBD TBD 7 `` Eloise Gardener '' November 17 , 2017 0.5 / 2 2.28 TBD TBD TBD TBD 8 `` Pretty in Blue '' November 17 , 2017 0.5 / 2 2.28 TBD TBD TBD TBD References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' Renewed for Season 7 at ABC '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Macke , Johnni ( July 5 , 2017 ) . `` New ' Once Upon A Time ' Tease Reveals Where The Series Will Pick Up In Season 7 '' . People 's Choice . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt Webb ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time Season 7 : Get Fresh Details on Henry 's ' Epic Quest ' -- Plus , New Identities for Regina & Co. ? ! '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt Webb ( July 6 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time Season 7 Reset : Gabrielle Anwar , Devious Maids Alum , Reign Star Among 5 New Additions '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( August 31 , 2017 ) . `` Spoiler Room : Scoop on Once Upon a Time , Supergirl , Teen Wolf , and more '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Once Upon A Time ' : Current Narrative To Wrap At End Of Season 6 ; Will There Be Season 7 ? '' . Deadline . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( July 15 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time : Dania Ramirez Is Playing ' New ' Cinderella -- Photo '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 701 ) `` Hyperion Heights '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time 's Adelaide Kane talks millennial meanie Drizella '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time 's Rose Reynolds introduces streetwise , enigmatic Alice '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Once Upon A Time ' : Emma Booth Joins ABC Fairytale Drama As Recurring '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time officially confirms identity of Hook 's daughter -- and her mom ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt ( September 20 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time : Rebecca Mader to Return for Multiple Season 7 Episodes '' . TVLine . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( September 8 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time Casts TURN Alum Meegan Warner as the New ( Spoiler ) '' . TVLine . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt Webb ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time Casts Riverdale 's Tiera Skovbye as ( Spoiler ) 's Daughter '' . TVLine . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time books The Originals star as potential love interest '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 707 / 708 ) `` Eloise Gardener / Pretty in Blue '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( July 15 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time bosses drop new clues on season 7 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` Jennifer Morrison On Why She Is Leaving ' Once Upon a Time ' , Emma 's Final Battle & What 's Next '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time : Emilie de Ravin books return in season 7 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time : Giles Matthey to return in season 7 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time adds Robin Givens as Tiana 's mom '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 705 ) `` Greenbacks '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` Ask Ausiello : Spoilers on This Is Us , Flash , New Girl , Arrow , Grey 's Anatomy , The Blacklist , Supernatural and More '' . TVLine . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Yael Yurman ( @ yael_yurman ) ( October 22 , 2017 ) . `` Thank you so much ! I hope you like the season so far ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` Ask Ausiello : Spoilers on New Girl , Grey 's Anatomy , Big Little Lies , Flash , Walking Dead , Will & Grace and More '' . TVLine . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Chad Rook ( @ ChadRook ) ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` Just found out that I will be joining the cast of # OnceUponATime ! ! ! Ca n't wait for you all to see my character . ; ) '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' and ' Hell 's Kitchen ' adjust up , ' Exorcist ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hell 's Kitchen , ' ' MacGyver , ' ' Once Upon a Time , ' & more remain unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' ' Hawaii Five - 0 , ' all others unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' MacGyver , ' ' Jane the Virgin ' and World Series adjust up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 , ' ' Once Upon a Time ' and others unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 , ' ' Hell 's Kitchen , ' everything else unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hell 's Kitchen , ' ' MacGyver ' and all others unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Adam Horowitz ( @ AdamHorowitzLA ) ( September 30 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's another # OnceUponATime # titlespoiler -- hope to see ya 10 / 6 ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z - once upon a time on abc '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Adam Horowitz ( @ AdamHorowitzLA ) ( October 14 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's another # OnceUponATime # titlespoiler -- hope to see ya Friday ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Adam Horowitz ( @ AdamHorowitzLA ) ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's another # OnceUponATime # titlespoiler -- hope to see ya Friday ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Adam Horowitz ( @ AdamHorowitzLA ) ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's another # OnceUponATime # scripttease -- hope to see ya Friday ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Adam Horowitz ( @ AdamHorowitzLA ) ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's another # OnceUponATime # titlespoiler -- hope to see ya Friday ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt ( April 15 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time Cast Shake - Up : Finale Will Accommodate Any Changes , No Story Will Feel ' Incomplete ' '' . TVLine . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ MacDonald , Lindsay ( May 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' Creators Explain the `` Next Chapter '' to Come in Season 7 `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time bosses explain new curse '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Swift , Andy ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time @ Comic - Con : Season 7 's Secret Roles Revealed , a ' Prominent LGBQT Storyline ' and More '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( August 6 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time reveals Hook , Regina , Rumple alt - identities '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time 's Jennifer Morrison Opens Up About Her Exit : ' Emma Had Reached a Really Beautiful Place ' '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt ( August 6 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time Creators / Cast Tease Rumple 's Menacing New Identity , Regina / Henry Reunion and More '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Morrison , Jennifer ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` Movie magic . Emma 's long locks are back for one last day :) # steveston # onceuponatime # emmaswan '' . Instagram . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Byrne , Craig ( August 9 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon A Time EPs Talk About The New `` Book , '' `` Roni '' & Returning Faces `` . KSite TV . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Natalie Abrams ( @ NatalieAbrams ) ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` Emma Booth joins Once Upon a Time as a witch whose identity will be revealed later in the season bit.ly/2tv8t4F @ AdamHorowitzLA '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Kevin J Ryan ( @ KevinRyanII ) ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` Lov'in da # keithrichards inspired get up 4 da new prince in town . Fairytale land does n't know wats comin @ OnceABC # onceuponatime # abc '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' First Look : Rapunzel Returns '' . TV Insider . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bentley , Jean ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' Bosses Explain Season 7 Premiere 's Biggest Mysteries and Reveals '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' Season 7 Is ' Hopeful ' and ' Sentimental , ' EP Says '' . TV Insider . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville , ' ' Once Upon a Time , ' 5 more shows double in week 2 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is the most - watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago PD , ' 10 more shows double in week 4 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' keeps rolling along in week 5 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and 12 more shows double in week 6 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Once Upon a Time Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 Characters Mary Margaret Blanchard Emma Swan Regina Mills David Nolan Henry Mills Rumplestiltskin Hook Belle Zelena Robin Hood Universe Creatures Items Related Awards and nominations List of cast members Once Upon a Time in Wonderland Once Upon a Time episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` The Thing You Love Most '' `` Snow Falls '' `` The Price of Gold '' `` That Still Small Voice '' `` The Shepherd '' `` The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter '' `` Desperate Souls '' `` True North '' `` 7 : 15 A.M. '' `` Fruit of the Poisonous Tree '' `` Skin Deep '' `` What Happened to Frederick '' `` Dreamy '' `` Red - Handed '' `` Heart of Darkness '' `` Hat Trick '' `` The Stable Boy '' `` The Return '' `` The Stranger '' `` An Apple Red as Blood '' `` A Land Without Magic '' Season 2 `` Broken '' `` We Are Both '' `` Lady of the Lake '' `` The Crocodile '' `` The Doctor '' `` Tallahassee '' `` Child of the Moon '' `` Into the Deep '' `` Queen of Hearts '' `` The Cricket Game '' `` The Outsider '' `` In the Name of the Brother '' `` Tiny '' `` Manhattan '' `` The Queen Is Dead '' `` The Miller 's Daughter '' `` Welcome to Storybrooke '' `` Selfless , Brave and True '' `` Lacey '' `` The Evil Queen '' `` Second Star to the Right '' `` And Straight On ' til Morning '' Season 3 `` The Heart of the Truest Believer '' `` Lost Girl '' `` Quite a Common Fairy '' `` Nasty Habits '' `` Good Form '' `` Ariel '' `` Dark Hollow '' `` Think Lovely Thoughts '' `` Save Henry '' `` The New Neverland '' `` Going Home '' `` New York City Serenade '' `` Witch Hunt '' `` The Tower '' `` Quiet Minds '' `` It 's Not Easy Being Green '' `` The Jolly Roger '' `` Bleeding Through '' `` A Curious Thing '' `` Kansas '' `` Snow Drifts '' `` There 's No Place Like Home '' Season 4 `` A Tale of Two Sisters '' `` White Out '' `` Rocky Road '' `` The Apprentice '' `` Breaking Glass '' `` Family Business '' `` The Snow Queen '' `` Smash the Mirror '' `` Fall '' `` Shattered Sight '' `` Heroes and Villains '' `` Darkness on the Edge of Town '' `` Unforgiven '' `` Enter the Dragon '' `` Poor Unfortunate Soul '' `` Best Laid Plans '' `` Heart of Gold '' `` Sympathy for the De Vil '' `` Lily '' `` Mother '' `` Operation Mongoose '' Season 5 `` The Dark Swan '' `` The Price '' `` Siege Perilous '' `` The Broken Kingdom '' `` Dreamcatcher '' `` The Bear and the Bow '' `` Nimue '' `` Birth '' `` The Bear King '' `` Broken Heart '' `` Swan Song '' `` Souls of the Departed '' `` Labor of Love '' `` Devil 's Due '' `` The Brothers Jones '' `` Our Decay '' `` Her Handsome Hero '' `` Ruby Slippers '' `` Sisters '' `` Firebird '' `` Last Rites '' `` Only You '' `` An Untold Story '' Season 6 `` The Savior '' `` A Bitter Draught '' `` The Other Shoe '' `` Strange Case '' `` Street Rats '' `` Dark Waters '' `` Heartless '' `` I 'll Be Your Mirror '' `` Changelings '' `` Wish You Were Here '' `` Tougher Than the Rest '' `` Murder Most Foul '' `` Ill - Boding Patterns '' `` Page 23 '' `` A Wondrous Place '' `` Mother 's Little Helper '' `` Awake '' `` Where Bluebirds Fly '' `` The Black Fairy '' `` The Song in Your Heart '' `` The Final Battle '' Season 7 `` Hyperion Heights '' `` A Pirate 's Life '' `` The Garden of Forking Paths `` `` Beauty '' `` Greenbacks '' `` Wake Up Call '' `` Eloise Gardener '' `` Pretty in Blue '' Wonderland `` Down the Rabbit Hole '' `` Trust Me '' `` Forget Me Not '' `` The Serpent '' `` Heart of Stone '' `` Who 's Alice '' `` Bad Blood '' `` Home '' `` Nothing to Fear '' `` Dirty Little Secrets '' `` Heart of the Matter '' `` To Catch a Thief '' `` And They Lived ... '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Once_Upon_a_Time_(season_7)&oldid=812223586 '' Categories : 2017 American television seasons Once Upon a Time ( TV series ) Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2017 Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano 日本 語 Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 26 November 2017 , at 18 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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who is the 1st woman nominated member of rajya sabha

List of nominated members of Rajya Sabha

list of nominated members of rajya sabha

As per the Fourth Schedule ( Articles 4 ( 1 ) and 80 ( 2 ) ) of the Constitution of India , 12 members are nominated by President for term of six years for their contributions to art , literature , science , and social services .

Current nominated members of Rajya Sabha ( edit ) This is a Current list of Members of the Rajya Sabha who have been nominated by the President . No . Name Field Affiliation Date of Appointment Date of Retirement Roopa Ganguly Art Bharatiya Janata Party 04 - Oct - 2016 03 - Oct - 2022 Sambhaji Raje Social work Bharatiya Janata Party 07 - Jun - 2016 03 - May - 2022 Suresh Gopi Art Bharatiya Janata Party 25 - Apr - 2016 24 - Apr - 2022 Subramanian Swamy Economics Bharatiya Janata Party 25 - Apr - 2016 24 - Apr - 2022 5 Narendra Jadhav Economics Nominated 25 - Apr - 2016 24 - Apr - 2022 6 Mary Kom Sport Nominated 25 - Apr - 2016 24 - Apr - 2022 7 Swapan Dasgupta Journalism Nominated 25 - Apr - 2016 24 - Apr - 2022 8 K.T.S. Tulsi Law Nominated 25 - Feb - 2014 24 - Feb - 2020 9 K. Parasaran Law Nominated 09 - Jun - 2012 28 - Jun - 2018 10 Rekha Art Nominated 27 - Apr - 2012 26 - Apr - 2018 11 Sachin Tendulkar Sport Nominated 27 - Apr - 2012 26 - Apr - 2018 12 Anu Aga Business Nominated 27 - Apr - 2012 26 - Apr - 2018 Complete list of nominated members of Rajya Sabha ( edit ) This is a Complete list of Members of the Rajya Sabha who have been nominated by the President . Sr. No . Image Name Tenure -- Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer 1952 -- 1953 Satyendranath Bose 1952 -- 1960 Prithviraj Kapoor 1952 -- 1960 -- Jagadisan Mohandas Kumarappa 1952 -- 1954 5 -- Kalidas Nag 1952 -- 1954 6 Rukmini Devi Arundale 1952 -- 1962 7 -- N.R. Malkani 1952 -- 1962 8 -- Sahib Singh Sokhey 1952 -- 1956 9 -- Zakir Hussain 1952 -- 1962 10 -- Maithili Sharan Gupt 1952 -- 1964 11 -- Kakasaheb Kalelkar 1952 -- 1964 12 -- Radha Kumud Mukherjee 1952 -- 1958 13 P.V. Kane 1953 -- 1964 14 -- Moturi Satyanarayana 1954 -- 1966 15 -- Ardeshir Ruttonji Wadia 1954 -- 1966 16 -- Bhargavram Vitthal Warerkar 1956 -- 1968 17 -- Tara Chand 1956 -- 1968 18 -- Ajudhia Nath Khosla 1958 -- 1964 19 -- K.M. Panikkar 1959 -- 1966 20 -- Jairamdas Daulatram 1959 -- 1976 21 -- Mohanlal Saksena 1959 -- 1964 22 -- Tarasankar Bandyopadhyay 1960 -- 1966 23 -- V.T. Krishnamachari 1961 -- 1967 24 -- R.R. Diwakar 1962 -- 1968 25 -- Gopal Singh 1962 -- 1968 26 -- M. Ajmal Khan 1964 -- 1972 27 -- Satyavrata Siddhantalankar 1964 -- 1968 28 Shakuntala Paranjpye 1964 -- 1970 29 -- Badri Nath Prasad 1964 -- 1970 30 -- G. Ramachandran 1964 -- 1970 31 -- M.N. Kaul 1964 -- 1972 32 -- Harivanshrai Bachchan 1966 -- 1972 33 -- Dhananjay Ramchandra Gadgil 1966 -- 1972 34 -- M.C. Setalvad 1966 -- 1972 35 G. Sankara Kurup 1968 -- 1972 36 Joachim Alva 1968 -- 1974 37 S. Nurul Hasan 1968 -- 1974 38 -- K. Ramiah 1968 -- 1974 39 -- Ganga Sharan Sinha 1968 -- 1974 40 -- Maragatham Chandrasekhar 1970 -- 1988 41 -- Umashankar Joshi 1970 -- 1976 42 -- Rasheeduddin Khan 1970 -- 1982 43 -- Vidya Prakash Dutt 1971 -- 1980 44 -- Abu Abraham 1972 -- 1978 45 -- Pramathanath Bishi 1972 -- 1978 46 -- C.K. Daphtary 1972 -- 1978 47 -- Habib Tanvir 1972 -- 1978 48 -- Krishna Kriplani 1974 -- 1980 49 Lokesh Chandra 1974 -- 1986 50 -- Scato Swu 1974 -- 1986 51 -- B.N. Banerjee 1976 -- 1982 52 -- Malcolm Adiseshiah 1978 -- 1984 53 -- Fathema Ismail 1978 -- 1984 54 -- Pandurang Dharmaji Jadhav 1978 -- 1984 55 -- Bhagwati Charan Varma 1978 -- 1984 56 Nargis Dutt 1980 -- 1986 57 Khushwant Singh 1980 -- 1986 58 -- Asima Chatterjee 1982 -- 1990 59 Sivaji Ganesan 1982 -- 1986 60 -- Hayatullah Ansari 1982 -- 1988 61 -- Madan Bhatia 1982 -- 1994 62 -- V.N. Tiwari 1982 -- 1984 63 -- Ghulam Rasool Kar 1984 -- 1987 64 -- Tindivanam K. Ramamurthy 1984 -- 1990 65 -- H.L. Kapur 1985 -- 1988 66 Salim Ali 1985 -- 1988 67 -- Purushottam Kakodkar 1985 -- 1991 68 Ela Bhatt 1986 -- 1988 69 -- Amrita Pritam 1986 -- 1992 70 M.F. Husain 1986 -- 1992 71 R.K. Narayan 1986 -- 1992 72 Ravi Shankar 1986 -- 1992 73 -- Syeda Anwara Taimur 1988 -- 1990 74 -- Sat Paul Mittal 1988 -- 1994 75 -- Bishambhar Nath Pande 1988 -- 1994 76 -- Mohammad Yunus 1989 -- 1995 77 Prakash Ambedkar 1990 -- 1996 78 Jagmohan 1990 -- 1996 79 -- Bhupinder Singh Mann 1990 -- 1996 80 -- Russi Karanjia 1991 -- 1997 81 -- Mahendra Prasad 1993 -- 1994 82 -- M. Aram 1993 -- 1999 83 Vyjayantimala Bali 1993 -- 1999 84 -- B.B. Dutta 1993 -- 1999 85 -- Maulana Habibur Rahman Nomani 1993 -- 1999 86 Nirmala Deshpande 1997 -- 1999 and 2004 -- 2010 87 Shabana Azmi 1997 -- 2003 88 -- P. Selvie Das 1997 -- 2003 89 -- Kartar Singh Duggal 1997 -- 2003 90 Kuldip Nayyar 1997 -- 2003 91 -- Raja Ramanna 1997 -- 2003 92 C. Narayana Reddy 1997 -- 2003 93 Mrinal Sen 1997 -- 2003 94 -- Chaudhary Harmohan Singh Yadav 1997 -- 2003 95 -- Nanaji Deshmukh 1999 -- 2005 96 Lata Mangeshkar 1999 -- 2005 97 -- Fali Nariman 1999 -- 2005 98 -- Cho Ramaswamy 1999 -- 2005 99 Hema Malini 2003 -- 2009 100 -- Bimal Jalan 2003 -- 2009 101 K. Kasturirangan 2003 -- 2009 102 -- Narayan Singh Manaklao 2003 -- 2009 103 -- Vidya Niwas Misra 2003 -- 2009 104 -- Chandan Mitra 2003 -- 2009 105 Dara Singh 2003 -- 2009 106 Kapila Vatsyayan 2006 -- 2012 107 Ram Jethmalani 2006 -- 2009 108 -- Shobhana Bhartia 2006 -- 2012 109 Shyam Benegal 2006 -- 2012 110 M.S. Swaminathan 2007 -- 2013 111 -- C. Rangarajan 2008 -- 2010 112 -- H.K. Dua 2009 -- 2015 113 -- Ashok Sekhar Ganguly 2009 -- 2015 114 -- Mani Shankar Aiyar 2010 -- 2016 115 Javed Akhtar 2010 -- 2016 116 B. Jayashree 2010 -- 2016 117 Ram Dayal Munda 2010 -- 2011 118 -- Bhalchandra Mungekar 2010 -- 2016 119 -- Mrinal Miri 2012 -- 2016 120 -- Anu Aga 2012 -- 2018 121 -- K. Parasaran 2012 -- 2018 122 Rekha 2012 -- 2018 123 Sachin Tendulkar 2012 -- 2018 124 -- K.T.S. Tulsi 2014 - 2020 125 Subramanian Swamy 2016 - 2022 126 MC Mary Kom 2016 - 2022 127 Narendra Jadhav 2016 - 2022 129 Suresh Gopi 2016 - 2022 130 -- Swapan Dasgupta 2016 - 2022 131 -- Sambhaji Raje 2016 - 2022 132 -- Roopa Ganguly 2016 - 2022 References ( edit ) Nominated Members since 1952 Narender Kumar Current list of Nominated Members Specific Jump up ^ `` Statewise List '' . 164.100. 47.5 . Retrieved 12 June 2016 . Jump up ^ http://164.100.47.5/Newmembers/partymemberlist.aspx ^ Jump up to : `` Statewise Retirement '' . 164.100. 47.5 . Retrieved 12 June 2016 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_nominated_members_of_Rajya_Sabha&oldid=814878472 '' Categories : Nominated members of the Rajya Sabha Lists of members of the Rajya Sabha Talk About Wikipedia Bahasa Indonesia മലയാളം Edit links This page was last edited on 11 December 2017 , at 13 : 17 . 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who plays jon snow in game of thrones

Christopher Catesby `` Kit '' Harington ( born 26 December 1986 ) is an English actor and producer . Born in Acton , Greater London , Harington began his career in theatre . His first role was in the National Theatre 's adaptation of War Horse . His film debut was in Silent Hill : Revelation ( 2012 ) . He has since appeared in several feature films , such as the historical romance film Pompeii ( 2014 ) , the computer - animated film How to Train Your Dragon 2 ( 2014 ) , and the British drama film Testament of Youth ( 2014 ) .

Christopher Catesby `` Kit '' Harington

Kit Harington

kit harington

Christopher Catesby `` Kit '' Harington ( born 26 December 1986 ) is an English actor and producer . Born in Acton , Greater London , Harington began his career in theatre . His first role was in the National Theatre 's adaptation of War Horse . His film debut was in Silent Hill : Revelation ( 2012 ) . He has since appeared in several feature films , such as the historical romance film Pompeii ( 2014 ) , the computer - animated film How to Train Your Dragon 2 ( 2014 ) , and the British drama film Testament of Youth ( 2014 ) .

Since 2011 , Harington has risen to prominence playing the role of Jon Snow in the HBO television series Game of Thrones , which garnered him a nomination for the 2016 Primetime Emmy Award . In 2017 , Harington became one of the highest - paid actors on television and earned £ 2 million per episode of Game of Thrones . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and ancestry 2 Career 2.1 2008 -- 2010 : Early work in theatre 2.2 2011 -- present : Breakthrough with Game of Thrones and film roles 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 4.3 Video games 5 Theatre 6 Awards and nominations 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Early Life and ancestry ( edit ) Coat of Arms of the Harington baronets , ancestors of Kit Harington Harington was born on 26 December 1986 in Acton , London , to Deborah Jane ( Catesby ) , a former playwright , and Sir David Harington , 15th Baronet , a businessman . His full name is Christopher Catesby Harington . His mother named him after Christopher Marlowe , whose first name was shortened to Kit , a name Harington prefers . Harington 's uncle was Sir Nicholas John Harington , 14th Baronet , and his patrilineal great - grandfather was Sir Richard Harington , 12th Baronet . The Haringtons are an ancient family that once spelled their name Haverington and derived the name from their estate , a lordship in Cumberland . The first person identified with their name was one Robert De Haverington , the son of Osulphus or Oswulf whose manor was Flemingby . Through his paternal grandmother , Lavender Cecilia Denny , Harington 's eighth - great - grandfather was Charles II of England . Also , through his father , Harington descends from Scottish politician Henry Dundas , 1st Viscount Melville . He is related to people who were involved on opposite sides of the Gunpowder Plot . He claims a family connection with the leader of the plot Robert Catesby on his mother 's side , while through his father 's side , he was related to James I ( grandfather of Charles II ) the target of the assassination attempt , and Lord Harington who was in the Houses of Parliament that Catesby and his co-conspirators tried to blow up . Another relation John Harington ( different branch of the family ) observed at the age of 13 the displayed head of Catesby after his execution and later commented on it . Harington was a pupil at the Southfield Primary School from 1992 to 1998 . When he was 11 , his family moved to Worcestershire and he studied at the Chantry High School in Martley until 2003 . He became interested in acting after watching a production of Waiting for Godot when he was 14 , and he performed in several school productions . He attended Worcester Sixth Form College , where he studied Drama and Theatre ( 2003 -- 05 ) . When he was 17 , he was inspired to attend a drama school after seeing a performance by Ben Whishaw as Hamlet in 2004 . Harington moved back to London when he was eighteen and , a year later , attended the Central School of Speech and Drama , graduating in 2008 . Career ( edit ) 2008 -- 2010 : early work in Theatre ( edit ) Before acting , Harington originally wanted to become a journalist . While still at drama school , he landed the role of Albert in the National Theatre 's adaptation of War Horse . The play won two Olivier Awards and gained Harington a great deal of recognition . He was later cast in his second play Posh , a dark ensemble comedy about upper - class men attending Oxford University . 2011 -- present : breakthrough with Game of Thrones and film roles ( edit ) Harington at Comic Con in 2011 After War Horse , Harington auditioned for and landed his first television role as Jon Snow in the television series Game of Thrones . The show debuted in 2011 to great critical acclaim and was quickly picked up by the network for a second season . Harington 's role is largely filmed in Iceland and Northern Ireland . The series was renewed for a seventh season , which premiered on 16 July 2017 , and will conclude with its eighth season in 2018 / 19 . Game of Thrones takes place on the fictional continents of Westeros and Essos and chronicles the power struggles among noble families as they fight for control of the Iron Throne of the Seven Kingdoms . Jon Snow is introduced as the illegitimate son of Ned Stark , the honorable lord of Winterfell , an ancient fortress in the North of the fictional continent of Westeros . Harington has received praise for his performance . In 2012 , Harington was nominated for a Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor on Television for the role . In 2016 , Harington was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series . He said , `` It is a serious understatement to say that I am somewhat stunned ... For my work on Game of Thrones to be recognized in this way is an emotional moment for me . I could not be more humbled . '' In 2017 , Harington became one of the highest paid actors on television and earned £ 2 million per episode of Game of Thrones ( based on shared percentages of syndication payments ) . Harington made his cinematic debut in 2012 as Vincent in Silent Hill : Revelation 3D . The horror film was based on the survival horror video game Silent Hill 3 , and was a sequel to the film Silent Hill . He was honoured with Actor of the Year at the Young Hollywood Awards 2013 , which celebrates the best emerging young talent in film , music and television . Harington at a Game Of Thrones season 3 premiere screening in 2013 Harington 's first major lead role in a feature film occurred when he played Milo in the film Pompeii . Production for the film commenced in 2013 and took place in and around Toronto , Ontario , Canada . Some scenes were also shot in the actual city of Pompeii itself . The film was a modest box office success and received mixed reviews from critics . That year , Harington also voiced Eret in How to Train Your Dragon 2 , which was a critically acclaimed , box - office success , won the Golden Globe Award for Best Animated Feature Film and received an Academy Award nomination . In 2014 , Harington also appeared alongside Jeff Bridges in the film Seventh Son , a poorly received fantasy -- adventure film . Harington played Billy Bradley , Jeff Bridges first apprentice killed early in the movie by a character played by Julianne Moore . Ben Barnes , Alicia Vikander and Emily Watson also star . The film was released in wide distribution in the UK on 16 January 2015 . Its world premiere was in The Centrepiece Gala , supported by the Mayor of London , at the British Film Institute London Film Festival in October 2014 . In December 2014 , it was announced that he would feature in Xavier Dolan 's upcoming movie The Death and Life of John F. Donovan , with Jessica Chastain , Kathy Bates , Thandie Newton and Susan Sarandon . He starred in the 2015 HBO comedy 7 Days in Hell , a short film about a seven - day tennis match . In June 2015 , it was confirmed that Harington would star in Martin Koolhoven 's upcoming western thriller film Brimstone , replacing Robert Pattinson . In 2016 , Harington starred as the main villain in the first - person shooter video game Call of Duty : Infinite Warfare . He is the driver in the 2016 commercial for the Infiniti Q60 sport coupe car . It is his latest role in product commercials . On 19 February 2017 , it was reported that he would write , star and executive produce a three - part historical drama for BBC based on the real story of the Gunpowder Plot . Harington will play the role of his ancestor Robert Catesby alongside actors Mark Gatiss , Liv Tyler and Peter Mullan . Personal Life ( edit ) Harington has been dating Game of Thrones co-star Rose Leslie since 2012 . They announced their engagement through The Times in September , 2017 . On 12 September 2016 , Harington , as well as Cate Blanchett , Chiwetel Ejiofor , Peter Capaldi , Douglas Booth , Neil Gaiman , Keira Knightley , Juliet Stevenson , Jesse Eisenberg , and Stanley Tucci , featured in a video from the United Nations ' refugee agency UNHCR to help raise awareness of the global refugee crisis . The video , titled `` What They Took With Them '' , has the actors reading a poem , written by Jenifer Toksvig and inspired by primary accounts of refugees , and is part of UNHCR 's # WithRefugees campaign , which also includes a petition to governments to expand asylum to provide further shelter , integrating job opportunities , and education . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Title Year Role Director Notes Ref ( s ) Silent Hill : Revelation 2012 Smith ! Vincent Smith Bassett ! Michael J. Bassett Pompeii 2014 Milo Anderson ! Paul W.S. Anderson How to Train Your Dragon 2 Eret DeBlois ! Dean DeBlois Voice Testament of Youth Leighton ! Roland Leighton Kent ! James Kent Seventh Son Bradley ! Billy Bradley Bodrov ! Sergei Bodrov Spooks : The Greater Good 2015 Holloway ! Will Holloway Nalluri ! Bharat Nalluri Brimstone 2016 Samuel Koolhoven ! Martin Koolhoven Death ! The Death and Life of John F. Donovan 2018 ( projected ) Donovan ! John F. Donovan Dolan ! Xavier Dolan Post-production How to Train Your Dragon 3 2019 ( projected ) Eret DeBlois ! Dean DeBlois Voice Television ( edit ) Title Year Role Network Notes Ref . Game of Thrones 2011 -- present Jon Snow HBO Main role 7 Days in Hell 2015 Poole ! Charles Poole Television film Gunpowder 2017 Catesby ! Robert Catesby BBC One 3 episodes ; also developer and executive producer Video games ( edit ) Title Year Voice role Ref . Game of Thrones 2015 Snow ! Jon Snow Call of Duty : Infinite Warfare 2016 Kotch ! Salen Kotch ( Also Performance capture and Likeness ) Theatre ( edit ) Title Year Role Notes Ref ( s ) War Horse 2008 -- 2009 Albert Narracott Olivier Theatre and New London Theatre Posh Ed Montgomery Royal Court Theatre The Vote 2015 Colin Henderson Donmar Warehouse Doctor Faustus 2016 Faustus Duke of York 's Theatre Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Work Result Ref . 2011 Scream Award Best Ensemble ( shared with the cast ) Game of Thrones Nominated Screen Actors Guild Award Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series ( shared with the cast ) Nominated IGN Award Best TV Hero Nominated IGN People 's Choice Award Best TV Hero Nominated Saturn Award Best Supporting Actor on Television Nominated 2012 Golden Nymph Award Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series Nominated 2013 Young Hollywood Awards Actor of the Year Won Screen Actors Guild Award Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series ( shared with the cast ) Game of Thrones Nominated 2014 Screen Actors Guild Award Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series ( shared with the cast ) Nominated 2015 Empire Award Empire Hero Award ( shared with the cast ) Won Saturn Awards Best Supporting Actor on Television Nominated Screen Actors Guild Award Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series ( shared with the cast ) Nominated 2016 Gold Derby TV Awards Best Drama Supporting Actor Won Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Nominated Critics ' Choice Television Award Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Nominated Screen Actors Guild Award Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series ( shared with the cast ) Nominated Saturn Awards Best Supporting Actor on Television Nominated 2017 Giffoni Film Festival Giffoni Experience Award Won Screen Actors Guild Award Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series ( shared with the cast ) Game of Thrones Nominated 2018 44th Saturn Awards Best Supporting Actor on a Television Series Pending References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Kit Harrington '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on 3 April 2016 . Retrieved 24 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Sophie Heawood ( 1 May 2014 ) . `` Meet Kit Harington : Game of Thrones hunk and Hollywood 's hottest new player '' . London Evening Standard . Jump up ^ Ed Cumming ( 3 May 2015 ) . `` Kit Harington : ' The acting never feels like work ' '' . The Observer . Jump up ^ Cindy Pearlman ( 20 March 2014 ) . `` Jon Snow knows the right moves -- sometimes '' . Chicago Sun - Times . ^ Jump up to : `` Kit Harington '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Archived from the original on 2 March 2014 . Retrieved 13 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Lenny Ann Low ( 22 March 2014 ) . `` Game of Throne 's Kit Harington : Man for all seasons '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Jump up ^ Emma Brown . `` The HBO Heartthrob : Kit Harington '' . Interview . Jump up ^ `` Person Page 43217 : Christopher Harington '' . thepeerage.com. 2014 . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nicholas John Harington '' . Geneall.net . Retrieved 5 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Featured article about Kit Harington on TheGenealogist '' . TheGenealogist . Retrieved 27 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lavender Cecilia Denny '' . Geneall.net . Retrieved 5 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Siobhan Synnot ( 11 January 2015 ) . `` Kit Harington discusses release of his new film '' . The Scotsman . Jump up ^ `` Kit Harington reveals family connection to the ' Gunpowder Plot ' '' . BBC . 20 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kit Harington plays his ancestor in BBC 's New Epic Drama , Gunpowder '' . The Genealogist. 26 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Alex Bilmes ( 6 May 2015 ) . `` Mr Kit Harington '' . Mr Porter . Jump up ^ `` Nerdist Podcast Episode 482 : Kit Harington '' . Nerdist. 28 February 2014 . Retrieved 13 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : James Connell ( 7 April 2014 ) . `` Game of Thrones star says Worcester will always be home '' . Worcester News . Jump up ^ Nojan Aminosharei ( 1 April 2013 ) . `` Q&A : Kit Harington '' . Details . Jump up ^ Ruben V. Nepales ( 7 February 2014 ) . `` ' Thrones ' star bulked up , then slimmed down for film role '' . Philippine Daily Inquirer . Jump up ^ `` Kit Harington '' . Royal National Theatre . August 2008 . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Tara Abell ( 30 March 2012 ) . `` Game of Thrones Star Kit Harington Loves Iceland , Fears Flying '' . The Daily Traveller . ^ Jump up to : `` Kit Harington Biography '' . TV Guide . Retrieved 13 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kit Harington -- Biography '' . Internet Movie Database. 2014 . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` HBO Re-commissions ' Game of Thrones ' '' . IFTN. 19 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Low , Lenny Ann ( 22 March 2014 ) . `` Game of Throne 's Kit Harington : Man for all seasons '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 24 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive interview with Kit Harington '' . myfanbase.de. 2013 . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones : HBO announces summer return , 7 episodes '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones Season 7 Premiere Date ( Finally ) Set at HBO '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones to end after season eight in 2018 '' . BBC News . July 30 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2016 . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Matt ( April 8 , 2011 ) . `` Game of Thrones : `` Winter is Coming '' Review `` . IGN . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Matthew ( April 15 , 2011 ) . `` Fantasy comes true with HBO 's Game of Thrones '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( 29 February 2012 ) . `` Saturn Award Nominations Announced ; HUGO and HARRY POTTER Lead with 10 Nominations Each '' . Collider . Retrieved 5 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ( July 14 , 2016 ) . `` Emmy nominations 2016 : See the full list '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Prudom , Laura ( July 14 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Rules 2016 Emmy Race With 23 Nominations '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2016 . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Parker , Mike ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Game Of Thrones season 7 : Stars set to earn £ 2 Million per episode '' . Daily Express . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2017 . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 7 : Actors ' set to earn £ 2million per episode ' , making them highest - paid ever '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2017 . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : McNary , Dave ( 7 March 2011 ) . `` Clemens , Harington join ' Silent Hill ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 8 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Game of Thrones ' Kit Harington ( Jon Snow ) : My big break '' . OnTheRedCarpet.com. 2 August 2013 . Retrieved 13 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : DeMara , Bruce ( 19 February 2013 ) . `` Paul W.S. Anderson to shoot Pompeii in Toronto '' . The Star . Retrieved 7 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Harmanian , Harout ( 20 June 2012 ) . `` ' How to Train Your Dragon 2 ' Gets Kit Harington '' . MovieWeb . Retrieved 13 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office : ' How To Train Your Dragon 2 ' Crosses $500 M Following China Debut '' . Forbes . 15 August 2014 . Retrieved 15 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globes : ' How to Train Your Dragon 2 ' Wins Best Animated Feature Film '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 11 January 2015 . Retrieved 15 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Birdman , ' ' Budapest ' lead Oscar nominations '' . USA Today . 15 January 2015 . Retrieved 15 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Seventh Son '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 7 February 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1121096/ ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( 4 February 2014 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Star Kit Harington to Headline ' Testament of Youth ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 16 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Edward Davis . `` Indiewire : Watch : First Trailer For ' Testament Of Youth ' '' . Retrieved 1 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Clare Stewart . `` British Film Institute : Testament of Youth '' . Retrieved 3 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Game of Thrones ' Star Joins Jessica Chastain in Xavier Dolan Celebrity Satire '' . Deadline Hollywood . 4 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` 7 Days in Hell : HBO 's tennis mockumentary is a grand slam '' . The Guardian . 2015 . Retrieved 13 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Szalai , Georg ; Roxborough , Scott ( 24 June 2015 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Star Kit Harington Joins Thriller ' Brimstone ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 5 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Bruner , Raisa ( 23 June 2016 ) . `` See Kit Harington Transform into Call of Duty 's Newest Villain '' . Time . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( 19 February 2017 ) . `` ' Gunpowder ' : Kit Harington , Mark Gatiss , Liv Tyler & Peter Mullan Light Up BBC Drama '' . Deadline . Retrieved 19 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Low , Valentine ( 2017 - 09 - 27 ) . `` Game of Thrones stars Kit Harington and Rose Leslie to marry '' . The Times . ISSN 0140 - 0460 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Cate Blanchett video highlights what refugees take when they flee '' . Retrieved 14 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` What They Took With Them - # WithRefugees '' . 7 September 2016 . Retrieved 14 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Kemp , Stuart ( 7 November 2013 ) . `` AFM : Kit Harington , Jennifer Ehle Sign on for ' Spooks ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 17 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Yamato , Jen ( 4 December 2014 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Star Joins Jessica Chastain in Xavier Dolan Celebrity Satire '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved 17 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones : Cast '' . HBO . Archived from the original on 1 September 2016 . Retrieved 17 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BBC One orders Gunpowder from Kudos '' . BBC . Retrieved 19 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Futter , Mike ( 20 November 2014 ) . `` ( Exclusive ) Meet The Exiled Son of Game of Thrones ' House Forrester '' . Game Informer . GameStop . Archived from the original on 1 September 2016 . Retrieved 17 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Matulef , Jeffery ( 10 June 2016 ) . `` Jon Snow actor Kit Harington will play Call of Duty : Infinite Warfare 's villain '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved 17 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Theatre Interview with Kit Harington -- The 22 - Year - Old Stars in War Horse at the New London Theatre '' . The London Paper . 2 July 2009 . Archived from the original on 20 January 2010 . Retrieved 20 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kit Harington '' . London Theatre Database . Archived from the original on 18 December 2010 . Retrieved 20 January 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones 's Kit Harington looking for another stage role ? '' . What 's on Stage. 18 June 2015 . Retrieved 14 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Faustus '' . Best of Theatre . Retrieved 29 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 SCREAM Awards : Best Ensemble '' . Spike . Archived from the original on 26 April 2012 . Retrieved 30 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The 18th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards '' . Screen Actors Guild Award . Screen Actors Guild. 29 January 2012 . Archived from the original on 19 June 2012 . Retrieved 7 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Best Television Hero 2011 '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 3 March 2012 . Retrieved 30 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nominations for the 38th Annual Saturn Awards '' . Academy of Science Fiction , Fantasy & Horror Films. 29 February 2012 . Archived from the original on 27 September 2007 . Retrieved 29 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nominees / Competition 2012 '' ( PDF ) . Golden Nymph Awards . 2012 . p. 8 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 17 September 2012 . Retrieved 30 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Carbone , Gina ( 1 August 2013 ) . `` 2013 Young Hollywood Awards : Check Out Early Winners '' . Wetpaint . Archived from the original on 23 September 2013 . Retrieved 30 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SAG Awards Nominations : ' 12 Years A Slave ' And ' Breaking Bad ' Lead Way '' . Deadline Hollywood . 11 December 2013 . Retrieved 11 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( 10 December 2014 ) . `` SAG Awards Nominations : ' Birdman ' & ' Boyhood ' Lead Film Side , HBO & ' Modern Family ' Rule TV -- Full List '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on 26 January 2015 . Retrieved 26 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Empire Hero Award '' . Empire . 2015 . Archived from the original on 14 July 2015 . Retrieved 1 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Bryant , Jacob ( 24 February 2016 ) . `` Star Wars , Mad Max , Walking Dead Lead Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved 24 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Home -- Screen Actors Guild Awards '' . Jump up ^ Montgomery , Daniel ( 7 September 2016 ) . `` Gold Derby TV Awards 2016 : ' People v. O.J. Simpson ' leads winners , ' Game of Thrones ' & ' Veep ' also prevail '' . Gold Derby . Archived from the original on 11 September 2016 . Retrieved 11 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Emmys 2016 : The Full List of Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 2016 . Retrieved 14 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Critics ' Choice TV Awards : HBO Leads With 22 Nominations '' . 14 November 2016 . Retrieved 14 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Nolfi , Joey ( 14 December 2016 ) . `` SAG Awards nominations 2017 : See the full list '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 14 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( 2 March 2017 ) . `` ' Rogue One , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead Saturn Awards Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 2 March 2017 . Retrieved 3 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kit Harington King of GFF 2017 : Game of Thrones Star Receives The Giffoni Experience Award '' . Giffoni Experience . 19 July 2017 . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Ariston ( 19 July 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' : Kit Harington Does n't Think Jon Snow Will Become King '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( 13 December 2017 ) . `` SAG Awards Nominations : ' Three Billboards ' Tops Film List , Netflix Leads In TV '' . Deadline . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( 15 March 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther , ' ' Walking Dead ' Rule Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Further reading ( edit ) Heath , Chris ( April 2014 ) . `` Kit Harington on Game of Thrones , Nudity , and His Butt Double '' . GQ . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . London portal film portal television portal External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kit Harington . Kit Harington on IMDb Kit Harington at AllMovie Kit Harington speaks about War Horse , London 's West End theatre on YouTube VIAF : 233519535 LCCN : no2012042345 ISNI : 0000 0003 6797 1285 GND : 1022824678 SUDOC : 177452366 BNF : cb16683830j ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kit_Harington&oldid=834335566 '' Categories : 1986 births Living people 21st - century English male actors Alumni of the Central School of Speech and Drama English male film actors English male stage actors English male television actors English male video game actors English male voice actors English people of Scottish descent Male actors from London People from Acton , London Younger sons of baronets Hidden categories : EngvarB from July 2016 Use dmy dates from July 2016 Articles with hCards All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from January 2018 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه বাংলা Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latina Magyar Македонски മലയാളം მარგალური Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 47 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 04 : 42 . 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which term is defined as the chance that a given event will occur

Probability is the measure of the likelihood that an event will occur . See glossary of probability and statistics . Probability is quantified as a number between 0 and 1 , where , loosely speaking , 0 indicates impossibility and 1 indicates certainty . The higher the probability of an event , the more likely it is that the event will occur . A simple example is the tossing of a fair ( unbiased ) coin . Since the coin is fair , the two outcomes ( `` heads '' and `` tails '' ) are both equally probable ; the probability of `` heads '' equals the probability of `` tails '' ; and since no other outcomes are possible , the probability of either `` heads '' or `` tails '' is 1 / 2 ( which could also be written as 0.5 or 50 % ) .

Probability

Probability

probability

Related concepts and fundamentals :

Agnosticism Epistemology Presupposition Probability Probability is the measure of the likelihood that an event will occur . See glossary of probability and statistics . Probability is quantified as a number between 0 and 1 , where , loosely speaking , 0 indicates impossibility and 1 indicates certainty . The higher the probability of an event , the more likely it is that the event will occur . A simple example is the tossing of a fair ( unbiased ) coin . Since the coin is fair , the two outcomes ( `` heads '' and `` tails '' ) are both equally probable ; the probability of `` heads '' equals the probability of `` tails '' ; and since no other outcomes are possible , the probability of either `` heads '' or `` tails '' is 1 / 2 ( which could also be written as 0.5 or 50 % ) . These concepts have been given an axiomatic mathematical formalization in probability theory , which is used widely in such areas of study as mathematics , statistics , finance , gambling , science ( in particular physics ) , artificial intelligence / machine learning , computer science , game theory , and philosophy to , for example , draw inferences about the expected frequency of events . Probability theory is also used to describe the underlying mechanics and regularities of complex systems . Contents ( hide ) 1 Interpretations 2 Etymology 3 History 4 Theory 5 Applications 6 Mathematical treatment 6.1 Independent events 6.2 Mutually exclusive events 6.3 Not mutually exclusive events 6.4 Conditional probability 6.5 Inverse probability 6.6 Summary of probabilities 7 Relation to randomness and probability in quantum mechanics 8 See also 9 Notes 10 Bibliography 11 External links Interpretations ( edit ) Main article : Probability interpretations When dealing with experiments that are random and well - defined in a purely theoretical setting ( like tossing a fair coin ) , probabilities can be numerically described by the number of desired outcomes divided by the total number of all outcomes . For example , tossing a fair coin twice will yield `` head - head '' , `` head - tail '' , `` tail - head '' , and `` tail - tail '' outcomes . The probability of getting an outcome of `` head - head '' is 1 out of 4 outcomes or 1 / 4 or 0.25 ( or 25 % ) . When it comes to practical application however , there are two major competing categories of probability interpretations , whose adherents possess different views about the fundamental nature of probability : Objectivists assign numbers to describe some objective or physical state of affairs . The most popular version of objective probability is frequentist probability , which claims that the probability of a random event denotes the relative frequency of occurrence of an experiment 's outcome , when repeating the experiment . This interpretation considers probability to be the relative frequency `` in the long run '' of outcomes . A modification of this is propensity probability , which interprets probability as the tendency of some experiment to yield a certain outcome , even if it is performed only once . Subjectivists assign numbers per subjective probability , i.e. , as a degree of belief . The degree of belief has been interpreted as , `` the price at which you would buy or sell a bet that pays 1 unit of utility if E , 0 if not E . '' The most popular version of subjective probability is Bayesian probability , which includes expert knowledge as well as experimental data to produce probabilities . The expert knowledge is represented by some ( subjective ) prior probability distribution . These data are incorporated in a likelihood function . The product of the prior and the likelihood , normalized , results in a posterior probability distribution that incorporates all the information known to date . By Aumann 's agreement theorem , Bayesian agents whose prior beliefs are similar will end up with similar posterior beliefs . However , sufficiently different priors can lead to different conclusions regardless of how much information the agents share . Etymology ( edit ) See also : History of probability § Etymology Further information : Likelihood The word probability derives from the Latin probabilitas , which can also mean `` probity '' , a measure of the authority of a witness in a legal case in Europe , and often correlated with the witness 's nobility . In a sense , this differs much from the modern meaning of probability , which , in contrast , is a measure of the weight of empirical evidence , and is arrived at from inductive reasoning and statistical inference . History ( edit ) Main article : History of probability The scientific study of probability is a modern development of mathematics . Gambling shows that there has been an interest in quantifying the ideas of probability for millennia , but exact mathematical descriptions arose much later . There are reasons for the slow development of the mathematics of probability . Whereas games of chance provided the impetus for the mathematical study of probability , fundamental issues are still obscured by the superstitions of gamblers . Christiaan Huygens likely published the first book on probability According to Richard Jeffrey , `` Before the middle of the seventeenth century , the term ' probable ' ( Latin probabilis ) meant approvable , and was applied in that sense , unequivocally , to opinion and to action . A probable action or opinion was one such as sensible people would undertake or hold , in the circumstances . '' However , in legal contexts especially , ' probable ' could also apply to propositions for which there was good evidence . Gerolamo Cardano The sixteenth century Italian polymath Gerolamo Cardano demonstrated the efficacy of defining odds as the ratio of favourable to unfavourable outcomes ( which implies that the probability of an event is given by the ratio of favourable outcomes to the total number of possible outcomes ) . Aside from the elementary work by Cardano , the doctrine of probabilities dates to the correspondence of Pierre de Fermat and Blaise Pascal ( 1654 ) . Christiaan Huygens ( 1657 ) gave the earliest known scientific treatment of the subject . Jakob Bernoulli 's Ars Conjectandi ( posthumous , 1713 ) and Abraham de Moivre 's Doctrine of Chances ( 1718 ) treated the subject as a branch of mathematics . See Ian Hacking 's The Emergence of Probability and James Franklin 's The Science of Conjecture for histories of the early development of the very concept of mathematical probability . The theory of errors may be traced back to Roger Cotes 's Opera Miscellanea ( posthumous , 1722 ) , but a memoir prepared by Thomas Simpson in 1755 ( printed 1756 ) first applied the theory to the discussion of errors of observation . The reprint ( 1757 ) of this memoir lays down the axioms that positive and negative errors are equally probable , and that certain assignable limits define the range of all errors . Simpson also discusses continuous errors and describes a probability curve . The first two laws of error that were proposed both originated with Pierre - Simon Laplace . The first law was published in 1774 and stated that the frequency of an error could be expressed as an exponential function of the numerical magnitude of the error , disregarding sign . The second law of error was proposed in 1778 by Laplace and stated that the frequency of the error is an exponential function of the square of the error . The second law of error is called the normal distribution or the Gauss law . `` It is difficult historically to attribute that law to Gauss , who in spite of his well - known precocity had probably not made this discovery before he was two years old . '' Daniel Bernoulli ( 1778 ) introduced the principle of the maximum product of the probabilities of a system of concurrent errors . Carl Friedrich Gauss Adrien - Marie Legendre ( 1805 ) developed the method of least squares , and introduced it in his Nouvelles méthodes pour la détermination des orbites des comètes ( New Methods for Determining the Orbits of Comets ) . In ignorance of Legendre 's contribution , an Irish - American writer , Robert Adrain , editor of `` The Analyst '' ( 1808 ) , first deduced the law of facility of error , φ ( x ) = c e − h 2 x 2 , ( \ displaystyle \ phi ( x ) = ce ^ ( - h ^ ( 2 ) x ^ ( 2 ) ) , ) where h ( \ displaystyle h ) is a constant depending on precision of observation , and c ( \ displaystyle c ) is a scale factor ensuring that the area under the curve equals 1 . He gave two proofs , the second being essentially the same as John Herschel 's ( 1850 ) . Gauss gave the first proof that seems to have been known in Europe ( the third after Adrain 's ) in 1809 . Further proofs were given by Laplace ( 1810 , 1812 ) , Gauss ( 1823 ) , James Ivory ( 1825 , 1826 ) , Hagen ( 1837 ) , Friedrich Bessel ( 1838 ) , W.F. Donkin ( 1844 , 1856 ) , and Morgan Crofton ( 1870 ) . Other contributors were Ellis ( 1844 ) , De Morgan ( 1864 ) , Glaisher ( 1872 ) , and Giovanni Schiaparelli ( 1875 ) . Peters 's ( 1856 ) formula for r , the probable error of a single observation , is well known . In the nineteenth century authors on the general theory included Laplace , Sylvestre Lacroix ( 1816 ) , Littrow ( 1833 ) , Adolphe Quetelet ( 1853 ) , Richard Dedekind ( 1860 ) , Helmert ( 1872 ) , Hermann Laurent ( 1873 ) , Liagre , Didion , and Karl Pearson . Augustus De Morgan and George Boole improved the exposition of the theory . Andrey Markov introduced the notion of Markov chains ( 1906 ) , which played an important role in stochastic processes theory and its applications . The modern theory of probability based on the measure theory was developed by Andrey Kolmogorov ( 1931 ) . On the geometric side ( see integral geometry ) contributors to The Educational Times were influential ( Miller , Crofton , McColl , Wolstenholme , Watson , and Artemas Martin ) . Further information : History of statistics Theory ( edit ) Main article : Probability theory Like other theories , the theory of probability is a representation of its concepts in formal terms -- that is , in terms that can be considered separately from their meaning . These formal terms are manipulated by the rules of mathematics and logic , and any results are interpreted or translated back into the problem domain . There have been at least two successful attempts to formalize probability , namely the Kolmogorov formulation and the Cox formulation . In Kolmogorov 's formulation ( see probability space ) , sets are interpreted as events and probability itself as a measure on a class of sets . In Cox 's theorem , probability is taken as a primitive ( that is , not further analyzed ) and the emphasis is on constructing a consistent assignment of probability values to propositions . In both cases , the laws of probability are the same , except for technical details . There are other methods for quantifying uncertainty , such as the Dempster -- Shafer theory or possibility theory , but those are essentially different and not compatible with the laws of probability as usually understood . Applications ( edit ) Probability theory is applied in everyday life in risk assessment and modeling . The insurance industry and markets use actuarial science to determine pricing and make trading decisions . Governments apply probabilistic methods in environmental regulation , entitlement analysis ( Reliability theory of aging and longevity ) , and financial regulation . A good example of the use of probability theory in equity trading is the effect of the perceived probability of any widespread Middle East conflict on oil prices , which have ripple effects in the economy as a whole . An assessment by a commodity trader that a war is more likely can send that commodity 's prices up or down , and signals other traders of that opinion . Accordingly , the probabilities are neither assessed independently nor necessarily very rationally . The theory of behavioral finance emerged to describe the effect of such groupthink on pricing , on policy , and on peace and conflict . In addition to financial assessment , probability can be used to analyze trends in biology ( e.g. disease spread ) as well as ecology ( e.g. biological Punnett squares ) . As with finance , risk assessment can be used as a statistical tool to calculate the likelihood of undesirable events occurring and can assist with implementing protocols to avoid encountering such circumstances . Probability is used to design games of chance so that casinos can make a guaranteed profit , yet provide payouts to players that are frequent enough to encourage continued play . The discovery of rigorous methods to assess and combine probability assessments has changed society . It is important for most citizens to understand how probability assessments are made , and how they contribute to decisions . Another significant application of probability theory in everyday life is reliability . Many consumer products , such as automobiles and consumer electronics , use reliability theory in product design to reduce the probability of failure . Failure probability may influence a manufacturer 's decisions on a product 's warranty . The cache language model and other statistical language models that are used in natural language processing are also examples of applications of probability theory . Mathematical treatment ( edit ) See also : Probability axioms Consider an experiment that can produce a number of results . The collection of all possible results is called the sample space of the experiment . The power set of the sample space is formed by considering all different collections of possible results . For example , rolling a dice can produce six possible results . One collection of possible results gives an odd number on the dice . Thus , the subset ( 1 , 3 , 5 ) is an element of the power set of the sample space of dice rolls . These collections are called `` events '' . In this case , ( 1 , 3 , 5 ) is the event that the dice falls on some odd number . If the results that actually occur fall in a given event , the event is said to have occurred . A probability is a way of assigning every event a value between zero and one , with the requirement that the event made up of all possible results ( in our example , the event ( 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ) ) is assigned a value of one . To qualify as a probability , the assignment of values must satisfy the requirement that if you look at a collection of mutually exclusive events ( events with no common results , e.g. , the events ( 1 , 6 ) , ( 3 ) , and ( 2 , 4 ) are all mutually exclusive ) , the probability that at least one of the events will occur is given by the sum of the probabilities of all the individual events . The probability of an event A is written as P ( A ) ( \ displaystyle P ( A ) ) , p ( A ) ( \ displaystyle p ( A ) ) , or Pr ( A ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ text ( Pr ) ) ( A ) ) . This mathematical definition of probability can extend to infinite sample spaces , and even uncountable sample spaces , using the concept of a measure . The opposite or complement of an event A is the event ( not A ) ( that is , the event of A not occurring ) , often denoted as A _̄ , A ∁ , ¬ A ( \ displaystyle ( \ overline ( A ) ) , A ^ ( \ complement ) , \ neg A ) , or ∼ A ( \ displaystyle ( \ sim ) A ) ; its probability is given by P ( not A ) = 1 − P ( A ) . As an example , the chance of not rolling a six on a six - sided die is 1 -- ( chance of rolling a six ) = 1 − 1 6 = 5 6 ( \ displaystyle = 1 - ( \ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 6 ) ) = ( \ tfrac ( 5 ) ( 6 ) ) ) . See Complementary event for a more complete treatment . If two events A and B occur on a single performance of an experiment , this is called the intersection or joint probability of A and B , denoted as P ( A ∩ B ) ( \ displaystyle P ( A \ cap B ) ) . Independent events ( edit ) If two events , A and B are independent then the joint probability is P ( A and B ) = P ( A ∩ B ) = P ( A ) P ( B ) , ( \ displaystyle P ( A ( \ mbox ( and ) ) B ) = P ( A \ cap B ) = P ( A ) P ( B ) , \ , ) for example , if two coins are flipped the chance of both being heads is 1 2 × 1 2 = 1 4 ( \ displaystyle ( \ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) \ times ( \ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) = ( \ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 4 ) ) ) . Mutually exclusive events ( edit ) If either event A or event B but never both occurs on a single performance of an experiment , then they are called mutually exclusive events . If two events are mutually exclusive then the probability of both occurring is denoted as P ( A ∩ B ) ( \ displaystyle P ( A \ cap B ) ) . P ( A and B ) = P ( A ∩ B ) = 0 ( \ displaystyle P ( A ( \ mbox ( and ) ) B ) = P ( A \ cap B ) = 0 ) If two events are mutually exclusive then the probability of either occurring is denoted as P ( A ∪ B ) ( \ displaystyle P ( A \ cup B ) ) . P ( A or B ) = P ( A ∪ B ) = P ( A ) + P ( B ) − P ( A ∩ B ) = P ( A ) + P ( B ) − 0 = P ( A ) + P ( B ) ( \ displaystyle P ( A ( \ mbox ( or ) ) B ) = P ( A \ cup B ) = P ( A ) + P ( B ) - P ( A \ cap B ) = P ( A ) + P ( B ) - 0 = P ( A ) + P ( B ) ) For example , the chance of rolling a 1 or 2 on a six - sided die is P ( 1 or 2 ) = P ( 1 ) + P ( 2 ) = 1 6 + 1 6 = 1 3 . ( \ displaystyle P ( 1 ( \ mbox ( or ) ) 2 ) = P ( 1 ) + P ( 2 ) = ( \ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 6 ) ) + ( \ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 6 ) ) = ( \ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 3 ) ) . ) Not mutually exclusive events ( edit ) If the events are not mutually exclusive then P ( A or B ) = P ( A ∪ B ) = P ( A ) + P ( B ) − P ( A and B ) . ( \ displaystyle P \ left ( A ( \ hbox ( or ) ) B \ right ) = P ( A \ cup B ) = P \ left ( A \ right ) + P \ left ( B \ right ) - P \ left ( A ( \ mbox ( and ) ) B \ right ) . ) For example , when drawing a single card at random from a regular deck of cards , the chance of getting a heart or a face card ( J , Q , K ) ( or one that is both ) is 13 52 + 12 52 − 3 52 = 11 26 ( \ displaystyle ( \ tfrac ( 13 ) ( 52 ) ) + ( \ tfrac ( 12 ) ( 52 ) ) - ( \ tfrac ( 3 ) ( 52 ) ) = ( \ tfrac ( 11 ) ( 26 ) ) ) , because of the 52 cards of a deck 13 are hearts , 12 are face cards , and 3 are both : here the possibilities included in the `` 3 that are both '' are included in each of the `` 13 hearts '' and the `` 12 face cards '' but should only be counted once . Conditional probability ( edit ) Conditional probability is the probability of some event A , given the occurrence of some other event B. Conditional probability is written P ( A ∣ B ) ( \ displaystyle P ( A \ mid B ) ) , and is read `` the probability of A , given B '' . It is defined by P ( A ∣ B ) = P ( A ∩ B ) P ( B ) . ( \ displaystyle P ( A \ mid B ) = ( \ frac ( P ( A \ cap B ) ) ( P ( B ) ) ). \ , ) If P ( B ) = 0 ( \ displaystyle P ( B ) = 0 ) then P ( A ∣ B ) ( \ displaystyle P ( A \ mid B ) ) is formally undefined by this expression . However , it is possible to define a conditional probability for some zero - probability events using a σ - algebra of such events ( such as those arising from a continuous random variable ) . For example , in a bag of 2 red balls and 2 blue balls ( 4 balls in total ) , the probability of taking a red ball is 1 / 2 ( \ displaystyle 1 / 2 ) ; however , when taking a second ball , the probability of it being either a red ball or a blue ball depends on the ball previously taken , such as , if a red ball was taken , the probability of picking a red ball again would be 1 / 3 ( \ displaystyle 1 / 3 ) since only 1 red and 2 blue balls would have been remaining . Inverse probability ( edit ) In probability theory and applications , Bayes ' rule relates the odds of event A 1 ( \ displaystyle A_ ( 1 ) ) to event A 2 ( \ displaystyle A_ ( 2 ) ) , before ( prior to ) and after ( posterior to ) conditioning on another event B ( \ displaystyle B ) . The odds on A 1 ( \ displaystyle A_ ( 1 ) ) to event A 2 ( \ displaystyle A_ ( 2 ) ) is simply the ratio of the probabilities of the two events . When arbitrarily many events A ( \ displaystyle A ) are of interest , not just two , the rule can be rephrased as posterior is proportional to prior times likelihood , P ( A B ) ∝ P ( A ) P ( B A ) ( \ displaystyle P ( A B ) \ propto P ( A ) P ( B A ) ) where the proportionality symbol means that the left hand side is proportional to ( i.e. , equals a constant times ) the right hand side as A ( \ displaystyle A ) varies , for fixed or given B ( \ displaystyle B ) ( Lee , 2012 ; Bertsch McGrayne , 2012 ) . In this form it goes back to Laplace ( 1774 ) and to Cournot ( 1843 ) ; see Fienberg ( 2005 ) . See Inverse probability and Bayes ' rule . Summary of probabilities ( edit ) Summary of probabilities Event Probability P ( A ) ∈ ( 0 , 1 ) ( \ displaystyle P ( A ) \ in ( 0 , 1 ) \ , ) not A P ( A ∁ ) = 1 − P ( A ) ( \ displaystyle P ( A ^ ( \ complement ) ) = 1 - P ( A ) \ , ) A or B P ( A ∪ B ) = P ( A ) + P ( B ) − P ( A ∩ B ) P ( A ∪ B ) = P ( A ) + P ( B ) if A and B are mutually exclusive ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) P ( A \ cup B ) & = P ( A ) + P ( B ) - P ( A \ cap B ) \ \ P ( A \ cup B ) & = P ( A ) + P ( B ) \ qquad ( \ mbox ( if A and B are mutually exclusive ) ) \ \ \ end ( aligned ) ) ) A and B P ( A ∩ B ) = P ( A B ) P ( B ) = P ( B A ) P ( A ) P ( A ∩ B ) = P ( A ) P ( B ) if A and B are independent ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) P ( A \ cap B ) & = P ( A B ) P ( B ) = P ( B A ) P ( A ) \ \ P ( A \ cap B ) & = P ( A ) P ( B ) \ qquad ( \ mbox ( if A and B are independent ) ) \ \ \ end ( aligned ) ) ) A given B P ( A ∣ B ) = P ( A ∩ B ) P ( B ) = P ( B A ) P ( A ) P ( B ) ( \ displaystyle P ( A \ mid B ) = ( \ frac ( P ( A \ cap B ) ) ( P ( B ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( P ( B A ) P ( A ) ) ( P ( B ) ) ) \ , ) Relation to randomness and probability in quantum mechanics ( edit ) Main article : Randomness See also : Quantum fluctuation § Interpretations This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( April 2017 ) In a deterministic universe , based on Newtonian concepts , there would be no probability if all conditions were known ( Laplace 's demon ) , ( but there are situations in which sensitivity to initial conditions exceeds our ability to measure them , i.e. know them ) . In the case of a roulette wheel , if the force of the hand and the period of that force are known , the number on which the ball will stop would be a certainty ( though as a practical matter , this would likely be true only of a roulette wheel that had not been exactly levelled -- as Thomas A. Bass ' Newtonian Casino revealed ) . This also assumes knowledge of inertia and friction of the wheel , weight , smoothness and roundness of the ball , variations in hand speed during the turning and so forth . A probabilistic description can thus be more useful than Newtonian mechanics for analyzing the pattern of outcomes of repeated rolls of a roulette wheel . Physicists face the same situation in kinetic theory of gases , where the system , while deterministic in principle , is so complex ( with the number of molecules typically the order of magnitude of the Avogadro constant 7023602000000000000 ♠ 6.02 × 10 ) that only a statistical description of its properties is feasible . Probability theory is required to describe quantum phenomena . A revolutionary discovery of early 20th century physics was the random character of all physical processes that occur at sub-atomic scales and are governed by the laws of quantum mechanics . The objective wave function evolves deterministically but , according to the Copenhagen interpretation , it deals with probabilities of observing , the outcome being explained by a wave function collapse when an observation is made . However , the loss of determinism for the sake of instrumentalism did not meet with universal approval . Albert Einstein famously remarked in a letter to Max Born : `` I am convinced that God does not play dice '' . Like Einstein , Erwin Schrödinger , who discovered the wave function , believed quantum mechanics is a statistical approximation of an underlying deterministic reality . In some modern interpretations of the statistical mechanics of measurement , quantum decoherence is invoked to account for the appearance of subjectively probabilistic experimental outcomes . See also ( edit ) Mathematics portal Logic portal Main article : Outline of probability Chance ( disambiguation ) Class membership probabilities Equiprobability Heuristics in judgment and decision - making Probability theory Statistics Estimators Estimation Theory Probability density function In Law Balance of probabilities Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Probability '' . Webster 's Revised Unabridged Dictionary . G & C Merriam , 1913 Jump up ^ Strictly speaking , a probability of 0 indicates that an event almost never takes place , whereas a probability of 1 indicates than an event almost certainly takes place . This is an important distinction when the sample space is infinite . For example , for the continuous uniform distribution on the real interval ( 5 , 10 ) , there are an infinite number of possible outcomes , and the probability of any given outcome being observed -- for instance , exactly 7 -- is 0 . This means that when we make an observation , it will almost surely not be exactly 7 . However , it does not mean that exactly 7 is impossible . Ultimately some specific outcome ( with probability 0 ) will be observed , and one possibility for that specific outcome is exactly 7 . Jump up ^ `` Kendall 's Advanced Theory of Statistics , Volume 1 : Distribution Theory '' , Alan Stuart and Keith Ord , 6th Ed , ( 2009 ) , ISBN 9780534243128 Jump up ^ William Feller , `` An Introduction to Probability Theory and Its Applications '' , ( Vol 1 ) , 3rd Ed , ( 1968 ) , Wiley , ISBN 0 - 471 - 25708 - 7 Jump up ^ Probability Theory The Britannica website Jump up ^ Hacking , Ian ( 1965 ) . The Logic of Statistical Inference . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 05165 - 7 . Jump up ^ Finetti , Bruno de ( 1970 ) . `` Logical foundations and measurement of subjective probability '' . Acta Psychologica. 34 : 129 -- 145 . doi : 10.1016 / 0001 - 6918 ( 70 ) 90012 - 0 . Jump up ^ Hájek , Alan . `` Interpretations of Probability '' . The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ( Winter 2012 Edition ) , Edward N. Zalta ( ed . ) . Retrieved 22 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Hogg , Robert V. ; Craig , Allen ; McKean , Joseph W. ( 2004 ) . Introduction to Mathematical Statistics ( 6th ed . ) . Upper Saddle River : Pearson . ISBN 0 - 13 - 008507 - 3 . Jump up ^ Jaynes , E.T. ( 2003 - 06 - 09 ) . `` Section 5.3 Converging and diverging views '' . In Bretthorst , G. Larry . Probability Theory : The Logic of Science ( 1 ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9780521592710 . ^ Jump up to : Hacking , I. ( 2006 ) The Emergence of Probability : A Philosophical Study of Early Ideas about Probability , Induction and Statistical Inference , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 68557 - 3 Jump up ^ Freund , John . ( 1973 ) Introduction to Probability . Dickenson ISBN 978 - 0822100782 ( p. 1 ) Jump up ^ Jeffrey , R.C. , Probability and the Art of Judgment , Cambridge University Press . ( 1992 ) . pp. 54 -- 55 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 39459 - 7 Jump up ^ Franklin , J. ( 2001 ) The Science of Conjecture : Evidence and Probability Before Pascal , Johns Hopkins University Press . ( pp. 22 , 113 , 127 ) Jump up ^ Some laws and problems in classical probability and how Cardano anticipated them Gorrochum , P. Chance magazine 2012 Jump up ^ Abrams , William , A Brief History of Probability , Second Moment , retrieved 2008 - 05 - 23 Jump up ^ Ivancevic , Vladimir G. ; Ivancevic , Tijana T. ( 2008 ) . Quantum leap : from Dirac and Feynman , across the universe , to human body and mind . Singapore ; Hackensack , NJ : World Scientific . p. 16 . ISBN 978 - 981 - 281 - 927 - 7 . Jump up ^ Franklin , James ( 2001 ) . The Science of Conjecture : Evidence and Probability Before Pascal . Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 0801865697 . ^ Jump up to : Wilson EB ( 1923 ) `` First and second laws of error '' . Journal of the American Statistical Association , 18 , 143 Jump up ^ Seneta , Eugene William . `` '' Adrien - Marie Legendre '' ( version 9 ) `` . StatProb : The Encyclopedia Sponsored by Statistics and Probability Societies . Archived from the original on 3 February 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.statslab.cam.ac.uk/~rrw1/markov/M.pdf Jump up ^ Vitanyi , Paul M.B. ( 1988 ) . `` Andrei Nikolaevich Kolmogorov '' . CWI Quarterly ( 1 ) : 3 -- 18 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Singh , Laurie ( 2010 ) `` Whither Efficient Markets ? Efficient Market Theory and Behavioral Finance '' . The Finance Professionals ' Post , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gao , J.Z. ; Fong , D. ; Liu , X. ( April 2011 ) . `` Mathematical analyses of casino rebate systems for VIP gambling '' . International Gambling Studies . 11 ( 1 ) : 93 -- 106 . doi : 10.1080 / 14459795.2011. 552575 . ^ Jump up to : `` Data : Data Analysis , Probability and Statistics , and Graphing '' . archon.educ.kent.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Michael ( 2011 ) `` Management Insights '' . Management Science Jump up ^ Ross , Sheldon . A First course in Probability , 8th Edition . Pages 26 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Olofsson ( 2005 ) Page 8 . Jump up ^ Olofsson ( 2005 ) , page 9 Jump up ^ Olofsson ( 2005 ) page 35 . Jump up ^ Olofsson ( 2005 ) page 29 . Jump up ^ Burgi , Mark ( 2010 ) `` Interpretations of Negative Probabilities '' , p. 1 . arXiv : 1008.1287 v1 Jump up ^ Jedenfalls bin ich überzeugt , daß der Alte nicht würfelt . Letter to Max Born , 4 December 1926 , in : Einstein / Born Briefwechsel 1916 - 1955 . Jump up ^ Moore , W.J. ( 1992 ) . Schrödinger : Life and Thought . Cambridge University Press . p. 479 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 43767 - 9 . Bibliography ( edit ) Kallenberg , O. ( 2005 ) Probabilistic Symmetries and Invariance Principles . Springer - Verlag , New York . 510 pp. ISBN 0 - 387 - 25115 - 4 Kallenberg , O. ( 2002 ) Foundations of Modern Probability , 2nd ed . Springer Series in Statistics . 650 pp. ISBN 0 - 387 - 95313 - 2 Olofsson , Peter ( 2005 ) Probability , Statistics , and Stochastic Processes , Wiley - Interscience. 504 pp ISBN 0 - 471 - 67969 - 0 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Probability Wikibooks has more on the topic of : Probability Wikimedia Commons has media related to Probability . Library resources about Probability Resources in your library Virtual Laboratories in Probability and Statistics ( Univ. of Ala. - Huntsville ) Probability on In Our Time at the BBC . Probability and Statistics EBook Edwin Thompson Jaynes . Probability Theory : The Logic of Science . Preprint : Washington University , ( 1996 ) . -- HTML index with links to PostScript files and PDF ( first three chapters ) People from the History of Probability and Statistics ( Univ. of Southampton ) Probability and Statistics on the Earliest Uses Pages ( Univ. of Southampton ) Earliest Uses of Symbols in Probability and Statistics on Earliest Uses of Various Mathematical Symbols A tutorial on probability and Bayes ' theorem devised for first - year Oxford University students ( 1 ) pdf file of An Anthology of Chance Operations ( 1963 ) at UbuWeb Introduction to Probability - eBook , by Charles Grinstead , Laurie Snell Source ( GNU Free Documentation License ) ( in English ) ( in Italian ) Bruno de Finetti , Probabilità e induzione , Bologna , CLUEB , 1993 . ISBN 88 - 8091 - 176 - 7 ( digital version ) Richard P. Feynman 's Lecture on probability . 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spanish orthography

Spanish orthography is the orthography used in the Spanish language . The alphabet uses the Latin script . The spelling is fairly phonemic , especially in comparison to more opaque orthographies like English and Irish , having a relatively consistent mapping of graphemes to phonemes ; in other words , the pronunciation of a given Spanish - language word can largely be predicted from its spelling and to a slightly lesser extent vice versa . Notable features of Spanish punctuation include the lack of the serial comma and the inverted question and exclamation marks : ⟨ ¿ ⟩ ⟨ ¡ ⟩ .

Spanish uses capital letters much less often than English ; they are not used on adjectives derived from proper nouns ( e.g. francés , español , israelí from Francia , España , and Israel , respectively ) and book titles capitalize only the first word ( e.g. La rebelión de las masas ) . Spanish uses only the acute accent , over any vowel : ⟨ á é í ó ú ⟩ . This accent is used to mark the tonic ( stressed ) syllable , though it may also be used occasionally in monosyllabic words to distinguish homophones such as si ( ' if ' ) and sí ( ' yes ' ) . The only other diacritics used are the tilde on the letter ⟨ ñ ⟩ , which is considered a separate letter from ⟨ n ⟩ , and the diaeresis used in some instances over ⟨ u ⟩ in words like bilingüe ( ' bilingual ' ) . In contrast with English , Spanish has an official body that governs linguistic rules , orthography among them : the Royal Spanish Academy , which makes periodic changes to orthography . It is the policy of the Royal Spanish Academy that , when quoting older texts , one should update spelling to the current rules , except in discussions of the history of the Spanish language . Contents 1 Alphabet in Spanish 1.1 Alternative names 2 Orthography 2.1 Consonants 2.2 Vowels 2.3 The letter Y 2.4 Special and modified letters 2.5 Keyboard requirements 2.6 Stress and accentuation 2.6. 1 Accentuation of capital letters 2.7 Differential accents 2.8 Foreign words 2.9 Capitalization 2.10 Older conventions 2.11 Reform proposals 3 Arabic alphabet 4 See also 5 References 6 Bibliography 7 External links Alphabet in Spanish ( edit ) The Spanish language is written using the Spanish alphabet , which is the Latin script with one additional letter : eñe `` ñ '' , for a total of 27 letters . Although the letters `` k '' and `` w '' are part of the alphabet , they appear only in loanwords such as karate , kilo , waterpolo and wolframio ( tungsten ) . Each letter has a single official name according to the Real Academia Española 's new 2010 Common Orthography , but in some regions alternative traditional names coexist as explained below . The digraphs `` ch '' and `` ll '' were considered letters of the alphabet from 1754 to 2010 ( and sorted separately from `` c '' and `` l '' from 1803 to 1994 ) . The digraph `` rr '' is occasionally considered a letter , but officially it was never so . Spanish alphabet Letter Name be , be larga , be alta ce de efe ge hache i Phoneme ( s ) / a / / b / / k / , / θ / / d / / e / / f / / ɡ / / x / silent / i / ^ 1 The sequence ⟨ ch ⟩ represents the affricate / tʃ / . The digraph was formerly treated as a single letter , called che . ^ 2 The phonemes / θ / and / s / are not distinguished in many dialects ; see seseo . ^ 3 With the exception of some loanwords : hámster , hachís , hawaiano , which have / x / . Letter J Ñ Q Name jota ka ele eme ene eñe o pe cu Phoneme ( s ) / x / / k / / l / / m / / n / / ɲ / / o / / p / / k / ^ 4 When ⟨ l ⟩ is written double ( e.g. calle ) , it represents the palatal lateral / ʎ / in a few dialects ; but in most dialects -- because of the historical merger called yeísmo -- it , like the letter ⟨ y ⟩ , represents the phoneme / ʝ / . ^ 5 Used only in the digraph ⟨ qu ⟩ . Letter U V X Y Z Name erre ese te u uve , ve , ve corta , ve baja uve doble , ve doble , doble ve , doble u equis ye , i griega zeta Phoneme ( s ) / ɾ / , / r / / s / / t / / u / / b / / w / , / b / / ks / , / x / , / s / / ʝ / , / i / / θ / ^ 6 The digraph ⟨ rr ⟩ , which only appears between vowels , represents the trill ( r ) . For details on Spanish pronunciation , see Spanish phonology and Help : IPA / Spanish . When acute accent and diaeresis marks are used on vowels ( ⟨ á ⟩ , ⟨ é ⟩ , ⟨ í ⟩ , ⟨ ó ⟩ , ⟨ ú ⟩ and ⟨ ü ⟩ ) they are considered variants of the plain vowel letters , but ⟨ ñ ⟩ is considered a separate letter from ⟨ n ⟩ . This makes a difference when sorting alphabetically : ⟨ ñ ⟩ appears in dictionaries after ⟨ n ⟩ . For example , in a Spanish dictionary piñata comes after pinza . There are five digraphs : ⟨ ch ⟩ ( `` che '' or `` ce hache '' ) , ⟨ ll ⟩ ( `` elle '' or `` doble ele '' ) , ⟨ rr ⟩ ( `` doble erre '' ) , ⟨ gu ⟩ ( `` ge u '' ) and ⟨ qu ⟩ ( `` cu u '' ) . While che and elle were formerly treated each as a single letter , in 1994 the tenth congress of the Association of Spanish Language Academies , by request of UNESCO and other international organizations , agreed to alphabetize ⟨ ch ⟩ and ⟨ ll ⟩ as ordinary sequences of letters . Thus , for example , in dictionaries , chico is alphabetized after centro and before ciudad , instead of being alphabetized after all words beginning with cu - as was formerly done . Despite their former status as unitary letters of the alphabet , ⟨ ch ⟩ and ⟨ ll ⟩ have always been treated as sequences with regard to the rules of capitalization . Thus the word chillón in a text written in all caps is CHILLÓN , not * ChILlÓN , and if it is the first word of a sentence , it is written Chillón , not * CHillón . Sometimes , one finds lifts with buttons marked LLamar , but this double capitalization has always been incorrect according to RAE rules . This is the list of letters from most to least frequent in Spanish texts : ⟨ EAOSRNIDLCTUMPBGVYQHF ZJ Ñ XWK ⟩ ; the vowels take around 45 % of the text . Alternative names ( edit ) B and V The letters ⟨ b ⟩ and ⟨ v ⟩ were originally simply known as be and ve , which in modern Spanish are pronounced identically . In Old Spanish , they likely represented different sounds but the sounds merged later . Their usual names are be and uve ; in some regions , speakers may instead add something to the names to distinguish them . Some Mexicans and most Peruvians generally say be grande / chica ( ' big B ' / ' little V ' ) ; Argentines , Uruguayans and Chileans , be larga / corta ( ' long B ' / ' short V ' ) . Some people give examples of words spelt with the letter ; e.g. , b de burro / v de vaca ( ' b as in burro ' / ' v as in vaca ' ) ; Colombians tend to say be grande for B and ve pequeña for V. In Venezuela , they called B as b de Bolívar , and V as v de Venezuela ; but also , as be alta y ve baja ( ' tall B ' / ' short V ' ) . Regardless of these regional differences , all Spanish - speaking people recognize be as the official name of B . The digraph ⟨ rr ⟩ is sometimes called doble erre or erre doble . It is sometimes suggested that the name of the letter ⟨ r ⟩ be ere when it is single , and erre when it is double , but the dictionary of the Real Academia Española defines the name of ⟨ r ⟩ as erre . Ere is considered obsolete . The name ere was used when referring specifically to the alveolar tap / ɾ / and erre referring to the alveolar trill / r / . The two contrast between vowels , with the latter being represented with ⟨ rr ⟩ , but the sounds are otherwise in complementary distribution so that a single ⟨ r ⟩ may represent either . As a referent to the trill sound rather than the phoneme , erre can refer to a single or double ⟨ r ⟩ . In Latin American Spanish , ⟨ w ⟩ is sometimes called doble ve , ve doble , or doble uve . In Colombia and Mexico , because of English acculturation , the letter is usually called doble u ( like English `` double u '' ) . In Spain it is usually called uve doble . In the Spanish pronunciation of acronyms like `` BMW '' , it is simplified as be eme uve . Because of its origin , ⟨ i ⟩ is occasionally known as i latina ( `` Latin i '' ) to distinguish it from ⟨ y ⟩ , which is known as i griega ( `` Greek i '' ) . Y The most common name for ⟨ y ⟩ in Spain is i griega , but in Latin American Spanish it has been commonly superseded by ye , in an effort to standardize on a one - word name , as opposed to a name consisting of two words . Using ye as the only name for the letter is one of the newest proposed changes specified by the 2010 new common orthography . Z The name for ⟨ z ⟩ is zeta ( formerly ceta , pronounced the same ) . In older Spanish , it was called zeda or ceda , and the diminutive form of this word , cedilla , is now used in both Spanish and English to refer to the diacritic mark exhibited in the letter ⟨ ç ⟩ . Orthography ( edit ) Spanish orthography is such that the pronunciation of most words is unambiguous given their written form ; the main exception is the letter ⟨ x ⟩ , which usually represents / ks / or / s / , but can also represent / x / or / ʃ / , especially in proper nouns from times of Old Spanish , as in México or Pedro Ximénez ( both / x / ) . These orthographic rules are similar to , but not the same as , those of other Romance languages of the Iberian Peninsula , such as Portuguese , Catalan and Galician . The converse does not always hold , i.e. for a given pronunciation there may be multiple possible spellings . The main issues are : the use of both ⟨ b ⟩ and ⟨ v ⟩ for / b / ; the use of both ⟨ j ⟩ and ⟨ g ⟩ for / x / before ⟨ e ⟩ and ⟨ i ⟩ ; the silent ⟨ h ⟩ ; for the speakers who have merged / ʝ / and / ʎ / , the various use of ⟨ y ⟩ , ⟨ ll ⟩ or ⟨ hi ⟩ in different words ; the use of ⟨ hu ⟩ , ⟨ gu ⟩ or ⟨ bu ⟩ before a vowel for / w / ( although many speakers distinguish some or all of these combinations ) ; for speakers not in central and northern Spain , the use of ⟨ c / z ⟩ and ⟨ s ⟩ for / s / ; the occasional use of accents to distinguish two words that sound the same , such as tú and tu , sí and si , más and mas . Use of different letters for the same sound sound before ⟨ e / i ⟩ elsewhere / θ / or / s / ⟨ c ⟩ ( or ⟨ z ⟩ in some loanwords ) or ⟨ s ⟩ ⟨ z ⟩ or ⟨ s ⟩ / k / ⟨ qu ⟩ ( or ⟨ k ⟩ in some loanwords ) ⟨ c ⟩ ( or ⟨ k ⟩ in some loanwords ) / kw / ⟨ cu ⟩ / x / ⟨ g ⟩ or ⟨ j ⟩ ( or ⟨ x ⟩ in Mexico ) ⟨ j ⟩ ( or ⟨ x ⟩ in Mexico ) / ɡ / ⟨ gu ⟩ ⟨ g ⟩ / ɡw / ⟨ gü ⟩ ⟨ gu ⟩ Consonants ( edit ) Consonants Letter Context IPA Examples English approximation b or v word - initial after a pause , or after ⟨ m ⟩ or ⟨ n ⟩ bestia ; embuste ; vaca ; envidia practically the same as the typical English ⟨ b ⟩ , except that it is fully voiced ; e.g. about elsewhere ( i.e. after a vowel , even across a word boundary , or after any consonant other than ⟨ m ⟩ or ⟨ n ⟩ ) ( β ) bebé ; obtuso ; vivir ; curva ; mi bebé ; mi vaca between baby and bevy ( like the typical English ⟨ v ⟩ , but with the upper lip in place of the upper teeth ) before ⟨ e ⟩ or ⟨ i ⟩ ( θ ) ( central and northern Spain ) or ( s ) ( most other regions ) cereal ; encima same as the English voiceless ⟨ th ⟩ ( as in thing ) in central and northern Spain , or the typical English ⟨ s ⟩ ( as in sass ) in all other regions elsewhere ( k ) casa ; claro ; vaca ; escudo same as certain instances of English ⟨ k ⟩ or ⟨ c ⟩ ; e.g. skull , scan , or picking ( unaspirated , i.e. without the puff of air that accompanies English / k / at the beginning of a word , e.g. in can ) before voiced consonants ( ɣ ) anécdota a sound between a light English ⟨ g ⟩ and the typical English ⟨ h ⟩ ( between gold and ahold ) ch everywhere ( tʃ ) or ( ʃ ) ( depending upon the dialect ) ocho ; chícharo same as the typical English ⟨ ch ⟩ ; church d word - initial after a pause , or after ⟨ l ⟩ or ⟨ n ⟩ ( d ) dedo ; cuando ; aldaba practically the same as the typical English ⟨ d ⟩ , except that it is fully voiced and the tip of the tongue touches the upper teeth ; e.g. adore elsewhere ( ð ) dádiva ; arder ; admirar ; mi dedo ; verdad same as the typical English voiced ⟨ th ⟩ ; e.g. this f everywhere ( f ) fase ; café same as the typical English ⟨ f ⟩ ; e.g. face g before ⟨ e ⟩ or ⟨ i ⟩ ( x ) or ( h ) general similar to a `` strong '' English ⟨ h ⟩ - sound ( e.g. the ⟨ ch ⟩ in Scottish loch or in German Bach ) or aspirated ⟨ h ⟩ ( as in heaven ) not before ⟨ e ⟩ or ⟨ i ⟩ , and either word - initial after a pause , or after ⟨ n ⟩ ( ɡ ) gato ; grande ; vengo practically the same as the typical English ⟨ g ⟩ sound , except that it is fully voiced ; e.g. ago not before ⟨ e ⟩ or ⟨ i ⟩ , and not in the above contexts ( ɣ ) trigo ; amargo ; signo ; mi gato a sound between a light English ⟨ g ⟩ and the typical English ⟨ h ⟩ ( between gold and ahold ) gu before ⟨ a ⟩ or ⟨ o ⟩ , and either word - initial after a pause , or after ⟨ n ⟩ ; but only in some dialects ( ɡw ) guante ; lengua a sound like the ⟨ gu ⟩ in English penguin before ⟨ a ⟩ or ⟨ o ⟩ , and not in the above contexts ( ɣw ) agua ; averiguar similar to the typical English ⟨ w ⟩ , but preceded by a soft guttural sound before ⟨ e ⟩ or ⟨ i ⟩ , and either word - initial after a pause , or after ⟨ n ⟩ ( ɡ ) guerra practically the same as the typical English ⟨ g ⟩ sound , except that it is fully voiced ; e.g. ago before ⟨ e ⟩ or ⟨ i ⟩ , and not in the above contexts ( ɣ ) sigue a sound between a light English ⟨ g ⟩ and the typical English ⟨ h ⟩ ( between gold and ahold ) gü before ⟨ e ⟩ or ⟨ i ⟩ , and either word - initial after a pause , or after ⟨ n ⟩ ; but only in some dialects ( ɡw ) güero , pingüino a sound like the ⟨ gu ⟩ in English penguin before ⟨ e ⟩ or ⟨ i ⟩ , and not in the above contexts ( ɣw ) averigüe similar to the typical English ⟨ w ⟩ , but preceded by a soft guttural sound h everywhere ( silent ) hoy ; hacer ; prohibir ; huevo ; hielo silent ( like the English ⟨ h ⟩ in English honor or hour ) everywhere ; occurs in loanwords and foreign proper names ( x ) or ( h ) hámster , hawaiano , hachís , yihad , harakiri , Yokohama similar to a `` strong '' English ⟨ h ⟩ - sound ( e.g. the ⟨ ch ⟩ in Scottish loch or in German Bach ) or aspirated ⟨ h ⟩ ( as in heaven ) hi before a vowel ( j ) or ( ʝ ) hierba ; hielo similar to or the same as the typical English ⟨ y ⟩ ; e.g. you ( but often more strongly pronounced , sometimes resembling the English ⟨ j ⟩ , as in jam ) hu before a vowel ( w ) hueso ; huevo same as the typical English ⟨ w ⟩ ; we ( sometimes sounds closer to the English ⟨ gw ⟩ , like in Gwen , or ⟨ bw ⟩ , like in cobweb ) j everywhere ( x ) or ( h ) jamón ; eje ; reloj ; similar to a `` strong '' English ⟨ h ⟩ - sound ( e.g. the ⟨ ch ⟩ in Scottish loch or in German Bach ) or aspirated ⟨ h ⟩ ( as in heaven ) k rare ; only occurs in a few loanwords ( k ) kilo , karate same as certain instances of English ⟨ k ⟩ or ⟨ c ⟩ ; e.g. skull , scan , or picking ( unaspirated , i.e. without the puff of air that accompanies English / k / at the beginning of a word , e.g. in can ) l everywhere ( l ) lino ; alhaja ; principal same as the typical English ⟨ l ⟩ ( especially like the clear ⟨ l ⟩ of British English , rather than the dark ⟨ l ⟩ of American English ) ; e.g. lull ll everywhere ( ʎ ) , ( ʝ ) or ( dʒ ) ( depending upon the dialect ) llave ; pollo similar to the ⟨ lli ⟩ in English million ( in some dialects simplified to a sound between the typical English ⟨ y ⟩ and ⟨ j ⟩ , e.g. between yes and Jess ) m everywhere except word - finally ( m ) madre ; comer ; campo same as the typical English ⟨ m ⟩ ; madam word - final ( n ) or ( ŋ ) ( depending upon the dialect ) álbum varying between the typical English ⟨ n ⟩ and ⟨ ng ⟩ , e.g. the ⟨ ng ⟩ in English sing n sin everywhere but before other consonants ( n ) nido ; anillo ; anhelo same as the typical English ⟨ n ⟩ ; e.g. nun before other consonants ( m ) ( ɱ ) ( n ) ( ɲ ) ( ŋ ) invierno confite mundo enyesar cinco same as the typical English ⟨ m ⟩ ; madam same as the English ⟨ m ⟩ in symphony same as the typical English ⟨ n ⟩ ( as in nun ) same as the English ⟨ ny ⟩ in canyon same as the typical English ⟨ ng ⟩ ( as in sink or sing ) ñ everywhere ( ɲ ) ñandú ; cabaña roughly like canyon p everywhere ( p ) pozo ; topo ; esposa same as certain instances of English ⟨ p ⟩ ; e.g. span or typing ( unaspirated , i.e. without the puff of air that accompanies English / p / at the beginning of a word , e.g. in pan ) qu only occurs before ⟨ e ⟩ or ⟨ i ⟩ ( k ) quise same as certain instances of English ⟨ k ⟩ or ⟨ c ⟩ ; e.g. skull , scan , or picking ( unaspirated , i.e. without the puff of air that accompanies English / k / at the beginning of a word , e.g. in can ) r word - initial , morpheme - initial , or after ⟨ l ⟩ , ⟨ n ⟩ , or ⟨ s ⟩ , or syllable - final ( especially before ⟨ l ⟩ , ⟨ m ⟩ , ⟨ n ⟩ , or ⟨ s ⟩ ) and word - final positions ( before pause or consonant - initial words only ) ( r ) rumbo ; honra ; Israel ; subrayar ; invierno ; persona ; verde ; carta ; amor puro trilled or rolled ⟨ r ⟩ elsewhere ( sometimes word - initial ( after a pause or consonant - ending words only ) , morpheme - initial , or after ⟨ l ⟩ , ⟨ n ⟩ , or ⟨ s ⟩ , or syllable - final positions , and word - final positions before vowel - initial words only ) ( ɾ ) caro ; cabra ; bravo ; rumbo ; honra ; Israel ; invierno ; persona ; verde ; carta ; amor puro ; amor eterno flapped ⟨ r ⟩ ; e.g. the same sound as the ⟨ dd ⟩ of ladder or ⟨ tt ⟩ of latter in American English rr only occurs between vowels ( r ) carro trilled or rolled ⟨ r ⟩ s before a voiced consonant ( e.g. ⟨ l ⟩ , ⟨ m ⟩ , ⟨ d ⟩ ) ( z ) isla ; mismo ; desde ; deshuesar same as the typical English ⟨ z ⟩ ; e.g. the ⟨ s ⟩ in is or busy ; in central and northern Spain , Paisa region of Colombia , and Andes , this sound is made with the tip of the tongue rather than the blade , with a sound quality intermediate between the alveolar ( z ) of English busy and the palato - alveolar ( ʒ ) of pleasure everywhere else ( s ) saco ; casa ; deshora ; espita same as the typical English ⟨ s ⟩ ; sass ; in central and northern Spain , Paisa region of Colombia , and Andes , this sound is made with the tip of the tongue rather than the blade , with a sound quality intermediate between the alveolar ( s ) of English sea and the palato - alveolar ( ʃ ) of she sh Not considered to be a Spanish digraph ( hence words like sherpa , show , flash are considered extranjerismos crudos ) , but used in proper names from other languages , some of them being accentuated in the Spanish manner ( names from Native American languages or from languages using non-Latin writing systems ) ( ʃ ) or ( tʃ ) ( sometimes ( s ) ) Áncash ; Shanghái ; shiitake , shah , Washington same as the typical English ⟨ sh ⟩ ; e.g. sheesh ; when this digraph is equated with the phoneme / s / ( typically in northern and central Spain , Paisa region of Colombia , and Andes ) , the sound is made with the tip of the tongue rather than the blade , with a sound quality intermediate between the alveolar ( s ) of English sea and the palato - alveolar ( ʃ ) of she everywhere tamiz ; átomo same as certain instances of English ⟨ t ⟩ ; e.g. stand ( unaspirated , i.e. without the puff of air that accompanies English / t / at the beginning of a word , e.g. in tan ) . Also , the tip of the tongue touches the upper teeth , rather than the alveolar ridge before voiced consonants ( ð ) atmósfera same as the typical English voiced ⟨ th ⟩ ; e.g. this tl rare ; mostly in loanwords from Nahuatl ( tl ) or ( tɬ ) tlapalería ; cenzontle ; Popocatépetl similar to the combined ⟨ tl ⟩ sound in English cat - like tx rare ; from loanwords ( tʃ ) pintxo same as `` ch '' . tz rare ; from loanwords ( ts ) quetzal ; Pátzcuaro same as the `` ts '' in English cats w rare ; in loanwords from English ( w ) waterpolo when ( sometimes turn to / gw / or / bw / ) rare ; in loanwords from German and in Visigothic names ( b ) wolframio ; Wamba same as the typical English ⟨ b ⟩ ; e.g. bib x between vowels and word - finally ( ks ) exacto ; taxi ; relax same as the typical English ⟨ x ⟩ ; e.g. taxi word - initially ( s ) xenofobia same as the typical English ⟨ s ⟩ ; sass ; in central and northern Spain , Paisa region of Colombia , and Andes , this sound is made with the tip of the tongue rather than the blade , with a sound quality intermediate between the alveolar ( s ) of English sea and the palato - alveolar ( ʃ ) of she before a consonant ( ks ) or ( s ) extremo same as the typical English ⟨ x ⟩ or ⟨ s ⟩ ; e.g. max or mass in some words borrowed from Nahuatl , mostly place names , and in some Spanish proper names conserving archaic spelling ( x ) or ( h ) México ; Oaxaca ; xiote ; Texas ; La Axarquía ; Ximena ; Ximénez ; Mexía similar to a `` strong '' English ⟨ h ⟩ - sound ( e.g. the ⟨ ch ⟩ in Scottish loch or in German Bach ) or aspirated ⟨ h ⟩ ( as in heaven ) in some words from indigenous American languages , mostly place names ( ʃ ) or ( tʃ ) ( sometimes ( s ) ) Xela ; xocoyote same as the typical English ⟨ sh ⟩ ; e.g. sheesh ; when this is equated with the phoneme / s / ( typically in northern and central Spain , Paisa region of Colombia , and Andes ) , the sound is made with the tip of the tongue rather than the blade , with a sound quality intermediate between the alveolar ( s ) of English sea and the palato - alveolar ( ʃ ) of she y as a semivowel ( almost always in a diphthong ) ( i ) or ( j ) hay , soy same as the typical English ⟨ y ⟩ ( but joined in a single syllable with another vowel sound ) ; aye , boy as a consonant ( j ) , ( ʝ ) , or ( dʒ ) ya ; yelmo ; ayuno similar to the typical English ⟨ y ⟩ , or ⟨ j ⟩ but softer ; e.g. similar to yes or Jess z usually does not occur before ⟨ e ⟩ or ⟨ i ⟩ ( θ ) ( central and northern Spain ) or ( s ) ( most other regions ) zorro ; paz ; caza same as the English voiceless ⟨ th ⟩ ( as in thing ) in central and northern Spain , or the typical English ⟨ s ⟩ ( as in sass ) in all other regions before voiced consonants ( ð ) ( central and northern Spain ) or ( z ) ( most other regions ) jazmín , juzgado , Aznar same as the typical English voiced ⟨ th ⟩ ; e.g. this in central and northern Spain , or the typical English ⟨ z ⟩ ; e.g. the ⟨ s ⟩ in is or busy ; ^ Orthographic in names of Visigothic origin is thought to have been pronounced ( β ) in Old Spanish ( in which / b / and / β / are separate phonemes ) ; / β / is also spelled in Old Spanish . See History of Spanish # Merger of / b / and / v / . The only consonant letters that can be doubled in the Spanish orthography are `` l '' , `` r '' ( as the digraphs `` ll '' and `` rr '' ) , `` c '' ( only when the two `` c '' s have different sounds : acción , diccionario ) , `` n '' ( e.g. innato , perenne , connotar , dígannos ) , and `` b '' ( in a few words with the prefix sub - : subbase , subbético ) . Exceptions are gamma ( and its derivatives gammaglobulina , gammagrafía ) , digamma , kappa , atto - , as well as unadapted foreign words ( including proper names ) and their derivations ( see below ) . Vowels ( edit ) Vowels Letter IPA Examples English approximation azahar spa vehemente i ( i ) dimitir ; mío see y y o ( o ) boscoso between coat ( American more than British ) and caught u ( u ) cucurucho ; dúo food Semivowels IPA Spelling Examples English approximation ( j ) i before a vowel aliada ; cielo ; amplio ; ciudad you ( w ) u before a vowel ( but silent in qu , also gu before an e or i ) cuadro ; fuego ; Huila ; arduo wine The letter y ( edit ) The letter `` y '' is consistently used in the consonantal value . The use of the letter `` y '' for a vowel or a semivowel is very restricted . The diphthongs ai , ei , oi , ui are usually written ay , ey , oy , uy at the end of words ( e.g. hay , ley , voy , muy ) , though exceptions may occur in loanwords ( e.g. bonsái , agnusdéi ) . The letter y is conserved in rarely used encliticized verbal forms like doyte , haylas ( it is more normal to say te doy , las hay ) . The letter `` y '' is used for the vowel / i / in the conjunction y and in some acronyms , like pyme ( from pequeña y mediana empresa ) . Otherwise , `` y '' for a vowel or semivowel occurs only in some archaically - spelled proper names and their derivations : Guaymas , guaymeño , and also fraybentino ( from Fray Bentos with regular usage of `` y '' in a word - final diphthong ) . Derivatives of foreign proper names also conserve `` y '' : taylorismo , from Taylor . Special and modified letters ( edit ) The vowels can be marked with an acute accent -- á , é , í , ó , ú , ý -- for two purposes : to mark stress if it does not follow the most common pattern , or to differentiate words that are otherwise spelled identically ( called the tilde diacrítica in Spanish ) . The accented `` y '' is found only in some proper names : Aýna , Laýna , Ýñiguez . A silent `` u '' is used between `` g '' and `` e '' or `` i '' to indicate a hard `` g '' pronunciation , so that `` gue '' represents / ɡe / and `` gui '' represents / ɡi / . The letter `` ü '' ( `` u '' with diaeresis , ) is used in this context to indicate that the `` u '' is not silent , e.g. pingüino / pinˈgwino / . The diaeresis may occur also in Spanish poetry , occasionally , over either vowel of a diphthong , to indicate an irregular disyllabic pronunciation required by the meter ( vïuda , to be pronounced as three syllables ) . This is analogous to the use of `` ï '' in naïve in English . Also a silent `` u '' always follows a `` q '' when followed by `` e '' or `` i '' , as in queso , química , but there is no case for the combination `` qü '' , with `` cu '' fulfilling this role ( as in cuestión ) . There are no native words in Spanish with the combination `` qua '' nor `` quo '' ; again , `` cu '' is used instead ( cuando ) . When they appear , usually from Latin idioms such as statu quo , the `` u '' is always pronounced , so `` ü '' is never needed after `` q '' . Prior to the introduction of the 2010 Common Orthography words such as cuórum ( ' quorum ' ) , cuásar ( ' quasar ' ) or Catar ( ' Qatar ' ) were spelled with `` q '' ; this is no longer so . Keyboard requirements ( edit ) See also : QWERTY § Spanish To write Spanish on a typewriter or to set type , the special characters required are á , é , í , ó , ú , ñ , Ñ , ü , Ü , ¿ , and ¡ . The uppercase Á , É , Í , Ó , and Ú are also prescribed by the RAE , although occasionally dispensed with in practice . As implemented on the mechanical typewriter , the keyboard contained a single dead key , with the acute accent ( _́ ) in the lowercase position , and the dieresis ( _̈ ) in the uppercase position . With these , one could write á , é , í , ó , ú , and ü . A separate key provided ñ / Ñ . ( A dead key `` ~ '' is used on the Spanish and Portuguese keyboards , but on the Latin American keyboard the `` ~ '' is not a dead key ) . The inverted marks `` ¿ '' and `` ¡ '' completed the required minimum . When an additional key was added to electro - mechanical typewriters , this was used for `` a '' and `` o '' , though these are not required . ( They are somewhat archaic ordinal abbreviations : `` 1o '' for primero , `` 2a '' for segunda , etc . ) As implemented in the MS - DOS operating system and its successor Microsoft Windows , a ç / Ç pair -- not required in Spanish but needed for Catalan , Portuguese , and French -- is typically added , and the use of the acute accent and dieresis with capital letters ( Á , É , Í , Ó , Ú , Ü ) is supported . Although not needed for Spanish , another dead key with `` ` '' ( the grave accent ) in lowercase position and `` ^ '' ( the circumflex accent ) in uppercase position was included . Also available is `` '' ( the `` flying point '' , required in Catalan ) . To make room for these characters not on the standard English keyboard , characters used primarily in programming , science , and mathematics -- `` ( '' and `` ) '' , `` ( '' and `` ) '' , `` / '' and `` \ '' , `` `` , and `` '' -- are removed , requiring special keystroke sequences to access . Stress and accentuation ( edit ) Stress in Spanish is marked unequivocally through a series of orthographic rules . The default stress is on the penultimate ( next - to - last ) syllable on words that end in a vowel , ⟨ n ⟩ or ⟨ s ⟩ and on the final syllable when the word ends in any consonant other than ⟨ n ⟩ or ⟨ s ⟩ . Words that do not follow the default stress have an acute accent over the stressed vowel . The written accent will thus appear only in certain forms of a word and not others , for example andén , plural andenes . In many cases the accent is essential to understanding what a word means , for example hablo ( I speak ) as opposed to habló ( he / she / Ud . spoke ) . For purposes of counting syllables and assigning stress in Spanish , where an unmarked high vowel is followed by another vowel the sequence is treated as a rising diphthong , counted as a single syllable -- unlike Portuguese and Catalan , which tend to treat such a sequence as two syllables . A syllable is of the form XAXX , where X represents a consonant , permissible consonant cluster , or no sound at all , and A represents a vowel , diphthong , or triphthong . A diphthong is any sequence of an unstressed high vowel ( ⟨ i ⟩ or ⟨ u ⟩ ) with another vowel ( as in gracias or náutico ) . And a triphthong is any combination of three vowels beginning and ending with unstressed high vowels ( as in cambiáis or buey ) . Hence Spanish writes familia ( no accent ) , while Portuguese and Catalan both put an accent mark on família ( all three languages stress the first ⟨ i ⟩ ) . The letter ⟨ h ⟩ is not considered an interruption between vowels ( so that ahumar is considered to have two syllables : ahu - mar ; this may vary in some regions , where ⟨ h ⟩ is used as a hiatus or diphthong - broking mark for unstressed vowels , so the pronunciation would be then a-hu - mar , though that trait is gradually disappearing ) . An accent over the high vowel ( ⟨ i ⟩ or ⟨ u ⟩ ) of a vowel sequence prevents it from being a diphthong ( i.e. , it signals a hiatus ) : for example , tía and país have two syllables each . A word with final stress is called oxytone ( or aguda in traditional Spanish grammar texts ) ; a word with penultimate stress is called paroxytone ( llana or grave ) ; a word with antepenultimate stress ( stress on the third - to - last syllable ) is called proparoxytone ( esdrújula ) . A word with preantepenultimate stress ( on the fourth last syllable ) or earlier does not have a common linguistic term in English , but in Spanish receives the name sobresdrújula . ( Spanish words can be stressed only on one of the last three syllables , except in the case of a verb form with enclitic pronouns , such as poniéndoselo . ) All proparoxytones and sobresdrújulas have a written accent mark . Adjectives spelled with a written accent ( such as fácil , geográfico , cortés ) keep the written accent when they are made into adverbs with the - mente ending ( thus fácilmente , geográficamente , cortésmente ) , and do not gain any if they do not have one ( thus libremente from libre ) . In the pronunciation of these adverbs -- as with all adverbs in - mente -- primary stress is on the ending , on the penultimate syllable . The original stress of the adjective -- whether marked , as in fácilmente , or not marked , as in libremente -- may be manifested as a secondary stress in the adverb . Accentuation of capital letters ( edit ) The Real Academia Española indicates that accents are required on capitals ( but not when the capitals are used in acronyms ) . Differential accents ( edit ) Blackboard used in a university classroom shows students ' efforts at placing `` ü '' and acute accent diacritic used in Spanish orthography . In a number of cases , homonyms are distinguished with written accents on the stressed ( or only ) syllable : for example , te ( informal object case of ' you ' ) vs. té ( ' tea ' ) ; se ( third person reflexive ) vs. sé ( ' I know ' or imperative ' be ' ) ; tu ( informal ' your ' ) vs. tú ( informal subject case of ' you ' ) . When relative and interrogative pronouns have the same letters ( as is often the case ) , the interrogative pronoun is accented and the relative pronoun is not : ¿ A dónde vas ? ' Where are you going ? ' A donde no puedas encontrarme . ' Where you can not find me . ' The use of ó is poetic for the vocative : ¡ Ó señor ! The use of ⟨ ó ⟩ for the word o ( meaning ' or ' ) is a hypercorrection . Up until 2010 , ⟨ ó ⟩ was used when applied to numbers : 7 ó 9 ( ' 7 or 9 ' ) , to avoid possible confusion with the digit 0 . The tenth congress of the Association of Spanish Language Academies deemed the use of an accent unnecessary , as typewriting eliminates possible confusion due to the different shapes of ⟨ 0 ⟩ ( zero ) and ⟨ o ⟩ ( the letter ) . These diacritics are often called acentos diacríticos or tildes diacríticas in traditional Spanish grammar . Foreign words ( edit ) Loanwords in Spanish are usually written according to Spanish spelling conventions ( extranjerismos adaptados ) : e.g. pádel , fútbol , chófer , máster , cederrón ( ' CD - ROM ' ) . However , some foreign words ( extranjerismos crudos ) are used in Spanish texts in their original forms , not conforming to Spanish orthographic conventions : e.g. ballet , blues , jazz , jeep , lady , pizza , sheriff , software . The RAE prescribes extranjerismos crudos to be written in italics in a text printed in roman type , and vice versa , and in quotation marks in a manuscript text or when italics are not available : Quiero escuchar jazz y comer pizza . Quiero escuchar jazz y comer pizza . Quiero escuchar `` jazz '' y comer `` pizza '' . In practice , this RAE prescription is not always followed . This typographical emphasis is not used for foreign proper names and their derivations ; nor is it used for some Spanish derivations of extranjerismos crudos , such as pizzería . Capitalization ( edit ) Capitalization in Spanish is sparse compared to English . In general , only personal and place names , some abbreviations ( e.g. Sr. López , but señor López ) ; the first word ( only ) in the title of a book , movie , song , etc. ( except when the title contains only two words , then the second word is also sometimes capitalized ) ; and the first word in a sentence are capitalized , as are names of companies , government bodies , etc . Names of nationalities or languages are not capitalized , nor ( in standard style ) are days of the week and months of the year . Older conventions ( edit ) The Spanish Royal Academy has reformed the orthographic rules of Spanish many times . In Old Spanish , ⟨ x ⟩ was used to represent the voiceless palatal sound / ʃ / ( as in dixo ' he / she said ' ) , while ⟨ j ⟩ represented the voiced palatal / ʒ / ( as in fijo ' son ' ) . With the changes of sibilants in the 16th century , the two sounds merged as / ʃ / ( later to become velar / x / ) , and the letter ⟨ j ⟩ was chosen for the single resulting phoneme in 1815 . When Cervantes wrote Don Quixote he spelled the name in the old way ( and English preserves the ⟨ x ⟩ ) , but modern editions in Spanish spell it with ⟨ j ⟩ . For the use of ⟨ x ⟩ in Mexico -- and in the name México itself -- see below . The letter ⟨ ç ⟩ ( c - cedilla ) -- which was first used in Old Spanish -- is now obsolete in Spanish , having merged with ⟨ z ⟩ in a process similar to that of ⟨ x ⟩ and ⟨ j ⟩. Old Spanish coraçon , cabeça , fuerça became modern corazón , cabeza , fuerza . Words formerly spelled with ⟨ ze ⟩ or ⟨ zi ⟩ ( such as catorze , dezir , and vezino ) are now written with ⟨ ce ⟩ and ⟨ ci ⟩ ( catorce , decir , vecino , respectively ) . The sequences ⟨ ze ⟩ and ⟨ zi ⟩ do not occur in modern Spanish except some loanwords : zeugma , zigurat , zipizape ; some borrowed words have double spellings : zinc / cinc . The old spellings with ⟨ ç ⟩ , ⟨ ze ⟩ , and ⟨ zi ⟩ remained in use until the eighteenth century . They were replaced by ⟨ z ⟩ , ⟨ ce ⟩ , and ⟨ ci ⟩ , respectively in 1726 . ⟨ Ze ⟩ and ⟨ zi ⟩ continued to be used in some words due to their etymology ( e.g. zelo , zizaña ) , but this usage was largely reduced during the 1860 -- 1880s , so these words became celo and cizaña . The letter ⟨ x ⟩ was replaced by ⟨ j ⟩ in 1815 , although word - final ⟨ x ⟩ remained until 1832 ( e.g. relox , now reloj ) . The combinations ⟨ je ⟩ and ⟨ ji ⟩ were originally used only in a few etymological cases ( e.g. Jesús , Jeremías ) and also in diminutives ( pajita ) ; after the reform of 1815 , ⟨ xe ⟩ and ⟨ xi ⟩ were replaced by ⟨ ge ⟩ and ⟨ gi ⟩ in the Ortografía but by ⟨ je ⟩ and ⟨ ji ⟩ in the Diccionario ; since 1832 , the spelling was firmly established to be ⟨ je ⟩ and ⟨ ji ⟩ . Also , unetymological spellings with ⟨ ge ⟩ , ⟨ gi ⟩ ( that is , words that did not have g in Latin ) were changed to ⟨ je ⟩ , ⟨ ji ⟩ ( e.g. muger , from Latin mulier , became mujer ) . Old Spanish used to distinguish / s / and / z / between vowels , and it distinguished them by using ⟨ ss ⟩ for the former and ⟨ s ⟩ for the latter , e.g. osso ( ' bear ' ) and oso ( ' I dare to ' ) . In orthography , the distinction was suppressed in 1763 . Words spelled in modern Spanish with ⟨ cua ⟩ , ⟨ cuo ⟩ ( e.g. cuando , cuatro , cuota ) were written with ⟨ qua ⟩ , ⟨ quo ⟩ up until 1815 . In 1726 , most double consonants were simplified ( e.g. grammatica → gramática , addicion → adición ) -- but the ⟨ m ⟩ of a prefix before the ⟨ m ⟩ of a root was differentiated to ⟨ n ⟩ in 1763 ( e.g. `` commover → conmover '' ) . And the Graeco - Latin digraphs ⟨ ch ⟩ , ⟨ ph ⟩ , ⟨ ( r ) rh ⟩ and ⟨ th ⟩ were reduced to ⟨ c ⟩ , ⟨ f ⟩ , ⟨ ( r ) r ⟩ and ⟨ t ⟩ , respectively ( e.g. christiano → cristiano , triumpho → triunfo , myrrha → mirra , theatro → teatro ) . From 1741 to 1815 , the circumflex was used over vowels to indicate that preceding ⟨ ch ⟩ and ⟨ x ⟩ should be pronounced / k / and / ks / respectively and not / tʃ / and / x / , e.g. exâctitud , patriarchâ . The use of accent marks in publishing varies with different historical periods , due mainly to reforms promulgated by the Spanish Royal Academy . For example , many of the words that are today standardly written with an accent mark appeared more often without it up until around 1880 . These include words with final stress ending in - n ( e.g. capitán , también , jardín , acción , común -- but not future - tense verb forms like serán , tendrán ) ; verbs in the imperfect tense ( e.g. tenía , vivían ) ; the possessives mío and mía ; and the word día . Meanwhile , one - letter words other than the conjunction y -- namely the preposition a and the conjunctions e ( the form of y before an ( i ) sound ) , o , and u ( form of o before ( o ) ) -- are generally written with accent marks from the mid-1700s to 1911 . The accent - marked infinitive oír begins to outnumber the unaccented form around 1920 . Monosyllabic preterit verb forms such as dio and fue were usually written with accent marks before the 1950s . The names of numbers in the upper teens and the twenties were originally written as three words ( e.g. diez y seis , veinte y nueve ) , but nowadays they have come to be spelled predominantly as a single word ( e.g. dieciséis , veintinueve ) . For the numbers from 21 to 29 , the `` fused '' forms emerged over the second half of the 19th century . For those from 16 to 19 , the one - word forms took the lead in the 1940s . Fusing of number - names above 30 ( e.g. treintaicinco , cuarentaiocho ) is rare . Reform proposals ( edit ) See also : Bello orthography In spite of the relatively regular orthography of Spanish , there have been several initiatives to simplify it further . Andrés Bello succeeded in making his proposal official in several South American countries , but they later returned to the standard set by the Real Academia Española . Another initiative , the Ortografia Fonetika Rasional Ispanoamerikana , remained a curiosity . Juan Ramón Jiménez proposed changing ⟨ ge ⟩ and ⟨ gi ⟩ to ⟨ je ⟩ and ⟨ ji ⟩ , but this is only applied in editions of his works or those of his wife , Zenobia Camprubí . Gabriel García Márquez raised the issue of reform during a congress at Zacatecas , most notoriously advocating for the suppression of ⟨ h ⟩ , which is mute in Spanish , but , despite his prestige , no serious changes were adopted . The Academies , however , from time to time have made minor changes , such as allowing este instead of éste ( ' this one ' ) , when there is no possible confusion . A Mexican Spanish convention is to spell certain indigenous words with ⟨ x ⟩ rather than the ⟨ j ⟩ that would be the standard spelling in Spanish . This is generally due to the origin of the word ( or the present pronunciation ) containing the voiceless postalveolar fricative / ʃ / sound or another sibilant that is not used in modern standard Spanish . The most noticeable word with this feature is México ( see Toponymy of Mexico ) . The Real Academia Española recommends this spelling . The American Spanish colloquial term chicano is shortened from mechicano , which uses / tʃ / in place of the / ʃ / of rural Mexican Spanish / meʃiˈkano / . Arabic alphabet ( edit ) In the 15th and 16th centuries , Spanish ( as well as Portuguese and Ladino ) was sometimes written in the Arabic alphabet by moriscos . This form of Spanish is called aljamiado . See also ( edit ) Inverted question and exclamation marks Spanish manual alphabet Chilean manual alphabet References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` La `` i griega '' se llamará `` ye '' ``. l . Cuba Debate . 2010 - 11 - 05 . Retrieved 5 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Un solo nombre para cada letra '' . Retrieved 20 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Diccionario de la lengua española : W '' . Buscon.rae.es . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` CH '' , `` LL '' and `` R '' in DPD , 2005 Jump up ^ `` No obstante , en el X Congreso de la Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española , celebrado en 1994 , se acordó adoptar para los diccionarios académicos , a petición de varios organismos internacionales , el orden alfabético latino universal , en el que la ch y la ll no se consideran letras independientes . En consecuencia , estas dos letras pasan a alfabetizarse en los lugares que les corresponden dentro de la C ( entre - cg - y - ci - ) y dentro de la L ( entre - lk - y - lm - ) , respectivamente . '' Real Academia Española . Explanation Archived September 6 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . at spanishpronto.com Archived September 14 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . ( in Spanish and English ) Jump up ^ Fletcher Pratt , Secret and Urgent : the Story of Codes and Ciphers Blue Ribbon Books , 1939 , pp. 254 - 255 . The eñe is added in the fourth to last position according to the Quixote gutenberg.org Jump up ^ Penny ( 2002 : 38 ) Jump up ^ `` Diccionario de la lengua española : V '' . Buscon.rae.es . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived December 13 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ El nombre de `` w '' es `` uve doble '' . En la lectura deletreada de la sigla `` BMW '' , pierde el adj . `` doble '' : be-eme - uve . Twitter account of the Royal Spanish Academy , 24 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Diccionario de la lengua española : Z '' . Buscon.rae.es . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : / b / , / d / , / ʝ / and / ɡ / are approximants ( ( β̞ ) , ( ð̞ ) , ( ʝ ˕ ) ( ɣ ˕ ) ; represented here without the undertacks ) in all places except after a pause , after an / n / or / m / , or -- in the case of / d / and / ʝ / -- after an / l / , in which contexts they are stops ( b , d , ɟʝ , ɡ ) , not dissimilar from English b , d , j , g. ( Martínez - Celdrán , Fernández - Planas & Carrera - Sabaté 2003 : 257 -- 8 ) ^ Jump up to : In Andalusia , Canary Islands , and Spanish America / θ / is not distinguished from / s / ; see seseo and Martínez - Celdrán , Fernández - Planas & Carrera - Sabaté ( 2003 : 258 ) for more information . Jump up ^ In a small number of borrowed words , such as Kirchner , this is ( ʃ ) . Jump up ^ Modern words in which h is derived from Latin f ( e.g. hacer , hablar ) were spelled with f , pronounced ( f ) , in Old Spanish ( e.g. fazer , fablar ) , and there was a transitional stage pronounced ( h ) before the sound was entirely lost ; hence the modern spelling with h . But in words derived from Latin words with h ( e.g. hoy , prohibir ) , the letter was always silent in Spanish . And words beginning with either of the diphthongs ( je ) or ( we ) ( e.g. hielo , huevo ) were given an initial h in spelling ( always silent ) to ensure that their initial glide was not read as a consonant ( in Old Spanish , the letters i and j were often interchanged , as were u and v ) . ^ Jump up to : Some speakers may pronounce word - initial ( w ) with an epenthetic / ɡ / , e.g. Huila ( ˈɡwila ) ~ ( ˈwila ) , hueso ( ˈgweso ) ~ ( ˈweso ) , waterpolo ( ˈgwaterˈpolo ) ~ ( ˈwaterˈpolo ) . Jump up ^ For most speakers , the ⟨ j ⟩ is silent at the end of a word , in which case reloj is pronounced ( reˈlo ) . ^ Jump up to : The nasal consonants / n , m , ɲ / only contrast before vowels . Before consonants , they assimilate to the consonant 's place of articulation . This is partially reflected in the orthography : only ⟨ m ⟩ is written before ⟨ b ⟩ and ⟨ p ⟩ ; but only ⟨ n ⟩ is written before ⟨ v ⟩ ( although the combination nv represents the same sounds as mb ) and ⟨ f ⟩ . Word - finally , only / n / occurs , normally spelled ⟨ n ⟩ ; but ⟨ m ⟩ is used in some loanwords . Jump up ^ In the verb subrayar the trilled initial ( r ) of the root raya is maintained , even with the prefix sub - . The same goes for ciudadrealeño ( from Ciudad Real ) . However , after vowels , the initial ⟨ r ⟩ of the root becomes ⟨ rr ⟩ in prefixed or compound words : prorrogar , infrarrojo , autorretrato . ^ Jump up to : For many speakers , / s / may debuccalize or be deleted in the syllable coda ( at the end of words and before consonants ) . Jump up ^ In words with the combination - xs - ( e.g. , exsenador ) , the pronunciation is ( ks ) , and the two ( s ) sounds are merged into one . The same goes for - xc - before e , i ( e.g. , excelente ) in varieties with seseo . Jump up ^ In Spanish , the letters i and u can combine with other vowels to form diphthongs ( e.g. cielo , cuadro ) . Jump up ^ Butt , Benjamin & 2011 , § 39.2. 2 Jump up ^ 7 . Acentuación de letras mayúsculas -- Las letras mayúsculas , tanto si se trata de iniciales como si se integran en una palabra escrita enteramente en mayúsculas , deben llevar tilde si así les corresponde según las reglas de acentuación : Ángel , PROHIBIDO PISAR EL CÉSPED . No se acentúan , sin embargo , las mayúsculas que forman parte de las siglas ( → sigla , 5b ) . Jump up ^ `` Capitalization in Spanish '' . Spanish.about.com . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ Foster , David William ; Altamiranda , Daniel ; de Urioste , Carmen ( 1999 ) . `` Capitalization '' . The Writer 's Reference Guide to Spanish . Austin : University of Texas Press . pp. 75 -- 77 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 292 - 72511 - 9 . Retrieved September 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Diccionario de la lengua española : C '' . Buscon.rae.es . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Diccionario de autoridades ^ Jump up to : Ortografía de la lengua castellana - Real Academia Española - Google йМХЦХ . Books.google.ru . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ Diccionario de la lengua española , novena edición ^ Jump up to : Ortografía de la lengua castellana - Google йМХЦХ . Books.google.ru . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes '' . Cervantesvirtual.com . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Google Ngram Viewer '' . Ngrams.googlelabs.com . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Google Ngram Viewer '' . Ngrams.googlelabs.com . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Google Ngram Viewer '' . Ngrams.googlelabs.com . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Google Ngram Viewer '' . Ngrams.googlelabs.com . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Google Ngram Viewer '' . Ngrams.googlelabs.com . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ Juan Martinez Marin . `` La Ortografia Espanola : Perspectiva Historiografica '' ( PDF ) . Cvc.cervantes.es . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Google Ngram Viewer '' . Ngrams.googlelabs.com . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Google Ngram Viewer '' . Ngrams.googlelabs.com . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Google Ngram Viewer '' . Ngrams.googlelabs.com . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Google Ngram Viewer '' . Ngrams.googlelabs.com . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Google Ngram Viewer '' . Ngrams.googlelabs.com . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Google Ngram Viewer '' . Ngrams.googlelabs.com . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Diccionario de la lengua española : Cardinales '' . Buscon.rae.es . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ Urdaneta , I.P. ( 1982 ) . `` The history of Spanish orthography , Andrea Bello 's proposal and the Chilean attempt : Implications for a theory on spelling reform '' . The Simplified Spelling Society . Archived from the original on 2006 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Diccionario de la lengua española '' . Buscon.rae.es . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 22 . Bibliography ( edit ) Penny , Ralph ( 2002 ) . A History of the Spanish Language . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 01184 - 1 . Butt , John ; Benjamin , Carmen ( 2011 ) . A New Reference Grammar of Modern Spanish ( 5th ed . ) . Oxford : Routledge . ISBN 978 1 444 13769 9 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutSpanish orthographyat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Data from Wikidata A la nación española : Sobre reformas ortográficas , Mariano Cubí i Soler , Imprenta de Miguel i Jaime Gaspar , Barcelona , 1852 ( Biblioteca Digital Hispánica ) . Collation in Spanish Ortografía de la lengua española published by the Real Academia Española ( RAE ) . Spanish Alphabet Pronunciation -- simplified for beginners to Spanish letter pronunciation . Orthographies of the world 's languages Abkhaz Albanian Arabic Azerbaijani Belarusian Bulgarian Catalan Chakma Chinese Czech Danish Dutch English Ethiopian Semitic languages Esperanto Estonian Faroese Filipino Finnish French Fula Georgian German Greek Hawaiian Hebrew Biblical Hindustani Urdu Hungarian Icelandic Irish Italian Japanese Korean Kazakh Kyrgyz Kurdish Latin Latvian Lithuanian Macedonian Malay Massachusett Mongolian Montenegrin Nahuatl Norwegian Ojibwe Okinawan Osage Papiamento Persian Polish Portuguese Romanian Russian Sami Scottish Gaelic Serbo - Croatian Latin Cyrillic Sicilian Slovak Slovene Somali Sotho Spanish Swedish Tajik Tamil Tatar Telugu Thai Turkish Turkmen Ukrainian Uyghur Uzbek Vai Vietnamese Welsh Yakut Yiddish Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spanish_orthography&oldid=853859494 '' Categories : Spanish language Latin - script orthographies Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2014 Articles containing Spanish - language text Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from April 2018 Articles containing Portuguese - language text Articles containing Catalan - language text Articles containing Latin - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español فارسی Italiano Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Nāhuatl ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Português Română Русский தமிழ் 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 August 2018 , at 12 : 00 ( UTC ) . 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cast of the 1940 version of pride and prejudice

Greer Garson as Elizabeth Bennet Laurence Olivier as Fitzwilliam Darcy Mary Boland as Mrs. Bennet Edna May Oliver as Lady Catherine de Bourgh Maureen O'Sullivan as Jane Bennet Ann Rutherford as Lydia Bennet Frieda Inescort as Caroline Bingley Edmund Gwenn as Mr. Bennet Karen Morley as Charlotte Lucas Collins Heather Angel as Kitty Bennet Marsha Hunt as Mary Bennet Melville Cooper as Mr. Collins Edward Ashley Cooper as George Wickham Bruce Lester as Mr. Bingley E.E. Clive as Sir Willam Lucas Marjorie Wood as Lady Lucas Vernon Downing as Captain Carter

Pride and Prejudice ( 1940 film )

pride and prejudice ( 1940 film )

Pride and Prejudice is a 1940 American film adaptation of Jane Austen 's novel Pride and Prejudice , directed by Robert Z . Leonard and starring Greer Garson and Laurence Olivier . The screenplay was written by Aldous Huxley and Jane Murfin , adapted specifically from the stage adaptation by Helen Jerome in addition to Jane Austen 's novel . The film is about five sisters from an English family of landed gentry who must deal with issues of marriage , morality , and misconceptions . The film was released by MGM on July 26 , 1940 , in the United States and was critically well received . The New York Times film critic praised the film as `` the most deliciously pert comedy of old manners , the most crisp and crackling satire in costume that we in this corner can remember ever having seen on the screen . ''

Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 5 Box office 6 Awards 7 Changes from novel 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Mrs. Bennet ( Mary Boland ) and her two eldest daughters , Jane ( Maureen O'Sullivan ) and Elizabeth ( Greer Garson ) , are shopping for new dresses when they see two gentlemen and a lady alight from a very expensive carriage outside . They learn that the men are Mr. Bingley ( Bruce Lester ) , who has just rented the local estate of Netherfield , and Mr. Darcy ( Laurence Olivier ) , both wealthy , eligible bachelors , which excites Mrs. Bennet . Collecting her other daughters , Mrs. Bennet returns home , where she tries to make Mr. Bennet see Mr. Bingley , but he refuses , having already made his acquaintance . At the next ball , Elizabeth sees how proud Darcy is when she overhears him refusing to dance with her , and also meets Mr. Wickham , who tells Elizabeth how Darcy did him a terrible wrong . When Darcy does ask her to dance with him , she refuses , but when Wickham asks her in front of Darcy , she accepts . The Bennets ' cousin , Mr. Collins ( Melville Cooper ) , who will inherit the Bennet estate upon the death of Mr. Bennet , arrives , looking for a wife , and decides that Elizabeth will be suitable . At a ball held at Netherfield , he keeps following her around and wo n't leave her alone . Darcy surprisingly helps her out and later asks her to dance . After seeing the reckless behavior of her mother and younger sisters , however , he leaves her again , making Elizabeth very angry with him once more . The next day , Mr. Collins asks her to marry him , but she refuses point blank . He then becomes engaged to her best friend , Charlotte Lucas ( Karen Morley ) . Elizabeth visits Charlotte in her new home . There , she is introduced to Lady Catherine de Bourgh ( Edna May Oliver ) , Mr. Collins ' `` patroness '' , and also encounters Darcy again . At Charlotte 's insistence , Elizabeth sees Darcy who asks her to marry him , but she refuses , partly because of the story Wickham had told her about Darcy , partly because he broke up the romance between Mr. Bingley and Jane , and partly because of his `` character '' . They get into a heated argument and he leaves . When Elizabeth returns home , she learns that Lydia has run away with Wickham but they were not married . Mr. Bennet and his brother unsuccessfully try to find Lydia . Darcy learns of this and returns to offer Elizabeth his services . He tells her that Wickham will never marry Lydia . He reveals that Wickham had tried to elope with his sister , Georgiana , who was younger than Lydia at the time . After Darcy leaves , Elizabeth realizes she loves him but believes he will never see her again . Lydia and Wickham return to the house married . A short time later , Lady Catherine arrives and tells Elizabeth that Darcy found Lydia and forced Wickham to marry her by providing Wickham with a substantial sum of money . She also tells her that she can strip Darcy of his wealth if he marries against her wishes . She demands that Elizabeth promise that she will never become engaged to Darcy . Elizabeth refuses . Lady Catherine leaves in a huff and meets with Darcy outside who had sent her to see Elizabeth to find out if he would be welcomed by her . After Lady Catherine 's report , Darcy comes in and he and Elizabeth proclaim their love for each other in the garden . Mr. Bingley also meets Jane in the garden . The movie comes to a close with a long kiss between Elizabeth and Darcy and Mr. Bingley taking Jane 's hand , while Mrs. Bennet is spying on both couples and seeing how her other daughters have found good suitors . Cast ( edit ) Garson as Elizabeth Bennet Olivier as Darcy Greer Garson as Elizabeth Bennet Laurence Olivier as Fitzwilliam Darcy Mary Boland as Mrs. Bennet Edna May Oliver as Lady Catherine de Bourgh Maureen O'Sullivan as Jane Bennet Ann Rutherford as Lydia Bennet Frieda Inescort as Caroline Bingley Edmund Gwenn as Mr. Bennet Karen Morley as Charlotte Lucas Collins Heather Angel as Kitty Bennet Marsha Hunt as Mary Bennet Melville Cooper as Mr. Collins Edward Ashley Cooper as George Wickham Bruce Lester as Mr. Bingley E.E. Clive as Sir Willam Lucas Marjorie Wood as Lady Lucas Vernon Downing as Captain Carter Production ( edit ) The filming of Pride and Prejudice was originally scheduled to start in October 1936 under Irving Thalberg 's supervision , with Clark Gable and Norma Shearer cast in the leading roles . Following Thalberg 's death on September 13 , 1936 , pre-production activity was put on hold . In August 1939 , MGM had selected George Cukor to direct the film , with Robert Donat now cast opposite Shearer . The studio had considered filming in England , but these plans were changed at the start of the war in Europe in September 1939 , which caused the closure of MGM 's England operations . Cukor was eventually replaced by Robert Z . Leonard due to a scheduling conflict . Reception ( edit ) The film was critically well received . Bosley Crowther in his review for The New York Times described the film as `` the most deliciously pert comedy of old manners , the most crisp and crackling satire in costume that we in this corner can remember ever having seen on the screen . '' Crowther also praised casting decisions and noted of the two central protagonists : Greer Garson is Elizabeth -- ' dear , beautiful Lizzie ' -- stepped right out of the book , or rather out of one 's fondest imagination : poised , graceful , self - contained , witty , spasmodically stubborn and as lovely as a woman can be . Laurence Olivier is Darcy , that 's all there is to it -- the arrogant , sardonic Darcy whose pride went before a most felicitous fall . TV Guide , commenting upon the changes made to the original novel by this adaptation , calls the film `` an unusually successful adaptation of Jane Austen 's most famous novel . Although the satire is slightly reduced and coarsened and the period advanced in order to use more flamboyant costumes , the spirit is entirely in keeping with Austen 's sharp , witty portrait of rural 19th century social mores . '' The reviewer goes on to note : Garson never did anything better than her Elizabeth Bennet . Genteel but not precious , witty yet not forced , spirited but never vulgar , Garson 's Elizabeth is an Austen heroine incarnate . Olivier , too , has rarely been better in a part requiring the passion of his Heathcliff from Wuthering Heights but strapping it into the straitjacket of snobbery . The film received a 100 % rating from Rotten Tomatoes . Box office ( edit ) According to MGM records the film earned $1,849,000 , resulting in a loss of $241,000 , despite the fact that its budget was $1,437,000 . Awards ( edit ) Pride and Prejudice received an Academy Award for Best Art Direction , Black and White ( Cedric Gibbons and Paul Groesse ) . Changes from novel ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The film differs from the novel in a number of ways . The period of the film , for example , is later than that of Austen 's novel -- a change driven by the studio 's desire to use more elaborate and flamboyant costumes than those from Austen 's time period . Some scenes were altered significantly . For example , in the confrontation near the end of the film between Lady Catherine de Bourgh and Elizabeth Bennet , the former 's haughty demand that Elizabeth promise never to marry Darcy was changed into a hoax to test the mettle and sincerity of Elizabeth 's love . In the novel , this confrontation is an authentic demand motivated by Lady Catherine 's snobbery and , especially , by her ardent desire that Darcy marry her own daughter . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Glancy , H. Mark `` When Hollywood Loved Britain : The Hollywood ' British ' Film 1939 - 1945 '' ( Manchester University Press , 1999 ) ^ Jump up to : The Eddie Mannix Ledger , Los Angeles : Margaret Herrick Library , Center for Motion Picture Study . ^ Jump up to : Crowther , Bosley ( August 9 , 1940 ) . `` ' Pride and Prejudice , ' a Delightful Comedy of Manners '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pride and Prejudice : Notes '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pride and Prejudice '' . TV Guide . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pride and Prejudice ( 1940 ) @ Rotten Tomatoes Jump up ^ `` Pride and Prejudice ( 1940 ) '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pride and Prejudice ( 1940 film ) . Jane Austen portal Pride and Prejudice on IMDb Pride and Prejudice at the TCM Movie Database Pride and Prejudice at AllMovie Pride and Prejudice at the American Film Institute Catalog The films of Robert Z . Leonard The Master Key ( 1914 ) Judge Not ; or The Woman of Mona Diggings ( 1915 ) Secret Love ( 1916 ) The Plow Girl ( 1916 ) On Record ( 1917 ) A Mormon Maid ( 1917 ) The Primrose Ring ( 1917 ) At First Sight ( 1917 ) Face Value ( 1918 ) The Bride 's Awakening ( 1918 ) Danger , Go Slow ( 1918 ) The Delicious Little Devil ( 1919 ) The Miracle of Love ( 1919 ) April Folly ( 1920 ) The Restless Sex ( 1920 ) The Gilded Lily ( 1921 ) Heedless Moths ( 1921 ) Peacock Alley ( 1922 ) Fascination ( 1922 ) Broadway Rose ( 1922 ) Jazzmania ( 1923 ) Mademoiselle Midnight ( 1924 ) Circe , the Enchantress ( 1924 ) Cheaper to Marry ( 1925 ) Time , the Comedian ( 1925 ) Bright Lights ( 1925 ) Dance Madness ( 1926 ) Mademoiselle Modiste ( 1926 ) The Waning Sex ( 1926 ) A Little Journey ( 1927 ) The Demi - Bride ( 1927 ) Adam and Evil ( 1927 ) Tea for Three ( 1927 ) Baby Mine ( 1928 ) The Cardboard Lover ( 1928 ) A Lady of Chance ( 1928 ) Marianne ( 1929 , silent ) Marianne ( 1929 , musical ) The Divorcee ( 1930 ) In Gay Madrid ( 1930 ) Let Us Be Gay ( 1930 ) The Bachelor Father ( 1931 ) Five and Ten ( 1931 ) It 's a Wise Child ( 1931 ) Susan Lenox ( Her Fall and Rise ) ( 1931 ) Lovers Courageous ( 1932 ) Strange Interlude ( 1932 ) Peg o ' My Heart ( 1933 ) Dancing Lady ( 1933 ) Outcast Lady ( 1934 ) After Office Hours ( 1935 ) Naughty Marietta ( 1935 ) Escapade ( 1935 ) A Tale of Two Cities ( 1935 ) The Great Ziegfeld ( 1936 ) Piccadilly Jim ( 1936 ) Maytime ( 1937 ) The Firefly ( 1937 ) The Girl of the Golden West ( 1938 ) Broadway Serenade ( 1939 ) New Moon ( 1940 ) Pride and Prejudice ( 1940 ) Third Finger , Left Hand ( 1940 ) Ziegfeld Girl ( 1941 ) When Ladies Meet ( 1941 ) We Were Dancing ( 1942 ) Stand By for Action ( 1942 ) The Man from Down Under ( 1943 ) Marriage Is a Private Affair ( 1944 ) Week - End at the Waldorf ( 1945 ) The Secret Heart ( 1946 ) Cynthia ( 1947 ) B.F. 's Daughter ( 1948 ) The Bribe ( 1949 ) In the Good Old Summertime ( 1949 ) Nancy Goes to Rio ( 1950 ) Duchess of Idaho ( 1950 ) Grounds for Marriage ( 1951 ) Too Young to Kiss ( 1951 ) Everything I Have Is Yours ( 1952 ) The Clown ( 1953 ) The Great Diamond Robbery ( 1953 ) Her Twelve Men ( 1954 ) The King 's Thief ( 1955 ) Beautiful but Dangerous ( 1955 ) Jane Austen 's Pride and Prejudice Characters Bennet family Elizabeth Bennet Fitzwilliam Darcy William Collins Lady Catherine de Bourgh Mr. Wickham Films Pride and Prejudice ( 1940 ) Bridget Jones 's Diary ( 2001 ) Pride & Prejudice : A Latter - Day Comedy ( 2003 ) Bride and Prejudice ( 2004 film ) Pride & Prejudice ( 2005 ) Pride and Prejudice and Zombies ( 2016 ) Television Pride and Prejudice ( 1958 ) Pride and Prejudice ( 1967 ) Pride and Prejudice ( 1980 ) Trishna ( 1985 ) Pride and Prejudice ( 1995 ) Lost in Austen ( 2008 ) Death Comes to Pemberley ( 2013 ) Novels Darcy 's Story ( 1995 ) Bridget Jones 's Diary ( 1996 ) Mr. Darcy 's Daughters ( 2003 ) Fitzwilliam Darcy , Gentleman An Assembly Such as This ( 2003 ) Duty and Desire ( 2004 ) These Three Remain ( 2005 ) Austenland ( 2007 ) Love , Lies and Lizzie ( 2009 ) Pride and Prejudice and Zombies ( 2009 parody ) Pride and Prejudice and Zombies : Dawn of the Dreadfuls ( 2010 parody ) Death Comes to Pemberley ( 2011 ) Other First Impressions ( 1959 musical ) Pride and Prejudice ( 1993 musical ) `` Beyond a Joke '' ( 1997 ) Stolthet och fördom ( 2011 opera ) The Lizzie Bennet Diaries ( 2012 web series ) Austenland ( 2013 film ) See also Pride & Prejudice ( soundtrack ) Pemberley List of literary adaptations Jane Murfin Plays and screenplays Smilin ' Through ( 1919 ) Way Back Home ( 1931 ) What Price Hollywood ? ( 1932 ) Our Betters ( 1933 ) The Little Minister ( 1934 ) Spitfire ( 1934 ) Roberta ( 1935 ) Alice Adams ( 1935 ) The Women ( 1939 ) Pride and Prejudice ( 1940 ) Dragon Seed ( 1944 ) Family & Relationships Laurence Trimble Donald Crisp Aldous Huxley Novels Crome Yellow ( 1921 ) Antic Hay ( 1923 ) Those Barren Leaves ( 1925 ) Point Counter Point ( 1928 ) Brave New World ( 1932 ) Eyeless in Gaza ( 1936 ) After Many a Summer ( 1939 ) Time Must Have a Stop ( 1944 ) Ape and Essence ( 1948 ) The Genius and the Goddess ( 1955 ) Island ( 1962 ) Short story collections Limbo ( 1920 ) Mortal Coils ( 1922 ) Little Mexican ( 1924 ) Two or Three Graces ( 1926 ) Brief Candles ( 1930 ) Collected Short Stories ( 1957 ) Non-fiction The Perennial Philosophy ( 1945 ) Grey Eminence ( 1941 ) The Devils of Loudun ( 1952 ) The Doors of Perception ( 1954 ) Poetry The Burning Wheel ( 1916 ) Jonah ( 1917 ) The Defeat of Youth ( 1918 ) Leda ( 1920 ) Arabia Infelix ( 1929 ) The Cicadias and Other Poems ( 1931 ) Collected Poetry ( 1971 ) Travel writing Along the Road ( 1925 ) Jesting Pilate ( 1926 ) Beyond the Mexique Bay ( 1934 ) Essay collections On the Margin ( 1923 ) Essays New and Old ( 1926 ) Proper Studies ( 1927 ) Do What You Will ( 1929 ) Vulgarity in Literature ( 1930 ) Music at Night ( 1931 ) Texts and Pretexts ( 1932 ) The Olive Tree ( 1936 ) Ends and Means ( 1937 ) Words and their Meanings ( 1940 ) Science , Liberty and Peace ( 1946 ) Themes and Variations ( 1950 ) Adonis and the Alphabet ( 1956 ) Heaven and Hell ( 1956 ) Collected Essays ( 1958 ) Brave New World Revisited ( 1958 ) Literature and Science ( 1963 ) The Human Situation : 1959 Lectures at Santa Barbara ( 1977 ) Moksha : Writings on Psychedelics and the Visionary Experience ( 1999 ) Screenplays Pride and Prejudice ( 1940 ) Madame Curie ( uncredited , 1943 ) Jane Eyre ( 1943 ) A Woman 's Vengeance ( 1947 ) Prelude to Fame ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( uncredited , 1951 ) Radio script `` Jacob 's Hands : A Fable '' ( 1956 , published 1997 ) Plays The Discovery ( 1924 ) The World of Light ( 1931 ) The Gioconda Smile ( 1948 ) The Genius and the Goddess ( 1957 ) The Ambassador of Captripedia ( 1965 ) Now More Than Ever ( 1997 ) Other books The Art of Seeing ( 1942 ) The Crows of Pearblossom ( 1944 children 's book , published 1967 ) Selected Letters ( 2007 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pride_and_Prejudice_(1940_film)&oldid=824102637 '' Categories : 1940 films English - language films 1940s drama films 1940s romantic drama films American black - and - white films American drama films American films American romantic drama films Films scored by Herbert Stothart Films based on adaptations Films based on Pride and Prejudice Films directed by Robert Z . Leonard Films set in country houses Films whose art director won the Best Art Direction Academy Award Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer films Romantic period films Screenplays by Aldous Huxley Screenplays by Jane Murfin Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from January 2018 All articles needing additional references Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Català Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Italiano עברית Magyar മലയാളം مصرى Nederlands 日本 語 Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 February 2018 , at 09 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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when do they find out about emily 90210

No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 47 `` Senior Year , Baby '' Stuart Gillard Jennie Snyder Urman September 13 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 13 ) 1.96 Beverly Hills is rocked by an earthquake during the first day of the school year . Naomi has spent the summer in isolation , dealing with the aftermath of her rape by Mr. Cannon and keeping it a secret . Annie and Dixon are dealing with the absence of their father who has walked out on the family , while Debbie tries to hold the family together without Harry and a job . Meanwhile , Teddy and Silver find themselves happier than ever until he suffers a leg injury that could end his tennis career forever . Annie applies for an internship at a local theater company called the Abbott Playhouse . Navid welcomes Adrianna back from her tour with Javier , but their arrival brings an unexpected death . Ivy returns from Australia with her an old childhood friend , named Oscar , which makes Dixon uncomfortable . Elsewhere , Annie and Liam confront their feelings for each other . 48 `` Age of Inheritance '' Liz Friedlander Padma L. Atluri September 20 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 20 ) 1.83 After turning eighteen , Naomi finds out she can now access the money in her large trust fund , so she decides to throw herself a huge birthday party at the Beach Club where she hires the Honey Brothers band to perform . Meanwhile , Dixon , Navid , and Teddy decide to take Oscar out for a night on the town , but their party ends when Ivy finds a Facebook photo of a drunk Dixon doing a body shot off a girl . Annie has an instant connection with Charlie , a guy she meets at a coffee shop . Jen is forced to go on bed rest until she delivers the baby and has no choice but to allow Ryan into her life . Elsewhere , Adrianna uses Javier 's song book to get back in good favor with the label . Entourage 's Adrian Grenier performs with his band at Naomi 's birthday party . 49 `` 2021 Vision '' Millicent Shelton Tod Himmel September 27 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 27 ) 1.96 Naomi has constant flashbacks to her rape and begins taking sleeping pills in order to sleep through the night . Mr. Cannon invites Silver over to his apartment to watch his new documentary and slips something in her drink . Meanwhile , Teddy wakes up from a night of drinking and realizes he hooked up with someone , but does not remember who . Dixon learns that Ivy is a virgin . At her intern job , Annie confronts her boss , Katherine , about her awkward behavior and is shocked when she makes Annie an offer she may not be able to refuse . Adrianna sings another song stolen out of Javier 's songbook at his memorial service , but she soon regrets it when a video of her music number goes viral . 50 `` The Bachelors '' David Warren David S. Rosenthal October 4 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 04 ) 1.79 Silver plans a cancer - awareness charity event to honor her late mother and enlists the boys to appear in a bachelor auction . Ian , a theater student at West Bev , is brought in to help choreograph a dance number for the auction , but all comes to a stand - still when Teddy directs some negative words toward him . The two later get into a fight . Meanwhile , Annie and Adrianna discover the truth about Naomi and Mr. Cannon from Silver . Elsewhere , Annie discovers Debbie 's money problems since Harry walked out on her and decides to take Katherine 's offer . A surprising connection between Charlie and Liam is revealed . Javier 's uncle , Victor , begins to blackmail Adrianna with exposure by forcing her to work for him . Also , Ivy and Dixon decide to spend the night together , but Dixon hits the brakes when his ex-girlfriend , Sasha , returns with some life - altering news . 51 5 `` Catch Me If You Cannon '' Jim Conway Terrence Coli October 11 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 11 ) 1.81 Silver , Naomi , and Adrianna craft a plan to seduce Mr. Cannon to prove he raped Naomi , but they underestimate his ability to control the situation . Teddy and Ian are forced to do manual labor as a punishment for fighting . Dixon fears for his life and pushes Ivy away , leading her straight into the arms of Oscar ( just as he planned the whole time for ) . Meanwhile , Jen looks for a new assistant and Debbie applies for the job . Debbie also finds out about the arrangement between Annie and Katherine and forbids Annie from fulfilling it . 52 6 `` How Much Is That Liam in the Window '' Stuart Gillard David S. Rosenthal & Jennie Snyder Urman October 25 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 25 ) 2.03 When Jen and Ryan find out about Naomi 's rape , Jen decides to take matters into her own hands , while Ryan 's job may be in jeopardy when he encourages Naomi to come forward with him as a witness despite the fact that his own secret about accidentally wrecking the school sign will be revealed . Adrianna 's manager , Victor , continues to blackmail her and goes even further when he encourages her to go topless at a photo - shoot . Annie discovers a darker side of Charlie when she sneaks in to observe a staged reading of his play . Liam lands a job modeling in the window of a clothing store and receives a job opportunity from a mysterious customer , named Laura , that he ca n't refuse . Dixon apologizes to Ivy unaware that she decided to lose her virginity to someone else . Also , Oscar confronts Ivy and Laurel about his shocking past . 53 7 `` I See London , I See France ... '' Krishna Rao Scott Weinger November 1 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 01 ) 2.00 Ryan helps Naomi press charges against Mr. Cannon and as a result , both Mr. Cannon and Ryan are suspended from their jobs . Oscar has a run - in with Mr. Cannon and unintentionally helps Naomi with her case when he sets his sights on her as his next conquest . Navid finds out that his father is employing an underage girl in his pornography business . Meanwhile , Ivy tells Dixon what happened between her and Oscar , which he predictably does not take well . Teddy struggles with rumors and innuendo about his suspected impotency . Liam continues his job of carrying purses for Laura , until he finds out that she is a drug dealer running a business right out of her mother 's own house . Elsewhere , Navid and Silver attend the Achievement Awards dinner while Annie , Teddy , Liam , Dixon , Ivy and Ian attend an under - achievement ceremony , called `` The Undies '' , at the Beach Club . 54 8 `` Mother Dearest '' Oz Scott Paul Sciarrotta November 8 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 08 ) 1.89 Annie and Dixon drive to Pomona to visit their father , but unexpectedly meet a young woman at his door making them leave without seeing Harry . Later , Debbie tells Annie and Dixon that she knows all about the younger woman living with Harry whom is his new wife . The Wilson family decides to move on by removing all traces Harry 's existence from the house and their lives and from then on live as if Harry never existed . After a series of mishaps with her baby , Jen leaves Jacques with Ryan and leaves town . Ivy and Naomi join forces to humiliate and take down Oscar . Meanwhile , Navid asks Silver to help prove that his father is lying to him about employing underage girls at his studio by asking Silver to go undercover . Also , Victor demands Adrianna attend a red carpet event with Joe Jonas , rather than Navid . 55 9 `` They 're Playing Her Song '' Rob Hardy Jennie Snyder Urman & Jenna Lamia November 15 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 15 ) 1.76 Teddy decides to visit a gay bar in West Hollywood , but is forced to turn to Ian for help when he forgets his wallet . Meanwhile , Annie is ready to take her relationship with Charlie to the next level , but is mortified when his college friends catch a glimpse of her in lingerie . Meanwhile , Ryan turns to Debbie for parental advice , and the two end up hooking up . Navid deals with the fallout at school and at home after turning his father in to the authorities . Also , Adrianna continues to be oblivious to Navid 's situation due to her newfound fame . 56 10 `` Best Lei 'd Plans '' David Warren David S. Rosenthal & Deborah Schoeneman November 29 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 29 ) 2.01 Naomi jumps back into the dating world and tries to impress one of Ivy 's surfer friends , Zach , by pretending to know how to surf . Still upset with her mother over the Oscar situation , Ivy decides to build a relationship with her estranged father . Not knowing she has feelings for Ryan , Annie and Dixon sign Debbie up for an online dating service . While at the beach luau , Teddy gets jealous when he sees Ian with another guy and allows his feelings to control his actions . Meanwhile , Adrianna and Navid 's relationship becomes strained , leading him into the arms of Silver . Elsewhere , Liam learns more about Laura and of her ex-boyfriend whom he attempts to make jealous in her favor . 57 11 `` Holiday Madness '' Dennis Smith Rebecca Sinclair December 6 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 06 ) 2.18 Adrianna leases an expensive new house and throws a housewarming Christmas party to celebrate her new record deal . After having enough of her egotistical attitude , Victor decides to reveal Adrianna 's secret on the Internet . Annie spends the night with Liam when he comes back from the hospital , and the two rekindle their romance . Ivy 's father 's unexpected intentions lead her to reconcile with her mother . After deciding to keep their relationship a secret , Ian and Teddy kiss unaware that Dixon saw them . Meanwhile , Navid and Silver confess their true feelings towards each other ... and share a kiss . Elsewhere , Naomi continues to reject Oscar 's advances whom tries to ask her out on a date to the Christmas party . Naomi attends solo and later returns home not knowing that Mr. Cannon is awaiting her . 58 12 `` Liars '' Stuart Gillard Tod Himmel January 24 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 24 ) 1.69 Naomi is taken hostage in her apartment by an out - of - control Mr. Cannon who also lures Silver into the situation . Meanwhile , Annie and Dixon 's cousin Emily from Kansas comes to town for an extended visit , but Emily immediately gets on Annie 's nerves . Dixon confronts Teddy about his kiss with Ian and promises to keep his secret . Ivy has a near fatal accident during surf practice that makes her question her ability to compete in the surf competition . Adrianna 's world continues to crumble when she appears on a talk show to tell her side of the story , and she is blindsided by a surprise guest when Victor appears to give `` his '' side of the story . Given Adrianna 's disastrous situation , Navid and Silver continue to keep their hook - ups a secret . 59 13 `` It 's Getting Hot in Here '' Liz Friedlander David S. Rosenthal January 31 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 31 ) 1.67 Naomi , Adrianna , Silver , and Annie decide to have a girls ' weekend and head to a yoga retreat in Ojai . Annie attempts to be a good cousin and invites Emily along for the weekend but confronts her about being a downer on the trip . Emily begins to show her true devious colors when she purposefully neglects to wake Annie up for a sweat lodge session and uses the opportunity to manipulate and turn the rest of the girls against Annie . Naomi , who originally thought the retreat was silly , suddenly decides to extend her stay as a way to recover from her encounter with Mr. Cannon . Silver runs into Navid at the retreat , and the two have a secret rendezvous . Adrianna returns from the retreat and calls a tabloid newspaper to sell an exclusive story . Back in Beverly Hills , Debbie plans a romantic dinner at her house for Ryan , but they are interrupted by Dixon , forcing Ryan to quickly find a place to hide . Elsewhere , Charlie finally realizes that Annie has feelings for Liam , and leaves to study abroad in France . 60 14 `` All About a Boy '' Harry Sinclair Paul Sciarrotta February 7 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 07 ) 1.75 Navid breaks up with Adrianna after learning how she used the baby she gave up for adoption to sell a story to a tabloid news magazine . Adrianna then leans on Silver for support and makes a shocking discovery . Meanwhile , Annie gets the opportunity to audition for a play but Emily sabotages her by letting it slip about Debbie 's romance with Ryan . Teddy is being blackmailed and is surprised to find out who is behind it . At Ian 's encouragement , Teddy decides to come out to his friends . Naomi returns from her spiritual retreat and decides to throw a party for Guru Sona but realizes that she may not be the person she thinks she is . Also , Ivy has reservations about getting back in the water after her accident . 61 15 `` Revenge with the Nerd '' Millicent Shelton Terrence Coli February 14 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 14 ) 1.37 Dixon and Navid convince a music producer to shoot a music video for Nelly at Shirazi Studios to keep the struggling studio in business . Adrianna 's suspicions about Navid having cheated on her are confirmed , and she informs Silver about her plot for revenge . Meanwhile , Emily attempts to distract Annie in an effort to seduce Liam . Teddy turns to Silver for support after coming out and his breakup with Ian . Elsewhere , reality producers follow Adrianna and her friends around trying to shoot a pilot , and Naomi is surprised by her reaction to a nerdy lab partner , Max , who helps her out with Guru Sona . 62 16 `` It 's High Time '' Krishna Rao Padma Alturi February 21 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 21 ) 1.52 The crafty and manipulative Emily continues to cause mayhem in Annie 's life by messing with Liam , her friends , and maliciously gets Annie fired from her internship at the Abbott Playhouse and even goes as far as to provoke Annie into physically attacking her to get her suspended from school . Annie eventually realizes that no one will believe her about the not - so - innocent and no - good Emily 's true nature and begins to work on a plan to defeat Emily at her own game . Meanwhile , Silver convinces Navid to sign the release for Adrianna 's TV reality show to help distract her from their secret relationship . Naomi keeps her feelings for Max to herself . Ivy meets a new guy , named Raj , and they strike up a friendship over their use of medical marijuana . Elsewhere , Dixon , Navid , and Liam take Teddy out on the town to show that they are trying to accept him after his coming out . After watching footage from her Christmas party , Adrianna makes a stunning realization . 63 17 `` Blue Naomi '' Elizabeth Allen David S. Rosenthal February 28 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 28 ) 1.45 Naomi attempts to impress Max by dressing up in an Avatar costume , but it does n't get the response that she was aiming for . Dixon and Navid formalize their partnership , and a chance encounter with Snoop Dogg could mean good news for them and Shirazi Studios 2.0 . Adrianna 's vindictive ways deepen after discovering the truth about Navid and Silver 's romance , and she vows to get back at both of them . Meanwhile , Annie and Liam secretly work together to expose Emily for the cynical person that she really is to everyone . As a result , Emily decides to leave town , but does n't tell Debbie of the reason why she is leaving . Elsewhere , Raj confides in Ivy about his past , revealing a shocking secret . 64 18 `` The Enchanted Donkey '' David Paymer Story by : Rebecca Sinclair Teleplay by : Rebecca Sinclair & Paul Sciarrotta April 18 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 18 ) 1.72 The group decides to spend spring break in Mexico , where things get out of control for everyone . Naomi brings along Max on the ruse that she intends to ask him for further tutoring with schoolwork . Annie and Liam spend quality time together to take in the scenery until an accident confines Annie to their hotel room . Teddy runs into Tripp , his former boarding school roommate and crush . Ivy uses the time to keep distant from Raj after thinking that he may die soon and confides in Dixon about her recent problems . Meanwhile , the rift between Silver and Adrianna comes to a shocking head . 65 19 `` Nerdy Little Secrets '' Harry Sinclair David Rosenberg April 25 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 25 ) 1.74 Naomi becomes tired and more insecure of hiding her relationship with Max and , afraid that he might be cheating on her , follows him to an academic decathlon event to confront him , but soon regrets what happens . Navid becomes worried when Silver begins to behave erratically after Adrianna secretly swipes Silver 's bipolar medication . Meanwhile , Annie forms a bond with Marla Templeton , a veteran actress whom she is hired to work for . Elsewhere , Raj helps Ivy get over her fear of getting into the water again . 66 20 `` Women on the Verge '' Stuart Gillard Scott Weinger & Jenna Lamia May 2 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 02 ) 1.47 After receiving some distressing news , Silver has an emotional breakdown , causing Navid and Dixon to stage an intervention . Meanwhile , Annie persuades Marla to attend a Hollywood movie re-release premiere of one of her old films after Marla confides in Annie about her serious health problems . When Teddy discovers Marco has been lying to him , he begins to question if Marco is cheating on him , but learns that Marco is actually hiding something else . Naomi learns that Max was accepted to a college in a different state , while Ryan has an unexpected visitor when Jen Clark returns . 67 21 `` The Prom Before the Storm '' Mike Listo David Rosenthal & Terrence Coli May 9 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 09 ) 1.43 Just as everyone is preparing for the upcoming senior prom , Annie and Dixon receive some devastating news concerning their futures when they are told by Debbie that she can not afford to send them to private universities . Meanwhile , Ivy discovers that Raj 's health has taken a turn for the worse . Elsewhere , Adrianna takes the opportunity to try to rekindle her relationship with Navid while Silver is hospitalized in a psych ward following her relapse with her bipolar disorder . Silver begins to figure out that Adrianna may have swiped her medication , but has difficulty convincing Navid . Also , Naomi and Max 's relationship is tested to the limit when she finds out he cheated on a paper for her . Elsewhere , Jen tries to win Ryan back by wanting him to move to Paris with her . 68 22 `` To the Future ! '' Rebecca Sinclair Rebecca Sinclair & Paul Sciarotta May 16 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 16 ) 1.64 As graduation looms , Naomi makes a decision that could prevent her from graduating with her class when she takes all the blame for cheating on her term paper to save Max from getting in trouble with her . Meanwhile , Liam tells Annie that he does n't want to go to college with her , and Adrianna is ostrized from the group when they accidentally find out her scheme to get revenge on Silver . The next day , an impromptu wedding takes place as Raj and Ivy get married in a traditional Indian ceremony . Among the group , only Ivy 's mother , Laurel , disapproves of Ivy 's sudden choice to get married for she is aware of Raj 's failing health . Also , Debbie , feeling that there is nothing in California for her anymore , decides to move on with her life by moving to Paris with Ryan . At the end , Naomi visits Max at his house where she tells him that she is pregnant .

Blue Naomi

90210 ( season 3 )

90210 ( season 3 )

The third season of 90210 , an American television series , premiered on Monday September 13 , 2010 . The CW officially renewed the show for a third season on February 16 , 2010 . With the reveal of the networks fall 2010 schedule , they announced their decision to move 90210 to Monday nights at 8 : 00 pm , as a lead - in to Gossip Girl . It premiered on September 13 , 2010 and was met with generally positive reviews from critics .

The season picks up at the end of summer and focuses on the students senior year of high school . It follows Adrianna 's rise to fame , a new relationship between Silver and Navid and a confused Teddy who decides to reveal to his family and friends he is gay . It also deals with the aftermath of Naomi Clark 's assault . The season premiered to 1.96 million viewers and a 0.9 rating in the adults 18 -- 49 demographic . Christmas - themed episode `` Holiday Madness '' , hit season highs in all key demos with 2.1 in The CW 's target demo of women 18 -- 34 , a 1.4 in adults 18 -- 34 and a 1.1 in adults 18 -- 49 . It was also the most watched episode in over a year with 2.2 million viewers tuning in . The season finale aired on May 16 , 2011 . The season averaged 1.75 million live viewers and a 0.9 adults 18 -- 49 rating . It was released on DVD in the United States on August 30 , 2011 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Regular 1.2 Recurring 1.3 Special Guest Stars 2 Episodes 3 Production 3.1 Storylines 3.2 Cast 4 Reception 5 DVD release 6 References Cast ( edit ) Regular ( edit ) Shenae Grimes as Annie Wilson ( 22 episodes ) Tristan Wilds as Dixon Wilson ( 22 episodes ) AnnaLynne McCord as Naomi Clark ( 22 episodes ) Ryan Eggold as Ryan Matthews ( 11 episodes ) Jessica Stroup as Erin Silver ( 22 episodes ) Michael Steger as Navid Shirazi ( 20 episodes ) Jessica Lowndes as Adrianna Tate - Duncan ( 22 episodes ) Matt Lanter as Liam Court ( 22 episodes ) Gillian Zinser as Ivy Sullivan ( 21 episodes ) Trevor Donovan as Teddy Montgomery ( 18 episodes ) Lori Loughlin as Debbie Wilson ( 15 episodes ) Recurring ( edit ) Blair Redford as Oscar ( 10 episodes ) Evan Ross as Charlie Selby ( 9 episodes ) Kelly Lynch as Laurel Cooper ( 9 episodes ) Kyle Riabko as Ian ( 9 episodes ) Josh Zuckerman as Max Miller ( 8 episodes ) Manish Dayal as Raj Kher ( 7 episodes ) Nestor Serrano as Victor Luna ( 7 episodes ) Hal Ozsan as Miles Cannon ( 7 episodes ) Abbie Cobb as Emily Bradford ( 6 episodes ) Freddie Smith as Marco Salazar ( 5 episodes ) Sara Foster as Jennifer `` Jen '' Clark ( 5 episodes ) Diego Boneta as Javier Luna ( 2 episodes ) Amanda Leighton as Alex Scarborough ( 2 episodes ) Special Guest Stars ( edit ) Kim Kardashian as herself ( 1 episode ) Khloe Kardashian as herself ( 1 episode ) Joe Jonas as himself ( 1 episode ) Nelly as himself ( 1 episode ) Snoop Dogg as himself ( 1 episode ) Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of 90210 episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 47 `` Senior Year , Baby '' Stuart Gillard Jennie Snyder Urman September 13 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 13 ) 1.96 Beverly Hills is rocked by an earthquake during the first day of the school year . Naomi has spent the summer in isolation , dealing with the aftermath of her rape by Mr. Cannon and keeping it a secret . Annie and Dixon are dealing with the absence of their father who has walked out on the family , while Debbie tries to hold the family together without Harry and a job . Meanwhile , Teddy and Silver find themselves happier than ever until he suffers a leg injury that could end his tennis career forever . Annie applies for an internship at a local theater company called the Abbott Playhouse . Navid welcomes Adrianna back from her tour with Javier , but their arrival brings an unexpected death . Ivy returns from Australia with her an old childhood friend , named Oscar , which makes Dixon uncomfortable . Elsewhere , Annie and Liam confront their feelings for each other . 48 `` Age of Inheritance '' Liz Friedlander Padma L. Atluri September 20 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 20 ) 1.83 After turning eighteen , Naomi finds out she can now access the money in her large trust fund , so she decides to throw herself a huge birthday party at the Beach Club where she hires the Honey Brothers band to perform . Meanwhile , Dixon , Navid , and Teddy decide to take Oscar out for a night on the town , but their party ends when Ivy finds a Facebook photo of a drunk Dixon doing a body shot off a girl . Annie has an instant connection with Charlie , a guy she meets at a coffee shop . Jen is forced to go on bed rest until she delivers the baby and has no choice but to allow Ryan into her life . Elsewhere , Adrianna uses Javier 's song book to get back in good favor with the label . Entourage 's Adrian Grenier performs with his band at Naomi 's birthday party . 49 `` 2021 Vision '' Millicent Shelton Tod Himmel September 27 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 27 ) 1.96 Naomi has constant flashbacks to her rape and begins taking sleeping pills in order to sleep through the night . Mr. Cannon invites Silver over to his apartment to watch his new documentary and slips something in her drink . Meanwhile , Teddy wakes up from a night of drinking and realizes he hooked up with someone , but does not remember who . Dixon learns that Ivy is a virgin . At her intern job , Annie confronts her boss , Katherine , about her awkward behavior and is shocked when she makes Annie an offer she may not be able to refuse . Adrianna sings another song stolen out of Javier 's songbook at his memorial service , but she soon regrets it when a video of her music number goes viral . 50 `` The Bachelors '' David Warren David S. Rosenthal October 4 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 04 ) 1.79 Silver plans a cancer - awareness charity event to honor her late mother and enlists the boys to appear in a bachelor auction . Ian , a theater student at West Bev , is brought in to help choreograph a dance number for the auction , but all comes to a stand - still when Teddy directs some negative words toward him . The two later get into a fight . Meanwhile , Annie and Adrianna discover the truth about Naomi and Mr. Cannon from Silver . Elsewhere , Annie discovers Debbie 's money problems since Harry walked out on her and decides to take Katherine 's offer . A surprising connection between Charlie and Liam is revealed . Javier 's uncle , Victor , begins to blackmail Adrianna with exposure by forcing her to work for him . Also , Ivy and Dixon decide to spend the night together , but Dixon hits the brakes when his ex-girlfriend , Sasha , returns with some life - altering news . 51 5 `` Catch Me If You Cannon '' Jim Conway Terrence Coli October 11 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 11 ) 1.81 Silver , Naomi , and Adrianna craft a plan to seduce Mr. Cannon to prove he raped Naomi , but they underestimate his ability to control the situation . Teddy and Ian are forced to do manual labor as a punishment for fighting . Dixon fears for his life and pushes Ivy away , leading her straight into the arms of Oscar ( just as he planned the whole time for ) . Meanwhile , Jen looks for a new assistant and Debbie applies for the job . Debbie also finds out about the arrangement between Annie and Katherine and forbids Annie from fulfilling it . 52 6 `` How Much Is That Liam in the Window '' Stuart Gillard David S. Rosenthal & Jennie Snyder Urman October 25 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 25 ) 2.03 When Jen and Ryan find out about Naomi 's rape , Jen decides to take matters into her own hands , while Ryan 's job may be in jeopardy when he encourages Naomi to come forward with him as a witness despite the fact that his own secret about accidentally wrecking the school sign will be revealed . Adrianna 's manager , Victor , continues to blackmail her and goes even further when he encourages her to go topless at a photo - shoot . Annie discovers a darker side of Charlie when she sneaks in to observe a staged reading of his play . Liam lands a job modeling in the window of a clothing store and receives a job opportunity from a mysterious customer , named Laura , that he ca n't refuse . Dixon apologizes to Ivy unaware that she decided to lose her virginity to someone else . Also , Oscar confronts Ivy and Laurel about his shocking past . 53 7 `` I See London , I See France ... '' Krishna Rao Scott Weinger November 1 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 01 ) 2.00 Ryan helps Naomi press charges against Mr. Cannon and as a result , both Mr. Cannon and Ryan are suspended from their jobs . Oscar has a run - in with Mr. Cannon and unintentionally helps Naomi with her case when he sets his sights on her as his next conquest . Navid finds out that his father is employing an underage girl in his pornography business . Meanwhile , Ivy tells Dixon what happened between her and Oscar , which he predictably does not take well . Teddy struggles with rumors and innuendo about his suspected impotency . Liam continues his job of carrying purses for Laura , until he finds out that she is a drug dealer running a business right out of her mother 's own house . Elsewhere , Navid and Silver attend the Achievement Awards dinner while Annie , Teddy , Liam , Dixon , Ivy and Ian attend an under - achievement ceremony , called `` The Undies '' , at the Beach Club . 54 8 `` Mother Dearest '' Oz Scott Paul Sciarrotta November 8 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 08 ) 1.89 Annie and Dixon drive to Pomona to visit their father , but unexpectedly meet a young woman at his door making them leave without seeing Harry . Later , Debbie tells Annie and Dixon that she knows all about the younger woman living with Harry whom is his new wife . The Wilson family decides to move on by removing all traces Harry 's existence from the house and their lives and from then on live as if Harry never existed . After a series of mishaps with her baby , Jen leaves Jacques with Ryan and leaves town . Ivy and Naomi join forces to humiliate and take down Oscar . Meanwhile , Navid asks Silver to help prove that his father is lying to him about employing underage girls at his studio by asking Silver to go undercover . Also , Victor demands Adrianna attend a red carpet event with Joe Jonas , rather than Navid . 55 9 `` They 're Playing Her Song '' Rob Hardy Jennie Snyder Urman & Jenna Lamia November 15 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 15 ) 1.76 Teddy decides to visit a gay bar in West Hollywood , but is forced to turn to Ian for help when he forgets his wallet . Meanwhile , Annie is ready to take her relationship with Charlie to the next level , but is mortified when his college friends catch a glimpse of her in lingerie . Meanwhile , Ryan turns to Debbie for parental advice , and the two end up hooking up . Navid deals with the fallout at school and at home after turning his father in to the authorities . Also , Adrianna continues to be oblivious to Navid 's situation due to her newfound fame . 56 10 `` Best Lei 'd Plans '' David Warren David S. Rosenthal & Deborah Schoeneman November 29 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 29 ) 2.01 Naomi jumps back into the dating world and tries to impress one of Ivy 's surfer friends , Zach , by pretending to know how to surf . Still upset with her mother over the Oscar situation , Ivy decides to build a relationship with her estranged father . Not knowing she has feelings for Ryan , Annie and Dixon sign Debbie up for an online dating service . While at the beach luau , Teddy gets jealous when he sees Ian with another guy and allows his feelings to control his actions . Meanwhile , Adrianna and Navid 's relationship becomes strained , leading him into the arms of Silver . Elsewhere , Liam learns more about Laura and of her ex-boyfriend whom he attempts to make jealous in her favor . 57 11 `` Holiday Madness '' Dennis Smith Rebecca Sinclair December 6 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 06 ) 2.18 Adrianna leases an expensive new house and throws a housewarming Christmas party to celebrate her new record deal . After having enough of her egotistical attitude , Victor decides to reveal Adrianna 's secret on the Internet . Annie spends the night with Liam when he comes back from the hospital , and the two rekindle their romance . Ivy 's father 's unexpected intentions lead her to reconcile with her mother . After deciding to keep their relationship a secret , Ian and Teddy kiss unaware that Dixon saw them . Meanwhile , Navid and Silver confess their true feelings towards each other ... and share a kiss . Elsewhere , Naomi continues to reject Oscar 's advances whom tries to ask her out on a date to the Christmas party . Naomi attends solo and later returns home not knowing that Mr. Cannon is awaiting her . 58 12 `` Liars '' Stuart Gillard Tod Himmel January 24 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 24 ) 1.69 Naomi is taken hostage in her apartment by an out - of - control Mr. Cannon who also lures Silver into the situation . Meanwhile , Annie and Dixon 's cousin Emily from Kansas comes to town for an extended visit , but Emily immediately gets on Annie 's nerves . Dixon confronts Teddy about his kiss with Ian and promises to keep his secret . Ivy has a near fatal accident during surf practice that makes her question her ability to compete in the surf competition . Adrianna 's world continues to crumble when she appears on a talk show to tell her side of the story , and she is blindsided by a surprise guest when Victor appears to give `` his '' side of the story . Given Adrianna 's disastrous situation , Navid and Silver continue to keep their hook - ups a secret . 59 13 `` It 's Getting Hot in Here '' Liz Friedlander David S. Rosenthal January 31 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 31 ) 1.67 Naomi , Adrianna , Silver , and Annie decide to have a girls ' weekend and head to a yoga retreat in Ojai . Annie attempts to be a good cousin and invites Emily along for the weekend but confronts her about being a downer on the trip . Emily begins to show her true devious colors when she purposefully neglects to wake Annie up for a sweat lodge session and uses the opportunity to manipulate and turn the rest of the girls against Annie . Naomi , who originally thought the retreat was silly , suddenly decides to extend her stay as a way to recover from her encounter with Mr. Cannon . Silver runs into Navid at the retreat , and the two have a secret rendezvous . Adrianna returns from the retreat and calls a tabloid newspaper to sell an exclusive story . Back in Beverly Hills , Debbie plans a romantic dinner at her house for Ryan , but they are interrupted by Dixon , forcing Ryan to quickly find a place to hide . Elsewhere , Charlie finally realizes that Annie has feelings for Liam , and leaves to study abroad in France . 60 14 `` All About a Boy '' Harry Sinclair Paul Sciarrotta February 7 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 07 ) 1.75 Navid breaks up with Adrianna after learning how she used the baby she gave up for adoption to sell a story to a tabloid news magazine . Adrianna then leans on Silver for support and makes a shocking discovery . Meanwhile , Annie gets the opportunity to audition for a play but Emily sabotages her by letting it slip about Debbie 's romance with Ryan . Teddy is being blackmailed and is surprised to find out who is behind it . At Ian 's encouragement , Teddy decides to come out to his friends . Naomi returns from her spiritual retreat and decides to throw a party for Guru Sona but realizes that she may not be the person she thinks she is . Also , Ivy has reservations about getting back in the water after her accident . 61 15 `` Revenge with the Nerd '' Millicent Shelton Terrence Coli February 14 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 14 ) 1.37 Dixon and Navid convince a music producer to shoot a music video for Nelly at Shirazi Studios to keep the struggling studio in business . Adrianna 's suspicions about Navid having cheated on her are confirmed , and she informs Silver about her plot for revenge . Meanwhile , Emily attempts to distract Annie in an effort to seduce Liam . Teddy turns to Silver for support after coming out and his breakup with Ian . Elsewhere , reality producers follow Adrianna and her friends around trying to shoot a pilot , and Naomi is surprised by her reaction to a nerdy lab partner , Max , who helps her out with Guru Sona . 62 16 `` It 's High Time '' Krishna Rao Padma Alturi February 21 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 21 ) 1.52 The crafty and manipulative Emily continues to cause mayhem in Annie 's life by messing with Liam , her friends , and maliciously gets Annie fired from her internship at the Abbott Playhouse and even goes as far as to provoke Annie into physically attacking her to get her suspended from school . Annie eventually realizes that no one will believe her about the not - so - innocent and no - good Emily 's true nature and begins to work on a plan to defeat Emily at her own game . Meanwhile , Silver convinces Navid to sign the release for Adrianna 's TV reality show to help distract her from their secret relationship . Naomi keeps her feelings for Max to herself . Ivy meets a new guy , named Raj , and they strike up a friendship over their use of medical marijuana . Elsewhere , Dixon , Navid , and Liam take Teddy out on the town to show that they are trying to accept him after his coming out . After watching footage from her Christmas party , Adrianna makes a stunning realization . 63 17 `` Blue Naomi '' Elizabeth Allen David S. Rosenthal February 28 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 28 ) 1.45 Naomi attempts to impress Max by dressing up in an Avatar costume , but it does n't get the response that she was aiming for . Dixon and Navid formalize their partnership , and a chance encounter with Snoop Dogg could mean good news for them and Shirazi Studios 2.0 . Adrianna 's vindictive ways deepen after discovering the truth about Navid and Silver 's romance , and she vows to get back at both of them . Meanwhile , Annie and Liam secretly work together to expose Emily for the cynical person that she really is to everyone . As a result , Emily decides to leave town , but does n't tell Debbie of the reason why she is leaving . Elsewhere , Raj confides in Ivy about his past , revealing a shocking secret . 64 18 `` The Enchanted Donkey '' David Paymer Story by : Rebecca Sinclair Teleplay by : Rebecca Sinclair & Paul Sciarrotta April 18 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 18 ) 1.72 The group decides to spend spring break in Mexico , where things get out of control for everyone . Naomi brings along Max on the ruse that she intends to ask him for further tutoring with schoolwork . Annie and Liam spend quality time together to take in the scenery until an accident confines Annie to their hotel room . Teddy runs into Tripp , his former boarding school roommate and crush . Ivy uses the time to keep distant from Raj after thinking that he may die soon and confides in Dixon about her recent problems . Meanwhile , the rift between Silver and Adrianna comes to a shocking head . 65 19 `` Nerdy Little Secrets '' Harry Sinclair David Rosenberg April 25 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 25 ) 1.74 Naomi becomes tired and more insecure of hiding her relationship with Max and , afraid that he might be cheating on her , follows him to an academic decathlon event to confront him , but soon regrets what happens . Navid becomes worried when Silver begins to behave erratically after Adrianna secretly swipes Silver 's bipolar medication . Meanwhile , Annie forms a bond with Marla Templeton , a veteran actress whom she is hired to work for . Elsewhere , Raj helps Ivy get over her fear of getting into the water again . 66 20 `` Women on the Verge '' Stuart Gillard Scott Weinger & Jenna Lamia May 2 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 02 ) 1.47 After receiving some distressing news , Silver has an emotional breakdown , causing Navid and Dixon to stage an intervention . Meanwhile , Annie persuades Marla to attend a Hollywood movie re-release premiere of one of her old films after Marla confides in Annie about her serious health problems . When Teddy discovers Marco has been lying to him , he begins to question if Marco is cheating on him , but learns that Marco is actually hiding something else . Naomi learns that Max was accepted to a college in a different state , while Ryan has an unexpected visitor when Jen Clark returns . 67 21 `` The Prom Before the Storm '' Mike Listo David Rosenthal & Terrence Coli May 9 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 09 ) 1.43 Just as everyone is preparing for the upcoming senior prom , Annie and Dixon receive some devastating news concerning their futures when they are told by Debbie that she can not afford to send them to private universities . Meanwhile , Ivy discovers that Raj 's health has taken a turn for the worse . Elsewhere , Adrianna takes the opportunity to try to rekindle her relationship with Navid while Silver is hospitalized in a psych ward following her relapse with her bipolar disorder . Silver begins to figure out that Adrianna may have swiped her medication , but has difficulty convincing Navid . Also , Naomi and Max 's relationship is tested to the limit when she finds out he cheated on a paper for her . Elsewhere , Jen tries to win Ryan back by wanting him to move to Paris with her . 68 22 `` To the Future ! '' Rebecca Sinclair Rebecca Sinclair & Paul Sciarotta May 16 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 16 ) 1.64 As graduation looms , Naomi makes a decision that could prevent her from graduating with her class when she takes all the blame for cheating on her term paper to save Max from getting in trouble with her . Meanwhile , Liam tells Annie that he does n't want to go to college with her , and Adrianna is ostrized from the group when they accidentally find out her scheme to get revenge on Silver . The next day , an impromptu wedding takes place as Raj and Ivy get married in a traditional Indian ceremony . Among the group , only Ivy 's mother , Laurel , disapproves of Ivy 's sudden choice to get married for she is aware of Raj 's failing health . Also , Debbie , feeling that there is nothing in California for her anymore , decides to move on with her life by moving to Paris with Ryan . At the end , Naomi visits Max at his house where she tells him that she is pregnant . Production ( edit ) The CW officially renewed 90210 for a third season on February 16 , 2010 . On May 20 , 2010 the network announced its decision to move 90210 to Monday nights at 8 : 00 pm Eastern / 7 : 00 pm Central , as a lead - in to Gossip Girl . Together , 90210 and Gossip Girl have the highest concentration of women 18 -- 34 on network television , said The CW . The series is produced by CBS Television Studios , with Rebecca Sinclair as executive producer . The season premiered on September 13 , 2010 . The series returned from its midseason break on January 24 , 2011 , with the season finale airing on May 16 , 2011 . Storylines ( edit ) I kinda feel like there will be some downward spiral in a way for Naomi 's character , but she 's good at covering , so she 'll still have that facade . `` '' -- AnnaLynne McCord on what fans can expect to see from Naomi in season 3 after being attacked by Mr Cannon . The third season of 90210 welcomed the students of West Beverly Hills High School to their senior year with a surprising new family and the destruction of another . Adrianna 's pop career blossomed and a new love will caused the fall out of a group of friends . An earthquake hit Beverly Hills in the premiere . `` We wanted to open the season with an event that has both physical and emotional ramifications for several people , '' said co-executive producer Jennie Snyder Urman , who added that the tremors would prove particularly life - altering for one teen . `` One of them has a very serious injury that takes time to resolve and sort of changes the direction of his or her life . '' It was revealed during the summer of 2010 that either Liam , Navid , or Teddy would come out as gay in season 3 . Co-executive producer , Jennie Urman said of that matter , `` We want to address the issue in a real and relatable way . '' The character was later revealed as Teddy . Silver 's bi-polar disorder was revisited after Adrianna tampered with her medication when implementing a plot for revenge . In Season 3 , Adrianna also sees a boom in her entertainment career as an aspiring reality TV star , though is eventually driven to desperate ends to keep her show alive , such as the pronouncement that she will be seeking to regain the daughter she once gave up for adoption . TVLine revealed that a major character would find out that she was pregnant in the finale . It was later revealed that Naomi was the character in question . Cast ( edit ) I finished my stint there and the show is kind of off on its own , and I 'm happy to walk away . It was fun , there 's a lot of energy . My friend was producing the first season of the new show , and so that was kind of my motivation to be a part of it . And then he left and it just kind of got a little wonky , so I was happy to be a part of it in the beginning . `` '' -- Jennie Garth on leaving the series . On February 25 , 2010 , Gillian Zinser , who plays Ivy Sullivan , was promoted to series regular for the third season . On May 20 , 2010 , with the reveal of The CW 's fall schedule , the series regulars for the third season were announced . Shenae Grimes , Tristan Wilds , AnnaLynne McCord , Ryan Eggold , Jessica Stroup , Michael Steger , Jessica Lowndes , Matt Lanter and Lori Loughlin were all announced to be continuing their roles on the show . It was also announced that Trevor Donovan , who plays Teddy Montgomery , was upgraded to series regular . In January 2010 , it was confirmed that Jennie Garth would be leaving 90210 to focus more on her writing . Two days later it was announced that series lead , Rob Estes would also be departing the series . Failure to reach an agreement in contract negotiations have been cited as a factor in Estes ' departure , though , he apparently leaves on good terms with the producers and the network . The producers said they were willing to let them go as they are `` trying to establish a separate identity for the new show , '' and want to focus on the younger cast members and not those who starred Beverly Hills , 90210 and Melrose Place . A representative for 90210 told E ! Online , `` This is Rob 's last season on 90210 . He 's a talented actor and we could n't have asked for a better Harry Wilson . '' The actor also released a statement regarding his exit saying , `` This is my final season on 90210 and I wish the show , cast and crew nothing but the best . I am looking forward to spending time with my kids and exploring other opportunities . '' On June 29 , 2010 , it was announced that Kim Kardashian , Kourtney Kardashian and Khloé Kardashian would guest - star in the season premiere as themselves . However , it was later revealed that just Kim and Khloe had filmed scenes . Adrian Grenier appeared in one episode with his band at Naomi 's 18th birthday party . Entertainment Weekly Blair Redford was cast in a recurring role as a character named Oscar . They revealed he would move in with Ivy and her mother . Evan Ross joined the cast as Charlie , an older newcomer who gets tangled up in a love triangle with two main cast members . Zap2It reported that Mekia Cox would reprise her role as Sasha in the October 3 episode . Kyle Riabko was cast as Ian , a love interest of Teddy . Joe Jonas guest starred in the eighth episode of the season , escorting Adrianna on a red carpet event . Abbie Cobb began a recurring role in January 2011 . She portrayed Annie and Dixon 's cousin , Emily , who came to Beverly Hills with the purpose of stealing everything and everybody in Annie 's life . Claudia Black joined the cast as Guru Sona , a yoga teacher who Naomi comes to rely on when she meets the characters at a retreat . On December 1 , 2010 , Movieline announced that rapper Nelly would play himself in an episode of the show in 2011 . They revealed the storyline would focus on Dixon ( Tristan Wilds ) and Navid ( Michael Steger ) getting involved in the video shoot for Nelly 's song ' She 's So Fly ' . Kyle Riabko left the series to make himself available for the pilot season . Freddie Smith replaced Riabko as Teddy 's new love interest , Marco . He was described as `` hot '' , `` super-athletic '' and openly gay . Snoop Dogg made a cameo appearance as himself in the later half of the season when he ran into Dixon at a carwash . Alan Ritchson guest starred in the seasons eighteenth episode as a former prep - school roommate of Teddy 's , who hooks up with him . Oscar nominee , Sally Kellerman appeared in a multi-episode arc as Marla , a former movie star who is suffering from dementia and has become a hoarder . Marla hired Annie to help her clean out her house . Manish Dayal was cast in a recurring role as Raj , who became involved in Ivy 's life . Josh Zuckerman was cast in a recurring role as Max Miller , a nerdy student and Naomi 's lab partner whom Naomi develops feelings for . Reception ( edit ) A line graph detailing the trend of viewership for the third season The season premiere was watched by 1.96 million live viewers in the United States and achieved a 0.9 rating in the adults 18 -- 49 demographic , up 22.5 % in viewers and 12.5 % in demo from the season two finale . Episode 11 achieved season highs in all key demos with a 1.1 adults 18 -- 49 rating , a 1.4 in adults 18 -- 34 and a 2.1 rating in The CW 's target demographic of women 18 -- 34 . It was also the most watched episode since October , 2009 with 2.18 million viewers tuning in . Episode 15 hit series lows in women 18 -- 34 with a 1.0 rating and matched series lows in adults 18 -- 49 with a 0.7 rating . The season finale scored a 0.8 rating in adults 18 -- 49 , which was lifted to a 1.2 rating with a full week of DVR viewing taken into account . The season averaged 1.75 million viewers and a 0.9 rating in adults 18 -- 49 . With live + 7 day DVR viewing taken into account , it averaged 2.26 million viewers and a 1.2 rating . In the UK episode eight was seen by 548,000 viewers , which was higher than the pilot episode `` We 're Not in Kansas Anymore '' . `` Best Lei 'd Plans '' continued upwards with 604,000 viewers becoming the No. 2 rated show on E4 that week . Critical reception for the season was mostly positive . TVfanatic.com rated the season premiere 3.7 out of 5 and said , `` The series started from scratch in a lot of ways , manufacturing brand new developments that added to 90210 's fluidity problem , yet may prove to be promising if the drama can actually stick with certain developments and see them through . '' Mark Estes of TVOverMind said `` The West Beverly kids are back and is it just me or did they NOT disappoint tonight ? '' His review of the second episode was also positive stating , `` Two in a row ? 90210 is really coming back strong this year as tonight 's episode introduced new people , new plot lines , and the makings of a villain in the increasingly slimy Oscar . '' DVD release ( edit ) The DVD release of season three was released after the season has completed broadcast on television . It has been released in Regions 1 , 2 and 4 . As well as every episode from the season , the DVD release features bonus material such as deleted scenes , gag reels and behind - the - scenes featurettes . 90210 : The Third Season Set details Special features 22 episodes 913 minutes ( Region 1 ) ; 876 minutes ( Region 2 ) ; 877 ( Region 4 ) 6 - disc set 1.85 : 1 aspect ratio Languages : English ( Dolby Digital 2.0 Surround ) Subtitles : English , Danish , Dutch , Finnish , Norwegian and Spanish ( Region 1 ) English , Arabic , Dutch , Norwegian , Swedish , English For The Hearing Impaired ( Regions 2 and 4 ) Audio commentaries : `` Coming Out '' `` Behind the Scenes with Michael Steger and Matt Lanter Kime Buzzelli , Artist '' `` A 90210 Wedding '' `` A Season in Review : Senior Year '' `` Deleted Scenes '' Release dates United States United Kingdom Australia August 30 , 2011 . August 15 , 2011 July 18 , 2012 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Calabria , Rosario ( September 21 , 2010 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Monday , September 20 , 2010 '' . Your Entertainment Now . Retrieved February 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Calabria , Rosario ( September 28 , 2010 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Monday , September 27 , 2010 '' . Your Entertainment Now . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2010 . Retrieved November 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( September 28 , 2010 ) . `` Monday Finals : Castle Adjusted Down ; Chuck , Rules , Hawaii Five - 0 , 90210 Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2010 . Retrieved September 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Siedman , Robert ( October 5 , 2010 ) . `` Monday Finals : Castle , Lie to Me , 90210 Adjusted Down ; How I Met Your Mother , Mike & Molly , Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2010 . Retrieved October 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( October 12 , 2010 ) . `` Monday Finals : Castle , Dancing Adjusted Down ; How I Met Your Mother , Two And A Half Men , 90210 Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2010 . Retrieved October 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( October 26 , 2010 ) . `` Monday Finals : Castle Adjusted Down , Still Beats Five - 0 ; Dancing , Rules , Men , Mike & Molly , Lie , 90210 Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2010 . Retrieved November 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 2 , 2010 ) . `` Monday Finals : Castle Adjusted Down Slightly ; Chuck Holds '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2010 . Retrieved November 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( November 9 , 2010 ) . `` Monday Finals : Dancing , Castle , Mike & Molly , Rules , Men Adjusted Down ; Lauer GWB Interview , 90210 Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2010 . Retrieved November 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 16 , 2010 ) . `` Monday Finals : Mike & Molly , Lie to Me Adjusted Down ; How I Met Your Mother Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( December 1 , 2010 ) . `` Monday Finals : No Change for ChuckOr Any Other Original Episodes '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 1 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( December 7 , 2010 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Hawaii Five - 0 , ' ' 90210 , ' ' 2.5 Men ' Adjusted Up ; ' Skating With The Stars , ' ' Castle ' Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 7 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( January 25 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Chuck ' Drops , But Only a Little ; No Change for ' Lie To Me ' or ' Castle ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( February 1 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : No Adjustments For ' Chuck , ' ' Lie To Me , ' ' The Cape ' Or Any Other Original Episodes '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2011 . Retrieved February 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 8 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Finals : No Ratings Adjustments For ' Chuck ' or ' The Chicago Code ' ; ' Mike & Molly ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 8 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( February 15 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : No 18 - 49 Adjustments For ' Mad Love , ' ' Chuck ' Or Any Other Shows '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 23 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Bachelor ' and ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustment for ' Chuck ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( March 1 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Bachelor , ' ' The Cape ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( April 19 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Chicago Code , ' ' Cougar Town , ' ' Gossip Girl ' Adjusted Down ; ' Mike & Molly , ' ' Mad Love , ' ' Hawaii Five - 0 , ' ' DWTS ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2011 . Retrieved April 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( April 26 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Dancing With The Stars ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 3 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Dancing With The Stars , ' ' How I Met Your Mother , ' ' Mike & Molly , ' ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 10 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Chuck , ' ' Dancing , ' ' House , ' ' Mother , ' ' Mad Love , ' ' Mike & Molly ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 18 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Dancing , ' ' Hawaii Five - 0 , ' ' How I Met Your Mother , ' ' Mad Love , ' ' Mike & Molly ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Chicago Code ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ghosh , Korbi ( February 16 , 2010 ) . `` The CW renews ' Top Model , ' ' Vampire Diaries , ' ' Supernatural , ' ' Gossip Girl , ' ' 90210 ' -- From Inside the Box -- Zap2it '' . Zap 2 It . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2010 . Retrieved November 2 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( May 20 , 2010 ) . `` The CW Announces 2010 -- 11 Schedule '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2010 . Retrieved September 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The CW Network announces Fall premiere dates '' ( Press release ) . The CW Television Network . June 30 , 2010 . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2010 . Retrieved November 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` WHEN 'S THE SEASON FINALE OF YOUR FAVORITE SHOW ? '' . The CW ( official website ) . February 17 , 2011 . Retrieved April 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ House , M.L. ( March 2 , 2010 ) . `` 90210 Season Two Finale Spoiler : All About Naomi '' . tvfanatic.com . Retrieved December 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Keck , William ( July 27 , 2010 ) . `` Keck 's Exclusives : 90210 's Prime - Time Shake - Up '' . TV Guide . Retrieved December 13 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( July 13 , 2010 ) . `` Exclusive : Which ' 90210 ' hottie is gay ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Donahue , Emily ( August 16 , 2010 ) . `` 90210 ' Gay Male Character Revealed ! '' . MTV . Retrieved December 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Masters , Megan ( February 18 , 2011 ) . `` Scoop : 90210 Revisits Silver 's Bipolar Battle '' . TV Line . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2011 . Retrieved February 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( March 18 , 2011 ) . `` 90210 Pregnancy Mystery : Who 's About to Break Some Big Baby News ? '' . TV Line . Retrieved March 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wightman , Catriona ( October 7 , 2010 ) . `` Jennie Garth explains ' 90210 ' exit '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2010 . Retrieved December 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( October 13 , 2010 ) . `` ' 90210 ' ups Gillian Zinser to series regular '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ SCHREFFLER , LAURA ( January 17 , 2010 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE ! Peter Facinelli Confirms : Jennie Garth is Leaving ' 90210 ′ '' . Hollywood Life . Retrieved November 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE : 90210 Star Rob Estes Quits The Hit Show '' . RadarOnline . January 19 , 2010 . Retrieved November 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ghosh , Korbi ( January 20 , 2010 ) . `` ' 90210 ' : Rob Estes leaving , Harry Wilson will be written out '' . Zap 2 It . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2010 . Retrieved December 13 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Dos Santos , Kristin ( January 20 , 2010 ) . `` Insiders Reveal Why Rob Estes and Jennie Garth Are Leaving 90210 '' . E ! Online . Retrieved December 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kardashian Sisters to Play Themselves on 90210 '' . People . June 29 , 2010 . Retrieved November 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wightman , Catriona ( July 28 , 2010 ) . `` Khloe Kardashian : ' 90210 was a blast ' '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved November 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Snierson , Dan ( September 16 , 2010 ) . `` ' 90210 : An exclusive first look at Adrian Grenier 's musical appearance '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( July 1 , 2010 ) . `` ' 90210 ' Exclusive : Soap star lands Oscar - worthy role '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2010 . Retrieved November 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ DiNunno , Gina ( July 22 , 2010 ) . `` Diana Ross ' Son Joins the Cast of 90210 '' . TV Guide . Retrieved November 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Nededog , Jethro ( September 2 , 2010 ) . `` ' 90210 ' : ' Undercovers ' Mekia Cox returns to shake up Dixon 's world '' . Zap2it . Retrieved November 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( August 11 , 2010 ) . `` Ask Ausiello : Spoilers on ' Grey 's , ' ' Chuck , ' ' Glee , ' ' 90210 , ' ' Pretty Little Liars , ' and more ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( September 20 , 2010 ) . `` ' 90210 ' Exclusive : Adrianna falls for ... Joe Jonas ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( November 4 , 2010 ) . `` Exclusive : Meet 90210 's Newest Troublemaker '' . Movieline . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2010 . Retrieved November 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Keck , William ( November 19 , 2010 ) . `` Keck 's Exclusives : 90210 Casts Stargate Alum Claudia Black '' . TV Guide . Retrieved December 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt ( December 1 , 2010 ) . `` Exclusive : Red - Hot Rap Star Nelly To Visit 90210 '' . Movie Line . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2010 . Retrieved January 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( December 8 , 2010 ) . `` 90210 Exclusive : Meet Teddy 's New ( Major Spoiler Alert ) ! '' . Movieline . Retrieved November 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Masters , Megan ( January 10 , 2011 ) . `` 90210 Exclusive : Snoop Dogg Makes a Pit Stop ! '' . TV Line . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2011 . Retrieved January 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt ( January 13 , 2011 ) . `` 90210 Exclusive : Teddy Hooks Up With Aquaman ! '' . TV Line . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2011 . Retrieved January 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( February 2 , 2011 ) . `` 90210 Exclusive : Oscar Nominee Sally Kellerman Cast as Annie 's New Boss '' . TVLine . Retrieved September 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Rohit , Parimal ( February 7 , 2011 ) . `` ' 90210 ' Has First - Ever Lead Character of Indian Origin '' . Buzzinebollywood . Retrieved April 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ZIMBIO -- News Stars On The Set Of ' 90210 ' In Los Angeles ( Josh Zuckerman ) '' . zimbio . January 11 , 2011 . Retrieved July 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( June 6 , 2011 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Tops Absolute And % Gains In Season 's Final Full Week '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( June 13 , 2011 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Tops DVR Ratings Gain For The 2010 -- 11 Season ; ' Fringe ' Has Biggest % Increase By DVR '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes ( See relevant weeks and choose E4 ) '' . BARB.co.uk . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved February 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Richenthal , Matt ( September 14 , 2010 ) . `` 90210 Season Premiere Review : `` Senior Year , Baby '' `` . TV Fanatic . Retrieved December 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Estes , Mark ( September 13 , 2010 ) . `` 90210 3.01 `` Senior Year , Baby ! '' Recap / Review `` . Zap 2 It . Retrieved December 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Estes , Mark ( September 20 , 2010 ) . `` 90210 3.02 `` Age of Inheritance '' Recap `` . Zap 2 It . Retrieved December 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 90210 -- The Complete 3rd Season '' . TVShowsonDVD . Retrieved November 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 90210 - The 3rd Season '' . Ezy DVD . Retrieved May 20 , 2012 . ( hide ) Beverly Hills , 90210 Beverly Hills , 90210 ( 1990 -- 2000 ) Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 Characters Donna Martin Dylan McKay Kelly Taylor Brenda Walsh Misc Home video releases Soundtrack The Unauthorized Beverly Hills , 90210 Story Melrose Place ( 1992 -- 99 ) Seasons 5 6 7 Characters Jane Mancini Michael Mancini Matt Fielding Jake Hanson Jo Reynolds Amanda Woodward Sydney Andrews Kimberly Shaw Lexi Sterling Misc The Unauthorized Melrose Place Story 90210 ( 2008 -- 2013 ) Seasons 5 Characters Naomi Clark Erin Silver Adrianna Tate - Duncan Teddy Montgomery Misc Soundtrack Other series Models Inc. ( 1994 -- 1995 ) Melrose Place ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=90210_(season_3)&oldid=814900085 '' Categories : 2010 American television seasons 2011 American television seasons Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from March 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Polski Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 11 December 2017 , at 16 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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who has won the most concacaf gold cups

Team Winners Runners - up Third Place Fourth Place Mexico 7 ( 1993 , 1996 , 1998 , 2003 , 2009 , 2011 , 2015 ) 1 ( 2007 ) 3 ( 1991 , 2013 , 2017 ) -- United States 6 ( 1991 , 2002 , 2005 , 2007 , 2013 , 2017 ) 4 ( 1993 , 1998 , 2009 , 2011 ) 2 ( 1996 , 2003 ) 1 ( 2015 ) Canada 1 ( 2000 ) -- 2 ( 2002 , 2007 ) -- Panama -- 2 ( 2005 , 2013 ) 2 ( 2011 , 2015 ) -- Jamaica -- 2 ( 2015 , 2017 ) 1 ( 1993 ) 1 ( 1998 ) Brazil -- 2 ( 1996 , 2003 ) 1 ( 1998 ) -- Honduras -- 1 ( 1991 ) 4 ( 2005 , 2009 , 2011 , 2013 ) -- Costa Rica -- 1 ( 2002 ) 3 ( 1993 , 2009 , 2017 ) 2 ( 1991 , 2003 ) Colombia -- 1 ( 2000 ) 1 ( 2005 ) -- Peru -- -- 1 ( 2000 ) -- Trinidad and Tobago -- -- 1 ( 2000 ) -- Guadeloupe -- -- 1 ( 2007 ) -- Guatemala -- -- -- 1 ( 1996 ) South Korea -- -- -- 1 ( 2002 )

Mexico

CONCACAF Gold Cup

concacaf gold cup

The CONCACAF Gold Cup ( Spanish : Copa de Oro de la CONCACAF ) ( French : Coupe d'Or de la CONCACAF ) is the main association football ( soccer ) competition of the men 's national football teams governed by CONCACAF , determining the continental champion of North America , Central America , and the Caribbean .

The Gold Cup is held every two years . Before 2015 , when the Gold Cup did not fall in the same year as the FIFA Confederations Cup , the winner , or highest - placed team that is a member of both CONCACAF and FIFA , qualified for the next staging of that tournament . Beginning in 2015 , the winners of two successive Gold Cups ( the 2013 and 2015 editions in the first instance ) face each other in CONCACAF Cup -- a playoff to determine the CONCACAF entrant to the next Confederations Cup . If the same team has won the Gold Cup on both relevant occasions , there will be no playoff and that team will automatically qualify for the Confederations Cup . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Championships before CONCACAF 1.2 CONCACAF Championship ( 1963 -- 1989 ) 1.3 CONCACAF Gold Cup ( 1991 -- present ) 2 Tournament results 3 Performance by country 4 Records and statistics 5 Media coverage 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Winners of the CONCACAF Gold Cup up to 2017 Championships before CONCACAF ( edit ) Before the Confederation of North , Central American and Caribbean Association Football ( CONCACAF ) was formed in 1961 , association football in the region was divided into smaller , regional divisions . The two main bodies consisted of the Confederación Centroamericana y del Caribe de Fútbol ( CCCF ) founded in 1938 ( consisting of Central America and most of the Caribbean ) and the North American Football Confederation ( NAFC ) founded in 1946 ( consisting of the North American nations of United States , Mexico , Canada , and Cuba ) . Each confederation held its own competition , the CCCF Championship and the NAFC Championship . The CCCF held 10 championships from 1941 -- 1961 , Costa Rica winning seven ( 1941 , ' 46 , ' 48 , ' 53 , ' 55 , ' 60 , ' 61 ) , and one each by El Salvador ( 1943 ) , Panama ( 1951 ) and Haiti ( 1957 ) . The NAFC held four championships in 1947 and 1949 and later , after 41 years of absence , in 1990 and 1991 for the North American zone as the North American Nations Cup with Mexico winning two ( 47 & ' 49 ) and Canada winning one ( 1990 ) before the introduction of the CONCACAF Gold Cup . CONCACAF Championship ( 1963 -- 1989 ) ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see CONCACAF Championship . CONCACAF was founded in 1961 through the merging of NAFC and CCCF which resulted in a single championship being held for the continent . The first CONCACAF tournament was held in 1963 in El Salvador with Costa Rica becoming the first champion . The CONCACAF Campeonato de Naciones , as it was called , was held every two years from 1963 -- 1973 . The second tournament was held in Guatemala in 1965 when Mexico defeated the host country in the final of a six - team tournament . The 1967 competition was held in Honduras and saw a third champion crowned , Guatemala . Costa Rica won their second title as hosts in 1969 , knocking off Guatemala , while two years later , Mexico won their second championship as the tournament moved to Trinidad & Tobago , the first time in the Caribbean . In 1973 , the tournament kept the same format of six teams playing a single round - robin , but there were bigger stakes attached : CONCACAF 's berth in the FIFA World Cup tournament in 1974 . In Port - au - Prince , Haiti , the host country pulled off a shocking upset by winning the tournament and claiming a spot in the World Cup in West Germany . With the Campeonato de Naciones doubling as the final World Cup qualifying tournament , the next two editions were held in Mexico City and Tegucigalpa , Honduras in 1977 and 1981 , respectively . In each case the host country was crowned champion and earned a spot in the World Cup . In 1985 and 1989 , the winner of the World Cup qualifying tournament was again crowned Confederation champion . Canada and Costa Rica were named champions in 1985 and 1989 , receiving a trophy . CONCACAF Gold Cup ( 1991 -- present ) ( edit ) In 1990 , CONCACAF brought the CONCACAF Championship to an end and created the CONCACAF Gold Cup , with the USA hosting the first competition in 1991 . The host country was the inaugural champion of the eight - team tournament . Mexico dominated the remainder of the decade , winning three consecutive CONCACAF Gold Cup titles in 1993 , 1996 and 1998 . In 1996 , the Gold Cup field included its first guest team , the defending FIFA World Cup Champions Brazil . Guests were invited to participate in the six Gold Cup tournaments from 1996 to 2005 . Starting with the 2000 Gold Cup , the tournament field was increased to twelve teams and for the 2007 tournament , the Gold Cup again was contested exclusively by nations within CONCACAF . The 2007 Gold Cup was contested in the United States where the hosts successfully defended their title beating Mexico in the final 2 -- 1 in Chicago ; Canada and Guadeloupe shared third place . Mexico won the 2009 Gold Cup by beating the United States 5 -- 0 . In the 2011 Gold Cup , Mexico defeated the USA 4 -- 2 in the final while the USA won the 2013 Gold Cup by beating Panama 1 -- 0 . Since the formation of the Gold Cup in 1991 , the CONCACAF Championship has been won seven times by Mexico , six times by the United States , and once by Canada . Runners - up include Brazil , Colombia , Costa Rica , Honduras , Panama , and Jamaica . In January 2017 , Victor Montagliani announced the expansion of the Gold Cup from 12 to 16 teams , starting with the 2019 tournament . Tournament results ( edit ) CONCACAF Gold Cup Year Host Final Third Place Match Winner Score Runner - up 3rd Place Score 4th Place 1991 Details United States United States 0 -- 0 a.e.t. ( 4 -- 3 pen . ) Honduras Mexico 2 -- 0 Costa Rica 1993 Details United States Mexico Mexico 4 -- 0 United States Costa Rica Jamaica 1 -- 1 a.e.t. Details United States Mexico 2 -- 0 Brazil United States 3 -- 0 Guatemala 1998 Details United States Mexico 1 -- 0 United States Brazil 1 -- 0 Jamaica 2000 Details United States Canada 2 -- 0 Colombia Not Held Peru Trinidad and Tobago 2002 Details United States United States 2 -- 0 Costa Rica Canada 2 -- 1 South Korea 2003 Details United States Mexico Mexico 1 -- 0 a.s.d.e.t. Brazil United States 3 -- 2 Costa Rica 2005 Details United States United States 0 -- 0 a.e.t. ( 3 -- 1 pen . ) Panama Not held Colombia Honduras 2007 Details United States United States 2 -- 1 Mexico Canada Guadeloupe 2009 Details United States Mexico 5 -- 0 United States Costa Rica Honduras 2011 Details United States Mexico 4 -- 2 United States Honduras Panama 2013 Details United States United States 1 -- 0 Panama Honduras Mexico 2015 Details United States Canada Mexico 3 -- 1 Jamaica Panama 1 -- 1 a.e.t. ( 3 -- 2 pen . ) United States 2017 Details United States United States 2 -- 1 Jamaica Not held Costa Rica Mexico 2019 TBA TBD - TBD TBD Costa Rica and Jamaica shared third place . Teams in italics are guest nations . Performance by country ( edit ) The following table shows cumulative top four results for all editions of the CONCACAF Gold Cup . The Third Place column lists third - place match winners , and teams eliminated in semi-finals in years without a third - place match . Team Winners Runners - up Third Place Fourth Place Mexico 7 ( 1993 , 1996 , 1998 , 2003 , 2009 , 2011 , 2015 ) 1 ( 2007 ) 3 ( 1991 , 2013 , 2017 ) -- United States 6 ( 1991 , 2002 , 2005 , 2007 , 2013 , 2017 ) 4 ( 1993 , 1998 , 2009 , 2011 ) 2 ( 1996 , 2003 ) 1 ( 2015 ) Canada 1 ( 2000 ) -- 2 ( 2002 , 2007 ) -- Panama -- 2 ( 2005 , 2013 ) 2 ( 2011 , 2015 ) -- Jamaica -- 2 ( 2015 , 2017 ) 1 ( 1993 ) 1 ( 1998 ) Brazil -- 2 ( 1996 , 2003 ) 1 ( 1998 ) -- Honduras -- 1 ( 1991 ) 4 ( 2005 , 2009 , 2011 , 2013 ) -- Costa Rica -- 1 ( 2002 ) 3 ( 1993 , 2009 , 2017 ) 2 ( 1991 , 2003 ) Colombia -- 1 ( 2000 ) 1 ( 2005 ) -- Peru -- -- 1 ( 2000 ) -- Trinidad and Tobago -- -- 1 ( 2000 ) -- Guadeloupe -- -- 1 ( 2007 ) -- Guatemala -- -- -- 1 ( 1996 ) South Korea -- -- -- 1 ( 2002 ) Records and statistics ( edit ) Main article : CONCACAF Gold Cup records and statistics Media coverage ( edit ) In the United States , the CONCACAF Gold Cup airs on Fox Sports ( since 2007 ) and Univision Deportes ( since 2000 ) . In Mexico it airs on Televisa and TV Azteca . In Canada it switched to TSN in 2017 , after years on Sportsnet . See also ( edit ) 2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup Football continental championships References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 2007 CONCACAF Gold Cup - Technical Report '' ( pdf ) . CONCACAF. 12 November 2007 . p. 4 . Retrieved 28 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 , 2015 CONCACAF Gold Cup winners will play one - off match for 2017 Confederations Cup berth '' . MLS Soccer. April 5 , 2013 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ www.goldcup.org Jump up ^ `` 1985 Gabriel Kafaty Cup '' . Flickr . 3 April 2009 . Retrieved 29 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Montagliani happy with 2016 , sees big things for CONCACAF in new year '' . Jamaica Observer. 5 January 2017 . Retrieved 13 February 2017 . Of course the Gold Cup is this year and it is the last edition of 12 teams as we will increase it to 16 for the 2019 version . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to CONCACAF Gold Cup . Official Gold Cup Site at CONCACAF.com Copa Oro coverage on Univision.com Gold Cup at RSSSF Gold Cup & Championship on RSSSF Archive CONCACAF Gold Cup CONCACAF Championship ( 1963 -- 1989 ) Editions United States 1991 United States / Mexico 1993 United States 1996 United States 1998 United States 2000 United States 2002 United States / Mexico 2003 United States 2005 United States 2007 United States 2009 United States 2011 United States 2013 United States / Canada 2015 United States 2017 TBA 2019 Finals 1991 1993 1998 2000 2002 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 Squads 1991 1993 1998 2000 2002 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 CONCACAF Cup United States 2015 TBA 2019 Qualification Copa Centroamericana Caribbean Cup CONCACAF Gold Cup qualification ( CFU -- UNCAF play - off ) Statistics Finals Goalscorers Records and statistics Venues CONCACAF Championship Editions El Salvador 1963 Guatemala 1965 Honduras 1967 Costa Rica 1969 Trinidad and Tobago 1971 Haiti 1973 Mexico 1977 Honduras 1981 1985 ( No fixed venue ) 1989 ( No fixed venue ) Squads 1963 1965 1967 1969 1971 1973 1977 1981 1985 CONCACAF Gold Cup ( since 1991 ) CONCACAF competitions National team tournaments CONCACAF era Current CONCACAF Gold Cup Olympic U-20 U-17 U-15 CONCACAF Cup CONCACAF Women 's Gold Cup Olympic U-20 U-17 U-15 Futsal Championship CONCACAF Beach Soccer Championship Regional Copa Centroamericana Caribbean Cup CONCACAF Gold Cup qualification ( CFU -- UNCAF play - off ) Multi-sport events Pan-American Games Central American and Caribbean Games Central American Games Copa América Centenario Defunct CONCACAF Championship North American Nations Cup CFU Championship Proposed CONCACAF Nations League Pre-CONCACAF Defunct NAFC ( NAFC Championship ) CCCF ( CCCF Championship CCCF Youth Championship ) Club tournaments CONCACAF tournaments Champions League CONCACAF League CONCACAF Futsal Club Championship Regional CFU Club Championship Supercopa Centroamericana UNCAF Women 's Interclub Championship Invitational tournaments Copa Libertadores Copa Sudamericana ( 2004 -- 2008 ) Recopa Sudamericana Defunct tournaments Copa Interamericana Copa Interclubes UNCAF CONCACAF Cup Winners Cup CONCACAF Giants Cup North American SuperLiga International association football FIFA Federations Teams Competitions World Cup U-17 U-20 Confederations Cup Olympics Youth Olympics Universiade World Rankings The Best FIFA Football Awards Timeline of association football Comparison of association football and futsal Africa CAF -- Africa Cup of Nations U-23 U-20 U-17 Regional ( CECAFA , CEMAC , COSAFA , WAFU ) Asia AFC -- Asian Cup U-23 U-19 U-16 U-14 Regional ( ASEAN , EAFF , SAFF , WAFF ) Europe UEFA -- European Championship U-21 U-19 U-17 North America , Central America and the Caribbean CONCACAF -- Gold Cup U-20 U-17 U-15 Regional ( CFU , UNCAF ) Oceania OFC -- Nations Cup U-20 U-17 South America CONMEBOL -- Copa América U-20 U-17 U-15 Non-FIFA NF - Board -- Viva World Cup CONIFA - ConIFA World Football Cup ConIFA European Football Cup IGA - Island Games Games African Games Asian Games Central America Central America and Caribbean East Asian Games Francophonie Games Indian Ocean Island Lusophony Games Mediterranean Games Pan American Games Pan Arab Games Pacific Games South Asian Games Southeast Asian Games See also Geography Codes Player / Club of the Century Women 's football North American championships Olympic sports Team sports Beach volleyball Football men women Handball men women Rugby sevens men women Volleyball men women Individual sports Athletics outdoor cross country Table tennis Non-Olympic sports Team sports Beach soccer Cricket Futsal Rugby union men women Individual sports Rally LCCN : nb2013008781 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CONCACAF_Gold_Cup&oldid=796438157 '' Categories : CONCACAF Gold Cup CONCACAF competitions Recurring sporting events established in 1991 Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles containing Spanish - language text Articles containing French - language text All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from May 2017 Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Malti मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 August 2017 , at 20 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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violet's mother in charlie and the chocolate factory

List of Charlie and the Chocolate factory characters

list of charlie and the chocolate factory characters

The following is a list of characters in the Roald Dahl book Charlie and the Chocolate Factory and Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator , and the former 's film adaptations , Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory and Charlie and the Chocolate Factory .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Willy Wonka 2 Charlie Bucket 3 Grandpa Joe 4 Augustus Gloop 5 Violet Beauregarde 6 Veruca Salt 7 Mike Teavee 8 Arthur Slugworth 9 Mr. Turkentine 10 Prince Pondicherry 11 Oompa - Loompas 12 Vermicious Knids 13 Other characters 13.1 Portrayed in other media 14 References Willy Wonka ( edit ) Willy Wonka First appearance Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Created by Roald Dahl Portrayed by Gene Wilder ( 1971 ) Johnny Depp ( 2005 ) Voiced by James Arnold Taylor ( 2005 video game ) JP Karliak ( Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ) Information Gender Male Main article : Willy Wonka In the novels and films , Willy Wonka is the odd owner of an extremely prosperous chocolates factory . The inciting action of the story occurs when Wonka holds a contest , hiding five Golden Tickets within the wrappers of confectionery bars , promising their discoverers a tour of his factory and a lifelong supply of his creations . Implications stand in all three versions that he allows four of his five finalists to disgrace themselves , in hope that one does not . In the book , Wonka is described by Roald Dahl as having a goatee and `` marvelously '' bright eyes , a high and `` flutey '' voice , a face `` alight of fun and laughter '' , and quick little jerky movements `` like a squirrel '' . He is enthusiastic , eccentric , charming , talkative , and friendly , but at times insensitive , and has been given to glossing criticisms of himself . Johnny Depp , starred as Willy Wonka in Charlie and the Chocolate Factory In the 1971 film Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory , he is portrayed by Gene Wilder . While his personality remains generally the same as in the original , he is more melancholy here , and frequently quotes books and poems , including William Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet ( `` Is it my soul that calls upon my name ? '' ) or John Masefield 's `` Sea Fever '' ( `` All I ask is a tall ship and a star to steer her by '' ) , and the famous `` Candy is dandy , but liquor is quicker '' from `` Reflections on Ice Breaking '' by Ogden Nash , among many others . Toward the end of the film , he tests protagonist Charlie 's conscience by pretending to deny him any reward , but assumes an almost paternal role when Charlie proves honest . And as Charlie places the gobstopper on Wonka 's desk , Wonka declares Charlie the winner and apologies for his anger and tell him to meet his assistant Mr. Wilkinson ( known earlier as `` Slugworth '' ) . He explains they had to test him and Charlie passed . As they go to the Wonkavator , Wonka tells Charlie that the real grand prize is the entire chocolate factory and makes Charlie Bucket the new owner of the Willy Wonka Chocolate factory ( as Willy Wonka retires ) , and the entire family can move in and live there . Wonka also reminds Charlie not to forget about the man who suddenly gets everything he ever wanted : he lives happily ever after . In the 2005 film Charlie and the Chocolate Factory , he is portrayed by Johnny Depp . In this version , a back - story was added that Willy Wonka 's father ( being a dentist ) would not let him eat sweets because of the potential risk to his teeth , and that the young Wonka left home to become a chocolatier . The conflict was so bad on young Wonka ( portrayed by Blair Dunlop ) , that he took no interest in the kids when they arrived and could n't even say the word `` parent '' . He later gains a soft spot for Charlie and offers him a spoon from the chocolate river . Toward the end of the film , Charlie reconciles the two . Charlie Bucket ( edit ) Charlie Bucket Charlie and the Chocolate Factory character First appearance Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Created by Roald Dahl Portrayed by Peter Ostrum ( 1971 ) Freddie Highmore ( 2005 ) Voiced by Freddie Highmore ( 2005 video game ) Lincoln Melcher ( Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ) Information Gender Male Charlie Bucket is a title character and the protagonist of Charlie and the Chocolate Factory , its sequel Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator , and the film adaptations of these books . He is depicted as a kind - hearted , nice , selfless , sweet , brave , but poor boy that lives with his mother , father and four bedridden grandparents . Charlie was to have been a little black boy at the outset , but the detail was changed at the insistence of Dahl 's literary agent to better appeal to audiences . In 1971 , he has a newspaper route after school . He and his family follow the progress of the hunt for the Golden Tickets in newspapers , in films , and on television . Unlike the first four finalists , Charlie is honest and generous . In the 1971 film , Charlie was portrayed by Peter Ostrum , in his only film appearance . His nationality is never explicitly stated , but in the 1971 film , he speaks with an American accent , and in the 2005 film , he speaks with an English accent . The filmmakers have stated that it was their intention that Charlie 's hometown be kept ambiguous . In the novel , at the end of the tour , Wonka declares Charlie heir to the factory for his refusal of vice , and Charlie 's family are permitted to move into the factory . In the 1971 film , Charlie wins the factory when he returns an Everlasting Gobstopper given to him by Wonka , thereby passing Wonka 's moral test . In the 2005 film , Wonka initially refuses to allow Charlie 's family to join them in the factory , and Charlie rejects Wonka 's offer . When Charlie helps Wonka reconcile with his father , the family move into the factory and Charlie becomes Wonka 's partner . Grandpa Joe ( edit ) Grandpa Joe Bucket Charlie and the Chocolate Factory character First appearance Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Created by Roald Dahl Portrayed by Jack Albertson ( 1971 ) David Kelly ( 2005 ) Nigel Planer , Barry James ( 2013 ) John Rubinstein ( 2017 ) Voiced by David Kelly ( 2005 video game ) Jess Harnell ( Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ) Information Gender Male Grandpa Joe is one of Charlie 's four bed - ridden grandparents . He is usually stubborn , senile , and paranoid , but still kind , caring , grandfatherly , excitable , and supportive . He tells Charlie ( and the reader ) the story of Willy Wonka 's chocolate factory and the mystery of the secret workers . When Charlie finds the Golden Ticket , Grandpa Joe leaps out of bed in joy , and later accompanies Charlie on the factory tour . In the sequel book , Grandpa Joe accompanies Charlie , Willy Wonka , and all members of Charlie 's family in the Great Glass Elevator and assists the rescue of the Commuter Capsule from the Vermicious Knids . Grandpa Joe 's age is given as `` ninety - six and a half '' in `` Charlie and the Chocolate Factory '' , making him the eldest of Charlie 's grandparents , but in the musical it is stated he is almost ninety and a half . The character was played by Jack Albertson in the 1971 film adaptation Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory . In this film , he is often excitable , paranoid , stubborn and appears anxious that Charlie win the contest , and becomes angry when Charlie is dismissed without reward , despite the fact that they both violated the rules by stealing Fizzy Lifting Drinks and not following the tour , which indicated that Charlie violated the contract , unaware that Wonka had found out what they had done . He tells Charlie that he expects him to find all five Golden Tickets and most certainly expects Charlie to find one when he receives a Wonka Bar for his birthday . The character was played by David Kelly in the 2005 film adaptation , Charlie and the Chocolate Factory . Veteran actor Gregory Peck was originally selected to play the role , but he died in 2003 before filming began . This version of the character is written as more calm than the 1971 version . An original backstory to Grandpa Joe 's past was added to Tim Burton 's film , wherein it is said that Joe worked for Wonka until the latter fired all his workers from his factory due to constant corporate espionage by rival confectionery manufacturers . When he returns to the factory with Charlie for the tour , Wonka asks if he was a spy working for a competing factory before he humbly welcomes him back . Augustus Gloop ( edit ) Augustus Gloop Charlie and the Chocolate Factory character First appearance Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Created by Roald Dahl Portrayed by Michael Bollner ( 1971 ) Philip Wiegratz ( 2005 ) Voiced by Philip Wiegratz ( 2005 video game ) Rachel Butera ( Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ) Information Gender Male Nationality German Introduced in the opening pages of the book as `` Nathan Byerley '' , Augustus Gloop is an obese , greedy , gluttonous boy , the first person to find a Golden Ticket . He hails from fictitious Dusselheim , Germany in the 1971 film , and Düsseldorf , Germany in the 2005 film . His mother takes great pride in his gluttonous eating and seems to enjoy the attention of the media . In the novel and both films , he is portrayed as `` enormously fat '' . Augustus is the first to be removed from the tour : while drinking from the Chocolate Room 's Chocolate River , he accidentally falls into the river and is drawn through a pipe to the factory 's Fudge Room . His parents are summoned to retrieve him from the mixing - machine . In the book , he is depicted leaving the factory , having lost most of his weight , and covered in melted chocolate . In the 1971 film , despite eating constantly , he has decent table manners , is not as obese as he is in the book , and is polite to Charlie and the other finalists . He is portrayed by Michael Bollner in this film . Since Bollner could not speak fluent English at the time of the film 's production , the 1971 Augustus has fewer lines and less screen time . In the 2005 film , Augustus is always shown consuming chocolate . He has a binge eating disorder and often has food smeared on his face . He is a bully towards Charlie in the one instance when they interact , as Augustus offers Charlie a bite of his Wonka Bar and then retracts it , saying Charlie should have brought some himself . As in the book , he is shown leaving the factory toward the end of the story ; but in this version , he is his normal size , licking his fingers to remove the adherent chocolate he is still coated in . The actor , Philip Wiegratz , wore a fat suit for the production . In the book , both of Augustus 's parents accompany him to the factory . Both film versions contradict this , however , and have only his mother go with him . In the 2013 London musical , Augustus Gloop is known as `` the Bavarian Beefcake '' in his Alpine community . His mother and father indulge his eating habits with sweets and pieces of sausage of which they ( and sometimes Augustus ) butcher themselves . In his number , `` More of Him to Love '' , Frau Gloop reveals that she had vital organs removed to retrieve Augustus from the womb . They arrive at the factory wearing traditional Eastern European clothing , with Augustus in a red , argyle sweater and green shorts . When Augustus falls into the chocolate river Wonka summons the diversionary pumping system to divert the flow , while Oompa Loompas dressed in red boiler suits sing , `` Auf Wiedersehen Augustus Gloop '' , as they prepare the chocolate , while Augustus travels through the main industrial pipe , occasionally getting stuck . Violet Beauregarde ( edit ) Violet Beauregarde Charlie and the Chocolate Factory character First appearance Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Created by Roald Dahl Portrayed by Denise Nickerson ( 1971 ) AnnaSophia Robb ( 2005 ) Voiced by AnnaSophia Robb ( 2005 video game ) Dallas Lovato ( Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ) Information Gender Female Family Mrs. Beaurgarde ( mother ) Sam Beauregarde ( father ) Nationality American Violet Beauregarde is the third person to find a Golden Ticket , the second to be ejected from the tour . She is the vain , self - centered , snobby , and gum - obsessed child . Violet chews gum obsessively and boasts that she has been chewing the same piece `` for three months solid '' , a world record which Violet proclaims was previously held by her best friend Cornelia Prinzmetel . She is also aggressively competitive , prideful and has won trophies for gum chewing . In the 1971 film , she is shown to be from Miles City , Montana , while in the 2005 film , she is from Atlanta , Georgia . When Wonka shows the group around the Inventing Room , he stops to display a new type of gum he is working on . The gum doubles as a three - course meal which is composed of tomato soup , roast beef and baked potato , and blueberry pie and ice cream . Violet is intrigued and , despite Wonka 's protests , snatches and chews the gum . She is delighted by its effects but , when she reaches the dessert , blueberry pie , her skin starts turning a somewhat indigo color and her body begins to swell up , filling with juice . Eventually , Violet 's head , legs , and arms get sucked into her gigantic body , but she is still mobile and is able to waddle . When her swelling stops , she resembles a round blueberry , causing Wonka to have the Oompa - Loompas roll her to the Juicing Room to have the juice squeezed out of her in fear she may explode . She is last seen leaving the factory with the other children , restored to her normal size but with indigo skin like of a blueberry . Wonka says there is nothing that can be done to change Violet 's skin back to its original pigment . In the 1971 film , Violet is impatient , arrogant , self - centered , vain , and impulsive . She is accompanied by her father , Sam Beauregarde , a fast - talking car salesman who tries to advertise his business during Violet 's television interview . She demeans Cornelia Prinzmetel more than she did in the book . She has a notable rivalry with Veruca Salt , with whom she persistently argues . Her blueberry form is relatively small , and her hair color remains unchanged . Violet is informed that she must be juiced immediately before she explodes and is last seen en route to the Juicing Room , with her father following her . In the 2005 film , Violet has a rude , impatient and competitive personality . Aside from gum - chewing , she also has many other interests that reflect her obsession with always winning , such as karate . She is accompanied by her single mother , Scarlett Beauregarde ( a former baton champion herself ) whose own competitive personality appears to have had an influence on her daughter , as Scarlett expresses pride over Violet 's 263 trophies and medals . Cornelia Prinzmetel was not mentioned in this film . Violet is also shown to be anti-social and bullying when she briefly insults Charlie , snatching a piece of confectionery from his hand and calling him a loser when he tries to interact with her . She turns blue , although her lips remain red , and swells up into a 10 - foot blueberry before being rolled off to the Juicing Room by the Oompa Loompas to prevent her from bursting . Violet is shown leaving the factory gymnastically cartwheeling as a consequence of her increased flexibility , which she is actually happy about , although her mother is less than pleased with her daughter 's permanently indigo color . In the 2013 Sam Mendes London musical , Violet Beauregarde is portrayed as an African - American , Californian fame - hungry wan na - be , with her agent / father Eugene Beauregarde parlaying her mundane talent of gum chewing into celebrity status , with multitude of endorsements including her own TV show , line of perfume , and a clothing boutique franchise . Her theme is called `` The Double - Bubble Duchess '' . It is revealed that Violet 's chewing `` skill '' was picked up when she was a baby and her mom tried to get her to stop talking all the time . Violet and her father are escorted by an entourage to the factory entrance . Violet comes dressed in a sparkly purple and pink disco jumper and a pink backpack . Upon swelling in the influence of the experimental gum ( which consisted of tomato soup , roast chicken , potatoes and gravy , Fizzy Orange , cheese and crackers and blueberry pie ) , she panics and runs away as the Oompa Loompas break into an disco number , `` Juicy '' , and roller skate along the stage as Violet lifts into the air , resembling a giant purple disco - ball . Mr. Beauregarde phones his lawyer excitedly , with intent to profit from Violet 's new size , until Violet explodes . Wonka 's only reassurance of her survival is the prospect of rescuing the pieces and de-juicing them . In the Broadway version , the song `` Juicy '' is cut out ( the only child - exit song to be cut from the London version ) , and Violet instead becomes a blueberry and explodes in the background while Wonka explains how he met the Ooompa - Loompas to the group . Veruca Salt ( edit ) Veruca Salt Charlie and the Chocolate Factory character First appearance Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Created by Roald Dahl Portrayed by Julie Dawn Cole ( 1971 ) Julia Winter ( 2005 ) Voiced by Julia Winter ( 2005 video game ) Emily O'Brien ( Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ) Information Gender Female Family Diane Salt ( mother ) Robert Salt ( father ) Nationality British Veruca Salt is a greedy , demanding , manipulative and stingy brat . She demands every single thing she wants ( and more ) , the second person to find a Golden Ticket , the third eliminated from the tour . A selfish , rotten brat who shows her wealthy family no mercy and has absolutely no regard for other people 's property , Veruca frequently pesters her parents to purchase a variety of different objects for her . In the 2005 film , it is revealed that she owns a pony , two dogs , four cats , six rabbits , two parakeets , three canaries , a parrot , a turtle , and a hamster , totalling up to 21 pets . But when she interferes with the trained squirrels used by Willy Wonka to select the best nuts to bake into chocolate bars , she is judged as a `` bad nut '' by the squirrels and discarded into the adjacent ' garbage chute ' and her parents follow . All three are later seen leaving the factory `` covered in garbage '' . Her nationality was never specified in Dahl 's novel , but she hails from an upper - class family in the United Kingdom in both films . In the 1971 film adaptation , Veruca has a fiery temper , rudely demands various desires nonstop , brags about her wealth , and chastises anyone who questions her . In this film it is not squirrels but geese that lay special golden chocolate - filled eggs for Easter , one of which she demands as a new pet . She and Violet , in this film , bicker on two occasions . Veruca is eliminated at the end of her musical number in the film ( `` I Want it Now '' ) after climbing a machine designed to tell whether or not the geese 's eggs are `` good '' or `` bad '' eggs , and it judges her as a bad one . Her father then follows and is also deemed bad . In the Tom and Jerry version of the 1971 film , Veruca and her father manage to escape the furnace right before it ignites while trapping Tom inside . Veruca demands to be taken home and have her father make her a different chocolate factory , but Mr. Salt finally decides to discipline her as the near - death experience seems to have finally gotten to him . In the 2005 film adaptation , Veruca 's elimination remains virtually the same as in the book , with only a few changes made . Her demeanor is less vehement , but more obnoxious , compared to the 1971 version . When she leaves the factory ( covered in trash ) , she demands a facsimile of the Great Glass Elevator . However , her father , having learned a good parenting lesson from the Oompa - Loompas and finally realizing how much he has spoiled her , sternly tells her that she will only be getting a bath that day instead , and shoots her a fierce glare for trying to argue any further . In the 2013 Sam Mendes London musical , Veruca Salt is a British billionaire 's daughter , dressed in a pink ballerina tutu and baby seal fur coat - `` clubbed and tickled pink '' . Her father , Sir Robert Salt , is portrayed as a spineless dolt for giving his daughter her wishes . In the Nut Sorting Room , Veruca runs foul of the nut - testing squirrels who deem her a ' bad nut ' when she tries to steal one . This summons oversized squirrels with Oompa Loompas riding on their backs . They sing a nightmarish ballet `` Veruca 's Nutcracker Sweet '' that concludes with Veruca and her father sent down the garbage chute . In the Broadway version , Veruca 's nationality is changed to Russian , and the squirrels tear her apart limb by limb , but Wonka assures the group that the Ooompa - Loompas will be able to put her back together . Mike Teavee ( edit ) Mike Teavee Charlie and the Chocolate Factory character First appearance Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Created by Roald Dahl Portrayed by Paris Themmen ( 1971 ) Jordan Fry ( 2005 ) Voiced by Jordan Fry ( 2005 video game ) Lauren Weisman ( Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ) Information Gender Male Nationality American Mike Teavee , a boy that does nothing but watch television , is the fourth Golden Ticket finder , the last removed on - tour . He was described as adorned with eighteen toy pistols that he ' fires ' while watching gangsters on TV . He is bad - tempered , slothful but also intelligent . How he found his Golden Ticket is never explained in the book or 1971 film as he is too absorbed in his television viewing to talk to the press about it . In the 2005 film , he does have an explanation on how he found the Golden Ticket : he used an algorithm to find it as an intellectual exercise . In the book , both of Mike 's parents tour the factory with him . During a display of miniaturization technology , used to transport chocolate , Mike shrinks himself to a tiny size , Willy Wonka has an Oompa - Loompa take the Teavee family to the Gum - Stretcher Room to get Mike stretched back to normal . Mike is last seen exiting the factory , now 10 ft ( 3 m ) tall because the Oompa - Loompas overstretched him . After he got shrunk when his parents lament that he wo n't be able to attend school , Mike happily says he can continue watching TV . His angry father then blames the TV for Mike 's poor behavior and decides to unplug it and throw it out the window when they get home , much to Mike 's displeasure . In the 1971 film , Mike is played by Paris Themmen and his surname is spelled `` Teevee '' in the credits . Mike is nine years old and accompanied to the factory by his high - strung mother . He 's from Arizona , enjoys Western films and wears cowboy attire . He makes constant references to television shows throughout the factory tour and comes across as somewhat of a know - it - all . Although easily annoyed , he does not have any major anger issues and gets along relatively well with the other kids . In the 2005 film , 13 - year - old Mike 's ( portrayed by Jordan Fry ) interests are updated to the Internet and video games ( especially gory first - person shooters ) , in addition to television viewing . In this version , he is from Denver , Colorado , and is portrayed as more disrespectful . Whenever he says something critical of Wonka 's company , or his ideas , Wonka reacts as if Mike is mumbling , even though he does not . He is able to find the Golden Ticket by using math and logic , though he admits he does not even like chocolate . When Mike demands to know why candy is pointless , Charlie tries to reason with him , saying candy does n't have to have a point . After the incident in the Television Chocolate room , Willy Wonka has an Oompa - Loompa take Mr. Teavee and Mike to the Taffy - Puller Room to have Mike stretched back to normal . When Mike and his father are later seen leaving the factory , Mike is 10 ft ( 3 m ) tall as well as incredibly thin and flat . In the 2013 Sam Mendes London musical , Mike Teavee ( now age 10 ) lives in a suburban neighborhood with his disinterested father Norman Teavee and neurotic , alcoholic mother , Doris Teavee . Their opening number , `` It 's Teavee Time ! '' has Mrs. Teavee presenting her family as a normal , functioning household , downplaying Mike 's violent tendencies like setting a cat on fire , chloroforming a nurse , and stealing a German tank . In the Department of the Future , where Wonka transmits chocolate by television , Mike anxiously jumps into the machine and transmits himself , much to his mother 's horror . Wonka summons the monitors to see on which channel Mike has ended , as the Oompa Loompas rave around the room , singing , ' Vidiots ' . Near the end , Mrs. Teavee joins the rave , as they conclude that Mike still has a future on ' Mike.com ' . When Mike is shrunk as a result of the transporter , Mrs. Teavee happily takes him home as he can no longer cause trouble and she can take care of him like when he was a baby . In the Broadway version of the musical , lyrics in Mike 's song and some of Mike 's mannerisms reference president Donald Trump . Arthur Slugworth ( edit ) Arthur Slugworth Charlie and the Chocolate Factory character First appearance Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Created by Roald Dahl Portrayed by Günter Meisner ( 1971 ) Phil Philmar ( 2005 ) Voiced by Mick Wingert ( Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ) Information Gender Male In the book , Arthur Slugworth is one of Willy Wonka 's rival chocolatiers . Slugworth , along with Wonka 's other rivals Mr. Fickelgruber and Mr. Prodnose , sent in spies to steal the secret recipes to Wonka 's treats , which he plagiarized , nearly ruining Wonka 's factory . After Wonka re-opens his factory ( operated exclusively by Oompa - Loompas ) , Slugworth is never heard from again , but it is stated that Fickelgruber would give each of his front teeth to enter Wonka 's inventing room ( laboratory / chocolate room in the book ) for three minutes . Slugworth has a much larger role as an enigmatic villain in the 1971 film . Inside Bill 's Candy Shop , Wonka 's products and signs are the most visible ; but Slugworth 's Sizzlers are also prominent , and one is even sold to a child . Also seen are signs for Fickelgruber 's candy . Grandpa Joe describes Slugworth as the worst of Wonka 's rivals . As each Golden Ticket is found , a sinister man approaches the finder and whispers something into his or her ear . After Charlie finds the last ticket , the same man approaches Charlie as well , introduces himself as Arthur Slugworth , and bribes the child to bring him one piece of the newly invented ' Everlasting Gobstopper ' , allowing him to plagiarize the formula and prevent the future invention from ruining his business . Two of the children ( Veruca and Mike ) respond to Slugworth 's bribe ; but Charlie , when tempted , returns the Everlasting Gobstopper to Wonka . Wonka eventually reveals that the tempter is not Slugworth , but his own employee Mr. Wilkinson , and that his offer was a moral test of character . Slugworth / Wilkinson was played by Günter Meisner , a West German actor . Slugworth only makes a split - second appearance in Tim Burton 's Charlie and the Chocolate Factory where he alongside Mr. Ficklegruber and Mr. Prodnose are sending spies to steal ingredients from Wonka 's factory . He is here played by Philip Philmar . In the Tom and Jerry version of the 1971 film , Slugworth is the main antagonist . When he first meets Charlie , he sings a cover of Veruca 's song , `` I Want it Now ! '' and also sings it as a duet with Veruca during her downfall . He teams up with Spike to steal a Gobstopper from the factory , but the two are thwarted by Charlie , Tom , and Jerry . Despite being more emphasized as a villain , he is still revealed to be Wonka 's employee Mr. Wilkinson . Mr. Turkentine ( edit ) Mr. Turkentine is Charlie Bucket 's school teacher and appears in the first film in 1971 , but not in the book or the 2005 film . He has an odd sense of humor , which he uses to express knowledge . He asks Charlie to assist him in making a medicine using several scientific elements for the class but the project is interrupted due to the frantic golden ticket search for Willy Wonka . Mr. Turkentine when hearing the news about the golden tickets during the project dismisses the class and runs out . Later when it is revealed that all the tickets have supposedly been found ending with a Paraguayan millionaire he decides to use Wonka bars as an example to teach his class about percentages . He uses a few students as examples for the class , including Charlie . Charlie however reveals that he only opened two Wonka bars during the search and so to help make it easier for his class , he decides to pretend Charlie opened 200 . Mr. Turkentine is played by British actor David Battley . Prince Pondicherry ( edit ) Prince Pondicherry Charlie and the Chocolate Factory character First appearance Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Created by Roald Dahl Portrayed by Nitin Ganatra ( 2005 ) Information Gender Male Prince Pondicherry is a prince who lives in India . He appears in the third chapter of the novel when Grandpa Joe is telling Charlie a story . In the story , Willy Wonka makes him a chocolate palace in India , that melts in the hot weather , as he had rejected Willy Wonka 's advice to eat it before it melted in the heat . His name derives from the city of Pondicherry ( officially spelled Puducherry since 2006 ) in southeastern India . He is absent from the 1971 film version , but makes a brief appearance in Tim Burton 's Charlie and the Chocolate Factory , where he is played by Nitin Ganatra . His story here matches that in the book , except in depicting his wife ( Shelley Conn ) and stating that the Prince demanded a second palace , but was refused . Oompa - Loompas ( edit ) Oompa - Loompas are small humans who would end up being preyed upon or attacked by the various predators that also reside in Loompaland before Wonka invited them to work at his factory and are paid in their favorite food , cocoa beans , which were extremely rare on their island . The Oompa - Loompas are also mischievous , loving practical jokes and singing songs which , according to Wonka , they are very good at improvising . They sing at the end of each child 's demise . In early editions of the novel , the Oompa - Loompas ( originally called `` Whipple - Scrumpets '' before publication ) are shown as African pygmies before Dahl rewrote them to be white - skinned and golden haired . In both editions , despite working in the factory , Oompa - Loompas insist on maintaining their native clothing : men wear skins , women wear leaves , and children wear nothing . In the 1971 film , Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory , they were written to be played by actors with dwarfism and are portrayed as orange - skinned , green - haired men in striped shirts and baggy lederhosen - like pants . Prominent portrayers : Angelo Muscat , Rusty Goffe , George Claydon , Rudy Borgstaller , Jo Kilkenny , Andy Wilday , Malcolm Dixon , Ismed Hassan , Norman Mcglen , Pepe Poupee , Marcus Powell , and Albert Wilkinson . In the 2005 film , the Oompa - Loompas are all played by Deep Roy and are virtually identical . They wear their tribal clothing during their time in Loompaland , and typical factory worker uniforms in Wonka 's Factory . Some of the female Oompa - Loompas like Doris work in the administration offices . Vermicious Knids ( edit ) Vermicious Knids are a fictional species of amorphous aliens that invade the Space Hotel `` U.S.A. '' in Roald Dahl 's Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator . They are also mentioned in the 1971 feature film adaptation , Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory , but here are mentioned only as predators of the Oompa - Loompas . In the book , Vermicious Knids are huge , dark , egg - shaped predators who swallow their victims whole , and are capable of surviving , operating , and traveling faster than light , in the vacuum of space . Although normally oviform , they can assume any shape at will , while retaining their native texture and features . They originate ( according to Mr. Wonka ) on the planet Vermes , a fictional planet located ( in dialogue ) 184,270,000,000 miles ( 2.9655 × 10 kilometres ) from Earth ( 52 times Pluto 's distance ) . In the presence of victims , they can not resist shaping themselves to spell the word `` SCRAM '' ( the only word they know ) before they attack . In Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator , a swarm of Knids take possession of the new Space Hotel `` U.S.A. '' . When the transport capsule brings the staff to the Space Hotel , the Knids consume some of the staff , and the survivors retreat to the capsule . There , the Knids bludgeon the capsule with their own bodies , until its retro - rockets are useless ; whereupon Wonka , Charlie , and Grandpa Joe connect the capsule to the Elevator , in hope of towing it to Earth , and one Knid wraps itself around the Elevator while the others form a chain , intending to draw the Elevator and capsule to their home planet . The Elevator then returns to Earth , and the Knids are incinerated in Earth 's atmosphere . When Nestle created their interpretation of Wonka 's world to sell chocolate bars under the name `` Wonka '' , they released a number of downloadable flash games , wherein Knids seem to have entered the factory and have the appearance of flying green blobs with single red eyes . The etymology of the name was not provided by Dahl . Pronunciation of Knid is said in the book to approximate adding a schwa between the `` K '' and `` nid '' , or in Dahl 's words , `` K'nid '' . Cnidaria is the name of the taxonomic phylum containing stinging aquatic invertebrates such as jellyfish and coral , itself derived from the classical Greek word for nettle , κνίδη . Vermicious is a real word , meaning `` worm like '' . The Vermicious Knids are also mentioned in other Dahl stories , including James and the Giant Peach ( where the New York Police Department misidentify Miss Spider as one ) and The Minpins . Other characters ( edit ) Portrayed in other media ( edit ) Name 1971 film 2005 film Mrs. Bucket Diana Sowle Helena Bonham Carter Mr. Bucket Deceased Noah Taylor Mrs. Gloop Ursula Reit Franziska Troegner Mr. Gloop Kurt Großkurth ( uncredited ) Harry Taylor Mrs. Teavee Dodo Denney Cameo ( uncredited ) Mr. Teavee Michael Goodliffe Adam Godley Mrs. Beauregarde Cameo ( uncredited ) Missi Pyle Mr. ( Sam ) Beauregarde Leonard Stone Absent Mrs. ( Diane ) Salt Pat Coombs ( uncredited ) Francesca Hunt Mr. ( Robert ) Salt Roy Kinnear James Fox Grandma Josephine Franziska Liebing ( uncredited ) Eileen Essell Grandma Georgina Dora Altmann ( uncredited ) Liz Smith Grandpa George Ernst Ziegler ( uncredited ) David Morris Shopkeeper Aubrey Woods Oscar James Dr. Wilbur Wonka Absent Christopher Lee Winkelmann Peter Stuart Absent Newscaster Steve Dunne ( uncredited ) Todd Boyce Tinker Peter Capell Absent Mr. Joepack Werner Heyking Absent Computer Scientist Tim Brooke - Taylor ( uncredited ) Absent Auctioneer Frank Delfino ( uncredited ) Absent Prodnose Absent Criss Cresswell Ficklegruber Absent Tony Kirwood Young Willy Wonka Absent Blair Dunlop Princess Pondicherry Absent Shelley Conn Narrator Absent Geoffrey Holder References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Siddique , Haroon ( 13 September 2017 ) . `` Charlie and the Chocolate Factory hero ' was originally black ' '' . Theguardian.com . Jump up ^ Kelly , Helen ( 25 January 2016 ) . `` You wo n't believe what Charlie and the Chocolate Factory 's Mike Teavee looks like now ... '' . Express.co.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ Chryl Corbin . `` Deconstructing Willy Wonka 's Chocolate Factory : Race , Labor , and the Changing Depictions of the Oompa - Loompas '' ( PDF ) . Ourenvironment , berkely.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Hephzibah . `` The dark side of Roald Dahl '' . Bbc.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ Slate , Jeff . `` CHARLIE AND THE CHOCOLATE FACTORY 50 YEARS LATER '' . Esquire . Retrieved 16 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Goffe , Rusty ( 27 July 2005 ) . `` My life as an Oompa Loompa : ' Willy Wonka was my first and favourite film ' '' . Theguardian.com . ( hide ) Roald Dahl 's Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Books Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator Films Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory Charlie and the Chocolate Factory soundtrack Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory Characters Willy Wonka Theater Roald Dahl 's Willy Wonka ( 2004 musical ) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory ( 2013 musical ) The Golden Ticket Music Charlie and the Chocolate Factory : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack `` Pure Imagination '' `` The Candy Man '' Miscellaneous The Ride Video games Wonka Bar Everlasting Gobstopper Primus & the Chocolate Factory with the Fungi Ensemble The Willy Wonka Candy Company Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Charlie_and_the_Chocolate_Factory_characters&oldid=833110982 '' Categories : Willy Wonka characters Lists of literary characters Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from January 2015 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing rewrite from September 2016 All articles needing rewrite Articles with multiple maintenance issues Pages using infobox character with unknown parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 29 March 2018 , at 18 : 39 . 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when did the spanish came to south america

Beginning with the 1492 arrival of Christopher Columbus in the Caribbean and continuing control of vast territory for over three centuries , the Spanish Empire would expand across the Caribbean Islands , half of South America , most of Central America and much of North America ( including present day Mexico , Florida and the Southwestern and Pacific Coastal regions of the United States ) . It is estimated that during the colonial period ( 1492 -- 1832 ) , a total of 1.86 million Spaniards settled in the Americas and a further 3.5 million immigrated during the post-colonial era ( 1850 -- 1950 ) ; the estimate is 250,000 in the 16th century , and most during the 18th century as immigration was encouraged by the new Bourbon Dynasty .

Spanish colonization of the Americas

spanish colonization of the americas

The overseas expansion under the crown of Castile was initiated under the royal authority and first accomplished by the Spanish conquistadores . The Americas were incorporated into the Spanish Empire , with the exception of Brazil and Canada , and the crown created civil and religious structures to administer the region . The motivations for colonial expansion were trade and the spread of the Catholic faith through indigenous conversions .

Beginning with the 1492 arrival of Christopher Columbus in the Caribbean and continuing control of vast territory for over three centuries , the Spanish Empire would expand across the Caribbean Islands , half of South America , most of Central America and much of North America ( including present day Mexico , Florida and the Southwestern and Pacific Coastal regions of the United States ) . It is estimated that during the colonial period ( 1492 -- 1832 ) , a total of 1.86 million Spaniards settled in the Americas and a further 3.5 million immigrated during the post-colonial era ( 1850 -- 1950 ) ; the estimate is 250,000 in the 16th century , and most during the 18th century as immigration was encouraged by the new Bourbon Dynasty . In the early 19th century , the Spanish American wars of independence resulted in the emancipation of most Spanish colonies in the Americas , except for Cuba and Puerto Rico , which were finally given up in 1898 , following the Spanish -- American War , together with Guam and the Philippines in the Pacific . Spain 's loss of these last territories politically ended the Spanish rule in the Americas . Contents ( hide ) 1 Conquests 1.1 West Indies 1.2 Mexico 1.3 Peru 1.4 Río de la Plata and Paraguay 1.5 New Granada 2 Governance 2.1 Dominions 2.1. 1 North America , Central America 2.1. 2 South America 3 19th century 3.1 Demographic impact 4 See also 5 References 6 Bibliography 6.1 Historiography 7 External links Conquests ( edit ) Iberian territory of Crown of Castile ... Overseas north territory of Crown of Castile ( New Spain and Philippines ) Overseas south territory of Crown of Castile ( Perú , New Granada and Río de la Plata ) The Catholic Monarchs Isabella of Castile , Queen of Castile and her husband King Ferdinand , King of Aragon , pursued a policy of joint rule of their kingdoms and created a single Spanish monarchy . Even though Castile and Aragon were ruled jointly by their respective monarchs , they remained separate kingdoms . The Catholic Monarchs gave official approval for the plans of Genoese mariner Christopher Columbus for a voyage to reach India by sailing West . The funding came from the queen of Castile , so the profits from Spanish expedition flowed to Castile . In the extension of Spanish sovereignty to its overseas territories , authority for expeditions of discovery , conquest , and settlement resided in the monarchy . West Indies ( edit ) Columbus made four voyages to the West Indies as the monarchs granted Columbus the governorship of the new territories , and financed more of his trans - Atlantic journeys . He founded La Navidad on the island later named Hispaniola ( now divided into Haiti and the Dominican Republic ) , in what is the present - day Haiti on his first voyage . After its destruction by the indigenous Taino people , the town of Isabella was begun in 1493 , on his second voyage . In 1496 his brother , Bartholomew , founded Santo Domingo . By 1500 , despite a high death rate , there were between 300 and 1000 Spanish settled in the area . The local Taíno people continued to resist , refusing to plant crops and abandoning their Spanish - occupied villages . The first mainland explorations were followed by a phase of inland expeditions and conquest . In 1500 the city of Nueva Cádiz was founded on the island of Cubagua , Venezuela , followed by the founding of Santa Cruz by Alonso de Ojeda in present - day Guajira peninsula . Cumaná in Venezuela was the first permanent settlement founded by Europeans in the mainland Americas , in 1501 by Franciscan friars , but due to successful attacks by the indigenous people , it had to be refounded several times , until Diego Hernández de Serpa 's foundation in 1569 . The Spanish founded San Sebastian de Uraba in 1509 but abandoned it within the year . There is indirect evidence that the first permanent Spanish mainland settlement established in the Americas was Santa María la Antigua del Darién . Mexico ( edit ) Main article : Spanish conquest of Mexico Further information : Spanish conquest of Yucatán and Spanish conquest of Guatemala Spanish Conquest of Mexico , meeting of Cortés and Moctezuma II Map depicting Cortes ' invasion route The Spanish conquest of Mexico is generally understood to be the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire ( 1519 -- 21 ) which was the base for later conquests of other regions . Later conquests were protracted campaigns with less spectacular results than the conquest of the Aztecs . The Spanish conquest of Yucatán , the Spanish conquest of Guatemala , the war of Mexico 's west , and the Chichimeca War in northern Mexico expanded Spanish control over territory and indigenous populations . But not until the Spanish conquest of Peru was the conquest of the Aztecs matched in scope by the victory over the Inca empire in 1532 . The Spanish conquest of the Aztec empire was led by Hernán Cortés . The victory over the Aztecs was relatively quick , from 1519 to 1521 , and aided by his Tlaxcala and other allies from indigenous city - states or altepetl . These polities allied against the Aztec empire , to which they paid tribute following conquest or threat of conquest , leaving the city - states ' political hierarchy and social structure in place . The Spanish conquest of Yucatán was a much longer campaign , from 1551 to 1697 , against the Maya peoples in the Yucatán Peninsula of present - day Mexico and northern Central America . Hernán Cortés ' landing ashore at present day Veracruz and founding the Spanish city there on April 22 , 1519 marked the beginning of 300 years of Spanish hegemony over the region . The assertion of royal control over the Kingdom of New Spain and the initial Spanish conquerors took over a decade , with importance of the region meriting the creation of the Viceroyalty of New Spain . Established by Charles V in 1535 , the first viceroy was Don Antonio de Mendoza . Spain colonized and exerted control of Alta California through the Spanish missions in California until the Mexican secularization act of 1833 . Peru ( edit ) Main article : Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire Vasco Núñez de Balboa claiming possession of the South Sea ( Pacific Ocean ) Map depicting the route of Pizarro from Panama to Cuzco In 1532 at the Battle of Cajamarca a group of Spaniards under Francisco Pizarro and their indigenous Andean Indian auxiliaries native allies ambushed and captured the Emperor Atahualpa of the Inca Empire . It was the first step in a long campaign that took decades of fighting to subdue the mightiest empire in the Americas . In the following years Spain extended its rule over the Empire of the Inca civilization . The Spanish took advantage of a recent civil war between the factions of the two brothers Emperor Atahualpa and Huáscar , and the enmity of indigenous nations the Incas had subjugated , such as the Huancas , Chachapoyas , and Cañaris . In the following years the conquistadors and indigenous allies extended control over Greater Andes Region . The Viceroyalty of Perú was established in 1542 . The last Inca stronghold was conquered by the Spanish in 1572 . Río de la Plata and Paraguay ( edit ) European explorers arrived in Río de la Plata in 1516 . Their first Spanish settlement in this zone was the Fort of Sancti Spiritu established in 1527 next to the Paraná River . Buenos Aires , a permanent colony , was established in 1536 and in 1537 Asunción was established in the area that is now Paraguay . Buenos Aires suffered attacks by the indigenous peoples that forced the settlers away , and in 1541 the site was abandoned . A second ( and permanent ) settlement was established in 1580 by Juan de Garay , who arrived by sailing down the Paraná River from Asunción ( now the capital of Paraguay ) . He dubbed the settlement `` Santísima Trinidad '' and its port became `` Puerto de Santa María de los Buenos Aires . '' The city came to be the head of the Governorate of the Río de la Plata and in 1776 elevated to be the capital of the new Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata . New Granada ( edit ) Main article : Spanish conquest of the Muisca See also : Spanish conquest of the Chibchan Nations Between 1537 and 1543 , six Spanish expeditions entered highland Colombia , conquered the Muisca Confederation , and set up the New Kingdom of Granada ( Spanish : Nuevo Reino de Granada ) . Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada was the leading conquistador with his brother Hernán second in command . It was governed by the president of the Audiencia of Bogotá , and comprised an area corresponding mainly to modern - day Colombia and parts of Venezuela . The conquistadors originally organized it as a captaincy general within the Viceroyalty of Peru . The crown established the audiencia in 1549 . Ultimately , the kingdom became part of the Viceroyalty of New Granada first in 1717 and permanently in 1739 . After several attempts to set up independent states in the 1810s , the kingdom and the viceroyalty ceased to exist altogether in 1819 with the establishment of Gran Colombia . Governance ( edit ) Main articles : Spanish Empire , Viceroyalty of New Spain , Viceroyalty of Peru , and Intendant § The Spanish Monarchy Argentine Cabildo council Spain 's administration of its colonies in the Americas was divided into the Viceroyalty of New Spain 1535 ( capital , Mexico City ) , and the Viceroyalty of Peru 1542 ( capital , Lima ) . In the 18th century the additional Viceroyalty of New Granada 1717 ( capital , Bogotá ) , and Viceroyalty of Rio de la Plata 1776 ( capital , Buenos Aires ) were established from portions of the Viceroyalty of Peru . The change diminished the political and economic power of the viceroyalty and opened formal connections between the mining district of Upper Peru and the port of Buenos Aires . The system of crown rule evolved from the era of the Catholic Monarchs , which established the Council of the Indies , to the establishment of viceroyalties in Mexico and Peru following their conquests in the Hapsburg era , and then into an Intendant system in the eighteenth century as part of the Bourbon Reforms . The reform was aimed at increasing crown control over its colonies , raising more revenue , and promoting greater efficiency . Dominions ( edit ) Juan Ponce de León ( Santervás de Campos , Valladolid , Spain ) led the first European expedition to Florida , which he named . North America , Central America ( edit ) Viceroyalty of New Spain ( 1535 -- 1821 ) Las Californias Nuevo Reino de León Nuevo Santander Nueva Vizcaya Santa Fe de Nuevo México Nueva Extremadura Nueva Galicia Captaincy General of Guatemala Captaincy General of the Philippines ( administered by New Spain from 1565 to 1821 , then after Mexican independence transferred to and directly administered by Madrid until 1898 ) Captaincy General of Cuba ( until 1898 ) -- Included in this captaincy general until 1819 was Florida . Captaincy General of Puerto Rico ( until 1898 ) Santo Domingo ( last Spanish rule 1861 -- 1865 ) South America ( edit ) Viceroyalty of Perú ( 1542 -- 1824 ) Captaincy General of Chile ( 1541 -- 1818 ) Viceroyalty of New Granada ( 1717 -- 1819 ) Captaincy General of Venezuela Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata ( 1776 -- 1814 ) 19th century ( edit ) Main article : Spanish American wars of independence Spanish colonialization in the Americas . During the Napoleonic Peninsular War in Europe between France and Spain , assemblies called juntas were established to rule in the name of Ferdinand VII of Spain . The Libertadores ( Spanish and Portuguese for `` Liberators '' ) were the principal leaders of the Spanish American wars of independence . They were predominantly criollos ( Americas - born people of European ancestry , mostly Spanish or Portuguese ) , bourgeois and influenced by liberalism and in some cases with military training in the mother country . In 1809 the first declarations of independence from Spanish rule occurred in the Viceroyalty of New Granada . The first two were in present - day Bolivia at Sucre ( May 25 ) , and La Paz ( July 16 ) ; and the third in present - day Ecuador at Quito ( August 10 ) . In 1810 Mexico declared independence , with the Mexican War of Independence following for over a decade . In 1821 Treaty of Córdoba established Mexican independence from Spain and concluded the War . The Plan of Iguala was part of the peace treaty to establish a constitutional foundation for an independent Mexico . These began a movement for colonial independence that spread to Spain 's other colonies in the Americas . The ideas from the French and the American Revolution influenced the efforts . All of the colonies , except Cuba and Puerto Rico , attained independence by the 1820s . The British Empire offered support , wanting to end the Spanish monopoly on trade with its colonies in the Americas . In 1898 , the United States achieved victory in the Spanish -- American War with Spain , ending the Spanish colonial era . Spanish possession and rule of its remaining colonies in the Americas ended in that year with its sovereignty transferred to the United States . The United States took occupation of Cuba , the Philippines , and Puerto Rico . Puerto Rico continues to be a possession of the United States , now officially continues as a self - governing unincorporated territory . Demographic impact ( edit ) It has been estimated that over 1.86 million Spaniards emigrated to Latin America in the period between 1492 and 1824 , with millions more continuing to immigrate following independence . In Hispaniola , the indigenous Taíno pre-contact population before the arrival of Columbus of several hundred thousand had declined to sixty thousand by 1509 . Although population estimates vary , Dominican friar Bartolomé de las Casas , the `` Defender of the Indians '' estimated there were 6 million ( 6,000,000 ) Taíno and Arawak in the Caribbean at the time of Columbus 's arrival in 1492 . The population of the Native Amerindian population in Mexico declined by an estimated 90 % ( reduced to 1 -- 2.5 million people ) by the early 17th century . In Peru the indigenous Amerindian pre-contact population of around 6.5 million declined to 1 million by the early 17th century . The overwhelming cause of the decline in both Mexico and Peru was infectious diseases , although the brutality of the Encomienda also played a significant part in the population decline . Of the history of the indigenous population of California , Sherburne F. Cook ( 1896 -- 1974 ) was the most painstakingly careful researcher . From decades of research he made estimates for the pre-contact population and the history of demographic decline during the Spanish and post-Spanish periods . According to Cook , the indigenous Californian population at first contact , in 1769 , was about 310,000 and had dropped to 25,000 by 1910 . The vast majority of the decline happened after the Spanish period , during the Mexican and US periods of Californian history ( 1821 -- 1910 ) , with the most dramatic collapse ( 200,000 to 25,000 ) occurring in the US period ( 1846 -- 1910 ) . See also ( edit ) New Spain portal Colombia portal Argentina portal Ecuador portal Venezuela portal Atlantic World Historiography of Colonial Spanish America Black Legend Habsburg Spain Inter caetera List of largest empires New Spain Old Spanish Trail ( trade route ) Population history of indigenous peoples of the Americas Smallpox Epidemics in the New World Spanish conquest of Chiapas Spanish conquest of El Salvador Spanish conquest of Guatemala Spanish conquest of Honduras Spanish conquest of Petén Spanish conquest of the Maya Timeline of imperialism # Colonization of North America Valladolid debate Viceroyalty of Peru References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ida Altman , S.L. Cline , and Javier Pescador , The Early History of Greater Mexico , Pearson , 2003 pp. 35 -- 36 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Sucre State Government : Cumaná in History ( Spanish ) Jump up ^ Tibesar , A.S. ( 1957 ) . `` The Franciscan Province of the Holy Cross of Espanañola , 1505 -- 1559 '' . The Americas . 13 ( 4 ) : 377 -- 389 . doi : 10.2307 / 979442 . JSTOR 979442 . Jump up ^ Robert S. Chamberlain , The Conquest and Colonization of Yucatan . Washington DC : Carnegie Institution . Jump up ^ Ida Altman , The War for Mexico 's West . Albuquerque : University of New Mexico Press 2010 . Jump up ^ Philip W. Powell , Soldiers , Indians , and Silver : North America 's Last Frontier War . Tempe : Center for Latin America Studies , Arizona State University 1975 . First published by University of California Press 1952 . Jump up ^ Clements Markham , The Conquest of New Granada ( 1912 ) online Jump up ^ Avellaneda Navas , José Ignacio . The Conquerors of the New Kingdom of Granada ( Albuquerque : University of New Mexico Press , 1995 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 8263 - 1612 - 7 Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=lvvynCzrJOwC&pg=PA64&lpg=PA64&dq=emigraci%C3%B3n+espa%C3%B1ola+a+las+indias+cifras&source=bl&ots=WIWVcSlOdq&sig=4XmK7Gkv36L6qQ4jItqp7a553dI&hl=es&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwinzqqfsrLPAhWKAsAKHXbSBf0Q6AEINzAE#v=onepage&q=emigraci%C3%B3n%20espa%C3%B1ola%20a%20las%20indias%20cifras&f=false Jump up ^ Baumhoff , Martin A. 1963 . Ecological Determinants of Aboriginal California Populations . University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 49 : 155 -- 236 . Jump up ^ Powers , Stephen . 1875 . `` California Indian Characteristics '' . Overland Monthly 14 : 297 -- 309 . on - line Jump up ^ Cook 's judgement on the effects of U.S rule upon the native Californians is harsh : `` The first ( factor ) was the food supply ... The second factor was disease ... A third factor , which strongly intensified the effect of the other two , was the social and physical disruption visited upon the Indian . He was driven from his home by the thousands , starved , beaten , raped , and murdered with impunity . He was not only given no assistance in the struggle against foreign diseases , but was prevented from adopting even the most elementary measures to secure his food , clothing , and shelter . The utter devastation caused by the white man was literally incredible , and not until the population figures are examined does the extent of the havoc become evident . '' Cook , Sherburne F. 1976b . The Population of the California Indians , 1769 -- 1970 . University of California Press , Berkeley p. 200 Bibliography ( edit ) Brading , D.A. , The First America : the Spanish Monarchy , Creole Patriots , and the Liberal State , 1492 -- 1867 ( Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 1993 ) . Clark , Larry R. Spanish Attempts to Colonize Southeast North America : 1513 -- 1587 ( McFarland & Company , 2010 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 5909 - 4 Elliott , J.H. Empires of the Atlantic World : Britain and Spain in America , 1492 -- 1830 ( New Haven : Yale University Press , 2007 ) Hanke , Lewis . The Spanish Struggle for Justice in the Conquest of America ( Boston : Little , Brown , and Co. , 1965 ) . Haring , Clarence H. The Spanish Empire in America ( London : Oxford University Press , 1947 ) Kamen , Henry . Empire : How Spain Became a World Power , 1492 -- 1763 ( HarperCollins , 2004 ) Merriman , Roger Bigelow . The Rise of the Spanish Empire in the Old World and in the New ( 4 Vol . London : Macmillan , 1918 ) online free Portuondo , María M. Secret Science : Spanish Cosmography and the New World ( Chicago : Chicago UP , 2009 ) . Restall , Matthew and Felipe Fernández - Armesto . The Conquistadors : A Very Short Introduction ( 2012 ) excerpt and text search Thomas , Hugh . Rivers of Gold : the rise of the Spanish Empire , from Columbus to Magellan ( 2005 ) Weber , David J. The Spanish Frontier in North America ( Yale University Press , 1992 ) Historiography ( edit ) Alejandro Cañeque . `` The Political and Institutional History of Colonial Spanish America '' History Compass ( April 2013 ) 114 pp 280 -- 291 , DOI : 10.1111 / hic3. 12043 Weber , David J. `` John Francis Bannon and the Historiography of the Spanish Borderlands : Retrospect and Prospect . '' Journal of the Southwest ( 1987 ) : 331 -- 363 . See John Francis Bannon External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Spanish colonization of the Americas Spanish Exploration and Conquest of North America Spain in America ( Edward Gaylord Bourne , 1904 ) ' Spain in America ' The Spanish Borderlands ( Herbert E. Bolton , 1921 ) ' The Spanish Borderlands ' Indigenous Puerto Rico DNA evidence upsets established history The short film Spanish Empire in the New World ( 1992 ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive `` The Political Force of Images , '' Vistas : Visual Culture in Spanish America , 1520 - 1820 . Spanish colonization of the Americas History Inter caetera Pacific Northwest California Inca Empire Chile Colombia Chibcha Muisca Florida Texas Aztec Empire Maya Chiapas Guatemala Petén Yucatán El Salvador Honduras Nicaragua People Christopher Columbus Alonso de Ojeda Diego de Almagro Pedro de Alvarado Bernal Díaz del Castillo Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar Sebastián de Belalcázar Francisco Vázquez de Coronado Hernán Cortés Luis de Carabajal y Cueva Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada Hernán Pérez de Quesada Juan Ponce de León Francisco de Montejo Pánfilo de Narváez Juan de Oñate Francisco de Orellana Pedro de Portocarrero Francisco Pizarro Hernando de Soto Pedro de Valdivia Inés de Suárez Pedro de Candia Juan Pardo Tristán de Luna y Arellano Vasco Núñez de Balboa Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca Related Encomienda Indian auxiliaries Spanish missions in the Americas History of the Americas History North America Mesoamerica Central America Caribbean Latin America South America Andean South America Genetics Settlement Indigenous peoples Indigenous population Pre-Columbian trans - 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language text Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Latina Lietuvių Македонски Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Саха тыла Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Українська 吴语 粵語 中文 30 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 23 : 09 . 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where in the quran are the five pillars

Five Pillars of Islam

five pillars of islam

hide Part of a series on Islam Aqidah Five Pillars of Islam ( show ) Shahada Salah Sawm Zakat Hajj Sunni ( show ) Six articles of belief God Prophets Holy books Angels The Last Judgement Predestination Sunni theological traditions Ilm al - Kalam Ash'ari Maturidi Traditionalist Shi'a ( show ) Twelver Principles Tawhid Adalah Prophecy Imamah Qiyamah Practices Salah Sawm Zakat Hajj Khums Jihad Commanding what is just Forbidding what is evil Tawalla Tabarra Seven pillars of Ismailism Walayah Tawhid Salah Zakat Sawm Hajj Jihad Other Shia concepts of Aqidah Imamate Batin Sixth Pillar of Islam Other schools of theology ( show ) Khawarij Ibadi Murji'ah Qadariyah Muʿtazila Sufism Jahmi Karramiyya Including : Alawites & Qizilbash Sevener - Qarmatians , Assassins & Druzes Ajardi , Azariqa , Bayhasiyya , Najdat & Sūfrī Nūkkārī ; Bahshamiyya & Ikhshîdiyya Alevism , Bektashi Order & Qalandariyya Islam portal Part of a series on Islam Beliefs ( show ) Oneness of God Prophets Revealed books Angels Predestination Day of Resurrection Practices ( hide ) Profession of faith Prayer Fasting Alms - giving Pilgrimage Texts and laws ( show ) Quran Tafsir Sunnah ( Hadith , Sirah ) Qisas Al - Anbiya Sharia ( law ) Fiqh ( jurisprudence ) Kalam ( dialectic ) History ( show ) Timeline Muhammad Ahl al - Bayt Sahabah Rashidun Imamate Caliphate Spread of Islam Culture and society ( show ) Academics Animals Art Calendar Children Demographics Denominations Economics Education Exorcism Feminism Festivals Finance LGBT Madrasa Moral teachings Mosque Mysticism Philosophy Poetry Politics Proselytizing Science Slavery Social welfare Women Related topics ( show ) Abrogation in Islam Criticism of Islam Islam and other religions Pacifism in Islam Islamism Islam and violence Islamophobia Glossary Islam portal The Five Pillars of Islam ( arkān al - Islām أركان الإسلام ; also arkān al - dīn أركان الدين `` pillars of the religion '' ) are five basic acts in Islam , considered mandatory by believers and are the foundation of Muslim life . They are summarized in the famous hadith of Gabriel . The Shia , Ahmadiyya , and Sunni agree on the essential details for the performance and practice of these acts , but the Shia do not refer to them by the same name ( see Ancillaries of the Faith , for the Twelvers , and Seven pillars of Ismailism ) . They make up Muslim life , prayer , concern for the needy , self - purification , and the pilgrimage , if one is able . Contents 1 Pillars of Sunni Islam 1.1 Shahada : Faith 1.2 Salah : Prayer 1.3 Zakāt : Charity 1.4 Sawm : Fasting 1.5 Hajj : pilgrimage to Mecca 2 Pillars of Shia Islam 2.1 Twelvers 2.2 Ismailis 3 See also 4 References 5 Bibliography 5.1 Books and journals 5.2 Encyclopedias 6 External links Pillars of Sunni Islam The Five Pillars of Islam An artwork depicting the 5 pillars Shahada : Faith Shahada is a declaration of faith and trust that professes that there is only one God ( Allah ) and that Muhammad is God 's messenger . It is a set statement normally recited in Arabic : lā ʾilāha ʾillā - llāhu muḥammadun rasūlu - llāh ( لَا إِلٰهَ إِلَّا الله مُحَمَّدٌ رَسُولُ الله ) `` There is no god but God ( and ) Muhammad is the messenger of God . '' It is essential to utter it to become a Muslim and to convert to Islam . Ṣalāh : prayer Afghan politicians and foreign diplomats praying ( making salah ) at the U.S. Embassy in Kabul , Afghanistan . Salah ( ṣalāh ) is the Islamic prayer . Salah consists of five daily prayers according to the Sunna ; the names are according to the prayer times : Fajr ( dawn ) , Dhuhr ( noon ) , ʿAṣr ( afternoon ) , Maghrib ( evening ) , and ʿIshāʾ ( night ) . The Fajr prayer is performed before sunrise , Dhuhr is performed in the midday after the sun has surpassed its highest point , Asr is the evening prayer before sunset , Maghrib is the evening prayer after sunset and Isha is the night prayer . All of these prayers are recited while facing in the direction of the Kaaba in Mecca and form an important aspect of the Muslim Ummah . Muslims must wash before prayer ; this washing is called wudu ( `` purification '' ) . The prayer is accompanied by a series of set positions including ; bowing with hands on knees , standing , prostrating and sitting in a special position ( not on the heels , nor on the buttocks ) . A Muslim may perform their prayer anywhere , such as in offices , universities , and fields . However , the mosque is the more preferable place for prayers because the mosque allows for fellowship . Zakāt : charity Zakāt or alms - giving is the practice of charitable giving based on accumulated wealth . The word zakāt can be defined as purification and growth because it allows an individual to achieve balance and encourages new growth . The principle of knowing that all things belong to God is essential to purification and growth . Zakāt is obligatory for all Muslims who are able to do so . It is the personal responsibility of each Muslim to ease the economic hardship of others and to strive towards eliminating inequality . Zakāt consists of spending a portion of one 's wealth for the benefit of the poor or needy , like debtors or travelers . A Muslim may also donate more as an act of voluntary charity ( sadaqah ) , rather than to achieve additional divine reward . There are five principles that should be followed when giving the zakāt : The giver must declare to God his intention to give the zakāt . The zakāt must be paid on the day that it is due . After the offering , the payer must not exaggerate on spending his money more than usual means . Payment must be in kind . This means if one is wealthy then he or she needs to pay a portion of their income . If a person does not have much money , then they should compensate for it in different ways , such as good deeds and good behavior toward others . The zakāt must be distributed in the community from which it was taken . Sawm : fasting Muslims traditionally break their fasts in the month of Ramadan with dates ( like those offered by this date seller in Kuwait City ) , as was the recorded practice ( Sunnah ) of Muhammad . Three types of fasting ( Siyam ) are recognized by the Quran : Ritual fasting , fasting as compensation for repentance ( both from sura Al - Baqara ) , and ascetic fasting ( from Al - Ahzab ) . Ritual fasting is an obligatory act during the month of Ramadan . Muslims must abstain from food and drink from dawn to dusk during this month , and are to be especially mindful of other sins . Fasting is necessary for every Muslim that has reached puberty ( unless he / she suffers from a medical condition which prevents him / her from doing so ) . The fast is meant to allow Muslims to seek nearness and to look for forgiveness from God , to express their gratitude to and dependence on him , atone for their past sins , and to remind them of the needy . During Ramadan , Muslims are also expected to put more effort into following the teachings of Islam by refraining from violence , anger , envy , greed , lust , profane language , gossip and to try to get along with fellow Muslims better . In addition , all obscene and irreligious sights and sounds are to be avoided . Fasting during Ramadan is obligatory , but is forbidden for several groups for whom it would be very dangerous and excessively problematic . These include pre-pubescent children , those with a medical condition such as diabetes , elderly people , and pregnant or breastfeeding women . Observing fasts is not permitted for menstruating women . Other individuals for whom it is considered acceptable not to fast are those who are ill or traveling . Missing fasts usually must be made up for soon afterward , although the exact requirements vary according to circumstance . Hajj : pilgrimage to Mecca The Hajj is a pilgrimage that occurs during the Islamic month of Dhu al - Hijjah to the holy city of Mecca . Every able - bodied Muslim is obliged to make the pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in their life . When the pilgrim is around 10 km ( 6.2 mi ) from Mecca , he / she must dress in Ihram clothing , which , for men , consists of two white sheets . Both men and women are required to make the pilgrimage to Mecca . After a Muslim makes the trip to Mecca , he / she is known as a hajj / hajja ( one who made the pilgrimage to Mecca ) . The main rituals of the Hajj include walking seven times around the Kaaba termed Tawaf , touching the Black Stone termed Istilam , traveling seven times between Mount Safa and Mount Marwah termed Sa'yee , and symbolically stoning the Devil in Mina termed Ramee . The pilgrim , or the haji , is honoured in the Muslim community . Islamic teachers say that the Hajj should be an expression of devotion to God , not a means to gain social standing . The believer should be self - aware and examine their intentions in performing the pilgrimage . This should lead to constant striving for self - improvement . A pilgrimage made at any time other than the Hajj season is called an Umrah , and while not mandatory is strongly recommended . Also , they make a pilgrimage to the holy city of Jerusalem in their alms - giving feast . Pillars of Shia Islam Twelvers Twelver Shia Islam has five Usul al - Din and ten Furu al - Din , i.e. , the Shia Islamic beliefs and practices . The Twelver Shia Islam Usul al - Din , equivalent to a Shia Five Pillars , are all beliefs considered foundational to Islam , and thus classified a bit differently from those listed above . They are : Tawhid ( monotheism : belief in the oneness of Allah ) Adl ( divine justice : belief in Allah 's justice ) Nubuwwah ( prophethood ) Imamah ( succession to Muhammad ) Mi'ad ( the day of judgment and the resurrection ) In addition to these five pillars , there are ten practices that Shia Muslims must perform , called the Ancillaries of the Faith ( Arabic : furūʿ al - dīn ) . Salah Sawm Zakat , similar to Sunni Islam , it applies to money , cattle , silver , gold , dates , raisins , wheat , and barley . Khums : an annual taxation of one - fifth ( 20 % ) of the gains that a year has been passed on without using . Khums is paid to the Imams ; indirectly to poor and needy people . Hajj Jihad Enjoining good Forbidding wrong Tawalla : expressing love towards good . Tabarra : expressing disassociation and hatred towards evil . Ismailis Main article : Seven pillars of Ismailism Isma'ilis have their own pillars , which are as follows : Walayah `` Guardianship '' denotes love and devotion to God , the prophets , and the Ismaili Imams and their representatives Tawhid , `` Oneness of God '' . Salah : Unlike Sunni and Twelver Muslims , Nizari Ismailis reason that it is up to the current imām to designate the style and form of prayer . Zakat : with the exception of the Druze , all Ismaili madhhabs have practices resembling that of Sunni and Twelvers , with the addition of the characteristic Shia khums . Sawm : Nizaris and Musta'lis believe in both a metaphorical and literal meaning of fasting . Hajj : For Ismailis , this means visiting the imām or his representative and that this is the greatest and most spiritual of all pilgrimages . The Mustaali maintain also the practice of going to Mecca . The Druze interpret this completely metaphorically as `` fleeing from devils and oppressors '' and rarely go to Mecca . Jihad `` Struggle '' : `` the Greater Struggle '' and `` the Lesser Struggle '' . See also Islamic theology Sixth Pillar of Islam Jewish principles of faith References Jump up ^ `` Pillars of Islam '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pillars of Islam '' . Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies . United Kingdom : Oxford University . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Five Pillars '' . United Kingdom : Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS ) . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` The Five Pillars of Islam '' . Canada : University of Calgary . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` The Five Pillars of Islam '' . United Kingdom : BBC . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ Hooker , Richard ( July 14 , 1999 ) . `` arkan ad - din the five pillars of religion '' . United States : Washington State University . Archived from the original on 2010 - 12 - 03 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Religions '' . The World Factbook . United States : Central Intelligence Agency . 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Hajj Jump up ^ From the article on the Pillars of Islam in Oxford Islamic Studies Online Jump up ^ Matthew S. Gordon and Martin Palmer , ' ' Islam ' ' , Info base Publishing , 2009 . Books.Google.fr. 2009 . p. 87 . ISBN 9781438117782 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Ridgeon ( 2003 ) , p. 258 Jump up ^ Zakat , Encyclopaedia of Islam Online Jump up ^ Zakat Alms - giving Jump up ^ Quran 2 : 183 -- 187 Jump up ^ Quran 2 : 196 Jump up ^ Quran 33 : 35 Jump up ^ Fasting , Encyclopedia of the Qur'an ( 2005 ) ^ Jump up to : Farah ( 1994 ) , p. 144 - 145 Jump up ^ talhaanjum_9 Jump up ^ Esposito ( 1998 ) , p. 90 , 91 Jump up ^ Tabatabaei ( 2002 ) , p. 211,213 Jump up ^ `` For whom fasting is mandatory '' . USC - MSA Compendium of Muslim Texts . Archived from the original on 8 March 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ Quran 2 : 184 Jump up ^ Khan ( 2006 ) , p. 54 Jump up ^ Islam , The New Encyclopædia Britannica ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ Farah ( 1994 ) , p. 145 - 147 ^ Jump up to : Hoiberg ( 2000 ) , p. 237 -- 238 Jump up ^ Goldschmidt ( 2005 ) , p. 48 Jump up ^ See chapter on `` Islamic Beliefs ( the Pillars of Islam ) '' in Invitation to Islam by Sayed Moustafa Al - Qazwini . http://www.al-islam.org/invitation/ Jump up ^ Walsh , John Evangelist . Walking shadows : Orson Welles , William Randolph Hearst , and Citizen Kane . Madison , Wisconsin : University of Wisconsin Press / Popular Press , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` The Fundamental Beliefs of Muslims '' . Comprehensive Database Mstbsryn , missionaries and Rhyaftgan . Jump up ^ `` Isma'ilism '' . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 24 . Bibliography Books and journals Brockopp , Jonathan ; Tamara Sonn ; Jacob Neusner ( 2000 ) . Judaism and Islam in Practice : A Sourcebook . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 21673 - 7 . Farah , Caesar ( 1994 ) . Islam : Beliefs and Observances ( 5th ed . ) . Barron 's Educational Series . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8120 - 1853 - 0 . Muhammad Hedayetullah ( 2006 ) . Dynamics of Islam : An Exposition . Trafford Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55369 - 842 - 5 . Khan , Arshad ( 2006 ) . Islam 101 : Principles and Practice . Khan Consulting and Publishing , LLC . ISBN 0 - 9772838 - 3 - 6 . Kobeisy , Ahmed Nezar ( 2004 ) . Counseling American Muslims : Understanding the Faith and Helping the People . Praeger Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 32472 - 7 . Momen , Moojan ( 1987 ) . An Introduction to Shi ` i Islam : The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shi ` ism . Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 03531 - 5 . Levy , Reuben ( 1957 ) . The Social Structure of Islam . UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 09182 - 4 . Muhammad Husayn Tabatabaei ( 2002 ) . Islamic teachings : An Overview and a Glance at the Life of the Holy Prophet of Islam . R. Campbell ( translator ) . Green Gold . ISBN 0 - 922817 - 00 - 6 . Arthur Goldschmidt Jr . & Lawrence Davidson ( 2005 ) . A Concise History of the Middle East ( 8th ed . ) . Westview Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8133 - 4275 - 7 . Hoiberg , Dale ; Indu Ramchandani ( 2000 ) . Students ' Britannica India . Encyclopædia Britannica ( UK ) Ltd . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85229 - 760 - 5 . Ridgeon , Lloyd ( 2003 ) . Major World Religions ( 1st ed . ) . RoutledgeCurzon . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 29796 - 7 . Encyclopedias P.J. Bearman ; Th . Bianquis ; C.E. Bosworth ; E. van Donzel ; W.P. Heinrichs ( eds . ) . Encyclopaedia of Islam Online . Brill Academic Publishers . ISSN 1573 - 3912 . Salamone Frank , ed. ( 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of Religious Rites , Rituals , and Festivals ( 1st ed . ) . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 94180 - 8 . External links Tenets of Islam Pillars of Islam in Oxford Islamic Studies Online Pillars of Islam . A brief description of the Five Pillars of Islam . Five Pillars of Islam . 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ok google has the eagles ever won a superbowl

The history of the Philadelphia Eagles begins in 1933 . In their history , the Eagles have appeared in the Super Bowl three times , losing in their first two appearances but winning the third , in 2018 . They won three NFL Championships , the precursor to the Super Bowl , in four appearances .

History of the Philadelphia Eagles

history of the philadelphia eagles

The history of the Philadelphia Eagles begins in 1933 . In their history , the Eagles have appeared in the Super Bowl three times , losing in their first two appearances but winning the third , in 2018 . They won three NFL Championships , the precursor to the Super Bowl , in four appearances .

The beginning era of the Eagles history , 1933 to 1939 , was influenced by its owner , and then also coach , Bert Bell . After Bell ostensibly sold the team , to Alexis Thompson in 1940 , the second era of the Eagles history was largely directed by their coach and future Hall of Famer , Greasy Neale . Contents ( hide ) 1 Beginnings ( 1933 - 39 ) 1.1 Formation and Early Years 1.2 Sole Owner and Coach Bell ( 1936 - 1939 ) 2 `` On the wings of Eagles '' : The golden age ( 1940 - 49 ) 3 ( 1950 - 59 ) 4 Struggles ( 1960 - 69 ) 4.1 1960 4.2 1961 - 69 5 From hopeless to hopeful ( 1970 - 79 ) 6 Mild success ( 1980 - 1990 ) 6.1 1980 6.2 1981 - 85 6.3 1986 - 88 6.4 1989 - 90 7 Kotite and Rhodes ( 1991 - 98 ) 8 The Reid era ( 1999 - 2012 ) 8.1 1999 - 2012 8.2 2003 8.3 2004 Super Bowl run 8.3. 1 4th championship appearance 8.3. 2 Super Bowl XXXIX 8.4 2005 8.5 2006 8.6 2007 8.7 2008 8.8 2009 8.9 2010 8.10 2011 : `` Dream Team '' 8.11 2012 : End of the Reid Era 9 The Chip Kelly Era ( 2013 - 2015 ) 9.1 2013 : Immediate Success 9.2 2014 : Dominance then Collapse 9.3 2015 : End of Chip Kelly Era 10 The Doug Pederson era ( 2016 -- present ) 10.1 2016 : Carson Wentz 's Rookie Year 10.2 2017 : First Super Bowl Championship 11 References 12 Bibliography 13 Further reading Beginnings ( 1933 - 39 ) ( edit ) Formation and early years ( edit ) In 1931 , Philadelphia 's NFL franchise , the Frankford Yellow Jackets , who had won the NFL Championship in 1926 , went bankrupt and ceased operations midway through the season . After more than a year searching for a suitable replacement , the NFL granted an expansion franchise to a syndicate headed by former University of Pennsylvania teammates Lud Wray and Bert Bell . In exchange for an entry fee of $2,500 , the Bell - Wray group was awarded the assets of the failed Yellow Jackets organization . Drawing inspiration from the insignia of the centerpiece of President Franklin D. Roosevelt 's New Deal , specifically the National Recovery Act 's `` blue eagle , '' Bell and Wray named the new franchise the Philadelphia Eagles , with Bell as president and general manager and Wray as head coach . Neither the Eagles nor the NFL officially regard the two franchises as the same , citing the aforementioned period of dormancy . The Eagles simply inherited the NFL rights to the Philadelphia area . Further , Wray and Bell assembled an almost entirely new team ; only a single player from the 1931 Yellow Jackets ended up with the 1933 Eagles . The new team played its first game on October 15 , 1933 , against the New York Giants at the Polo Grounds in New York City . They lost the game 56 - 0 . The Eagles struggled over the course of their first decade , never winning more than four games . Their best finish was in their second season , 1934 , when they finished tied for third in the East . For the most part , the Eagles ' early rosters were composed of former Penn , Temple and Villanova players who put in a few years before going on to other things . In 1935 , Bell proposed an annual college draft to equalize talent across the league . The draft was a revolutionary concept in professional sports . Having teams select players in inverse order of their finish in the standings , a practice still followed today , strove to increase fan interest by guaranteeing that even the worst teams would have the opportunity for annual infusions of the best college talent . Between 1927 ( the year the NFL changed from a sprawling Midwestern - based association to a narrower , major - market league ) and 1934 , a triopoly of three teams ( the Chicago Bears , New York Giants and Green Bay Packers ) had won all but one title since 1927 ( the lone exception being the Providence Steam Roller of 1928 ) . Sole owner and coach Bell ( 1936 - 1939 ) ( edit ) Having finished last in the standings , the Eagles had the first pick in the 1936 draft , an opportunity they used to select University of Chicago 's Heisman Trophy - winning back , Jay Berwanger . They then traded his rights to the Chicago Bears . Berwanger , who had no interest in playing professional football , elected to go to medical school instead . The Eagles ' first major recruiting success would come in 1939 , with the signing of Texas Christian 's All - America quarterback , Davey O'Brien ; O'Brien proceeded to shatter numerous existing single - season NFL passing records in his rookie season . That year , the Eagles participated in the first televised football game , against the Brooklyn Dodgers , at Ebbets Field in Brooklyn ( losing the game 23 - 14 ) . `` On the wings of Eagles '' : the golden age ( 1940 - 49 ) ( edit ) The 1940s would prove a tumultuous and ultimately triumphant decade for the young club . In 1940 , the team moved from Philadelphia Municipal Stadium to Shibe Park . Lud Wray 's half - interest in the team was purchased by Art Rooney , who had just sold the Pittsburgh Steelers to Alexis Thompson . Soon thereafter , Bell / Rooney and Thompson swapped franchises , but not teams . Bell / Rooney 's entire Eagles ' corporate organization , including most of the players , moved to Pittsburgh ( The Steelers ' corporate name remained `` Philadelphia Football Club , Inc . '' until 1945 ) and Thompson 's Steelers moved to Philadelphia , leaving only the team nicknames in their original cities . Since NFL franchises are territorial rights distinct from individual corporate entities , the NFL does not consider this a franchise move and considers the current Philadelphia Eagles as a single unbroken entity from 1933 . ( 1 ) After assuming ownership , Thompson promptly hired Greasy Neale as the team 's head coach . In its first years under Neale , the team continued to struggle . In 1943 , when manpower shortages stemming from World War II made it impossible to fill the roster , the team temporarily merged with the Steelers to form a team popularly known as the `` Steagles . '' The merger , never intended as a permanent arrangement , was dissolved at the end of the 1943 season . This season saw the team 's first winning season in its 11 - year history , with a finish of 5 - 4 - 1 . In 1944 , however , the Eagles finally experienced good fortune , as they made their finest draft pick to date : running back Steve Van Buren . At last , the team 's fortunes were about to change . Led by Van Buren and Neale , the Eagles became a serious competitor for the first time . They had their first winning season as a separate team in 1944 . After two more second - place finishes ( in 1945 and 1946 ) , the Eagles reached the NFL title game for the first time in 1947 . Van Buren , end Pete Pihos , and Bosh Pritchard fought valiantly , but the young team fell to the Chicago Cardinals 28 - 21 at Chicago 's Comiskey Park . Undeterred , the young squad rebounded and returned to face the Cardinals once more in the 1948 championship . With home - field advantage ( and a blinding snowstorm ) on their side , the Eagles won their first NFL Championship 7 - 0 . Due to the severity of the weather , few fans were on hand to witness the joyous occasion . That would not be the case the following season , however , when the Eagles returned to the NFL championship game for the third consecutive year and won in dominating fashion in front of a large crowd in Los Angeles , beating the Los Angeles Rams 14 - 0 . In Thompson 's final draft , Chuck Bednarik was selected as the first overall pick in the 1949 NFL Draft . An All - American lineman / linebacker from the University of Pennsylvania , Bednarik would go on to become one of the greatest and most beloved players in Eagles history . The 1949 season also saw the sale of the team by Thompson to a syndicate of 100 buyers , known as the `` Happy Hundred '' , each of whom paid a fee of $3,000 for their share of the team . While the leader of the `` Happy Hundred '' was noted Philadelphia businessman James P. Clark , one unsung investor was Leonard Tose , a name that would eventually become very familiar to Eagles fans . ( 1950 - 59 ) ( edit ) With the turn of the decade came another turn in team fortunes . The Eagles were slated to open the 1950 season against the AAFC champion Cleveland Browns , who had just ( with the other AAFC franchises ) joined the NFL . The Eagles were expected to make short work of the Browns , who were widely reckoned at the time as the dominant team in a lesser league . However , the Browns lit up the Eagles ' vaunted defense for 487 total yards , including 246 passing yards , in a 35 - 10 rout . The Eagles never really recovered , and finished 6 - 6 . Neale retired after the season and was replaced by Bo McMillin . Two games into the season , McMillin was forced to retire due to terminal stomach cancer . Wayne Millner finished out the season before being replaced by Jim Trimble . While the remnants of the great 1940s teams managed to stay competitive for the first few years of the decade , and while younger players like Bobby Walston and Sonny Jurgensen occasionally provided infusions of talent , the team lacked the stuff of true greatness for most of the 1950s . The Eagles considered trying to purchase Temple Stadium in 1952 when the team was unhappy with their lease at Shibe Park . Temple University claimed the property to have been appraised for $1 million and said they were uninterested in selling . In 1958 , however , the franchise took key steps to improve , hiring Buck Shaw as Head Coach and acquiring Norm Van Brocklin in a trade with the Los Angeles Rams . That year also saw the team move from Connie Mack Stadium ( formerly Shibe Park ) to Franklin Field , and attendance doubled . The 1959 squad showed real flashes of talent , and finished in second place in the Eastern Division . Struggles ( 1960 - 69 ) ( edit ) 1960 ( edit ) Main article : 1960 Philadelphia Eagles season 1960 remains the most celebrated year in Eagle history . Shaw , Van Brocklin and Chuck Bednarik ( each in his last season before retirement ) led a team more notable for its grit than its talent ( one observer later quipped that the team had `` nothing but a championship '' ) to its first division title since 1949 . The team was aided by their two Pro Bowl receivers , WR Tommy McDonald ( who would later pen a short autobiography titled `` They Pay Me to Catch Footballs '' ) and TE Pete Retzlaff . On December 26 , 1960 , one of the coldest days in recorded Philadelphia history , the Eagles faced Vince Lombardi 's Green Bay Packers in the NFL title game and dealt the mighty Lombardi the sole championship game loss of his storied career . Bednarik lined up at center on offense and at linebacker on defense . Fittingly , the game ended as Bednarik tackled a struggling Jim Taylor and refused to allow him to stand until the last seconds had ticked away . Flush with excitement from the 17 - 13 victory , with the talented Jurgensen poised to take the reins of the offense , the future looked promising . That promise , however , proved illusory . 1961 - 69 ( edit ) In 1961 , the Eagles finished just a half - game behind the New York Giants for first place in the Eastern Conference standings with a 10 - 4 record . Despite the on - the - field success , however , the franchise was in turmoil . Van Brocklin had come to Philadelphia and agreed to play through 1960 with the tacit understanding that , upon his retirement as a player , he would succeed Shaw as head coach . Ownership , however , opted to promote assistant Nick Skorich instead , and Van Brocklin quit the organization in a fit of pique , instead becoming head coach of the expansion Minnesota Vikings . In 1962 , the bottom dropped out as the team was decimated by injury , managed only three wins and were embarrassed at home 49 - 0 by the Packers . The off - field chaos would continue through 1963 , as the remaining 65 shareholders out of the original Happy Hundred sold the team to Jerry Wolman , a 36 - year - old millionaire Washington developer who outbid local bidders for the team , paying an unprecedented $5,505,000 for control of the club . In 1964 , Wolman hired former Cardinals and Washington Redskins coach Joe Kuharich to a 15 - year contract . Many people have heavily criticized Kuharich as a coach , as they say he wasted top - tier talent such as that of Jurgensen , Timmy Brown , Ollie Matson and Ben Hawkins and effectively ran the franchise into the ground . At Kuharich 's insistence , Jurgensen was traded to the Washington Redskins for Norm Snead in 1964 : Jurgensen would go on to a Hall of Fame career while Snead , although serviceable , lacked the talent to lift the team out of mediocrity . By 1968 , fans were in full revolt . Chants of `` Joe must go '' echoed through the increasingly empty bleachers of Franklin Field . Adding insult to injury , the Eagles managed to eke out meaningless wins in two of the last three games of the season , costing the franchise the first pick in the draft , and with it the opportunity to add O.J. Simpson to the roster . ( With the second pick , the Eagles chose Leroy Keyes , who played only four years in an Eagles uniform . ) The last game of 1968 , played on December 15 , helped cement the rowdy reputation of Philadelphia fans when some of them booed and threw snowballs at an actor playing Santa Claus . By 1969 , Wolman had lost most of his fortune and was bankrupt , leaving the franchise under the administration of a federal bankruptcy court . At the end of the bankruptcy proceedings , the Eagles were sold to Leonard Tose , the self - made trucking millionaire and original member of the Happy Hundred . Tose 's first official act was to fire Kuharich . With an earned reputation as a fast - living high - flier , Tose infused the organization with some much - needed panache . Initially , however , he ran the team with more enthusiasm than ability , as was exemplified by his choice to replace Kuharich , the hapless Jerry Williams . Tose also selected former Eagles great Pete Retzlaff as General Manager . From hopeless to hopeful ( 1970 - 79 ) ( edit ) In 1971 , the Eagles moved from Franklin Field to brand - new Veterans Stadium . In its first season , the `` Vet '' was widely acclaimed as a triumph of ultra-modern sports engineering , a consensus that would be short - lived . Equally short - lived was Williams 's tenure as head coach : after a 3 - 10 - 1 record in 1970 and three consecutive blowout losses to Cincinnati , Dallas and San Francisco to open the 1971 season , Williams was fired and replaced by assistant Ed Khayat , a defensive lineman on the Eagles ' 1960 NFL championship team . Williams and Khayat were hampered by Retzlaff 's decision to trade longtime starting quarterback Norm Snead to the Minnesota Vikings in early 1971 , leaving the Eagles a choice between journeyman Pete Liske and the raw Rick Arrington . Khayat lost his first two games , but won six of the final nine in 1971 thanks to the exploits of the defense , led by All - Pro safety Bill Bradley , who led the NFL in interceptions ( 11 ) and interception return yardage ( 248 ) . Dick Vermeil brought the Eagles back into contention . The Eagles playing against the Buccaneers in the 1979 NFC Divisional Playoff Game . The team regressed in 1972 , and Khayat was released after the Eagles finished 2 - 11 - 1 . The two wins ( both on the road ) proved to be surprises , however . Philadelphia beat Kansas City ( which had the best record in the AFC a year before ) 21 - 20 and Houston 18 - 17 on six field goals by kicker Tom Dempsey . The latter game became known as the `` Johnny Rodgers Bowl '' , because the loser would finish with the worst record in the league and obtain the # 1 draft pick of 1973 , which was then assumed to be Nebraska wingback Johnny Rodgers . The Oilers ultimately got the # 1 pick , which instead turned out to be University of Tampa defensive end John Matuszak ( who would end up facing Philadelphia in the Super Bowl several years later ) . With the second pick , the Eagles selected USC tight end Charle Young . Khayat was replaced by offensive guru Mike McCormick , who , aided by the skills of Roman Gabriel and towering young receiver Harold Carmichael , managed to infuse a bit of vitality into a previously moribund offense . New general manager Jim Murray also began to add talent on the defensive side of the line , most notably through the addition of future Pro Bowl linebacker Bill Bergey . Overall , however , the team was still mired in mediocrity . McCormick was fired after a 4 - 10 1975 season , and replaced by a college coach unknown to most Philadelphians . That coach would become one of the most beloved names in Philadelphia sports history : Dick Vermeil . Vermeil faced numerous obstacles as he attempted to rejuvenate a franchise that had not seriously contended in well over a decade . Despite the team 's young talent and Gabriel 's occasional flashes of brilliance , the Eagles finished 1976 with the same result -- a 4 - 10 record -- as in 1975 . 1977 , however , saw the first seeds of hope begin to sprout . Rifle - armed quarterback Ron Jaworski was obtained by trade with the Los Angeles Rams in exchange for popular tight end Charlie Young . The defense , led by Bergey and defensive coordinator Marion Campbell , began earning a reputation as one of the hardest hitting in the league . By the next year , the Eagles had fully taken Vermeil 's enthusiastic attitude , and made the playoffs for the first time since 1960 . Young running back Wilbert Montgomery became the first Eagle since Steve Van Buren to exceed 1,000 yards in a single season . ( 1978 also bore witness to one of the greatest , and unquestionably most surreal moment in Eagles history : `` The Miracle at the Meadowlands , '' when Herman Edwards returned a late - game fumble by Giants ' quarterback Joe Pisarcik for a touchdown with 20 seconds left , resulting in a 19 - 17 Eagles victory - the Eagles would later edge into the playoffs that year with a 9 - 7 season . ) By 1979 , in which the Eagles tied for first place with an 11 - 5 record and Wilbert Montgomery shattered club rushing records with a total of 1,512 yards , the Eagles were poised to join the NFL elite . Mild success ( 1980 - 1990 ) ( edit ) 1980 ( edit ) The Eagles defeated the Cowboys in the 1980 NFC Championship Game and earned their first Super Bowl appearance . Main article : 1980 Philadelphia Eagles season In 1980 , the team , led by coach Dick Vermeil , quarterback Ron Jaworski , running back Wilbert Montgomery , wide receiver Harold Carmichael , and linebacker Bill Bergey , dominated the NFC , facing its chief nemesis , the Dallas Cowboys , in the NFC Championship . The game was played in cold conditions in front of the Birds ' faithful fans at Veterans Stadium . Led by an incredible rushing performance from Montgomery , whose long cutback TD run in the first half is surely one of the most memorable plays in Eagles history , and a gutsy performance from fullback Leroy Harris , who scored the Eagles ' only other TD that day , the Birds earned a berth in Super Bowl XV with a 20 - 7 victory . The Eagles traveled to New Orleans for Super Bowl XV and were heavy favorites to knock off the Oakland Raiders , who were merely a wild card team . Things did not go the Eagles ' way , beginning with the disastrous decision by Tose to bring comedian Don Rickles into the pregame locker room to lighten the mood . Jaworski 's first pass was intercepted by Rod Martin , setting up an Oakland touchdown . Later in the first quarter , a potential game - tying 40 - yard touchdown pass to Rodney Parker was nullified by an illegal motion penalty . The final score was 27 - 10 . Veteran journeyman quarterback Jim Plunkett was named the game 's MVP . In a bizarre coincidence , Joe Kuharich died on the same day . 1981 - 85 ( edit ) Randall Cunningham , here shown with the Minnesota Vikings , wore # 12 and played with the Eagles from 1985 - 1995 . The Eagles got off to a great start in the 1981 season , winning their first six games . They eventually ended up 10 - 6 and earned a wild card berth . However , they were unable to repeat as NFC champs when they were knocked out in the wild card round by the New York Giants , 27 - 21 . After the Eagles finished 3 - 6 in the strike - shortened 1982 season , Vermeil quit the team , citing `` burnout . '' He was replaced by defensive coordinator Marion Campbell , aka `` the Swamp Fox . '' Campbell had helped to popularize the `` bend - do n't - break '' defensive strategy in the 1970s . Under Campbell , however , the team struggled , although his stewardship was notable in that it saw the arrival of all - time football greats Reggie White and Randall Cunningham . The 1983 - 85 seasons would see the Eagles go 5 - 11 , 6 - 9 - 1 , and 7 - 9 , respectively . 1986 - 88 ( edit ) Campbell 's reign of error ended in 1986 , when Buddy Ryan was named head coach . Immediately infusing the team with his tough , hard - as - nails attitude , the Eagles quickly became known for their tough defense and tougher personalities . Ryan began rejuvenating the team by releasing several aging players , including Ron Jaworski . Randall Cunningham took his place , and despite a 5 - 10 - 1 season , he began showing considerable promise . 1987 saw another strike , reducing the season by one game . The substitutes who were filling in for the strikers turned in a poor performance , being crushed 41 - 22 by the Dallas Cowboys . After the strike ended , the regular Eagles team won a 37 - 20 revenge game against Dallas . The season record was 7 - 8 , three games having been played by substitutes . The Eagles would reach the playoffs in 1988 , but lost to the Chicago Bears 20 - 12 in what became known as the `` Fog Bowl '' , due to the weather conditions during the game . 1989 - 90 ( edit ) The following two years would see playoff appearances as well , but the team could not make it past the first round . This failure was greatly frustrating to many Eagles fans , as the team was commonly acknowledged as among the most talented in the NFL . On offense , the Eagles were led by quarterback Cunningham , one of the most exciting players of his generation ; tight end Keith Jackson ; and running back Keith Byars . The defense is commonly acknowledged as among the greatest in league history , and as the best never to win a championship . The two 1989 matches with Dallas were known as the Bounty Bowls . Both were won easily by the Eagles ( the Cowboys finished 1 - 15 that year ) , and were marked by Ryan insulting new Cowboys coach Jimmy Johnson , putting a `` bounty '' on their kicker , and for Eagles fans throwing snowballs on the season ender . On November 12 , 1990 , during a Monday Night Football game at the Vet , the Eagles crushed the Washington Redskins by a score of 28 - 14 , with the defense scoring three of the team 's four touchdowns . More lopsided than its score would indicate , the game quickly acquired the sobriquet `` the Body Bag Game '' , attesting to the physical damage inflicted by the tougher Eagles squad . The Eagles knocked out the starting Washington quarterback , and then seriously injured his replacement as well . Running back Brian Mitchell , who would later be signed by the Eagles , was forced to play quarterback for the Redskins . Unfortunately , the Redskins returned to Veterans stadium in the first round of the playoffs and defeated the Eagles 20 - 6 , ending their season . Buddy Ryan was fired at the end of the season . Despite his tough talk , the Eagles failed to win a playoff game in the five years he had been head coach . Kotite and Rhodes ( 1991 - 98 ) ( edit ) In 1991 , the Eagles became the first NFL team since 1975 to rank first in the league in both rushing and passing yardage allowed , but competing in a strong division were unable to reach the playoffs despite a 10 - 6 record . Along with White , notable defensive stars included Jerome Brown , Clyde Simmons , Seth Joyner , Eric Allen , Wes Hopkins , and Andre Waters . With Ryan 's firing by Norman Braman , Ryan 's former Offensive Coordinator , Rich Kotite , took the helm of the franchise . Although Cunningham suffered a season - ending ACL tear in the season opener , the Eagles still made a respectable showing , missing the playoffs on a tiebreaker . In 1992 , Kotite led the Eagles back into the postseason with an 11 - 5 record . In the Wild Card Round , the Eagles soundly defeated the New Orleans Saints by a final score of 36 - 20 . The Eagles were eliminated by Dallas in the next round ( 34 - 10 ) . At the end of the season , DE Reggie White would leave the team through free agency . In the 1992 NFL Off - season , DT Jerome Brown died in a high - speed automobile crash on June 25 . In 1993 and 1994 , Kotite 's Eagles would fall apart after initially promising starts , and missed the playoffs in each season , going 8 - 8 and 7 - 9 . By this point , Braman had become unpopular among most local fans and a polarizing presence in the front office . Under rising scrutiny and deflating optimism , he sold the team to current owner Jeffrey Lurie . Almost Lurie 's first act was to fire Kotite . Lurie 's choice to replace Kotite was San Francisco 49ers Defensive Coordinator Ray Rhodes , who successfully lobbied 49ers star Ricky Watters to join the team as a free agent . In 1995 , Rhodes 's first season , the Eagles got off to a slow start by losing 3 out their first 4 games : they subsequently rebounded , finishing with a 10 - 6 record and a playoff spot . In the Wild Card Round , the Eagles played at home and overwhelmed the Detroit Lions 58 - 37 , with 31 of Philadelphia 's points coming in the second quarter alone . Despite this dominating performance , yet again , the Eagles were eliminated in the next round by the Cowboys ( 30 - 11 ) . Ironically , this would be Randall Cunningham 's last game as an Eagle . Cunningham would score the only touchdown of the game and the last Eagles post season touchdown for six years . 1995 was perhaps most notable in that it signaled the end of Cunningham 's tenure as starting quarterback . Rhodes benched Cunningham in favor of Rodney Peete , leading to friction between the two . Before the benching , news reports circulated that Lurie and Rhodes tried to trade Cunningham to the Arizona Cardinals . However , no such trade was executed and Cunningham retired shortly after the season . In 1996 , the Eagles donned new uniforms featuring a darker shade of green . They got off to a good start , winning three of their first four games . However , a week - 5 Monday night game at Veterans Stadium against the hated Cowboys would witness a season - ending knee injury to Peete and the loss of the team 's momentum , and the transition to an offense led by Ty Detmer and Watters . While Detmer played well and Watters rushed for 1,411 yards , the season followed an all - too - familiar pattern : 10 - 6 record , and early elimination ( a 14 - 0 shutout by the 49ers ) in the playoffs . The continued early playoff exits led to fans and local media blaming the high priced free agent signings ( Irving Fryar , Watters , Troy Vincent , and Guy McIntyre ) for not stepping up in big games , most notably the postseason . Rhodes gradually deteriorated under the stress of the job , and players were beginning to grow tired of his brash demeanor and often autocratic coaching style . After an up - and - down 6 - 9 - 1 campaign in 1997 , the bottom fell out in 1998 . The Eagles suffered a 3 - 13 record -- the worst in franchise history . They were ranked dead last in numerous offensive statistics . Home game attendance was declining , a quarterback controversy was deteriorating an already rudderless locker room , and the players had all but tuned out the embattled coaching staff . Left with little choice after a disastrous season , fan revolt and sagging team morale , Lurie fired Rhodes . The Reid era ( 1999 - 2012 ) ( edit ) 1999 - 2012 ( edit ) Resurgence would come under the leadership of new head coach Andy Reid , who began by drafting Syracuse QB Donovan McNabb with the # 2 pick in the 1999 draft ( the Eagles would have had the # 1 pick , but it was awarded to the rebooted Cleveland Browns ) . Despite clearing up roster space for new talent by releasing unpopular , aging veterans ( such as Watters and Irving Fryar ) , Reid was still a virtual unknown at the time of his selection as head coach , and his appointment was met with considerable skepticism in Philadelphia . McNabb was also not considered a good choice to draft by Eagles fans . When he was drafted , many Eagles fans booed the selection , believing that the Eagles should draft Ricky Williams . The choices proved wise , however : with Reid leading the way and McNabb emerging as one of the game 's great players . However , 1999 was a rebuilding year and so the Eagles only won five games and game attendance was still looking stale as two home games were not sold out - resulting in local TV blackouts - while the other 6 were only sold out due to several small business owners purchasing the remainder of the unsold tickets to spare TV viewers . The Week 5 game , on Sunday , October 10 , 1999 , in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , saw Dallas WR Michael Irvin suffer a career - ending spinal injury where Eagles fans stood up and cheered as he lay on the field . Even the TV commentators expressed their disgust at this behavior . The 2000 season saw the team go 11 - 5 , reaching the playoffs as a wildcard which rejuvenated the fan base and optimism . After brushing aside the Tampa Bay Buccaneers 21 - 3 , the Eagles moved to the second round of the playoffs , only to lose a 20 - 10 game against the Giants . Andy Reid was brought in to coach the Eagles in 1999 . The 2000 regular season opener in Dallas ( September 3 ) , became known in NFL lore as the `` Pickle Juice Game '' . Kickoff temperature in Texas Stadium was 109 degrees Fahrenheit and soared to nearly 120 , making it the hottest game in league history , beating a previous record set during the 1997 Cowboys - Cardinals match in Arizona . The nickname came about because a certain Eagles trainer had been preparing for the projected high temperatures by having the players drink the juice from jars of dill pickles in order to retain body moisture and stave off cramps and heat exhaustion . The experiment proved a success as the Cowboys lost the game 44 - 14 and had multiple players benched for inability to handle the brutal temperatures ( the Eagles had no players benched ) . The game also had significance because it marked the beginning of Philadelphia 's domination of the NFC East and the end of the Cowboys ' dominance . Brian Dawkins in 2007 . After compiling an 11 - 5 record in 2001 , the Eagles reached the playoffs again , this time at the top of their division . In a near - rerun of the previous year , they disposed of the Buccaneers in a 31 - 9 game . In the second round , the Eagles defeated the Bears 33 - 19 at Soldier Field . Reaching the NFC Championship game , they were unable to stop the St. Louis Rams , who defeated them 29 - 24 Despite injuries , McNabb led the Eagles to a 12 - 4 season in 2002 . Once again , they reached the NFC Championship , but lost at home 27 - 10 to the eventual Super Bowl champion Tampa Bay Buccaneers in the last game at Veterans Stadium . 2003 ( edit ) Main article : 2003 Philadelphia Eagles season The 2003 team lost its first two games , both at their new home . In the opening game of the 2003 season , the Eagles were shut out 17 - 0 by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in the first regular - season game ever played at Lincoln Financial Field . Once again , the team went 12 - 4 for the season . By reaching the conference championship game in the same year as this defeat , they became the first team in modern history to get that far in the postseason after having been shut out at home in its first game . They achieved that distinction despite getting only five touchdown catches all year from their wide receivers , which tied the league low since the regular - season schedule was lengthened to its present 16 games in 1978 ( this record would be broken in 2004 when the New York Giants ' wide receivers caught only two touchdown passes ) . The Eagle receivers even went through both September and October without a TD catch -- the last time an NFL team had done that was in 1945 . 2004 Super Bowl run ( edit ) Main article : 2004 Philadelphia Eagles season The Eagles actively pursued premier wide receiver Terrell Owens , and acquired him in a controversial three - way deal with the Baltimore Ravens and the San Francisco 49ers , on March 16 , 2004 . Owens would often feud with McNabb , and was released by the Eagles after the 2005 season . Terrell Owens spent two controversial years with the Philadelphia Eagles . Donovan McNabb in 2004 . The 2004 season began with a bang as Owens caught three touchdown passes from McNabb in their season opener against the New York Giants . Owens would end up with exactly 1,200 receiving yards and 14 touchdown receptions , although his season ended prematurely with an ankle injury on December 19 , 2005 against the Dallas Cowboys . Their 12 - 7 victory in this game gave them home field advantage throughout the conference playoffs for the third year in a row . ( This distinction also includes a `` bye '' in the first round ( also known as the Wild Card Round ) of the playoffs , which the top two teams in each conference receive . ) The Eagles tied a record by clinching the NFC East division crown ( their fourth straight such title ) after only their eleventh game of the season , matching the mark set by the 1985 Chicago Bears and the 1997 San Francisco 49ers . Their final two regular - season games thus rendered meaningless , the Eagles sat out most of their first - string players in these games and lost them both , yet still finished with a 13 - 3 record , their best 16 - game season ever . McNabb had his finest season to date , passing for 3,875 yards and 31 touchdowns , with only eight interceptions . This made him the first quarterback in NFL history to throw 30 or more TD passes and fewer than 10 interceptions in a single regular season . They then began their playoff run with the Divisional round at home against the sixth - seeded Minnesota Vikings . The Eagles led from the start and never looked back , as McNabb led a very efficient passing attack ( 21 of 33 for 286 yards and 2 TDs ) , Brian Westbrook dominated on the ground with 70 rushing yards , and Freddie Mitchell performed very well on the receiving corps ( 5 receptions for 65 yards and a TD ) , as Philadelphia won 27 - 14 , setting up their fourth - straight NFC Championship appearance . The Eagles ' futility in Conference Championship games had become notorious . In 2002 , the Eagles had fallen in the NFC Championship Game against the Rams in St. Louis , 29 - 24 . In 2003 , the Eagles hosted the Tampa Bay Buccaneers at Veterans Stadium and were widely viewed as the overwhelming favorites -- this view no doubt accentuated by the expected emotional boost that many anticipated would power the team , given that the game was to be the last at `` the Vet . '' After a promising start , however , the game slipped away , and the ensuing 27 - 10 loss devastated a fan base that had already become too accustomed to disappointment . In 2004 , a banged - up Eagles squad managed to overcome numerous injuries , particularly to its defense , to reach the NFC Championship for the third year in a row , only to suffer a heartbreaking 14 - 3 loss against the Carolina Panthers . 4th Championship appearance ( edit ) On January 23 , 2005 , the Eagles reached a fourth consecutive conference championship game ( the first time this happened in the salary cap era of the NFL ) . At long last , the Eagles justified the hopes of their long - suffering fan base , defeating Michael Vick 's much - hyped Atlanta Falcons , 27 - 10 , sending them to their first Super Bowl in 24 years . The victory sent the city of Philadelphia into wild celebrations . Super Bowl XXXIX ( edit ) Main article : Super Bowl XXXIX With two Super Bowl wins under their belt , the defending champion New England Patriots were heavily favored . McNabb had a great game with 357 yards and three touchdowns , but he also threw three interceptions . Terell Owens returned despite his injury , and caught 122 yards on 9 catches . The game was a defensive struggle through the third quarter , but in the fourth , the Patriots took the lead , with the Eagles trailing ten points . The early game struggle left everyone exhausted , and for his best efforts , McNabb scored one touchdown , but could not get the team within field goal range on the final drive . He was picked off in the closing seconds of the game . The final score was 24 - 21 , and the Patriots had won their third Super Bowl in four years . 2005 ( edit ) Main article : 2005 Philadelphia Eagles season The defending NFC Champions did not fare well the next year . The 2005 season began in a strange and erratic fashion with a 14 - 10 road loss to the Atlanta Falcons on Monday Night Football , a game in which Donovan McNabb suffered a chest bruise . In addition , Eagles linebacker Jeremiah Trotter was ejected prior to kick - off for getting involved in an altercation with Falcons cornerback Kevin Mathis . In the Week 2 home opener in Philadelphia , the Eagles defeated the San Francisco 49ers in a rout 42 - 3 ; however , McNabb was diagnosed with a sports hernia following the game . Weeks 3 and 4 saw the Eagles struggle somewhat but still manage to defeat the Oakland Raiders ( 23 - 20 ) and mount a stunning comeback from an 18 - point deficit to defeat the Kansas City Chiefs at Arrowhead Stadium ( 37 - 31 ) . In week 5 , the Eagles were manhandled by the Dallas Cowboys in Texas Stadium , losing by 23 points ( 33 - 10 ) . Following a bye week , the Eagles pulled off a miraculous 20 - 17 win against the San Diego Chargers when cornerback Matt Ware returned a blocked field goal for a touchdown in the fourth quarter . Fans hoped the play would `` wake up '' the Eagles and save the season similar to Brian Westbrook 's fourth quarter punt return against the New York Giants in 2003 . However , in the next week , the Eagles were unable to stop the running and passing attack of the Denver Broncos , losing 49 - 21 . Week after week , Andy Reid had come under criticism for the Eagles ' lack of dedication to a running game and overworking an injured Donovan McNabb , who was on pace to break the records for all - time passing attempts and completions . The Eagles had also allowed themselves to get behind in the first quarters of games , only to end up fighting from behind in the remaining quarters . Some analysts speculated the Eagles ' problems were due to not finding replacements for former defensive linemen Corey Simon and Derrick Burgess , poor pass rush , poor special teams , and the contract disputes with Brian Westbrook and Terrell Owens , along with Owens ' virtually weekly controversies . They had also been hindered by injuries to McNabb , Correll Buckhalter , Todd Pinkston , Lito Sheppard , Dirk Johnson , and David Akers . Brian Westbrook was not only a solid Eagles runningback , but a receiving threat out of the backfield . Lito Sheppard signing autographs in 2005 . On November 4 , 2005 , on ESPN , Terrell Owens criticized the Eagles front office for not recognizing his 100th touchdown catch . He also agreed with Michael Irvin 's statement that the Eagles would be undefeated had Brett Favre been the quarterback . Despite Owens 's apology the next day to the front office ( but not to McNabb ) , he was suspended indefinitely . There were also reports that he got into a fist fight with Hugh Douglas and challenged other players in the locker room which contributed to his suspension . At Andy Reid 's press conference after the Washington loss , he announced T.O. would no longer be playing this year for the Eagles due to conduct detrimental to the team . Things only got worse for the Eagles . They lost a Sunday night match - up to their division rival , the Washington Redskins 17 - 10 . Then , when they went home and played a rematch with their much - hated rival , the Cowboys , on Monday Night Football , a late game interception by Roy Williams sealed their doom . Not only did they lose 21 - 20 , but the already suffering Donovan McNabb got shoved to the ground , worsening his sports hernia and ending his season . On November 20 , former Detroit quarterback Mike McMahon was named the Eagles starter . However , his wild gun passing did n't do much to phase the Giants , as the Eagles went down again 27 - 17 . Then , on November 21 Donovan McNabb announced that he would undergo surgery for his sports hernia . The Eagles would finish the season without at least eight of their projected starters heading into the season , including Pinkston , Hank Fraley , Dirk Johnson , and Pro Bowlers McNabb , Brian Westbrook , Lito Sheppard , Tra Thomas , and the exiled Owens . Their next - to - last win of the season came a week later against the injury - ravaged Green Bay Packers 19 - 14 . At a home game on December 5 , on Monday Night Football , the Eagles retired # 92 , which had belonged to the late Reggie White . Unfortunately , they got shut out by the NFC West and eventual NFC champion Seattle Seahawks 42 - 0 . Afterwards , they lost to the Giants at home 26 - 2 . Their last win of the season came on the road against the St. Louis Rams 17 - 16 . Then they lost their last two games of the season to the Arizona Cardinals on the road 27 - 21 and then at home to the wild card Washington Redskins 31 - 20 . They ended their 2005 season at 6 - 10 , which marked the first time since 1999 that the Eagles failed to make the playoffs . After expectations of a return to the Super Bowl , it appeared the Eagles would have to retool in the 2006 off - season to make another run for the Vince Lombardi Trophy . 2006 ( edit ) Main article : 2006 Philadelphia Eagles season In 2006 , the Eagles started off hot , beating the Houston Texans in Houston 24 - 10 . And they kept the streak going , jumping to a 24 - 7 lead against the Giants before losing 30 - 24 in overtime . They won their next two games easily , beating the 49ers in San Francisco and then returning home to limit Brett Favre 's Packers to three field goals . The Birds ' 3 - 1 record set the stage for Terrell Owens ' return to Philadelphia . Owens return to Philadelphia was being promoted by Fox as the `` game of the year '' . The game had more at stake , because the winner would take the lead in the NFC East . Owens received boos and jokes about his accidental overdose from a sell - out crowd . Lito Sheppard 's game - winning interception for a touchdown sealed the game for the Eagles , 38 - 24 . McNabb 's season was already considered one of the finest in Eagles history and his career . After the win against Owens ' Cowboys , they faced the upstart New Orleans Saints , with critics claiming the winner would be the NFC favorite . The Eagles ended up losing 27 - 24 on a last second field goal . The next week at Tampa , the Eagles would once again lose on a last second field goal . This time the field goal was an improbable 62 yarder by Matt Bryant - the second longest in NFL History . Jeff Garcia played with the Eagles in 2006 . He threw 10 touchdowns and only two interceptions . One week before their bye , the Eagles faced the Jacksonville Jaguars and failed to score a touchdown in a 13 - 6 loss . After their bye , they routed the Redskins , which not only kept Reid / McNabb perfect after the bye week , it put them back on track after three consecutive losses . The Birds were on a roll going into their match with Vince Young 's Titans , but were dominated throughout the game , losing 31 - 13 . The bigger loss however was Donovan McNabb - who suffered a season ending injury for the second straight year . With Donovan McNabb going down to injury , the Eagles called on Jeff Garcia to lead the team . The move was a highly unpopular one , because fans believed A.J. Feeley was their best bet . After falling to Peyton Manning 's Indianapolis Colts , the Eagles ' record stood at 5 - 6 , and they did not appear to be in playoff contention . However , Garcia led the team to an improbable five - game winning streak , which included a three - game NFC East road trip and a Christmas showdown in Dallas . The Eagles finished the season 10 - 6 , but lost the tie - breaker to the Saints , meaning they would be the third seed . The Eagles won their home wild card game against the Giants 23 - 20 , on a David Akers ' field goal . The game officially sent Tiki Barber into retirement . Their divisional playoff game was a Week 6 rematch against the Saints . The Eagles lost by the same score as in the regular season : 27 - 24 . Andy Reid made the controversial decision to punt with less than two minutes remaining . 2007 ( edit ) Main article : 2007 Philadelphia Eagles season 2007 marked the Eagles ' 75th season . The Eagles drafted quarterback Kevin Kolb from Houston , signaling a possible life beyond Mcnabb . McNabb delivered average performances , and missed three games due to an injury . The team only achieved an 8 - 8 record and missed the playoffs . Kevin Kolb spent time as the Eagles starting quarterback from 2007 - 2010 . 2008 ( edit ) Main article : 2008 Philadelphia Eagles season The beginning of 2008 presented a good opportunity for the Eagles . Donovan McNabb got a good start to the season , Brian Westbrook ran for many touchdowns , and rookie receiver DeSean Jackson became an important figure in the Eagles ' passing game . However , the Eagles went against the 1 - 8 Bengals in Week 10 and McNabb played horribly , throwing consistent interceptions and leading the Eagles to a ten - point deficit at the half . Despite being able to score those ten points , the game went into overtime . A Bengals missed field goal led to Eagles ball , but McNabb 's ' Hail Mary ' was deflected with seconds left in overtime , and the game ended in a 13 - 13 tie , the first since 2002 . McNabb then sparked controversy by admitting that he was unaware that an NFL game could end in a tie . Against Baltimore , things were even worse . At halftime , due to bad performance , McNabb was benched . However , the Eagles needed him , and it would show . His backup , Kevin Kolb , managed to get the Eagles to the Baltimore two - yard line ; he then threw an interception in the end zone that was returned by Ed Reed for a record 107 - yard touchdown . By this time , it was obvious that the Eagles needed a good quarterback for the next week 's match - up against the Arizona Cardinals , who for the first time in several decades seemed poised to win their division . The game was scheduled for Thanksgiving night , and the decision was eventually made to start Donovan McNabb , but if he played like he did in the last couple of weeks , he would probably be benched for the season . But McNabb surprised everyone and lead the Eagles to what was perhaps one of the greatest games in franchise history , a 48 - 21 blowout in which McNabb threw for four touchdowns . The Eagles went on a three - game win streak following up the Cardinals victory with wins over the Giants and Browns . The Eagles then lost to a mediocre at best Redskins team , 10 - 3 and putting their post season prospects in serious doubt . However , getting the help that they needed earlier in the day , the Eagles were able to run over the Dallas Cowboys 44 - 6 on December 28 , 2008 and advanced to the playoffs . The Eagles then defeated the Minnesota Vikings 26 - 14 in the first round of the playoffs on January 4 , 2009 . They defeated their division rival and the defending Super Bowl champions the New York Giants 23 - 11 in the NFC Divisional Round to advance to their fifth NFC Championship game in nine years . For the third time in a decade , an all - Pennsylvania Super Bowl seemed possible , as the Pittsburgh Steelers won the AFC Championship against the Baltimore Ravens . However , the Eagles lost 32 - 25 to the Arizona Cardinals . 2009 ( edit ) Main article : 2009 Philadelphia Eagles season In August , the team stirred up controversy by signing ex-Falcons quarterback Michael Vick , who had recently been released from prison for federal dogfighting charges . On the regular season opener against Carolina , McNabb sustained a broken rib and sat out the next two games , with Kevin Kolb taking his place as starter . Afterwards , Philadelphia endured a bad loss to New Orleans , but then beat Kansas City the following week . McNabb returned , and Vick also began playing ( as he had been barred from the first two games ) . He got off to a slow start and was used sparingly for much of the season . After a 13 - 9 loss in Oakland , the Eagles defeated the Redskins 27 - 17 on Monday Night Football . During this game , running back Brian Westbrook suffered a severe concussion and was knocked unconscious . He returned to play in the Week 10 game against San Diego , but was felled by a second concussion . Afterwards , Philadelphia went on a five - game winning streak and clinching a playoff berth after defeating the Broncos in Week 16 , which marked Brian Westbrook 's return to action after an absence of five weeks . However , the season ended with a whimper , as they were shut out by a resurgent Cowboys squad the following week . This put Dallas at the top of the NFC East and giving the Eagles a wild card spot . The two teams then had to play again the following week , but Philadelphia went down to defeat a second time , the score being 34 - 14 . Eagles ' defensive tackle Antonio Dixon tackles Chris Johnson of the Tennessee Titans , October 24 , 2010 . Main article : 2010 Philadelphia Eagles season On January 11 , 2010 , General Manager Tom Heckert was hired by the Cleveland Browns in the same role . He was replaced by Howie Roseman , who was promoted from Vice President of Player Personnel . On February 23 , 2010 the Eagles released starting running back Brian Westbrook , Eagles ' all - time leader in yards from scrimmage with 9,785 yards . A bigger surprise came on Easter Sunday , when the team traded quarterback Donovan McNabb to their division rival Washington Redskins for a second - round ( 37th overall ) pick in the 2010 NFL Draft , and a third - or fourth - round pick in the 2011 NFL Draft . Kevin Kolb was named team 's starting quarterback . The Kolb era did not begin on a positive note as the Eagles donned their throwback kelly green jerseys and hosted the Green Bay Packers in their opening game as both teams performed poorly in the first half , although that was partially because of weather conditions and damaged turf in Lincoln Financial Field . Kolb was thrown to the ground by Packers linebacker Clay Matthews and was forced to sit out the game after it was determined that he suffered a concussion . Five other Packers and Eagles players were also injured in the game . Michael Vick replaced Kolb , but the Packers ended up winning the game , 27 - 20 , the Packers ' first win in Philadelphia since 1962 and their first - ever win on Lincoln Financial Field . DeSean Jackson was a valuable receiver and returner for the Eagles . With Vick taking over as starter , the Eagles traveled and defeated the Detroit Lions 35 - 32 in week 2 with Vick 's impressive performance in the team 's offense . Although Kolb was presumed to be the starter after he recovered from injury , Andy Reid named Vick as the starting quarterback instead . The team then traveled to Jacksonville . Vick scored four touchdowns ( three passing and one rushing ) and no interceptions in a 28 - 3 rout of the Jaguars . Week 4 saw the return of McNabb to Philadelphia . He was generally given a warm reception , and the Redskins got a touchdown early in the first quarter . After that , both offenses sputtered and the Eagles had to settle for two field goals . But things rapidly fell apart when Vick was injured late in the first quarter with chest and rib injuries he suffered when two Redskins defensive backs crushed him from both sides while running near to the endzone . Kolb was once again brought out as starter , but delivered an uninspired performance . He did manage a touchdown pass in the fourth quarter , but it was too little too late . A two - point conversion attempt after the touchdown failed , and Washington won 16 - 12 . Afterward , Vick was diagnosed with cracked cartilage and forced to sit out at least one game . Michael Vick eventually took over the starting quarterback spot . With Kolb starting , the Eagles headed to San Francisco for a Sunday Night Football match against the 0 - 4 49ers . Kolb passed for 253 yards and one touchdown to lead his team to a 27 - 24 victory . Philadelphia won its first home game in week 6 by overpowering the Falcons 31 - 17 . Kolb continued to improve , passing for 326 yards , three touchdown passes , and one interception . However , he was not able to sustain this momentum in the week 8 game against Tennessee , throwing two interceptions and only one touchdown . The Eagles lost 37 - 19 to enter their bye week at 4 - 3 , and once again Vick was brought out as starter prior to hosting Indianapolis in week 10 . This game proved an intense , highly physical contest as Vick scored two touchdowns ( one passing and one rushing ) and Philadelphia overcame stubborn resistance by the Colts to win 27 - 24 . Afterwards , the Eagles headed to Washington , where , for the second year in a row , they faced the Redskins on Monday Night Football . Philadelphia quickly marched out to two touchdowns in the first quarter , putting them up at 14 - 0 within five minutes . By the second quarter , they had scored another two , leading by 28 points . Four more touchdowns followed in a 59 - 28 blowout of Washington . All in all , there were eight ( four passing , three rushing , and one interception return ) , six of which were from Michael Vick , who had 333 passing and 80 rushing yards for one of the finest performances of his career . For the third season in a row , the Eagles traveled to Chicago , a team that Michael Vick had a career 0 - 4 record against . This time would be no different as the Bears ' defense slowed him down to win 31 - 26 . Vick also threw his first interception of the season . The Eagles rebounded with a Thursday game against Houston . Despite winning 34 - 24 , Philadelphia 's defense turned in a relatively mediocre performance , which may have had to do with the fact that the team had played four games in a 17 - day stretch . On Sunday Night in Week 14 , the Eagles headed to Dallas for a game with their arch - rivals . However , the Cowboys were a considerably weaker team than when they defeated Philadelphia three times in 2009 . Their QB Tony Romo was out of commission from an injury , they had had their head coach Wade Phillips fired halfway through the season , and they were barely clinging to life at 4 - 9 . Michael Vick delivered an average performance , although one of the game 's highlights was a 90 - yard TD pass to DeSean Jackson . Although Andy Reid had gained a reputation as a pass - happy coach , the Eagles ' scoring was mainly based on run plays and long field goals . Despite a close game , they prevailed 30 - 27 and eliminated Dallas from playoff contention . In Week 15 , the Eagles beat New York in a shocking upset by overcoming a 21 - point deficit in the second half . In the closing seconds of the game , DeSean Jackson returned a punt 65 yards for a touchdown to win 38 - 31 . This became known as the Miracle at the New Meadowlands . After locking up their first division title in four years , the Eagles played a surprisingly bad game against Minnesota and lost . The team lost a meaningless season ender against Dallas before preparing to host Green Bay again in the wild card round of the playoffs . Despite playing the Packers hard , Philadelphia 's first home playoff game since 2006 ended in defeat 21 - 16 as Vick threw a hail mary interception in the closing minute of the 4th quarter . Pro bowler David Akers , who had one of the best seasons ever by a kicker , also contributed to the loss having a rare poor game going 1 for 3 , missing from 34 & 41 yards . LeSean McCoy in 2011 . 2011 : `` Dream team '' ( edit ) The off - season was marred by a lockout that began in March after the NFL 's collective bargaining agreement expired , making practices , trades , and free agency impossible . During the draft , the Eagles did comparatively little . After the lockout ended in July , the team embarked on a rash of high - profile FA signings , including Raiders CB Nnamdi Asomugha , Dolphins RB Ronnie Brown , Giants WR Steve Smith , Packers TE Donald Lee , Titans DE Jason Babin , Packers DT Cullen Jenkins , and Cardinals CB Dominique Rodgers - Cromartie . Meanwhile , Kevin Kolb , displeased at losing the starting QB job to Michael Vick in 2010 , was traded to Arizona for Cromartie . Replacing him as 2nd - stringer was ex-Titans QB Vince Young . Vince Young made a lot of hype by calling Philadelphia the `` Dream Team '' . Although the Eagles won their 2011 opener in St. Louis , the Dream Team failed to deliver as Michael Vick fell victim to injuries and turnovers . The Eagles lost four straight games . With Vince Young taking over , Philadelphia beat the Washington Redskins at last in Week 6 . In Week 8 , Vick returned to help crush the Cowboys at home 34 - 7 . After further losses to Chicago and Arizona , the Eagles beat the New York Giants and then fell to New England and Seattle before winning their final four matches and finishing 8 - 8 . 2012 : end of the Reid era ( edit ) The Eagles entered 2012 with strong hopes after winning their last 4 games of last season . When the team started 3 - 1 , including a 24 - 23 victory over the eventual Super Bowl champion Baltimore Ravens , the fans were thinking playoffs , even Super Bowl . However , these hopes came to a crashing halt as the team lost their next 8 and 11 of their next 12 to finish 4 - 12 , their worst record since 1998 . The Eagles proceeded to fire Andy Reid , the longest - tenured and winningest coach in team history . Reid would later join the Kansas City Chiefs as head coach . The Chip Kelly era ( 2013 - 2015 ) ( edit ) 2013 : immediate success ( edit ) After the firing of Andy Reid , Chip Kelly was named head coach of the Eagles on January 16 , 2013 after a successful four - year reign manning the sidelines at the University of Oregon . Kelly was known for his up tempo approach to football which helped him make the University of Oregon a premier college organization . Many questioned if his methods would work in the NFL , and was met with skepticism by the fans of Philadelphia . In his first season in professional football , Kelly produced a 10 - 6 record and an NFC East championship , becoming just the second head coach in league history to win a division title in his first season in the NFL . During the start of the season Michael Vick got injured , and backup Nick Foles took over . Nick Foles would become the surprise of the NFL as he would end the season with 27 touchdowns and only 2 interceptions with one game in which he threw for 7 touchdowns in one game , tying an NFL record . Along the way , the Eagles set a plethora of team records , including points ( 442 ) , total net yards ( 6,676 ) , touchdowns ( 53 ) , passing yards ( 4,406 ) and fewest turnovers ( 19 ) . The Eagles also set an NFL record with 99 plays of 20 + yards and became the first team since the 1991 Buffalo Bills to lead the league in rushing while ranking last in time of possession . Individually , RB LeSean McCoy set the franchise record for rushing yards and scrimmage yards in a season in 2013 , while QB Nick Foles had the 3rd best QB rating in NFL history in 2013 . However , they would not make it far as they were defeated by the New Orleans Saints in the Wild Card Round of the playoffs . 2014 : dominance then collapse ( edit ) In 2014 a lot of expectations were set on the team after what seemed like a successful first year for Chip Kelly . However , Nick Foles did n't perform as well as he did in 2013 . His 2014 season would end during Week 9 when he breaks his collarbone . Mark Sanchez would take over for the rest of the season for the Eagles . They would collapse from their 9 - 3 record near the end of the season to go 10 - 6 again , but miss the playoffs due to losing their division to the Dallas Cowboys . 2015 : end of Chip Kelly era ( edit ) With the 2015 season , Chip Kelly was given full control which he used to revamp the roster into something he preferred . The new quarterback of the Eagles was Sam Bradford . Many changes were made with the offense to better fit Chip Kelly 's fast paced offense . The new roster did n't work out as the Eagles would go 7 - 9 , and miss the playoffs . Near the end of the season Chip Kelly was fired . The Doug Pederson era ( 2016 -- present ) ( edit ) 2016 : Carson Wentz 's rookie year ( edit ) After Chip Kelly , Doug Pederson was announced head coach on January 18 , 2016 , his first NFL head coaching job . The Eagles traded up for the second overall draft pick and chose North Dakota State quarterback Carson Wentz in the 2016 NFL Draft . The season started off well for the Eagles when they went 3 - 0 to start the season ( Doug Pederson would become the first head coach in franchise history to win their first three games ) . However , the lack of weapons for Carson Wentz and his lack of experience would catch up to them as the Eagles would go 4 - 9 in their final 13 , end the season 7 - 9 again and miss the playoffs . 2017 : first Super Bowl Championship ( edit ) During the offseason , a lot of changes were made in the receiving corps and running back position to help Wentz . This would end up working as the Eagles would soar to the top of the NFL with a 13 - 3 record which gave them their first NFC East Championship since 2013 , and gave them a first round bye for the first time since the 2004 season which was the last time they last went to the Super Bowl . Carson Wentz improved drastically during the season in which he threw for 33 touchdowns and only 7 interceptions . His potential MVP season came to an end though during Week 13 against the Los Angeles Rams where he tore his ACL , and would be out for the rest of the year . Nick Foles who returned back to the Eagles after having short stints with the Rams ( then St. Louis Rams ) and Chiefs ( where Andy Reid was coaching ) would take over . His shaky performances during the end of the regular season made the team become underdogs during the playoffs despite being the number one seed . The Eagles would beat the Atlanta Falcons 15 - 10 in the Divisional Round which was their first playoff win since the 2008 season , to face the Minnesota Vikings in the NFC Championship . The game would end up being a surprising blowout with the Eagles dominating the Vikings 38 - 7 to go to the Super Bowl for the first time since the 2004 season . The Eagles would face Tom Brady and the New England Patriots in a rematch of Super Bowl XXXIX at Super Bowl LII . The Eagles would end up winning the game 41 - 33 to give the Eagles their first Super Bowl Championship and their first championship since the 1960 season before the NFL - AFL merger . Nick Foles would be named Super Bowl MVP . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Troan , John . `` 1933 Philadelphia Eagles '' . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chronology of Professional Football '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ Didinger , Ray ; Robert S. Lyons ( 2005 ) . The Eagles Encyclopedia . Temple University Press . pp. 127 -- 128 . ISBN 1 - 59213 - 449 - 1 . Jump up ^ Didinger ; with Lyons , p. 200 . Jump up ^ NFL Flashback , `` You can get up now , Taylor . This fucking game 's over . '' : Chuck Bednarik Retrieved 11 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Philly booed Santa , but Santa still smiles - ESPN Retrieved 11 July 2012 . Jump up ^ There is crying in football - ESPN Retrieved 10 July 2012 Jump up ^ Ravens , Niners compensated in settlement - ESPN Retrieved 10 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Eagles release headache Owens Retrieved 10 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Eagles suspend T.O. indefinitely for comments - ESPN Retrieved 11 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Media 's Mistake Way Bigger Than Donovan McNabb 's - Bleacher Report Retrieved 10 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Reid benches McNabb in second half vs. Ravens , starts Kolb at QB - ESPN . Retrieved 10 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Reed loses a yard , but interception return for TD still a record - ESPN Retrieved 11 July 2012 . Jump up ^ McNabb to Start Thursday Despite Benching vs Ravens Retrieved 10 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Steelers , Cardinals advance to Super Bowl - Anthony Morelli News Retrieved July 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Vick , Eagles agree to 2 - year deal - ESPN Retrieved 10 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Maese , Rick ( 2010 - 04 - 05 ) . `` Washington Redskins acquire quarterback Donovan McNabb from Philadelphia Eagles '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ Green Bay Packer 's hit on Kevin Kolb gave Michael Vick his chance Retrieved 11 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Eagles beat 49ers , 27 - 24 - Philly Sports Central Retrieved 11 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Miracle at the New Meadowlands sinks Giants - NBC Sports Retrieved 11 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Vince Young declares Eagles to be a dream team - Pro Football Talk Retrieved 10 July 2012 . Bibliography ( edit ) Didinger , Ray ; with Lyons , Robert S. ( 2005 ) . The Eagles Encyclopedia . Philadelphia : Temple University Press . ISBN 1 - 59213 - 449 - 1 NFL Editors ( 2011 ) . NFL Record & Fact Book 2011 : The Official National Football League Record and Fact Book Time Home Entertainment ISBN 978 - 1 - 60320 - 887 - 1 Further reading ( edit ) Eagles record - setting game in 1934 was against doomed Cincinnati Reds Claassen , Harold ( Spike ) ( 1963 ) . The History of Professional Football . Englewood Cliffs , NJ : Prentice - Hall , Inc . Davis , Jeff ( 2005 ) . Papa Bear , The Life and Legacy of George Halas . New York : McGraw - Hill ISBN 0 - 07 - 146054 - 3 Lyons , Robert S. ( 2010 ) . On Any Given Sunday , A Life of Bert Bell . Philadelphia : Temple University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59213 - 731 - 2 MacCambridge , Michael ( 2005 ) . America 's Game . New York : Anchor Books ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 48143 - 6 Peterson , Robert W. ( 1997 ) . Pigskin : The Early Years of Pro Football . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 507607 - 9 Westcott , Rich ( 2001 ) . A Century of Philadelphia Sports . Philadelphia : Temple University Press . ISBN 1 - 56639 - 861 - 4 Willis , Chris ( 2010 ) . The Man Who Built the National Football League : Joe F. Carr . Lanham , MD : Scarecrow Press , Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 7669 - 9 Philadelphia Eagles Founded in 1933 Based and headquartered in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Franchise Franchise History Seasons Coaches Quarterbacks Players Stadiums Baker Bowl Philadelphia Municipal Stadium Connie Mack Stadium Franklin Field Veterans Stadium Lincoln Financial Field Culture Fly , Eagles Fly Swoop Curse of Billy Penn The Lombardi Curse Invincible Philadelphia Sports Hall of Fame Matt Guokas Sr . Dan Baker Cheerleaders Silver Linings Playbook The Garbage Picking Field Goal Kicking Philadelphia Phenomenon Lore Frankford Yellow Jackets Pennsylvania Keystoners `` Pennsylvania Polka '' Steagles `` Happy Hundred '' Miracle at the Meadowlands Buddy Ball Fog Bowl Bounty Bowl series Body Bag Game 4th and 26 Miracle at the New Meadowlands Philly Special Rivalries Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Washington Redskins Pittsburgh Steelers Division championships ( 13 ) 1947 1948 1949 1980 1988 2001 2002 2003 2006 2013 2017 Conference championships ( 4 ) 1960 1980 2017 League championships ( 4 ) 1948 1949 1960 2017 ( LII ) Retired numbers 5 15 20 40 44 60 70 92 99 Media Broadcasters WTEL WIP - FM Merrill Reese Mike Quick Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : East Division Seasons ( 86 ) 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Championship seasons in bold History of the National Football League American Football Conference AFC East Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets AFC North Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers AFC South Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans AFC West Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders National Football Conference NFC East Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins NFC North Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings NFC South Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers NFC West Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Defunct teams Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Philadelphia_Eagles&oldid=839372280 '' Categories : Philadelphia Eagles National Football League history by team Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from November 2010 All articles needing additional references Articles that may contain original research from November 2010 All articles that may contain original research Articles with peacock terms from July 2016 All articles with peacock terms Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 3 May 2018 , at 00 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20the%20Philadelphia%20Eagles

who plays vanessa baxter on last man standing

From 2011 to 2017 , Travis starred as Vanessa Baxter in the ABC sitcom Last Man Standing . In 2018 , she began starring opposite Michael Douglas in the Netflix comedy series The Kominsky Method .

Nancy Travis

nancy travis

Nancy Ann Travis ( born September 21 , 1961 ) is an American actress . She began her career on Off - Broadway theater , before her first leading screen role in the ABC television miniseries Harem opposite Omar Sharif . Her breakthrough came in 1987 , playing Sylvia Bennington in the comedy film Three Men and a Baby , she later starred in its sequel , Three Men and a Little Lady ( 1990 ) .

Travis has starred in many films , include Internal Affairs ( 1990 ) , Air America ( 1990 ) , Passed Away ( 1992 ) , Chaplin ( 1992 ) , So I Married an Axe Murderer ( 1993 ) , Greedy ( 1994 ) , and Fluke ( 1995 ) . On television , Travis in 1995 went to star in the CBS sitcom Almost Perfect , which ran two seasons , and short - lived Work with Me ( 1999 ) . In 2002 , she played a leading role in the ABC miniseries Rose Red , and later joined the cast of CBS sitcom Becker for its final two seasons . From 2011 to 2017 , Travis starred as Vanessa Baxter in the ABC sitcom Last Man Standing . In 2018 , she began starring opposite Michael Douglas in the Netflix comedy series The Kominsky Method . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 5 References 6 External links Early Life ( edit ) Travis was born in New York City , the daughter of Theresa , a social worker , and Gordon Travis , a sales executive . Travis was raised in Boston , Massachusetts , and Baltimore , Maryland . She was raised Catholic . Career ( edit ) Travis ' first job after graduating from high school was in a play , It 's Hard to be a Jew , at The American Jewish Theatre in NYC . After that , Travis appeared in a stage version of Neil Simon 's Brighton Beach Memoirs and was a founding member of the Off - Broadway theater company Naked Angels . She appeared in their Frank Pugliese play Aven U-Boys , as well as in King of Connecticut . She made her Broadway debut in I 'm Not Rappaport . She starred in Athol Fugard 's My Children , My Africa . Travis has had roles in many films , including Three Men and a Baby and its sequel , Three Men and a Little Lady , plus Air America and Internal Affairs ( as the wife of Andy García 's character ) , So I Married an Axe Murderer , as the bride of Mike Myers ' character , thriller The Vanishing with Kiefer Sutherland , Greedy with Michael J. Fox , and in the action - comedy Destiny Turns on the Radio with Dylan McDermott . Other notable films include the 1995 box office bomb Fluke , 1996 Whoopi Goldberg 's comedy Bogus , political comedy / drama Running Mates with Three Men and a Baby co-star Tom Selleck , 2001 drama film Auggie Rose , 2005 comedy The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants and 2007 ensemble cast romantic drama The Jane Austen Book Club adapted from the 2004 novel of the same name by Karen Joy Fowler . She was featured in Chaplin opposite Robert Downey , Jr. , portraying Joan Barry , the woman who filed a paternity suit against Chaplin . Travis starred with Peter Gallagher and Isabella Rossellini in the Tom Cruise - directed episode of the Showtime series Fallen Angels in 1993 . From 1995 -- 1997 , Travis played a leading role in the CBS sitcom Almost Perfect . The show was canceled after two seasons . In 1999 she starred in the short - lived TV series Work with Me , Travis was also a producer . Due to low ratings , the show was cancelled after four episodes . Travis had the leading role of psychology professor Dr. Joyce Reardon in 2002 's four - hour television adaptation of Stephen King 's Rose Red . In 2002 , Travis joined the cast of the CBS sitcom Becker as Chris Connor . She starred in the show for its final two seasons , replacing the series ' original female lead , Terry Farrell . From 2007 to 2009 Travis appeared in the television sitcom The Bill Engvall Show as Bill 's wife Susan . In 2009 she starred in the Hallmark Channel film Safe Harbor , about a happily married couple , Doug ( Treat Williams ) and Robbie Smith ( Travis ) about to retire and spend their days cruising the world on their sailboat . In 2010 , she starred in TV films The Pregnancy Pact , In My Shoes and was a guest star in two episodes of Desperate Housewives . In 2011 , she guest starred in the television series Grey 's Anatomy and How I Met Your Mother . In 2011 , Travis was cast in the ABC sitcom Last Man Standing opposite Tim Allen . Travis also was cast in the same time in The CW medical drama series Hart of Dixie as Emmeline ' Mrs. H ' Hattenbarger , but due to her commitments with the 20th Century Fox - produced Last Man Standing left the show after two episodes . Last Man Standing was canceled in 2017 , after six seasons and 130 episodes but will be revived by Fox in the Fall of 2018 In 2018 , Travis was cast as a female lead opposite Michael Douglas and Alan Arkin in the Netflix comedy series The Kominsky Method , created by Chuck Lorre . Personal Life ( edit ) In 1994 , Travis married Robert N. Fried , the former president and CEO of Savoy Pictures and currently Founder & CEO of Feeln ( formerly known as SpiritClips ) . They have two sons : Benjamin E. born in 1998 , and Jeremy , born in 2001 . She starred in the 2007 short film Sally , featuring Benjamin and written by her husband . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1985 Malice in Wonderland Ann Television film 1986 Harem Jessica Gray Television film Three Men and a Baby Sylvia Bennington 1988 Married to the Mob Karen Lutnick 1988 Eight Men Out Lyra Williams 1988 I 'll Be Home for Christmas Leah Bundy How Much Is Really True ? Short film 1990 Loose Cannons Riva 1990 Internal Affairs Kathleen `` Kathy '' Avilla 1990 Air America Corinne Landreaux 1990 Three Men and a Little Lady Sylvia Bennington 1992 Passed Away Cassie Slocombe 1992 Chaplin Joan Barry 1993 The Vanishing Rita Baker 1993 So I Married an Axe Murderer Harriet Michaels Greedy Robin 1995 Fluke Carol Johnson 1995 Lieberman in Love Kate Short film 1995 Destiny Turns on the Radio Lucille 1995 Body Language Atty . Theresa Janice ' T.J. ' Harlow Bogus Lorraine Franklin 1999 My Last Love Susan Morton Also producer 2000 Running Mates Jennifer ' Jenny ' Pryce Television film 2000 Beyond Suspicion Carol 2005 The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants Lydia Rodman 2007 The Jane Austen Book Club Cat Harris 2007 The Party Never Stops : Diary of a Binge Drinker April Brenner Television film 2007 Sally Sally Short film 2009 Safe Harbor Robbie Television film The Pregnancy Pact Lorraine Dougan Television film A Walk In My Shoes Cindy / Trish Television film 2014 Squatters Carol 2014 Dissonance Bobbi Short film 2015 The Submarine Kid Mrs. Koll 2017 Bernard and Huey Mona 2018 Married Young Rachel Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1986 Spenser : For Hire Maggie Ellis Episode : `` The Hopes and Fears '' 1993 Fallen Angels Bette Allison Episode : `` The Frightening Frammis '' 1994 -- 1997 Duckman Bernice / Beverly / Beatrice / Grandma - ma 67 episodes , voice role 1995 -- 1997 Almost Perfect Kim Cooper Series regular , 34 episodes The Real Adventures of Jonny Quest Spencer voice role 1998 Superman : The Animated Series Darci Mason 1 episode , voice role 1999 Work with Me Julie Better Series regular , 9 episodes , also producer 2002 Stephen King 's Rose Red Prof. Joyce Reardon Miniseries 2002 -- 2004 Becker Chris Connor Series regular , 39 episodes 2007 -- 2009 The Bill Engvall Show Susan Pearson Series regular , 30 episodes 2008 Medium Laura Swenson Episode : `` Do You Hear What I Hear ? '' Desperate Housewives Dr. Mary Wagner 2 episodes 2011 Grey 's Anatomy Alison Episode : `` Not Responsible '' 2011 How I Met Your Mother Cheryl Whittaker Episode : `` Legendaddy '' 2011 Hart of Dixie Emmeline Hattenbarger ( Mrs. H ) 2 episodes 2011 -- present Last Man Standing Vanessa Baxter Series regular , 130 episodes 2017 Mr. Mercedes Donna Hodges Episode : `` People in the Rain '' 2018 The Kominsky Method Lisa Series regular References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Becker 's Nancy Travis Rekindles Her Baby Love with Ted Danson '' . People Magazine . January 13 , 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Nancy Travis - Biography '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Retrieved July 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Yada Blog -- brought to you by American Jewish Life '' . Retrieved 11 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Fluke ( 1995 ) , Box Office Mojo Jump up ^ `` '' Work with Me '' ( 1999 ) `` . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ Pursell , Chris ( October 25 , 1999 ) . `` CBS pink slips ' Work With Me ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ Wilkes , Neil ( Jul 18 , 2001 ) . `` ABC Fall miniseries : Full details '' . DigitalSpy . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Christian Therapeutic Boarding School -- Safe Harbor Boys Home '' . Safe Harbor . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( Sep 16 , 2010 ) . `` ' Desperate Housewives ' Exclusive : Nancy Travis is B.A.G. 's mom ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ Wightman , Catriona ( Jan 27 , 2011 ) . `` Nancy Travis lands ' Grey 's Anatomy ' role '' . DigitalSpy . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ Jeffery , Morgan ( Feb 2 , 2011 ) . `` Nancy Travis signs for ' HIMYM ' role '' . DigitalSpy . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ Becky Kirsch . `` ABC 2011 Pilots Including Good Christian Belles , Charlie 's Angels , Once Upon a Time , Pan Am , Last Man Standing , Scandal , Revenge '' . POPSUGAR Entertainment . Retrieved 11 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nancy Travis joins ABC Tim Allen pilot '' . Jump up ^ `` Coming This Fall to The CW ... '' TV Fanatic . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/arts-and-entertainment/wp/2018/05/14/fox-picked-up-last-man-standing-after-being-emboldened-by-response-to-roseanne/?utm_term=.4a1d77e32d4c Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( 11 January 2018 ) . `` ' The Kominsky Method ' : Nancy Travis To Co-Star In Netflix Comedy Series '' . Jump up ^ `` Nancy Travis on the View '' . YouTube . December 7 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 11 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nancy Travis . Nancy Travis on IMDb Nancy Travis at AllMovie BNE : XX1112220 BNF : cb14042676x ( data ) ISNI : 0000 0001 0774 1723 LCCN : n93112993 VIAF : 64207450 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nancy_Travis&oldid=845786740 '' Categories : 1961 births Actresses from New York City American film actresses American stage actresses American television actresses American voice actresses Circle in the Square Theatre School alumni Living people People from Manhattan 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu تۆرکجه Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français Frysk 한국어 Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська اردو 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 June 2018 , at 03 : 54 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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when did guardians of the galaxy comic book come out

The original Guardians of the Galaxy are a superhero team appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . The Guardians first appear in Marvel Super-Heroes # 18 ( Jan. 1969 ) .

Jan. 1969

Guardians of the Galaxy ( 1969 team )

guardians of the galaxy ( 1969 team )

The original Guardians of the Galaxy are a superhero team appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . The Guardians first appear in Marvel Super-Heroes # 18 ( Jan. 1969 ) .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Publication history 2 Fictional team history 2.1 Connection to the `` Modern '' Guardians 3 Membership 4 In other media 5 Collected editions 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Publication history ( edit ) Roy Thomas recounted , ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' started out as an idea of mine : about super-guerrillas fighting against Russians and Red Chinese who had taken over and divided the USA . I got a sort of general approval out of ( editor - in - chief ) Stan ( Lee ) ( I think ) , and gave the idea to Arnold Drake , since I had not time to write and research it . Arnold went in for a conference with Stan , and Stan ( maybe Arnold , too ) decided to change it to an interplanetary situation . All the characters and situations in Guardians were created by Arnold and / or Stan . The team first appeared in the partial reprint title Marvel Super-Heroes with issue # 18 ( Jan. 1969 ) , written by Arnold Drake and penciled by Gene Colan . Despite strong sales on this issue , the Guardians of the Galaxy would not appear again for over five years , in Marvel Two - In - One # 4 -- 5 ( July -- Sept. 1974 ) . The story 's writer , Steve Gerber , liked the team enough to use them again in Giant Size Defenders # 5 and Defenders # 26 -- 29 ( July -- Nov. 1975 ) . In each case , other heroes such as Captain America , the Thing , and the Defenders aid them in their war against the alien Badoon , necessitating the liberal use of time travel in these stories . The Guardians were finally given their own series , Marvel Presents , starting with issue # 3 ( Feb. 1976 ) . Steve Gerber , still handling the writing chores , reflected , `` Most of the stories I was scripting were set in the present . I wanted to do something that combined the standard superhero elements with something a little different , so that I could give my imagination a bit more play . We had Dave Cockrum redesign the costumes , we created a new starship for them to pilot , and we revised the premise of the strip , so that they were no longer fighting the Badoon on Earth , and sent them off amongst the stars . '' Gerber left the series after seven issues , leaving Roger Stern to take over with Marvel Presents # 10 . The series was cancelled shortly afterwards due to poor sales , with the final issue being # 12 ( August 1977 ) . This was followed by a series of appearances in Thor Annual # 6 ( 1977 ) , The Avengers # 167 -- 177 ( Jan. -- Nov. 1978 ) and # 181 ( March 1979 ) , Ms. Marvel # 23 , Marvel Team - Up # 86 ( Oct. 1979 ) , and Marvel Two - in - One # 61 - # 63 & # 69 ( Nov. 1980 ) . Marvel Two - in - One # 69 drastically changed the Guardians of the Galaxy story ; due to changes made to the past of one of the members , the future which the Guardians of the Galaxy come from and the mainstream Marvel Universe are permanently separated , becoming alternate timelines to each other . After this , the Guardians of the Galaxy were absent from published stories for over a decade . In 1989 , Marvel editor - in - chief Tom DeFalco decided to revive the Guardians of the Galaxy in order to cash in on the soaring popularity of the TV series Star Trek : The Next Generation . DeFalco worked out a series concept using a new team of Guardians , but when he saw a series proposal for the original team that Jim Valentino had coincidentally been working on at the same time , he green lit Valentino 's idea instead . The Guardians ' first self - titled comic launched in June 1990 and ran for 62 issues . This series was initially written and illustrated by Valentino , who deliberately gave it an action - oriented , `` fun '' feel that stood out from the typical `` grim ' n ' gritty '' comics of the 1990s . Though Valentino had plotted the series ahead as far as issue # 50 , his run was cut short when he co-founded Image Comics . Having taken on two new series and the foundation of a publication company , Valentino asked editor Craig Anderson if he could switch to just writing Guardians of the Galaxy , and in response Anderson dismissed him from the series . With issue # 29 ( Oct. 1992 ) Michael Gallagher commenced writing the title , and continued until its cancellation with issue # 62 ( July 1995 ) . According to Kevin West , who became the penciller with issue # 30 ( Nov. 1992 ) , he and Gallagher worked together closely on the series , employing the Marvel method of creation , and soon became good friends . A spin - off four - issue miniseries , Galactic Guardians ( July -- Oct. 1994 ) , also by Gallagher and West , appeared during this time . West explained why he did not draw the final issue of Guardians of the Galaxy : `` When I heard we were getting the hook , I naturally started looking for a new job . I ended up at Malibu . There was a hold - up getting the Guardians plot finished so by the time I got it , I had to pass because I had a Malibu deadline to meet . Arrgh . Despite any minor qualms I had , I really did enjoy working on the series . '' A second volume was published in May 2008 , written by Dan Abnett and Andy Lanning . The title , set in a different timeline , features a new team , drawn from participants in the Annihilation : Conquest storyline . The 1969 team made guest appearances in # 12 -- 17 and # 25 . A new ongoing series starring the original Guardians , titled Guardians 3000 and written by Abnett , launched in 2014 . Fictional team history ( edit ) The Guardians are active in the 31st century in an alternative time - line of the Marvel Universe known as Earth - 691 . The original members of the team include Major Vance Astro ( later known as Major Victory ) , an astronaut from 20th century Earth who spends a thousand years travelling to Alpha Centauri in suspended animation . He is also the future alternative universe counterpart of Vance Astrovik , the hero known as Justice . Other original team members are Martinex T'Naga , a crystalline being from Pluto ; Captain Charlie - 27 , a soldier from Jupiter ; and Yondu Udonta , a blue - skinned `` noble savage '' from Centauri - IV ( the fourth planet orbiting the star Alpha Centauri B) . Each is apparently the last of their kind and they are forced to unite as a team against the actions of the Badoon , an alien race which attempts to conquer Earth 's solar system . During the course of the war against the Badoon , the team gains three more members - the mysterious husband and wife duo , Starhawk and Aleta , as well as Nikki , a genetically engineered young girl from Mercury seeking excitement in her life - and travel back in time , where they encounter several of the heroes of 20th century Earth , including Captain America and the Thing . The Guardians eventually defeat the Badoon , but soon find themselves facing a new foe called Korvac , who was in part a creation of the Badoon . After teaming with the Thunder God Thor to defeat Korvac in the 31st century , the Guardians then follow Korvac to 20th century mainstream Earth , where together with the Avengers they fight a final battle . The Guardians reappear years later and have a series of adventures in their future , with several others eventually joining the team : the Inhuman Talon , the Skrull Replica , the second Yellowjacket ( alias Rita DeMara of the 20th century ) , and an aged Simon Williams ( now called Hollywood , Man of Wonder ) . Wanting to expand the Guardians to a multiple team organization , Martinex eventually leaves the team to look for additional members for a second unit , nicknamed the Galactic Guardians . Connection to the `` modern '' Guardians ( edit ) During their second mission , the team that was to become the Earth - 616 incarnation of the Guardians discover a time displaced Vance Astro in a block of ice floating in space . It is his introduction as `` Major Victory of the Guardians of the Galaxy '' that inspires the team to take up the name . In # 7 and # 16 of the series , it was revealed a great `` error '' in the present day has caused the future to be destroyed -- Starhawk is constantly trying to prevent it by time travel , causing the future ( and the Guardians ) to be altered . Only Starhawk , who is changed with each reboot but is `` one who knows '' about the changes , realizes anything is different , but each change still ends in a cataclysm . In # 17 , the Guardians ' future was a universe where only a small portion remained undestroyed , which had been taken over by the Badoon . A warning was sent to the present day , though at the cost of the universe being ended . The Vance Astro of the modern - day Guardians is revealed to be a Major Victory from one of these altered futures , rather than the original . A second potential Vance Astro appears in # 17 . In # 18 , a third version of the Guardians ' future was shown : this time led by Killraven against the Martians . Membership ( edit ) Main article : List of Guardians of the Galaxy members In other media ( edit ) Various members of the original Guardians of the Galaxy team are featured in the film Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 , including Michael Rooker as Yondu Udonta , Sylvester Stallone as Stakar Ogord , Michael Rosenbaum as Martinex T'Naga , Ving Rhames as Charlie - 27 , Michelle Yeoh as Aleta Ogord , Krugarr and an uncredited Miley Cyrus as the voice of Mainframe . They are revealed to be an interstellar group of thieves , smugglers , and pirates known as the Ravagers . The Ravagers are broken into groups that follow a strong code and work ethic . Yondu broke the code by transporting children to Ego unaware of his evil intent . Upon learning of the truth , he saved Peter Quill from the same fate . Nevertheless , his actions resulted in Stakar exiling Yondu 's faction from the rest of the Ravagers . In the film 's climax , Yondu sacrifices himself to save Quill , earning the respect of the rest of the Ravagers and convincing them to get back together and form their own team . Collected editions ( edit ) Guardians of the Galaxy : Earth Shall Overcome ( 978 - 0785137863 ) : Collects Marvel Super-Heroes # 18 , Marvel Two - in - One # 4 -- 5 , Giant - Size Defenders # 5 , and Defenders # 26 -- 29 . Guardians of the Galaxy : The Power of Starhawk ( 9780785137887 ) : Collects Marvel Presents # 3 -- 12 . Guardians of the Galaxy : Tomorrow 's Avengers Vol. 1 ( 978 - 0785166870 ) : Collects Marvel Super Heroes # 18 , Marvel Two - In - One # 4 - 5 , Giant - Size Defenders # 5 , Defenders # 26 - 29 , Marvel Presents 3 - 12 Guardians of the Galaxy : Tomorrow 's Avengers Vol. 2 ( 978 - 0785167556 ) : Collects Thor Annual # 6 ; Avengers # 167 - 168 , 170 - 177 , 181 ; Ms. Marvel # 23 ; Marvel Team - Up # 86 ; Marvel Two - In - One # 61 - 63 , 69 Guardians of the Galaxy : Quest for the Shield ( 0871358794 ) : Collects Guardians of the Galaxy # 1 -- 6 . Released in February , 1992 . Guardians of the Galaxy by Jim Valentino Vol. 1 ( 978 - 0785184201 ) : Collects Guardians of the Galaxy # 1 - 7 and Annual # 1 , plus material from Fantastic Four Annual # 24 , Thor Annual # 16 and Silver Surfer Annual # 4 Guardians of the Galaxy by Jim Valentino Vol. 2 ( 978 - 0785185635 ) : Collects Guardians of the Galaxy # 8 - 20 Guardians of the Galaxy by Jim Valentino Vol. 3 ( 978 - 0785198123 ) : Collects Guardians of the Galaxy # 21 - 29 , Annual # 2 , Marvel Super-Heroes # 18 Guardians of the Galaxy Classic by Jim Valentino Omnibus ( 978 - 1302904395 ) : Collects Guardians of the Galaxy # 1 - 29 , Annual # 1 - 2 , and Marvel Super-Heroes # 18 , plus material from Fantastic Four Annual # 24 , Thor Annual # 16 and Silver Surfer Annual # 4 Guardians of the Galaxy Classic : In the Year 3000 Vol. 1 ( 978 - 1302900618 ) : Collects Guardians of the Galaxy # 30 - 39 , Annual # 3 , and material from Marvel Comics Present # 134 Guardians of the Galaxy Classic : In the Year 3000 Vol. 2 ( 978 - 1302902148 ) : Collects Guardians of the Galaxy # 40 - 50 , Galactic Guardians # 1 - 4 , and material from Annual # 4 Guardians of the Galaxy Classic : In the Year 3000 Vol. 3 ( 978 - 1302904432 ) : Collects Guardians of the Galaxy # 51 - 62 , and material from Annual # 4 Guardians 3000 Vol. 1 : Time After Time ( 978 - 0785193128 ) : Collects Guardians 3000 # 1 - 5 , and material from Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 # 13 Korvac Saga : Warzones ! ( 978 - 0785193135 ) : Collects Guardians 3000 # 6 - 8 , Korvac Saga # 1 - 4 See also ( edit ) List of superhero debuts References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Buttery , Jarrod ( July 2013 ) . `` Explore the Marvel Universe of the 31st Century with ... the Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Back Issue ! . Raleigh , North Carolina : TwoMorrows Publishing ( 65 ) : 24 -- 35 . Jump up ^ DeFalco , Tom ; Gilbert , Laura , ed. ( 2008 ) . `` 1960s '' . Marvel Chronicle A Year by Year History . Dorling Kindersley . p. 134 . ISBN 978 - 0756641238 . The Guardians of the Galaxy were a science - fiction version of the group from the movie Dirty Dozen ( 1967 ) and were created by writer Arnold Drake and artist Gene Colan . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Guardians of the Galaxy vol. 2 , # 1 ( May 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Original Guardians of the Galaxy Get Ongoing Guardians 3000 Series in October '' . Newsarama . June 25 , 2014 . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Marvel Two - in - One # 4 -- 5 ( July -- September ( bi-monthly ) 1974 ) Jump up ^ Thor Annual # 6 ( 1977 ) Jump up ^ Avengers # 167 - 177 ( Jan . - Nov. 1978 ) Jump up ^ Marvel Super-Heroes # 18 ( January 1969 ) Jump up ^ Guardians of the Galaxy vol. 1 , # 62 ( July 1995 ) Jump up ^ Daniell , Mark ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Sylvester Stallone 's ' Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ' character has a big future in the MCU '' . The Whig . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2017 . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Keyes , Rob ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` Kevin Feige & James Gunn Explain Stallone 's Secret MCU Team '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2017 . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Guardians of the Galaxy ( Earth - 691 ) at the Comic Book DB Guardians of the Galaxy ( 1990 ) at the Grand Comics Database Guardians of the Galaxy ( 1990 ) at the Comic Book DB Guardians of the Galaxy at the Big Comic Book DataBase Marvel Directory entry Friday Flashback : Guardians of the Galaxy , Newsarama , June 6 , 2008 Guardians of the Galaxy at Don Markstein 's Toonopedia . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Guardians of the Galaxy Creators Stan Lee Arnold Drake Roy Thomas Dan Abnett Andy Lanning Members 1969 team members Charlie - 27 Martinex T'Naga Nikki Starhawk Talon Vance Astro / Major Victory Yondu Udonta 2008 team members Adam Warlock Bug Cosmo the Spacedog Drax the Destroyer Gamora Groot Jack Flag Mantis Moondragon Quasar ( Phyla - Vell ) Rocket Raccoon Star - Lord Supporting characters Annihilators Beta Ray Bill Gladiator Quasar Ronan the Accuser Silver Surfer Avengers Kismet Nova Corps Richard Rider Sam Alexander Starjammers Antagonists Annihilus Badoon Blastaar Brood Ego the Living Planet Galactus Hala the Accuser J'son Korvac Magus Nebula Shi'ar Empire Vulcan Skrull Thanos Titus Universal Church of Truth Storylines Annihilation Annihilation : Conquest War of Kings Realm of Kings The Thanos Imperative The Black Vortex In other media Guardians of the Galaxy ( film ) soundtrack Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 soundtrack Guardians of the Galaxy ( TV series ) Guardians of the Galaxy : The Telltale Series Related articles Cosmic entities Knowhere Guardians of the Galaxy -- Mission : Breakout ! Guardians of the Galaxy ( Epcot Attraction ) Marvel Comics ' Earth - 691 Titles Cyberspace 3000 Guardians of the Galaxy Characters Aleta Charlie - 27 Killraven Korvac Martinex Nikki Starhawk Talon Vance Astro Yondu Related articles Badoon Stark List of Guardians of the Galaxy members Marvel 's cosmic setting Alien species Acanti Badoon Beyonders Brood Celestials D'Bari Dire Wraiths Galadorians Kree Kymellians Phalanx Shi'ar Skrulls Symbiotes Watcher Groups Access Blood Brothers Captain Marvel ( Mar - Vell ) High Evolutionary Howard the Duck Maelstrom Magus Molecule Man Nebula Paibok Super-Skrull Thanos Uatu The Watcher Wraith Universal Church of Truth Agents of Cosmos Agent Venom Elders of the Universe Astronomer Champion Collector Contemplator Ego Gardener Grandmaster Obliterator Possessor Runner Trader Fraternity of Raptors Darkhawk Gyre Talon Razor Heralds of Galactus Air - Walker Fallen One Firelord Morg Nova Red Shift Silver Surfer Stardust Terrax Tyrant Imperial Guard ( Shi'ar ) Astra Electron Fang Flashfire Gladiator Hobgoblin Magique Mentor Neutron Nightside Oracle Pulsar Smasher Starbolt Titan Nova Corps Garthan Saal Powerhouse Richard Rider ( Nova Prime ) Rhomann Dey Sam Alexander Royal Family ( Inhumans ) Ahura Boltagon Black Bolt Crystal Gorgon Karnak Luna Maximoff Maximus Medusa Triton The Unspoken Spaceknights Ikon Rom the Spaceknight Starshine Microverse Jarella Psycho - Man Psyklop Negative Zone Annihilus Blastaar Ravenous Storylines The Infinity Gauntlet The Infinity War The Infinity Crusade Annihilation Annihilation : Conquest War of Kings Realm of Kings The Thanos Imperative Infinity The Black Vortex Superhuman races Deviants Eternals Inhumans Teams Annihilators Beta Ray Bill Cosmo Gladiator Ikon Quasar Ronan the Accuser Silver Surfer Enigma Force Arcturus Rann Bug Flare Marionette Quark Guardians of the Galaxy Adam Warlock Drax the Destroyer Gamora Groot Mantis Quasar ( Phyla - Vell ) Rocket Raccoon Star - Lord Infinity Watch Adam Warlock Drax Gamora Maxam Moondragon Pip the Troll Starjammers Ch'od Corsair Hepzibah Korvus Raza Longknife Sikorsky Related articles Cosmic entities Knowhere Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guardians_of_the_Galaxy_(1969_team)&oldid=806919664 '' Categories : 1990 comics debuts Extraterrestrial superheroes Guardians of the Galaxy Marvel Comics titles Comics characters introduced in 1969 Marvel Comics superhero teams Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Groups pop Moved from supergroup Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Čeština Español Français 한국어 Italiano עברית 日本 語 Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2017 , at 23 : 15 . 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where is sea level measured in the uk

In the UK , the Ordnance Datum ( the 0 metres height on UK maps ) is the mean sea level measured at Newlyn in Cornwall between 1915 and 1921 . Prior to 1921 , the datum was MSL at the Victoria Dock , Liverpool .

Newlyn in Cornwall between 1915 and 1921

Sea level

sea level

Mean sea level ( MSL ) ( often shortened to sea level ) is an average level of the surface of one or more of Earth 's oceans from which heights such as elevations may be measured . MSL is a type of vertical datum -- a standardised geodetic reference point -- that is used , for example , as a chart datum in cartography and marine navigation , or , in aviation , as the standard sea level at which atmospheric pressure is measured to calibrate altitude and , consequently , aircraft flight levels . A common and relatively straightforward mean sea - level standard is the midpoint between a mean low and mean high tide at a particular location .

Sea levels can be affected by many factors and are known to have varied greatly over geological time scales . The careful measurement of variations in MSL can offer insights into ongoing climate change , and sea level rise has been widely quoted as evidence of ongoing global warming . The term above sea level generally refers to above mean sea level ( AMSL ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Measurement 1.1 Height above mean sea level 1.1. 1 Difficulties in use 2 Dry land 3 Change 3.1 Local and eustatic 3.2 Short term and periodic changes 3.3 Recent changes 4 Aviation 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Measurement ( edit ) Sea level measurements from 23 long tide gauge records in geologically stable environments show a rise of around 200 millimetres ( 7.9 in ) during the 20th century ( 2 mm / year ) . Precise determination of a `` mean sea level '' is difficult to achieve because of the many factors that affect sea level . Sea level varies quite a lot on several scales of time and space . This is because the sea is in constant motion , affected by the tides , wind , atmospheric pressure , local gravitational differences , temperature , salinity and so forth . The easiest way this may be calculated is by selecting a location and calculating the mean sea level at that point and use it as a datum . For example , a period of 19 years of hourly level observations may be averaged and used to determine the mean sea level at some measurement point . To an operator of a tide gauge , MSL means the `` still water level '' -- the level of the sea with motions such as wind waves averaged out -- averaged over a period of time such that changes in sea level , e.g. , due to the tides , also get averaged out . One measures the values of MSL in respect to the land . Hence a change in MSL can result from a real change in sea level , or from a change in the height of the land on which the tide gauge operates . In the UK , the Ordnance Datum ( the 0 metres height on UK maps ) is the mean sea level measured at Newlyn in Cornwall between 1915 and 1921 . Prior to 1921 , the datum was MSL at the Victoria Dock , Liverpool . In Hong Kong , `` mPD '' is a surveying term meaning `` metres above Principal Datum '' and refers to height of 1.230 m below the average sea level . In France , the Marégraphe in Marseilles measures continuously the sea level since 1883 and offers the longest collapsed data about the sea level . It is used for a part of continental Europe and main part of Africa as official sea level . Elsewhere in Europe vertical elevation references ( European Vertical Reference System ) are made to the Amsterdam Peil elevation , which dates back to the 1690s . Satellite altimeters have been making precise measurements of sea level since the launch of TOPEX / Poseidon in 1992 . A joint mission of NASA and CNES , TOPEX / Poseidon was followed by Jason - 1 in 2001 and the Ocean Surface Topography Mission on the Jason - 2 satellite in 2008 . Height above mean sea level ( edit ) Main article : Elevation Height above mean sea level ( AMSL ) is the elevation ( on the ground ) or altitude ( in the air ) of an object , relative to the average sea level datum . It is also used in aviation , where some heights are recorded and reported with respect to mean sea level ( MSL ) ( contrast with flight level ) , and in the atmospheric sciences , and land surveying . An alternative is to base height measurements on an ellipsoid of the entire Earth , which is what systems such as GPS do . In aviation , the ellipsoid known as World Geodetic System 84 is increasingly used to define heights ; however , differences up to 100 metres ( 328 feet ) exist between this ellipsoid height and mean tidal height . The alternative is to use a geoid - based vertical datum such as NAVD88 . When referring to geographic features such as mountains on a topographic map , variations in elevation are shown by contour lines . The elevation of a mountain denotes the highest point or summit and is typically illustrated as a small circle on a topographic map with the AMSL height shown in metres , feet or both . In the rare case that a location is below sea level , the elevation AMSL is negative . For one such case , see Amsterdam Airport Schiphol . Difficulties in use ( edit ) Ocean Reference ellipsoid Local plumb line Continent Geoid To extend this definition far from the sea means comparing the local height of the mean sea surface with a `` level '' reference surface , or geodetic datum , called the geoid . In a state of rest or absence of external forces , the mean sea level would coincide with this geoid surface , being an equipotential surface of the Earth 's gravitational field . In reality , due to currents , air pressure variations , temperature and salinity variations , etc. , this does not occur , not even as a long - term average . The location - dependent , but persistent in time , separation between mean sea level and the geoid is referred to as ( stationary ) ocean surface topography . It varies globally in a range of ± 2 m . Historically , adjustments were made to sea - level measurements to take into account the effects of the 235 lunar month Metonic cycle and the 223 - month eclipse cycle on the tides . Dry land ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Sea level sign seen on cliff ( circled in red ) at Badwater Basin , Death Valley National Park Several terms are used to describe the changing relationships between sea level and dry land . When the term `` relative '' is used , it means change relative to a fixed point in the sediment pile . The term `` eustatic '' refers to global changes in sea level relative to a fixed point , such as the centre of the earth , for example as a result of melting ice - caps . The term `` steric '' refers to global changes in sea level due to thermal expansion and salinity variations . The term `` isostatic '' refers to changes in the level of the land relative to a fixed point in the earth , possibly due to thermal buoyancy or tectonic effects ; it implies no change in the volume of water in the oceans . The melting of glaciers at the end of ice ages is one example of eustatic sea level rise . The subsidence of land due to the withdrawal of groundwater is an isostatic cause of relative sea level rise . Paleoclimatologists can track sea level by examining the rocks deposited along coasts that are very tectonically stable , like the east coast of North America . Areas like volcanic islands are experiencing relative sea level rise as a result of isostatic cooling of the rock which causes the land to sink . On other planets that lack a liquid ocean , planetologists can calculate a `` mean altitude '' by averaging the heights of all points on the surface . This altitude , sometimes referred to as a `` sea level '' , serves equivalently as a reference for the height of planetary features . Change ( edit ) Not to be confused with Past sea level , Current sea - level rise , Future sea level , or Sea level rise . Local and eustatic ( edit ) Water cycles between ocean , atmosphere and glaciers Local mean sea level ( LMSL ) is defined as the height of the sea with respect to a land benchmark , averaged over a period of time ( such as a month or a year ) long enough that fluctuations caused by waves and tides are smoothed out . One must adjust perceived changes in LMSL to account for vertical movements of the land , which can be of the same order ( mm / yr ) as sea level changes . Some land movements occur because of isostatic adjustment of the mantle to the melting of ice sheets at the end of the last ice age . The weight of the ice sheet depresses the underlying land , and when the ice melts away the land slowly rebounds . Changes in ground - based ice volume also affect local and regional sea levels by the readjustment of the geoid and true polar wander . Atmospheric pressure , ocean currents and local ocean temperature changes can affect LMSL as well . Eustatic change ( as opposed to local change ) results in an alteration to the global sea levels due to changes in either the volume of water in the world 's oceans or net changes in the volume of the ocean basins . Short term and periodic changes ( edit ) Melting glaciers can cause a change in sea level There are many factors which can produce short - term ( a few minutes to 14 months ) changes in sea level . Two major mechanisms are causing sea level to rise . First , shrinking land ice , such as mountain glaciers and polar ice sheets , is releasing water into the oceans . Second , as ocean temperatures rise , the warmer water expands . Periodic sea level changes Diurnal and semidiurnal astronomical tides 12 -- 24 h P 0.2 -- 10 + m Long - period tides Rotational variations ( Chandler wobble ) 14 - month P Meteorological and oceanographic fluctuations Atmospheric pressure Hours to months − 0.7 to 1.3 m Winds ( storm surges ) 1 -- 5 days Up to 5 m Evaporation and precipitation ( may also follow long - term pattern ) Days to weeks Ocean surface topography ( changes in water density and currents ) Days to weeks Up to 1 m El Niño / southern oscillation 6 mo every 5 -- 10 yr Up to 0.6 m Seasonal variations Seasonal water balance among oceans ( Atlantic , Pacific , Indian ) Seasonal variations in slope of water surface River runoff / floods 2 months 1 m Seasonal water density changes ( temperature and salinity ) 6 months 0.2 m Seiches Seiches ( standing waves ) Minutes to hours Up to 2 m Earthquakes Tsunamis ( generate catastrophic long - period waves ) Hours Up to 10 m Abrupt change in land level Minutes Up to 10 m Recent changes ( edit ) Main article : Current sea level rise Further information : Global warming , Ocean heat content , and Effects of global warming on oceans For at least the last 100 years , sea level has been rising at an average rate of about 1.8 mm ( 0.1 in ) per year . Most of this rise can be attributed to the increase in temperature of the sea and the resulting slight thermal expansion of the upper 500 metres ( 1,640 feet ) of sea water . Additional contributions , as much as one - quarter of the total , come from water sources on land , such as melting snow and glaciers and extraction of groundwater for irrigation and other agricultural and human needs . Aviation ( edit ) Main article : Altitude in aviation Pilots can estimate height above sea level with an altimeter set to a defined barometric pressure . Generally , the pressure used to set the altimeter is the barometric pressure that would exist at MSL in the region being flown over . This pressure is referred to as either QNH or `` altimeter '' and is transmitted to the pilot by radio from air traffic control ( ATC ) or an automatic terminal information service ( ATIS ) . Since the terrain elevation is also referenced to MSL , the pilot can estimate height above ground by subtracting the terrain altitude from the altimeter reading . Aviation charts are divided into boxes and the maximum terrain altitude from MSL in each box is clearly indicated . Once above the transition altitude , the altimeter is set to the international standard atmosphere ( ISA ) pressure at MSL which is 1013.25 hPa or 29.92 inHg . See also ( edit ) Above ground level Before Present Chart datum Extreme points of Earth Geopotential height Height above average terrain List of places on land with elevations below sea level Marine terrace Meltwater pulse 1A Metres above the Adriatic Normaal Amsterdams Peil Normal height Normalhöhennull Normalnull North West Shelf Operational Oceanographic System Ordnance datum ( UK ) Orthometric height Vertical datum World Geodetic System References ( edit ) Jump up ^ What is `` Mean Sea Level '' ? ( Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory ) . Jump up ^ Solomon et al. , Technical Summary , Section 3.4 Consistency Among Observations in IPCC AR4 WG1 2007 ; Hegerl et al. , Executive summary , Section 1.3 : Consistency of changes in physical and biological systems with warming in IPCC AR4 SYR 2007 . Jump up ^ US National Research Council , Bulletin of the National Research Council 1932 page 270 Jump up ^ `` Evaluating models of sea state bias in satellite altimetry '' . Journal of Geophysical Research . NASA . 99 ( C6 ) : 12581 . 1994 . Bibcode : 1994JGR ... 9912581G . doi : 10.1029 / 94JC00478 . Roman Glazman Greysukh , A.M. , Zlotnicki , V . Jump up ^ `` Stonehenge pt 3 '' . www.celticnz.co.nz . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Eustatic sea level '' . Oilfield Glossary . Schlumberger Limited . Retrieved 10 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Global Warming Effects on Sea Level '' . www.climatehotmap.org . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ Bruce C. Douglas ( 1997 ) . `` Global Sea Rise : A Redetermination '' . Surveys in Geophysics. 18 ( 2 / 3 ) : 279 -- 292 . Bibcode : 1997SGeo ... 18 ... 279D . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1006544227856 . Jump up ^ Bindoff , N.L. ; Willebrand , J. ; Artale , V. ; Cazenave , A. ; Gregory , J. ; Gulev , S. ; Hanawa , K. ; Le Quéré , C. ; Levitus , S. ; Nojiri , Y. ; Shum , C.K. ; Talley , L.D. ; Unnikrishnan , A. ( 2007 ) . `` Observations : Oceanic Climate Change and Sea Level '' ( PDF ) . In Solomon , S. ; Qin , D. ; Manning , M. ; Chen , Z. ; Marquis , M. ; Averyt , K.B. ; Tignor , M. ; Miller , H.L. Climate Change 2007 : The Physical Science Basis . Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ US Federal Aviation Administration , Code of Federal Regulations Sec . 91.121 External links ( edit ) The Wikibook Historical Geology has a page on the topic of : Sea level variations Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sea level . Sea Level Rise : Understanding the past -- Improving projections for the future Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level Global sea level change : Determination and interpretation Environment Protection Agency Sea level rise reports Properties of isostasy and eustasy Measuring Sea Level from Space Rising Tide Video : Scripps Institution of Oceanography Sea Levels Online : National Ocean Service ( CO-OPS ) Système d'Observation du Niveau des Eaux Littorales ( SONEL ) Sea level rise -- How much and how fast will sea level rise over the coming centuries ? ( hide ) Physical oceanography Waves Airy wave theory Ballantine scale Benjamin -- Feir instability Boussinesq approximation Breaking wave Clapotis Cnoidal wave Cross sea Dispersion Edge wave Equatorial waves Fetch Gravity wave Green 's law Infragravity wave Internal wave Iribarren number Kelvin wave Kinematic wave Longshore drift Luke 's variational principle Mild - slope equation Radiation stress Rogue wave Rossby wave Rossby - gravity waves Sea state Seiche Significant wave height Soliton Stokes boundary layer Stokes drift Stokes wave Swell Trochoidal wave Tsunami megatsunami Undertow Ursell number Wave action Wave base Wave height Wave power Wave radar Wave setup Wave shoaling Wave turbulence Wave -- current interaction Waves and shallow water one - dimensional Saint - Venant equations shallow water equations Wind wave model Circulation Atmospheric circulation Baroclinity Boundary current Coriolis force Coriolis -- Stokes force Craik -- Leibovich vortex force Downwelling Eddy Ekman layer Ekman spiral Ekman transport El Niño -- Southern Oscillation General circulation model Geostrophic current Global Ocean Data Analysis Project Gulf Stream Halothermal circulation Humboldt Current Hydrothermal circulation Langmuir circulation Longshore drift Loop Current Modular Ocean Model Ocean dynamics Ocean gyre Princeton Ocean Model Rip current Subsurface currents Sverdrup balance Thermohaline circulation shutdown Upwelling Whirlpool World Ocean Circulation Experiment Tides Amphidromic point Earth tide Head of tide Internal tide Lunitidal interval Perigean spring tide Rip tide Rule of twelfths Slack water Tidal bore Tidal force Tidal power Tidal race Tidal range Tidal resonance Tide gauge Tideline Landforms Abyssal fan Abyssal plain Atoll Bathymetric chart Coastal geography Cold seep Continental margin Continental rise Continental shelf Contourite Guyot Hydrography Oceanic basin Oceanic plateau Oceanic trench Passive margin Seabed Seamount Submarine canyon Submarine volcano Plate tectonics Convergent boundary Divergent boundary Fracture zone Hydrothermal vent Marine geology Mid-ocean ridge Mohorovičić discontinuity Vine -- Matthews -- Morley hypothesis Oceanic crust Outer trench swell Ridge push Seafloor spreading Slab pull Slab suction Slab window Subduction Transform fault Volcanic arc Ocean zones Benthic Deep ocean water Deep sea Littoral Mesopelagic Oceanic Pelagic Photic Surf Swash Sea level Deep - ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis Future sea level Global Sea Level Observing System North West Shelf Operational Oceanographic System Sea - level curve Sea level rise World Geodetic System Acoustics Deep scattering layer Hydroacoustics Ocean acoustic tomography Sofar bomb SOFAR channel Underwater acoustics Satellites Jason - 1 Jason - 2 ( Ocean Surface Topography Mission ) Jason - 3 Related Argo Benthic lander Color of water DSV Alvin Marginal sea Marine energy Marine pollution Mooring National Oceanographic Data Center Ocean Ocean exploration Ocean observations Ocean reanalysis Ocean surface topography Ocean thermal energy conversion Oceanography Pelagic sediment Sea surface microlayer Sea surface temperature Seawater Science On a Sphere Thermocline Underwater glider Water column World Ocean Atlas Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sea_level&oldid=805024335 '' Categories : Sea level Geodesy Physical oceanography Oceanographical terminology Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from September 2017 Articles needing additional references from August 2015 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Recent changes Afrikaans Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Basa Banyumasan Беларуская भोजपुरी Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Furlan Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Soomaaliga Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 文言 Winaray 粵語 Zeêuws 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 October 2017 , at 15 : 55 . 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80's movie about a kid in a spaceship

Flight of the Navigator is a 1986 American science fiction adventure film directed by Randal Kleiser and written by Mark H. Baker , Michael Burton and Matt MacManus . It stars Joey Cramer as David Freeman , a 12 - year - old boy who is abducted by an alien spaceship and finds himself caught in a world that has changed around him .

Flight of the Navigator

Flight of the Navigator

flight of the navigator

Flight of the Navigator is a 1986 American science fiction adventure film directed by Randal Kleiser and written by Mark H. Baker , Michael Burton and Matt MacManus . It stars Joey Cramer as David Freeman , a 12 - year - old boy who is abducted by an alien spaceship and finds himself caught in a world that has changed around him .

The film 's producers initially sent the project to Walt Disney Pictures in 1984 , but the studio was unable to approve it and it was sent to Producers Sales Organization , which made a deal with Disney to distribute it in the United States . It was partially shot in Fort Lauderdale , Florida and Norway , being a co-production with Norwegian company Viking Film . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Soundtrack 5 Critical reception 6 Remake 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) On the night of July 4 , 1978 , in Fort Lauderdale , Florida , 12 - year - old David Freeman walks through the woods to pick up his 8 - year - old younger brother , Jeff , from a friend 's house when he accidentally falls into a ravine and is knocked unconscious . When he comes to , he discovers that eight years have passed and it is now 1986 . While he has not aged at all , his parents are now middle - aged and Jeff is now 16 . Meanwhile , an alien spaceship crashes through power lines and is promptly confiscated by NASA . David is taken to the hospital for tests where his brainwaves reveal images of the spaceship . Dr. Louis Faraday , who has been studying it since its arrival , persuades David to come to a NASA research facility for just 48 hours for extra tests , promising him that they can help him learn the truth about what happened to him . There , Dr. Faraday discovers that David 's mind is filled with alien technical manuals and star charts covering expanses of the galaxy far exceeding anything humans have recorded . It tells the scientists that he was taken to a planet called Phaelon , 560 light years away , in just over 2.2 hours . They realize that he has experienced severe time dilation as a result of having traveled faster than the speed of light , explaining why eight years have passed on Earth , but not for him . He is unable to comprehend what Dr. Faraday tells him and flees the room , leaving Dr. Faraday muttering that 48 hours will be insufficient to finish his investigation . The next morning , following a telepathic communication from the spaceship , David secretly boards it and meets its robotic commander , `` Trimaxion Drone Ship '' ( or `` Max '' for short ) , which refers to David as the `` Navigator '' . After they escape from the facility , Max tells David that his mission was to travel across the galaxy , collect biological specimens , take them to Phaelon for analysis , and then return them to their homes . Phaelon 's scientists discovered humans only use 10 % of their brain and , as an experiment , filled the remainder of David 's with miscellaneous information . This includes all of the star charts discovered by Phaelon 's astronomers , some of which were shown to the NASA scientists during David 's interrogation . Max then returned him to Earth , but did not take him back to his own time , having determined that a human would be unlikely to survive a trip back in time . Before leaving Earth , Max accidentally crashed the spaceship , erasing all the computer 's star charts and data . Therefore , he needs the information in David 's brain to return home . Max programs the spaceship for a mind transfer , and David is shown the eight remaining alien specimens on board , and bonds with a `` Puckmaren '' , a tiny bat - like one , that is the last of his kind after a comet destroyed its planet , Binpuka Minor . Max performs the mind transfer on David to reacquire the star charts , but in the process also contracts human emotional attributes , resulting in eccentric behavior . He and David start bickering while their antics trigger several UFO reports in Tokyo and other cities . Meanwhile , NASA intern Carolyn McAdams contacts David 's family and tells them about his escape in the spaceship ; as a result , Dr. Faraday has them confined to the house and Carolyn is sent back to the facility . When the spaceship stops at a gas station in the Florida Keys , David calls Jeff and asks him to send a signal to locate their new home . He sets off fireworks on the rooftop . David and Max arrive near the house , but NASA agents , having tracked the spaceship 's every move , get there first . Fearing that he would be institutionalized for life if he remains in 1986 , he orders Max to return him to 1978 , regardless of the risk to his life . After the journey back in time , he wakes up in the ravine , walks home , and finds everything as he left it . During the Fourth of July celebration , he watches Max flash across the sky against the backdrop of fireworks while Jeff is surprised to see the Puckmaren in David 's backpack . Cast ( edit ) Joey Cramer as David Freeman Paul Reubens ( credited as `` Paul Mall '' ) as the voice of Max Cliff DeYoung as Bill Freeman Veronica Cartwright as Helen Freeman Matt Adler as Jeff Freeman Albie Whitaker plays eight - year - old Jeff Freeman Sarah Jessica Parker as Carolyn McAdams Howard Hesseman as Dr. Louis Faraday Jonathan Sanger as Dr. Carr Richard Liberty as Larry Howard Iris Acker as Janet Howard Raymond Forchion as Detective Banks Keri Rogers as Jennifer Bradley Production ( edit ) The Trimaxion Drone Ship was rendered in computer - generated imagery ( CGI ) by Omnibus Computer Animation , under the supervision of Jeff Kleiser , the brother of director Randal Kleiser . Soundtrack ( edit ) The music score for the film was composed by Alan Silvestri . It is distinct from his other scores in being entirely electronically generated , using the Synclavier , one of the first digital multi-track recorders and samplers . Flight of the Navigator Soundtrack album by Alan Silvestri Released 1986 Genre Electronic , film score Theme from `` Flight of the Navigator '' `` Main Title '' `` The Ship Beckons '' `` David in the Woods '' `` Robot Romp '' `` Transporting the Ship '' `` Ship Drop '' `` Have to Help a Friend '' `` The Shadow Universe '' `` Flight '' `` Finale '' `` Star Dancing '' Critical reception ( edit ) The film received mainly positive reviews . Rotten Tomatoes rated it a fresh rating of 81 % based on 27 reviews with the consensus : `` Bolstered by impressive special effects and a charming performance from its young star , Flight of the Navigator holds up as a solidly entertaining bit of family - friendly sci - fi . '' Kevin Thomas of the Los Angeles Times said its biggest plus was `` its entirely believable , normal American family . '' The New York Times described it as `` definitely a film most children can enjoy . '' People declared it `` out - of - this - world fun . '' Empire gave it 3 / 5 stars , saying it was `` well - made enough to keep the family happy , but it certainly wo n't challenge them . '' Variety was more critical , announcing that `` instead of creating an eye - opening panorama , Flight of the Navigator looks through the small end of the telescope . '' Dave Kehr gave it 3 stars and described it as `` a new high for Disney . '' Remake ( edit ) In May 2009 , The Hollywood Reporter reported that Disney was readying a remake of the film . Brad Copeland was writing the script and Mandeville partners David Hoberman and Todd Lieberman would serve as producers . In November 2012 , Disney hired Safety Not Guaranteed 's director Colin Trevorrow and writer / producer Derek Connolly to rewrite the script . In September 2017 , Lionsgate and The Jim Henson Company announced that a reboot of Flight of the Navigator is in pre-production with Joe Henderson from TV 's Lucifer writing the script . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Dave Kehr ( July 30 , 1986 ) . `` ' Flight Of Navigator ' A New High For Disney '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved December 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Flight of the Navigator - 1986 - Joey Cramer , Randal Kleiser - Variety Profiles '' . Variety . July 30 , 1986 . Retrieved December 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Flight of the Navigator ( 1986 ) '' . The Powergrid . Wrap News inc . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mark Damon ; Linda Schreyer ( 2008 ) . From Cowboy to Mogul to Monster : The Neverending Story of Film Pioneer Mark Damon . Bloomington , Indiana : AuthorHouse . p. 376 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4343 - 7737 - 1 . Jump up ^ Charles Solomon ( 1987 - 08 - 01 ) . `` Commentary : Computer Graphics Shows Its Stuff '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Martin ( 2009 - 07 - 15 ) . `` Jeff Kleiser Discusses the Early CGI of Flight of the Navigator '' . Den of Geek ! . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ Film 's end credits Jump up ^ Kevin Thomas ( 1986 - 07 - 31 ) . `` Movie Review : ' Flight Of Navigator ' Offers A Family Outing '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ Caryn James ( 1986 - 07 - 30 ) . `` The Screen : ' Flight Of The Navigator ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ Scot Haller ; Tom Cunneff ; Ira Hellman ( 1986 - 08 - 18 ) . `` Picks and Pans Review : Flight of the Navigator '' . People . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Flight of the Navigator '' . Empire . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 22 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Review : '' Flight of the Navigator `` '' . Variety . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ Borys Kit ( 2009 - 05 - 26 ) . `` Disney , Mandeville file new ' Flight ' plan '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( 2012 - 11 - 27 ) . `` Colin Trevorrow and Derek Connolly to Rewrite FLIGHT OF THE NAVIGATOR Remake ; Trevorrow May Direct '' . Collider . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) . `` ' Flight of the Navigator ' Reboot in Works With ' Lucifer ' Showrunner '' . Variety . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 28 . External links ( edit ) Official website Flight of the Navigator on IMDb Flight of the Navigator at the TCM Movie Database Flight of the Navigator at AllMovie Flight of the Navigator at Box Office Mojo Flight of the Navigator at Rotten Tomatoes Films directed by Randal Kleiser Peege ( 1973 ) Dawn : Portrait of a Teenage Runaway ( 1976 ) The Boy in the Plastic Bubble ( 1976 ) The Gathering ( 1977 ) Grease ( 1978 ) The Blue Lagoon ( 1980 ) Summer Lovers ( 1982 ) Grandview , U.S.A. ( 1984 ) Flight of the Navigator ( 1986 ) Big Top Pee - wee ( 1988 ) Getting It Right ( 1989 ) White Fang ( 1991 ) Honey , I Blew Up the Kid ( 1992 ) It 's My Party ( 1996 ) Shadow of Doubt ( 1998 ) Love Wrecked ( 2005 ) Red Riding Hood ( 2006 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flight_of_the_Navigator&oldid=854971824 '' Categories : 1986 films English - language films American films Norwegian films 1980s adventure films 1980s science fiction films American children 's adventure films American children 's fantasy films American robot films American science fantasy films American science fiction films Films directed by Randal Kleiser Films scored by Alan Silvestri Films set in 1978 Films set in 1986 Films set in Florida Films shot in Florida Films shot in Norway Fort Lauderdale , Florida Time travel films Walt Disney Pictures films Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2010 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Français Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Українська 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 August 2018 , at 01 : 31 ( UTC ) . 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where did the first battle of the texas revolution take place

Battle Location Date ( s ) Engagement remarks Victor Battle of Gonzales Gonzales October 2 , 1835 This battle resulted in the first casualties of the Texas Revolution . One Mexican soldier killed Battle of Goliad Goliad October 10 , 1835 Texans captured Presidio La Bahia , blocking the Mexican Army in Texas from accessing the primary Texas port of Copano . One Texan was wounded , and estimates of Mexican casualties range from one to three soldiers killed and from three to seven wounded . Battle of Lipantitlán San Patricio November 4 -- 5 , 1835 Texans captured and destroyed Fort Lipantitlán . Most of the Mexican soldiers retreated to Matamoros . One Texan was wounded , and 3 -- 5 Mexican soldiers were killed , with an additional 14 -- 17 Mexican soldiers wounded . Battle of Concepción San Antonio de Bexar October 28 , 1835 In the last offensive ordered by General Martin Perfecto de Cos during the Texas Revolution , Mexican soldiers surprised a Texan force camped near Mission Concepción . The Texans repulsed several attacks with what historian Alwyn Barr described as `` able leadership , a strong position , and greater firepower '' . One Texan was injured , and Richard Andrews became the first Texan soldier to die in battle . Between 14 and 76 Mexican soldiers were killed . Historian Stephen Hardin believes that `` the relative ease of the victory at Concepción instilled in the Texans a reliance on their long rifles and a contempt for their enemies '' , which may have led to the later Texan defeat at Coleto . Grass Fight San Antonio de Bexar November 26 , 1835 Texans attack a large Mexican army pack train . 4 Texans wounded and 17 Mexican casualties . Resulted in the capture of horses and hay ( grass ) . Siege of Bexar San Antonio de Bexar October 12 -- December 11 , 1835 In a six - week siege , Texans attacked Bexar and fought from house to house for five days . After Cos surrendered , all Mexican troops in Texas were forced to retreat beyond the Rio Grande , leaving the Texans in military control . 150 Mexicans killed or wounded and 35 Texans killed or wounded . Battle of San Patricio San Patricio February 27 , 1836 This was the first battle of the Goliad Campaign . The Johnson - Grant venture , the first battle of the Texas Revolution in which the Mexican Army was the victor . From the Johnson forces , 20 Texans killed , 32 captured and 1 Mexican loss , 4 wounded . Johnson and 4 others escaped after capture and proceeded to Goliad . Johnson would survive the Texas Revolution . Battle of Agua Dulce Agua Dulce March 2 , 1836 Second battle of the Goliad Campaign . Of 27 men of the Grant and Morris forces from the Johnson - Grant venture - 12 / 15 killed ; 6 captured and imprisoned at Matamoros ; Six escaped , of whom five were killed at Goliad Massacre Battle of the Alamo San Antonio de Bexar February 23 -- March 6 , 1836 Mexican President Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna personally oversaw the siege of the Alamo and the subsequent battle , where almost all 189 - 250 Texan defenders were killed . 600 Mexicans killed or wounded . Anger over Santa Anna 's lack of mercy led many Texan settlers to join the Texan Army . ( This battle is considered one of the most famous battles in American history and is the inspiration for dozens of movies and books ) Battle of Refugio Refugio March 14 , 1836 Third battle of the Goliad Campaign . Texans inflicted heavy casualties , but split their forces and retreated , ending in capture . About 50 Texans killed and 98 captured with some later executions , 29 spared as laborers , survivors sent to Goliad and possibly 80 - 100 Mexican casualties with 50 wounded . Battle of Coleto outside Goliad March 19 -- 20 , 1836 Final battle of the Goliad Campaign . In an attempt to rendezvous with other Texan forces , the southernmost wing of Texan army brazenly departs their heavily fortified location in the midst of oppositional forces . A battle ensues with 10 Texans killed , 60 wounded and 200 Mexicans killed or wounded . After the second day of fighting , a Texan surrender is agreed upon . Approximately 342 of the captured Texans were not pardoned but were executed on March 27 in the Goliad Massacre with 20 spared and 28 escaped . Anger over Santa Anna 's lack of mercy led many future Texan settlers to join the Texan Army . Battle of San Jacinto near modern La Porte , Texas April 21 , 1836 After an 18 - minute battle , Texans routed Santa Anna 's forces , eventually taking Santa Anna prisoner . This was the last battle of the Texas Revolution . 630 Mexicans killed , 208 wounded , 730 captured and 9 Texans killed , 30 wounded .

Gonzales

List of Texas Revolution battles

list of texas revolution battles

When General Santa Anna changed the constitution and began operating as a dictator , Federalists throughout the country revolted ; in Texas , an armed uprising began on October 2 when settlers refused to return a small cannon to Mexican troops . This ( Battle of Gonzales ) ended with Mexican troops retreating empty handed to San Antonio de Bexar ( now the U.S. city of San Antonio , Texas ) . Emboldened by their victory , the Texans formed a volunteer army . A small force of Texans traveled down the Texas coastline , defeating Mexican troops at Goliad and at Fort Lipantitlán . The majority of the Texan troops followed General Stephen F. Austin to Bexar , where they initiated a siege of the Mexican garrison . After victories in several skirmishes , including the Battle of Concepción and the Grass Fight , the Texans attacked Bexar . After several days of fighting , the Siege of Bexar ended with the surrender of Mexican general The youngest person in the Alamo was 16 years old

Many Texans believed the war was now over , and the majority of the settlers returned to their homes . The remaining troops were garrisoned at the Alamo Mission in Bexar and at Presidio La Bahia in Goliad . In early January , a large number of the remaining soldiers , most of them adventurers recently arrived from the United States , began clamoring to invade Mexico . Colonel Frank W. Johnson and Dr. James Grant began preparing to attack Matamoros . Even before Cos 's defeat , Santa Anna had been making plans to retake Texas . In January , he led the `` Army of Operations in Texas '' towards the rebellious territory . At the Rio Grande , the army divided ; Santa Anna led the bulk of the troops toward Bexar , where he laid siege to the Alamo . The remaining troops , under General Jose de Urrea , traveled up the coastline , easily defeating Johnson and Grant at the battles of San Patricio and Agua Dulce . News of these first Mexican victories cheered the Mexican force gathered at Bexar . On March 6 , Santa Anna ordered an assault on the Alamo ; all but a few of the defenders were killed . A woman , the wife of an Alamo defender , her baby , and a slave of an Alamo defender were released to tell Sam Houston what had happened . They were told to say that everyone would either surrender or die . News of the Texan defeat and approach of the Mexican army terrified the settlers ; in an event later known as the Runaway Scrape , settlers , the Texas government , and the remnants of the Texan army under the command of Sam Houston fled east , away from the approaching army . Houston ordered Colonel James Fannin to abandon Goliad and join his retreat . However , Fannin delayed his departure and sent a quarter of his troops to help evacuate the settlers at Refugio . Centralist forces in the area were stronger than the Texans expected at Refugio and defeated them . After receiving word of the defeat , Fannin finally began his retreat . His men were quickly overtaken and surrounded by Mexican soldiers . Fannin fought courageously at the Battle of Coleto , but was forced to surrender . He and his 300 men were taken prisoner , but just days later were executed in the Goliad Massacre . The only remaining Texan troops were those retreating with Houston . After learning that Santa Anna had again divided his forces , Houston ordered an attack on April 21 , 1836 . Crying `` Remember the Alamo '' and `` Remember Goliad '' , the Texans showed little mercy during the Battle of San Jacinto . Santa Anna was captured in hiding the following day and he ordered his army to return to Mexico , ending the Texas Revolution . Key ( M ) -- Mexican victory ( T ) -- Texan victory Battle Location Date ( s ) Engagement remarks Victor Battle of Gonzales Gonzales October 2 , 1835 This battle resulted in the first casualties of the Texas Revolution . One Mexican soldier killed Battle of Goliad Goliad October 10 , 1835 Texans captured Presidio La Bahia , blocking the Mexican Army in Texas from accessing the primary Texas port of Copano . One Texan was wounded , and estimates of Mexican casualties range from one to three soldiers killed and from three to seven wounded . Battle of Lipantitlán San Patricio November 4 -- 5 , 1835 Texans captured and destroyed Fort Lipantitlán . Most of the Mexican soldiers retreated to Matamoros . One Texan was wounded , and 3 -- 5 Mexican soldiers were killed , with an additional 14 -- 17 Mexican soldiers wounded . Battle of Concepción San Antonio de Bexar October 28 , 1835 In the last offensive ordered by General Martin Perfecto de Cos during the Texas Revolution , Mexican soldiers surprised a Texan force camped near Mission Concepción . The Texans repulsed several attacks with what historian Alwyn Barr described as `` able leadership , a strong position , and greater firepower '' . One Texan was injured , and Richard Andrews became the first Texan soldier to die in battle . Between 14 and 76 Mexican soldiers were killed . Historian Stephen Hardin believes that `` the relative ease of the victory at Concepción instilled in the Texans a reliance on their long rifles and a contempt for their enemies '' , which may have led to the later Texan defeat at Coleto . Grass Fight San Antonio de Bexar November 26 , 1835 Texans attack a large Mexican army pack train . 4 Texans wounded and 17 Mexican casualties . Resulted in the capture of horses and hay ( grass ) . Siege of Bexar San Antonio de Bexar October 12 -- December 11 , 1835 In a six - week siege , Texans attacked Bexar and fought from house to house for five days . After Cos surrendered , all Mexican troops in Texas were forced to retreat beyond the Rio Grande , leaving the Texans in military control . 150 Mexicans killed or wounded and 35 Texans killed or wounded . Battle of San Patricio San Patricio February 27 , 1836 This was the first battle of the Goliad Campaign . The Johnson - Grant venture , the first battle of the Texas Revolution in which the Mexican Army was the victor . From the Johnson forces , 20 Texans killed , 32 captured and 1 Mexican loss , 4 wounded . Johnson and 4 others escaped after capture and proceeded to Goliad . Johnson would survive the Texas Revolution . Battle of Agua Dulce Agua Dulce March 2 , 1836 Second battle of the Goliad Campaign . Of 27 men of the Grant and Morris forces from the Johnson - Grant venture - 12 / 15 killed ; 6 captured and imprisoned at Matamoros ; Six escaped , of whom five were killed at Goliad Massacre Battle of the Alamo San Antonio de Bexar February 23 -- March 6 , 1836 Mexican President Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna personally oversaw the siege of the Alamo and the subsequent battle , where almost all 189 - 250 Texan defenders were killed . 600 Mexicans killed or wounded . Anger over Santa Anna 's lack of mercy led many Texan settlers to join the Texan Army . ( This battle is considered one of the most famous battles in American history and is the inspiration for dozens of movies and books ) Battle of Refugio Refugio March 14 , 1836 Third battle of the Goliad Campaign . Texans inflicted heavy casualties , but split their forces and retreated , ending in capture . About 50 Texans killed and 98 captured with some later executions , 29 spared as laborers , survivors sent to Goliad and possibly 80 - 100 Mexican casualties with 50 wounded . Battle of Coleto outside Goliad March 19 -- 20 , 1836 Final battle of the Goliad Campaign . In an attempt to rendezvous with other Texan forces , the southernmost wing of Texan army brazenly departs their heavily fortified location in the midst of oppositional forces . A battle ensues with 10 Texans killed , 60 wounded and 200 Mexicans killed or wounded . After the second day of fighting , a Texan surrender is agreed upon . Approximately 342 of the captured Texans were not pardoned but were executed on March 27 in the Goliad Massacre with 20 spared and 28 escaped . Anger over Santa Anna 's lack of mercy led many future Texan settlers to join the Texan Army . Battle of San Jacinto near modern La Porte , Texas April 21 , 1836 After an 18 - minute battle , Texans routed Santa Anna 's forces , eventually taking Santa Anna prisoner . This was the last battle of the Texas Revolution . 630 Mexicans killed , 208 wounded , 730 captured and 9 Texans killed , 30 wounded . See also ( edit ) Timeline of the Texas Revolution Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hardin ( 1994 ) , pp. 17 , 19 . Jump up ^ Huson ( 1974 ) , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Roell , Craig H. , Goliad Campaign of 1835 , Handbook of Texas , retrieved 2008 - 07 - 14 Jump up ^ Scott ( 2000 ) , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Hardin ( 1994 ) , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Groneman ( 1998 ) , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Hardin ( 1994 ) , pp. 46 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Barr ( 1990 ) , pp. 24 , 27 . ^ Jump up to : Bar ( 1990 ) , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Hardin ( 1994 ) , p. 34 . Jump up ^ Hardin ( 1994 ) , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Barr ( 1990 ) , p. 60 . References ( edit ) Barr , Alwyn ( 1990 ) . Texans in Revolt : the Battle for San Antonio , 1835 . Austin , TX : University of Texas Press . ISBN 0 - 292 - 77042 - 1 . OCLC 20354408 . Groneman , Bill ( 1998 ) . Battlefields of Texas . Plano , TX : Republic of Texas Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55622 - 571 - 0 . Hardin , Stephen L. ( 1994 ) . Texan Iliad -- A Military History of the Texas Revolution . Austin , Texas : University of Texas Press . ISBN 0 - 292 - 73086 - 1 . OCLC 29704011 . Huson , Hobart ( 1974 ) . Captain Phillip Dimmitt 's Commandancy of Goliad , 1835 -- 1836 : An Episode of the Mexican Federalist War in Texas , Usually Referred to as the Texan Revolution . Austin , Texas : Von Boeckmann - Jones Co . Scott , Robert ( 2000 ) . After the Alamo . Plano , Texas : Republic of Texas Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 585 - 22788 - 7 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Texas_Revolution_battles&oldid=825807040 '' Categories : Lists of battles Texas Revolution Talk About Wikipedia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 15 February 2018 , at 15 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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the history of public education in the united states

History of education in the United States

history of education in the united states

The history of education in the United States , or foundations of education covers the trends in educational philosophy , policy , institutions , as well as formal and informal learning in America from the 17th century to the early 21st century .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Colonial era 1.1 New England 1.2 The South 1.3 Women and girls 1.4 Non-English schools 1.5 Textbooks 1.6 Colonial colleges 2 Federal era 2.1 Republican motherhood 2.2 Attendance 2.2. 1 Teachers , early 1800s 2.2. 2 One - room schoolhouses 2.2. 3 Mann reforms 2.2. 4 Compulsory laws 2.2. 5 Religion and schools 2.2. 6 Schools for Black students 2.2. 7 Influence of colleges in 19th century 3 20th century 3.1 Progressive Era 3.1. 1 Dewey and progressive education 3.1. 2 Black education 3.1. 3 Atlanta 3.1. 4 Gary plan 3.2 Great Depression and New Deal : 1929 - 39 3.3 Secondary schools 3.3. 1 College preparation 3.3. 2 The growth of human capital 3.3. 3 Teachers and administrators 3.4 Higher education 3.4. 1 Land Grant universities 3.4. 2 GI Bill 3.4. 3 Great Society 3.5 Segregation and integration 3.6 Education after 1945 3.6. 1 Inequality 3.6. 2 Special education 3.7 Reform efforts in the 1980s 4 21st century 4.1 Policy since 2000 5 Historiography 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 8.1 Historiography 8.2 Primary sources 8.3 Journals 9 External links Colonial era ( edit ) See also : Education in the Thirteen Colonies New England ( edit ) The first American schools in the thirteen original colonies opened in the 17th century . Boston Latin School was founded in 1635 and is both the first public school and oldest existing school in the United States . The first free taxpayer - supported public school in North America , the Mather School , was opened in Dorchester , Massachusetts , in 1639 . Cremin ( 1970 ) stresses that colonists tried at first to educate by the traditional English methods of family , church , community , and apprenticeship , with schools later becoming the key agent in `` socialization . '' At first , the rudiments of literacy and arithmetic were taught inside the family , assuming the parents had those skills . Literacy rates were much higher in New England because much of the population had been deeply involved in the Protestant Reformation and learned to read in order to read the Scriptures . Literacy was much lower in the South , where the Anglican Church was the established church . Single working - class people formed a large part of the population in the early years , arriving as indentured servants . The planter class did not support public education but arranged for private tutors for their children , and sent some to England at appropriate ages for further education . By the mid-19th century , the role of the schools in New England had expanded to such an extent that they took over many of the educational tasks traditionally handled by parents . First Boston Latin School House All the New England colonies required towns to set up schools , and many did so . In 1642 the Massachusetts Bay Colony made `` proper '' education compulsory ; other New England colonies followed this example . Similar statutes were adopted in other colonies in the 1640s and 1650s . The schools were all male and all white , with few facilities for girls . In the 18th century , `` common schools '' were established ; students of all ages were under the control of one teacher in one room . Although they were publicly supplied at the local ( town ) level , they were not free . Students ' families were charged tuition or `` rate bills . '' The larger towns in New England opened grammar schools , the forerunner of the modern high school . The most famous was the Boston Latin School , which is still in operation as a public high school . Hopkins School in New Haven , Connecticut , was another . By the 1780s , most had been replaced by private academies . By the early 19th century New England operated a network of private high schools , now called `` prep schools , '' typified by Phillips Andover Academy ( 1778 ) , Phillips Exeter Academy ( 1781 ) , and Deerfield Academy ( 1797 ) . They became the major feeders for Ivy League colleges in the mid-19th century . These prep schools became coeducational in the 1970s , and remain highly prestigious in the 21st century . The South ( edit ) Residents of the Upper South , centered on the Chesapeake Bay , created some basic schools early in the colonial period . In late 17th century Maryland , the Catholic Jesuits operated some schools for Catholic students . Generally the planter class hired tutors for the education of their children or sent them to private schools . During the colonial years , some sent their sons to England or Scotland for schooling . In March 1620 , George Thorpe sailed from Bristol for Virginia . He became a deputy in charge of 10,000 acres ( 4,000 ha ) of land to be set aside for a university and Indian school . The plans for the school for Native Americans ended when George Thorpe was killed in the Indian Massacre of 1622 . In Virginia , rudimentary schooling for the poor and paupers was provided by the local parish . Most elite parents either home schooled their children using peripatetic tutors or sent them to small local private schools . In the deep south ( Georgia and South Carolina ) , schooling was carried on by primarily by private venture teachers and a hodgepodge of publicly funded projects . In the colony of Georgia , at least ten grammar schools were in operation by 1770 , many taught by ministers . The Bethesda Orphan House educated children . Dozens of private tutors and teachers advertised their service in newspapers . A study of women 's signatures indicates a high degree of literacy in areas with schools . In South Carolina , scores of school projects were advertised in the South Carolina Gazette beginning in 1732 . Although it is difficult to know how many ads yielded successful schools , many of the ventures advertised repeatedly over years , suggesting continuity . After the American Revolution , Georgia and South Carolina tried to start small public universities . Wealthy families sent their sons North to college . In Georgia public county academies for white students became more common , and after 1811 South Carolina opened a few free `` common schools '' to teach reading , writing and arithmetic to whites . Republican governments during the Reconstruction era established the first public school systems to be supported by general taxes . Both whites and blacks would be admitted , but legislators agreed on racially segregated schools . ( The few integrated schools were located in New Orleans ) . Particularly after white Democrats regained control of the state legislatures in former Confederate states , they consistently underfunded public schools for blacks which continued until 1954 when the United States Supreme Court declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students to be unconstitutional . Generally public schooling in rural areas did not extend beyond the elementary grades for either whites or blacks . This was known as `` eighth grade school '' After 1900 , some cities began to establish high schools , primarily for middle class whites . In the 1930s roughly one fourth of the US population still lived and worked on farms and few rural Southerners of either race went beyond the 8th grade until after 1945 . Women and girls ( edit ) The earliest continually operating school for girls in the United States is the Catholic Ursuline Academy in New Orleans . It was founded in 1727 by the Sisters of the Order of Saint Ursula . The Academy graduated the first female pharmacist , and the first woman to write a book of literary merit . The first convent established in the United States supported the Academy . This was the first free school and first retreat center for young women . It was the first school to teach free women of color , Native Americans , and female African - American slaves . In the region , Ursuline provided the first center of social welfare in the Mississippi Valley ; and it was the first boarding school for girls in Louisiana , and the first school of music in New Orleans . Tax - supported schooling for girls began as early as 1767 in New England . It was optional and some towns proved reluctant to support this innovation . Northampton , Massachusetts , for example , was a late adopter because it had many rich families who dominated the political and social structures . They did not want to pay taxes to aid poor families . Northampton assessed taxes on all households , rather than only on those with children , and used the funds to support a grammar school to prepare boys for college . Not until after 1800 did Northampton educate girls with public money . In contrast , the town of Sutton , Massachusetts , was diverse in terms of social leadership and religion at an early point in its history . Sutton paid for its schools by means of taxes on households with children only , thereby creating an active constituency in favor of universal education for both boys and girls . Colonial schoolhouse in Hollis , New Hampshire Historians note that reading and writing were different skills in the colonial era . Schools taught both , but in places without schools , writing was taught mainly to boys and a few privileged girls . Men handled worldly affairs and needed to both read and write . It was believed that girls needed only to read ( especially religious materials ) . This educational disparity between reading and writing explains why the colonial women often could read , but could not write and could not sign their names -- they used an `` X '' . The education of elite women in Philadelphia after 1740 followed the British model developed by the gentry classes during the early 18th century . Rather than emphasizing ornamental aspects of women 's roles , this new model encouraged women to engage in more substantive education , reaching into the classical arts and sciences to improve their reasoning skills . Education had the capacity to help colonial women secure their elite status by giving them traits that their ' inferiors ' could not easily mimic . Fatherly ( 2004 ) examines British and American writings that influenced Philadelphia during the 1740s -- 1770s and the ways in which Philadelphia women gained education and demonstrated their status . Non-english schools ( edit ) By 1664 , when the territory was taken over by the English , most towns in the New Netherland colony had already set up elementary schools . The schools were closely related to the Dutch Reformed Church , and emphasized reading for religious instruction and prayer . The English closed the Dutch - language public schools ; in some cases these were converted into private academies . The new English government showed little interest in public schools . German settlements from New York through Pennsylvania , Maryland and down to the Carolinas sponsored elementary schools closely tied to their churches , with each denomination or sect sponsoring its own schools . In the early colonial years , German immigrants were Protestant and the drive for education was related to teaching students to read Scripture . Following waves of German Catholic immigration after the 1848 revolutions , and after the end of the Civil War , both Catholics and Missouri Synod Lutherans began to set up their own German - language parochial schools , especially in cities of heavy German immigration : such as Cincinnati , St. Louis , Chicago and Milwaukee , as well as rural areas heavily settled by Germans . The Amish , a small religious sect speaking German , are opposed to schooling past the elementary level . They see it as unnecessary , as dangerous to preservation of their faith , and as beyond the purview of government . Spain had small settlements in Florida , the Southwest , and also controlled Louisiana . There is little evidence that they schooled any girls . Parish schools were administered by Jesuits or Franciscans and were limited to male students . Excerpt from The New England Primer of 1690 , the most popular American textbook of the 18th century Textbooks ( edit ) In the 17th century , colonists imported schoolbooks from England . By 1690 , Boston publishers were reprinting the English Protestant Tutor under the title of The New England Primer . The Primer was built on rote memorization . By simplifying Calvinist theology , the Primer enabled the Puritan child to define the limits of the self by relating his life to the authority of God and his parents . The Primer included additional material that made it widely popular in colonial schools until it was supplanted by Webster 's work . The `` blue backed speller '' of Noah Webster was by far the most common textbook from the 1790s until 1836 , when the McGuffey Readers appeared . Both series emphasized civic duty and morality , and sold tens of millions of copies nationwide . Webster 's Speller was the pedagogical blueprint for American textbooks ; it was so arranged that it could be easily taught to students , and it progressed by age . Webster believed students learned most readily when complex problems were broken into its component parts . Each pupil could master one part before moving to the next . Ellis argues that Webster anticipated some of the insights associated in the 20th century with Jean Piaget 's theory of cognitive development . Webster said that children pass through distinctive learning phases in which they master increasingly complex or abstract tasks . He stressed that teachers should not try to teach a three - year - old how to read -- wait until they are ready at age five . He planned the Speller accordingly , starting with the alphabet , then covering the different sounds of vowels and consonants , then syllables ; simple words came next , followed by more complex words , then sentences . Webster 's Speller was entirely secular . It ended with two pages of important dates in American history , beginning with Columbus ' `` discovery '' in 1492 and ending with the Battle of Yorktown in 1781 , by which the United States achieved independence . There was no mention of God , the Bible , or sacred events . As Ellis explains , `` Webster began to construct a secular catechism to the nation - state . Here was the first appearance of ' civics ' in American schoolbooks . In this sense , Webster 's speller was the secular successor to The New England Primer with its explicitly biblical injunctions . '' Bynack ( 1984 ) examines Webster in relation to his commitment to the idea of a unified American national culture that would prevent the decline of republican virtues and national solidarity . Webster acquired his perspective on language from such German theorists as Johann David Michaelis and Johann Gottfried Herder . He believed with them that a nation 's linguistic forms and the thoughts correlated with them shaped individuals ' behavior . He intended the etymological clarification and reform of American English to improve citizens ' manners and thereby preserve republican purity and social stability . Webster animated his Speller and Grammar by following these principles . Colonial colleges ( edit ) Higher education was largely oriented toward training men as ministers before 1800 . Doctors and lawyers were trained in local apprentice systems . Religious denominations established most early colleges in order to train ministers . New England had a long emphasis on literacy in order that individuals could read the Bible . Harvard College was founded by the colonial legislature in 1636 , and named after an early benefactor . Most of the funding came from the colony , but the college began to build an endowment from its early years . Harvard at first focused on training young men for the ministry , but many alumni went into law , medicine , government or business . The college was a leader in bringing Newtonian science to the colonies . The College of William & Mary was founded by Virginia government in 1693 , with 20,000 acres ( 8,100 ha ) of land for an endowment , and a penny tax on every pound of tobacco , together with an annual appropriation . It was closely associated with the established Anglican Church . James Blair , the leading Anglican minister in the colony , was president for 50 years . The college won the broad support of the Virginia planter class , most of whom were Anglicans . It hired the first law professor and trained many of the lawyers , politicians , and leading planters . Students headed for the ministry were given free tuition . The first history of Yale was written by President Thomas Clap in 1766 . Yale College was founded by Puritans in 1701 , and in 1716 was relocated to New Haven , Connecticut . The conservative Puritan ministers of Connecticut had grown dissatisfied with the more liberal theology of Harvard , and wanted their own school to train orthodox ministers . However president Thomas Clap ( 1740 -- 1766 ) strengthened the curriculum in the natural sciences and made Yale a stronghold of revivalist New Light theology . New Side Presbyterians in 1747 set up the College of New Jersey , in the town of Princeton ; much later it was renamed as Princeton University . Baptists established Rhode Island College in 1764 , and in 1804 it was renamed Brown University in honor of a benefactor . Brown was especially liberal in welcoming young men from other denominations . In New York City , the Anglicans set up Kings College in 1746 , with its president Samuel Johnson the only teacher . It closed during the American Revolution , and reopened in 1784 as an independent institution under the name of Columbia College ; it is now Columbia University . The Academy of Philadelphia was created in 1749 by Benjamin Franklin and other civic minded leaders in Philadelphia . Unlike colleges in other cities , it was not oriented toward the training of ministers . It was renamed the University of Pennsylvania in 1791 . The Dutch Reform Church in 1766 set up Queens College in New Jersey , which later became known as Rutgers University and gained state support . Dartmouth College , chartered in 1769 as a school for Native Americans , relocated to its present site in Hanover , New Hampshire , in 1770 . All of the schools were small , with a limited undergraduate curriculum oriented on the classical liberal arts . Students were drilled in Greek , Latin , geometry , ancient history , logic , ethics and rhetoric , with few discussions , little homework and no lab sessions . The college president typically tried to enforce strict discipline . The upperclassmen enjoyed hazing the freshmen . Many students were younger than 17 , and most of the colleges also operated a preparatory school . There were no organized sports , or Greek - letter fraternities , but many of the schools had active literary societies . Tuition was very low and scholarships were few . The colonies had no schools of law . A few young American students studied at the prestigious Inns of Court in London . The majority of aspiring lawyers served apprenticeships with established American lawyers , or `` read the law '' to qualify for bar exams . Law became very well established in the colonies , compared to medicine , which was in rudimentary condition . In the 18th century , 117 Americans had graduated in medicine in Edinburgh , Scotland , but most physicians learned as apprentices in the colonies . The trustees of the Academy of Philadelphia ( later the University of Pennsylvania ) established the first medical school in the colonies in 1765 . In New York , the medical department of King 's College was established in 1767 , and in 1770 it awarded the first American M.D. degree . Federal era ( edit ) `` The whole people must take upon themselves the education of the whole people and be willing to bear the expenses of it . There should not be a district of one mile square , without a school in it , not founded by a charitable individual , but maintained at the public expense of the people themselves . '' -- John Adams , U.S. President , 1785 After the Revolution , northern states especially emphasized education and rapidly established public schools . By the year 1870 , all states had tax - subsidized elementary schools . The US population had one of the highest literacy rates in the world at the time . Private academies also flourished in the towns across the country , but rural areas ( where most people lived ) had few schools before the 1880s . In 1821 , Boston started the first public high school in the United States . By the close of the 19th century , public secondary schools began to outnumber private ones . Over the years , Americans have been influenced by a number of European reformers ; among them Pestalozzi , Herbart , and Montessori . Republican motherhood ( edit ) By the early 19th century with the rise of the new United States , a new mood was alive in urban areas . Especially influential were the writings of Lydia Maria Child , Catharine Maria Sedgwick , and Lydia Sigourney , who developed the role of republican motherhood as a principle that united state and family by equating a successful republic with virtuous families . Women , as intimate and concerned observers of young children , were best suited to the role of guiding and teaching children . By the 1840s , New England writers such as Child , Sedgwick , and Sigourney became respected models and advocates for improving and expanding education for females . Greater educational access meant formerly male - only subjects , such as mathematics and philosophy , were to be integral to curricula at public and private schools for girls . By the late 19th century , these institutions were extending and reinforcing the tradition of women as educators and supervisors of American moral and ethical values . The ideal of Republican motherhood pervaded the entire nation , greatly enhancing the status of women and supporting girls ' need for education . The relative emphasis on decorative arts and refinement of female instruction which had characterized the colonial era was replaced after 1776 by a program to support women in education for their major role in nation building , in order that they become good republican mothers of good republican youth . Fostered by community spirit and financial donations , private female academies were established in towns across the South as well as the North . Rich planters were particularly insistent on having their daughters schooled , since education often served as a substitute for dowry in marriage arrangements . The academies usually provided a rigorous and broad curriculum that stressed writing , penmanship , arithmetic , and languages , especially French . By 1840 , the female academies succeeded in producing a cultivated , well - read female elite ready for their roles as wives and mothers in southern aristocratic society . Attendance ( edit ) The 1840 census indicated that of the 3.68 million children between the ages of five and fifteen , about 55 % attended primary schools and academies . Many families could not afford to pay for their children to go to school or spare them from farm work . Beginning in the late 1830s , more private academies were established for girls for education past primary school , especially in northern states . Some offered classical education similar to that offered to boys . Data from the indentured servant contracts of German immigrant children in Pennsylvania from 1771 -- 1817 show that the number of children receiving education increased from 33.3 % in 1771 -- 1773 to 69 % in 1787 -- 1804 . Additionally , the same data showed that the ratio of school education versus home education rose from . 25 in 1771 -- 1773 to 1.68 in 1787 -- 1804 . While some African Americans managed to achieve literacy , southern states largely prohibited schooling to blacks . Teachers , early 1800s ( edit ) Teaching young students was not an attractive career for educated people . Adults became teachers without any particular skill . Hiring was handled by the local school board , who were mainly interested in the efficient use of limited taxes and favored young single women from local taxpaying families . This started to change with the introduction of two - year normal schools starting in 1823 . Normal schools increasingly provided career paths for unmarried middle class women . By 1900 most teachers of elementary schools in the northern states had been trained at normal schools . One - room schoolhouses ( edit ) Given the high proportion of population in rural areas , with limited numbers of students , most communities relied on one - room school houses . Teachers would deal with the range of students of various ages and abilities by using the Monitorial System , an education method that became popular on a global scale during the early 19th century . This method was also known as `` mutual instruction '' or the `` Bell - Lancaster method '' after the British educators Dr Andrew Bell and Joseph Lancaster , who each independently developed it about 1798 . As older children in families would teach younger ones , the abler pupils in these schools became ' helpers ' to the teacher , and taught other students what they had learned . Mann reforms ( edit ) Upon becoming the secretary of education of Massachusetts in 1837 , Horace Mann ( 1796 -- 1859 ) worked to create a statewide system of professional teachers , based on the Prussian model of `` common schools . '' Prussia was attempting to develop a system of education by which all students were entitled to the same content in their public classes . Mann initially focused on elementary education and on training teachers . The common - school movement quickly gained strength across the North . Connecticut adopted a similar system in 1849 , and Massachusetts passed a compulsory attendance law in 1852 . Mann 's crusading style attracted wide middle - class support . Historian Ellwood P. Cubberley asserts : No one did more than he to establish in the minds of the American people the conception that education should be universal , non-sectarian , free , and that its aims should be social efficiency , civic virtue , and character , rather than mere learning or the advancement of sectarian ends . An important technique which Mann had learned in Prussia and introduced in Massachusetts in 1848 was to place students in grades by age . They were assigned by age to different grades and progressed through them , regardless of differences of aptitude . In addition , he used the lecture method common in European universities , which required students to receive instruction rather than take an active role in instructing one another . Previously , schools had often had groups of students who ranged in age from 6 to 14 years . With the introduction of age grading , multi-aged classrooms all but disappeared . Some students progressed with their grade and completed all courses the secondary school had to offer . These were `` graduated , '' and were awarded a certificate of completion . This was increasingly done at a ceremony imitating college graduation rituals . Arguing that universal public education was the best way to turn the nation 's unruly children into disciplined , judicious republican citizens , Mann won widespread approval for building public schools from modernizers , especially among fellow Whigs . Most states adopted one version or another of the system he established in Massachusetts , especially the program for `` normal schools '' to train professional teachers . This quickly developed into a widespread form of school which later became known as the factory model school . Free schooling was available through some of the elementary grades . Graduates of these schools could read and write , though not always with great precision . Mary Chesnut , a Southern diarist , mocks the North 's system of free education in her journal entry of June 3 , 1862 , where she derides misspelled words from the captured letters of Union soldiers . Compulsory laws ( edit ) A 1915 class at the Geyer School of Geyer , Ohio By 1900 , 34 states had compulsory schooling laws ; four were in the South . 30 states with compulsory schooling laws required attendance until age 14 ( or higher ) . As a result , by 1910 , 72 percent of American children attended school . Half the nation 's children attended one - room schools . In 1918 , every state required students to complete elementary school . Religion and schools ( edit ) As the nation was majority Protestant in the 19th century , most states passed a constitutional amendment , called Blaine Amendments , forbidding tax money be used to fund parochial schools . This was largely directed against Catholics , as the heavy immigration from Catholic Ireland after the 1840s aroused nativist sentiment . There were longstanding tensions between Catholic and Protestant believers , long associated with nation states that had established religions . Many Protestants believed that Catholic children should be educated in public schools in order to become American . By 1890 the Irish , who as the first major Catholic immigrant group controlled the Church hierarchy in the U.S. , had built an extensive network of parishes and parish schools ( `` parochial schools '' ) across the urban Northeast and Midwest . The Irish and other Catholic ethnic groups intended parochial schools not only to protect their religion , but to enhance their culture and language . Catholics and German Lutherans , as well as Dutch Protestants , organized and funded their own elementary schools . Catholic communities also raised money to build colleges and seminaries to train teachers and religious leaders to head their churches . In the 19th century , most Catholics were Irish or German immigrants and their children ; in the 1890s new waves of Catholic immigrants began arriving from Italy and Poland . The parochial schools met some opposition , as in the Bennett Law in Wisconsin in 1890 , but they thrived and grew . Catholic nuns served as teachers in most schools and were paid low salaries in keeping with their vows of poverty . In 1925 the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Pierce v. Society of Sisters that students could attend private schools to comply with state compulsory education laws , thus giving parochial schools an official blessing . Schools for black students ( edit ) Further information : Black school and History of education in Missouri In the early days of the Reconstruction era , the Freedmen 's Bureau opened 1000 schools across the South for black children . This was essentially building on schools that had been established in numerous large contraband camps . Freedmen were eager for schooling for both adults and children , and the enrollments were high and enthusiastic . Overall , the Bureau spent $5 million to set up schools for blacks . By the end of 1865 , more than 90,000 freedmen were enrolled as students in these schools . The school curriculum resembled that of schools in the North . Many Bureau teachers were well - educated Yankee women motivated by religion and abolitionism . Half the teachers were southern whites ; one - third were blacks , and one - sixth were northern whites . Most were women but among African Americans , male teachers slightly outnumbered female teachers . In the South , people were attracted to teaching because of the good salaries , at a time when the societies were disrupted and the economy was poor . Northern teachers were typically funded by northern organizations and were motivated by humanitarian goals to help the freedmen . As a group , only the black cohort showed a commitment to racial equality ; they were also the ones most likely to continue as teachers . When the Republicans came to power in the Southern states after 1867 , they created the first system of taxpayer - funded public schools . Southern Blacks wanted public schools for their children but they did not demand racially integrated schools . Almost all the new public schools were segregated , apart from a few in New Orleans . After the Republicans lost power in the mid-1870s , conservative whites retained the public school systems but sharply cut their funding . Almost all private academies and colleges in the South were strictly segregated by race . The American Missionary Association supported the development and establishment of several historically black colleges , such as Fisk University and Shaw University . In this period , a handful of northern colleges accepted black students . Northern denominations and their missionary associations especially established private schools across the South to provide secondary education . They provided a small amount of collegiate work . Tuition was minimal , so churches supported the colleges financially , and also subsidized the pay of some teachers . In 1900 , churches -- mostly based in the North -- operated 247 schools for blacks across the South , with a budget of about $1 million . They employed 1600 teachers and taught 46,000 students . Prominent schools included Howard University , a federal institution based in Washington ; Fisk University in Nashville , Atlanta University , Hampton Institute in Virginia , and many others . Most new colleges in the 19th century were founded in northern states . In 1890 , Congress expanded the land - grant program to include federal support for state - sponsored colleges across the South . It required states to identify colleges for black students as well as white ones in order to get land grant support . Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute was of national importance because it set the standards for what was called industrial education . Of even greater influence was Tuskegee Normal School for Colored Teachers , led from 1881 by Hampton alumnus Booker T. Washington . In 1900 few black students were enrolled in college - level work ; their schools had very weak faculties and facilities . The alumni of Keithley became high school teachers . While the colleges and academies were generally coeducational , until the late 20th century , historians had taken little notice of the role of women as students and teachers . Influence of colleges in 19th century ( edit ) Summarizing the research of Burke and Hall , Katz concludes that in the 19th century : The nation 's many small colleges helped young men make the transition from rural farms to complex urban occupations . These colleges especially promoted upward mobility by preparing ministers , and thereby provided towns across the country with a core of community leaders . The more elite colleges became increasingly exclusive and contributed relatively little to upward social mobility . By concentrating on the offspring of wealthy families , ministers and a few others , the elite Eastern colleges , especially Harvard , played an important role in the formation of a Northeastern elite with great power . 20th century ( edit ) Progressive era ( edit ) The progressive era in education was part of a larger Progressive Movement , extending from the 1890s to the 1930s . The era was notable for a dramatic expansion in the number of schools and students served , especially in the fast - growing metropolitan cities . After 1910 , smaller cities also began building high schools . By 1940 , 50 % of young adults had earned a high school diploma . Radical historians in the 1960s , steeped in the anti-bureaucratic ethos of the New Left , deplored the emergence of bureaucratic school systems . They argue its purpose was to suppress the upward aspirations of the working class . But other historians have emphasized the necessity of building non-politicized standardized systems . The reforms in St. Louis , according to historian Selwyn Troen , were , `` born of necessity as educators first confronted the problems of managing a rapidly expanding and increasingly complex institutions . '' Troen found that the bureaucratic solution removed schools from the bitterness and spite of ward politics . Troen argues : In the space of only a generation , public education had left behind a highly regimented and politicized system dedicated to training children in the basic skills of literacy and the special discipline required of urban citizens , and had replaced it with a largely apolitical , more highly organized and efficient structure specifically designed to teach students the many specialized skills demanded in a modern , industrial society . In terms of programs this entailed the introduction of vocational instruction , a doubling of the period of schooling , and a broader concern for the welfare of urban youth . The social elite in many cities in the 1890s led the reform movement . Their goal was to permanently end political party control of the local schools for the benefit of patronage jobs and construction contracts , which had arisen out of ward politics that absorbed and taught the millions of new immigrants . New York City elite led progressive reforms . Reformers installed a bureaucratic system run by experts , and demanded expertise from prospective teachers . The reforms opened the way for hiring more Irish Catholic and Jewish teachers , who proved adept at handling the civil service tests and gaining the necessary academic credentials . Before the reforms , schools had often been used as a means to provide patronage jobs for party foot soldiers . The new emphasis concentrated on broadening opportunities for the students . New programs were established for the physically handicapped ; evening recreation centers were set up ; vacation schools were opened ; medical inspections became routine ; programs began to teach English as a second language ; and school libraries were opened . Dewey and progressive education ( edit ) The leading educational theorist of the era was John Dewey ( 1859 -- 1952 ) , a philosophy professor at the University of Chicago ( 1894 -- 1904 ) and at Teachers College ( 1904 to 1930 ) , of Columbia University in New York City . Dewey was a leading proponent of `` Progressive Education '' and wrote many books and articles to promote the central role of democracy in education . He believed that schools were not only a place for students to gain content knowledge , but also as a place for them to learn how to live . The purpose of education was thus to realize the student 's full potential and the ability to use those skills for the greater good . Dewey noted that , `` to prepare him for the future life means to give him command of himself ; it means so to train him that he will have the full and ready use of all his capacities . '' Dewey insisted that education and schooling are instrumental in creating social change and reform . He noted that `` education is a regulation of the process of coming to share in the social consciousness ; and that the adjustment of individual activity on the basis of this social consciousness is the only sure method of social reconstruction . '' . Although Dewey 's ideas were very widely discussed , they were implemented chiefly in small experimental schools attached to colleges of education . In the public schools , Dewey and the other progressive theorists encountered a highly bureaucratic system of school administration that was typically not receptive to new methods . Black education ( edit ) Booker T. Washington was the dominant black political and educational leader in the United States from the 1890s until his death in 1915 . Washington not only led his own college , Tuskegee Institute in Alabama , but his advice , political support , and financial connections proved important to many other black colleges and high schools , which were primarily located in the South . This was the center of the black population until after the Great Migration of the first half of the 20th century . Washington was a respected advisor to major philanthropies , such as the Rockefeller , Rosenwald and Jeanes foundations , which provided funding for leading black schools and colleges . The Rosenwald Foundation provided matching funds for the construction of schools for rural black students in the South . Washington explained , `` We need not only the industrial school , but the college and professional school as well , for a people so largely segregated , as we are ... Our teachers , ministers , lawyers and doctors will prosper just in proportion as they have about them an intelligent and skillful producing class . '' Washington was a strong advocate of progressive reforms as advocated by Dewey , emphasizing scientific , industrial and agricultural education that produced a base for lifelong learning , and enabled careers for many black teachers , professionals , and upwardly mobile workers . He tried to adapt to the system and did not support political protests against the segregated Jim Crow system . At the same time , Washington used his network to provide important funding to support numerous legal challenges by the NAACP against the systems of disenfranchisement which southern legislatures had passed at the turn of the century , effectively excluding blacks from politics for decades into the 1960s . Atlanta ( edit ) In most American cities , Progressives in the Efficiency Movement looked for ways to eliminate waste and corruption . They emphasized using experts in schools . For example , in the 1897 reform of the Atlanta schools , the school board was reduced in size , eliminating the power of ward bosses . The members of the school board were elected at - large , reducing the influence of various interest groups . The power of the superintendent was increased . Centralized purchasing allowed for economies of scale , although it also added opportunities for censorship and suppression of dissent . Standards of hiring and tenure in teachers were made uniform . Architects designed school buildings in which the classrooms , offices , workshops and other facilities related together . Curricular innovations were introduced . The reforms were designed to produce a school system for white students according to the best practices of the day . Middle - class professionals instituted these reforms ; they were equally antagonistic to the traditional business elites and to working - class elements . Gary plan ( edit ) The `` Gary plan '' was implemented in the new industrial `` steel '' city of Gary , Indiana , by William Wirt , the superintendent who served from 1907 -- 30 . Although the U.S. Steel Corporation dominated the Gary economy and paid abundant taxes , it did not shape Wirt 's educational reforms . The Gary Plan emphasized highly efficient use of buildings and other facilities . This model was adopted by more than 200 cities around the country , including New York City . Wirt divided students into two platoons -- one platoon used the academic classrooms , while the second platoon was divided among the shops , nature studies , auditorium , gymnasium , and outdoor facilities . Then the platoons rotated position . Wirt set up an elaborate night school program , especially to Americanize new immigrants . The introduction of vocational educational programs , such as wood shop , machine shop , typing , and secretarial skills proved especially popular with parents who wanted their children to become foremen and office workers . By the Great Depression , most cities found the Gary plan too expensive , and abandoned it . Great Depression and New Deal : 1929 - 39 ( edit ) Public schools across the country were badly hurt by the Great Depression , as tax revenues fell in local and state governments shifted funding to relief projects . Budgets were slashed , and teachers went unpaid . During the New Deal , 1933 -- 39 , President Franklin Roosevelt and his advisers were hostile to the elitism shown by the educational establishment . They refused all pleas for direct federal help to public or private schools or universities . They rejected proposals for federal funding for research at universities . But they did help poor students , and the major New Deal relief programs built many schools buildings As requested by local governments . The New Deal approach to education was a radical departure from educational best practices . _̈ It was specifically designed for the poor and staffed largely by women on relief . It was not based on professionalism , nor was it designed by experts . Instead it was premised on the anti-elitist notion that a good teacher does not need paper credentials , that learning does not need a formal classroom and that the highest priority should go to the bottom tier of society . Leaders in the public schools were shocked : They were shut out as consultants and as recipients of New Deal funding . They desperately needed cash to cover the local and state revenues that it disappeared during the depression , they were well organized , and made repeated concerted efforts in 1934 , 1937 , and 1939 , all to no avail . The conservative Republican establishment headed collaborated with for so long was out of power and Roosevelt himself was the leader in anti-elitism . The federal government had a highly professional Office of Education ; Roosevelt cut its budget and staff , and refused to consult with its leader John Ward Studebaker . The CCC programs were deliberately designed not teach skills that would put them in competition with unemployed union members . The CCC did have its own classes . They were voluntary , took place after work , and focused on teaching basic literacy to young men who had quit school before high school . The relief programs did offer indirect help . The CWA and FERA focused on hiring unemployed people on relief , and putting them to work on public buildings , including public schools . It built or upgraded 40,000 schools , plus thousands of playgrounds and athletic fields . It gave jobs to 50,000 teachers to keep rural schools open and to teach adult education classes in the cities . It gave a temporary jobs to unemployed teachers in cities like Boston . Although the New Deal refused to give money to impoverished school districts , it did give money to impoverished high school and college students . The CWA used `` work study '' programs to fund students , both male and female . The National Youth Administration ( NYA ) , a semi-autonomous branch of the WPA under Aubrey Williams developed apprenticeship programs and residential camps specializing in teaching vocational skills . It was one of the first agencies to set up a `` Division of Negro Affairs '' and make an explicit effort to enroll black students . Williams believed that the traditional high school curricula had failed to meet the needs of the poorest youth . In opposition , the well - established National Education Association ( NEA ) saw NYA as a dangerous challenge to local control of education NYA expanded Work - study money to reach up to 500,000 students per month in high schools , colleges , and graduate schools . The average pay was $15 a month . However , in line with the anti-elitist policy , the NYA set up its own high schools , entirely separate from the public school system or academic schools of education . Despite appeals from Ickes and Eleanor Roosevelt , Howard University -- the federally operated school for blacks -- saw its budget cut below Hoover administration levels . Secondary schools ( edit ) In 1880 , American high schools were primarily considered to be preparatory academies for students who were going to attend college . But by 1910 they had been transformed into core elements of the common school system and had broader goals of preparing many students for work after high school . The explosive growth brought the number of students from 200,000 in 1890 to 1,000,000 in 1910 , to almost 2,000,000 by 1920 ; 7 % of youths aged 14 to 17 were enrolled in 1890 , rising to 32 % in 1920 . The graduates found jobs especially in the rapidly growing white - collar sector . Cities large and small across the country raced to build new high schools . Few were built in rural areas , so ambitious parents moved close to town to enable their teenagers to attend high school . After 1910 , vocational education was added , as a mechanism to train the technicians and skilled workers needed by the booming industrial sector . In the 1880s the high schools started developing as community centers . They added sports and by the 1920s were building gymnasiums that attracted large local crowds to basketball and other games , especially in small town schools that served nearby rural areas . College preparation ( edit ) In the 1865 -- 1914 era , the number and character of schools changed to meet the demands of new and larger cities and of new immigrants . They had to adjust to the new spirit of reform permeating the country . High schools increased in number , adjusted their curriculum to prepare students for the growing state and private universities ; education at all levels began to offer more utilitarian studies in place of an emphasis on the classics . John Dewey and other Progressives advocated changes from their base in teachers ' colleges . Before 1920 most secondary education , whether private or public , emphasized college entry for a select few headed for college . Proficiency in Greek and Latin was emphasized . Abraham Flexner , under commission from the philanthropic General Education Board ( GEB ) , wrote A Modern School ( 1916 ) , calling for a de-emphasis on the classics . The classics teachers fought back in a losing effort . Prior to World War I , German was preferred as a subject for a second spoken language . Prussian and German educational systems had served as a model for many communities in the United States and its intellectual standing was highly respected . Due to Germany being an enemy of the US during the war , an anti-German attitude arose in the United States . French , the international language of diplomacy , was promoted as the preferred second language instead . French survived as the second language of choice until the 1960s , when Spanish became popular . This reflected a strong increase in the Spanish - speaking population in the United States , which has continued since the late 20th century . The growth of human Capital ( edit ) By 1900 educators argued that the post-literacy schooling of the masses at the secondary and higher levels , would improve citizenship , develop higher - order traits , and produce the managerial and professional leadership needed for rapid economic modernization . The commitment to expanded education past age 14 set the U.S. apart from Europe for much of the 20th century . From 1910 to 1940 , high schools grew in number and size , reaching out to a broader clientele . In 1910 , for example , 9 % of Americans had a high school diploma ; in 1935 , the rate was 40 % . By 1940 , the number had increased to 50 % . This phenomenon was uniquely American ; no other nation attempted such widespread coverage . The fastest growth came in states with greater wealth , more homogeneity of wealth , and less manufacturing activity than others . The high schools provided necessary skill sets for youth planning to teach school , and essential skills for those planning careers in white collar work and some high - paying blue collar jobs . Claudia Goldin argues this rapid growth was facilitated by public funding , openness , gender neutrality , local ( and also state ) control , separation of church and state , and an academic curriculum . The wealthiest European nations , such as Germany and Britain , had far more exclusivity in their education system ; few youth attended past age 14 . Apart from technical training schools , European secondary schooling was dominated by children of the wealthy and the social elites . American post-elementary schooling was designed to be consistent with national needs . It stressed general and widely applicable skills not tied to particular occupations or geographic areas , in order that students would have flexible employment options . As the economy was dynamic , the emphasis was on portable skills that could be used in a variety of occupations , industries , and regions . Public schools were funded and supervised by independent districts that depended on taxpayer support . In dramatic contrast to the centralized systems in Europe , where national agencies made the major decisions , the American districts designed their own rules and curricula . Teachers and administrators ( edit ) Early public school superintendents emphasized discipline and rote learning , and school principals made sure the mandate was imposed on teachers . Disruptive students were expelled . Support for the high school movement occurred at the grass - roots level of local cities and school systems . After 1916 , the federal government began to provide for vocational education funding as part of support for raising readiness to work in industrial and artisan jobs . In these years , states and religious bodies generally funded teacher training colleges , often called `` normal schools '' . Gradually they developed full four - year curriculums and developed as state colleges after 1945 . Teachers organized themselves during the 1920s and 1930s . In 1917 , the National Education Association ( NEA ) was reorganized to better mobilize and represent teachers and educational staff . The rate of increase in membership was constant under the chairmanship of James Crabtree -- from 8,466 members in 1917 to 220,149 in 1931 . The rival American Federation of Teachers ( AFT ) was based in large cities and formed alliances with the local labor unions . The NEA identified as an upper - middle - class professional organization , while the AFT identified with the working class and the union movement . Higher education ( edit ) Main article : History of higher education in the United States At the beginning of the 20th century , fewer than 1,000 colleges with 160,000 students existed in the United States . Explosive growth in the number of colleges occurred at the end of the 19th and early 20th centuries , supported in part by Congress ' land grant programs . Philanthropists endowed many of these institutions . For example , wealthy philanthropists established Johns Hopkins University , Stanford University , Carnegie Mellon University , Vanderbilt University and Duke University ; John D. Rockefeller funded the University of Chicago without imposing his name on it . Land grant universities ( edit ) Each state used federal funding from the Morrill Land - Grant Colleges Acts of 1862 and 1890 to set up `` land grant colleges '' that specialized in agriculture and engineering . The 1890 act required states that had segregation also to provide all - black land grant colleges , which were dedicated primarily to teacher training . These colleges contributed to rural development , including the establishment of a traveling school program by Tuskegee Institute in 1906 . Rural conferences sponsored by Tuskegee also attempted to improve the life of rural blacks . In the late 20th century , many of the schools established in 1890 have helped train students from less - developed countries to return home with the skills and knowledge to improve agricultural production . Iowa State University was the first existing school whose state legislature officially accepted the provisions of the Morrill Act on September 11 , 1862 . Other universities soon followed , such as Purdue University , Michigan State University , Kansas State University , Cornell University ( in New York ) , Texas A&M University , Pennsylvania State University , The Ohio State University , and the University of California . Few alumni became farmers , but they did play an increasingly important role in the larger food industry , especially after the federal extension system was set up in 1916 that put trained agronomists in every agricultural county . Engineering graduates played a major role in rapid technological development . The land - grant college system produced the agricultural scientists and industrial engineers who constituted the critical human resources of the managerial revolution in government and business , 1862 -- 1917 , laying the foundation of the world 's pre-eminent educational infrastructure that supported the world 's foremost technology - based economy . Representative was Pennsylvania State University . The Farmers ' High School of Pennsylvania ( later the Agricultural College of Pennsylvania and then Pennsylvania State University ) , chartered in 1855 , was intended to uphold declining agrarian values and show farmers ways to prosper through more productive farming . Students were to build character and meet a part of their expenses by performing agricultural labor . By 1875 the compulsory labor requirement was dropped , but male students were required to have an hour a day of military training in order to meet the requirements of the Morrill Land Grant College Act . In the early years , the agricultural curriculum was not well developed , and politicians in the state capital of Harrisburg often considered the land - grant college a costly and useless experiment . The college was a center of middle - class values that served to help young people on their journey to white - collar occupations . GI Bill ( edit ) Rejecting liberal calls for large - scale aid to education , Congress in 1944 during World War II passed the conservative program of aid limited to veterans who had served in wartime . Daniel Brumberg and Farideh Farhi state , `` The expansive and generous postwar education benefits of the GI Bill were due not to Roosevelt 's progressive vision but to the conservative American Legion . '' The GI Bill made college education possible for millions by paying tuition and living expenses . The government provided between $800 and $1,400 each year to these veterans as a subsidy to attend college , which covered 50 -- 80 % of total costs . This included foregone earnings in addition to tuition , which allowed them to have enough funds for life outside of school . The GI Bill helped create a widespread belief in the necessity of college education . It opened up higher education to ambitious young men who would otherwise have been forced to immediately enter the job market after being discharged from the military . When comparing college attendance rates between veterans and non-veterans during this period , veterans were found to be 10 % more likely to go to college than non-veterans . In the early decades after the bill was passed , most campuses became largely male thanks to the GI Bill , since only 2 % of wartime veterans were women . But by 2000 , female veterans had grown in numbers and began passing men in rates of college and graduate school attendance . Great Society ( edit ) When liberals regained control of Congress in 1964 , they passed numerous Great Society programs supported by President Lyndon B. Johnson to expand federal support for education . The Higher Education Act of 1965 set up federal scholarships and low - interest loans for college students , and subsidized better academic libraries , ten to twenty new graduate centers , several new technical institutes , classrooms for several hundred thousand students , and twenty - five to thirty new community colleges a year . A separate education bill enacted that same year provided similar assistance to dental and medical schools . On an even larger scale , the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 began pumping federal money into local school districts . Segregation and integration ( edit ) Segregation laws in the United States prior to Brown v. Board of Education For much of its history , education in the United States was segregated ( or even only available ) based upon race . Early integrated schools such as the Noyes Academy , founded in 1835 , in Canaan , New Hampshire , were generally met with fierce local opposition . For the most part , African Americans received very little to no formal education before the Civil War . Some free blacks in the North managed to become literate . In the South where slavery was legal , many states had laws prohibiting teaching enslaved African Americans to read or write . A few taught themselves , others learned from white playmates or more generous masters , but most were not able to learn to read and write . Schools for free people of color were privately run and supported , as were most of the limited schools for white children . Poor white children did not attend school . The wealthier planters hired tutors for their children and sent them to private academies and colleges at the appropriate age . During Reconstruction a coalition of freedmen and white Republicans in Southern state legislatures passed laws establishing public education . The Freedmen 's Bureau was created as an agency of the military governments that managed Reconstruction . It set up schools in many areas and tried to help educate and protect freedmen during the transition after the war . With the notable exception of the desegregated public schools in New Orleans , the schools were segregated by race . By 1900 more than 30,000 black teachers had been trained and put to work in the South , and the literacy rate had climbed to more than 50 % , a major achievement in little more than a generation . Many colleges were set up for blacks ; some were state schools like Booker T. Washington 's Tuskegee Institute in Alabama , others were private ones subsidized by Northern missionary societies . Although the African - American community quickly began litigation to challenge such provisions , in the 19th century Supreme Court challenges generally were not decided in their favor . The Supreme Court case of Plessy v. Ferguson ( 1896 ) upheld the segregation of races in schools as long as each race enjoyed parity in quality of education ( the `` separate but equal '' principle ) . However , few black students received equal education . They suffered for decades from inadequate funding , outmoded or dilapidated facilities , and deficient textbooks ( often ones previously used in white schools ) . Starting in 1914 and going into the 1930s , Julius Rosenwald , a philanthropist from Chicago , established the Rosenwald Fund to provide seed money for matching local contributions and stimulating the construction of new schools for African American children , mostly in the rural South . He worked in association with Booker T. Washington and architects at Tuskegee University to have model plans created for schools and teacher housing . With the requirement that money had to be raised by both blacks and whites , and schools approved by local school boards ( controlled by whites ) , Rosenwald stimulated construction of more than 5,000 schools built across the South . In addition to Northern philanthrops and state taxes , African Americans went to extraordinary efforts to raise money for such schools . The Civil Rights Movement during the 1950s and 1960s helped publicize the inequities of segregation . In 1954 , the Supreme Court in Brown v. Board of Education unanimously declared that separate facilities were inherently unequal and unconstitutional . By the 1970s segregated districts had practically vanished in the South . Integration of schools has been a protracted process , however , with results affected by vast population migrations in many areas , and affected by suburban sprawl , the disappearance of industrial jobs , and movement of jobs out of former industrial cities of the North and Midwest and into new areas of the South . Although required by court order , integrating the first black students in the South met with intense opposition . In 1957 the integration of Central High School in Little Rock , Arkansas , had to be enforced by federal troops . President Dwight D. Eisenhower took control of the National Guard , after the governor tried to use them to prevent integration . Throughout the 1960s and 1970s , integration continued with varying degrees of difficulty . Some states and cities tried to overcome de facto segregation , a result of housing patterns , by using forced busing . This method of integrating student populations provoked resistance in many places , including northern cities , where parents wanted children educated in neighborhood schools . Although full equality and parity in education has still to be achieved ( many school districts are technically still under the integration mandates of local courts ) , technical equality in education had been achieved by 1970 . Education after 1945 ( edit ) In mid-20th century America , there was intense interest in using institutions to support the innate creativity of children . It helped reshape children 's play , the design of suburban homes , schools , parks , and museums . Producers of children 's television programming worked to spark creativity . Educational toys proliferated that were designed to teach skills or develop abilities . For schools there was a new emphasis on arts as well as science in the curriculum . School buildings no longer were monumental testimonies to urban wealth ; they were redesigned with the students in mind . The emphasis on creativity was reversed in the 1980s , as public policy emphasized test scores , school principal were forced to downplay art , drama , music , history and anything that was not being scored on standardized tests , lest their school be labelled `` failing '' by the quantifiers behind the `` No Child Left Behind Act . In the 21st century teachers report that many students in classrooms seem mesmerized by their personal cell phones or smart phones , often checking their text messages or Facebook page . Inequality ( edit ) The Coleman Report , by University of Chicago sociology professor James Coleman proved especially controversial in 1966 . Based on massive statistical data , the 1966 report titled `` Equality of Educational Opportunity '' fueled debate about `` school effects '' that has continued since . The report was widely seen as evidence that school funding has little effect on student final achievement . A more precise reading of the Coleman Report is that student background and socioeconomic status are much more important in determining educational outcomes than are measured differences in school resources ( i.e. per pupil spending ) . Coleman found that , on average , black schools were funded on a nearly equal basis by the 1960s , and that black students benefited from racially mixed classrooms . The comparative quality of education among rich and poor districts is still often the subject of dispute . While middle class African - American children have made good progress ; poor minorities have struggled . With school systems based on property taxes , there are wide disparities in funding between wealthy suburbs or districts , and often poor , inner - city areas or small towns . `` De facto segregation '' has been difficult to overcome as residential neighborhoods have remained more segregated than workplaces or public facilities . Racial segregation has not been the only factor in inequities . Residents in New Hampshire challenged property tax funding because of steep contrasts between education funds in wealthy and poorer areas . They filed lawsuits to seek a system to provide more equal funding of school systems across the state . Some scholars believe that transformation of the Pell Grant program to a loan program in the early 1980s has caused an increase in the gap between the growth rates of white , Asian - American and African - American college graduates since the 1970s . Others believe the issue is increasingly related more to class and family capacity than ethnicity . Some school systems have used economics to create a different way to identify populations in need of supplemental help . Special education ( edit ) In 1975 Congress passed Public Law 94 - 142 , Education for All Handicapped Children Act . One of the most comprehensive laws in the history of education in the United States , this Act brought together several pieces of state and federal legislation , making free , appropriate education available to all eligible students with a disability . The law was amended in 1986 to extend its coverage to include younger children . In 1990 the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act ( IDEA ) extended its definitions and changed the label `` handicap '' to `` disabilities '' . Further procedural changes were amended to IDEA in 1997 . Reform efforts in the 1980s ( edit ) In 1983 , the National Commission on Excellence in Education released a report titled A Nation at Risk . Soon afterward , conservatives were calling for an increase in academic rigor including an increase in the number of school days per year , longer school days and higher testing standards . English scholar E.D. Hirsch made an influential attack on progressive education , advocating an emphasis on `` cultural literacy '' -- the facts , phrases , and texts that Hirsch asserted are essential for decoding basic texts and maintaining communication . Hirsch 's ideas remain influential in conservative circles into the 21st century . Hirsch 's ideas have been controversial because as Edwards argues : Opponents from the political left generally accuse Hirsch of elitism . Worse yet in their minds , Hirsch 's assertion might lead to a rejection of toleration , pluralism , and relativism . On the political right , Hirsch has been assailed as totalitarian , for his idea lends itself to turning over curriculum selection to federal authorities and thereby eliminating the time - honored American tradition of locally controlled schools . By 1990 , the United States spent 2 per cent of its budget on education , compared with 30 per cent on support for the elderly . 21st century ( edit ) Policy since 2000 ( edit ) Main article : No Child Left Behind Act `` No Child Left Behind '' Was a major national law passed by a bipartisan coalition in Congress in 2002 , marked a new direction . In exchange for more federal aid , the states were required to measure progress and punish schools that were not meeting the goals as measured by standardized state exams in math and language skills . By 2012 , half the states were given waivers because the original goal that 100 % students by 2014 be deemed `` proficient '' had proven unrealistic . By 2012 , 45 states had dropped the requirement to teach cursive writing from the curriculum . Few schools start the school day by singing the national anthem , as was once done . Few schools have mandatory recess for children . Educators are trying to reinstate recess . Few schools have mandatory arts class . Continuing reports of a student 's progress can be found online , supplementing the former method of periodic report cards . By 2015 , criticisms from a broad range of political ideologies had cumulated so far that a bipartisan Congress stripped away all the national features of No Child Left Behind , turning the remnants over to the states . Main article : 21st century skills Beginning in the 1980s , government , educators , and major employers issued a series of reports identifying key skills and implementation strategies to steer students and workers towards meeting the demands of the changing and increasingly digital workplace and society . 21st century skills are a series of higher - order skills , abilities , and learning dispositions that have been identified as being required for success in 21st century society and workplaces by educators , business leaders , academics , and governmental agencies . Many of these skills are also associated with deeper learning , including analytic reasoning , complex problem solving , and teamwork , compared to traditional knowledge - based academic skills . Many schools and school districts are adjusting learning environments , curricula , and learning spaces to include and support more active learning ( such as experiential learning ) to foster deeper learning and the development of 21st century skills . Historiography ( edit ) Further information : Social history § History of education For much of the 20th century , the dominant historiography , as exemplified by Ellwood Patterson Cubberley ( 1868 -- 1941 ) at Stanford , emphasized the rise of American education as a powerful force for literacy , democracy , and equal opportunity , and a firm basis for higher education and advanced research institutions . It was a story of enlightenment and modernization triumphing over ignorance , cost - cutting , and narrow traditionalism whereby parents tried to block their children 's intellectual access to the wider world . Teachers dedicated to the public interest , reformers with a wide vision , and public support from the civic - minded community were the heroes . The textbooks help inspire students to become public schools teachers and thereby fulfill their own civic mission . The crisis came in the 1960s , when a new generation of New Left scholars and students rejected the traditional celebratory accounts , and identified the educational system as the villain for many of America 's weaknesses , failures , and crimes . Michael Katz ( 1939 -- 2014 ) states they : tried to explain the origins of the Vietnam War ; the persistence of racism and segregation ; the distribution Of power among gender and classes ; intractable poverty and the decay of cities ; and the failure of social institutions and policies designed to deal with mental illness , crime , delinquency , and education . The old guard fought back in bitter historiographical contests . The younger scholars largely promoted the proposition that schools were not the solution To America 's ills , they were in part the cause of Americans problems . The fierce battles of the 1960s died out by the 1990s , but enrollment declined sharply in education history courses and never recovered . Most histories of education deal with institutions or focus on the ideas histories of major reformers , but a new social history has recently emerged , focused on who were the students in terms of social background and social mobility . Attention has often focused on minority , and ethnic students . The social history of teachers has also been studied in depth . Historians have recently looked at the relationship between schooling and urban growth by studying educational institutions as agents in class formation , relating urban schooling to changes in the shape of cities , linking urbanization with social reform movements , and examining the material conditions affecting child life and the relationship between schools and other agencies that socialize the young . The most economics - minded historians have sought to relate education to changes in the quality of labor , productivity and economic growth , and rates of return on investment in education . A major recent exemplar is Claudia Goldin and Lawrence F. Katz , The Race between Education and Technology ( 2009 ) , on the social and economic history of 20th - century American schooling . See also ( edit ) History of Catholic education in the United States History of education in Missouri Education in the United States Education reform Federal Involvement in US Education References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` History of Boston Latin School -- oldest public school in America '' . BLS Web Site . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 02 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` History '' . Mather Elementary School . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` The Mather School is marking 375 years of public education ; NYPD 's Bratton , an alumnus , to speak at assembly Dorchester Reporter '' . www.dotnews.com . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ Lawrence Cremin , American Education : The Colonial Experience , 1607 -- 1783 ( Harper & Row , 1970 ) Jump up ^ Maris A. Vinovskis , `` Family and Schooling in Colonial and Nineteenth - Century America , '' Journal of Family History , Jan 1987 , Vol. 12 Issue 1 - 3 , pp 19 -- 37 Jump up ^ `` Schooling , Education , and Literacy , In Colonial America '' . faculty.mdc.edu. 2010 - 04 - 01 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ Walter H. Small , `` The New England Grammar School , 1635 -- 1700 , '' School Review 7 ( September 1902 ) : 513 -- 31 Jump up ^ Ronald Story , `` Harvard Students , The Boston Elite , And The New England Preparatory System , 1800 -- 1870 , '' History of Education Quarterly , Fall 1975 , Vol. 15 Issue 3 , pp 281 -- 298 Jump up ^ James McLachlan , American Boarding Schools : A Historical Study ( 1970 ) Jump up ^ Arthur Powell , Lessons from Privilege : The American Prep School Tradition ( Harvard UP , 1998 ) ( Jump up ^ Bernard Christian Steiner ( 1894 ) . History of education in Maryland . p. 16 . Jump up ^ Tyler , Lyon Gardiner ( 1897 ) . `` Education in Colonial Virginia . Part I : Poor Children and Orphans '' . William and Mary College Quarterly Historical Magazine : 219 -- 223 . Jump up ^ Tyler , Lyon Gardiner ( 1897 ) . `` Education in Colonial Virginia . Part II : Private Schools and Tutors '' . William and Mary College Quarterly Historical Magazine . 6 : 1 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Arthur , Linda L. ( 2000 ) . `` A New Look at Schooling and Literacy : The Colony of Georgia '' . Georgia Historical Quarterly . 84 ( 4 ) : 563 -- 588 . Jump up ^ Sundue , Sharon Braslaw ( 2009 ) . Industrious in Their Stations : Young People at Work in Urban America , 1720 -- 1810 . Charlottesville : University of Virginia Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8139 - 2713 - 8 . Jump up ^ Spady , James O'Neil ( 2011 ) . `` To Vie with One against Another : Race and Demand for Non-elite White Education in an Eighteenth - Century Colonial Society '' . Early American Studies . 9 ( 3 ) : 649 -- 676 . doi : 10.1353 / eam. 2011.0028 . Jump up ^ https://www.bankstreet.edu/school-children/admissions/progressive-education/volume-i/the-fall-and-rise-of-the-8th-grade-school/ Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/1988/07/20/us/farm-population-lowest-since-1850-s.html Jump up ^ John Hardin Best , `` Education in the Forming of the American South , '' History of Education Quarterly 36 # 1 ( 1996 ) , pp. 39 -- 51 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Charles Dabney , Universal Education in the South ( 2 vols. 1939 ) Jump up ^ James D. Anderson , The Education of Blacks in the South , 1860 -- 1935 ( 1988 ) . Jump up ^ Clark , Robenstine . `` French Colonial Policy and the Education of Women and Minorities : Louisiana in the Early Eighteenth Century , '' History of Education Quarterly ( 1992 ) 32 # 2 pp. 193 -- 211 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Kathryn Kish Sklar , `` The Schooling of Girls and Changing Community Values in Massachusetts Towns , 1750 -- 1820 , '' History of Education Quarterly 1993 33 ( 4 ) : 511 -- 542 Jump up ^ E. Jennifer Monaghan , `` Literacy Instruction and Gender in Colonial New England , '' American Quarterly 1988 40 ( 1 ) : 18 -- 41 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Sarah E. Fatherly , `` Women 's Education in Colonial Philadelphia , '' Pennsylvania Magazine Of History and Biography 2004 128 ( 3 ) : 229 -- 256 Jump up ^ Kilpatrick , William Heard ( 1912 ) . The Dutch Schools of New Netherland and Colonial New York . pp. 13 -- 38 . Jump up ^ Kessel , Elizabeth A. ( 1982 ) . `` ' A Mighty Fortress Is Our God ' : German Religious and Educational Organizations on the Maryland Frontier , 1734 -- 1800 '' . Maryland Historical Magazine . 77 ( 4 ) : 370 -- 387 . Jump up ^ Maurer , Charles Lewis ( 1932 ) . Early Lutheran Education in Pennsylvania . Jump up ^ Coburn , Carol ( 1992 ) . Life at Four Corners : Religion , Gender , and Education in a German - Lutheran Community , 1868 -- 1945 . Jump up ^ https://groups.etown.edu/amishstudies/social-organization/education/ The Supreme Court supported them in the Wisconsin v. Yoder decision in 1972 . Jump up ^ Gage Raley , `` ' Yoder ' Revisited : Why The Landmark Amish Schooling Case Could -- And Should -- Be Overturned '' Virginia Law Review 97 # 3 ( 2011 ) , pp. 681 - 722 in JSTOR Jump up ^ MacDonald , Victoria ( 2004 ) . Latino Education in the United States : A Narrated History from 1513 -- 2000 . New York : Palgrave Macmillan . p. 12 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Kyle B. ( 2010 ) . `` Rethinking The New - England Primer '' . Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America . 104 : 489 -- 523 . Jump up ^ Watters , David H. ( 1985 ) . `` ' I Spake as a Child ' : Authority , Metaphor and the New England Primer '' . Early American Literature. 20 ( 3 ) : 193 -- 213 . Jump up ^ Westerhoff , John H. III ( 1978 ) . McGuffey and His Readers : Piety , Morality , and Education in Nineteenth - Century America . Nashville : Abingdon . ISBN 0 - 687 - 23850 - 1 . Jump up ^ Ellis , Joseph J. ( 1979 ) . After the Revolution : Profiles of Early American Culture . New York : Norton . pp. 174 -- 175 . Jump up ^ Bynack , Vincent P. ( 1984 ) . `` Noah Webster and the Idea of a National Culture : the Pathologies of Epistemology '' . Journal of the History of Ideas. 45 ( 1 ) : 99 -- 114 . Jump up ^ Harvard University ( 1902 ) . Report of the president of Harvard College and reports of departments . pp. 2 -- . Jump up ^ Frederick E. 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Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Jurgen Herbst , The Once and Future School : Three Hundred and Fifty Years of American Secondary Education ( 1996 ) Jump up ^ Sarah Robbins , `` ' The Future Good and Great of our Land ' : Republican Mothers , Female Authors , and Domesticated Literacy in Antebellum New England , '' New England Quarterly 2002 75 ( 4 ) : 562 -- 591 in JSTOR ^ Jump up to : Catherine Clinton , `` Equally Their Due : The Education of the Planter Daughter in the Early Republic , '' Journal of the Early Republic 1982 2 ( 1 ) : 39 -- 60 Jump up ^ 1840 Census Data . Progress of the United States in Population and Wealth in Fifty Years , accessed May 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Farley Grubb , `` Educational Choice in the Era Before Free Public Schooling : Evidence from German Immigrant Children in Pennsylvania , 1771 -- 1817 '' The Journal of Economic History , 52 # 2 ( 1992 ) , pp. 363 -- 375 . 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Community and Class in American Education , 1865 -- 1918 . New York : Wiley . Jump up ^ Timothy Walch , Parish School : American Catholic Parochial Education From Colonial Times to the Present ( 2003 ) Jump up ^ James J. Hennesey , American Catholics : A History of the Roman Catholic Community in the United States ( 1983 ) p 172 Jump up ^ Walch , Parish School ( 2003 ) Jump up ^ Dennis Clark , The Irish in Philadelphia : Ten Generations of Urban Experience , ( 1984 ) , pp. 96 -- 101 Jump up ^ Carol Coburn and Martha Smith Spirited Lives : How Nuns Shaped Catholic Culture and American Life , 1836 -- 1920 ( 1999 ) p 144 Jump up ^ Hennesey , American Catholics pp 247 -- 48 Jump up ^ Anderson , James D. ( 1988 ) . The Education of Blacks in the South , 1860 -- 1935 . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 1793 - 7 . Jump up ^ Butchart , Ronald E. ( 2010 ) . Schooling the Freed People : Teaching , Learning , and the Struggle for Black Freedom , 1861 -- 1876 . 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Burke , American Collegiate Populations : A Test of the Traditional View ( New York University Press , 1982 ) and Peter Dobkin Hall , The Organization of American Culture : Private Institutions , Elites , and the Origins of American Nationality ( New York University Press , 1982 ) Jump up ^ Diane Ravitch , The Revisionists Revised : A Critique of the Radical Attack on the Schools ( 1978 ) pp 32 -- 41 Jump up ^ Selwyn K. Troen , The Public and the Schools : Shaping the St. Louis System 1838 -- 1920 ( 1975 ) pp 151 , 224 -- 26 , quoted in Ravitch , The Revisionists Revised , pp 55 -- 56 Jump up ^ Diane Ravitch ( 1978 ) . The Revisionists Revised : A Critique of the Radical Attack : the Schools . Basic Books . p. 53 . Jump up ^ Paul Peterson , Saving Schools : From Horace Mann to Virtual Learning ( 2010 ) pp 37 -- 50 Jump up ^ William J. Reese , `` The Origins of Progressive Education , '' History of Education Quarterly 2001 41 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 24 . Jump up ^ John Dewey , My Pedagogic Creed ( 1897 ) PP. 6 , 16 Jump up ^ Diane Ravitch , Left Back : A Century of Failed School Reforms ( 2000 ) , p. 169 ; David Tyack , The One Best System : A History of American Urban Education ( 1974 ) pp. 197 -- 98 . Jump up ^ Harlan , Louis R. ( 1983 ) . Booker T. Washington : The Wizard of Tuskegee 1901 -- 1915 . Oxford University Press . pp. 174 -- 201 ( quote pp. 174 -- 5 ) . ISBN 0 - 19 - 503202 - 0 . Jump up ^ Generals , Donald ( 2000 ) . `` Booker T. Washington and Progressive Education : An Experimentalist Approach to Curriculum Development and Reform '' . Journal of Negro Education . 69 ( 3 ) : 215 -- 234 . JSTOR 2696233 . Jump up ^ Plank , David N. ; Peterson , Paul E. ( 1983 ) . `` Does Urban Reform Imply Class Conflict ? The Case Of Atlanta 's Schools '' . History of Education Quarterly . 23 ( 2 ) : 151 -- 173 . JSTOR 368157 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Ronald D. ; Mohl , Raymond A. ( 1979 ) . The Paradox of Progressive Education : The Gary Plan and Urban Schooling. Port Washington , NY : Kennikat Press . ISBN 0 - 8046 - 9237 - 8 . Jump up ^ David Tyack et al. Public Schools in Hard times : the Great Depression and Recent Years ( 1984 ) pp 93 - 107 . Jump up ^ Adam R. Nelson ; John L. Rudolph ( 2010 ) . Education and the Culture of Print in Modern America . p. 160 . Jump up ^ Leuchtenburg , p 121 - 22 . Jump up ^ Tyack et al. Public Schools in Hard Times pp 105 Jump up ^ Kevin P. Bower , `` ' A favored child of the state ' : Federal Student Aid at Ohio Colleges and Universities , 1934 -- 1943 . '' History of Education Quarterly 44.3 ( 2004 ) : 364 - 387 . Jump up ^ Ronald Story , The New Deal and Higher Education in The New Deal and the Triumph of Liberalism ed. by Sidney M. Milkis ( 2002 ) . pp 272 - 96 . Jump up ^ Report of the National Youth Administration , June 26 , 1935 to June 30 , 1938 ( 1938 ) online Jump up ^ Tyack et al. Public Schools in Hard Times p 104 Jump up ^ Stephen Lassonde , `` The Real , Real Youth Problem : The New Deal and American Youth : Ideas and Ideals in a Depression Decade by Richard A. Reiman , '' Reviews in American History 22 # 1 ( 1994 ) pp. 149 - 155 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Clifford L. Muse , `` Howard University and The Federal Government During The Presidential Administrations of Herbert Hoover and Franklin D. Roosevelt , 1928 - 1945 . '' The Journal of Negro History 76.1 / 4 ( 1991 ) : 1 - 20 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Church , Robert L. ; Sedlak , Michael W. ( 1976 ) . Education in the United States : An Interpretive History . New York : Free Press . pp. 288 -- 313 . ISBN 0 - 02 - 905490 - 7 . Jump up ^ Krug , Edward ( 1964 ) . The Shaping of the American High School , 1880 -- 1920 . New York : Harper & Row . Jump up ^ Pruter , Robert ( 2013 ) . The Rise of American High School Sports and The Search for Control , 1880 -- 1930 . Syracuse , NY : Syracuse University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8156 - 3314 - 3 . Jump up ^ Cremin , Lawrence A. ( 1988 ) . American Education : The Metropolitan Experience , 1876 -- 1980 . New York : Harper & Row . ISBN 0 - 06 - 015804 - 2 . Jump up ^ Wraga , William G. ( 2008 ) . `` The Assault on ' The Assault on Humanism ' : Classicists Respond to Abraham Flexner 's ' A Modern School ' '' . Historical Studies in Education . 20 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Watzke , John L. ( 2003 ) . Lasting Change in Foreign Language Education : A Historical Case for Change in National Policy . Jump up ^ Goldin , Claudia ; Katz , Lawrence F. ( 1999 ) . `` Human Capital and Social Capital : The Rise of Secondary Schooling in America , 1910 -- 1940 '' . Journal of Interdisciplinary History . 29 ( 4 ) : 683 -- 723 . doi : 10.1162 / 002219599551868 . Jump up ^ Goldin , Claudia ; Katz , Lawrence F. ( 2009 ) . `` Why the United States Led in Education : Lessons from Secondary School Expansion , 1910 to 1940 '' . Human Capital and Institutions : A Long - Run View . New York : Cambridge University Press . pp. 143 -- 178 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 76958 - 7 . Jump up ^ Goldin , Claudia ( 2001 ) . `` The Human - Capital Century and American Leadership : Virtues of the Past '' . Journal of Economic History . 61 ( 2 ) : 263 -- 290 . Jump up ^ `` The History of Education in the United States : Secondary Schools '' . K -- 12 Academics . Retrieved September 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldin , Claudia ; Katz , Lawrence F. ( 2008 ) . The Race between Education and Technology . Cambridge : Belknap Press of Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 02867 - 8 . Jump up ^ Rousmaniere , Kate ( 2013 ) . The Principal 's Office : A Social History of the American School Principal . State University of New York Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4384 - 4823 - 7 . Jump up ^ Eaton , William ( 1975 ) . The American Federation of Teachers , 1916 -- 1961 : A History of the Movement . Carbondale : Southern Illinois University Press . ISBN 0 - 8093 - 0708 - 1 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Marjorie ( 1992 ) . Blackboard Unions : The AFT and the NEA , 1900 -- 1980 . Ithaca , NY : Cornell University Press . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 8076 - 0 . Jump up ^ Veysey , Laurence R. ( 1965 ) . The Emergence of the American University . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . Jump up ^ Mayberry , B.D. ( 1991 ) . A Century of Agriculture in the 1890 Land Grant Institutions and Tuskegee University , 1890 -- 1990 . New York : Vantage Press . ISBN 0 - 533 - 09510 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Morrill Act of 1862 . '' Morrill Act of 1862 An Iowa Legacy . N.p. , n.d. Web . 07 Mar. 2017 . Jump up ^ Marcus , Alan I. , ed. ( 2005 ) . Engineering in a Land Grant Context : The Past , Present , and Future of an Idea . West Lafayette , IN : Purdue University Press . ISBN 1 - 55753 - 360 - 1 . Jump up ^ Ferleger , Louis ; Lazonick , William ( 1994 ) . `` Higher Education for an Innovative Economy : Land - grant Colleges and the Managerial Revolution in America '' . Business & Economic History . 23 ( 1 ) : 116 -- 128 . JSTOR 23702838 . Jump up ^ Weeks , Jim ( 1995 ) . `` A New Race of Farmers : the Labor Rule , the Farmers ' High School , and the Origins of the Pennsylvania State University '' . Pennsylvania History . 62 ( 1 ) : 5 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Daniel Brumberg ; Farideh Farhi ( 2016 ) . Power and Change in Iran : Politics of Contention and Conciliation . Indiana UP . p. 82 . Jump up ^ See also Theda Skocpol ( 2000 ) . The Missing Middle : Working Families and the Future of American Social Policy . p. 55 . Jump up ^ Altschuler , Glenn ; Blumin , Stuart ( 2009 ) . The GI Bill : The New Deal for Veterans . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 518228 - 6 . Jump up ^ Bernstein , Irving ( 1996 ) . Guns or Butter : The Presidency of Lyndon Johnson . New York : Oxford University Press . pp. 202 -- 222 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 506312 - 0 . Jump up ^ Anderson , James D. ( 1988 ) . The Education of Blacks in the South , 1860 -- 1935 . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press . pp. 244 -- 245 . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 1793 - 7 . Jump up ^ Anderson , James D. ( 1988 ) . The Education of Blacks in the South , 1860 -- 1935 . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press . pp. 158 -- 161 . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 1793 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Madison Desegregation Hearing To Be Held Tuesday '' . TheJacksonChannel . Retrieved February 14 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Amy F. Ogata , Designing the Creative Child : Playthings and Places in Midcentury America ( 2013 ) Jump up ^ Amy F. Ogata , `` Building for learning in postwar American elementary schools . '' Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians '' 67.4 ( 2008 ) : 562 - 591 . online Jump up ^ Deborah Meier and George Wood , eds. , Many Children Left Behind : How the No Child Left Behind Act Is Damaging Our Children and Our Schools ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Leo M. Casey , `` The Will to Quantify : The '' Bottom Line '' in the Market Model of Education Reform . '' Teachers College Record 115.9 ( 2013 ) Jump up ^ E. Bun Lee , `` Too much information : Heavy smartphone and Facebook utilization by African American young adults . '' Journal of Black Studies 46.1 ( 2015 ) : 44 - 61 . Jump up ^ See Hanushek , Eric A. ( 1998 ) . `` Conclusions and Controversies about the Effectiveness of School Resources '' ( PDF ) . Economic Policy Review . Federal Reserve Bank of New York . 4 ( 1 ) : 11 -- 27 . Retrieved 30 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Wolters , Raymond ( 2008 ) . `` Educational Reform in the 1960s '' . Race and Education , 1954 -- 2007 . University of Missouri Press . pp. 155 -- 187 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8262 - 1828 - 5 . Jump up ^ Hanushek , Eric A. ; Kain , John F. ; Rivkin , Steve G. ( 2009 ) . `` New Evidence about Brown v. Board of Education : The Complex Effects of School Racial Composition on Achievement '' . Journal of Labor Economics . 27 ( 3 ) : 349 -- 383 . doi : 10.1086 / 600386 . Jump up ^ Adams , J.Q. ; Strother - Adams , Pearlie ( 2001 ) . Dealing with Diversity . Chicago : Kendall / Hunt . ISBN 0 - 7872 - 8145 - X . Jump up ^ Chambers , Jay G. ; Hartman , William T. ( 1983 ) . Special Education Policies : Their History , Implementation , and Finance . Philadelphia : Temple University Press . ISBN 0 - 87722 - 280 - 0 . Jump up ^ Longmore , Paul K. ( 2009 ) . `` Making Disability an Essential Part of American History '' . OAH Magazine of History . 23 ( 3 ) : 11 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Dr. Jason R. Edwards , `` E.D. Hirsch Jr. : The Twentieth Century 's Liberal Conservative Educator , '' The Center for Vision & Values ( 2009 ) online Jump up ^ `` U.S. spending '' . Rolling Stone . April 19 , 1990 . p. 43 . Jump up ^ Jesse Rhodes ( 2012 ) . An Education in Politics : The Origins and Evolution of No Child Left Behind . Cornell U.P. pp. 179 -- 81 . Jump up ^ Steven Brill ( 2011 ) . Class Warfare : Inside the Fight to Fix America 's Schools . Simon and Schuster . p. 84 . Jump up ^ `` Archived : Fact Sheet on No Child Left Behind '' . Jump up ^ Resmovits , Joy ( July 6 , 2012 ) . `` No Child Left Behind Waivers Granted To More Than Half Of U.S. States '' . Huffington Post . Jump up ^ Te - Erika Patterson . `` 10 School Traditions Your Kids Will Never Experience '' . mom.me . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ Lyndsey Layton , `` Obama signs new K -- 12 education law that ends No Child Left Behind '' Washington Post Dec 11 , 2015 Jump up ^ Chris Dede , Comparing Frameworks for 21st Century Skills , Harvard Graduate School of Education , 2009 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 09 Jump up ^ Stedman Graham , Preparing for the 21st Century : Soft Skills Matter , Huffington Post , April 26 , 2015 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 16 Jump up ^ Larry Cuban , Content vs. skills in high schools -- 21st century arguments echo 19th century conflicts , November 3 , 2015 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 12 Jump up ^ Sol Cohen , `` The history of the history of American education , 1900 -- 1976 : The uses of the past . '' Harvard Educational Review 46 # 3 ( 1976 ) : 298 -- 330 . online Jump up ^ Lawrence A. Cremin , The Wonderful World of Ellwood Patterson Cubberley ( 1965 ) Jump up ^ Michael B. Katz ( 2009 ) . Reconstructing American Education . Harvard UP . p. 136 . Jump up ^ Diane Ravitch , The Revisionists Revised : A Critique of the Radical Attack on the Schools ( 1978 ) was a major counterattack . Jump up ^ McClellan , B. Edward ; Reese , William J. , eds. ( 1988 ) . The Social History of American Education . Urbana : University of Illinois Press . ISBN 0 - 252 - 01462 - 6 . Jump up ^ Margo , Robert A. ( 1990 ) . Race and Schooling in the South , 1880 -- 1950 : An Economic History . ISBN 0 - 226 - 50510 - 3 . Jump up ^ Galenson , David W. ( 1998 ) . `` Ethnic difference in neighborhood effects on the school attendance of boys in early Chicago '' . History of Education Quarterly . 38 : 17 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Perlmann , Joel ; Margo , Robert A. ( 2001 ) . Women 's Work ? American Schoolteachers , 1650 -- 1920 . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 66039 - 7 . Jump up ^ Reeder , David A. ( 1992 ) . `` Schooling in the City : Educational History and the Urban Variable '' . Urban History . 19 ( 1 ) : 23 -- 38 . Jump up ^ Herbst , Jürgen ( 1999 ) . `` The History of Education : State of the Art at the Turn of the Century in Europe and North America '' . Paedagogica Historica. 35 ( 3 ) : 737 -- 747 . doi : 10.1080 / 0030923990350308 . Jump up ^ Sanderson , Michael ( 2007 ) . `` Educational and Economic History : The Good Neighbours '' . History of Education . 36 ( 4 / 5 ) : 429 -- 445 . Further reading ( edit ) For a detailed bibliography , see History of education in the United States : Bibliography . Altenbaugh ; Richard J. Historical Dictionary of American Education ( 1999 ) online edition Best , John Hardin . `` Education in the Forming of the American South . '' History of Education Quarterly 36.1 ( 1996 ) : 39 -- 51 . in JSTOR Button , H. Warren and Provenzo , Eugene F. , Jr . History of Education and Culture in America . ( 1983 ) . 379 pp . Clifford , Geraldine J. Those Good Gertrudes : A social history of women teachers in America ( 2014 ) Clifford , Geraldine Jonçich . `` ' Daughters into Teachers ' : Educational and Demographic Influences on the Transformation of Teaching into ' Women 's Work ' in America , '' in Alison Prentice And Marjorie R. Theobald , eds . Women Who Taught : Perspectives on the History of Women and Teaching ( 1991 ) pp. 115 -- 135 . Cremin , Lawrence A. American Education : The Colonial Experience , 1607 -- 1783 . ( 1970 ) ; the later two volumes have surprisingly little on schools : American Education : The National Experience , 1783 -- 1876 . ( 1980 ) ; American Education : The Metropolitan Experience , 1876 -- 1980 ( 1990 ) Curti , M.E. The social ideas of American educators , with new chapter on the last twenty - five years . ( 1959 ) . Eisenmann , Linda . Historical Dictionary of Women 's Education in the United States ( 1998 ) online Geiger , Roger L. The History of American Higher Education : Learning and Culture from the Founding to World War II ( Princeton UP 2014 ) , 584pp ; encyclopedic in scope Goldin , Claudia . `` The Human - Capital Century and American Leadership : Virtues of the Past '' , Journal of Economic History , ( 2001 ) vol. 61 # 2 pp 263 -- 90 online Herbst , Juergen . The once and future school : Three hundred and fifty years of American secondary education . ( 1996 ) . online edition Herbst , Jurgen . `` Nineteenth ‐ Century Normal Schools in the United States : a Fresh Look . '' History of Education 9.3 ( 1980 ) : 219 -- 227 . Hyde , Sarah L. Schooling in the Antebellum South : The Rise of Public and Private Education in Louisiana , Mississippi , and Alabama ( Louisiana State University Press , 2016 ) , xvi , 212 pp Lucas , C.J. American higher education : A history . ( 1994 ) . pp. ; reprinted essays from History of Education Quarterly McClellan , B. Edward and Reese , William J. , ed . The Social History of American Education . U. of Illinois Press , 1988 . 370 pp. ; reprinted essays from History of Education Quarterly Mohr , Clarence L. ed . The New Encyclopedia of Southern Culture : Education ( 2011 ) online review ; comprehensive coverage in 135 articles Monroe , Paul , ed . A cyclopedia of education ( 5 vol. 1911 ) online vol 1 ; online vol 5 Nasaw , David ; Schooled to Order : A Social History of Public Schooling in the United States ( 1981 ) online version Parkerson , Donald H. and Parkerson , Jo Ann . Transitions in American Education : A Social History of Teaching . Routledge , 2001 . 242 pp . Parkerson , Donald H. and Parkerson , Jo Ann . The Emergence of the Common School in the U.S. Countryside . Edwin Mellen , 1998 . 192 pp . Peterson , Paul . Saving Schools : From Horace Mann to Virtual Learning ( 2010 ) , theorists from Mann to the present Rudolph , Frederick . The American College and University : A History ( 1962 ) long the standard history Rury , John L. ; Education and Social Change : Themes in the History of American Schooling . ' ; Lawrence Erlbaum Associates . 2002 . online version Spring , Joel . The American School : From the Puritans to No Child Left Behind . ( 7th ed . McGraw - Hill , 2008 ) . 494 pp . Thelin , John R. A History of American Higher Education ( 2004 ) stress on most important 50 universities Theobald , Paul . Call School : Rural Education in the Midwest to 1918 . Southern Illinois U. Press , 1995 . 246 pp . Tyack , David B . The One Best System : A History of American Urban Education ( 1974 ) , Tyack , David B. , and Elizabeth Hansot . Managers of virtue : Public school leadership in America , 1820 -- 1980 . ( 1982 ) . Urban , Wayne J. , and Jennings L. Wagoner . American education : A history ( 4th ed . Routledge , 2009 ) , A frequently used Universitytextbook Walch , Timothy . Parish School : American Catholic Parochial Education From Colonial Times to the Present ( 2003 ) Zeichner , Kenneth M. , and Daniel P. Liston . `` Traditions of reform in US teacher education . '' Journal of teacher Education 41 # 2 ( 1990 ) : 3 -- 20 . Historiography ( edit ) Altenbaugh , Richard J. `` Oral history , American teachers and a social history of schooling : An emerging agenda . '' Cambridge Journal of Education 27 # 3 ( 1997 ) : 313 -- 330 . Best , John Hardin , ed . Historical inquiry in education : A research agenda ( American Educational Research Association , 1983 ) ; The most comprehensive overview of the historiography of American education , with essays by 13 scholars . Cohen , Sol . `` The history of the history of American education , 1900 -- 1976 : The uses of the past . '' Harvard Educational Review 46 # 3 ( 1976 ) : 298 -- 330 . Cohen , Sol . Challenging orthodoxies : Toward a new cultural history of education ( Peter Lang , 1999 ) . Dougherty , Jack . `` From anecdote to analysis : Oral interviews and new scholarship in educational history . '' Journal of American History 86 # 2 ( 1999 ) : 712 -- 723 . in JSTOR Finkelstein , Barbara . `` Education historians as mythmakers . '' Review of research in education 18 ( 1992 ) : 255 -- 297 . in JSTOR Katz , Michael ed . Education in American History : Readings on the Social Issues Praeger Publishers , 1973 Perko , F. Michael . `` Religious schooling in America : an historiographic reflection . '' History of Education Quarterly 40 # 3 ( 2000 ) , pp. 320 -- 338 in JSTOR Ramsey , Paul J. `` Histories taking root : the contexts and patterns of educational historiography during the twentieth century . '' American Educational History Journal 34 # 1 / 2 ( 2007 ) : 347 + . Ravitch , Diane . The Revisionists Revised : A Critique of the Radical Attack on the Schools ( 1978 ) Ravitch , Diane . The Revisionists Revised : Studies in the Historiography of American Education : a Review ( National Academy of Education , 1977 ) pp. 1 -- 84 ; a shorter version Reese , William J. and John J. Rury , eds . Rethinking the History of American Education ( 2008 ) excerpt Santora , Ellen Durrigan . `` Historiographic Perspectives of Context and Progress During a Half Century of Progressive Educational Reform . '' Education and Culture 16 #. 1 ( 2012 ) : 2 + online Sloan , Douglas . `` Historiography and the History of Education , '' in Fred Kerlinger , ed. , Review of Research in Education , 1 ( 1973 ) : 239 -- 269 . Urban , W.J. `` Some historiographical problems in revisionist educational history , '' American Educational Research Journal ( 1975 ) 12 # 3 pp 337 -- 350 . Primary sources ( edit ) Cohen , Sol , ed . Education In the United States : A Documentary History ( 5 vol , 1974 ) , 3600pp of primary sources from origins to 1972 Hofstadter , Richard and Wilson Smith , eds . American Higher Education : A Documentary History ( 2 vol 1967 ) Knight , Edgar W. , ed . A Documentary History of Education in the South Before 1860 ( 5 vol 1952 ) Journals ( edit ) American Educational History Journal External links ( edit ) American Education : Colonial America School : The Story of American Public Education at PBS.org . ( hide ) History of the United States Timeline Prehistory Pre-Columbian Colonial 1776 -- 89 1789 -- 1849 1849 -- 65 1865 -- 1918 1918 -- 45 1945 -- 64 1964 -- 80 1980 -- 91 1991 -- 2008 2008 -- present Topics American Century Cities Constitution Demographic Diplomatic Economic Education Immigration Medical Merchant Marine Military Musical Religious Slavery Southern Technological and industrial Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Voting rights Women Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_education_in_the_United_States&oldid=810141453 '' Categories : Social history of the United States Cultural history of the United States History of education in the United States Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Edit links This page was last edited on 13 November 2017 , at 15 : 43 . 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can you carry a pocket knife in public

Knife legislation

knife legislation

Knife legislation is defined as the body of statutory law or case law promulgated or enacted by a government or other governing jurisdiction that prohibits , criminalizes , or restricts the otherwise legal manufacture , importation , sale , transfer , possession , transport , or use of knives .

The carrying of knives in public is forbidden or restricted by law in many countries . Exceptions may be made for hunting knives , pocket knives , and knives used for work - related purposes ( chef 's knives , etc . ) , depending upon the laws of a given jurisdiction . In turn , the carrying or possessing of certain type of knives perceived as deadly or offensive weapons such as automatic or switchblade knives or butterfly knives may be restricted or prohibited . Even where knives may be legally carried on the person generally , this right may not extend to all places and circumstances , and knives of any description may be prohibited at schools , public buildings or courthouses , and at public events . Contents 1 Austria 2 Belgium 3 Bulgaria 4 Canada 5 China 6 Czech Republic 7 Denmark 8 France 9 Germany 9.1 Prohibited knives 9.2 Cutting and thrusting weapons 9.3 Restricted - use knives 10 Greece 11 Hong Kong 12 Hungary 13 Japan 14 Latvia 15 Lithuania 16 Netherlands 17 Norway 18 Poland 19 Russia 20 Serbia 21 Slovakia 22 Spain 23 Sweden 24 United Kingdom 24.1 England and Wales 24.1. 1 Restriction of Offensive Weapons Act 1959 24.1. 2 Criminal Justice Act 1988 24.1. 3 Offensive Weapons Act 1996 24.1. 4 Knives Act 1997 24.1. 5 Prevention of Crime Act 1953 24.2 Scotland 24.3 Northern Ireland 25 United States 25.1 Federal laws 25.2 State and local laws 25.2. 1 Historical Origin 25.2. 2 Interpreting current state laws 25.3 City , County , and local laws 26 See also 27 References 28 External links Austria ( edit ) In accordance with the Austrian Arms Act of 1996 ( Waffengesetz 1996 ) it is illegal to buy , import , possess or carry weapons that are disguised as another object or as an object of common use ( sword canes , e.g. , or knives disguised as ink pens , brush handles or belt buckles ) . For ordinary knives , however , there are no restrictions or prohibitions based on blade length or opening or locking mechanism . The Arms Act defines weapons as `` objects that by their very nature are intended to reduce or eliminate the defensive ability of a person through direct impact '' , specifically including all firearms . Consequently , certain knives are considered `` weapons '' in accordance with this definition . Except for firearms , however , which are heavily regulated , such `` weapons '' , including automatic opening lock - blade knives ( switchblades ) , OTF automatic knives , balisongs , and gravity knives are implicitly permitted under the Arms Act , and thus may be bought , possessed and carried by anyone over the age of 18 who has not been expressively banned from owning any weapon ( Waffenverbot ) by the civilian authorities . Belgium ( edit ) Article 3 , § 1 of the 2006 Weapons Act lists the switchblade or automatic knife ( couteaux à cran d'arrêt et à lame jaillissante ) , as well as butterfly knives , throwing knives , throwing stars , and knives or blades that have the appearance of other objects ( i.e. sword canes , belt buckle knives , etc . ) as prohibited weapons . In addition to specifically prohibited knives , the police and local jurisdictions have broad authority to prohibit the carrying or possession of a wide variety of knives , to include carriage inside a vehicle , if the owner can not establish sufficient legal reason ( motif légitime ) for doing so , particularly in urban areas or at public events . This discretion extends to even folding knives without a locking blade . Bulgaria ( edit ) Bulgarian weapon law is maintained on a yearly basis . It is called ZOBVVPI ( Bulgarian : `` Закон за оръжията , боеприпасите , взривните вещества и пиротехническите изделия '' ) and it covers ONLY the possession and usage of firearms ( including gas and signal ones ) , and pellet or BB ( Bulgarian : `` сачми '' ) pneumatic guns . A state regulation on melee weapons of any kind does not exist , whether knives , swords , bats or electric devices . Neither there is a juridical definition on the terms `` melee weapon '' or `` cold weapon '' in any Bulgarian law . Hence it is absolutely legal to possess and carry a knife in Bulgaria without having to procure any reason for doing so . Concealed knife carry is OK , anywhere and anytime . Although there are no restrictions on the possession or carrying of any type of knives or swords , it is not widely accepted or considered appropriate to carry a knife openly in public places such as streets or public buildings , stores or restaurants . In urban areas , expect an instant check and hassle if a policeman sees you to openly carry a larger knife , even if you have legal right to do it . From a society point of view , the open carry of knives in Bulgaria is justified only on rural areas , when fishing or hunting , or when the knife serves as a tool in work activities , such as gardening . Some places like courts , banks , clubs , bars , etc. will deny you the access with any type of weapon ( knives included ) and most of them do n't offer a safekeeping option . It is urban legend in Bulgaria that knives above 10 cm. are illegal to carry on person , so expect the police to try to convince you give up the knife voluntarily , even if such measure is illegal . You should not give up your knife , instead state the purpose of `` daily needs '' , `` utility usage '' or even `` self - defense '' for carrying and be clear that you have n't committed any crime . Insist the policeman to cite a law against you carrying a knife in public . Since there is n't any such law in Bulgaria , police most likely will let you keep your knife and send you on your way with a `` warning '' . If they insist or are further misbehaving , ask to contact their superior officer prior to giving up your knife or else you wo n't see it again . Actually , there are some random city councils which try to limit knife lengths above 10 centimeters ( 4 inches ) with issuing acts , but these acts are all illegal and have no compliance force , because the councils serve only administrative functions and they do n't have the jurisdiction to invent or impose laws of any kind . Remember that although very liberal in terms of knives ( weapons ) possession and carry , compared to many European countries , Bulgaria is n't the place where you can defend yourself with deadly force . If the need for self - defense with a knife ever arises , consider it very carefully . Bulgaria has strong restrictive self - defense laws and a `` duty to retreat '' is always obligatory . Usually , courts often consider the armed self - defense as `` unjustified '' based on the Penal Code and the defending side ends up with an effective jail verdict , even if the cause ( treat ) for initiating self - defense is proven . Canada ( edit ) The Canadian Criminal Code criminalizes the possession of knives which open automatically . Section 84 ( 1 ) defines `` a knife that has a blade that opens automatically by gravity or centrifugal force or by hand pressure applied to a button , spring or other device attached to or in the handle of the knife '' as a prohibited weapon . Only persons who have been granted exemption by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police through the Canadian Firearms Program are allowed to possess ( but not acquire ) prohibited weapons . If a person is found in unauthorized possession of a prohibited knife by any law enforcement officer , the person is liable to a maximum of 5 years in jail and the weapon being seized . The Crown can then apply to a Provincial Court judge for the weapon to be forfeited and destroyed . The import and export of prohibited weapons is also strictly regulated and enforced by the Canada Border Services Agency . Examples of prohibited knives include : any knife , including a switchblade , or butterfly knife with a blade that opens automatically by gravity or centrifugal force or by hand pressure applied to a button , spring or other device in or attached to the handle of the knife ; Constant Companion ( belt - buckle knife ) ; finger rings with blades or other sharp objects projecting from the surface ; push daggers . Manually - opened or ' one - handed ' opening knives , including spring - assisted knives , that do not fall within the categories listed as prohibited weapons definition are legal to own and use , however importation of many of these items has been banned by the CBSA . There is no length restriction on carrying knives within the Criminal Code , but there is a prohibition against carrying a knife if the possessor intends to carry for a purpose dangerous to public peace or for the purpose of committing a criminal offense . China ( edit ) Due to concerns about potential violence at the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing , China began restricting `` dangerous knives '' , requiring that purchasers register with the government when purchasing these knives . Included in the new restrictions are knives with `` blood grooves '' , lockblade knives , knives with blades measuring over 22 cm ( 8.6 in ) in length , and knives with blades over 15 cm in length also having a point angle of less than 60 degrees . As of January 2011 , according to an authorized Leatherman dealer in Beijing all knives with a locking blade are illegal unless they are part of a larger multi-tool like a leatherman . However , many people still carry locking pocket knives especially when camping with no issues . He suggested carrying locking knives in checked luggage on airplanes , and on your person in trains and subways since they could be confiscated if found in a bag . Foreigners are generally given a bit more leeway in China so if a traveler is caught with a small knife there will probably be no prosecution and at most confiscation . Czech republic ( edit ) Czech weapon law from the year 2002 concerns firearms only , with no other legislation concerning knives in existence ( with the exception of the paragraphs of the penal code penalizing the use of any weapons in criminal offenses ) . This means there are no restrictions on the possession or carrying of any types of knives or swords , whether openly or in concealed manner . Denmark ( edit ) This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( May 2017 ) In Denmark , fixed - blade knives are legal to own if the blade is no longer than 12 cm ( 4.75 inches ) . Blades over this length may only be legally owned if the possessor has a legitimate reason for carrying the knife or a special collector 's permit . However , such knives are still generally illegal to carry in public , whether on one 's person or in a vehicle , unless transported in such a manner as to prevent ready access by the owner ( lockbox , locked trunk , etc . ) Folding , non-lock blade knives are legal to carry if the blade length does not exceed 7 cm ( 2.756 in ) . Locking knives and knives over 7 cm must be transported in public so as not to allow ready access by the owner . Knives with blades that may be opened with one hand ( even if the one - hand opening mechanism has been removed ) , automatic - opening knives ( switchblades ) , push daggers , gravity knives , disguised knives ( belt - buckle knife , sword cane , etc . ) and knives with ready access by the wearer ( neck or belt knives , boot knives , etc . ) are illegal to own or possess . Multi-tools featuring one - hand opening blades are also illegal to own or possess . Owning throwing knives and throwing in private or public is subject to permissions . France ( edit ) In France , any knife of any blade length with a fixed blade , or a folding blade with a locking system , falls into unregulated Category D weapon ( armes de catégorie D en vente libre ) . Unregulated category D weapons may be legally purchased if over 18 years of age , but they may not be carried on one 's person , unless carried `` for good reason '' , for example , as part of the tools of one 's profession . If carried in a vehicle , such knives must be placed in a secure , locked compartment not accessible to the vehicle occupants . In addition , French law provides that authorities may classify any knife as a prohibited item depending upon circumstances and the discretion of the police or judicial authorities . Since `` reasonable size '' knives are merely tolerated in most circumstances , authorities may summarily confiscate it . Germany ( edit ) German knife law establishes three categories of knives : 1 ) prohibited knives ; 2 ) knives designated as cutting and thrusting weapons ; and 3 ) other knives . Some knives are additionally classified as restricted - use , in that they may be possessed in the home or business , but may not be carried on the person . In addition , paragraph 42 section 5 of the Weapons Act gives each German state the option in certain areas to enact local regulations prohibiting the carrying of weapons `` and any dangerous objects '' in so - called `` weapons ban '' areas for purposes of protecting public safety and order . `` Weapons ban '' areas have been enacted in Berlin and Hamburg . Prohibited knives ( edit ) German law prohibits the manufacture , importation , or sale of butterfly knives , gravity knives , and push daggers ( palm knives ) , as well as knives designed to be disguised as another object , such as a sword cane or belt buckle knife . Automatic or switchblade knives are generally prohibited , with certain exceptions based on blade length and number of sharpened edges . Switchblades and automatic knives with telescoping blade opening designs are prohibited . Side - opening automatic knives are also prohibited unless 1 ) the blade is no longer than 8.5 cm , and 2 ) the blade is single - edged , i.e. a blade without double edges , such as a stiletto or dagger . Cutting and thrusting weapons ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Knives designated as cutting and thrusting weapons , but not otherwise specifically prohibited may be possessed by persons of 18 years and older . German law defines a cutting and thrusting weapon as any object intended to reduce or eliminate the ability of a person to attack another person or to defend themselves . This includes swords , sabers , daggers , stilettos , and bayonets . For example , as a bayonet is a military weapon intended to injure or kill people , it is regarded as a weapon by the criminal law . In contrast , a machete is regarded as a tool to clear dense vegetation . Knives classed as cutting and thrusting weapons are generally restricted to possession and use on private property , and may not be carried in public or at certain public events . Restricted - use knives ( edit ) All knives that are not illegal may be legally purchased , owned , and used by anyone on private property . However , some knives are restricted from being carried in public , which is defined as exercising actual control of a restricted - class knife outside the home , business , or private property . All cutting and thrusting weapons such as daggers , swords , or stilettos ( see above 2 . ) All folding knives that have a one - handed opening mechanism and can be locked with only one hand ( whether automatic , assisted - opening , or manual in nature ) . A knife that has only one of these two features may be legal to carry ( namely provided it does not violate the principles below and above ) . All knives with fixed blades over 12.0 cm Restricted - use knives may be carried if transported in a locked , sealed container , or if there is a commonly accepted legitimate purpose for carrying it , such as participation in a historical reenactment , sporting use ( i.e. hunting ) , or as a necessary tool in a trade or business . The desire to defend oneself , or to use the knife as a tool without proof of necessity for its use is ordinarily not considered a legitimate purpose under the law . Greece ( edit ) It is illegal to carry a knife for use as a weapon in attack or defense . The only general restriction is intended use , not the properties of the knife itself ( in particular , there is no restriction of blade length , despite popular belief ) . However , in practice there will be significant leeway for interpretation for police officers and judges -- and much will depend on whether an intended use other than as a weapon can be argued -- for which the properties of the knife in question will be very relevant ( bad : flick - knife , automated , long blade , neck - knife , tactical ) . So , carrying a knife that has its main use as a weapon will be illegal . In addition , it is not allowed to carry knives in certain places , such as courtrooms , to football matches , etc . Carrying knives is generally very unusual in towns , but not in the countryside . Law 2168 / 1993 on weapons , explosives , etc . `` Article 1 . Meaning of terms , applicability ... § 2 . Objects that offer themselves ( είναι πρόσφορα ) to attack or defense are also considered weapons . In particular : ... b ) Knives of all sorts , except those where ownership is justified by use in the home , profession or education , or art , hunting , fishing or other similar uses . '' The remaining sections refer to : a ) sprays and electro - shockers , c ) knuckle dusters , clubs , nunchakus , etc. , d ) flame throwers or chemical sprays , e ) fishing spear - guns . No license is needed for import , trade or carrying of knives for these uses ( Art 7 , 5 ) . See also the constitutional court decision 1299 / 2008 where the intended use of the weapon found in the car of two criminals is the point of discussion . A useful article from a hunting journal ( in Greek ) . Hong kong ( edit ) Under the Weapons Ordinance ( HK Laws . Chap 217 ) , certain knives are designated as ' prohibited weapons ' , including : Gravity knife Knuckleduster whether spiked or not and with or without blade Any bladed or pointed weapon designed to be used in a fashion whereby the handle is held in a clenched fist and the blade or point protrudes between the fingers of the fist Any knife the blade of which is exposed by a spring or other mechanical or electric device Possession of prohibited weapon is illegal under section 4 of the ordinance and offender is liable to a fine and to imprisonment for 3 years . Any Police officers or Customs officers can seize and detain any prohibited weapon . Once convicted , the weapon is automatically forfeited to the government and can then be disposed of by the Commissioner of Police . Hungary ( edit ) Carrying a knife with blade length over 8 centimetres ( 3.1 in ) is prohibited in public places in Hungary unless justified by sport , work or everyday activity . Automatic Knives , throwing stars and `` French knives '' are prohibited regardless of blade length and may be sold only to members of the army , law enforcement and the national security agency . Violation may be punished with a fine up to 50000 HUF . Possession at home and transportation in secure wrapping is allowed for everyone . Any non-bladed weapon that is used to `` increase the strength of a punch '' is illegal to carry ( batons , knuckel dusters , nunchakus etc . ) . Japan ( edit ) Any fixed knife containing a blade length of 15 cm or more requires permission from the prefectural public safety commission in order to possess . Permission requirements also apply to any type of pocket knife over 6 cm ( including Automatic Knives ) , spears over 15 cm in blade length , and Japanese halberds . All knives with a blade length over 8 cm are prohibited from being carried , under a crime law , with an exception for carrying for duty or other justifiable reasons . Possession is considered a petty crime and is not usually punishable by prison time . However , in cases where assault occurs with the knife , there is a penalty of up to 2 years prison or up to a ¥ 300000 fine . Folding knives with a blade length less than 8 cm ( such as Swiss Army knives ) are permitted , while SAK with a lock blade are prohibited from being carried . Latvia ( edit ) Latvian legislation `` Law On the Handling of Weapons '' defines knives as : ( 1 ) Cold weapon -- an object that has the features of a weapon and that is intended to cause damage utilising human muscle strength or special mechanisms . and prohibits ( 2 ) ... to carry non-firearm weapons except the non-firearm weapons necessary for hunters -- in hunting and non-firearms necessary to sportsmen for the relevant sport -- in competitions or training . Lithuania ( edit ) According to Lithuanian law it is legal to possess and carry most types of knives . This includes hunting knives , pocket knives , multi-tools , survivor knives , balisongs etc. as knives are not considered weapons . The only exception are switchblades . It is illegal to carry or possess a switchblade if it meets one of the following criteria : the blade is longer than 8.5 cm ; the width in the middle of the blade is less than 14 % of its total length ; the blade is double sided . Netherlands ( edit ) National Law : As of 2011 , Dutch Law prohibits ownership or possession of the following knives : stilettos switchblades throwing knives folding knives with more than one cutting edge folding knives with an overall length of more than 28 cm when deployed butterfly ( balisong ) gravity knives disguised knives ( belt knife , sword cane , etc . ) and push daggers . Local law : In addition to national laws , every Dutch city and urban district has the right to prohibit carrying of any knife that can potentially be used as a weapon in certain `` safety risk '' areas . Such a `` no - go '' area could include geographically limited urban areas such as bars , cafés , concerts , and public gathering places or events . In public , a knife must be transported in such a manner so that it is not directly usable by the owner , such as storing the knife in a locked case for carrying in a backpack , or placing the locked - up knife in a storage area of a vehicle separate from the passenger compartment . Notes : Additionally , it is illegal to carry a fixed - blade knife with multiple cutting edges . However such a knife may be kept at home for collector purposes . Norway ( edit ) According to Norwegian law , one can spend up to 6 months in prison for purposefully bringing a knife or similar sharp tool especially suited for causing bodily harm to a public place , or for helping others do so . The law does not cover knives or other tools worn or used for work , outdoor pursuits or similar reputable purposes . Note that this includes bringing knives in one 's car . It is also illegal to buy , own or store switchblade knives , butterfly knives and stilettos . Poland ( edit ) All kinds of knives are regarded as dangerous tools , but are not considered weapons under Polish law , so no restriction related to weapons apply . The exception is a blade hidden in an object that does n't look like a weapon ( a sword in an umbrella , a dagger in a shoe etc . ) . It is legal to sell , buy , trade and possess any knives , and Polish law does not prohibit carrying a knife in a public place . However , certain prohibitions in possession of so - called `` dangerous tools '' may apply during mass events . Russia ( edit ) Only certain knives are considered `` cold weapons '' and regulated in Russia , the others are common tools and are entirely unregulated , however using them in a violent manner is considered an `` improvised weapon '' usage and is an aggravating circumstance when the charges for an aggressive behavior are filed , and the local regulations may prevent bringing of `` dangerous objects '' to some events or businesses . The key point of knife regulations in Russia lies in the fact that the determination whether the particular knife represent a weapon or an unregulated tool lies entirely within the opinion of a certified expert or an authorized certification board . In practice this means that there 's no legal difference between the knife as a tool and as a weapon , and most given examples may be considered either , the only difference being the certificate issued by an authorized body , and any knife having this certificate being explicitly legal . Certifying the knives as a tool is n't difficult and most producers and importers do this , issuing a copy of a certificate with the knife during the sale , for presentation to the police officers in case of an inquiry . However , unauthorized possession , creation , sale and transport of bladed weapons were decriminalized in 2001 and is now only a civil offence , carrying the penalty between 500 and 2000 ( $15 to $60 ) roubles and / or a ban on a bladed weapon possession for 6 months to a year . For the knives considered weapons the law forbids only the throwing knives , and the automatic and gravity knives with the blades longer than 9 cm ( the shorter blades are allowed , providing the owner having the relevant permission ) . Serbia ( edit ) The `` Weapons and Munitions law '' article 2 . lists different types of weapons . It states that : `` melee weapons , brass knuckles , dagger , kama , saber , bayonet and other items whose primary purpose is offense '' are considered weapons . Most knives are therefore considered tools and technically legal to possess and carry . However , since any knife could be used a melee weapon and the law does n't differentiate between particular types it is up to the authorities to determine the intent of the individual in possession of the knife and whether there is a `` good reason '' to do so . Thus fixed blade knives are considered appropriate for particular professions or when hunting and fishing , but will likely be treated as a weapon in an urban environment . Switchblades , butterfly knives , blades concealed in everyday objects are usually treated as weapons and assisted opening knives may also fall into that category . The appearance of the knife ( how aggressive it appears ) , the length ( although there is no legal limit on length ) , the location where it was carried ( large gatherings , schools , public buildings etc . ) and the demeanor of the person carrying the knife all factor into the decision on whether the law has been broken . Purchase , possession and carry of a melee weapon is classified as a misdemeanor , subject to a fine of up to 10000 RSD or up to 60 days imprisonment ( `` Weapons and Munitions law '' , article 35 . In practice the less akin to a weapon the knife appears , and if carried and used with `` good judgment '' the lesser the likelihood of legal consequences . Slovakia ( edit ) Carrying a knife in Slovakia is not explicitly prohibited nor are there any prohibited types of knives . However Act No. 372 / 1990 Offences Act states in paragraph 47 that carrying of a `` cold weapon '' such as knife , dagger , or sabre on public places is a non-criminal offense to public safety if , from the circumstances of the case or the behaviour of the person , it can be concluded that these weapons can be used for violence or threats of violence . It is up to the individual assessment of any single situation by a policeman whether carrying of such a weapon can lead to violence . This offense can be penalized with maximum 500 EUR . An example of such a situation is visibly carrying of a knife in crowded public places , public meetings , etc . Spain ( edit ) In Spain there are stringent laws proscribing the carrying of armas blancas , or fighting knives , and prohibiting the manufacture , sale , possession or use of certain knives classified as prohibited weapons . Armas blancas and other sharp - bladed instruments or cutting tools may be freely purchased and owned provided they are not on the list of prohibited weapons , are not purchased or possessed by minors , are kept at home for the exclusive purpose of a collection , and are not transported on the public roads . It is against the law generally to carry , display or use any kind of knife in public , especially knives with pointed blades , unless one is on one 's own property or is working or engaged in a legitimate sporting activity requiring the use of such a knife . The list of prohibited weapons is found in Anexo I -- Armas prohibidas of the Real Decreto 137 / 1993 Por El Que Se Aprueba EL Reglamento de Armas , which prohibits the manufacture , importation , distribution , sale , possession and use of sword canes , automatic knives ( switchblades ) , as well as daggers of any type . Knives with a double - edged , pointed - tip blade 11 cm ( 4.33 inches ) or less in length ( measured from the forward end of the handle to the tip of the blade ) are considered to be armas blancas , which may be owned , but not carried in public . The law also prohibits the marketing , advertising , sale , possession , and use of folding knives with a blade length exceeding 11 cm ( 4.33 in . ) , measured from the bolster or top of the handle to the tip of the blade . Certain exceptions to the list of prohibited knives exist for legitimate knife collections and historical artifacts registered with the Guardia Civil for possession exclusively at one 's own home . Civilians are prohibited from possessing knives , machetes , and other bladed weapons officially issued to the police , military , and other official authorities without a special license . Sale of such weapons requires the presentation of an official arms license duly certifying the identity and status of the person entitled to possess such weapons . Sweden ( edit ) This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( July 2017 ) Swedish law prohibits the carrying of knives in public areas , including schools and vehicles at these areas , if the carrier intends to use the knife as a weapon in the commission of a crime . Examples of legitimate purposes include artisans who use a knife at work , soldiers in uniform carrying a knife , or normal use of a pocket knife . The same law also regulates some other objects that are made to thrust , cut , or that are otherwise intended for crime against life and health . Furthermore , objects that are `` particularly '' intended for crime against life and health , such as switchblades , shurikens and brass knuckles , are not permitted to be given or sold to anyone under the age of 21 . Carrying a weapon for self - defence does not count as a legitimate purpose . United Kingdom ( edit ) The 1689 Bill of Rights ensured that only Parliament and not the King could restrict the right of the people to bear arms . Over the last 60 years , Parliament has enacted a series of increasingly restrictive laws and acts regarding the possession and use of knives and bladed tools . The United Kingdom ( to include England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland ) has one of the most comprehensive set of laws of any developed nation restricting most of the rights to import , purchase , possess , sell , and carry knives . Ambulance service data gathered in 2009 suggests a slow increase in knife crime incidents in the UK although the overall rate remains low . England and Wales ( edit ) Restriction of offensive weapons Act 1959 ( edit ) The Restriction of Offensive Weapons Act 1959 ( amended 1961 ) ( ROWA ) , prohibits the importation , sale , hire , lending , or gift of certain types of knives in England , Wales , and Scotland as of 13 June 1959 under Section 1 : ( 1 ) Any person who manufactures , sells or hires or offers for sale or hire , or exposes or has in his possession for the purpose of sale or hire or lends or gives to any other person -- ( a ) any knife which has a blade which opens automatically by hand pressure applied to a button , spring or other device in or attached to the handle of the knife , sometimes known as a flick knife or `` flick gun '' ; or ( b ) any knife which has a blade which is released from the handle or sheath thereof by the force of gravity or the application of centrifugal force and which , when released , is locked in place by means of a button , spring , lever , or other device , sometimes known as a gravity knife , shall be guilty of an offence ( ... ) Subsection 2 also makes it illegal to import knives of this type as of 13 June 1959 . The above legislation criminalizes the conduct of the original owner or transferor of an automatic - opening or gravity knife , not the new owner or transferee ; in addition , the statute does not criminalize possession of such knives other than possession for the purpose of sale or hire . It is therefore not illegal per se to merely possess such a knife , though the difficulties of acquiring one without violating the statute makes it ( almost ) impossible to obtain one without either committing or abetting an offence . Criminal Justice Act 1988 ( edit ) The Criminal Justice Act 1988 mainly relates to carrying knives in public places , Section 139 being the most important : ( 1 ) Subject to subsections ( 4 ) and ( 5 ) below , any person who has an article to which this section applies with them in a public place shall be guilty of an offence . ( 2 ) Subject to subsection ( 3 ) below , this section applies to any article which has a blade or is sharply pointed except a folding pocketknife . ( 3 ) This section applies to a folding pocketknife if the cutting edge of its blade exceeds 3 inches . ( 4 ) It shall be a defence for a person charged with an offence under this section to prove that he had good reason or lawful authority for having the article with him in a public place . The definition of `` public place '' is unsettled , but can loosely be defined as anywhere the public have a legitimate right to be whether this access is paid for or not , which could include any populated area within the England and Wales , including one 's motor vehicle , which is defined by law as a ' public place ' unless parked on private property . In a remote or otherwise unpopulated area , a public place could include : 1 ) an organised wilderness gathering or event ; 2 ) a National Park ; 3 ) Forestry Commission land that is held open to the public ; 4 ) public footpaths ; 5 ) bridleways ; and 6 ) any area where an individual does not need to ask specific permission to walk , camp , or travel from a landowner . The phrase `` good reason or lawful authority '' in Subsection 4 is intended to allow for `` common sense '' possession of knives , so that it is legal to carry a knife if there is a bona fide reason to do so . Subsection 5 gives some specific examples of bona fide reasons : a knife for use at work ( e.g. a chef 's knife ) , as part of a national costume ( e.g. a sgian dubh for Scottish Highland dress ) , or for religious reasons ( e.g. a Sikh Kirpan ) . However , even these specific statutory exceptions have proven unavailing to knife owners at times . It is important to note that `` good reason or lawful authority '' exceptions may be difficult to establish for those not using a knife in the course of their trade or profession , but merely because the knife is needed in case of emergency or for occasional utility use . Although English law insists that it is the responsibility of the prosecution to provide evidence proving a crime has been committed , an individual must provide evidence to prove that they had a `` good reason or lawful authority '' for carrying a knife ( if this is the case ) upon being detained . While this may appear to be a reversal of the usual burden of proof , technically the prosecution has already proven the case ( prima facie ) by establishing that a knife was being carried in a public place ( see Violent Crime Reduction Act 2006 on Knives , etc. ; New powers to tackle gun and knife crime ) As the burden of proving `` good reason or lawful authority '' lies with the defendant , it is likely that an individual detained and searched by the police will need to prove the following ( sometimes known as the THIS list ) : Has THIS person got permission ; to use THIS article ( knife ) ; for THIS use ; on THIS land ; and by THIS land owner . The special exception which exists in the Criminal Justice Act 1988 ( Sec. 139 ) for folding knives ( pocket knives ) with blades less than 3 inches ( 76mm ) long , is another `` common sense '' measure accepting that some small knives are carried for general utility ; This exemption however only applies to folding knives without a locking mechanism . The wording of the Criminal Justice Act does not mention locking and so the definition of `` folding pocket knife '' was settled through case law . In the Crown Court appeal of Harris v. DPP ( 1992 ) and the Court of Appeal case of R. v Deegan ( 1998 ) the ruling that ' folding ' was intended to mean ' non-locking ' was upheld . As the only higher court in England and Wales to the Court of Appeal is the Supreme Court , the only way the decision in R. v. Deegan could be overturned is by a dissenting ruling by the Supreme Court or by Act of Parliament . Offensive weapons Act 1996 ( edit ) The Offensive Weapons Act 1996 covers the possession of knives within school premises : ( 1 ) Any person who has an article to which section 139 of this Act applies with him on school premises shall be guilty of an offence . ( 2 ) Any person who has an offensive weapon within the meaning of section 1 of the M1 Prevention of Crime Act 1953 with him on school premises shall be guilty of an offence . ( 3 ) It shall be a defence for a person charged with an offence under subsection ( 1 ) or ( 2 ) above to prove that he had good reason or lawful authority for having the article or weapon with him on the premises in question . ( 4 ) ( Subsection 4 gives the same specific exceptions as subsection 139 ( 5 ) with the addition of `` for educational purposes '' . This would appear to imply that all legislation on knives in public applies similarly to school premises , and therefore a folding pocket knife under 3 inches ( 76mm ) in length would be considered legal . ) The Offensive Weapons Act 1996 imposes an age restriction on the sale of knives : ( 1 ) Any person who sells to a person under the age of sixteen years an article to which this section applies shall be guilty of an offence ( ... ) ( 2 ) Subject to subsection ( 3 ) below , this section applies to -- ( a ) any knife , knife blade or razor blade ... In Scotland , the Violent Crime Reduction Act 2006 makes it an offence to sell knives to someone under 18 years of age ( including any blade , razor blade , any bladed or pointed article , or any item made or adapted for causing personal injury . ) Knives Act 1997 ( edit ) The Knives Act 1997 prohibits the sale of combat knives and restricts the marketing of knives as offensive weapons . Prevention of crime Act 1953 ( edit ) The Prevention of Crime Act 1953 prohibits the possession in any public place of an offensive weapon without lawful authority or reasonable excuse . The term `` offensive weapon '' is defined as : `` any article made or adapted for use to causing injury to the person , or intended by the person having it with him for such use '' . Under the Prevention of Crime Act , otherwise ' exempt ' knives carried for `` good reason or lawful authority '' may be still deemed illegal if authorities conclude the knife is being carried as an `` offensive weapon '' . In recent years , the Prevention of Crime Act 1953 has been reinterpreted by police and public prosecutors , who have persuaded the courts to minimize exceptions to prosecution on the grounds that the defendant had `` lawful authority or reasonable excuse '' in order to apply the Act to a wide variety of cases . This new approach now includes prosecution of citizens who have admitted carrying a knife for the sole purpose of self - defence ( in the eyes of the law , this is presently viewed as an admission that the defendant intends to use the knife as an `` offensive weapon '' , albeit in a defensive manner , and in otherwise justifiable circumstances ) . While the onus lies on the officer to prove offensive intent , prosecutors and courts have in the past taken the appearance and the marketing of a particular brand of knife into account when considering whether an otherwise legal knife was being carried as an offensive weapon . In addition , the Knives Act 1997 now prohibits the sale of combat knives and restricts the marketing of knives as offensive weapons . A knife which is marketed as `` tactical '' , `` military '' , `` special ops '' , etc. could therefore carry an extra liability . In May 2018 Judge Nic Madge , as part of his during his retirement ceremony at Luton Crown Court , suggested introducing a scheme whereby members of the public could get their kitchen knives modified to be less dangerous . Judge Madge said if his proposals were implemented there would be a `` substantial '' reduction in the number of life - threatening injuries caused by stabbings . Scotland ( edit ) In Scotland , the Criminal Law ( Consolidation ) ( Scotland ) Act 1995 prevents the carrying of offensive weapons as well as pointed or bladed articles in a public place without lawful authority or reasonable excuse . Defences exist to a charge of possessing a bladed or pointed article in a public place when carried for use at work , as part of a national costume or for religious reasons . As in England and Wales , an exception is allowed for folding pocket knives which have a blade of less than 3 Inches ( 7.62 cm ) Other relevant Scotland knife legislation includes the Criminal Justice Act 1988 ( Offensive Weapons Act ) ( Scotland ) Order 2005 , which bans sword canes , push daggers , butterfly ( balisong knives ) , throwing stars , knives that can defeat metal detectors , and knives disguised as other objects , and the Police , Public Order and Criminal Justice ( Scotland ) Act 2006 , which makes it an offence to sell a knife , knife blade , or bladed or pointed object to a person under eighteen years of age , unless the person is sixteen or older and the knife or blade is `` designed for domestic use . '' In 2007 , the passage of the Custodial Sentences and Weapons ( Scotland ) Act 2007 allowed exemption from criminal liability under section 141 of the Criminal Justice Act 1988 for selling a prohibited offensive weapon if the sale was made for purposes of theatrical performances and of rehearsals for such performances , the production of films ( as defined in section 5B of the Copyright , Designs and Patents Act 1988 ) , or the production of television programmes ( as defined in section 405 ( 1 ) of the Communications Act 2003 ) . Further legislation in Scotland , known as the Custodial Sentences and Weapons ( Scotland ) Act 2007 , is now in effect ( certain parts of this Act came into force on 10 September 2007 ) . This legislation amends the Civic Government ( Scotland ) Act 1982 and makes it compulsory to possess a local authority license to sell knives , swords and blades ( other than those designed for ' domestic use ' ) , or to sell any sharply pointed or bladed object `` which is made or adapted for use for causing injury to the person . '' Any dealer in non-domestic knives will be required to hold a ' knife dealer 's licence ' . Northern Ireland ( edit ) The laws restricting knife ownership , use , possession and sale are nearly identical to the laws of Scotland and the rest of the UK , though contained in different acts . In 2008 , in response to a surge in public concern over knife - related crimes , Northern Ireland doubled the prison sentence for persons convicted of possessing a knife deemed to be an offensive weapon in a public place to four years ' imprisonment , and added an evidential presumption in favour of prosecution for possession of a knife . United states ( edit ) Federal laws ( edit ) Under the Switchblade Knife Act of 1958 ( amended 1986 , codified at 15 U.S.C. § § 1241 -- 1245 ) , switchblades and ballistic knives are banned from interstate shipment , sale , or importation , or possession within the following : any territory or possession of the United States , i.e. land belonging to the U.S. federal government ; Indian lands ( as defined in section 1151 of title 18 ) ; and areas within the maritime or territorial jurisdiction of the federal government , with the exception of federal , state law enforcement agencies and the military . In addition , federal laws may prohibit the possession or carrying of any knife on certain federal properties such as courthouses or military installations . U.S. federal laws on switchblades do not apply to the possession or sale of switchblade knives within a state 's boundaries ; the latter is regulated by the laws of that particular state , if any . Occasional disputes over what constitutes a switchblade knife under federal law has occasionally resulted in U.S. Customs seizures of knives from U.S. importers or manufacturers . In one case the seizure of a shipment of Columbia River Knife & Tool knives resulted in an estimated US $1 million loss to the company before the shipment was released . Amendment 1447 to the Switchblade Knife Act ( 15 U.S.C. § 1244 ) , signed into law as part of the FY2010 Homeland Security Appropriations Bill on October 28 , 2009 , provides that the Act shall not apply to spring - assist or assisted - opening knives ( i.e. knives with closure - biased springs that require physical force applied to the blade to assist in opening the knife ) . State and local laws ( edit ) Each American state also has laws that govern the legality of carrying weapons , either concealed or openly , and these laws explicitly or implicitly cover various types of knives . Some states go beyond this , and criminalize mere possession of certain types of knives . Other states prohibit the possession and / or the concealed carrying of knives that feature blade styles or features sufficient to transform them into `` dangerous weapons '' or `` deadly weapons '' , i.e. knives either optimized for lethality against humans or designed for and readily capable of causing death or serious bodily injury . These frequently include knives with specific blade styles with a historical connection to violence or assassination , including thrusting knives such as the dirk , poignard , and stiletto , the bowie knife , and double - edged knives with crossguards designed for knife fighting such as the dagger . Some states make the carrying or possession of any dangerous or deadly weapon with intent to unlawfully harm another a crime . Historical origin ( edit ) The origin of many knife laws , particularly in the southern states , comes from attempts by early state legislatures to curtail the practice of knife fighting and dueling with large knives such as the bowie knife , which was commonly carried as an item of personal defense prior to the invention of the revolver . In Alabama , Mississippi , New Mexico , and Virginia , the carrying on one 's person of large and lengthy fighting knives capable of causing grievous wounds such as the Bowie Knife is prohibited by statute , originally in the interest of controlling or eliminating the then - common practice of `` dueling '' , a term which had degenerated from a rarely used social custom into a generalized description for any knife or gun fight between two contestants . In many jurisdictions , a local tradition of using knives to settle differences or for self - defense resulted in the enactment of statutes that restricted the size and length of the knife and particularly , the length of its blade . After the Civil War , many restrictions on knife and even gun ownership were imposed by state , county , and city laws and ordinances that were clearly based on fear of weapon possession by certain racial groups , particularly African - American and Hispanic Americans . In some states , so - called `` Black Codes '' adopted after the Civil War required blacks to obtain a license before carrying or possessing firearms or Bowie knives . The governments of Texas and other former states of the Confederacy , many of which had recognized the right to carry arms such as Bowie knives openly before the Civil War , passed new restrictions on both gun and knife possession and use . In some cases , these laws were directed at freed slaves and other minorities ; in other cases , by reconstruction legislatures anxious to disarm rebellious militias and groups seeking to disenfranchise African - American and other minorities . The April 12 , 1871 law passed by the Texas ' Reconstruction legislature is typical , and is the ancestor of the present law restricting knife possession and use in Texas : Any person carrying on or about his person , saddle , or in his saddle - bags , any pistol , dirk , dagger , sling - shot , sword - cane , spear , brass knuckles , bowie knife , or any other kind of knife , manufactured or sold , for the purpose of offense or defense , unless he has reasonable grounds for fearing an unlawful attack on his person , and that such ground of attack shall be immediate and pressing ; or unless having or carrying the same on or about his person for the lawful defense of the State , as a militiaman in actual service , or as a peace officer or policeman , shall be guilty of a misdemeanor ... '' While most gun restrictions were eventually repealed , many knife laws remained in effect in the South . In Texas , this was largely explained by the presence of large numbers of Tejanos . By 1870 , Texas whites of the day had almost universally and exclusively adopted the revolver for self - defense , while Tejanos , steeped in the blade culture ( el legado Andaluz ) of Mexico and Spain and generally without the means to purchase handguns , continued to carry knives . Thus while local and state Texas gun laws and ordinances were gradually relaxed or eliminated during the late 1800s , the old prohibitions against bowie knives , daggers , dirks , and other long - bladed knives remained on the books , since they served to disarm and control a minority group viewed as engaging in lawless behaviors and violence without legal justification . The Texas law remained on the books for almost 150 years , until modified in 2017 to allow carrying these weapons with some restrictions . Interpreting current state laws ( edit ) Many of today 's state criminal codes restricting knife use and ownership have been amended repeatedly over the years rather than rewritten to remove old classifications and definitions that are largely a historical legacy , a process that frequently results in illogical , confusing , and even conflicting provisions . Thus in Arkansas , a state in which knife fights using large , lengthy blades such as the Bowie and Arkansas Toothpick were once commonplace , a state statute made it illegal for someone to `` carry a knife as a weapon '' , specifying that any knife with a blade 3.5 inches or longer constituted prima facie evidence that the knife was being carried as a weapon , yet allowed a complete exemption to the law when `` upon a journey '' . While Arkansas eventually repealed its archaic criminal knife possession law in its entirety , other states still periodically amend archaic criminal codes that penalize both historic and present - day behavior involving knife use and ownership ; these patchwork statutes can result in lengthy legal disputes over legislative intent and definitions . As one example , Indiana law makes it illegal to possess a ' dagger ' , ' dirk ' , ' poniard ' , ' stiletto ' , ' switchblade ' , or ' gravity knife ' on school property , or to possess any knife on school property `` capable of being used to inflict cutting , stabbing , or tearing wounds '' if that knife `` is intended to be used as a weapon '' , but provides for a criminal penalty only if a person `` recklessly , knowingly , or intentionally '' possesses such a knife on school property . The statute thus requires 1 ) an examination of the knife and the legislative history of the statute ; 2 ) expert testimony on the individual characteristics of historic knife designs to determine whether the knife in question fits within one of the six specified categories of knife ; 3 ) a determination as to whether the blade can cause a `` cutting , stabbing , or tearing wound '' ; 4 ) a determination as to what degree of injury constitutes a `` wound '' , and 5 ) two separate determinations of the defendant 's intent by the fact finder -- before guilt or innocence may be adjudged . Some states prohibit the possession of a folding knife with a quick - opening mechanism such as a gravity knife , butterfly knife , balisong , or switchblade . Other states may impose no restrictions at all , while many allow possession with some restrictions ( age , carrying on one 's person , carrying concealed , carrying while a convicted felon , prohibited possessor , or while in the commission of a serious offense , etc . ) The continual advent of new knife designs , such as assisted - opening knives can complicate issues of legality , particularly when state laws have not been carefully drafted to clearly define the new design and how it is to be classified within existing law . This omission has led in the past to cases in which state courts have substituted their own understanding of knife design to interpret legislative intent when applying statutes criminalizing certain types of knives . In 2014 , attention was brought by many newspapers and media outlets to 1950s era legislation leading to many arrests and convictions for possession of the loosely defined gravity knife . City , county , and local laws ( edit ) City , county , and local jurisdictions ( to include sovereign Indian nations located within a state boundary ) may enact their own criminal laws or ordinances in addition to the restrictions contained in state laws , which may be more restrictive than state law . Virtually all states and local jurisdictions have laws that restrict or prohibit the possession or carrying of knives in some form or manner in certain defined areas or places such as schools , public buildings , courthouses , police stations , jails , power plant facilities , airports , or public events . Local or city ordinances are sometimes drafted to include specific classes of people not covered by the state criminal codes , such as individuals carrying folding knives with locking blades primarily for use as weapons . For example , a San Antonio , Texas city ordinance makes it unlawful for anyone to knowingly carry within city limits `` on or about his person '' any folding knife with a blade less than 5.5 inches long with a lock mechanism that locks the blade upon opening . This ordinance is designed to work in tandem with the Texas state statute making illegal the carrying of knives with blades longer than 5.5 inches . The San Antonio ordinance allows police to charge persons carrying most types of lock blade knives without good cause with a criminal misdemeanor violation , allowing police to remove the knife from the possession of the offender , while providing exemptions from the ordinance designed to protect certain classes of people the city assumes to pose no threat to public order . Occasionally , city and county ordinances conflict with state law . 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Juni 2011 Az. 4 Ss 137 / 11 , retrieved 1 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : § 42a Verbot des Führens von Anscheinswaffen und bestimmten tragbaren Gegenständen , retrieved 1 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ΑΡΕΙΟΣ ΠΑΓΟΣ - ΑΠΟΦΑΣΗ 1299 / 2008 ( ) '' . www.areiospagos.gr . Retrieved 29 May 2018 . Jump up ^ article from a hunting journal Jump up ^ S. 4 Weapons Ordinance Jump up ^ S. 13 Weapons Ordinance Jump up ^ `` 175 / 2003 . ( X . 28 . ) Korm . rendelet '' . net.jogtar.hu ( in Hungarian ) . CompLex. 2003 . Retrieved February 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Double - edged knives may be regulated by law '' . The Yomiuri Shimbun . July 11 , 2008 . Retrieved November 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ 銃砲 刀剣 類 所持 等 取締 法 ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved March 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Latvian law On the Handling of Weapons law '' . Retrieved 29 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Peilių civilinės apyvartos teisinis reglamentavimas knives.lt '' . knives.lt . Retrieved May 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Apie asociaciją , peilius ir viską , kas su tuo susiję ... knives.lt '' . knives.lt . Retrieved May 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Regjeringen on knives and police conduct in Norwegian ; regjeringen.no '' . regjeringen.no . Retrieved 3 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Act of 21 May 1999 on weapons and ammunition ( Dz. U. 1999 nr 53 poz. 549 ) Jump up ^ Act of 20 March 2009 on the safety of the mass events ( Dz. U. 2009 nr 62 poz. 504 ) Jump up ^ `` Федеральный закон `` Об оружии '' от 13.12. 1996 N 150 - ФЗ ( последняя редакция ) / КонсультантПлюс `` . www.consultant.ru . Retrieved 29 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` '' Уголовный кодекс Российской Федерации '' от 13.06. 1996 N 63 - ФЗ ( ред . от 23.04. 2018 , с изм . от 25.04. 2018 ) / КонсультантПлюс `` . www.consultant.ru . Retrieved 29 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Криминалистические требования к холодному , метательному оружию - Библиотека - Все об арбалетах , луках '' . arbalet.info . Retrieved 29 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` '' Кодекс Российской Федерации об административных правонарушениях '' от 30.12. 2001 N 195 - ФЗ ( последняя редакция ) ( КОАП РФ ) / КонсультантПлюс `` . www.consultant.ru . Retrieved 29 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Федеральный закон `` Об оружии '' от 13.12. 1996 N 150 - ФЗ ( последняя редакция ) / КонсультантПлюс `` . www.consultant.ru . Retrieved 29 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( Serbian version ) '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 29 May 2018 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ S - EPI. `` 372 / 1990 Zb . Zákon o priestupkoch - Aktuálne znenie '' . Zákony pre ľudí . Retrieved 29 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Reglamentación española de armas , retrieved 31 July 2011 ^ Jump up to : Prohibited Arms Archived 2011 - 12 - 17 at the Wayback Machine. , retrieved 17 December 2011 Jump up ^ Swedish Police : Knivar och andra farliga föremål ( in Swedish ) Jump up ^ `` Lag ( 1988 : 254 ) om förbud beträffande knivar och andra farliga föremål Lagen.nu '' . lagen.nu . Retrieved May 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Firearms ( Amendment ) Act 1997 '' . www.opsi.gov.uk . Retrieved 29 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UK Knife Law '' . Greenman Bushcraft . Retrieved August 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gray , J.T. ; Walker , A. ( 2009 - 10 - 01 ) . `` '' At the sharp end `` : does ambulance dispatch data from south Yorkshire support the picture of increased weapon - related violence in the UK ? '' . Emergency Medicine Journal . 26 ( 10 ) : 741 -- 742 . doi : 10.1136 / emj. 2008.067298 . ISSN 1472 - 0213 . PMID 19773502 . ^ Jump up to : Restriction of Offensive Weapons Bill Archived 2012 - 04 - 02 at the Wayback Machine. , New Statesman , retrieved 30 October 2011 ^ Jump up to : Restriction of Offensive Weapons Act 1959 : Short title , commencement , and extent , retrieved 30 October 2011 ^ Jump up to : UK Knife Law , Chris Hughes Multi Activity Services ( CHMAS ) Ltd . Jump up ^ Sikhs protest against knife rules , BBC News , 8 April 2009 Jump up ^ Disabled Caravanner , 61 , prosecuted for having Swiss Army knife in his glove box to cut up fruit on picnics , Daily Mail , 15 April 2010 ^ Jump up to : Samengo - Turner , Nicky , The policeman found my penknife . ' You 're going down , mate , ' he said , The Daily Telegraph , 28 November 2004 Jump up ^ Baton Charge Racing Boss Cleared : In 2004 , a businessman and ex-military officer , Nicholas Samengo - Turner , was stopped at a mass search checkpoint in London and arrested for possessing a small Swiss Army multitool with two short locking blades ( 2 15 / 16 inch / 7.47 cm and 2 5 / 8 inch / 6.68 cm ) in the locked boot of his car . While eventually cleared , the arrest cost Samengo - Turner a multi-million pound business deal and thousands of pounds in court costs . Jump up ^ Offence of having article with blade or point in public place Archived 2010 - 12 - 01 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Harris v. DPP , 1 All ER 562 , ( 1993 ) 1 WLR 82 , 96 Cr App Rep 235 , 157 JP 205 ( 1992 ) Jump up ^ Offensive Weapons Act ( 1996 ) : Under ( 2 ) ( a ) , safety razor blades are exempted from this section , so that only straight razors are affected . Jump up ^ `` Knives Act 1997 '' . Jump up ^ Bryan v. Mott , 62 Cr App R 71 ( 1976 ) : ' Lawful authority ' means those occasions where people from time to time are required to carry weapons as a matter of governmental duty , such as police officers or members of the armed forces , not private persons . Jump up ^ ' Rambo ' student charged with possessing six - inch plastic knife has case against him dropped , The Daily Mail , 11 November 2008 Jump up ^ DirectGov , Crime and Violence : Knife crime , DirectGov UK Government Information Service , England & Wales : `` If you carry a knife to protect yourself or make yourself feel safer but do n't intend to use it then you are committing a crime . '' Jump up ^ `` Judge calls for kitchen knives to be blunted amid crime wave '' . 28 May 2018 . Retrieved 29 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Crimal Law ( Consolidation ) ( Scotland ) Act 1995 , section 49 '' . www.legislation.gov.uk . Retrieved 8 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Knives and the Law Archived 2011 - 08 - 29 at the Wayback Machine. , NIdirect Government Services , retrieved 25 July 2011 Jump up ^ Sentence doubled for knife possession in Northern Ireland , The Belfast Telegraph , 16 July 2008 , retrieved 25 July 2011 Jump up ^ United States Code , Title 15 , Chapter 29 , Sections 1241 -- 1245 Jump up ^ Precise Imports v. Kelly , 378 F. 2d 1014 ( 2d Cir . ) , cert . denied , 389 U.S. 973 , 88 S. Ct. 472 , 19 L. Ed. 2d 465 ( 1967 ) Jump up ^ United States v. Murphree , 783 F. 2d 605 , 609 -- 10 ( 6th Cir . ) , cert . denied , 107 S. Ct. 142 , 93 L. Ed. 2d 84 ( 1986 ) Jump up ^ BERNARD LEVINE . `` STATE KNIFE LAWS '' . Jump up ^ `` United States Code TITLE 15 CHAPTER 29 -- MANUFACTURE , TRANSPORTATION , OR DISTRIBUTION OF AUTOMATIC KNIVES '' . Jump up ^ David D. Kowalski . `` Pocketknives are Tools Used by Millions '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ Amendment 1447 to 15 U.S.C. § 1244 adds a fifth exception to the definition of a switchblade knife : Sections 1242 and 1243 of this title shall not apply to : 5 ) a knife that contains a spring , detent , or other mechanism designed to create a bias toward closure of the blade and that requires exertion applied to the blade by hand , wrist , or arm to overcome the bias toward closure to assist in opening the knife . ^ Jump up to : Wong , David , Knife Laws of the Fifty States : A Guide for the Law - Abiding Traveler , AuthorHouse , ISBN 1 - 4259 - 5092 - 2 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4259 - 5092 - 7 ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ Wong , p. 134 : Dangerous weapon , i.e. a knife capable of being transformed by circumstances of its threatened , attempted , or actual use into a weapon capable of causing death Jump up ^ Ohin v. Commonwealth of Virginia , 622 S.E. 2d 784 , 47 Va App . 194 ( Va Ct . App . 2005 ) : ( Virginia Court of Appeals affirmed conviction for concealed carry of folding knife with 3.5 - inch locking blade , crossguard , and oversized handle , based on ' catchall ' provision in Virginia Code § 18.2 - 308 ( A ) ( v ) prohibiting concealed carry of ' any weapon of like kind ' . ^ Jump up to : Cassidy , William L. , The Complete Book Of Knife Fighting , ISBN 0 - 87364 - 029 - 2 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 87364 - 029 - 9 ( 1997 ) , pp. 9 -- 18 , 27 -- 36 Jump up ^ See Ala . Code 1975 , § 13 - 6 - 120 , Sec . 13A - 11 - 50 : `` Carrying concealed weapons . Except as otherwise provided in this Code , a person who carries concealed about his person a bowie knife or knife or instrument of like kind or description or a pistol or firearm of any other kind or an air gun shall , on conviction , be fined not less than $50.00 nor more than $500.00 , and may also be imprisoned in the county jail or sentenced to hard labor for the county for not more than six months . '' A companion statute allows the jury to mitigate punishment if the accused can produce evidence that he was reasonably in fear of being attacked at the time he was carrying the concealed knife . Jump up ^ Ala . Code 1975 Jump up ^ Mississippi Code , Crimes § 97 - 37 - 1 : Deadly weapons ; carrying while concealed ; use or attempt to use ; penalties : `` ( 1 ) Except as otherwise provided in Section 45 - 9 - 101 , any person who carries , concealed in whole or in part , any bowie knife , dirk knife , butcher knife , switchblade knife ... shall upon conviction be punished '' by a fine and / or imprisonment . Jump up ^ New Mexico , Criminal Offenses -- 30 - 1 - 12 ( B ) , Definitions ... `` deadly weapon '' means any ... weapon which is capable of producing death or great bodily harm , including but not restricted to any types of daggers , ... bowie knives , poniards , butcher knives , dirk knives ... '' Jump up ^ New Mexico , Criminal Offenses -- 30 - 7 - 2 : `` Unlawful carrying of a deadly weapon ... consists of carrying a concealed ... deadly weapon anywhere , except in the following cases : own residence or property ; private automobile , or other means of conveyance . '' Jump up ^ Walker , Greg , Battle Blades : A Professional 's Guide to Combat / Fighting Knives , ISBN 0 - 87364 - 732 - 7 ( 1993 ) , p. 210 : The effectiveness of the Bowie knife can be seen in one of Col. James ( Jim ) Bowie 's early fights in which he defended himself against three knife and gun - wielding attackers . At the end of the fight , all three of Bowie 's assailants were dead ; one man was nearly decapitated , the second was disemboweled , and the third had his skull split open . Jump up ^ Virginia Code § 18.2 - 308 ( A ) : The Virginia statute prohibits only the concealed carrying of a Bowie knife upon one 's person , while Texas prohibits the carrying of such a knife whether concealed or not . Jump up ^ Virginia Code § 18.2 - 308 ( A ) Jump up ^ Cassidy , p. 10 : In some states the popularity of certain knives such as the Bowie and Arkansas Toothpick was such that schools were established to teach their use in knife fighting , further popularizing such knives and compelling authorities to pass legislation severely restricting such schools . ^ Jump up to : Cramer , Clayton , Concealed Weapon Laws of the Early Republic : Dueling , Southern Violence , and Moral Reform , Greenwood Publishing Group , ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 96615 - 7 ( 1999 ) , p. 118 ^ Jump up to : Cramer , Clayton E. , The Racist Roots of Gun Control , ( 1993 ) Jump up ^ Cockrum v. State , Texas Supreme Court ( 1859 ) Jump up ^ Cockrum v. State , id . ^ Jump up to : Halbrook , Stephen P. , The Right to Bear Arms in Texas : The Intent of the Framers of the Bill of Rights , Baylor Law Review , 41 Baylor L. Rev. , pp. 629 -- 688 ( 1989 ) ^ Jump up to : McDonald , Jason , Racial Dynamics in Early Twentieth - Century Austin , Texas , Lexington Books , ISBN 9780739170977 ( 2012 ) , p. 48 : The typical Tejano heritage was commonly portrayed as displaying a proclivity for `` knife play '' frequently culminating in a fatality . Jump up ^ McPhate , Christian ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` Five Key Takeaways From Texas ' New Laws On Carrying Knives '' . Dallas Observer . Retrieved 4 September 2017 . Jump up ^ The Wilson - Anthony Fight Archived 2011 - 09 - 28 at the Wayback Machine. , Department of Arkansas - Heritage , retrieved 1 August 2011 : In 1836 a knife fight broke out between the Speaker of the Arkansas House of Representatives , John Wilson , and Rep. Joseph Anthony in the middle of a contentious legislative session ; Anthony was killed , while Wilson was expelled from office and later indicted for murder . Jump up ^ Arkansas Criminal Statute Section 5 - 73 - 121 : Punishable except when `` upon a journey or upon ( one 's ) own premises '' , this statute was clearly designed to enable prosecution of persons carrying knives without good cause in towns and cities , while exempting farmers and others carrying knives on their own property or when traveling to and from their local communities . Jump up ^ Section 5 - 73 - 121 , Arkansas Criminal Code ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ Arkansas Repeals Anti-Knife Statute : Section 5 - 73 - 121 of the Arkansas criminal code was repealed in its entirety in 2007 . Jump up ^ End Knife Control , The Washington Times , 22 May 2012 Jump up ^ Levine , Bernard , Oppressive Knife Laws in America : What They Are , What You Can Do About Them , and the Anti-Knifer Mindset , Blade Magazine ( July 1998 ) Jump up ^ `` Information Maintained by the Office of Code Revision Indiana Legislative Services Agency '' . Jump up ^ Indiana Criminal Code IC 35 - 47 - 5 - 2.5 , Possession of a knife on school property : The statute is silent on the question of whether the slightest cut or puncture constitutes a `` wound '' ( thus effectively banning all knives of any type ) or if a de minimis rule applies , a dilemma that forces the trial court to make further inquiries into the statute 's legislative history as well as prior appellate court determinations , if any . Jump up ^ `` Georgia Knife Laws '' . Retrieved June 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ State of Florida v. Darynani , So. 2d ( Fla. 4th DCA 2000 ) : In State of Florida v. Darynani , a Florida appellate court held that a poorly written state criminal knife statute ( Sec. 790.225 ) that had been hurriedly drafted in 1985 to prohibit the ballistic knife must be interpreted to prohibit switchblade knives as well , despite the lack of any specific evidence that the legislative branch intended to prohibit switchblades when drafting the ballistic knife provision . The court 's error was finally corrected by the Florida Legislature in 2003 with the passage of HB 1227 ( 2003 ) ( see HB 1227 ( 2003 ) . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 10 - 08 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ Texas Criminal Code Sec. 46.01 ( 6 ) ( A ) Jump up ^ Ordinance Chapter 21 , Sec. 21 - 17 , Part II , Code of Ordinances of San Antonio , Texas Jump up ^ Ordinance Chapter 21 , Sec. 21 - 17 , Part II , Code of Ordinances of San Antonio , Texas : Sec. 21 - 17 contains exemption from prosecution for law enforcement and corrections officers , for members of the armed forces , for persons carrying the knife on their own premises or while traveling , for persons engaged in a lawful sporting activity ( hunting , fishing ) , or for those using the knife in connection with a lawful occupation . External links ( edit ) Collection of laws in Europe Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Knife_legislation&oldid=851536241 '' Categories : Statutory law Knives Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 Hungarian - language sources ( hu ) CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Articles with Swedish - language external links Wikipedia articles in need of updating from July 2018 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2012 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from May 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2014 Articles needing additional references from April 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from July 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 23 July 2018 , at 00 : 12 ( UTC ) . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knife%20legislation

what are the basic components of a nucleotide

Nucleotides are organic molecules that serve as the monomer units for forming the nucleic acid polymers deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA ) and ribonucleic acid ( RNA ) , both of which are essential biomolecules in all life - forms on Earth . Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids ; they are composed of three subunit molecules : a nitrogenous base , a five - carbon sugar ( ribose or deoxyribose ) , and at least one phosphate group . They are also known as phosphate nucleotides .

a nitrogenous base , a five - carbon sugar ( ribose or deoxyribose ) , and at least one phosphate group

Nucleotide

nucleotide

Nucleotides are organic molecules that serve as the monomer units for forming the nucleic acid polymers deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA ) and ribonucleic acid ( RNA ) , both of which are essential biomolecules in all life - forms on Earth . Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids ; they are composed of three subunit molecules : a nitrogenous base , a five - carbon sugar ( ribose or deoxyribose ) , and at least one phosphate group . They are also known as phosphate nucleotides .

A nucleoside is a nitrogenous base and a 5 - carbon sugar . Thus a nucleoside plus a phosphate group yields a nucleotide . Nucleotides also play a central role in life - form metabolism at the fundamental , cellular level . They carry packets of chemical energy -- in the form of the nucleoside triphosphates ATP , GTP , CTP and UTP -- throughout the cell to the many cellular functions that demand energy , which include synthesizing amino acids , proteins and cell membranes and parts ; moving the cell and moving cell parts , both internally and intercellularly ; dividing the cell , etc . In addition , nucleotides participate in cell signaling ( cGMP and cAMP ) , and are incorporated into important cofactors of enzymatic reactions ( e.g. coenzyme A , FAD , FMN , NAD , and NADP ) . In experimental biochemistry , nucleotides can be radiolabeled with radionuclides to yield radionucleotides . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 2 Synthesis 2.1 Pyrimidine ribonucleotide synthesis 2.2 Purine ribonucleotide synthesis 2.3 Pyrimidine and purine degradation 3 Unnatural base pair ( UBP ) 4 Length unit 5 Nucleotide supplements 6 Abbreviation codes for degenerate bases 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Structure ( edit ) Showing the arrangement of nucleotides within the structure of nucleic acids : At lower left , a monophosphate nucleotide ; its nitrogenous base represents one side of a base - pair . At upper right , four nucleotides form two base - pairs : thymine and adenine ( connected by double hydrogen bonds ) and guanine and cytosine ( connected by triple hydrogen bonds ) . The individual nucleotide monomers are chain - joined at their sugar and phosphate molecules , forming two ' backbones ' ( a double helix ) of a nucleic acid , shown at upper left . A nucleotide is composed of three distinctive chemical sub-units : a five - carbon sugar molecule , a nitrogenous base -- which two together are called a nucleoside -- and one phosphate group . With all three joined , a nucleotide is also termed a `` nucleoside monophosphate '' . The chemistry sources ACS Style Guide and IUPAC Gold Book prescribe that a nucleotide should contain only one phosphate group , but common usage in molecular biology textbooks often extends the definition to include molecules with two , or with three , phosphates . Thus , the terms `` nucleoside diphosphate '' or `` nucleoside triphosphate '' may also indicate nucleotides . Nucleotides contain either a purine or a pyrimidine base -- i.e. , the nitrogenous base molecule , also known as a nucleobase -- and are termed ribonucleotides if the sugar is ribose , or deoxyribonucleotides if the sugar is deoxyribose . Individual phosphate molecules repetitively connect the sugar - ring molecules in two adjacent nucleotide monomers , thereby connecting the nucleotide monomers of a nucleic acid end - to - end into a long chain . These chain - joins of sugar and phosphate molecules create a ' backbone ' strand for a single - or double helix . In any one strand , the chemical orientation ( directionality ) of the chain - joins runs from the 5 ' - end to the 3 ' - end ( read : 5 prime - end to 3 prime - end ) -- referring to the five carbon sites on sugar molecules in adjacent nucleotides . In a double helix , the two strands are oriented in opposite directions , which permits base pairing and complementarity between the base - pairs , all which is essential for replicating or transcribing the encoded information found in DNA . Unlike in nucleic acid nucleotides , singular cyclic nucleotides are formed when the phosphate group is bound twice to the same sugar molecule , i.e. , at the corners of the sugar hydroxyl groups . These individual nucleotides function in cell metabolism rather than the nucleic acid structures of long - chain molecules . Nucleic acids then are polymeric macromolecules assembled from nucleotides , the monomer - units of nucleic acids . The purine bases adenine and guanine and pyrimidine base cytosine occur in both DNA and RNA , while the pyrimidine bases thymine ( in DNA ) and uracil ( in RNA ) in just one . Adenine forms a base pair with thymine with two hydrogen bonds , while guanine pairs with cytosine with three hydrogen bonds . Structural elements of three nucleotides -- where one - , two - or three - phosphates are attached to the nucleoside ( in yellow , blue , green ) at center : 1st , the nucleotide termed as a nucleoside monophosphate is formed by adding a phosphate group ( in red ) ; 2nd , adding a second phosphate group forms a nucleoside diphosphate ; 3rd , adding a third phosphate group results in a nucleoside triphosphate . + The nitrogenous base ( nucleobase ) is indicated by `` Base '' and `` glycosidic bond '' ( sugar bond ) . All five primary , or canonical , bases -- the purines and pyrimidines -- are sketched at right ( in blue ) . Synthesis ( edit ) Nucleotides can be synthesized by a variety of means both in vitro and in vivo . In vivo , nucleotides can be synthesized de novo or recycled through salvage pathways . The components used in de novo nucleotide synthesis are derived from biosynthetic precursors of carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism , and from ammonia and carbon dioxide . The liver is the major organ of de novo synthesis of all four nucleotides . De novo synthesis of pyrimidines and purines follows two different pathways . Pyrimidines are synthesized first from aspartate and carbamoyl - phosphate in the cytoplasm to the common precursor ring structure orotic acid , onto which a phosphorylated ribosyl unit is covalently linked . Purines , however , are first synthesized from the sugar template onto which the ring synthesis occurs . For reference , the syntheses of the purine and pyrimidine nucleotides are carried out by several enzymes in the cytoplasm of the cell , not within a specific organelle . Nucleotides undergo breakdown such that useful parts can be reused in synthesis reactions to create new nucleotides . In vitro , protecting groups may be used during laboratory production of nucleotides . A purified nucleoside is protected to create a phosphoramidite , which can then be used to obtain analogues not found in nature and / or to synthesize an oligonucleotide . Pyrimidine ribonucleotide synthesis ( edit ) The synthesis of UMP . The color scheme is as follows : enzymes , coenzymes , substrate names , inorganic molecules Main article : Pyrimidine metabolism The synthesis of the pyrimidines CTP and UTP occurs in the cytoplasm and starts with the formation of carbamoyl phosphate from glutamine and CO . Next , aspartate carbamoyltransferase catalyzes a condensation reaction between aspartate and carbamoyl phosphate to form carbamoyl aspartic acid , which is cyclized into 4 , 5 - dihydroorotic acid by dihydroorotase . The latter is converted to orotate by dihydroorotate oxidase . The net reaction is : ( S ) - Dihydroorotate + O → Orotate + H O Orotate is covalently linked with a phosphorylated ribosyl unit . The covalent linkage between the ribose and pyrimidine occurs at position C of the ribose unit , which contains a pyrophosphate , and N of the pyrimidine ring . Orotate phosphoribosyltransferase ( PRPP transferase ) catalyzes the net reaction yielding orotidine monophosphate ( OMP ) : Orotate + 5 - Phospho - α - D - ribose 1 - diphosphate ( PRPP ) → Orotidine 5 ' - phosphate + Pyrophosphate Orotidine 5 ' - monophosphate is decarboxylated by orotidine - 5 ' - phosphate decarboxylase to form uridine monophosphate ( UMP ) . PRPP transferase catalyzes both the ribosylation and decarboxylation reactions , forming UMP from orotic acid in the presence of PRPP . It is from UMP that other pyrimidine nucleotides are derived . UMP is phosphorylated by two kinases to uridine triphosphate ( UTP ) via two sequential reactions with ATP . First the diphosphate form UDP is produced , which in turn is phosphorylated to UTP . Both steps are fueled by ATP hydrolysis : ATP + UMP → ADP + UDP UDP + ATP → UTP + ADP CTP is subsequently formed by amination of UTP by the catalytic activity of CTP synthetase . Glutamine is the NH donor and the reaction is fueled by ATP hydrolysis , too : UTP + Glutamine + ATP + H O → CTP + ADP + P Cytidine monophosphate ( CMP ) is derived from cytidine triphosphate ( CTP ) with subsequent loss of two phosphates . Purine ribonucleotide synthesis ( edit ) Main article : Purine metabolism The atoms that are used to build the purine nucleotides come from a variety of sources : The synthesis of IMP . The color scheme is as follows : enzymes , coenzymes , substrate names , metal ions , inorganic molecules The biosynthetic origins of purine ring atoms N arises from the amine group of Asp C and C originate from formate N and N are contributed by the amide group of Gln C , C and N are derived from Gly C comes from HCO ( CO ) The de novo synthesis of purine nucleotides by which these precursors are incorporated into the purine ring proceeds by a 10 - step pathway to the branch - point intermediate IMP , the nucleotide of the base hypoxanthine . AMP and GMP are subsequently synthesized from this intermediate via separate , two - step pathways . Thus , purine moieties are initially formed as part of the ribonucleotides rather than as free bases . Six enzymes take part in IMP synthesis . Three of them are multifunctional : GART ( reactions 2 , 3 , and 5 ) PAICS ( reactions 6 , and 7 ) ATIC ( reactions 9 , and 10 ) The pathway starts with the formation of PRPP . PRPS1 is the enzyme that activates R5P , which is formed primarily by the pentose phosphate pathway , to PRPP by reacting it with ATP . The reaction is unusual in that a pyrophosphoryl group is directly transferred from ATP to C of R5P and that the product has the α configuration about C1 . This reaction is also shared with the pathways for the synthesis of Trp , His , and the pyrimidine nucleotides . Being on a major metabolic crossroad and requiring much energy , this reaction is highly regulated . In the first reaction unique to purine nucleotide biosynthesis , PPAT catalyzes the displacement of PRPP 's pyrophosphate group ( PP ) by an amide nitrogen donated from either glutamine ( N ) , glycine ( N&C ) , aspartate ( N ) , folic acid ( C ) , or CO . This is the committed step in purine synthesis . The reaction occurs with the inversion of configuration about ribose C , thereby forming β - 5 - phosphorybosylamine ( 5 - PRA ) and establishing the anomeric form of the future nucleotide . Next , a glycine is incorporated fueled by ATP hydrolysis and the carboxyl group forms an amine bond to the NH previously introduced . A one - carbon unit from folic acid coenzyme N - formyl - THF is then added to the amino group of the substituted glycine followed by the closure of the imidazole ring . Next , a second NH group is transferred from a glutamine to the first carbon of the glycine unit . A carboxylation of the second carbon of the glycin unit is concomittantly added . This new carbon is modified by the additional of a third NH unit , this time transferred from an aspartate residue . Finally , a second one - carbon unit from formyl - THF is added to the nitrogen group and the ring covalently closed to form the common purine precursor inosine monophosphate ( IMP ) . Inosine monophosphate is converted to adenosine monophosphate in two steps . First , GTP hydrolysis fuels the addition of aspartate to IMP by adenylosuccinate synthase , substituting the carbonyl oxygen for a nitrogen and forming the intermediate adenylosuccinate . Fumarate is then cleaved off forming adenosine monophosphate . This step is catalyzed by adenylosuccinate lyase . Inosine monophosphate is converted to guanosine monophosphate by the oxidation of IMP forming xanthylate , followed by the insertion of an amino group at C. NAD is the electron acceptor in the oxidation reaction . The amide group transfer from glutamine is fueled by ATP hydrolysis . Pyrimidine and purine degradation ( edit ) In humans , pyrimidine rings ( C , T , U ) can be degraded completely to CO and NH ( urea excretion ) . That having been said , purine rings ( G , A ) can not . Instead they are degraded to the metabolically inert uric acid which is then excreted from the body . Uric acid is formed when GMP is split into the base guanine and ribose . Guanine is deaminated to xanthine which in turn is oxidized to uric acid . This last reaction is irreversible . Similarly , uric acid can be formed when AMP is deaminated to IMP from which the ribose unit is removed to form hypoxanthine . Hypoxanthine is oxidized to xanthine and finally to uric acid . Instead of uric acid secretion , guanine and IMP can be used for recycling purposes and nucleic acid synthesis in the presence of PRPP and aspartate ( NH donor ) . Unnatural base pair ( UBP ) ( edit ) Main article : Base pair § Unnatural base pair ( UBP ) An unnatural base pair ( UBP ) is a designed subunit ( or nucleobase ) of DNA which is created in a laboratory and does not occur in nature . In 2012 , a group of American scientists led by Floyd Romesberg , a chemical biologist at the Scripps Research Institute in San Diego , California , published that his team designed an unnatural base pair ( UBP ) . The two new artificial nucleotides or Unnatural Base Pair ( UBP ) were named d5SICS and dNaM . More technically , these artificial nucleotides bearing hydrophobic nucleobases , feature two fused aromatic rings that form a ( d5SICS -- dNaM ) complex or base pair in DNA . In 2014 the same team from the Scripps Research Institute reported that they synthesized a stretch of circular DNA known as a plasmid containing natural T-A and C-G base pairs along with the best - performing UBP Romesberg 's laboratory had designed , and inserted it into cells of the common bacterium E. coli that successfully replicated the unnatural base pairs through multiple generations . This is the first known example of a living organism passing along an expanded genetic code to subsequent generations . This was in part achieved by the addition of a supportive algal gene that expresses a nucleotide triphosphate transporter which efficiently imports the triphosphates of both d5SICSTP and dNaMTP into E. coli bacteria . Then , the natural bacterial replication pathways use them to accurately replicate the plasmid containing d5SICS -- dNaM . The successful incorporation of a third base pair is a significant breakthrough toward the goal of greatly expanding the number of amino acids which can be encoded by DNA , from the existing 21 amino acids to a theoretically possible 172 , thereby expanding the potential for living organisms to produce novel proteins . The artificial strings of DNA do not encode for anything yet , but scientists speculate they could be designed to manufacture new proteins which could have industrial or pharmaceutical uses . Length unit ( edit ) Nucleotide ( abbreviated `` nt '' ) is a common unit of length for single - stranded nucleic acids , similar to how base pair is a unit of length for double - stranded nucleic acids . Nucleotide supplements ( edit ) A study done by the Department of Sports Science at the University of Hull in Hull , UK has shown that nucleotides have significant impact on cortisol levels in saliva . Post exercise , the experimental nucleotide group had lower cortisol levels in their blood than the control or the placebo . Additionally , post supplement values of Immunoglobulin A were significantly higher than either the placebo or the control . The study concluded , `` nucleotide supplementation blunts the response of the hormones associated with physiological stress . '' Another study conducted in 2013 looked at the impact nucleotide supplementation had on the immune system in athletes . In the study , all athletes were male and were highly skilled in taekwondo . Out of the twenty athletes tested , half received a placebo and half received 480 mg per day of nucleotide supplement . After thirty days , the study concluded that nucleotide supplementation may counteract the impairment of the body 's immune function after heavy exercise . Abbreviation codes for degenerate bases ( edit ) Main article : Nucleic acid notation The IUPAC has designated the symbols for nucleotides . Apart from the five ( A , G , C , T / U ) bases , often degenerate bases are used especially for designing PCR primers . These nucleotide codes are listed here . Some primer sequences may also include the character `` I '' , which codes for the non-standard nucleotide inosine . Inosine occurs in tRNAs , and will pair with adenine , cytosine , or thymine . This character does not appear in the following table however , because it does not represent a degeneracy . While inosine can serve a similar function as the degeneracy `` D '' , it is an actual nucleotide , rather than a representation of a mix of nucleotides that covers each possible pairing needed . Symbol Description Bases represented adenine cytosine guanine thymine U uracil U weak strong amino keto purine Y pyrimidine not A ( B comes after A ) not C ( D comes after C ) not G ( H comes after G ) V not T ( V comes after T and U ) any base ( not a gap ) See also ( edit ) Molecular and cellular biology portal Biology Chromosome Gene Genetics Nucleic acid analogues Nucleic acid sequence Nucleobase References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Alberts B , Johnson A , Lewis J , Raff M , Roberts K & Walter P ( 2002 ) . Molecular Biology of the Cell ( 4th ed . ) . Garland Science . ISBN 0 - 8153 - 3218 - 1 . pp. 120 -- 121 . Jump up ^ Coghill , Anne M. ; Garson , Lorrin R. , eds. ( 2006 ) . The ACS style guide : effective communication of scientific information ( 3rd ed . ) . Washington , D.C. : American Chemical Society . p. 244 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8412 - 3999 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Nucleotides '' . IUPAC Gold Book . International Union of Pure and Applied Chemists . doi : 10.1351 / goldbook. N04255 . Retrieved 30 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Lehninger , Albert L. ( 1975 ) . Biochemistry : the molecular basis of cell structure and function . New York : Worth Publishers Inc . doi : 10.1002 / jobm. 19770170116 . Jump up ^ Stryer , Lubert ( 1988 ) . Biochemistry ( 3rd ed . ) . New York : W.H. Freeman . ISBN 9780716719205 . Jump up ^ Garrett , Reginald H. ; Grisham , Charles M. ( 2007 ) . Biochemistry ( 4th ed . ) . Belmont , California : Brooks / Cole , Cengage Learning . Jump up ^ Zaharevitz , DW ; Anerson , LW ; Manlinowski , NM ; Hyman , R ; Strong , JM ; Cysyk , RL . `` Contribution of de-novo and salvage synthesis to the uracil nucleotide pool in mouse tissues and tumors in vivo '' . Jump up ^ See IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry for details on carbon residue numbering Jump up ^ Jones , M.E. ( 1980 ) . `` Pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis in animals : Genes , enzymes , and regulation of UMP biosynthesis '' . Annu. Rev. Biochem. 49 ( 1 ) : 253 -- 79 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. bi. 49.070180. 001345 . PMID 6105839 . Jump up ^ McMurry , JE ; Begley , TP ( 2005 ) . The organic chemistry of biological pathways . Roberts & Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9747077 - 1 - 6 . Jump up ^ Malyshev , Denis A. ; Dhami , Kirandeep ; Quach , Henry T. ; Lavergne , Thomas ; Ordoukhanian , Phillip ( 24 July 2012 ) . `` Efficient and sequence - independent replication of DNA containing a third base pair establishes a functional six - letter genetic alphabet '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 109 ( 30 ) : 12005 -- 12010 . Bibcode : 2012PNAS ... 10912005M . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1205176109 . PMC 3409741 . PMID 22773812 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Malyshev , Denis A. ; Dhami , Kirandeep ; Lavergne , Thomas ; Chen , Tingjian ; Dai , Nan ; Foster , Jeremy M. ; Corrêa , Ivan R. ; Romesberg , Floyd E. ( May 7 , 2014 ) . `` A semi-synthetic organism with an expanded genetic alphabet '' . Nature . 509 : 385 -- 8 . doi : 10.1038 / nature13314 . PMC 4058825 . PMID 24805238 . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Callaway , Ewan ( May 7 , 2014 ) . `` Scientists Create First Living Organism With ' Artificial ' DNA '' . Nature News . Huffington Post . Retrieved 8 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Fikes , Bradley J. ( May 8 , 2014 ) . `` Life engineered with expanded genetic code '' . San Diego Union Tribune . Retrieved 8 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Sample , Ian ( May 7 , 2014 ) . `` First life forms to pass on artificial DNA engineered by US scientists '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 8 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Pollack , Andrew ( May 7 , 2014 ) . `` Scientists Add Letters to DNA 's Alphabet , Raising Hope and Fear '' . New York Times . Retrieved 8 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Mc Naughton , L. ; Bentley , D. ; Koeppel , P. ( 2007 - 03 - 01 ) . `` The effects of a nucleotide supplement on the immune and metabolic response to short term , high intensity exercise performance in trained male subjects '' . The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness . 47 ( 1 ) : 112 -- 118 . ISSN 0022 - 4707 . PMID 17369807 . Jump up ^ Riera , Joan ; Pons , Victoria ; Martinez - Puig , Daniel ; Chetrit , Carlos ; Tur , Josep A. ; Pons , Antoni ; Drobnic , Franchek ( 2013 - 04 - 08 ) . `` Dietary nucleotide improves markers of immune response to strenuous exercise under a cold environment '' . Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. 10 ( 1 ) : 20 . doi : 10.1186 / 1550 - 2783 - 10 - 20 . PMC 3626726 . PMID 23566489 . ^ Jump up to : Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Biochemistry ( NC - IUB ) ( 1984 ) . `` Nomenclature for Incompletely Specified Bases in Nucleic Acid Sequences '' . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 04 . Further reading ( edit ) Sigel , Astrid ; Operschall , Bert P. ; Sigel , Helmut ( 2017 ) . `` Chapter 11 . Complex Formation of Lead ( II ) with Nucleotides and Their Constituents '' . In Astrid , S. ; Helmut , S. ; Sigel , R.K.O. Lead : Its Effects on Environment and Health . Metal Ions in Life Sciences . 17 . de Gruyter . pp. 319 -- 402 . doi : 10.1515 / 9783110434330 - 011 . External links ( edit ) Abbreviations and Symbols for Nucleic Acids , Polynucleotides and their Constituents ( IUPAC ) Provisional Recommendations 2004 ( IUPAC ) Chemistry explanation of nucleotide structure ( hide ) Genetics Introduction Outline History Index Key components Chromosome DNA RNA Nucleotide Genome Fields Classical Conservation Ecological Immunogenetics Molecular Population Quantitative Archaeogenetics of the Americas the British Isles Europe Italy the Near East South Asia Related topics Behavioural genetics Epigenetics Geneticist Genomics Genetic code Medical genetics Molecular evolution Reverse genetics Genetic engineering Genetic diversity Heredity Genetic monitoring Genetic genealogy List of genetics research organizations Genetics Nucleic acid constituents Nucleobase Purine Adenine Guanine Hypoxanthine Xanthine Purine analogue Pyrimidine Uracil Thymine Cytosine Pyrimidine analogue Unnatural base pair ( UBP ) Nucleoside Ribonucleoside Adenosine Guanosine 5 - Methyluridine Uridine 5 - Methylcytidine Cytidine Inosine Xanthosine Wybutosine Deoxyribonucleoside Deoxyadenosine Deoxyguanosine Thymidine Deoxyuridine Deoxycytidine Deoxyinosine Deoxyxanthosine Nucleotide ( Nucleoside monophosphate ) Ribonucleotide AMP GMP m UMP UMP CMP IMP XMP Deoxyribonucleotide dAMP dGMP dTMP dUMP dCMP dIMP dXMP Cyclic nucleotide cAMP cGMP c - di - GMP cADPR Nucleoside diphosphate ADP GDP m UDP UDP CDP dADP dGDP dTDP dUDP dCDP Nucleoside triphosphate ATP GTP m UTP UTP CTP ITP XTP dATP dGTP dTTP dUTP dCTP dITP dXTP Purine receptor modulators Receptor ( ligands ) P0 ( adenine ) Agonists : 8 - Aminoadenine Adenine P1 ( adenosine ) Agonists : 2 - ( 1 - Hexynyl ) - N - methyladenosine 2 - Cl - IB - MECA 2 ' - MeCCPA 4 ' - O - β - D - Glucosyl - 9 - O - ( 6 ' ' - deoxysaccharosyl ) olivil 5 ' - N - ethylcarboxamidoadenosine Adenosine ADP AMP Apadenoson ATL - 146e ATP BAY 60 -- 6583 Binodenoson Capadenoson CCPA CGS - 21680 CP - 532,903 Evodenoson GR 79236 LUF - 5835 LUF - 5845 N - Cyclopentyladenosine Namodenoson Neladenoson dalanate Piclidenoson Regadenoson SDZ WAG 994 Selodenoson Sonedenoson Tecadenoson UK - 432,097 Antagonists : 8 - Chlorotheophylline 8 - Phenyl - 1 , 3 - dipropylxanthine 8 - Phenyltheophylline Acefylline Aminophylline ATL - 444 Bamifylline Cafedrine Caffeine Caffeine citrate Cartazolate CGH - 2466 CGS - 15943 Choline theophyllinate CPX CVT - 6883 Dimethazan DMPX DPCPX Dyphylline Enprofylline Etazolate Fenethylline IBMX Isovaleric acid Istradefylline KF - 26777 MRE3008F20 MRS - 1220 MRS - 1334 MRS - 1706 MRS - 1754 MRS - 3777 Paraxanthine Pentoxifylline Preladenant Propentofylline Proxyphylline PSB - 10 PSB - 11 PSB - 36 PSB - 603 PSB - 788 PSB - 1115 Reversine Rolofylline SCH - 442,416 SCH - 58261 Theacrine Theobromine Theodrenaline Theophylline Tozadenant Tracazolate VUF - 5574 ZM - 241,385 P2 ( nucleotide ) P2X ( ATP ) Agonists : 2 - Me - SATP α , β - Me - ATP Adenosine ADP AMP Ap4A Ap5A ATP ATPγS BzATP Cibacron blue CTP D - β , γ - Me - ATP GTP HT - AMP Ivermectin L - β , γ - Me - ATP MRS - 2219 PAPET - ATP UTP Zinc Antagonists : 5 - BDBD A-317491 A-438079 A-740003 A-804598 A-839977 AF - 353 AZ - 10606120 AZ - 11645373 BBG Calcium Calmidazolium Chelerythrine Copper Emodin ( Rheum officinale ) Evans Blue GW - 791343 HMA Ip5I isoPPADS JNJ - 47965567 KN - 04 KN - 62 Magnesium MRS - 2159 NF - 023 NF - 110 NF - 157 NF - 279 NF - 449 Opiranserin ( VVZ - 149 ) Oxidized - ATP Phenol Red Phenolphthalein PPADS PPNDS PSB - 12062 Puerarin ( Radix puerariae ) Purotoxin 1 RB - 2 Ro 0437626 Ro 51 RO - 3 Sodium ferulate ( Angelica sinensis , Ligusticum wallichii ) Suramin TC - P 262 Tetramethylpyrazine ( ligustrazine ) ( Ligusticum wallichii ) TNP - ATP Zinc P2Y Agonists : 2 - Me - SADP 2 - Me - SATP 2 - Thio - UTP 5 - Br - UDP 5 - OMe - UDP α , β - Me - ATP Adenosine ADP ADPβS Ap3A AR - C 67085MX ATP ATPγS CTP dATP Denufosol Diquafosol IDP ITP INS - 365 INS - 37217 MRS - 2365 MRS - 2690 MRS - 2693 MRS - 2768 MRS - 2957 MRS - 4062 NF - 546 PAPET - ATP PSB - 0474 PSB - 1114 UDP UDPβS UDP - galactose UDP - glucose UDP - N - acetylglucosamine Up3U UTP UTPγS Antagonists : 2 - Me - SAMP A3P5PS AMPαS Ap4A AR - C 66096 AR - C 67085MX AR - C 69931MX AR - C 118925XX ATP BzATP C1330 - 7 Cangrelor Clopidogrel Elinogrel Ip5I MRS - 2179 MRS - 2211 MRS - 2279 MRS - 2395 MRS - 2500 MRS - 2578 NF - 157 NF - 340 PIT PPADS Prasugrel PSB - 0739 RB - 2 Regrelor Suramin Ticagrelor Ticlopidine UDP Transporter ( blockers ) CNTs 6 - Hydroxy - 7 - methoxyflavone Adenosine dMeThPmR Estradiol KGO - 2142 KGO - 2173 MeThPmR Phloridzin Progesterone ENTs Barbiturates Benzodiazepines Cilostazol Dilazep Dipyridamole Estradiol Ethanol Hexobendine NBMPR Pentoxifylline Progesterone Propentofylline PMAT Decynium - 22 Enzyme ( inhibitors ) XO Allopurinol Amflutizole Benzbromarone Caffeic acid Cinnamaldehyde Cinnamomum osmophloeum Febuxostat Myo - inositol Kaempferol Myricetin Niraxostat Oxipurinol Phytic acid Pistacia integerrima Propolis Quercetin Tisopurine Topiroxostat Others Aminopterin Azathioprine Methotrexate Mycophenolic acid Pemetrexed Pralatrexate Many others Others Precursors : Adenine Adenosine AMP ADP ATP Cytosine Cytidine CMP CDP CTP Guanine Guanosine GMP GDP GTP Hypoxanthine Inosine IMP IDP ITP Ribose Uracil Uridine UMP UDP UTP Others : Chrysophanol ( rhubarb ) See also : Receptor / signaling modulators NDL : 00568741 NKC : ph123363 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nucleotide&oldid=824125987 '' Categories : Nucleotides Genetics DNA Molecular biology Hidden categories : Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Scots Seeltersk Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 February 2018 , at 13 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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where do i find the billing zip code

Address verification system

address verification system

The Address Verification System ( AVS ) is a system used to verify the address of a person claiming to own a credit card . The system will check the billing address of the credit card provided by the user with the address on file at the credit card company . The other security features for the credit card include the CVV2 number .

AVS is used when the merchant verifies credit card data , such as billing address and ZIP code , against the Visa / MasterCard billing information of the cardholder . AVS verifies that the billing address of the credit or debit card matches the address that was given by the customer . Because AVS only verifies the numeric portion of the address , certain anomalies like apartment numbers can cause false declines ; however , it is reported to be a rare occurrence . AVS verifies the numeric portions of a cardholder 's billing address . For example , if the address is 101 Main Street , Highland , CA 92346 , in the United States , AVS will check 101 and 92346 . Cardholders may receive false negatives , or partial declines for AVS from e-commerce verification systems , which may require manual overrides , voice authorization , or reprogramming of the AVS entries by the card issuing bank . Contents ( hide ) 1 AVS support 2 Address Verification Service ( AVS ) codes 2.1 Declines due to Address Verification System 3 References AVS support ( edit ) AVS is a service to combat fraudulent activity for non-face - to - face transactions by cross-referencing the cardholder 's address information with the card issuer 's records . AVS is widely supported by Visa , MasterCard and American Express in the USA , Canada and United Kingdom . Cardholders with a bank that does not support AVS may receive an error from Internet stores due to the lack of data . Besides the automated verification , some banks do provide merchants with a manual verification system . Usually this is done for foreign credit card accounts as the AVS only works in the same country . This facility helps the merchants to prevent fraud arising from other countries . The merchant 's bank calls the customer banks ( or send a fax for banks that request them ) . Some countries like Denmark however prevent banks from verifying customer data . Address verification service ( AVS ) codes ( edit ) Code Visa Mastercard Discover American Express Street address matches , ZIP does not Street address and 5 - digit ZIP match Address only Matches Address and ZIP match Street address matches , but ZIP not verified . Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Street address and ZIP not verified Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Street address and ZIP match ( International Only ) Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable AVS data is invalid or AVS is not allowed for this card type . Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Street address and postal code match ( UK Only ) Not applicable Not applicable Street address matches , card member name does not match Non-U.S. issuing bank does not support AVS . Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Address information not verified for international transaction Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Card member name matches Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Card member name and ZIP match Street address and postal code match ( International Only ) Not applicable Not applicable Card member name , street address , and ZIP code match Street address and ZIP code do not match Street address and ZIP code do not match Street address and ZIP code do not match Street address and ZIP code do not match Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Card member name and street address match Zip code matches , street address unverifiable due to incompatible formats ( International Only ) Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable System unavailable , retry System unavailable , retry System unavailable , retry System unavailable , retry AVS not supported AVS not supported AVS not supported AVS not supported Not applicable Not applicable 9 - Digit ZIP matches , street address does not Not applicable U Address information unavailable . Returned if the U.S. bank does not support non-U.S. AVS or if the AVS in a U.S. bank is not functioning properly . Address information unavailable Address information unavailable Address information unavailable 9 - Digit ZIP matches , street address does not 9 - Digit ZIP matches , street address does not 9 - Digit ZIP matches , street address does not Card member name , ZIP , and street address do NOT match X 9 - Digit ZIP and street address match 9 - Digit ZIP and street address match 9 - Digit ZIP and street address match Not applicable Y 5 - Digit ZIP and street address match 5 - Digit ZIP and street address match 5 - Digit ZIP and street address match 5 - Digit ZIP and street address match Z 5 - Digit ZIP matches , street address does not 5 - Digit ZIP matches , street address does not 5 - Digit ZIP matches , street address does not 5 - Digit ZIP matches , street address does not Declines due to address verification system ( edit ) `` Declined due to AVS mismatch '' , the authorization code , along with the hold on the authorized funds , will remain on the customer 's card until the card issuing bank removes the authorization . As a result , the held funds may be subtracted from the customer 's available balance , and an online statement may reflect the authorization request which might be mistaken for an actual charge . Most card issuing banks will remove authorizations within 1 -- 2 days if they are not claimed for settlement . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Address Verification System ( AVS ) '' . VirtualTrak technologies . Retrieved September 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Glossary A , AVS '' . Electronic Merchant Systems . Retrieved April 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Address Verification Service ( AVS ) Response Codes Chase Merchant Services '' . www.chasepaymentech.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` AVS , CVV2 , and payment advice response codes - PayPal Developer '' . developer.paypal.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 17 . This bank and insurance - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Address_Verification_System&oldid=825089201 '' Categories : E-commerce Bank stubs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2009 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 11 February 2018 , at 12 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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where is the due process clause found in the constitution

The Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution each contain a due process clause . Due process deals with the administration of justice and thus the due process clause acts as a safeguard from arbitrary denial of life , liberty , or property by the government outside the sanction of law . The Supreme Court of the United States interprets the clauses more broadly , concluding that these clauses provide four protections : procedural due process ( in civil and criminal proceedings ) , substantive due process , a prohibition against vague laws , and as the vehicle for the incorporation of the Bill of Rights .

The Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments

Due process clause

due process clause

The Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution each contain a due process clause . Due process deals with the administration of justice and thus the due process clause acts as a safeguard from arbitrary denial of life , liberty , or property by the government outside the sanction of law . The Supreme Court of the United States interprets the clauses more broadly , concluding that these clauses provide four protections : procedural due process ( in civil and criminal proceedings ) , substantive due process , a prohibition against vague laws , and as the vehicle for the incorporation of the Bill of Rights .

Contents 1 Background 2 Drafting 3 Text 4 Interpretation 4.1 Scope 4.2 `` State '' 4.3 `` Person '' 4.4 `` Life '' 4.5 `` Liberty '' 4.6 State actor 4.7 Procedural due process 4.7. 1 Civil procedural due process 4.7. 2 Criminal procedural due process 4.8 Substantive due process 4.9 Void for vagueness 4.10 Incorporation of the Bill of Rights 4.11 Reverse incorporation of equal protection 4.12 Levels of scrutiny 4.13 Remedies 5 Criticism 5.1 Substantive due process 6 Due process clauses in state constitutions 6.1 New York 7 References Background ( edit ) Main article : Due process Clause 39 of Magna Carta provided : No free man shall be seized or imprisoned , or stripped of his rights or possessions , or outlawed or exiled , or deprived of his standing in any other way , nor will we proceed with force against him , or send others to do so , except by the lawful judgment of his equals or by the law of the land . The phrase `` due process of law '' first appeared in a statutory rendition of Magna Carta in 1354 during the reign of Edward III of England , as follows : No man of what state or condition he be , shall be put out of his lands or tenements nor taken ( taken to mean arrested or deprived of liberty by the state ) , nor disinherited , nor put to death , without he be brought to answer by due process of law . Drafting ( edit ) New York was the only state that asked Congress to add `` due process '' language to the U.S. Constitution . New York ratified the U.S. Constitution and proposed the following amendment in 1788 : ( N ) o Person ought to be taken imprisoned or disseized of his freehold , or be exiled or deprived of his Privileges , Franchises , Life , Liberty or Property but by due process of Law . In response to this proposal from New York , James Madison drafted a due process clause for Congress . Madison cut out some language and inserted the word without , which had not been proposed by New York . Congress then adopted the exact wording that Madison proposed after Madison explained that the due process clause would not be sufficient to protect various other rights : Although I know whenever the great rights , the trial by jury , freedom of the press , or liberty of conscience , come in question in that body ( Parliament ) , the invasion of them is resisted by able advocates , yet their Magna Carta does not contain any one provision for the security of those rights , respecting which the people of America are most alarmed . Text ( edit ) The Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides : No person shall ... be deprived of life , liberty , or property , without due process of law ... Section One of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides : ( N ) or shall any State deprive any person of life , liberty , or property , without due process of law ... Interpretation ( edit ) Scope ( edit ) The Supreme Court has interpreted the due process clauses in the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendment identically , as Justice Felix Frankfurter once explained in a concurring opinion : To suppose that ' due process of law ' meant one thing in the Fifth Amendment and another in the Fourteenth is too frivolous to require elaborate rejection . In 1855 , the Supreme Court explained that , to ascertain whether a process is due process , the first step is to `` examine the constitution itself , to see whether this process be in conflict with any of its provisions '' . Also in 1855 , the U.S. Supreme Court said , The words , `` due process of law '' , were undoubtedly intended to convey the same meaning as the words , `` by the law of the land '' , in Magna Carta . In the 1884 case of Hurtado v. California , the Court said : Due process of law in the ( Fourteenth Amendment ) refers to that law of the land in each state which derives its authority from the inherent and reserved powers of the state , exerted within the limits of those fundamental principles of liberty and justice which lie at the base of all our civil and political institutions , and the greatest security for which resides in the right of the people to make their own laws , and alter them at their pleasure . Due process also applies to the creation of taxing districts , as taxation is a deprivation of property . Due process typically requires public hearings prior to the creation of a taxing district . `` State '' ( edit ) Due process applies to Puerto Rico , although it is not a State . `` Person '' ( edit ) The due process clauses apply to both natural persons as well as to `` legal persons '' ( that is , corporate personhood ) as well as to individuals , including both citizens and non-citizens . The Fifth Amendment due process was first applied to corporations in 1893 by the Supreme Court in Noble v. Union River Logging . Noble was preceded by Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railroad in 1886 . The due process clauses also apply to non-citizens who are within the United States -- no matter whether their presence may be or is `` unlawful , involuntary or transitory '' -- although the U.S. Supreme Court has recognized that non-citizens can be stopped , detained , and denied past immigration officials at points of entry ( e.g. at a port or airport ) without the protection of the Due Process Clause because , while technically on U.S. soil , they are not considered to have entered the United States . `` Life '' ( edit ) In the context of the death penalty debate in the United States , it has been argued that since the Constitution explicitly contemplates the death penalty by forbidding it without due process , the death penalty can not be unconstitutional. `` Liberty '' ( edit ) The U.S. Supreme Court has interpreted the term `` liberty '' in the due process clauses broadly : Although the Court has not assumed to define `` liberty '' with any great precision , that term is not confined to mere freedom from bodily restraint . Liberty under law extends to the full range of conduct which the individual is free to pursue , and it can not be restricted except for a proper governmental objective . State actor ( edit ) Main article : State actor The prohibitions , generally , of the due process clauses apply only to the actions of state actors , and not against private citizens . However , where a private person is acting jointly with state officials in a prohibited action , they are said to be acting under the `` color of the law '' for the purposes of 42 U.S.C. § 1983 . While private actors are not generally held to the actions of private citizens , it remains that private citizens may be held criminally liable for a federal felony or misdemeanor , if they conspire with the government to commit actions which violate the due process clauses of the constitution . Procedural due process ( edit ) Procedural due process requires government officials to follow fair procedures before depriving a person of life , liberty , or property . When the government seeks to deprive a person of one of those interests , procedural due process requires the government to afford the person , at minimum , notice , an opportunity to be heard , and a decision made by a neutral decisionmaker . This protection extends to all government proceedings that can result in an individual 's deprivation , whether civil or criminal in nature , from parole violation hearings to administrative hearings regarding government benefits and entitlements to full - blown criminal trials . The article `` Some Kind of Hearing '' written by Judge Henry Friendly created a list of basic due process rights `` that remains highly influential , as to both content and relative priority '' . These rights , which apply equally to civil due process and criminal due process , are : An unbiased tribunal . Notice of the proposed action and the grounds asserted for it . Opportunity to present reasons why the proposed action should not be taken . The right to present evidence , including the right to call witnesses . The right to know opposing evidence . The right to cross-examine adverse witnesses . A decision based exclusively on the evidence presented . Opportunity to be represented by counsel . Requirement that the tribunal prepares a record of the evidence presented . Requirement that the tribunal prepares written findings of fact and reasons for its decision . Civil procedural due process ( edit ) Procedural due process is essentially based on the concept of `` fundamental fairness '' . For example , in 1934 , the United States Supreme Court held that due process is violated `` if a practice or rule offends some principle of justice so rooted in the traditions and conscience of our people as to be ranked as fundamental '' . As construed by the courts , it includes an individual 's right to be adequately notified of charges or proceedings , the opportunity to be heard at these proceedings , and that the person or panel making the final decision over the proceedings be impartial in regards to the matter before them . To put it more simply , where an individual is facing a deprivation of life , liberty , or property , procedural due process mandates that he or she is entitled to adequate notice , a hearing , and a neutral judge . The Supreme Court has formulated a balancing test to determine the rigor with which the requirements of procedural due process should be applied to a particular deprivation , for the obvious reason that mandating such requirements in the most expansive way for even the most minor deprivations would bring the machinery of government to a halt . The Court set out the test as follows : `` ( I ) dentification of the specific dictates of due process generally requires consideration of three distinct factors : first , the private interest that will be affected by the official action ; second , the risk of an erroneous deprivation of such interest through the procedures used , and the probable value , if any , of additional or substitute procedural safeguards ; and , finally , the Government 's interest , including the function involved and the fiscal and administrative burdens that the additional or substitute procedural requirement would entail . '' Procedural due process has also been an important factor in the development of the law of personal jurisdiction , in the sense that it is inherently unfair for the judicial machinery of a state to take away the property of a person who has no connection to it whatsoever . A significant portion of U.S. constitutional law is therefore directed to what kinds of connections to a state are enough for that state 's assertion of jurisdiction over a nonresident to comport with procedural due process . The requirement of a neutral judge has introduced a constitutional dimension to the question of whether a judge should recuse himself or herself from a case . Specifically , the Supreme Court has ruled that in certain circumstances , the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment requires a judge to recuse himself on account of a potential or actual conflict of interest . For example , in Caperton v. A.T. Massey Coal Co. ( 2009 ) , the Court ruled that a justice of the Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia could not participate in a case involving a major donor to his election to that court . Criminal procedural due process ( edit ) In criminal cases , many of these due process protections overlap with procedural protections provided by the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution , which guarantees reliable procedures that protect innocent people from being executed , which would be an obvious example of cruel and unusual punishment . An example of criminal due process rights is the case Vitek v. Jones , 445 U.S. 480 ( 1980 ) . The due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment requires certain procedural protections for state prisoners who may be transferred involuntarily to a state mental hospital for treatment of a mental disease or defect , such protections including written notice of the transfer , an adversary hearing before an independent decisionmaker , written findings , and effective and timely notice of such rights . As established by the district court and upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court in Vitek v. Jones , these due process rights include : Written notice to the prisoner that a transfer to a mental hospital is being considered ; A hearing , sufficiently after the notice to permit the prisoner to prepare , at which disclosure to the prisoner is made of the evidence being relied upon for the transfer and at which an opportunity to be heard in person and to present documentary evidence is given ; An opportunity at the hearing to present testimony of witnesses by the defense and to confront and cross-examine witnesses called by the state , except upon a finding , not arbitrarily made , of good cause for not permitting such presentation , confrontation , or cross-examination ; An independent decisionmaker ; A written statement by the factfinder as to the evidence relied on and the reasons for transferring the inmate ; Availability of legal counsel , furnished by the state , if the inmate is financially unable to furnish his own ( It must be noted however that a majority of Justices rejected this right to state - furnished counsel . ) ; and Effective and timely notice of all the foregoing rights . Substantive due process ( edit ) Main article : Substantive due process By the middle of the 19th century , `` due process of law '' was interpreted by the U.S. Supreme Court to mean that `` it was not left to the legislative power to enact any process which might be devised . The due process article is a restraint on the legislative as well as on the executive and judicial powers of the government , and can not be so construed as to leave Congress free to make any process ' due process of law ' by its mere will . '' The term `` substantive due process '' ( SDP ) is commonly used in two ways : first to identify a particular line of case law , and second to signify a particular attitude toward judicial review under the due process clause . The term `` substantive due process '' began to take form in 1930s legal casebooks as a categorical distinction of selected due process cases , and by 1950 had been mentioned twice in Supreme Court opinions . SDP involves liberty - based due process challenges which seek certain outcomes instead of merely contesting procedures and their effects ; in such cases , the Supreme Court recognizes a constitutionally - based `` liberty '' which then renders laws seeking to limit said `` liberty '' either unenforceable or limited in scope . Critics of SDP decisions typically assert that those liberties ought to be left to the more politically accountable branches of government . Courts have viewed the due process clause , and sometimes other clauses of the Constitution , as embracing those fundamental rights that are `` implicit in the concept of ordered liberty '' . Just what those rights are is not always clear , nor is the Supreme Court 's authority to enforce such unenumerated rights clear . Some of those rights have long histories or `` are deeply rooted '' in American society . The courts have largely abandoned the Lochner era approach ( c. 1897 - 1937 ) when substantive due process was used to strike down minimum wage and labor laws in order to protect freedom of contract . Since then , the Supreme Court has decided that numerous other freedoms that do not appear in the plain text of the Constitution are nevertheless protected by the Constitution . If these rights were not protected by the federal courts ' doctrine of substantive due process , they could nevertheless be protected in other ways ; for example , it is possible that some of these rights could be protected by other provisions of the state or federal constitutions , and alternatively they could be protected by legislatures . Today , the Court focuses on three types of rights under substantive due process in the Fourteenth Amendment , which originated in United States v. Carolene Products Co. , 304 U.S. 144 ( 1938 ) , footnote 4 . Those three types of rights are : the first eight amendments in the Bill of Rights ( e.g. , the Eighth Amendment ) ; restrictions on the political process ( e.g. , the rights of voting , association , and free speech ) ; and the rights of `` discrete and insular minorities '' . The Court usually looks first to see if there is a fundamental right , by examining if the right can be found deeply rooted in American history and traditions . Where the right is not a fundamental right , the court applies a rational basis test : if the violation of the right can be rationally related to a legitimate government purpose , then the law is held valid . If the court establishes that the right being violated is a fundamental right , it applies strict scrutiny . This test inquires into whether there is a compelling state interest being furthered by the violation of the right , and whether the law in question is narrowly tailored to address the state interest . Privacy , which is not explicitly mentioned in the Constitution , was at issue in Griswold v. Connecticut ( 1965 ) , wherein the Court held that criminal prohibition of contraceptive devices for married couples violated federal , judicially enforceable privacy rights . The right to contraceptives was found in what the Court called the `` penumbras '' , or shadowy edges , of certain amendments that arguably refer to certain privacy rights . The penumbra - based rationale of Griswold has since been discarded ; the Supreme Court now uses the due process clause as a basis for various unenumerated privacy rights . Although it has never been the majority view , some have argued that the Ninth Amendment ( addressing unenumerated rights ) could be used as a source of fundamental judicially enforceable rights , including a general right to privacy , as discussed by Justice Goldberg concurring in Griswold . Void for vagueness ( edit ) Main article : Void for vagueness The courts have generally determined that laws which are too vague for the average citizen to understand deprive citizens of their rights to due process . If an average person can not determine who is regulated , what conduct is prohibited , or what punishment may be imposed by a law , courts may find that law to be void for vagueness . See Coates v. Cincinnati , where the word `` annoying '' was deemed to lack due process insertion of fair warning . Incorporation of the Bill of rights ( edit ) Main article : Incorporation of the Bill of Rights Incorporation is the legal doctrine by which the Bill of Rights , either in full or in part , is applied to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment 's due process clause . The basis for incorporation is substantive due process regarding substantive rights enumerated elsewhere in the Constitution , and procedural due process regarding procedural rights enumerated elsewhere in the Constitution . Incorporation started in 1897 with a takings case , continued with Gitlow v. New York ( 1925 ) , which was a First Amendment case , and accelerated in the 1940s and 1950s . Justice Hugo Black famously favored the jot - for - jot incorporation of the entire Bill of Rights . Justice Felix Frankfurter , however -- joined later by Justice John M. Harlan -- felt that the federal courts should only apply those sections of the Bill of Rights that were `` fundamental to a scheme of ordered liberty '' . It was the latter course that the Warren Court of the 1960s took , although almost all of the Bill of Rights has now been incorporated jot - for - jot against the states . The latest Incorporation is the 2nd Amendment which made the individual and fundamental right to `` keep and bear arms '' fully applicable to the States ; see McDonald v. City of Chicago , 561 U.S. ( 2010 ) . The role of the incorporation doctrine in applying the guarantees of the Bill of Rights to the states is just as notable as the use of due process to define new fundamental rights that are not explicitly guaranteed by the Constitution 's text . In both cases , the question has been whether the right asserted is `` fundamental '' , so that , just as not all proposed `` new '' constitutional rights are afforded judicial recognition , not all provisions of the Bill of Rights have been deemed sufficiently fundamental to warrant enforcement against the states . Some people , such as Justice Black , have argued that the Privileges or Immunities Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment would be a more appropriate textual source for the incorporation doctrine . The Court has not taken that course , and some point to the treatment given to the Privileges or Immunities Clause in the 1873 Slaughter - House Cases as a reason why . Although the Slaughter - House Court did not expressly preclude application of the Bill of Rights to the states , the clause largely ceased to be invoked in opinions of the Court following the Slaughter - House Cases , and when incorporation did begin , it was under the rubric of due process . Scholars who share Justice Black 's view , such as Akhil Amar , argue that the Framers of the Fourteenth Amendment , like Senator Jacob Howard and Congressman John Bingham , included a due process clause in the Fourteenth Amendment for the following reason : `` By incorporating the rights of the Fifth Amendment , the privileges or immunities clause would ... have prevented states from depriving ' citizens ' of due process . Bingham , Howard , and company wanted to go even further by extending the benefits of state due process to aliens . '' The Supreme Court has consistently held that Fifth Amendment due process means substantially the same as Fourteenth Amendment due process , and therefore the original meaning of the former is relevant to the incorporation doctrine of the latter . When the Bill of Rights was originally proposed by Congress in 1789 to the states , various substantive and procedural rights were `` classed according to their affinity to each other '' instead of being submitted to the states `` as a single act to be adopted or rejected in the gross '' , as James Madison put it . Roger Sherman explained in 1789 that each amendment `` may be passed upon distinctly by the States , and any one that is adopted by three fourths of the legislatures may become a part of the Constitution '' . Thus , the states were allowed to reject the Sixth Amendment , for example , while ratifying all of the other amendments including the due process clause ; in that case , the rights in the Sixth Amendment would not have been incorporated against the federal government . The doctrine of incorporating the content of other amendments into `` due process '' was thus an innovation , when it began in 1925 with the Gitlow case , and this doctrine remains controversial today . Reverse incorporation of equal protection ( edit ) Further information : Equal Protection Clause In Bolling v. Sharpe 347 U.S. 497 ( 1954 ) , the Supreme Court held that `` the concepts of equal protection and due process , both stemming from our American ideal of fairness , are not mutually exclusive . '' The Court thus interpreted the Fifth Amendment 's due process clause to include an equal protection element . In Lawrence v. Texas the Supreme Court added : `` Equality of treatment and the due process right to demand respect for conduct protected by the substantive guarantee of liberty are linked in important respects , and a decision on the latter point advances both interests . '' Levels of scrutiny ( edit ) When a law or other act of government is challenged as a violation of individual liberty under the due process clause , courts nowadays primarily use two forms of scrutiny , or judicial review , which is used by the Judicial Branch . This inquiry balances the importance of the governmental interest being served and the appropriateness of the government 's method of implementation against the resulting infringement of individual rights . If the governmental action infringes upon a fundamental right , the highest level of review -- strict scrutiny -- is used . To pass strict scrutiny review , the law or act must be narrowly tailored to further a compelling government interest . When the governmental restriction restricts liberty in a manner that does not implicate a fundamental right , rational basis review is used . Here a legitimate government interest is enough to pass this review . There is also a middle level of scrutiny , called intermediate scrutiny , but it is primarily used in Equal Protection cases rather than in Due Process cases . Remedies ( edit ) The Court held in 1967 that `` we can not leave to the States the formulation of the authoritative ... remedies designed to protect people from infractions by the States of federally guaranteed rights '' . Criticism ( edit ) Substantive due process ( edit ) Critics of a substantive due process often claim that the doctrine began , at the federal level , with the infamous 1857 slavery case of Dred Scott v. Sandford . However , other critics contend that substantive due process was not used by the federal judiciary until after the Fourteenth Amendment was adopted in 1869 . Advocates of a substantive due process who assert that the doctrine was employed in Dred Scott claim that it was employed incorrectly . Additionally , the first appearance of a substantive due process as a concept arguably appeared earlier in the case of Bloomer v. McQuewan , 55 U.S. 539 ( 1852 ) , so that Chief Justice Taney would not have been entirely breaking ground in his Dred Scott opinion when he pronounced the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional because , among other reasons , an `` act of Congress that deprived a citizen of his liberty or property merely because he came himself or brought his property into a particular territory of the United States , and who had committed no offence against the laws , could hardly be dignified with the name of due process of law '' . Dissenting Justice Curtis disagreed with Taney about what `` due process '' meant in Dred Scott . Criticisms of the doctrine continue as in the past . Critics argue that judges are making determinations of policy and morality that properly belong with legislators ( i.e. `` legislating from the bench '' ) , or argue that judges are reading views into the Constitution that are not really implied by the document , or argue that judges are claiming the power to expand the liberty of some people at the expense of other people 's liberty ( e.g. as in the Dred Scott case ) , or argue that judges are addressing substance instead of process . Oliver Wendell Holmes , Jr. , a realist , worried that the Court was overstepping its boundaries , and the following is from one of his last dissents : I have not yet adequately expressed the more than anxiety that I feel at the ever increasing scope given to the Fourteenth Amendment in cutting down what I believe to be the constitutional rights of the States . As the decisions now stand , I see hardly any limit but the sky to the invalidating of those rights if they happen to strike a majority of this Court as for any reason undesirable . I can not believe that the Amendment was intended to give us carte blanche to embody our economic or moral beliefs in its prohibitions . Yet I can think of no narrower reason that seems to me to justify the present and the earlier decisions to which I have referred . Of course the words due process of law , if taken in their literal meaning , have no application to this case ; and while it is too late to deny that they have been given a much more extended and artificial signification , still we ought to remember the great caution shown by the Constitution in limiting the power of the States , and should be slow to construe the clause in the Fourteenth Amendment as committing to the Court , with no guide but the Court 's own discretion , the validity of whatever laws the States may pass . Originalists , such as Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas , who rejects substantive due process doctrine , and Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia , who has also questioned the legitimacy of the doctrine , call a substantive due process a `` judicial usurpation '' or an `` oxymoron '' . Both Scalia and Thomas have occasionally joined Court opinions that mention the doctrine , and have in their dissents often argued over how substantive due process should be employed based on Court precedent . Many non-originalists , like Justice Byron White , have also been critical of a substantive due process . As propounded in his dissents in Moore v. East Cleveland and Roe v. Wade , as well as his majority opinion in Bowers v. Hardwick , White argued that the doctrine of a substantive due process gives the judiciary too much power over the governance of the nation and takes away such power from the elected branches of government . He argued that the fact that the Court has created new substantive rights in the past should not lead it to `` repeat the process at will '' . In his book Democracy and Distrust , non-originalist John Hart Ely criticized `` substantive due process '' as a glaring non-sequitur . Ely argued the phrase was a contradiction - in - terms , like the phrase green pastel redness . Originalism is usually linked to opposition against substantive due process rights , and the reasons for that can be found in the following explanation that was endorsed unanimously by the Supreme Court in a 1985 case : `` ( W ) e must always bear in mind that the substantive content of the ( due process ) clause is suggested neither by its language nor by preconstitutional history ; that content is nothing more than the accumulated product of judicial interpretation of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments . '' Originalists do not necessarily oppose protection of the rights heretofore protected using substantive due process ; rather , most originalists believe that such rights should be identified and protected through legislation , through passing amendments to the constitution , or via other existing provisions of the Constitution . The perceived scope of the due process clause was originally different than it is today . For instance , even though many of the Framers of the Bill of Rights believed that slavery violated the fundamental natural rights of African - Americans , a `` theory that declared slavery to be a violation of the due process clause of the Fifth Amendment ... requires nothing more than a suspension of reason concerning the origin , intent , and past interpretation of the clause '' . Due process clauses in state constitutions ( edit ) No state or federal constitution in the U.S. had ever before utilized any `` due process '' wording , prior to 1791 when the federal Bill of Rights was ratified . New York ( edit ) In New York , a statutory bill of rights was enacted in 1787 , and it contained four different due process clauses . Alexander Hamilton commented on the language of that New York bill of rights : `` The words ' due process ' have a precise technical import , and are only applicable to the process and proceedings of the courts of justice ; they can never be referred to an act of the legislature . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Madison , P.A. ( 2 August 2010 ) . `` Historical Analysis of the first of the 14th Amendment 's First Section '' . The Federalist Blog . Retrieved 19 January 2013 . Jump up ^ The Text of Magna Carta ( 1215 ) Jump up ^ 28 Edw. 3 , c. 3 Jump up ^ New York Ratification Resolution ( 1788 ) ^ Jump up to : Madison Speech ( 1789 ) Jump up ^ U.S. Const . amend . V . Jump up ^ U.S. Const . amend . XIV , § 1 . Jump up ^ Malinski v. New York , 324 U.S. 401 , 415 ( 1945 ) , ( Frankfurter , J. , concurring ) ^ Jump up to : Murray v. Hoboken Land , 59 U.S. 272 ( 1855 ) Jump up ^ Murray 's Lessee v. Hoboken Land and Improvement Co. , 59 U.S. 272 ( 1855 ) . Jump up ^ Hurtado v. California , 110 U.S. 516 ( 1884 ) . Jump up ^ Browning v. Hooper , 269 U.S. 396 , 46 S. Ct. 141 , 70 L. Ed . 330 ( 1926 ) Jump up ^ Posadas de Puerto Rico Associates v. Tourism Company of Puerto Rico , 478 U.S. 328 ( 1986 ) ; see also Examining Board v. Flores de Otero , 426 U.S. 572 ( 1976 ) ( applying equal protection to Puerto Rico ) . Jump up ^ Noble v. Union River Logging , 147 U.S. 165 ( 1893 ) ^ Jump up to : Zadvydas v. Davis , 533 U.S. 678 , 693 ( 2001 ) ( `` Although Mezei , like the present cases , involves indefinite detention , it differs from the present cases in a critical respect . As the Court emphasized , the alien 's extended departure from the United States required him to seek entry into this country once again . His presence on Ellis Island did not count as an entry into the United States . Hence , he was ' treated , ' for constitutional purposes , ' as if stopped at the border . ' ... And that made all the difference . It is well established that certain constitutional protections available to persons inside the United States are unavailable to aliens outside of our geographic borders ... But once an alien enters the country , the legal circumstance changes , for the Due Process Clause applies to all ' persons ' within the United States , including aliens , whether their presence here is lawful , unlawful , temporary , or permanent . '' ) . Jump up ^ Plyler v. Doe , 457 U.S. 202 , 210 ( 1982 ) ( `` Appellants argue at the outset that undocumented aliens , because of their immigration status , are not ' persons within the jurisdiction ' of the State of Texas , and that they , therefore , have no right to the equal protection of Texas law . We reject this argument . Whatever his status under the immigration laws , an alien is surely a ' person ' in any ordinary sense of that term . Aliens , even aliens whose presence in this country is unlawful , have long been recognized as ' persons ' guaranteed due process of law by the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments . '' ) . Jump up ^ > https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=aXSGDXbc9ZA&t=1740 Missing or empty title = ( help ) < Jump up ^ Bolling v. Sharpe , 347 U.S. 497 ( 1954 ) Jump up ^ Huston , Luther A. ( 18 May 1954 ) . `` High Court Bans School Segregation ; 9 - to - 0 Decision Grants Time to Comply '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Adickes v. S.H. Kress & Co. , 398 U.S. 144 , 152 , 90 S. Ct. 1598 , 1605 - 06 ( 1970 ) Jump up ^ 18 U.S.C. 241 https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/241 Jump up ^ 18 U.S.C. 242 https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/242 Jump up ^ Glicksman , Robert L. ; Levy , Richard E. ( 2010 ) . Administrative Law : Agency Action in Legal Context. 9781599416106 : Foundation Press . ^ Jump up to : Strauss , Peter . `` DUE PROCESS '' . Legal Information Institute . Retrieved 8 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Snyder v. Massachusetts , 291 U.S. 97 , 105 ( 1934 ) Jump up ^ Goldberg v. Kelly , 397 U.S. 254 , 267 ( 1970 ) Jump up ^ Mathews v. Eldridge , 424 U.S. 319 , 335 ( 1976 ) Jump up ^ Jess Bravin and Kris Maher ( June 8 , 2009 ) . `` Justices Set New Standard for Recusals '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ Herrera v. Collins , 506 U.S. 390 ( 1993 ) : `` We have , of course , held that the Eighth Amendment requires increased the reliability of the process by which capital punishment may be imposed . '' ^ Jump up to : `` VITEK , CORRECTIONAL DIRECTOR , ET AL. v. JONES No. 78 - 1155 SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES '' ( PDF ) . Forensic Mental Health Services - Behavioral Health Network , Inc . Forensic Mental Health Services Behavioral Health Network , Inc . Retrieved 28 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Summary of VITEK , CORRECTIONAL DIRECTOR , ET AL. v. JONES No. 78 - 1155 SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES '' . Forensic Mental Health Services Behavioral Health Network , Inc . Forensic Mental Health Services Behavioral Health Network , Inc . Retrieved 28 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : White , G. Edward ( 2000 ) . The Constitution and the New Deal . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press . pp. 244 -- 46 . Jump up ^ White , G. Edward ( 2000 ) . The Constitution and the New Deal . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press . p. 22 . Jump up ^ Palko v. Connecticut , 302 U.S. 319 ( 1937 ) Jump up ^ Hawkins , Bryan ( 2006 ) . `` The Glucksberg Renaissance : Substantive Due Process since Lawrence v. Texas '' ( PDF ) . Michigan Law Review . 105 : 409 , 412 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2007 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ Troxel v. Granville , 530 U.S. 57 , 65 ( 2000 ) , ( Kennedy , J. , dissenting ) : `` Pierce and Meyer , had they been decided in recent times , may well have been grounded upon First Amendment principles protecting freedom of speech , belief , and religion . '' ^ Jump up to : `` New York Bill of Rights ( 26th of January , 1787 ) '' ( PDF ) . The People of the State of New York represented in Senate and Assembly . www.nycourts.gov . Retrieved 7 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Williams , George . `` The Federal Parliament and the Protection of Human Rights '' Archived February 14 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , Research Paper 20 1998 - 99 , Parliament of Australia ( 1999 ) : `` nations that had relied upon the common law tradition to protect rights ... have subsequently passed statutory Bills of Rights . For example , the United Kingdom Parliament has enacted the Human Rights Act 1998 ( UK ) , while the New Zealand Legislature has passed the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990 ... Parliament might move to protect a few core rights that are obviously regarded as basic and fundamental to Australian democracy . This should not include rights such as ' due process of law ' in the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution , which has a highly developed meaning in the United States context but no resonance in Australia . '' Jump up ^ Griswold v. Connecticut , 381 U.S. 479 ( 1965 ) : `` I do not mean to imply that the ... Ninth Amendment constitutes an independent source of rights protected from infringement by either the States or the Federal Government . '' Jump up ^ Congressional Research Service , Fourteenth Amendment : Rights Guaranteed : Procedural Due Process : Criminal : `` practically all the criminal procedural guarantees of the Bill of Rights -- the Fourth , Fifth , Sixth , and Eighth Amendments -- contain limitations which are fundamental to state criminal justice systems and that the absence of one or the other particular guarantees denies a suspect or a defendant due process of law . '' Jump up ^ Chicago , Burlington & Quincy Railway Co. v. Chicago , 166 U.S. 226 ( 1897 ) Jump up ^ Amar , Akhil ( 1992 ) . `` The Bill of Rights and the Constitution '' . Yale Law Journal . New Haven : The Yale Law Journal Company . 101 ( 6 ) : 1193 . doi : 10.2307 / 796923 . JSTOR 796923 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ Hurtado v. California , 110 U.S. 516 ( 1884 ) : `` when the same phrase was employed ... it was used in the same sense and with no greater extent . '' Jump up ^ Letter from James Madison to Alexander White ( Aug. 24 , 1789 ) Jump up ^ Letter from Roger Sherman to Simeon Baldwin ( Aug. 22 , 1789 ) . Jump up ^ Lawrence v. Texas , 539 U.S. 598 ( 2003 ) , at page 2482 Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Adarand Constructors v. Peña , 515 U.S. 200 ( 1995 ) ; Sugarman v. Dougall , 413 U.S. 634 ( 1973 ) ; Sherbert v. Verner , 374 U.S. 398 ( 1963 ) . Jump up ^ Shaman , Jeffrey . ( 1 ) Constitutional Interpretation : Illusion and Reality ( Greenwood 2001 ) . Jump up ^ Chapman v. California , 386 U.S. 18 , 22 ( 1967 ) . Jump up ^ Hyman , Andrew . `` The Due Process Plank '' , Seton Hall Law Review ( forthcoming 2013 ) , via SSRN . Jump up ^ Baldwin v. Missouri , 281 U.S. 586 , 595 ( 1930 ) Jump up ^ Chicago v. Morales , 527 U.S. 41 ( 1999 ) , ( Scalia , J. , dissenting ) Jump up ^ U.S. v. Carlton 512 U.S. 26 ( 1994 ) , ( Scalia , J. , concurring ) Jump up ^ Moore v. East Cleveland , 431 U.S. 494 , 543 ( 1977 ) , ( White , J. , dissenting ) . Jump up ^ University of Michigan v. Ewing , 474 U.S. 214 ( 1985 ) quoting Moore v. East Cleveland , 431 U.S. 494 , 543 ( 1977 ) ( White , J. , dissenting ) . Jump up ^ Robert Cover , Justice Accused 157 ( Yale Univ . Press 1975 ) Jump up ^ `` The Founders ' Constitution Volume 5 , Amendment V , Document 13 : Alexander Hamilton , Remarks on an Act for Regulating Elections , New York Assembly ( 6 Feb. 1787 ) ; See also : The Papers of Alexander Hamilton . Edited by Harold C. Syrett et al. 26 vols . New York and London : Columbia University Press , 1961 -- 79 , Volume 4 , Page 35 '' . Philipp B. Kurland and Ralph Lerner . The Founders ' Constitution by University of Chicago Press and the Liberty Fund . Retrieved 7 March 2013 . 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California ( 1884 ) Ex parte Wilson ( 1885 ) United States v. Petit ( 1885 ) Mackin v. United States ( 1886 ) Ex parte Bain ( 1887 ) Parkinson v. United States ( 1887 ) McNulty v. California ( 1893 ) Wong Wing v. United States ( 1896 ) Maxwell v. Dow ( 1900 ) Lem Woon v. Oregon ( 1913 ) United States v. Moreland ( 1922 ) Costello v. United States ( 1956 ) Lawn v. United States ( 1958 ) Green v. United States ( 1958 ) Stirone v. United States ( 1960 ) Beck v. Washington ( 1962 ) Midland Asphalt Corp. v. United States ( 1989 ) United States v. Cotton ( 2002 ) United States v. Miller ( 2007 ) Double Jeopardy Clause After acquittal United States v. Randenbush ( 1834 ) Ball v. United States ( 1896 ) Burton v. United States ( 1906 ) Helvering v. Mitchell ( 1938 ) Green v. United States ( 1957 ) Fong Foo v. United States ( 1962 ) United States v. Tateo ( 1964 ) Ashe v. Swenson ( 1970 ) Wilson v. United States ( 1975 ) Serfass v. United States ( 1975 ) United States v. Martin Linen Supply Co. ( 1977 ) Burks v. United States ( 1978 ) Crist v. Bretz ( 1978 ) Sanabria v. United States ( 1978 ) United States v. Scott ( 1978 ) Bullington v. Missouri ( 1981 ) Tibbs v. Florida ( 1982 ) Arizona v. Rumsey ( 1984 ) Poland v. Arizona ( 1986 ) Witte v. United States ( 1995 ) Sattazahn v. Pennsylvania ( 2003 ) Smith v. Massachusetts ( 2005 ) Yeager v. United States ( 2009 ) Currier v. Virginia ( 2018 ) After conviction United States v. Wilson ( 1833 ) United States v. La Franca ( 1931 ) United States ex rel . Marcus v. Hess ( 1943 ) Rex Trailer Co. v. United States ( 1956 ) Ludwig v. Massachusetts ( 1976 ) Brown v. Ohio ( 1977 ) Harris v. Oklahoma ( 1977 ) Garrett v. United States ( 1985 ) United States v. Halper ( 1989 ) Grady v. Corbin ( 1990 ) United States v. Felix ( 1992 ) United States v. Dixon ( 1993 ) Department of Revenue of Montana v. Kurth Ranch ( 1994 ) After mistrial United States v. Perez ( 1824 ) United States v. Dinitz ( 1976 ) Arizona v. Washington ( 1978 ) Oregon v. Kennedy ( 1982 ) Renico v. Lett ( 2010 ) Blueford v. Arkansas ( 2012 ) Multiple punishment Ex parte Lange ( 1873 ) Blockburger v. United States ( 1932 ) Whalen v. United States ( 1980 ) Missouri v. Hunter ( 1983 ) Rutledge v. United States ( 1996 ) Dual sovereignty doctrine Bartkus v. Illinois ( 1959 ) Waller v. Florida ( 1970 ) Heath v. Alabama ( 1985 ) United States v. Lara ( 2004 ) Puerto Rico v. Sanchez Valle ( 2016 ) Other Ex parte Bigelow ( 1885 ) Palko v. Connecticut ( 1937 ) Louisiana ex rel . Francis v. Resweber ( 1947 ) Baxstrom v. Herold ( 1966 ) North Carolina v. Pearce ( 1969 ) Benton v. Maryland ( 1969 ) Morris v. Mathews ( 1986 ) Dowling v. United States ( 1990 ) Self - Incrimination Clause Griffin v. California ( 1965 ) Miranda v. Arizona ( 1966 ) Tehan v. United States ex rel . Shott ( 1966 ) Williams v. Florida ( 1970 ) Brooks v. Tennessee ( 1972 ) Lakeside v. Oregon ( 1978 ) Mitchell v. United States ( 1999 ) United States v. Hubbell ( 2000 ) Berghuis v. Thompkins ( 2010 ) hide Due Process Clause Dred Scott v. Sanford ( 1857 ) Adair v. United States ( 1908 ) Adkins v. Children 's Hospital ( 1923 ) Louisville Joint Stock Land Bank v. Radford ( 1935 ) United States v. Carolene Products Co. ( 1938 ) Bolling v. Sharpe ( 1954 ) United States v. Windsor ( 2013 ) hide United States Fourteenth Amendment case law Citizenship Clause Slaughter - House Cases ( 1873 ) Elk v. Wilkins ( 1884 ) United States v. Wong Kim Ark ( 1898 ) Perez v. Brownell ( 1958 ) Afroyim v. Rusk ( 1967 ) Rogers v. Bellei ( 1971 ) Saenz v. Roe ( 1999 ) hide Due Process Clause Economic substantive due process Mugler v. Kansas ( 1887 ) Allgeyer v. Louisiana ( 1897 ) Lochner v. New York ( 1905 ) Coppage v. Kansas ( 1915 ) Adams v. Tanner ( 1917 ) Adkins v. Children 's Hospital ( 1923 ) Right to privacy Meyer v. Nebraska ( 1923 ) Pierce v. Society of Sisters ( 1925 ) Griswold v. Connecticut ( 1965 ) Doe v. Bolton ( 1973 ) Roe v. Wade ( 1973 ) Bowers v. Hardwick ( 1986 ) Webster v. Reproductive Health Services ( 1989 ) Planned Parenthood v. Casey ( 1992 ) Lawrence v. Texas ( 2003 ) Whole Woman 's Health v. Hellerstedt ( 2016 ) Right to abortion United States v. Vuitch ( 1971 ) Doe v. Bolton ( 1973 ) Roe v. Wade ( 1973 ) H.L. v. Matheson ( 1981 ) City of Akron v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health ( 1983 ) Webster v. Reproductive Health Services ( 1989 ) Hodgson v. Minnesota ( 1990 ) Planned Parenthood v. Casey ( 1992 ) Stenberg v. Carhart ( 2000 ) Ayotte v. Planned Parenthood of New England ( 2006 ) Gonzales v. Carhart ( 2007 ) Whole Woman 's Health v. Hellerstedt ( 2016 ) Civil rights liability under Section 1983 Monroe v. Pape ( 1961 ) McNeese v. Board of Educ. ( 1963 ) Pierson v. Ray ( 1967 ) Jenkins v. McKeithen ( 1969 ) Scheuer v. Rhodes ( 1974 ) Wood v. Strickland ( 1975 ) O'Connor v. Donaldson ( 1975 ) Paul v. Davis ( 1976 ) Imbler v. Pachtman ( 1976 ) Monell v. Department of Social Services of the City of New York ( 1978 ) Procunier v. Navarette ( 1978 ) Owen v. City of Independence ( 1980 ) Harlow v. Fitzgerald ( 1982 ) Felder v. Casey ( 1988 ) Will v. Michigan Department of State Police ( 1989 ) Gonzaga University v. Doe ( 2002 ) Inyo County v. Paiute - Shoshone Indians of the Bishop Community ( 2003 ) City of Rancho Palos Verdes v. Abrams ( 2005 ) Fitzgerald v. Barnstable School Committee ( 2009 ) Ashcroft v. Iqbal ( 2009 ) Los Angeles County v. Humphries ( 2010 ) Connick v. Thompson ( 2011 ) Other Holden v. Hardy ( 1898 ) Muller v. Oregon ( 1908 ) Buck v. Bell ( 1927 ) Powell v. Alabama ( 1932 ) West Coast Hotel v. Parrish ( 1937 ) NAACP v. Alabama ( 1958 ) Griswold v. Connecticut ( 1965 ) Loving v. Virginia ( 1967 ) Epperson v. Arkansas ( 1968 ) In re Winship ( 1971 ) Kolender v. Lawson ( 1983 ) Edwards v. Aguillard ( 1987 ) Troxel v. Granville ( 2000 ) Caperton v. A.T. Massey Coal Co. ( 2009 ) Obergefell v. Hodges ( 2015 ) Equal Protection Clause United States v. Cruikshank ( 1876 ) Pace v. Alabama ( 1883 ) Civil Rights Cases ( 1883 ) Yick Wo v. Hopkins ( 1886 ) Plessy v. Ferguson ( 1896 ) Buchanan v. Warley ( 1917 ) Lum v. Rice ( 1927 ) Skinner v. Oklahoma ( 1942 ) Perez v. Sharp ( 1948 ) Goesaert v. Cleary ( 1948 ) Shelley v. Kraemer ( 1948 ) Sipuel v. Board of Regents of Univ. of Okla . ( 1948 ) Sweatt v. Painter ( 1950 ) McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents ( 1950 ) Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka ( 1954 ) Hernandez v. Texas ( 1954 ) Griffin v. County School Board of Prince Edward County ( 1964 ) Katzenbach v. Morgan ( 1966 ) Loving v. Virginia ( 1967 ) Swann v. Charlotte - Mecklenburg Board of Education ( 1971 ) Guey Heung Lee v. Johnson ( 1971 ) Reed v. Reed ( 1971 ) Frontiero v. Richardson ( 1973 ) Craig v. Boren ( 1976 ) Milliken v. Bradley ( 1974 ) Plyler v. Doe ( 1982 ) Romer v. Evans ( 1996 ) Grutter v. Bollinger ( 2003 ) Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1 ( 2007 ) Obergefell v. Hodges ( 2015 ) hide United States criminal due process case law Reasonable doubt Leland v. Oregon ( 1952 ) Holland v. United States ( 1954 ) Leary v. United States ( 1969 ) In re Winship ( 1970 ) Cool v. United States ( 1972 ) Mullaney v. Wilbur ( 1975 ) Patterson v. New York ( 1977 ) Taylor v. Kentucky ( 1978 ) County Court of Ulster Cty . v. Allen ( 1979 ) Sandstrom v. Montana ( 1979 ) Jackson v. Virginia ( 1979 ) Murray v. Carrier ( 1986 ) Cage v. Louisiana ( 1990 ) Sullivan v. Louisiana ( 1993 ) Victor v. Nebraska ( 1994 ) Schlup v. Delo ( 1995 ) Brady disclosure Brady v. Maryland ( 1963 ) Giglio v. United States ( 1972 ) Moore v. Illinois ( 1972 ) United States v. Agurs ( 1976 ) California v. Trombetta ( 1984 ) United States v. Bagley ( 1985 ) Arizona v. Youngblood ( 1988 ) Kyles v. Whitley ( 1995 ) Wood v. Bartholomew ( 1995 ) Strickler v. Greene ( 1999 ) United States v. Ruiz ( 2002 ) Illinois v. Fisher ( 2004 ) Banks v. Dretke ( 2004 ) Youngblood v. West Virginia ( 2006 ) Cone v. Bell ( 2009 ) Smith v. Cain ( 2012 ) Mental competence Bishop v. United States ( 1956 ) Dusky v. United States ( 1960 ) Pate v. Robinson ( 1966 ) Drope v. Missouri ( 1975 ) Riggins v. Nevada ( 1992 ) Medina v. California ( 1992 ) Godinez v. Moran ( 1993 ) Cooper v. Oklahoma ( 1996 ) Sell v. United States ( 2003 ) Indiana v. Edwards ( 2008 ) Prosecutorial misconduct Mooney v. Holohan ( 1935 ) Hysler v. Florida ( 1942 ) Pyle v. Kansas ( 1942 ) New York ex rel . Whitman v. Wilson ( 1943 ) White v. Ragen ( 1945 ) Mesarosh v. United States ( 1956 ) Alcorta v. Texas ( 1957 ) Napue v. Illinois ( 1959 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Due_Process_Clause&oldid=852967821 '' Categories : Clauses of the United States Constitution Due Process Clause Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 1 August 2018 , at 15 : 13 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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list of non scheduled commercial banks in india

Scheduled banks ( India )

scheduled banks ( india )

Scheduled Banks in India refer to those banks which have been included in the Second Schedule of Reserve Bank of India Act , 1934 . RBI in turn includes only those banks in this Schedule which satisfy the criteria laid down vide section 42 ( 6 ) ( a ) of the said Act . Banks not under this Schedule are called Non-Scheduled Banks .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Facilities 2 Internal Classification 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading Facilities ( edit ) Every Scheduled bank enjoys two types of principal facilities : it becomes eligible for debts / loans at the bank rate from the RBI ; and , it automatically acquires the membership of clearing house . Internal Classification ( edit ) The Scheduled banks comprise Scheduled Commercial Banks and Scheduled Co-operative banks . The further classification of is as follows : Scheduled Commercial banks Public Sector Banks State Bank of India and its associates , and Other Nationalised banks Private Sector Indian Banks Old private - sector banks New private - sector banks Private - sector Foreign banks Regional Rural Bank ( RRBs ) Scheduled Co-operative banks Scheduled State Co-operative Banks Scheduled Urban Co-operative Banks See also ( edit ) Banking in India List of banks in India References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Bharatiya Mahila Bank included in second schedule to RBI Act '' . Live Mint. 21 May 2014 . Retrieved 3 March 2015 . Further reading ( edit ) `` Reserve Bank of India Act , 1934 : The Second Schedule '' ( PDF ) . Reserve Bank of India . p. 91 - 100 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scheduled_Banks_(India)&oldid=795965047 '' Categories : Banking in India Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी Edit links This page was last edited on 17 August 2017 , at 16 : 44 . About Wikipedia

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what is jack and jill went up the hill about

Jack and Jill ( nursery rhyme )

jack and jill ( nursery rhyme )

`` Jack and Jill '' Nursery rhyme Published 1777 `` Jack and Jill '' ( sometimes `` Jack and Gill '' , particularly in earlier versions ) is a traditional English nursery rhyme . The Roud Folk Song Index classifies this tune and its variations as number 10266 . The rhyme dates back at least to the 18th century and exists with different numbers of verses each with a number of variations . Contents 1 Text 2 History 3 Meaning 4 Interpretation 5 Notes 6 External links Text ( edit ) From Mother Goose 's Melody ( 1791 edition ) Jack and Jill Went up the hill To fetch a pail of water Jack fell down And broke his crown , And Jill came tumbling after . Only a few more verses have been added to the rhyme , including a version with a total of 15 stanzas in a chapbook of the 19th century . The dab verse , probably added as part of these extensions , has become a standard part of the nursery rhyme . Early versions took the form : Up Jack got , And home did trot As fast as he could caper ; To old Dame Dob , Who patched his nob With vinegar and brown paper . Jack and Jill from The Book of Knowledge , The Children 's Encyclopedia ( 1912 ) By the early 20th century this had been modified in some collections , such as L.E. Walter 's , Mother Goose 's Nursery Rhymes ( London , 1919 ) to : Up Jack got And home did trot , As fast as he could caper ; And went to bed And plastered his head With vinegar and brown paper . A third verse , sometimes added to the rhyme , was first recorded in a 19th - century chapbook and took Twentieth - century versions of this verse include : When Jill came in How she did grin To see Jack 's paper plaster ; Mother vexed Did whip her next For causing Jack 's disaster . As presented above and as presented in the accompanying published images , the rhyme is made up of six - line stanzas with a rhyming scheme of aabccb and a trochaic rhythm ( with the stress falling on the first of a pair of syllables ) . Alternatively , if these stanzas were viewed as quatrains with internal rhymes , this would be an example of ballad form , a common form for nursery rhymes . The melody commonly associated with the rhyme was first recorded by the composer and nursery rhyme collector James William Elliott in his National Nursery Rhymes and Nursery Songs ( 1870 ) . The Roud Folk Song Index , which catalogues folk songs and their variations by number , classifies the song as 10266 . History ( edit ) Musical setting by Burney ( 1777 ) The phrase `` Jack and Jill '' was in use in England as early as the 16th century to indicate a boy and a girl . A comedy with the title Jack and Jill was performed at the Elizabethan court in 1567 - 68 , and the phrase was used twice by Shakespeare : in A Midsummer Night 's Dream , which contains the line , `` Jack shall have Jill ; Nought shall go ill '' ( III : ii : 460 - 2 ) , and in Love 's Labour 's Lost , which has the lines , `` Our wooing doth not end like an old play ; Jack hath not Jill '' ( V : ii : 874 -- 5 ) . These lines suggest that it was a phrase which indicated a romantically attached couple , as in the proverb `` a good Jack makes a good Jill '' . The earliest known printed version comes from a reprint of John Newbery 's Mother Goose 's Melody , thought to have been first published in London around 1765 . The rhyming of `` water '' with `` after '' was taken by Iona and Peter Opie to suggest that the first verse may date from the first half of the 17th century . A musical arrangement by Charles Burney was published in 1777 . Meaning ( edit ) Woodcut from the earliest surviving reprint of John Newbery 's Mother Goose 's Melodies ( originally 1765 , reprint 1791 ) , showing Jack and Gill as boys Several theories have been advanced to explain its origins and to suggest meanings for the lyrics . The game has traditionally been seen as a nonsense verse , particularly as the couple go up a hill to find water , which is often incorrectly thought to be only found at the bottom of hills . Vinegar and brown paper were a home cure used as a method to draw out bruises on the body . Jack is the most common name used in English - language nursery rhymes and represented an archetypal Everyman hero by the 18th century , while Jill or Gill had come to mean a young girl or a sweetheart by the end of the Middle Ages . However , the woodcut that accompanied the first recorded version of the rhyme showed two boys ( not a boy and a girl ) and used the spelling Gill not Jill . Interpretation ( edit ) A postcard illustration of the rhyme by Dorothy M. Wheeler , c. 1920 Play ( help info ) The plaque erected in 2000 at Kilmersdon in Somerset to commemorate the village 's association with the rhyme The true origin of the rhyme is unknown , but there are several theories . Complicated metaphors are often said to exist within the lyrics , as is common with nursery rhyme exegesis . Most explanations post-date the first publication of the rhyme and have no corroborating evidence . These include the suggestion by S. Baring - Gould in the 19th century that the rhyme is related to a narrative in the 13th - century Prose Edda section Gylfaginning composed by Icelander Snorri Sturluson . In Gylfaginning , Hjúki and Bil , brother and sister respectively in Norse mythology , were taken up from the earth by the moon ( personified as the god Máni ) as they were fetching water from the well called Byrgir , bearing on their shoulders the cask called Saegr and the pole called Simul . Around 1835 , John Bellenden Ker suggested that Jack and Jill were two priests ; this was enlarged by Katherine Elwes in 1930 to indicate that Jack represented Cardinal Wolsey ( c. 1471 -- 1530 ) and Jill was Bishop Tarbes , who negotiated the marriage of Mary Tudor to the French king in 1514 . It has also been suggested that the rhyme records the attempt by King Charles I to reform the taxes on liquid measures . He was blocked by Parliament , so subsequently ordered that the volume of a Jack ( 1 / 8 pint ) be reduced , but the tax remained the same . This meant that he still received more tax , despite Parliament 's veto . Hence `` Jack fell down and broke his crown '' ( many pint glasses in the UK still have a line marking the 1 / 2 pint level with a crown above it ) `` and Jill came tumbling after '' . The reference to `` Jill '' ( actually a `` gill '' , or 1 / 4 pint ) is said to reflect that the gill dropped in volume as a consequence . The suggestion has also been made that Jack and Jill represent Louis XVI of France , who was deposed and beheaded in 1793 ( lost his crown ) , and his Queen Marie Antoinette ( who came tumbling after ) , a theory made difficult by the fact that the earliest printing of the rhyme pre-dates those events . However , as the previous paragraph refers to King Charles I being in conflict with Parliament , the phrase `` broke his crown '' could also refer to that King 's beheading in 1649 . There is also a local belief that the rhyme records events in the village of Kilmersdon in Somerset in 1697 when a local spinster became pregnant ; the putative father is said to have died from a rock fall and the woman died in childbirth soon after . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : P. Opie and I. Opie , The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1997 ) , ISBN 0 - 19 - 869111 - 4 , pp. 224 -- 6 . Jump up ^ H. Carpenter and M. Prichard , The Oxford Companion to Children 's Literature ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1984 ) , ISBN 0 - 19 - 211582 - 0 , p. 274 . ^ Jump up to : L.E. Walter , Mother Goose 's Nursery Rhymes ( 1919 , 1923 , Forgotten Books ) , ISBN 1 - 4400 - 7293 - 0 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ L. Turco , The Book of Forms : a Handbook of Poetics ( Lebanon , NH : University Press of New England , 3rd edn. , 2000 ) , ISBN 1 - 58465 - 022 - 2 , pp. 28 -- 30 . Jump up ^ J.J. Fuld , The Book of World - Famous Music : Classical , Popular , and Folk ( Courier Dover Publications , 5th edn. , 2000 ) , ISBN 0 - 486 - 41475 - 2 , p. 502 . Jump up ^ `` Searchable database '' , English Folk Song and Dance Society , retrieved 18 March 2012 . Jump up ^ B. Cullinan and D.G. Person , The Continuum Encyclopedia of Children 's Literature ( London : Continuum , 2003 ) , ISBN 0 - 8264 - 1778 - 7 , p. 561 . Jump up ^ Arnold , John ( ed . ) ( 1777 ) . The Essex Harmony . ii ( second ed . ) . London : J. Buckland and S. Crowder . p. 130 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Groundwater '' . earthsci.org . Earth Science Australia . Retrieved 7 September 2018 . ^ Jump up to : A. Jack , Pop Goes the Weasel : The Secret Meanings of Nursery Rhymes ( London : Penguin , 2008 ) , ISBN 0 - 14 - 190930 - 7 . Jump up ^ C. Roberts , Heavy Words Lightly Thrown : the Reason Behind the Rhyme ( Colchester : Granta , 2nd edn. , 2004 ) , ISBN 1 - 86207 - 765 - 7 , pp. 137 -- 40 . Jump up ^ W.B. McCarthy and C. Oxford , Jack in Two Worlds : Contemporary North American Tales and their Tellers ( Chapel Hill , NC : University of North Carolina Press , 1994 ) , ISBN 0 - 8078 - 4443 - 8 , p. xvi . Jump up ^ G.A. Kleparski , `` CDs , petticoats , skirts , ankas , tamaras and shielas '' in C. Kay and J.J. Smith , eds , Categorization in the History of English ( Amsterdam , 2004 ) , ISBN 90 - 272 - 4775 - 7 , p. 80 . Jump up ^ W.S. Baring - Gould and C. Baring Gould , The Annotated Mother Goose ( Bramhall House , 1962 ) , ISBN 0 - 517 - 02959 - 6 , pp. 60 -- 62 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jack and Jill . Visualization of the poem by Oxford University 's Poem Viewer . Jack Jack and the Beanstalk Film Jack and the Beanstalk ( 1902 ) Jack and the Beanstalk ( 1952 ) Jack and the Beanstalk ( 1974 ) Jack and the Beanstalk ( 2009 ) Jack the Giant Slayer ( 2013 ) Into the Woods ( 2014 ) Television `` Beanstalks and Bad Eggs '' ( 1997 episode ) Jack and the Beanstalk : The Real Story ( 2001 miniseries ) Once Upon a Time : `` Tallahassee '' ( 2012 ) `` Tiny '' ( 2013 ) Cartoon Jack and the Beanstalk ( 1931 ) Giantland ( 1933 ) Jack - Wabbit and the Beanstalk ( 1943 ) Beanstalk Bunny ( 1955 ) Tweety and the Beanstalk ( 1957 ) Tom and Jerry 's Giant Adventure ( 2013 ) Video games Jumpin ' Kid : Jack to Mame no Ki Monogatari The Simpsons : Bart & the Beanstalk Tiny Toon Adventures : Buster and the Beanstalk Tiny Toon Adventures : The Great Beanstalk Related articles Fee - fi - fo - fum Fun and Fancy Free Into the Woods The Stinky Cheese Man and Other Fairly Stupid Tales Politically Correct Bedtime Stories Jack the Giant Killer Characters Blunderbore Cormoran Thunderdell Film Jack the Giant Killer ( 1962 ) Jack the Giant Slayer ( 2013 ) Jack the Giant Killer ( 2013 ) Novel Jack , the Giant Killer Video games Jack the Giantkiller Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jack_and_Jill_(nursery_rhyme)&oldid=866422511 '' Categories : Literary duos Jack tales English nursery rhymes Roud Folk Song Index songs Songs about fictional male characters Songs about fictional female characters Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Good articles Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano עברית Tagalog Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 06 : 37 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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where is the big prawn located in australia

Name Location Built Size Notes Image Big Ant Broken Hill 1980 A bull ant sculpture designed by artist Pro Hart , which was erected in 1980 and originally stood at the Stephens Creek Hotel . It was moved to its current location , next to the Tourist Information Centre in Broken Hill , after being donated to the city in 1990 . Big Apple Batlow Located in the middle of an orchard about 3 km north of Batlow , without public access . Only its top is visible from Batlow - Tumut Road , as it is largely blocked by apple trees . Big Apple Yerrinbool Visible from the Hume Highway - 34.348504 , 150.554299 Big Avocado Duranbah Located at Tropical Fruit World . The Big Axe Kew 1979 8 m ( 26 ft ) Located alongside the Kew Visitor Information Centre . The original sculpture was replaced in 2002 as a result of ant induced damage . Big Ayers Rock North Arm Cove 1990 This 1 / 40 scale model of Uluru was formerly an attraction at Leyland Brothers World , and now forms the roof of the Rock Restaurant . Technically not a `` Big Thing '' ( as it is substantially smaller than the item it is modelled on ) , the Rock Restaurant is loosely grouped with the big things as an object of roadside art . Big Banana Coffs Harbour 1964 13 m × 5 m ( 43 ft × 16 ft ) Sometimes claimed to be the first Big Thing in Australia . The Big Banana tourist complex includes a banana - themed souvenir shop , tours of the surrounding plantation and an indoor ski slope . The Big Beer Can Cobar 1990 5 m × 2.5 m ( 16.4 ft × 8.2 ft ) The Big Beer Can has a Tooheys New design , and is located above the entrance to the Grand Hotel . Big Bench Broken Hill , New South Wales September 2002 As part of the Landscapes and Backgrounds exhibition , a 2.5 times scale park bench was constructed on the top of the Line of Lode , which is a high hill of mine deposits in the centre of the city of Broken Hill . The Big Blue Heeler Muswellbrook 2001 2 m ( 6.6 ft ) high Located adjacent to the town information centre . The Big Bogan Nyngan 2015 3.6 m ( 12 ft ) high The Big Bogan is the brainchild of Reverend Graham McLeod from Nyngan 's St Mark 's Anglican Church . Located on Pangee Street next to the railway lines . Big Bottles Mangrove Mountain and Hanwood Big Bowl Lake Cathie , New South Wales A 10 - foot high replica of a lawn bowl , consisting of one - and - a-half tonnes of steel and concrete . Big Bull Wauchope 14 m × 21 m ( 46 ft × 69 ft ) The Big Bull was pulled down in October 2007 . Big Bunch of Bananas Coffs Harbour Formerly located in Sawtell , the Big Bunch of Bananas was relocated when the Pacific Highway bypassed the town and now lie just to the south of Coffs Harbour . The Big Bicycle Chullora 9 m × 6 m ( 30 ft × 20 ft ) The bicycle built by Jonh Ridley , Andy Lugiz and Phillip Becker adorns the entrance to the Chullora Waste Transfer Station , Chullora . Big Cheese Bodalla The Big Cheese is located at the former Bodalla cheese factory on the Princes Hwy , Bodalla . It is as of 2013 closed . Big Cherries Young Originally located off Short Street , but moved with the tourist information centre to Lovell Street to the old railway station . Big Chook Moonbi 1970s 2 m × 4 m ( 6.6 ft × 13.1 ft ) Big Chook Mount Vernon 4 m × 4 m ( 13 ft × 13 ft ) Big Fish Manilla The Big Fish is located at the Big Fish Roadhouse at 79 Arthur Street Manilla . Big Flower Ourimbah Big Funnel Web Spider Jamberoo , New South Wales 2015 19.7 m × 22.2 m ( 65 ft × 73 ft ) The Big Funnel Web Spider was built at Jamberoo Action Park located 20 minutes south of Wollongong and is a steel , fibreglass and concrete structure 420 times larger than a female Sydney funnel - web spider . It was awarded a Guinness World Record as the Largest Spider Sculpture in August 2015 . The Big Gold Panner Bathurst 1979 5 m × 3 m ( 16.4 ft × 9.8 ft ) Located in front of the Gold Panner Motor Inn . The Big Gold Pick and Pan Grenfell 2005 Pick 4 m , Pan 3 m ( diam ) Located between the Goods Shed and historic Station Building at the old Railway Station precinct , just off the northern end of West Street . The Big Golden Guitar Tamworth 1988 12 m × 4 m ( 39 ft × 13 ft ) Modelled on the Golden Guitar trophies given to winners at the Country Music Awards of Australia ceremony night during the Tamworth Country Music Festival . The Big Knight Knockrow At the entrance to the Macadamia Castle , a nut - themed park and store . The Big Hammer Mudgee Located at Fairview Artspace in Mudgee is a Tig Crawley 's artwork `` Water Hammer '' . This installation is located in the front garden and has beautiful view of Mudgee and the countryside The Big Headphones Newcastle 2015 3 m ( 9.8 ft ) Located on Darby St , this fully operational pair of headphones was designed by Mark Tisdell and built in collaboration with Tom Ireland ( fabrication and design detailing ) , Sean Bell ( graphics ) , Adrian Garner ( electrical engineering ) , Brad Phillips and Rhian Leek ( architectural design ) , with the support of the Darby Street Traders Group . The Big Kookaburra Kurri Kurri 2009 4.5 m ( 15 ft ) Sculpture by Chris Fussell . It is located in Rotary Park . The Big Lamb Guyra 1988 Erected by the town and district to promote the lamb and potato industries in New England . The lamb is stood over a potato plant . The Big Merino Goulburn 1985 15 m × 18 m ( 49 ft × 59 ft ) A sculpture of a merino ram , built in 1985 . Goulburn and The Big Merino were bypassed by the Hume Highway in 1992 , leading to a reduction in visitor numbers . On 26 May 2007 , Rambo ( as the Merino is locally known ) was relocated by low - loader to a new home within sight of the highway . The Big Miner 's Lamp Lithgow Big Mosquito Hexham 1993 `` Ossie the Mossie '' at the Hexham Bowls Club is modelled on the local Ochlerotatus alternans mosquito species , known as `` Hexham Greys '' . It includes illuminated eyes which switch on at night . Big Murray Cod Tocumwal 1967 2 m × 7 m ( 6.6 ft × 23.0 ft ) Located near the corner of Deniliquin Rd and Murray St , near the Murray River . Big Orange Tenterfield The Big Oyster Taree 12 m × 4 m ( 39 ft × 13 ft ) The Big Playable Guitar Narrandera 1991 6 m × 2 m ( 19.7 ft × 6.6 ft ) The largest playable guitar in the world . Ploddy the Dinosaur Somersby 1963 Situated in the Australian Reptile Park , and commissioned by the Park 's founder , Eric Worrell . The concrete structure , based on the shape of a Diplodocus , is 30 metres long and weighs almost 100 tonnes . The Big Potato Robertson 1977 10 m × 4 m ( 33 ft × 13 ft ) A giant potato constructed by farmer Jim Mauger in 1977 . The Big Poo Kiama 2002 1 m × 5 m ( 3.3 ft × 16.4 ft ) The Big Poo was built by local residents as a protest against Sydney Water 's decision not to reuse waste water in the area . Built from foam , it was unveiled by Ian Cohen on 29 April 2002 . The Big Prawn Ballina 1989 6 m × 9 m ( 20 ft × 30 ft ) On 24 September 2009 , Ballina Shire Council voted to allow the demolition of the Big Prawn , but this permission was never acted upon . Bunnings Warehouse purchased the site in 2011 and refurbished the Prawn as part of the redevelopment . The prawn now sits on a stand next to the entrance of the Bunnings Warehouse carpark . Big Rabbit Trap Albert 2013 A Big Rabbit Trap , located on the roof of the Rabbit Trap Hotel . The Big Rocket Moree 2009 14 m ( 46 ft ) high The Big Rocket , launched during the International Year of Astronomy and the 40th anniversary of the first manned moon landing , contains two slides and a space - themed command centre playground . Big Rubik 's Cube Maroubra 2008 A cement cube painted as per a Rubik 's Cube on top of a storm water drain on Maroubra Beach . The Big Slurpee Coffs Harbour 2009 15.24 m ( 50 ft ) Dismantled in 2009 . The Big Soldier Uralla In front of Hassett 's Military Museum . The Big Spider Urana 2009 The Big Spider ( named `` Not so Itsy '' by the artist ) was created by Andrew Whitehead , a nearby resident of the town . The spider commemorates the local football club , who were , for many years , known as the Spiders , and is built from a range of materials -- including a wash tub and a hot dog muffler . The World 's Biggest Sundial Singleton A 25 - foot high sundial presented as a gift from Lemington Mine , to honour the occasion of the Australian Bicentenary . At the time of its creation , it was recognised by the Guinness Book of World Records as the world 's largest sundial , and still lays claim to being the largest one - piece sundial in the Southern hemisphere . The Big Swan Dunedoo In front of the Swan Motel . Big Tennis Racquet Barellan 3 October 2009 13.8 m ( 45 ft ) long Built in honour of Evonne Goolagong , who grew up in Barellan . The Big Trout Adaminaby 1973 10 m × 3 m ( 32.8 ft × 9.8 ft ) Designed by Andy Lomnici , the Big Trout is located in the town of Adaminaby , near Lake Eucumbene in the Snowy Mountains . Opened in 1973 , the trout is built from fiberglass over a steel frame . The Big Trout Oberon The Big Turtle Forster Carved from timber , the big turtle is located behind the main street of Forster on a riverside boardwalk . The Big Ugg Boots Thornton 20 April 2015 Mortels Sheepskin Factory is home to The Big Ugg Boots . These big ugg boots are 13 times the size of a women 's US size 8 ugg boot . The Big Ugg Boots are located in the Hunter Region of NSW . The Big Windmill Coffs Harbour 1972 Although work started on the Big Windmill in 1972 , the death of Franz De Kever in 1974 delayed completion until 1982 , as it was not until the site was purchased by Hans Eecen that work was able to resume . The Big Windmill has since changed hands , and is now operated by Mark and Jodi Taylor . The site includes a 41 - room motel and a restaurant . The Big Wine Barrel Hanwood , Griffith 1973 Located at the McWilliam 's Winery . The cellar door with historical displays and a giant glass mural are located within . The Big Wine Bottle Pokolbin 1998 7 m × 1.5 m ( 23.0 ft × 4.9 ft ) Located at the Hunter Valley Gardens . The neck forms a chimney for an open fire contained within . The Big Wine Cask Mourquong 8 m × 6 m ( 26 ft × 20 ft ) Located at the Constellation Stanley winery * Edit - as of Dec 2013 no longer there . Building is , but has been painted out and is not accessible *

Australia 's Big Things

australia's big things

The big things of Australia are a loosely related set of large structures , some of which are novelty architecture and some are sculptures . There are estimated to be over 150 such objects around the country , the first being the Big Scotsman in Medindie , Adelaide , which was built in 1963 . There are big things in every state and territory in Australia .

Most big things began as tourist traps found along major roads between destinations . The big things have become something of a cult phenomenon , and are sometimes used as an excuse for a road trip , where many or all big things are visited and used as a backdrop to a group photograph . Many of the big things are considered works of folk art and have been heritage - listed . Contents ( hide ) 1 List of big things ( by state or territory ) 1.1 Australian Capital Territory 1.2 New South Wales 1.3 Northern Territory 1.4 Queensland 1.5 South Australia 1.6 Tasmania 1.7 Victoria 1.8 Western Australia 2 In popular culture 3 See also 4 References 4.1 General references 4.2 Specific references and notes 5 External links List of Big Things ( by state or territory ) ( edit ) Australian capital territory ( edit ) Name Location Built Size Notes Image Giant Mushroom Belconnen 1998 8 m × 4 m ( 26 ft × 13 ft ) Located in the Belconnen Fresh Food Markets , the Giant Mushroom shelters a children 's playground . It was officially launched in 1998 by the ACT Chief Minister . Giant Owl Belconnen 2011 8 m ( 26 ft ) Located at the main entrance to Belconnen town centre , the statue cost $400,000 and was built by Melbourne sculptor Bruce Armstrong . New South wales ( edit ) Name Location Built Size Notes Image Big Ant Broken Hill 1980 A bull ant sculpture designed by artist Pro Hart , which was erected in 1980 and originally stood at the Stephens Creek Hotel . It was moved to its current location , next to the Tourist Information Centre in Broken Hill , after being donated to the city in 1990 . Big Apple Batlow Located in the middle of an orchard about 3 km north of Batlow , without public access . Only its top is visible from Batlow - Tumut Road , as it is largely blocked by apple trees . Big Apple Yerrinbool Visible from the Hume Highway - 34.348504 , 150.554299 Big Avocado Duranbah Located at Tropical Fruit World . The Big Axe Kew 1979 8 m ( 26 ft ) Located alongside the Kew Visitor Information Centre . The original sculpture was replaced in 2002 as a result of ant induced damage . Big Ayers Rock North Arm Cove 1990 This 1 / 40 scale model of Uluru was formerly an attraction at Leyland Brothers World , and now forms the roof of the Rock Restaurant . Technically not a `` Big Thing '' ( as it is substantially smaller than the item it is modelled on ) , the Rock Restaurant is loosely grouped with the big things as an object of roadside art . Big Banana Coffs Harbour 1964 13 m × 5 m ( 43 ft × 16 ft ) Sometimes claimed to be the first Big Thing in Australia . The Big Banana tourist complex includes a banana - themed souvenir shop , tours of the surrounding plantation and an indoor ski slope . The Big Beer Can Cobar 1990 5 m × 2.5 m ( 16.4 ft × 8.2 ft ) The Big Beer Can has a Tooheys New design , and is located above the entrance to the Grand Hotel . Big Bench Broken Hill , New South Wales September 2002 As part of the Landscapes and Backgrounds exhibition , a 2.5 times scale park bench was constructed on the top of the Line of Lode , which is a high hill of mine deposits in the centre of the city of Broken Hill . The Big Blue Heeler Muswellbrook 2001 2 m ( 6.6 ft ) high Located adjacent to the town information centre . The Big Bogan Nyngan 2015 3.6 m ( 12 ft ) high The Big Bogan is the brainchild of Reverend Graham McLeod from Nyngan 's St Mark 's Anglican Church . Located on Pangee Street next to the railway lines . Big Bottles Mangrove Mountain and Hanwood Big Bowl Lake Cathie , New South Wales A 10 - foot high replica of a lawn bowl , consisting of one - and - a-half tonnes of steel and concrete . Big Bull Wauchope 14 m × 21 m ( 46 ft × 69 ft ) The Big Bull was pulled down in October 2007 . Big Bunch of Bananas Coffs Harbour Formerly located in Sawtell , the Big Bunch of Bananas was relocated when the Pacific Highway bypassed the town and now lie just to the south of Coffs Harbour . The Big Bicycle Chullora 9 m × 6 m ( 30 ft × 20 ft ) The bicycle built by Jonh Ridley , Andy Lugiz and Phillip Becker adorns the entrance to the Chullora Waste Transfer Station , Chullora . Big Cheese Bodalla The Big Cheese is located at the former Bodalla cheese factory on the Princes Hwy , Bodalla . It is as of 2013 closed . Big Cherries Young Originally located off Short Street , but moved with the tourist information centre to Lovell Street to the old railway station . Big Chook Moonbi 1970s 2 m × 4 m ( 6.6 ft × 13.1 ft ) Big Chook Mount Vernon 4 m × 4 m ( 13 ft × 13 ft ) Big Fish Manilla The Big Fish is located at the Big Fish Roadhouse at 79 Arthur Street Manilla . Big Flower Ourimbah Big Funnel Web Spider Jamberoo , New South Wales 2015 19.7 m × 22.2 m ( 65 ft × 73 ft ) The Big Funnel Web Spider was built at Jamberoo Action Park located 20 minutes south of Wollongong and is a steel , fibreglass and concrete structure 420 times larger than a female Sydney funnel - web spider . It was awarded a Guinness World Record as the Largest Spider Sculpture in August 2015 . The Big Gold Panner Bathurst 1979 5 m × 3 m ( 16.4 ft × 9.8 ft ) Located in front of the Gold Panner Motor Inn . The Big Gold Pick and Pan Grenfell 2005 Pick 4 m , Pan 3 m ( diam ) Located between the Goods Shed and historic Station Building at the old Railway Station precinct , just off the northern end of West Street . The Big Golden Guitar Tamworth 1988 12 m × 4 m ( 39 ft × 13 ft ) Modelled on the Golden Guitar trophies given to winners at the Country Music Awards of Australia ceremony night during the Tamworth Country Music Festival . The Big Knight Knockrow At the entrance to the Macadamia Castle , a nut - themed park and store . The Big Hammer Mudgee Located at Fairview Artspace in Mudgee is a Tig Crawley 's artwork `` Water Hammer '' . This installation is located in the front garden and has beautiful view of Mudgee and the countryside The Big Headphones Newcastle 2015 3 m ( 9.8 ft ) Located on Darby St , this fully operational pair of headphones was designed by Mark Tisdell and built in collaboration with Tom Ireland ( fabrication and design detailing ) , Sean Bell ( graphics ) , Adrian Garner ( electrical engineering ) , Brad Phillips and Rhian Leek ( architectural design ) , with the support of the Darby Street Traders Group . The Big Kookaburra Kurri Kurri 2009 4.5 m ( 15 ft ) Sculpture by Chris Fussell . It is located in Rotary Park . The Big Lamb Guyra 1988 Erected by the town and district to promote the lamb and potato industries in New England . The lamb is stood over a potato plant . The Big Merino Goulburn 1985 15 m × 18 m ( 49 ft × 59 ft ) A sculpture of a merino ram , built in 1985 . Goulburn and The Big Merino were bypassed by the Hume Highway in 1992 , leading to a reduction in visitor numbers . On 26 May 2007 , Rambo ( as the Merino is locally known ) was relocated by low - loader to a new home within sight of the highway . The Big Miner 's Lamp Lithgow Big Mosquito Hexham 1993 `` Ossie the Mossie '' at the Hexham Bowls Club is modelled on the local Ochlerotatus alternans mosquito species , known as `` Hexham Greys '' . It includes illuminated eyes which switch on at night . Big Murray Cod Tocumwal 1967 2 m × 7 m ( 6.6 ft × 23.0 ft ) Located near the corner of Deniliquin Rd and Murray St , near the Murray River . Big Orange Tenterfield The Big Oyster Taree 12 m × 4 m ( 39 ft × 13 ft ) The Big Playable Guitar Narrandera 1991 6 m × 2 m ( 19.7 ft × 6.6 ft ) The largest playable guitar in the world . Ploddy the Dinosaur Somersby 1963 Situated in the Australian Reptile Park , and commissioned by the Park 's founder , Eric Worrell . The concrete structure , based on the shape of a Diplodocus , is 30 metres long and weighs almost 100 tonnes . The Big Potato Robertson 1977 10 m × 4 m ( 33 ft × 13 ft ) A giant potato constructed by farmer Jim Mauger in 1977 . The Big Poo Kiama 2002 1 m × 5 m ( 3.3 ft × 16.4 ft ) The Big Poo was built by local residents as a protest against Sydney Water 's decision not to reuse waste water in the area . Built from foam , it was unveiled by Ian Cohen on 29 April 2002 . The Big Prawn Ballina 1989 6 m × 9 m ( 20 ft × 30 ft ) On 24 September 2009 , Ballina Shire Council voted to allow the demolition of the Big Prawn , but this permission was never acted upon . Bunnings Warehouse purchased the site in 2011 and refurbished the Prawn as part of the redevelopment . The prawn now sits on a stand next to the entrance of the Bunnings Warehouse carpark . Big Rabbit Trap Albert 2013 A Big Rabbit Trap , located on the roof of the Rabbit Trap Hotel . The Big Rocket Moree 2009 14 m ( 46 ft ) high The Big Rocket , launched during the International Year of Astronomy and the 40th anniversary of the first manned moon landing , contains two slides and a space - themed command centre playground . Big Rubik 's Cube Maroubra 2008 A cement cube painted as per a Rubik 's Cube on top of a storm water drain on Maroubra Beach . The Big Slurpee Coffs Harbour 2009 15.24 m ( 50 ft ) Dismantled in 2009 . The Big Soldier Uralla In front of Hassett 's Military Museum . The Big Spider Urana 2009 The Big Spider ( named `` Not so Itsy '' by the artist ) was created by Andrew Whitehead , a nearby resident of the town . The spider commemorates the local football club , who were , for many years , known as the Spiders , and is built from a range of materials -- including a wash tub and a hot dog muffler . The World 's Biggest Sundial Singleton A 25 - foot high sundial presented as a gift from Lemington Mine , to honour the occasion of the Australian Bicentenary . At the time of its creation , it was recognised by the Guinness Book of World Records as the world 's largest sundial , and still lays claim to being the largest one - piece sundial in the Southern hemisphere . The Big Swan Dunedoo In front of the Swan Motel . Big Tennis Racquet Barellan 3 October 2009 13.8 m ( 45 ft ) long Built in honour of Evonne Goolagong , who grew up in Barellan . The Big Trout Adaminaby 1973 10 m × 3 m ( 32.8 ft × 9.8 ft ) Designed by Andy Lomnici , the Big Trout is located in the town of Adaminaby , near Lake Eucumbene in the Snowy Mountains . Opened in 1973 , the trout is built from fiberglass over a steel frame . The Big Trout Oberon The Big Turtle Forster Carved from timber , the big turtle is located behind the main street of Forster on a riverside boardwalk . The Big Ugg Boots Thornton 20 April 2015 Mortels Sheepskin Factory is home to The Big Ugg Boots . These big ugg boots are 13 times the size of a women 's US size 8 ugg boot . The Big Ugg Boots are located in the Hunter Region of NSW . The Big Windmill Coffs Harbour 1972 Although work started on the Big Windmill in 1972 , the death of Franz De Kever in 1974 delayed completion until 1982 , as it was not until the site was purchased by Hans Eecen that work was able to resume . The Big Windmill has since changed hands , and is now operated by Mark and Jodi Taylor . The site includes a 41 - room motel and a restaurant . The Big Wine Barrel Hanwood , Griffith 1973 Located at the McWilliam 's Winery . The cellar door with historical displays and a giant glass mural are located within . The Big Wine Bottle Pokolbin 1998 7 m × 1.5 m ( 23.0 ft × 4.9 ft ) Located at the Hunter Valley Gardens . The neck forms a chimney for an open fire contained within . The Big Wine Cask Mourquong 8 m × 6 m ( 26 ft × 20 ft ) Located at the Constellation Stanley winery * Edit - as of Dec 2013 no longer there . Building is , but has been painted out and is not accessible * Northern territory ( edit ) Name Location Built Size Notes Image The Big Boxing Crocodile Humpty Doo 1988 8 m × 8 m ( 26 ft × 26 ft ) Outside the United fuel station ( formerly known as the Bush Shop ) on the Arnhem Highway at Humpty Doo . The Boxing Crocodile was built by Ray Park in 1988 on a commission by Ray Whear and Marshall Brentnall who was the owner of The Bush Shop at that time . It was created to celebrate Australia winning the America 's Cup in 1983 and to assist with attracting tourism to the area . The Boxing Crocodile is Humpty Doo 's equivalent to the Boxing Kangaroo . The Big Aboriginal Hunter Anmatjere Community Located approx. 150 km north of Alice Springs at the Aileron roadhouse / caravan park . The Big Jumping Crocodile Mary River Located at Mary River near the entrance to Kakadu National Park . The Big Stockwhip Acacia 7 m × 10 m ( 23 ft × 33 ft ) The Big Stubbie Larrimah The Big Dinosaur Yarrawonga 13 m ( 43 ft ) Visible from the Stuart Highway this large fibreglass Brachiosaurus is a garden feature for ' Finlays Joint Cafe ' Originally brought by Tom Finlay a Stonemason whose business , Finlay 's Stonemasonry Pty Ltd formally known as ' Get Stoned , ' to compliment a sculptured Dragon in Mr. Finlays Landscaping supply section of his business.Mr . Finlay also purchased several other large dinosaurs made by the same Philippine - based Dutch company that produces models for adventure parks but began selling them in 2010 . The BIG Fish Wanguri Visible from Gsell St this BIG Fish decorates Wanguri Pre-School front yard . Queensland ( edit ) Name Location Built Size Notes Image The Big Apple Thulimbah 1978 4 m × 4.5 m ( 13 ft × 15 ft ) From the `` Landmark Legends of Stanthorpe '' , `` The original Big Apple , a Granny Smith , lived at the petrol station at Applethorpe from 1978 . The steel and fibreglass sculpture stands 4m tall and the apple is 4.5 m in diameter . It was crafted by local artisan Johnny Ross . It went into temporary retirement in 2003 when the Applethorpe site was redeveloped . After a brief facelift , the re-grafted apple emerged as a Royal Gala apple slightly north of town at Thulimbah . Its new home is Vincenzo 's at the Big Apple , which is situated on the opposite side of the new England Highway to Suttons Apple Orchard & Cidery . '' Big Apple Acacia Ridge Located at 1102 Beaudesert Road . Banana the Bullock Banana Dun bullock after which the Shire and Town of Banana were named . Big Banana North Mackay 9.2 m × 1.8 m ( 30.2 ft × 5.9 ft ) Big Kronosaurus Richmond ' Krono ' , a full sized replica of the Kronosaurus queenslandicus . Outside Kronosaurus Korner Fossil Museum , Richmond . Big Barrel Bundaberg 2005 25 m × 10 m ( 82 ft × 33 ft ) The Barrel is an interpretive visitors ' centre , gift and bottle shop for Bundaberg Brewed Drinks , located at 147 Bargara Road . According to a commemorative plaque inside the Barrel , it was opened by the Hon . Mr. Mark Vaile MP , Deputy Prime Minister and Leader of the Nationals on Friday , 18 November 2005 . The Big Barramundi Normanton 1995 7 m × 2 m ( 23.0 ft × 6.6 ft ) The Big Barramundi Daintree 1986 7.5 m × 2 m ( 24.6 ft × 6.6 ft ) Big Bolt and Nut Roma Located in front of Banks Bolts and Fastners at 177 -- 183 Raglan Street . The Big Boot / Shoe Chermside 1960s A large shoe mounted on the roof of a car sales yard on the corner of Rode and Gympie Roads ( 621 Gympie Road ) . The boot originally came from a boot and footwear factory on the corner of Hale and Caxton Streets in Paddington , operated by the Morris family in 1960 . In 1976 , the factory became a restaurant called the Spaghetti Emporium , and the boot remained on the roof there until it was brought to its current location in the late 1970s as a marker for Boots Camping . The Big Brolga Townsville 1988 Big Brolgas and Snake Near Mackay Big Bulls Rockhampton 1978 Initially there were two bull statues but over time others were added reaching a total of seven . Five of the bulls were created by sculptor Hugh Anderson . The Big Cane Toad Sarina 4 m × 1 m ( 13.1 ft × 3.3 ft ) `` Buffy '' , short for the cane toad 's scientific name ' Bufo Marinus ' , is located in Broad Street , Sarina . Built out of Paper Mache in 1983 , for a float in the Apex Sugar Festival Parade , the Sarina council eventually cast the Big Toad in fiberglass to become a permanent fixture in the town 's centre . The Big Captain Cook Cairns 1972 14 m × 2 m ( 45.9 ft × 6.6 ft ) Modelled on the explorer Captain Cook . The Big Cassowary Mission Beach 4 m × 4 m ( 13 ft × 13 ft ) Built by Darryl Lourigan . The Big Cockatoo Mossman In front of the Mossman Hotel and Holiday Villas . The Big Cow Kulangoor 1976 12 m × 7.62 m ( 39.4 ft × 25.0 ft ) Big ( Mud ) Crab Cardwell 1986 4 m × 1 m ( 13.1 ft × 3.3 ft ) Built by Terry Tebble , senior preparator at the Queensland museum . Located at Muddies Restaurant in Cardwell North . The original mold is kept at NatureWorks , a company near Samford , QLD . Big Crab Miriam Vale 1979 Located at the Shell petrol station and roadhouse on the corner of Dougall Street and Roe Street ( Bruce Highway ) . Created by proprietor Lex Milner , who owned the service station at the time and wanted to promote his tasty mud crab sandwiches . Big Crocodile Daintree 2001 2 m × 4 m ( 6.6 ft × 13.1 ft ) Big Crocodile Hartley 's Creek 1984 7.9 m × 1 m ( 25.9 ft × 3.3 ft ) Also known as ' Big Ted ' , this Big Thing is at Hartley 's Creek Adventures , a crocodile farm with over 3000 crocs . Big Ted is a life - sized replica of one shot by Krys Pawlowski near Karumba in 1957 . Big Crocodile Normanton 8.63 m ( 28.31 ft ) An accurate artist 's impression of the largest recorded saltwater crocodile ever killed . `` Krys the Savannah King '' was shot in 1957 by Krystina Pawlowski on the banks of the Norman River . Big Deck Chair Winton 2002 18.3 m ( 60.04 ft ) Located at the Royal Theatre , an open air picture show , on Elderslie Street . The chair was donated in April 2005 by the Free Masons Taskforce Victoria . Claimed to be the World 's largest , but claim has not been verified . The Big Dinosaur Ballandean 1998 2.1 m × 6.7 m ( 6.9 ft × 22.0 ft ) Also known as ' The Big Triceratops ' or ' Fruitisforus ' , this large fibreglass triceratops was originally used as a float in the 1998 Apple & Grape Festival . After the festival , residents placed it on the roadside to help sell fruit for a local fundraiser , and it became a popular landmark . The triceratops was refurbished in 2009 to repair weather damage and then returned to its original post in front of the Ballandean railway station . The Big Dugong Rockhampton 1992 22 m × 12 m ( 72 ft × 39 ft ) Located at the Rockhampton Dreamtime Cultural Centre . The Big Easel Emerald 1999 25 m ( 82 ft ) The Big Easel , located off Capricorn Highway in Morton Park , holds a 7 m × 10 m ( 23 ft × 33 ft ) reproduction of one of Van Gogh 's Sunflower paintings . The Big G Gracemere 2015 5.4 m × 6.6 m ( 18 ft × 22 ft ) Made from 6mm mild steel and weighing Almost 5000 kg , this impressive structure marks the entry to Gracemere Industry Park . Big Golf Ball Broadbeach The Big Golden Gumboot Tully 2003 8 m × 6.1 m ( 26 ft × 20 ft ) The Big Gun Underwood A 155 mm ( 6.1 in ) field gun mounted on top of a two - story fruit shop . The gun was in a metal scrap yard that occupied the site in the 1960s before the shops and offices were built in the 70s . The Big Hard Rock Guitar Surfers Paradise 10 m × 3 m ( 32.8 ft × 9.8 ft ) The iconic large guitar that fronts every Hard Rock Cafe . The Surfers Paradise location was established 22 March 1996 . The Big Macadamia Nut Nambour 1978 16 m ( 52 ft ) Six years after the Big Pineapple opened the owners built the Big Macadamia nut . Once part of the `` Nut Country Tour '' , the building was eventually converted to the `` Rainforest Creatures of the Night '' display in 2000 . The building has since closed , and remains unused as of June 2013 . The Big Mandarin Mundubbera 11 m × 15 m ( 36 ft × 49 ft ) The Big Mango Bowen 2002 10 m × 8 m ( 33 ft × 26 ft ) The Big Mango stands at the tourist information centre in Bowen . In February 2014 , the Mango was temporarily `` stolen '' by restaurant chain Nando 's as a publicity stunt . The Big Marlin Cairns 1980 10 m × 2 m ( 32.8 ft × 6.6 ft ) Matilda The Kangaroo Kybong 1982 13 m ( 42.7 ft ) Built to be the mascot for the 1982 Commonwealth Games , Matilda the Kangaroo now resides at Matilda Fuel 's Kybong service centre on the Bruce Highway , South of Gympie . Big Meat Ant Augathella 2011 5 m ( 16 ft ) A giant meat ant sculpture commissioned by Murweh Shire Council , in the hope of attracting `` thousands of tourists '' . Big Merino Blackall 3 m × 4 m ( 9.8 ft × 13.1 ft ) The Big Miner Rubyvale In front of the Bobby Dazzler mine . Missing its left hand in May 2012 . Hand repaired and statue repainted prior to December 2012 . The Big Mower Beerwah 11 m × 3.6 m ( 36 ft × 12 ft ) The Big Ned Kelly Maryborough 7 m × 2 m ( 23.0 ft × 6.6 ft ) The Big Ned Kelly stands in front of the Ned Kelly Motel and service station . Built by Dat Romano . The Big Orange Gayndah 1977 The Big Orange Lockyer Valley Corner of Lake Clarendon Way and Crowley Vale Road . The Big Paperclip West End , Brisbane 3 m × 2 m ( 9.8 ft × 6.6 ft ) This was a public sculpture that once stood on the lot next to Paul 's dairy factory on Montague Road . The area is now part of the ramp onto the Go Between bridge , and the fate of the sculpture is unknown . Last photo located on the internet was dated 2007 . The Big Peanut Tolga 1977 The Big Pelican Noosaville Mounted on a motorised float in parkland next to the Noosa River . The Big Pick , Shovel and Sieve Sapphire 1999 4 m × 2.5 m ( 13.1 ft × 8.2 ft ) Located in front of the Blue Gem Store Van Park . Built by Barry Richardson and David Gould . The Big Pie Yatala late 1970s 4.5 m ( 15 ft ) diameter Mounted atop a 10 m ( 33 ft ) pole next to the car park of the Yatala Pies drive - through pie shop . Big Pineapple Gympie 1971 16 m ( 52 ft ) high Formerly located next to a service station on the Bruce Highway , the Gympie Big Pineapple was demolished in 2008 during redevelopment of the site . The Big Pineapple Woombye 1971 16 m × 6 m ( 52 ft × 20 ft ) The Big Pineapple is a tourist attraction on the Sunshine Coast in South East Queensland , Australia . It is 16 metres high and is claimed to be the world 's largest pineapple , gaining this title after a large pineapple - shaped water tower in Hawaii was dismantled in 1993 ( see List of World 's Largest Roadside Attractions ) . The pineapple was originally opened on 15 August 1971 , and is situated on a 165 - hectare site in Woombye . The Big Pumpkin Beaudesert The Big Pumpkin Gumlu The Big Pumpkin is situated outside the same roadside fruit and vegetable store as the Big Watermelon . The Big Red Elephant Lockyer Valley Located at 4138 Warrego Highway in Hatton Vale . Part of the `` Jumbo '' shopping centre . The Big Redback Eight Mile Plains , Brisbane 5 m × 3 m ( 16.4 ft × 9.8 ft ) The Big Redback resided on the premises of Redback Landscaping at Eight Mile Plains . The business has since moved to Underwood and disassembled the Big Redback . Inquires have garnered that it is unlikely to be reassembled due to lack of space . The Big Rig Roma over 30 m ( 98 ft ) tall A tourist attraction which commemorates the finding of oil in Roma . The Big Rum Bottle Bundaberg 1988 7 m × 1 m ( 23.0 ft × 3.3 ft ) The bottle started out as the Bundaberg Rum Company 's pavilion at World Expo 88 in Brisbane , and is now located outside the visitors ' centre at the Bundaberg Distillery . Since then there have been several copies of the bottle which are found in various locations throughout Queensland , one being outside of the Sundowner Saloon in Haigslea . The Big Sapphire Anakie 1982 3.7 m × 2.26 m ( 12.1 ft × 7.4 ft ) Located in front of the Big Sapphire and Gemfield Information Centre at 1 Anakie Road , which was closed as of May 2012 . The Big Sapphire Ring Sapphire 1984 Located in front of Pat 's Gems . Built by Victor Saunders . The Big Sausage King Centenary Heights , Toowoomba The Big Sausage King sits on the roof of Gray 's Modern Meat Mart in Centenary Heights . In 2010 it was stolen , and in spite of 10 kg ( 22 lb ) sausage reward from the store and an additional $500 being offered by radio station Triple M , it was eleven months before it was discovered in a local quarry . The Big Shell Tewantin 1960s 6 m × 2 m ( 19.7 ft × 6.6 ft ) The Big Shell is the entrance to a Hawaiian / tropical lifestyle store , full of little treasures and shells . The Shell is now under the third owner . The Big Spanner Sapphire 1982 2 m ( 6.6 ft ) The first big thing in the area of Rubyvale and Sapphire , and was built by Allen May . Da Big Strawb Elimbah 2014 Big Outside Rolin Farms , a strawberry and orchid farm near Caboolture . The Big Stubby Tewantin 1966 9 m × 4 m ( 30 ft × 13 ft ) No longer there . Queensland 's first big thing , built by George Clifford out of 17,000 empty stubby bottles . Big Watermelon Gumlu The Big Watermelon is situated outside the same fruit and vegetable roadside store as the Big Pumpkin . The Big Whale Kinka Beach Built by Kevin Logan . South Australia ( edit ) Name Location Built Size Notes Image The Australian Farmer ( also known as the Big Farmer ) Wudinna 2008 8 m ( 26 ft ) Taking 17 years to develop from the initial proposal to the final unveiling , the Australian Farmer , located in the town of Wudinna in South Australia , was carved by artist Marijan Bekic and his son David between 2007 and 2009 . Representing the early settlers of the region , the work stands at 8 m ( 26 ft ) in height , and was carved out of approximately 70 tonnes ( 69 long tons ; 77 short tons ) of local granite . The Big Ant Poochera 2008 Situated at The Poochera Roadhouse on Highway 1 , South Australia . The Big Bee Kingscote The Big Bob - tail Lizard Port Lincoln Outside the Kuju Aboriginal Arts Centre , 30 Ravendale Rd , Port Lincoln The Big Cherries Pages Flat Located at Fleurieu Cherries on Pages Flat Road ( B34 ) in Pages Flat , SA The Big Church Block Bottle McLaren Vale , South Australia 10 m ( 33 ft ) The Big Church Block Bottle is no longer on display at the Wirra Wirra Winery , having been removed in 2016 . The Big Church Block Bottle , named Our Work of Art , was a 10 m ( 33 ft ) high replica bottle of Wirra Wirra , Church Block wine . The bottle was constructed to launch the Melbourne Food and Wine Festival in March 2010 , located at Southbank in Melbourne , Victoria . The bottle was located in Melbourne from 14 March 2010 through to 19 March 2010 before it was re-located to the Wirra Wirra vineyard in McLaren Vale , South Australia , during April 2010 . The bottle was designed in five sectional pieces , made from steel framework covered in wire mesh . The mesh has been cladded entirely by recycled corks . Each cork was individually drilled and threaded onto elastic before being cable tied around each section of the bottle . The Big Cockroach Port Wakefield Rd , Lower Light 1990s 4m x 4m ( approx . ) The Big Cockroach is part of the Port Wakefield road sculptures , and features a sign verifying its global size dominance . This is a difficult Big Thing to approach , well inside private land and next to a highway . It was originally constructed in 1990s , and was almost destroyed in 2013 but saved through public action and returned to the site . The Big Dice Barrier Highway The Big Dice consist of six concrete blocks piled into a small pyramid . They can be found between Yunta and Mannahill , just off the Barrier Highway . The Big Galah Kimba 1993 8 m × 2.5 m ( 26.2 ft × 8.2 ft ) Residing at the `` Halfway Across Australia Tourist Shop '' at Kimba , South Australia , the Big Galah was built from fiberglass over a steel frame by Robert Venning , and was opened in 1993 . Modelled on the Galahs that frequent the region , it stands at 8 metres ( 26 ft ) high and 2.5 metres ( 8 ft 2 in ) wide , and weighs in the vicinity of 2.3 tonnes ( 2 long tons ; 3 short tons ) . The Big Hat Cradock 2013 Located opposite the Cradock Hotel . The Big Kangaroo Border Village 1986 5 m × 2 m ( 16.4 ft × 6.6 ft ) Also known as `` Rooey II '' , the Big Kangaroo can be found at Border Village in South Australia , located just shy of the border with West Australia . Made from papier - mâché and fiberglass over a steel frame , from a design by Bill Metheral , Rooey was intended to capitalise on traffic journeying to Perth for the America 's Cup , and was opened in 1986 . The Big Lobster Kingston SE 1979 17 × 15 × 13 m ( 56 × 49 × 43 ft ) Known locally as `` Larry '' , the Big Lobster was designed and built by Paul Kelly ( who also designed the Big Scotsman ) as a means of attracting attention to the visitor centre and restaurant at which it is located . It was built in six months out of a steel frame with a fiberglass shell . The size is said to have been an error : the original plans were drawn in feet , but the designer misinterpreted them to be metres . Map the Miner Kapunda 1988 8 m × 2 m ( 26.2 ft × 6.6 ft ) Named Map Kernow , the `` son of Cornwall '' , Map the Miner represents the Cornish miners who once worked at the town of Kapunda . Standing at the southern end of the town , the work was built by Ben van Zetten and opened on 5 June 1988 . The statue was destroyed by a fire in 2006 , but has since been rebuilt . The Big Olive Tailem Bend 2009 11 m ( 36 ft ) The Big Olive was constructed to attract tourists to The Big Olive processing plant and visitors ' center . Located just outside Tailem Bend , it consists of two olives -- one green and one black -- which together stand at 8 metres ( 26 ft ) and weigh over 1 t ( 2,200 lb ) . The olives were constructed out of fiberglass by The Newell Group , and were placed on the site in April 2005 . The Big Orange Berri 1980 15 m × 12 m ( 49 ft × 39 ft ) Located in the South Australian Riverland , the Big Orange was designed by Adelaide - based architect John Twopenny . It is constructed with fiberglass panels covering a steel frame , with the entire structure weighing in the vicinity of 85 tonnes ( 84 long tons ; 94 short tons ) . The structure consists of four levels , with a function room on the first floor , a souvenir shop and cafe on the second , a mural depicting the local scenery on the third , and a lookout on the fourth . * Edit Dec 2013 , now closed but can still get photos from the road * The Big Oyster Ceduna 1992 As with the Big Pelican , the Big Oyster was originally built as a float for a local festival -- in this case , Ceduna 's annual Oysterfest . Built by Leon Veerhuis out of ferro - concrete , it was retired from parade duties in 1994 . It is located next to an information booth on Eyre Highway just north of Ceduna . The Big Pelican Loxton 1992 The Big Pelican was originally constructed as a float for a local Mardi Gras in 1979 . After being employed for this purpose on a number of occasions , including once in Adelaide , the papier - mâché structure was remodelled , and , in 1992 , it was overlaid with fibreglass . Today it can be found at the Loxton Caravan Park . Another Big Pelican Meningie , South Australia 2015 This Big Pelican was carved from a single tree . It includes depictions of a pelican as well as an Indigenous and a European child holding a fish together . It was created by Ants Redgum Gallery and unveiled in August 2015 . It is located in Jubilee Park on the Princes Highway ( B1 ) The Big Ram Karoonda 2003 2 m × 3 m ( 6.6 ft × 9.8 ft ) The Big Ram in Karoonda recognises the importance of the sheep industry in the region . Instigated by the Karoonda Development Group and located on the Railway Lawns , the Big Ram is 2 metres ( 6 ft 7 in ) high and 3 metres ( 10 ft ) long , and is built from concrete . It was completed in 2003 . The Big Rocking Horse Gumeracha 1981 18 m × 17 m ( 59 ft × 56 ft ) Part of a complex that includes a wooden toy factory and a wildlife park , the Big Rocking Horse in the Adelaide Hills stands at over 18 metres tall and weighs more than 25 tonnes . Designed by David McIntosh and John Twopenny ( the latter also designed The Big Orange ) , it took eight months to build at a cost of over $100,000 . The steel structure incorporates three viewing platforms . The Big Scotsman Medindie ( Adelaide ) 1963 5 m × 1 m ( 16.4 ft × 3.3 ft ) The Big Scotsman , affectionately known as ' Scotty ' , was erected in 1963 and thus predated the Big Banana by a year . Located at Scotty 's Motel on the corner of Main North Road and Nottage Terrace in the inner - city suburb of Medindie , the Big Scotsman was designed by Paul Kelly , who later went on to build the Big Lobster . The Big Teddy Bear Spencer Hwy , between Maitland and Minlaton , South Australia 4 m × 3 m ( 13.1 ft × 9.8 ft ) The Teddy Bear is constructed from round and square hay bales , and is located 7 kilometres north of Minlaton at 20006 Spencer Hwy , Koolywurtie SA 5575 . The Big Winch Coober Pedy 1986 8 m × 5 m ( 26 ft × 16 ft ) The Big Winch acknowledges Coober Pedy 's opal - mining industry . Built by Klaus Wirries in the 1970s , the original Big Winch was destroyed in 1986 and rebuilt shortly thereafter . The Big Windmill Penong The windmill museum includes the largest windmill in Australia . The Big Wombat Bookabie Situated at Scotdesco Aboriginal Community ( Tjilkaba ) , on Highway 1 , South Australia . Link To Scotdesco Page and The Big Wombat The Big Yabby Clayton 1973 2 m ( 6.6 ft ) Built in 1973 by Henry Jones , the Big Yabby resides at the Murray River town of Clayton , and originally sat outside his family 's Yabby City Restaurant . While the concrete yabby remains , the restaurant has since changed both owners and name to become Sails at Clayton , and yabbies are no longer on the menu.As of 2015 , the Yabby is no longer there . Tasmania ( edit ) Name Location Built Size Notes Image Big Apple Spreyton The Big Cherry Latrobe Adjacent to the Bass Highway at The Cherry Shed . The Big Coffee Pot Deloraine Constructed by the addition of a spout and handle to a grain silo . The Big Penguin Penguin 3 m × 1 m ( 9.8 ft × 3.3 ft ) Constructed from fibro cement to mark the centenary of the proclamation of the township of Penguin . Unveiled 25 October 1975 . The Big Platypus Latrobe The Big Rock Lobster Stanley Mounted on the roof of Hursey Seafoods . The Big Slide Rule University of Tasmania ( Hobart ) Located in the School of Mathematics and Physics . The Big Spud Sassafras The Big Tasmanian Devil Mole Creek 2 m × 3 m ( 6.6 ft × 9.8 ft ) Standing at the entrance to the Trowunna Wildlife park and Tasmanian Devil research centre . The Big Thumbs Up Scottsdale Scottsdale , Tasmania . The Big Wickets Westbury 3 m × 8 m ( 9.8 ft × 26.2 ft ) Located at the front of the local cricket pitch , commemorating locally born player Jack Badcock . Victoria ( edit ) Name Location Built Size Notes Image Big Apple Bacchus Marsh The Apple was removed from display at the road side when the adjacent fruit shop closed down . It used to sit behind a fence next to a dumpster however this has now been removed . There is now a concrete version that is not quite as grand . Big Lizzie Red Cliffs 1915 - 1916 10.36 m × 3.35 m × 5.49 m ( 34.0 ft × 11.0 ft × 18.0 ft ) The Big Apple Gladysdale The fiberglass Big Apple hangs from a pole outside the Gladysdale Primary School which is the home of the annual Gladysdale Apple and Wine Festival . After sustaining damage from vandals some time ago it has been restored to its former glory by a local builder and aircraft engineer . Organisers of the festival are planning to unveil the restored apple at the 2014 event on 4 May 2014 . The Big Cherry Glenrowan Owners of the property removed the Big Cherry in 2010 / 11 . Big Cigar Churchill Replica of Sir Winston Churchill 's cigar , after whom the town is named . Big Coffee Maker Brunswick 3 m × 1 m ( 9.8 ft × 3.3 ft ) Located outside Georges Gourmet Coffee , 340 Victoria Street , Brunswick , Melbourne . Big Cows Newhaven The Big Cows are located outside the Phillip Island Chocolate Factory . Big Dead Fish Fish Creek Positioned on the roof of the Fishy Pub . Fairfield Industrial Dog Object ( FIDO ) Fairfield 2000 Created in 2000 and positioned next to Fairfield Railway Station . The Big Flower Yarra Junction March 2014 The Big Flower sits atop a florist on Warburton Highway , Yarra Junction The Big Golf Ball Clayton South The Big Golf Ball is found at the Spring Valley Golf Course in Clayton South . Big Hens Meredith Adjacent to the Midland Highway outside a battery egg farm . Big Koala Cowes The Big Koala can be found next to Rusty Water Brewery and Restaurant on Phillip Island Road . The Giant Koala Dadswells Bridge 1989 14 m × 8 m ( 46 ft × 26 ft ) The Giant Koala is 27 km ( 17 mi ) north - west of Stawell in the small township of Dadswells Bridge . The Koala is 14 m ( 46 ft ) high , and weighs 12 tonnes ( 12 long tons ; 13 short tons ) . It is made of bronze set on a steel frame . The sculptor is Mr Ben Van Zetton who was hired in 1988 to design and construct the piece . Big Lizard Marysville The Big Blue - Tongued Lizard takes pride of place in Gallipoli Park , Marysville Big Mallee Bull Birchip Big Mallee Fowl Patchewollock 2013 The Big Mallee Fowl consists of two corrugated iron Mallee Fowl sculptures which were installed by artist Phil Rigg in 2013 . They are located on the grounds of the old railway yards on Federation Street ( Opposite the Hotel ) . Big Mallee Root Ouyen The Big Mallee Root is an actual mallee root rather than an oversized replica like most of Australia 's big things . It is on display in a park . Big Miner Ballarat opened 1 December 2006 Located at Gold Rush Golf on the Western Highway ( M8 ) on the eastern side of Ballarat with the Big Ned Kelly . `` The Big Miner stands as a tribute to the tens of thousands of gold prospectors who frequented regional Victoria during the second half of the nineteenth century . The statue stands 8 meters tall ( 6 meters of statue on a 2 metre base ) . It has been hand sculptured from polystyrene and has a 1.5 ton steel frame . The 2 metre high concrete base is approximately 15 tons . It was designed by Wayne Johnston of 3D Theme Concepts and sculptured by Steve Bristow . Ballarat Mayor , David Vendy , officially unveiled the statue on 1 December 2006 . '' Big Ned Kelly Ballarat Located at Gold Rush Golf on the Western Highway ( M8 ) on the eastern side of Ballarat with the Big Miner . Giant Murray Cod Swan Hill 3 m × 9 m ( 9.8 ft × 29.5 ft ) Located at the train station . The Big Ned Kelly Glenrowan 6 m × 2 m ( 19.7 ft × 6.6 ft ) A tribute to the bushranger Ned Kelly . The Big Pheasant Tynong 8 m × 17 m ( 26 ft × 56 ft ) The Big Pheasant sits at the entrance to Gumbuya Park . It was the victim of an attack by vandals in October 2011 , and was restored to its previous condition by April 2012 . The world 's largest rolling pin Wodonga The Big Rolling Pin sits atop a bakery and spins . Big Smoke Myrtleford No longer painted as the ' Big Smoke ' due to closure of cigarette factory , located on Myrtleford -- Yackandandah Road Big Strawberry Koonoomoo 2 m × 4 m ( 6.6 ft × 13.1 ft ) Located at the Big Strawberry store on the corner of Goulburn Valley Hwy and Cobram - Koonoomoo Rd . Big Tap Cowes The Big Tap suspended in the air above A Maze'N Things on Phillip Island Road . Big Wave Newhaven The Big Wave is a popular photo point , where you can ride the wave . Located at the Island Surf Experience , Phillip Island Road , Newhaven . Big Wine Bottle Rutherglen A water tower in the shape and colour of a wine bottle . Located on the corner of Campbell St and Hopetoun Rd . Big Wool Bales Hamilton 1989 3 m × 12 m ( 9.8 ft × 39.4 ft ) The cafe and souvenir shop within the Big Wool Bales closed in June 2013 due to a lack of profit . The Giant Worm Bass 250 m × 4 m ( 820 ft × 13 ft ) Located on the Bass Highway , the Big Worm contains interactive displays and one can walk inside . There are also animals to view and a gift shop on the property . Public Purse Melbourne Located at the North - West end of the Bourke Street Mall outside the GPO . Giant Pocket Watch Melbourne Located in the atrium of Melbourne Central Shopping Centre opposite the Coop 's Shot Tower Western Australia ( edit ) Name Location Built Size Notes Image Big Apple Donnybrook - 33.55239 , 115.83901 7 m × 4 m ( 23 ft × 13 ft ) Big Banana Carnarvon 6 m × 1 m ( 19.7 ft × 3.3 ft ) Cnr Robinson St & Boundary Rd World 's Tallest Bin Kalgoorlie 1980 About 8 m ( 26 ft ) tall Located on Hannan Street Bert Bolle Barometer Denmark 1985 Over 12.5 m ( 41 ft ) A working water barometer being the largest barometer in the world , recognised by the Guinness Book of Records . Built in the Netherlands by Bert Bolle and donated to the community of Denmark in 2007 . The barometer was considered a monument and carried the name ' The Bert Bolle Barometer ' . It was set up in The Barometer Tower in the Denmark Visitor Centre , but was removed in 2011 Big Bobtail Stirk Street Kalamunda , Perth 2012 9 m × 1.3 m ( 29.5 ft × 4.3 ft ) Carved out of rammed earth by Yagan memorial artist Roman Antoniuk , and modelled on a 300 mm ( 11.8 in ) blue - tongued skink that lives on the block . The Big Camera Meckering - 31.63167 , 117.0071 A building housing a museum of photography and a huge collection of cameras Cow on the Corner Brunswick Junction 5 m × 1.5 m ( 16.4 ft × 4.9 ft ) The Big Crocodile Wyndham - 15.4874 , 128.12385 18 m × 3 m ( 59.1 ft × 9.8 ft ) The Big Lobster Dongara Corner of the Brand Highway & Moreton Terrace The Big Marron Between Denmark and Walpole Old Kent River Winery 4341 S Coast Hwy , Kent River WA 6333 Known as `` Rex of the River '' , based on the local species of freshwater crayfish , the Cherax tenuimanus . The Big Mushroom Balingup - 33.78859 , 115.97637 Situated in the gardens of the Old Cheese Factory , Nannup Road , Balingup . Big Orange Harvey - 33.06318 , 115.89183 2 m ( 6.6 ft ) diameter The Big Prawn Learmonth Situated outside the MG Kailis dock , 20 km south of Exmouth . The Giant Ram Wagin 13 × 9 × 6 m ( 43 × 30 × 20 ft ) Leeuwin Way Whale Eucla 10 m × 3 m ( 32.8 ft × 9.8 ft ) Situated in the carpark of the Eucla roadhouse , Eyre Highway . King Neptune Two Rocks , Yanchep 1982 Heritage - listed ( 2006 ) . Originally built for Atlantis Marine Park . The Big Wheelbarrow Port Hedland Situated at the entrance to the Wedgefield Industrial Area between Port Hedland and South Hedland . In popular culture ( edit ) Locations of a number of Australia 's big things The London production of Priscilla , Queen of the Desert : the Musical references the Big Prawn , Big Merino , Big Pineapple and the Big Banana . The ABC produced a documentary titled Big Things as part of its programme The Big Picture . The National Museum in Canberra has a comprehensive multimedia exhibit displaying many big things . In 2007 Australia Post issued a set of 50c postage stamps by Reg Mombassa , commemorating five of the most iconic big things : The Big Banana at Coffs Harbour ( NSW ) The Big Golden Guitar at Tamworth ( NSW ) The Big Lobster at Kingston SE ( SA ) The Big Merino at Goulburn ( NSW ) The Big Pineapple at Nambour ( QLD ) Danny Wallace mentions Australia 's big things in his book Yes Man . Travel writer Bill Bryson details his visit to the Big Lobster and the Big Bull in his book Down Under / In a Sunburned Country In the Australian comedy film Young Einstein , when the titular character books into a hotel the desk clerk asks if he 's `` Here to see the Big Bed ? '' English stand - up comedian Ross Noble , visits many of Australia 's big things during his 2009 tour Ross Noble 's Australian Trip . Australian comedians The Listies categorise Australian 's big things in their comedy dictionary , Ickypedia as `` Enbigenating '' . See also ( edit ) Dunedoo , New South Wales , which decided against `` The Big Dunny '' List of world 's largest roadside attractions New Zealand 's big things Novelty architecture References ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Big Things of Australia . General references ( edit ) Clark , David ( 2004 ) . Big Things : Australia 's Amazing Roadside Attractions . Penguin Books . ISBN 0 - 14 - 300200 - 7 . Scutt , Craig . The Little Book of Big Aussie Icons . Five Mile Press . ISBN 9781741786002 . Specific references and notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Big , brash and finally treasured '' . Sydney Morning Herald . 14 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` How we can become the next Big Thing '' . Canberra Times . 31 July 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Owl artwork alights in Belconnen '' . ABC Canberra . May 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Finlay , Keith ( 17 December 1980 ) . `` Pro Hart 's outback art complex '' . Australian Women 's Weekly . Jump up ^ Southerden , Louise ( 19 April 2008 ) . `` Beyond the Big Banana '' . Brisbane Times . Retrieved 23 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Clutterbuck , Angela ( 6 April 2015 ) . `` The Big Bogan set to put Nyngan on the map '' . Daily Liberal . Fairfax Regional Media . Jump up ^ `` NSW town of Nyngan unveils the ' Big Bogan ' to encourage tourism '' . The Daily Telegraph . 10 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Hoey , Tom ( 9 October 1975 ) . `` Biggest thing in bowls '' . The Age . Jump up ^ Honan , Kim ( 15 October 2007 ) . `` The Big Bull gets the chop '' . ABC Rural Report . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . Archived from the original on 15 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Thorne , Dan ( 24 August 2015 ) . `` In pictures : Largest spider sculpture makes a big splash at Australian water slide park '' . Guinness World Records . Jump up ^ Hall , Keith and Susan ( 19 April 2011 ) . `` Big Bird '' . Somewhere Else Blog . Retrieved 2 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Sharpe , Donna ( 30 December 2008 ) . `` Big Kookaburra new Kurri attraction '' . Jump up ^ Hogarth , Murray ( 31 December 1988 ) . `` Attilla out to change face of NSW '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Jump up ^ `` Newspix search results for Big Merino '' . Newspix . Archived from the original on 14 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Ploddy the Dinosaur '' . Australian Reptile Park . Retrieved 1 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Huntsdale , Justin ( 3 September 2012 ) . `` Robertson Big Potato land sell boils down to rates '' . ABC News . Retrieved 23 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Hornery , Andrew ( 30 April 2002 ) . `` The back road into town is clear '' . Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 25 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Stolz , Greg ( 25 September 2009 ) . `` Ballina 's Big Prawn may move to Gold Coast '' . The Courier - Mail . Retrieved 23 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Turnbull , Samantha ( 7 November 2011 ) . `` Long live the Big Prawn '' . ABC News . Retrieved 23 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ballina Bunnings ? $21.3 million . The Big Prawn ? Priceless '' . The Northern Star . 7 October 2014 . Retrieved 19 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Slurpee News : The Big Slurpee at www.slurpee.com.au Jump up ^ Conroy , John ( 1 June 2009 ) . `` And then along came a spider '' . The Border Mail . Albury - Wodonga , Australia . Retrieved 11 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Woods , Kim ( 27 August 2009 ) . `` Urana spider sensation '' . The Weekly Times . Retrieved 11 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Davis , William A. ( 17 January 1988 ) . `` Australia plans big bicentennial bash '' . The News and Courier . Jump up ^ Passa , Dennis ( 3 October 2009 ) . `` NSW town makes a racquet for Goolagong '' . Brisbane Times . Archived from the original on 4 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Clark , Big Things , p. 136 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Big Windmill '' . The Big Windmill Motor Lodge . Archived from the original on 9 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Boxing Crocodile , Humpty Doo NT '' . Our Naked Australia . 19 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Granite Belt Wine & Tourism Inc . `` Landmark Legends of Stanthorpe '' . Granite Belt Wine Country Tourism Website . Retrieved 2 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Clark , Big Things , p. 1 - 3 . Jump up ^ Clark , Big Things , p. 4 - 5 . Jump up ^ Clark , Big Things , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Clark , Big Things , p. 6 - 7 . Jump up ^ Pidgeon , Aleisha ( 12 September 2012 ) . `` Chermside 's boot was made for talking '' . The Courier - Mail . Retrieved 18 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Clark , Big Things , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Clark , Big Things , p. 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Where 's the Beef ? '' . Rockhampton Art Gallery . Archived from the original on 5 August 2017 . Retrieved 5 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Clark , Big Things , p. 14 - 15 . Jump up ^ Clark , Big Things , p. 16 - 17 . Jump up ^ Clark , Big Things , p. 18 - 19 . Jump up ^ Clark , Big Things , p. 20 - 21 . Jump up ^ Clark , Big Things , p. 22 - 23 . Jump up ^ Clark , Big Things , p. 24 - 25 . Jump up ^ Clark , Big Things , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Clark , Big Things , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Clark , Big Things , p. 28 - 29 . Jump up ^ Chrissy Arthur and Blythe Seinor . `` Giant deck chair poses lofty problem '' . ABC News website . Retrieved 13 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Granite Belt Wine & Tourism Inc . `` Landmark Legends of Stanthorpe '' . Granite Belt Wine Country Tourism Website . Retrieved 7 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Clark , Big Things , p. 30 . Jump up ^ The Big Easel Van Gough Project Jump up ^ Clark , Big Things , p. 31 - 33 . Jump up ^ `` G marks the Industry Park spot along the Capricorn Highway '' . Rockhampton Morning Bulletin . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ Clark , Big Things , p. 34 - 37 . Jump up ^ Hard Rock Cafe Website -- Surfers Paradise Location Jump up ^ Clark , Big Things , p. 38 - 39 . Jump up ^ Clark , Big Things , p. 40 - 41 . Jump up ^ Clark , Big Things , p. 42 - 43 . Jump up ^ Silva , Kristian ( 25 February 2014 ) . `` Crane driver fesses up to role in Big Mango 's ' disappearance ' '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Jump up ^ Davidson , Helen ( 25 February 2014 ) . `` ' Stolen ' big mango revealed as a hoax by Nando 's '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Clark , Big Things , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Arthur , Chrissy ( 30 March 2011 ) . `` Giant ant to put outback Qld ' on the map ' '' . ABC News . Jump up ^ Clark , Big Things , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Clark , Big Things , p. 46 - 47 . Jump up ^ Clark , Big Things , p. 48 . Jump up ^ Clark , Big Things , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Clark , Big Things , p. 50 - 51 . Jump up ^ Clark , Big Things , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Clark , Big Things , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Clark , Big Things , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Clark , Big Things , p. 55 . Jump up ^ `` Gympie 's Big Pineapple Crush '' . Gympie Times . 27 August 2008 . Archived from the original on 19 November 2008 . Retrieved 16 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Clark , Big Things , p. 56 - 57 . Jump up ^ Bridie Jabour ( 17 October 2011 ) . `` Smoothing rough ends of Big Pineapple '' . Brisbane Times . Fairfax Media . Retrieved 4 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Clark , Big Things , p. 58 - 61 . Jump up ^ Clark , Big Things , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Clark , Big Things , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Clark , Big Things , p. 64 - 65 . Jump up ^ Clark , Big Things , p. 66 - 67 . Jump up ^ Logan , Madeleine ( 17 February 2009 ) . `` Sausage King 's kidnapping shakes Toowoomba '' . The Chronicle . Toowoomba , Queensland . Retrieved 26 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Gray , Steve ( 18 February 2009 ) . `` Giant 40kg sausage remains at large '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 26 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Jim ( 23 December 2009 ) . `` Sausage King found at last '' . Brisbane Times . Retrieved 26 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Clark , Big Things , p. 68 . Jump up ^ Clark , Big Things , p. 69 . Jump up ^ Clark , Big Things , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Clark , Big Things , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Austin , Nigel ( 15 April 2009 ) . `` Marijan Bekic 's farm tribute cast in stone '' . The Advertiser . Adelaide , South Australia . Retrieved 25 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Wirra Wirra wine brand builds giant bottle made of corks '' . mUmBRELLA Everything under Australi'a media and marketing umbrella . 16 March 2010 . Archived from the original on 1 May 2010 . Retrieved 26 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Saved from the scrap yard , a giant cockroach moves into Adelaide 's Rundle Mall '' . ABC News . Retrieved 4 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Clark , Big Things , p. 173 . Jump up ^ Clark , Big Things , pp. 174 -- 175 . Jump up ^ `` Border Village '' . Sydney Morning Herald . 8 February 2004 . Retrieved 28 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Clark , Big Things , pp. 176 -- 179 . Jump up ^ Clark , Big Things , pp. 180 -- 183 . Jump up ^ Clark , Big Things , pp. 171 -- 172 . Jump up ^ `` Map the Miner destroyed in fire '' . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . 1 June 2006 . Archived from the original on 2 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Jenkin , Cara ( 28 December 2006 ) . `` Miner back on the map '' . The Advertiser . p. 13 . Jump up ^ `` The big olive is up at Taliem Bend '' . The Murray Valley Standard . 15 April 2005 . Archived from the original on 6 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Clark , Big Things , p. 185 . Jump up ^ `` Big golf ball suggested as landmark '' . ABC News Online . 23 September 2008 . Archived from the original on 26 September 2008 . Retrieved 28 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Clark , Big Things , p. 186 . Jump up ^ Clark , Big Things , p. 189 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , Glen ; Possingham , Sarah ( 28 May 2007 ) . `` The Big Pelican '' . ABC Riverland . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 28 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Karoonda ram gets the finishing touches '' . ABC Rural . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . 23 April 2003 . Retrieved 28 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Clark , Big Things , pp. 191 -- 192 . Jump up ^ Clark , Big Things , pp. 182 , 193 . Jump up ^ Clark , Big Things , p. 194 . Jump up ^ `` Yabby City Restaurant '' . State Library of South Australia . 1989 . Archived from the original on 4 October 2009 . Retrieved 29 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Clark , Big Things , p. 195 . Jump up ^ Gumbuya Park landmark blown up Jump up ^ Hynes , Steve ( 28 June 2013 ) . `` Owners bail out as big business shrinks '' . The Standard . Retrieved 24 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Brewin , Rebecca ( 30 April 2013 ) . `` Not your average claim to fame : the story behind the World 's Tallest Bin '' . ABC Goldfields . Retrieved 25 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FREMANTLE 'S J SHED ART STUDIO AND THE ABORIGINAL YAGAN MEMORIAL '' . Fremantle Society . Retrieved 10 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A restored King Neptune rises to reclaim Atlantis in Two Rocks '' . Jump up ^ `` Australia salute Big Things '' . Gibbons Stamp Monthly . June 2007 . Archived from the original on 26 February 2009 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Big Things of Australia . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Big Things of Australia . Big Things of Australia , Postie Notes . Map of big things Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Australia%27s_big_things&oldid=801216123 '' Categories : Australia 's big things Lists of buildings and structures in Australia Landmarks in Australia Novelty buildings in Australia Superlatives Lists of tourist attractions in Australia Hidden categories : Use Australian English from February 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Use dmy dates from January 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 11 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia%2527s%20big%20things

who plays the stunt man in the geico commercial

Blake Gibbons ( born June 21 , 1961 in Kern County , California ) is an American actor with a recurring role as Coleman on the long running Daytime television serial General Hospital .

Blake Gibbons

Blake Gibbons

blake gibbons

Blake Gibbons ( born June 21 , 1961 in Kern County , California ) is an American actor with a recurring role as Coleman on the long running Daytime television serial General Hospital .

He also played `` The Dude '' ( Lyle ) in The Summer of George episode of Seinfeld . Contents ( hide ) 1 Filmography 2 Commercials 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Filmography ( edit ) Supernatural ( 2013 ) Criminal Minds ( 2013 ) The Young and the Restless ( 2012 ) Castle ( 2010 ) Chase ( 2010 ) Modern Family ( 2010 ) Dexter ( 2008 ) Love 's Abiding Joy ( 2006 ) You and I ( 2006 ) A.I. Assault ( 2006 ) CSI : Miami ( as Rick Miller in 2006 ) The O.C. ( 2006 ) Dependency ( 2005 ) The Legend of Butch & Sundance ( 2004 ) Wake ( 2003 ) Hollywood Homicide ( 2003 ) General Hospital ( 2002 -- present ) Charmed ( 2001 ) Any Day Now ( 2000 ) The Pretender ( 1999 ) Seinfeld ( 1997 ) Dr. Quinn , Medicine Woman ( 1993 ) Night Trap ( 1992 ) Baywatch Nights ( 1992 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 ) Moonstalker ( 1989 ) The Golden Girls ( 1988 ) Murder , She Wrote ( 1984 ) Commercials ( edit ) Pepsi Commercial ( 2002 ) Michelin Commercial ( 2003 ) Subaru Outback ( 2009 ) Miracle Whip ( 2010 ) Dr Pepper 10 ( 2013 ) Geico cheat death commercial ( 2017 ) See also ( edit ) History Of General Hospital List of General Hospital characters References ( edit ) Jump up ^ According to the State of California . California Birth Index , 1905 - 1995 . Center for Health Statistics , California Department of Health Services , Sacramento , California . At Ancestry.com External links ( edit ) Blake Gibbons on IMDb This article about an American television actor or actress born in the 1960s is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blake_Gibbons&oldid=777092160 '' Categories : 1961 births Male actors from California American male soap opera actors Living people Male actors from Bakersfield , California American television actor , 1960s birth stubs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from April 2008 All articles needing additional references Articles with hCards All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 25 April 2017 , at 04 : 56 . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blake%20Gibbons

difference between a cocker spaniel and springer spaniel

The English Springer Spaniel is similar to the English Cocker Spaniel and at first glance the only major difference is the latter 's smaller size . However English Springers also tend to have shorter , and higher - set ears than English Cockers . In addition Springers also tend to have a longer muzzle ; their eyes are not as prominent , and the coat is less abundant . The major differences between the Welsh Springer and the English Springer are that the Welsh have more limited colours and tend to be slightly smaller .

English Springer Spaniel

english springer spaniel

The English Springer Spaniel is a breed of gun dog in the Spaniel family traditionally used for flushing and retrieving game . It is an affectionate , excitable breed with a typical lifespan of twelve to fourteen years . They are very similar to the Welsh Springer Spaniel and are descended from the Norfolk or Shropshire Spaniels of the mid-19th century ; the breed has diverged into separate show and working lines . The breed suffers from average health complaints . The show - bred version of the breed has been linked to `` rage syndrome '' , although the disorder is very rare . It is closely related to the Welsh Springer Spaniel and very closely to the English Cocker Spaniel ; less than a century ago , springers and cockers would come from the same litter . The smaller `` cockers '' hunted woodcock while the larger littermates were used to flush , or `` spring , '' game . In 1902 , The Kennel Club recognized the English Springer Spaniel as a distinct breed . They are used as sniffer dogs on a widespread basis . The term Springer comes from the historic hunting role , where the dog would flush ( spring ) birds into the air .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 1.1 Coat and colours 1.2 Sizes 2 Temperament 3 Health 4 History 4.1 Skills 5 Detection dog 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Description ( edit ) The English Springer Spaniel is a medium - sized compact dog . Its coat is moderately long with feathering on the legs and tail . It is a well proportioned , balanced dog with a gentle expression and a friendly wagging tail . This breed represents perhaps the greatest divergence between working and show lines of any breed of dog . A field - bred dog and a show - bred dog appear to be different breeds , but are registered together . In fact , the gene pools are almost completely segregated and have been for at least 70 years . A field - bred dog would not be competitive in a modern dog show , while a show dog would not have the speed or stamina to succeed in a field trial . The English Springer Spaniel field - bred dogs tend to have shorter , coarser coats than show - bred dogs . The ears are less pendulous . Field - bred dogs are wiry and have more of a feral look than those bred for showing . The tail of the field - bred dog may be docked a few inches in comparison to the show dog . Field - bred dogs are selected for sense of smell , hunting ability , and response to training rather than appearance . Show dogs have longer fur and more pendant ears , dewlaps and dangling flews . The tail is docked to a short stub in those countries that permit docking . They are generally more thickly boned and heavier than field - bred springers . The English Springer Spaniel is similar to the English Cocker Spaniel and at first glance the only major difference is the latter 's smaller size . However English Springers also tend to have shorter , and higher - set ears than English Cockers . In addition Springers also tend to have a longer muzzle ; their eyes are not as prominent , and the coat is less abundant . The major differences between the Welsh Springer and the English Springer are that the Welsh have more limited colours and tend to be slightly smaller . Coat and colours ( edit ) Field - bred dogs tend to have shorter , coarser coats than the longer furred show - bred dogs . They normally only shed in summer and spring months but shed occasionally in the autumn . The coat comes in black or liver ( dark brown ) with white markings or predominantly white with black or liver markings ; Tricolour : black and white or liver and white with tan markings , usually found on eyebrows , cheeks , inside of ears and under the tail . Any white portion of the coat may be flecked with ticking . Sizes ( edit ) Males in the show dog line are typically approximately 18 to 20 inches ( 46 to 51 cm ) at the withers and weigh 50 to 55 lb ( 23 to 25 kg ) . According to the UK Breed Standard , the English Springer Spaniel should be 20 inches ( 51 cm ) at the withers . The females should be 17 to 19 inches ( 43 to 48 cm ) and usually 35 to 45 lb ( 16 to 20 kg ) . Working types can be lighter in weight and finer in bone . Temperament ( edit ) The typical Spaniel is friendly , eager to please , quick to learn and willing to obey . In the right circumstances , it can be an affectionate and easy - going family dog . Its alertness and attentiveness make it a good hunting companion . A typical Springer Spaniel will often choose one person in the family to be most loyal to and stick with that person as much as possible . The English Springer Spaniel ranks 13th in Stanley Coren 's The Intelligence of Dogs , considered an excellent working dog . It has exceptional stamina and needs moderate amounts of activity , to focus its mind and to provide exercise , although this is different for each dog . Its long - legged build makes it among the fastest of the spaniels . It is a sociable breed that enjoys the company of children and handles the company of other pets well . The hunting breed may not get along well with cats , however . If left alone for too long , they can become destructive and mischievous through boredom . They love the water , and tend to get wet whenever they have the chance . Health ( edit ) The English Springer Spaniel has a typical lifespan of 10.5 to 15 years . As in most breeds , there are some health problems that are more likely to occur . Hip dysplasia and progressive retinal atrophy ( PRA ) ( a degeneration of the retina causing vision loss leading to blindness ) are two such diseases for which veterinarians are working on genetic markers to determine carriers . Another problem can be elbow dysplasia . Retinal dysplasia ( RD ) , which can cause blindness and Phosphofructokinase deficiency ( PFK ) , which is genetic deficiency which impairs the ability of cells using carbohydrates for energy are two other hereditary conditions for which both lines of the English springer spaniel should be screened prior to breeding . Health issues are usually similar in both types of English Springer however phosphofructokinase deficiency in particular can appear more in field lines , however carriers in show lines have been identified . As with most spaniels and floppy eared dogs , they are prone to ear infections . There are several types of common infections , and treatment typically includes oral antibiotics and cleaning the ear canal daily with a solvent that will also leave the ear in an acidic state to slow the growth of yeast and bacteria . Other health problems include autoimmune diseases , which include allergies and other sensitivities to the environment . They can also be susceptible to various eye problems including inward or outward curling eyelashes or even an additional row of eyelashes , all of which can require corrective surgery . English Springer Spaniels tend to gain weight easily , and owners need to be careful about their food consumption . The English Springer Spaniel weight ranges from 44 to 45 pounds . A healthy Springer Spaniel should eat about 1,353 calories per day . History ( edit ) English physician Dr. John Caius described the spaniel in his book the Treatise of Englishe Dogs published in 1576 . His book was the first work to describe the various British breeds by function . By 1801 , Sydenham Edwards explained in the Cynographia Britannica that the land spaniel should be split into two kinds , the Springing , Hawking Spaniel , or Starter ; and the Cocking or Cocker Spaniel . At this point in time , both cocker spaniels and springer spaniels were born in the same litters . The purpose of the breed was to serve as a hunting dog . The smaller cockers were used to hunt woodcock , while their larger littermates , the springer spaniels , would `` spring '' -- or flush -- the gamebird into the air where a trained falcon or hawk would bring it to the handler . Many spaniel breeds were developed during the 19th century , and often named after the counties in which they were developed , or after their owners , who were usually nobility . Two strains of larger land spaniel were predominant and were said to have been of `` true springer type . '' These were the Norfolk and the Shropshire spaniels , and by the 1850s , these were shown under the breed name of Norfolk spaniel . In January 1899 , the Spaniel Club of England and the Sporting Spaniel Society held their trials together for the first time . Three years later , in 1902 , a combination of the physical standard from the Spaniel Club of England and the ability standard from the Sporting Spaniel Society led to the English Springer Spaniel breed being officially recognised by the English Kennel Club . The American Kennel Club followed in 1910 . In 1914 , the first English Field Champion was crowned , FTC Rivington Sam , whose dam was a registered cocker spaniel , Rivington Riband . Sam is considered one of the foundation sires for modern field lines . Skills ( edit ) An English Springer Spaniel is foremost an upland flushing dog . There are a number of skills that breeders train the dog to perform for their occupation . Retrieve to Hand Most hunters and all hunt test or field trial judges require that a dog deliver a bird to hand , meaning that a dog will hold the bird until told to give it to the hunter directly . Soft Mouth Springers are taught to deliver game with a soft mouth , meaning he does not puncture it with his teeth . The game should always be fit for the table . If a springer damages the bird , it may be hard mouthed . This is a serious fault , but it can be difficult to determine whether it may have been genetic or caused by poor training methods . Breeders generally avoid using any springer that is hard mouthed . Quarter A flushing spaniel 's primary role is often as an upland flushing dog . Dogs must work in a zig - zag pattern in front of the hunter seeking upland game birds . The dog is taught to stay within gun range to avoid flushing a bird outside shooting distance . This pattern is one of the primary criteria used to judge a dog in a field trial . Scenting Having the ability to scent game is of vital importance to the hunter . A springer should have a good nose in both wet and dry conditions . A dog with a good nose will learn to use the wind as it quests for game , ever adjusting its pattern according to the nuances of the wind . Flushing The springer should have a positive flush . It should not hesitate or point when encountering game . Some field trial dogs will often get airborne during a flush . This is exciting to watch , but is not necessary to win . Most hunters prefer that their dog not flush in that style , as it can present a risk to the dog . Hup This is the traditional command to sit and stay . When hupped the dog can be given direction called to the handler . The ability to hup a dog actively working a running bird allow the handler and any gunners to keep up without having to run . Follow Hand Signals Upland hunting involves pursuing wild game in its native habitat . Gun dogs must investigate likely covers for upland game birds . The dog must be responsive to hand signals in order for the hunter to be able to direct the dog into areas of particular interest . Steady When hunting upland birds , a flushing dog should be steady to wing and shot , meaning that he sits when a bird rises or a gun is fired . He does this in order to mark the fall and to avoid flushing other birds when pursuing a missed bird . Blind Retrieve An adequately trained and experienced working springer can be expected to use all of the aforementioned attributes to be conducted by hand , whistle and command to a position whereby an unmarked lost game bird can be picked and retrieved to hand . Detection dog ( edit ) Further information : Detection dog The Springer Spaniel is used as a sniffer dog . Notable search dogs have included Buster , a Dickin Medal recipient , Royal Army Veterinary Corps arms and explosives search dog serving with the Duke of Wellington 's Regiment in Iraq , for finding an extremist group 's hidden arsenal of weapons and explosives . Another example is Jake , aka Hubble Keck People 's Dispensary for Sick Animals Gold Medal and Blue Cross Animal Hospital Medal recipient , a London Metropolitan Police explosives search dog . He was deployed at Tavistock Square , Russell Square and King 's Cross following the 7 July 2005 London Bombings . The Springer is not limited to detecting explosives . Murphy , a male Springer has been trained by HM Prison Service in HMP Norwich to search for mobile phones . He can tell the difference between the guards ' phones and illegal phones held by inmates . Other varied uses for the Springer can include sniffing out bumblebee nests , illegal immigrants , and blood . Springers are used for drug detection in the United Kingdom , Sweden , Finland , Isle of Man , Ireland , Canada CBSA and Qatar . The Springer Spaniel is also used as a search and rescue dog by mountain rescue teams , where their willingness to work and cover rough terrain makes them an excellent choice . English Springer Spaniel English Springer Spaniel from 1807 Drawing of Norfolk spaniels , 1881 English springer spaniel , 1915 English Springer Spaniel Three - months - old English Springer Spaniel A nine - year - old English Springer Spaniel British Transport Police officers with a Springer Spaniel sniffer dog at Waterloo station Springer Spaniel living in France English Springer Spaniel A resting English Springer Spaniel See also ( edit ) Hunting dog Sporting Group Cocker Spaniel Mountain Rescue References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Burke , Don . The complete Burke 's backyard : the ultimate book of fact sheets . Barron 's Educational Series . p. 789 . ISBN 1740457390 . Jump up ^ `` English Springer Spaniel Dog Breed Information '' . Akc.org . Retrieved 11 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Know The Difference Between A Show Bred & Field Bred English Springer Spaniel '' . English Springer Spaniel Information and Field Trial Page . Retrieved 9 July 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` English Springer Spaniel '' . SpringerSpaniel.org.uk . Archived from the original on 9 May 2010 . Retrieved 25 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Gormish , Denise . `` A comparison of English Cocker Spaniels , American Cocker Spaniels and English Springer Spaniels '' . English Cocker Spaniel Club of America . Archived from the original on 21 November 2010 . Retrieved 13 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` English Springer Spaniel Field Trial Association Main Page '' . English Springer Spaniel Field Trial Association . Retrieved 9 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` English Springer Spaniel Breed '' . 5StarDog . Retrieved 9 November 2009 . Jump up ^ O'Neill , D.G. ; Church , D.B. ; McGreevy , P.D. ; Thomson , P.C. ; Brodbelt , D.C. ( 2013 ) . `` Longevity and mortality of owned dogs in England '' . The Veterinary Journal . 198 : 638 -- 43 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tvjl. 2013.09. 020 . PMID 24206631 . Jump up ^ Ditto , Tanya B. ( 26 May 2000 ) . English Springer Spaniels : A Complete Pet Owner 's Manual . Barron 's Educational Series . ISBN 0 - 8120 - 1778 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Phosphofructokinase Deficiency in the English Springer Spaniel '' . English Springer Spaniel Field Trial Association . Retrieved 8 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Bell , Jerold S. ( 28 February 1998 ) . `` The Proper Use of Genetic Tests in Spaniel Breeding Decisions '' . Spaniels in the Field . Archived from the original on 4 October 2008 . Retrieved 9 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Types of Dog Ear Infections '' . vet-organics.com. 2014 . Retrieved 20 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ear Infections in Dogs : A Complete Guide To Dog Ear Infections '' . EarInfectioninDogs.com. 2008 . Retrieved 8 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` English Springer Spaniel Health '' . Ariel English Springer Spaniels . Retrieved 8 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Alderton , David ( 2006 ) . Top to Tail : The 360 Degrees Guide to Picking Your Perfect Pet . David & Charles PLC . p. 110 . ISBN 0 - 7153 - 2589 - 2 . Jump up ^ Petcarerx , Team ( 12 July 2017 ) . `` English Springer Spaniel Diet Tips '' . PetCareRx . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Mymudes , Mindy ( 3 March 2002 ) . `` An English Springer History '' . Retrieved 24 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` AKC MEET THE BREEDS : English Springer Spaniel '' . American Kennel Club . Retrieved 24 November 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` The History of the Springer Spaniel '' . Archived from the original on 13 September 2009 . Retrieved 24 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` English Springer Spaniel -- Key Field Skills '' . Petwave.com . Retrieved 25 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` PDSA Dickin Medal : ' the animals ' VC ' '' . PDSA.org.uk . Archived from the original on 17 April 2008 . Retrieved 9 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Police dog Jake is awarded '' . Met.Police.UK. 10 January 2007 . Retrieved 9 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Kay , John ( 11 January 2007 ) . `` Jail dog finds smellphones '' . The Sun . UK . Retrieved 9 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Toby the bumblebee sniffer dog '' . Bumblebee Conservation Trust . Retrieved 9 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Agency sniffer dog finds illegal immigrants attempting to smuggle themselves into the UK '' . UK Borders Agency . 2 February 2009 . Archived from the original on 10 January 2014 . Retrieved 9 November 2009 . Jump up ^ McVeigh , Karen ( 30 December 2005 ) . `` On scent of success : sniffer dog Keela earns more than her Chief Constable '' . The Times . UK . Retrieved 9 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Drug detector dogs '' . Swedish Customs Service . Retrieved 9 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Drug detector dogs of Finnish Customs '' ( PDF ) . Tulli Customs . Retrieved 9 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` About our dogs '' . North Yorkshire Police . Archived from the original on 17 July 2011 . Retrieved 9 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Dogs and Handlers '' . Isle of Man : Department of Home Affairs . Archived from the original on 8 January 2010 . Retrieved 9 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Sniffer dogs : hot on the trail with the pet detectives '' . Irishtimes.com . Retrieved 11 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Christine ( 13 August 2014 ) . `` Minister Toews Welcomes Graduation of CBSA 's First Tobacco Detector Dog Teams '' . Jump up ^ Senger , Dustin ( 13 April 2009 ) . `` Qatar Military Dog Show Enhances Bilateral Relations '' . dvidshub.net . Retrieved 9 November 2009 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to English springer spaniel . English Springer Spaniel at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Gundogs Pointers Burgalese Pointer English Setter Gordon Setter Irish Red and White Setter Irish Setter Pointer Versatile gundogs Ariege Pointer Blue Picardy Spaniel Bracco Italiano Braque du Bourbonnais Braque d'Auvergne Braque Français Braque Saint - Germain Brittany Ca Mè Mallorquí Cesky Fousek Drentsche Patrijshond French Spaniel German Longhaired Pointer German Shorthaired Pointer German Wirehaired Pointer Large Münsterländer Old Danish Pointer Pachón Navarro Perdigueiro Galego Picardy Spaniel Portuguese Pointer Pudelpointer Saint - Usuge Spaniel Slovakian Rough Haired Pointer Small Münsterländer Spinone Italiano Stabyhoun Vizsla Weimaraner Wirehaired Pointing Griffon Retrievers Chesapeake Bay Retriever Curly Coated Retriever Flat - Coated Retriever Golden Retriever Labrador Retriever Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retriever Spaniels American Cocker Spaniel Boykin Spaniel Clumber Spaniel English Cocker Spaniel English Springer Spaniel Field Spaniel German Spaniel Kooikerhondje Pont - Audemer Spaniel Russian Spaniel Sussex Spaniel Welsh Springer Spaniel Water dogs American Water Spaniel Barbet Cantabrian Water Dog Irish Water Spaniel Lagotto Romagnolo Poodle Portuguese Water Dog Spanish Water Dog Wetterhoun Extinct Alpine Spaniel Braque du Puy English Water Spaniel Norfolk Spaniel Old Spanish Pointer Tweed Water Spaniel Dogs originating in Britain Hounds Beagle Bloodhound Dumfriesshire Hound English Foxhound Greyhound Harrier Otterhound Scottish Deerhound Welsh Hound Whippet Gun dogs Clumber Spaniel Curly Coated Retriever Cocker Spaniel English Setter English Springer Spaniel Field Spaniel Flat - Coated Retriever Golden Retriever Gordon Setter Labrador Retriever Pointer Sussex Spaniel Welsh Springer Spaniel Terriers Working breeds Airedale Terrier Bedlington Terrier Black and Tan Terrier Border Terrier Cairn Terrier Dandie Dinmont Terrier Fox Terrier ( Smooth & Wire ) Jack Russell Terrier Lakeland Terrier Manchester Terrier Norfolk Terrier Norwich Terrier Parson Russell Terrier Patterdale Terrier Plummer Terrier Russell Terrier Scottish Terrier Sealyham Terrier Skye Terrier Sporting Lucas Terrier Welsh Terrier West Highland White Terrier Toy breeds English Toy Terrier Toy Manchester Terrier Yorkshire Terrier Bull types Bull Terrier Bull Terrier ( Miniature ) Staffordshire Bull Terrier Herding dogs Bearded Collie Border Collie Cardigan Welsh Corgi English Shepherd Lancashire Heeler Old English Sheepdog Pembroke Welsh Corgi Rough Collie Shetland Sheepdog Smooth Collie Welsh Sheepdog Other Bulldog Bullmastiff Cavalier King Charles Spaniel English Mastiff French Bulldog King Charles Spaniel Northern Inuit Dog Types Fell Terrier Longdog Lurcher Extinct Blue Paul Terrier English Water Spaniel English White Terrier Norfolk Spaniel North Country Beagle Old English Bulldog Old Welsh Grey Sheepdog Paisley Terrier Southern Hound Talbot Toy Bulldog Toy Trawler Spaniel Turnspit dog Tweed Water Spaniel Welsh hillman Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=English_Springer_Spaniel&oldid=843803147 '' Categories : Dog breeds Spaniels Sporting dogs Detector dogs Dog breeds originating in England Hidden categories : Use British English from August 2011 Use dmy dates from August 2011 Articles with ' species ' microformats Articles with Curlie links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Tiếng Việt 中文 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 31 May 2018 , at 15 : 36 . 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who is the illustrator of green eggs and ham

Green Eggs and Ham

green eggs and ham

Green Eggs and Ham is a children 's book by Dr. Seuss , first published on August 12 , 1960 . As of 2016 , the book has sold 8 million copies worldwide . The story has appeared in several adaptations starting with 1973 's Dr. Seuss on the Loose starring Paul Winchell as the voice of both Sam - I - Am and the first - person narrator .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot summary 2 Background 3 Reception and cultural impact 4 Adaptations 5 Temporary ban 6 Selected translations 7 References 8 External links Plot summary ( edit ) A character named `` Sam - I - am '' pesters an unnamed character to try a plate of green eggs and ham . The unnamed character refuses , responding , `` I do not like green eggs and ham . I do not like them , Sam - I - am . '' He continues to repeat this as Sam persistently follows him , asking him to try them in eight locations ( house , box , car , tree , train , dark , rain , boat ) and with three animals ( mouse , fox , and goat ) . Finally , he gives into Sam 's pestering and tries the green eggs and ham , which he does like after all and happily responds , `` I do so like green eggs and ham . Thank you . Thank you , Sam - I - am . '' Background ( edit ) Green Eggs and Ham is one of Seuss 's `` Beginner Books '' , written in a very simple vocabulary for beginning readers . The vocabulary of the text consists of just 50 different words and was the result of a bet between Seuss and Bennett Cerf , Dr. Seuss 's publisher . that Seuss ( after completing The Cat in the Hat using 236 words ) could not complete an entire book without exceeding that limit . The 50 words are : a , am , and , anywhere , are , be , boat , box , car , could , dark , do , eat , eggs , fox , goat , good , green , ham , here , house , I , if , in , let , like , may , me , mouse , not , on , or , rain , Sam , say , see , so , thank , that , the , them , there , they , train , tree , try , will , with , would , you . Reception and cultural impact ( edit ) Green Eggs and Ham was published on August 12 , 1960 . By 2001 , it had become the fourth - best selling English - language children 's hardcover book of all time . As of 2014 , the book has sold 8 million copies . In 1999 the National Education Association ( NEA ) conducted an online survey of children and teachers , seeking the 100 most popular children 's books . The children ranked Green Eggs and Ham third , just above another Dr. Seuss book , The Cat in the Hat . The teachers ranked it fourth . Teachers ranked it fourth again in a 2007 NEA poll . Scholastic Parent & Child magazine placed it # 7 among the `` 100 Greatest Books for Kids '' in 2012 . That same year , it was ranked number 12 among the `` Top 100 Picture Books '' in a survey published by School Library Journal -- the first of five Dr. Seuss books on the list . The book has become sufficiently ingrained in the cultural consciousness that U.S. District Court Judge James Muirhead referenced Green Eggs and Ham in his September 21 , 2007 court ruling after receiving an egg in the mail from prisoner Charles Jay Wolff who was protesting against the prison diet . Muirhead ordered the egg destroyed and rendered his judgment in the style of Seuss . Senator Ted Cruz read the book on the floor of the United States Senate during his filibuster over the funding over Obamacare . Musician will.i.am has stated that his moniker is inspired by the story . One of the members of the Thrash Metal band Exodus is wearing a Green Eggs & Ham T - shirt on the cover of their 1989 release `` Fabulous Disaster . '' On September 29 , 1991 , following Dr. Seuss ' death earlier that week , the Reverend Jesse Jackson recited an excerpt of Green Eggs and Ham on Saturday Night Live during a special tribute segment . Adaptations ( edit ) Green Eggs and Ham is the third of the three Geisel stories that were adapted into the television special Dr. Seuss on the Loose , which featured a connecting narration by The Cat In The Hat , in 1973 . ( The Sneetches and The Zax were the other two . ) The song `` Green Eggs and Ham '' was recorded by the band Moxy Früvous on their 1992 independent debut album Moxy Früvous and is a rap treatment of the famous story . The book was also made into a Living Books adaptation for the PC . Although similar there were differences to reflect the new media such as Sam - I - Am sings his opening lines . An upcoming animated television series based on the book , Green Eggs and Ham , will premiere on Netflix in 2018 , produced by Warner Bros. Animation , A Very Good Production , A Stern Talking To , Random House Children 's Entertainment and Gulfstream Television and distributed by Warner Bros. Television . The book was also featured as one of the segments brought to life via live - action in a stage - play fashion in the 1994 TV film In Search of Dr. Seuss . Temporary ban ( edit ) Main article : Book censorship in China In 1965 , the book was banned in the People 's Republic of China for its `` portrayal of early Marxism '' . The ban was lifted in 1991 , following Seuss ' death . Selected translations ( edit ) לֹא רָעֵב וְלֹא אוֹהֵב ( Lo ra'ev ve - lo ohev , 1960 , Hebrew ISBN 9789652294661 ) Huevos verdes con jamón ( 1960 , Spanish , ISBN 1880507013 ) Groene eieren met ham ( 1960s , Dutch , ISBN 9024002966 ) 火腿 加 綠 蛋 ( Huǒ tuǐ jiā lǜ dàn , 1992 , Chinese , ISBN 9573211254 ) Prosciutto e uova verdi ( 2002 , Italian , ISBN 880902446X ) Virent ova ! Viret perna ! ( 2003 , Latin , ISBN 0865165556 ) Kto zje zielone jajka sadzone ? ( 2004 , Polish , ISBN 8372781249 ) Les œufs verts au jambon ( 2009 , French , ISBN 9781569756881 ) Grünes Ei mit Speck ( 2011 , German , ISBN 9783596854417 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://entertainment.howstuffworks.com/arts/literature/20-best-selling-childrens-books9.htm Jump up ^ `` Dr. Seuss on the Loose '' . IMDB . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 10 stories behind Dr. Seuss stories '' . CNN . January 23 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Green Eggs and Ham '' . snopes.com. 2012 . Retrieved May 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 99 Interesting Facts about the world # 18 '' . All That is Interesting . Retrieved 22 January 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ A 50 - year feast in 50 words , Marketplace . Retrieved 12 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Happy Birthday Sam - I - Am ! 50 Years of Green Eggs and Ham '' . Gnews. 2012 . Retrieved May 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` All - Time Bestselling Children 's Books '' . Publishers Weekly . 17 December 2001 . Archived from the original on December 25 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Menand , Louis . `` A Critic at Large : Cat People : What Dr. Seuss Really Taught Us '' . The New Yorker . 23 December 2002 . Jump up ^ Kids ' top 100 books NEA : National Education Association . Retrieved 26 November 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Teachers ' Top 100 Books '' . NEA : National Education Association . Retrieved 26 November 2006 . Jump up ^ National Education Association ( 2007 ) . `` Teachers ' Top 100 Books for Children '' . Retrieved August 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Parent & Child 100 Greatest Books for Kids '' ( PDF ) . Scholastic Corporation . 2012 . Retrieved March 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bird , Elizabeth ( July 6 , 2012 ) . `` Top 100 Picture Books Poll Results '' . A Fuse # 8 Production . Blog . School Library Journal ( blog.schoollibraryjournal.com ) . Retrieved August 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Judge makes ' Green Eggs and Ham ' ruling '' . MSNBC . Jump up ^ `` ORDER the egg filed by the plaintiff is to be destroyed re : 55 Motion for Contempt , injunction '' , Wolff v. NH Department of Corrections et al ( Case 1 : 2006cv00321 ) , September 18 , 2007 , Filing 56 Jump up ^ http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/why-ted-cruz-read-green-eggs-and-ham-in-the-u-s-senate-1.1867499 Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/23/magazine/23FOB-Q4-t.html?_r=0 Jump up ^ ( 2 ) ABC News 2010 Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( April 29 , 2015 ) . `` Netflix Picks Up ' Green Eggs and Ham ' Animated Series From Ellen DeGeneres '' . Deadline . Retrieved April 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2012/01/20/surprisingly-banned-books_n_1218905.html Jump up ^ `` Banned Books Week : Green Eggs and Ham '' . New York Public Library . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Claasen , Lynda ( 16 January 2015 ) . How Dr. Seuss Created Green Eggs and Ham ( Video ) . ( show ) Dr. Seuss Characters The Cat in the Hat The Grinch Horton the Elephant Bartholomew Cubbins Bibliography And to Think That I Saw It on Mulberry Street The 500 Hats of Bartholomew Cubbins The King 's Stilts The Seven Lady Godivas Horton Hatches the Egg McElligot 's Pool Thidwick the Big - Hearted Moose Bartholomew and the Oobleck If I Ran the Zoo Scrambled Eggs Super ! Horton Hears a Who ! On Beyond Zebra ! If I Ran the Circus How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! The Cat in the Hat The Cat in the Hat Comes Back Yertle the Turtle and Other Stories Happy Birthday to You ! Green Eggs and Ham One Fish , Two Fish , Red Fish , Blue Fish The Sneetches and Other Stories Dr. Seuss 's Sleep Book Dr. Seuss 's ABC Fox in Socks Hop on Pop I Had Trouble in Getting to Solla Sollew Come over to My House The Foot Book I Can Lick 30 Tigers Today ! and Other Stories Mr. Brown Can Moo ! Can You ? : Dr. Seuss 's Book of Wonderful Noises ! The Lorax Marvin K. Mooney Will You Please Go Now ! Did I Ever Tell You How Lucky You Are ? Wacky Wednesday Great Day for Up ! Oh , the Thinks You Can Think ! The Cat 's Quizzer I Can Read with My Eyes Shut ! Oh Say Can You Say ? The Butter Battle Book You 're Only Old Once ! Oh , the Places You 'll Go ! There 's a Wocket in My Pocket I Wish That I Had Duck Feet Daisy - Head Mayzie My Many Colored Days Hooray for Diffendoofer Day ! The Bippolo Seed and Other Lost Stories Horton and the Kwuggerbug and More Lost Stories What Pet Should I Get ? Adaptations Television The Gerald McBoing - Boing Show ( 1956 -- 57 ) Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( 1966 ) Horton Hears a Who ! ( 1970 ) The Cat in the Hat ( 1971 ) The Lorax ( 1972 ) Dr. Seuss on the Loose ( 1973 ) The Hoober - Bloob Highway ( 1975 ) Halloween Is Grinch Night ( 1977 ) Pontoffel Pock , Where Are You ? ( 1980 ) The Grinch Grinches the Cat in the Hat ( 1982 ) The Butter Battle Book ( 1989 ) In Search of Dr. Seuss ( 1994 ) Daisy - Head Mayzie ( 1995 ) The Wubbulous World of Dr. Seuss ( 1996 -- 98 ) Gerald McBoing - Boing ( 2005 -- 07 ) The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That ! ( 2010 -- present ) Green Eggs and Ham ( 2018 ) Film Horton Hatches the Egg ( short ; 1942 ) Gerald McBoing - Boing ( short ; 1950 ) How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2000 ) The Cat in the Hat ( 2003 ) Horton Hears a Who ! ( 2008 ) The Lorax ( 2012 ) How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2018 ) Other media Welcome ( Russian short film ) Seussical ( musical ) Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! The Musical The Grinch ( video game ) Dr. Seuss : How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( video game ) `` You 're a Mean One , Mr. Grinch '' ( song ) The Lorax ( play ) Other works Private Snafu The Pocket Book of Boners Your Job in Germany Our Job in Japan Design for Death The 5,000 Fingers of Dr. T Hejji Society of Red Tape Cutters Flit Related A Fish out of Water Amazing World of Dr. Seuss Museum Beginner Books Dr. Seuss Goes to War The Secret Art of Dr. Seuss Dr. Seuss National Memorial Geisel Award Geisel Library Geisel School of Medicine Helen Palmer Geisel PM Political messages of Dr. Seuss Read Across America Seuss Landing as `` Theo . LeSieg '' . Posthumous . ( show ) Eggs List of egg topics Types Bird Fish and amphibian Monotreme Fossil record Cephalopod Fish Reptile ( dinosaur ) Pathology Biology Embryo Ichthyoplankton Ootheca Oviparity Spawn Zygote Components Yolk White Shell As food List of egg dishes Boiled Coddled Custard desserts Deviled Eggs Benedict Fried Omelette Poached Pickled Roe Scotch Scrambled Smoked Soufflé Tea egg Trophic egg In culture Easter egg Egging Fabergé egg Humpty Dumpty Oomancy Ovo vegetarianism Category Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Green_Eggs_and_Ham&oldid=797450604 '' Categories : Books by Dr. Seuss 1960 children 's books Eggs in culture American children 's picture books Constrained writing Hidden categories : Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia Español Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Кыргызча Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 27 August 2017 , at 03 : 49 . 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why is the british parliament known as the mother of parliaments

The expression is often applied to the Parliament of the United Kingdom because of the adoption of the Westminster model of parliamentary democracy by many countries of the former British Empire .

because of the adoption of the Westminster model of parliamentary democracy by many countries of the former British Empire

The Mother of parliaments ( expression )

the mother of parliaments ( expression )

`` The mother of parliaments '' is an expression coined by the British politician and reformer John Bright in a speech at Birmingham on 18 January 1865 .

It was a reference to England . His actual words were : `` England is the mother of parliaments '' . This was reported in The Times on the following day . The expression is often applied to the Parliament of the United Kingdom because of the adoption of the Westminster model of parliamentary democracy by many countries of the former British Empire . See also ( edit ) History of democracy History of parliamentarism Parliament Parliament in the Making Parliamentary system Prime minister Parliamentary sovereignty The History of Parliament References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Oxford Dictionary of Quotations , revised 4th ed , 1996 , p. 141 Jump up ^ Parliament . CUP Archive. 1957 . p. 517 ; `` UK Politics : Talking Politics The ' Mother of Parliaments ' '' . BBC Talking Politics . 3 June 1998 . Retrieved 23 April 2016 ; `` Full text of Obama 's speech to UK parliament '' . CNN . 25 May 2011 . Retrieved 23 April 2016 ; `` Britain and France Get Poor Marks in Democracy Ranking '' . Spiegel Online . 2 January 2011 . Retrieved 23 April 2016 ; `` A Makeover for the Mother of Parliaments '' . The New York Times . 11 July 2015 . Retrieved 23 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Seidle , F. Leslie ; Docherty , David C. ( 2003 ) . Reforming parliamentary democracy . McGill - Queen 's University Press . p. 3 . ISBN 9780773525085 . Jump up ^ Julian Go ( 2007 ) . `` A Globalizing Constitutionalism ? , Views from the Postcolony , 1945 - 2000 '' . In Arjomand , Saïd Amir . Constitutionalism and political reconstruction . Brill . pp. 92 -- 94 . ISBN 9004151745 ; `` How the Westminster Parliamentary System was exported around the World '' . University of Cambridge . 2 December 2013 . Retrieved 16 December 2013 . Further reading ( edit ) Graham , Harry ( 2015 ) ( 1910 ) . The Mother of Parliaments. 1347470220 . ISBN 9781347470220 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_mother_of_parliaments_(expression)&oldid=832418982 '' Categories : Quotations Parliament of the United Kingdom England Westminster system Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 25 March 2018 , at 22 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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what were the main achievements of the early peoples of peru

Andean civilizations

andean civilizations

The Andean civilizations were a patchwork of different cultures and peoples that developed from the Andes of Colombia southward down the Andes to northern Argentina and Chile , plus the coastal deserts of Peru and northern Chile . Archaeologists believe that Andean civilizations first developed on the narrow coastal plain of the Pacific Ocean . The Norte Chico civilization of Peru is the oldest known dating back to 3200 BCE .

Despite severe environmental challenges , the Andean civilizations domesticated a wide variety of crops , some of which became of worldwide importance . The Andean were also noteworthy for monumental architecture , textile weaving , and many unique characteristics of the societies they created . Less than a century prior to the arrival of the Spanish conquerors , the Incas united most of the Andean cultures into the Inca Empire which encompasses all of what is usually called Andean civilization . The Muisca of Colombia and the Timoto Cuica of Venezuela remained outside the Inca orbit . The Inca Empire was a patchwork of languages , cultures and peoples . Spanish rule ended or transformed many elements of the Andean civilizations , notably influencing religion and architecture . Contents ( hide ) 1 Uniqueness 2 Agriculture 3 Archaeological cultures 3.1 Caral 3.2 Chavín 3.3 Valdivia 3.4 Nazca 3.5 Moche 3.6 Tiwanaku 3.7 Chachapoyas 3.8 Wari 4 Historical cultures 4.1 Chimú 4.2 Inca Empire 4.3 Muisca 4.4 Timoto - Cuica 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Uniqueness ( edit ) A quipu Andean civilization was one of five civilizations in the world deemed by scholars to be `` pristine '' , that is indigenous and not derivative from other civilizations . Due to its isolation from other civilizations , the Indigenous people of the Andes had to come up their own , often unique solutions to environmental and societal challenges . Andean civilization lacked several characteristics distinguishing it from the pristine civilizations in the Old World . First , and perhaps most important , Andean civilizations did not have a written language . Instead , their societies used the quipu , a system of knotted and colored strings , to convey information . Few quipus survive and they have never been fully deciphered . Scholars differ on whether the knotted cords of the quipu were able only to record numerical data or could also be used for narrative communication , a true system of writing . The use of the quipu dates back at least to the Wari Empire ( 600 - 1000 CE ) and possibly to the much earlier Norte Chico civilization of 2,500 BCE . Andean civilizations also lacked wheeled vehicles and draft animals . People on land traveled only by foot and the transport of goods was only by humans or llama , pack animals which could carry loads of up to one fourth of their weight , a maximum of 45 kilograms ( 99 lb ) . Llamas were not big or strong enough to be used for plowing or as riding animals for adults . Moreover , Andean civilizations faced severe environmental challenges . The earliest civilizations were on the hyper - arid desert coast of Peru . Agriculture was possible only with irrigation in valleys crossed by rivers coming from the high Andes , plus in a few fog oases called lomas . In the Andes , agriculture was limited by thin soils , cold climate , low or seasonal precipitation , and a scarcity of flat land . Freezing temperatures may occur in every month of the year at altitudes of more than 3,000 metres ( 9,800 ft ) , the homeland of many of the highland Andean civilizations . Finally , the Andean civilizations lacked money . Copper axe - monies ( also called `` naipes '' ) and Spondylus shells functioned as mediums of exchange in some areas , especially coastal Ecuador , but most of the Andes area had economies organized on reciprocity and redistribution rather than money and markets . These characteristics were especially notable during the Inca Empire but originated in much earlier times . Agriculture ( edit ) Agricultural terraces ( andenes , were widely built and used for agriculture in the Andes Some scholars believe that the earliest civilizations on the Peruvian coast initially relied more upon maritime resources than agriculture during the formative period of their societies . However , as in all ancient civilizations , agriculture was the principal occupation of the great majority of the people . The greatest contribution of Andean civilization to the modern world has been the plants they domesticated . Crops grown by the Andeans were often unique to the region . Maize , which found its way to the Andes from Mexico , was often the most important crop at lower and intermediate elevations . The Andeans cultivated an estimated 70 different plants , almost as many as were cultivated in all of Europe and Asia . Many of these plants are no longer cultivated , or are minor crops , but important plants which were domesticated in or near the Andes include potatoes , quinoa , tomatoes , chile peppers , cotton , coca , tobacco , pineapples , peanuts , and several varieties of beans . Animals domesticated in the Andes were llamas and guinea pigs . The challenges of the environment required sophisticated agricultural technology . Unlike the Middle East , the Andes lacked easily domesticated and large - seeded plants such as wheat and barley and large and easily domesticated animals such as horses and cattle . Agriculture on the desert coast required the development of irrigation . In the mountains , the climate and steep terrain required a range of technological solutions such as terraces ( andenes ) , exploitation of micro climates , and selective breeding . Due to the climatic uncertainties , farmers traditionally farmed several crops at several elevations and exposures . At a macro level , societies and states did the same with the vertical archipelago , establishing colonies at different elevations and locations to increase the possibilities of agricultural success . Archaeological cultures ( edit ) See also : Cultural periods of Peru Caral ( edit ) Main article : Norte Chico civilization The Caral pyramids in the arid Supe Valley , some 20 km from the Pacific coast . The Norte Chico civilization ( also called Caral ) was a complex pre-Columbian society that included as many as 30 major population centers in what is now the Norte Chico region of north - central coastal Peru . It is the oldest known civilization in the Americas and one of the Cradles of civilization where civilization separately originated in the ancient world . It flourished between the 30th century BC and the 18th century BC . The alternative name , Caral - Supe , is derived from the Sacred City of Caral in the Supe Valley , a large and well - studied Norte Chico site . Complex society in Norte Chico arose a millennium after Sumer in Mesopotamia , was contemporaneous with the Egyptian pyramids , and predated the Mesoamerican Olmec by nearly two millennia . Chavín ( edit ) Main article : Chavín culture The Chavín culture in Peru is thought to have been primarily a religious cult . The culture apparently began in the Andes highlands and then spread outward throughout the country . The Chavín culture has very distinctive art styles , particularly in effigy pots , a number of which were in feline shapes . Chavin de Huantar was an important ritual centre for Chavin Culture , dating to around 1,500 BC . Valdivia ( edit ) Main article : Valdivia culture The Valdivia Culture is one of the oldest settled cultures recorded in the Americas . It emerged from the earlier Las Vegas culture and thrived on the Santa Elena peninsula near the modern - day town of Valdivia , Ecuador between 3500 BC and 1800 BC . Nazca ( edit ) Main article : Nazca culture The Nazca culture ( also Nasca ) was the archaeological culture that flourished from 100 to 800 AD beside the dry southern coast of Peru in the river valleys of the Rio Grande de Nazca drainage and the Ica Valley ( Silverman and Proulx , 2002 ) . Having been heavily influenced by the preceding Paracas culture , which was known for extremely complex textiles , the Nazca produced an array of beautiful crafts and technologies such as ceramics , textiles , and geoglyphs ( most commonly known as the Nazca lines ) . They also built an impressive system of underground aqueducts , known as puquios , that still function today . The Nazca Province in the Ica Region was named for this people . Moche ( edit ) The Moche culture is world - renowned for its pottery , in picture a Condor from about 300 AD . Main article : Moche ( culture ) The Moche civilization ( alternately , the Mochica culture , Early Chimu , Pre-Chimu , Proto - Chimu , etc . ) flourished in northern Peru from about 100 AD to 800 AD , during the Regional Development Epoch . While this issue is the subject of some debate , many scholars contend that the Moche were not politically organized as a monolithic empire or state . Rather , they were likely a group of autonomous polities that shared a common elite culture , as seen in the rich iconography and monumental architecture that survive today . They are particularly noted for their elaborately painted ceramics , gold work , monumental constructions ( huacas ) and irrigation systems . Moche history may be broadly divided into three periods -- the emergence of the Moche culture in Early Moche ( AD 100 -- 300 ) , its expansion and florescence during Middle Moche ( AD 300 -- 600 ) , and the urban nucleation and subsequent collapse in Late Moche ( AD 500 -- 750 ) . Tiwanaku ( edit ) Main article : Tiwanaku Tiwanaku ( Spanish : Tiahuanaco and Tiahuanacu ) is an important Pre-Columbian archaeological site in western Bolivia , South America . Tiwanaku is recognized by Andean scholars as one of the most important precursors to the Inca Empire , flourishing as the ritual and administrative capital of a major state power for approximately five hundred years . The ruins of the ancient city state are near the south - eastern shore of Lake Titicaca in the La Paz Department , Ingavi Province , Tiwanaku Municipality , about 72 km ( 45 mi ) west of La Paz . The site was first recorded in written history by Spanish conquistador and self - acclaimed `` first chronicler of the Indies '' Pedro Cieza de León . Leon stumbled upon the remains of Tiwanaku in 1549 while searching for the Inca capital Qullasuyu . Some have hypothesized that Tiwanaku 's modern name is related to the Aymara term taypiqala , meaning `` stone in the center '' , alluding to the belief that it lay at the center of the world . However , the name by which Tiwanaku was known to its inhabitants may have been lost , as the people of Tiwanaku had no written language . Chachapoyas ( edit ) Main article : Chachapoyas culture The Chachapoyas , or the ' Cloud people ' , were an Andean civilization living in the cloud forests of the Amazonas region of present - day northern Peru . The Incas conquered the Chachapoyas shortly before the arrival of the Spanish in Peru . The first firm evidence of the existence of their existence dates back to around 700 AD , although it is possible that they built a settlement called Gran Pajáten where some ceramics have been dated to 200 BC . The largest Chacapoyan site discovered so far is Kuelap . A number of mummified burial sites have also been discovered . Wari ( edit ) Main article : Wari culture The Wari ( Spanish : Huari ) were a Middle Horizon civilization that flourished in the south - central Andes and coastal area of modern - day Peru , from about AD 500 to 1000 . ( The Wari culture is not to be confused with the modern ethnic group and language known as Wari ' , with which it has no known link . ) Wari , as the former capital city was called , is located 11 km ( 6.8 mi ) north - east of the modern city of Ayacucho , Peru . This city was the center of a civilization that covered much of the highlands and coast of modern Peru . The best - preserved remnants , beside the Wari Ruins , are the recently discovered Northern Wari ruins near the city of Chiclayo , and Cerro Baul in Moquegua . Also well - known are the Wari ruins of Pikillaqta ( `` Flea Town '' ) , a short distance south - east of Cuzco en route to Lake Titicaca . Historical cultures ( edit ) Chimú ( edit ) Main article : Chimú culture Chimú gold adornments. 1300 AD Larco Museum , Lima - Perú The Chimú were the residents of Chimor , with its capital at the city of Chan Chan , a large adobe city in the Moche Valley of present - day Trujillo , Peru . The culture arose about 900 AD . The Inca ruler Tupac Inca Yupanqui led a campaign which conquered the Chimú around 1470 AD . This was just fifty years before the arrival of the Spanish in the region . Consequently , Spanish chroniclers were able to record accounts of Chimú culture from individuals who had lived before the Inca conquest . Similarly , Archaeological evidence suggest Chimor grew out of the remnants of Moche culture ; early Chimú pottery had some resemblance to that of the Moche . Their ceramics are all black , and their work in precious metals is very detailed and intricate . Inca Empire Inca society Education Religion Mythology Architecture Engineering Roads Army Agriculture Cuisine Inca history Kingdom of Cusco Inca Empire ( Civil War Spanish conquest ) Neo-Inca State Inca Empire ( edit ) Main article : Inca Empire The Inca Empire , or Incan Empire ( Quechua : Tawantinsuyu ) , was the largest empire in pre-Columbian America . The administrative , political and military center of the empire was located in Cusco in modern - day Peru . The Inca civilization arose from the highlands of Peru sometime in the early 13th century , and the last Inca stronghold was conquered by the Spanish in 1572 . From 1438 - 1533 AD , the Incas used a variety of methods , from conquest to peaceful assimilation , to incorporate a large portion of western South America , centered on the Andean mountain ranges , including large parts of modern Ecuador , Peru , western and south central Bolivia , northwest Argentina , north and north - central Chile , and southern Colombia into a state comparable to the historical empires of the Old World . Muisca ( edit ) La balsa Muisca ( The Muisca raft ) , a pre-Columbian gold sculpture representing the Muisca 's offerings of gold in the Guatavita Lake Main article : Muisca Confederation See also : List of Muisca and pre-Muisca sites The Muisca were the Chibcha - speaking people that formed the Muisca Confederation in the central highlands of present - day Colombia . They were encountered by the troops of Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada , in name of the Spanish Empire at the time of the conquest in the spring of 1537 . The Muisca comprised two confederations : Hunza ( present - day Tunja ) was located in the northern area , whose sovereign was the zaque ; and Bacatá the southern area , whose sovereign was the zipa . Both confederations were located in the highlands of modern - day Cundinamarca and Boyacá ( Altiplano Cundiboyacense ) in the central area of Colombia 's Eastern Ranges . Timoto - Cuica ( edit ) Main article : Timoto - Cuica people Timoto -- Cuica people compromised primarily of two tribes , the Timotes and the Cuicas , that inhabited in the Andean region of western Venezuela . They were closely related to the Muisca people of the Andes , who spoke a Chibcha language . The Timoto - Cuicas were not only composed of the Timoto and the Cuica tribes , but also the Mucuchíes , the Migures , the Tabayes , and the Mucuñuques . Timoto - Cuica society was complex with pre-planned permanent villages , surrounded by irrigated , terraced fields . They also stored water in tanks . Their houses were made primarily of stone and wood with thatched roofs . They were peaceful , for the most part , and depended on growing crops . Regional crops included potatoes and ullucos . They left behind works of art , particularly anthropomorphic ceramics , but no major monuments . They spun vegetable fibers to weave into textiles and mats for housing . They are credited with having invented the arepa , a staple in Venezuelan and Colombian cuisine . See also ( edit ) Amazonas before the Inca Empire Guaman Poma History of Peru Pambokancha , religious site Population history of American indigenous peoples Quipu Tumi Quechua people Kogi people References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Shady Solis , Ruth ; Jonathan Haas ; Winifred Creamer ( 27 April 2001 ) . `` Dating Caral , a Preceramic Site in the Supe Valley on the Central Coast of Peru '' . Science . 292 ( 5517 ) : 723 -- 726 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1059519 . PMID 11326098 . Jump up ^ Upton , Gary and von Hagen , Adriana ( 2015 ) , Encyclopedia of the Incas , New York : Rowand & Littlefield , p. 2 . Some scholars cite 6 or 7 pristine civilizations . ^ Jump up to : McEwan 2006 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ McEwan , Gordon F. ( 2006 ) . The Incas : New Perspectives . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . pp. 183 -- 185 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 33301 - 5 . Jump up ^ Hirst , K. Kris . `` Quipu -- South America 's Ancient Undeciphered Writing System '' . ThoughtCo . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Llamas as Pack Animals '' . Buckhorn Llama Co . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Guillet , David and others ( 1987 ) , `` Terracing and Irrigation in the Peruvian Highlands , '' Current Anthropology , Vol. 28 , No. 4 , pp. 409 - 410 . Downloaded from JSTOR . Jump up ^ Smith , M.E. ( 1993 ) . `` Axe - Monies and Their Relatives '' by Dorothy Hosler ; Heather Lechtman ; Olaf Holm . ( Review ) . Ethnohistory , 40 ( 1 ) , p. 148 - 149 Jump up ^ Carter , Benjamin . `` Spondylus in South American Prehistory '' in Spondylus in Prehistory : New Data and Approaches . Ed . Fotis Ifantidis and Marianna Nikolaidou . BAR International Series 2216 . Oxford : Archaeopress , 2011 : 63 - 89 . Jump up ^ Fagan , Brian M. ( 1996 ) , The Oxford Guide to Archaeology , Oxford : Oxford University Press , p. 343 Jump up ^ Moseley , Michael . `` The Maritime Foundations of Andean Civilization : An Evolving Hypothesis '' . The Hall of Ma'at . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ Moseley , Michael ( 1975 ) . The Maritime Foundations of Andean Civilization . Menlo Park : Cummings . ISBN 0 - 8465 - 4800 - 3 . Jump up ^ Stevens , William K. , `` Rediscovering the Lost Crops of the Inca , '' The New York Times , October 31 , 1989 Jump up ^ Piperno , Dolores r . ( 2011 ) , `` The Origins of Plant Cultivation and Domestication in the New World Tropics : Patterns , Process , and new Developments , '' Current Anthropology , Vol. 52 , No. 54 , pp. S457 - S459 Downloaded from JSTOR . Jump up ^ D'Altroy , Terence N. ( 2003 ) . The Incas . Oxford : Blackwell Publishing Ltd . pp. 28 -- 32 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 17677 - 0 . Jump up ^ Diamond , Jared ( 1999 ) , Guns . Germs , and Steel : The Fate of Human Societies , New York : W.W. Norton & Co. , pp. 83 - 113 Jump up ^ D'Altroy 2002 , pp. 27 - 35 . Jump up ^ McEwan 2006 , pp. 23 - 27 , 83 - 85 . Jump up ^ The name is disputed . English - language sources use Norte Chico ( Spanish : `` Little North '' ) per Haas et al. ( 2004 ) . Caral or Caral - Supe are more likely to be found in Spanish language sources per Shady . This article follows usage in recent English - language sources and employs Norte Chico , but the title is not definitive . Peruvian Norte Chico should not be confused with the Chilean region of the same name . Jump up ^ `` Sacred City of Caral - Supe '' . UNESCO . Archived from the original on 15 June 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Chavín de Huántar , Peru - A Pre-Columbian World Heritage Treasure '' . Global Heritage Fund . Archived from the original on 7 October 2011 . Retrieved 12 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chavin Culture '' . About.com archeology . Retrieved 12 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Beck , Roger B. ; Black , Linda ; Krieger , Larry S. ; Naylor , Phillip C. ; Ibo Shabaka , Dahia ( 1999 ) . World History : Patterns of Interaction . Evanston , IL : McDougal Littell . ISBN 0 - 395 - 87274 - X . Jump up ^ Bawden , G. 2004 . `` The Art of Moche Politics '' , in Andean Archaeology . ( ed. H. Silverman ) . Oxford : Blackwell Publishers . Jump up ^ Kolata , Alan L. ( December 15 , 1993 ) . The Tiwanaku : Portrait of an Andean Civilization . Wiley - Blackwell . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55786 - 183 - 2 . Retrieved 9 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Kelley , David H. ; Milone , Eugene F. ( November 19 , 2004 ) . Exploring Ancient Skies : An Encyclopedic Survey of Archaeoastronomy . Springer . ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 95310 - 6 . Retrieved 9 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Holly ( October 20 , 2008 ) . Frommers 500 Places to See Before They Disappear ( 500 Places ) . Frommers . p. 266 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 18986 - 3 . Retrieved 9 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Profile : Fabricio R. Santos - The Genographic project '' . Genographic Project . National Geographic . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 05 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` The Chachapoyas Culture of Peru '' . Wordpress . Retrieved 24 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Kubler , George . ( 1962 ) . The Art and Architecture of Ancient America , Ringwoods : Penguin Books London Ltd. , pp. 247 - 274 Jump up ^ Also Inka Empire ; see Quechuan and Aymaran spelling shift for more information regarding this spelling difference Jump up ^ Terence D'Altroy , The Incas , pp. 2 -- 3 . ^ Jump up to : Mahoney 89 Jump up ^ `` Venezuela . '' Archived 2011 - 09 - 04 at the Wayback Machine . Friends of the Pre-Columbian Art Museum . ( retrieved 9 July 2011 ) Further reading ( edit ) Besom , Thomas . Of Summits and Sacrifice : An Ethnohistoric Study of Inka Religious Practices ( University of Texas Press ; 2010 ) 230 pages ; combines archaeological and textual data in study of practices of human sacrifice and mountain worship. * Burger , Richard L. Machu Picchu ; Unveling the Mystery of the Inca . Yale University Press , 2004 . Cobo , F.B. Inca Religion and Customs . 1609 Conrad , Geoffery . Religion and Empire ; The Dynamics of Aztec and Inca Expansionism . Cambridge University Press , 1984 . Curl , John . Ancient American Poets : The Sacred Hymns of Pachacutec . Tempe AZ : Bilingual Press , 2005 . ISBN 1 - 931010 - 21 - 8 http://red-coral.net/Pach.html Dobyns , Henry F. and Paul L. Peru : A Cultural History . New York : Oxford University Press , 1976 . Eeckhout , Peter . Ancient Peru 's Power Elite . National Geographic Research and Exploration . March 2005 . Pp. 52 -- 56 . Frost , Peter . Lost Outpost of the Inca . National Geographic . February 2004 . Pp. 66 -- 69 . Hyslop , John . Inka settlement planning . Austin : University of Texas Press , 1990 . ISBN 0 - 292 - 73852 - 8 MacQuarrie , Kim . The Last Days of the Incas . Simon & Schuster , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 6049 - 7 . Malpass , Michael A. Daily life in the Inca Empire . Greenwood Publishing Corp. , 1996 Malpass , Michael A. and Sonia Alconini , eds . Distant Provinces in the Inka Empire : Toward a Deeper Understanding of Inka Imperialism ( University of Iowa Press ; 2010 ) 355 pages ; Research on Inca conquest in the central and northern coasts of Peru , in Ecuador , and in other regions far from Cuzco . Mancall , Peter C. ( ed . ) . Travel Narratives from the Age of Discovery . New York : Oxford University Press , 2006 . Mann , Charles . C ( 2005 ) . 1491 : New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus . Knopf . Prescott , William H. Conquest of Peru . The Book League of America . New York : 1976 . Prescott , William H. History of the Conquest of Mexico & History of the Conquest of Peru . New York : Cooper Square Press , 2000 . Reinhard , Johan The Ice Maiden : Inca Mummies , Mountain Gods , and Sacred Sites in the Andes . Washington , D.C. : National Geographic Society , 2005 . Rostworowski de Diez Canseco , Maria . History of the Inca Realm . Cambridge University Press , 1999 . Sullivan , L.E. Native Religions and Cultures of Central and South America : Anthropology of the Sacred . Continuum International Publishing Group , 2002 Steele , P.R. Handbook of Inca mythology . Santa Barbara ABC - CLIO , 2004 External links ( edit ) Peru Cultural Society Inca Emuseum @ Minnesota State University Peruvian National Museum of Archaeology , Anthropology , and History Pre-Columbian civilizations and cultures Americas Paleo - Indians Genetic history Archaeology of the Americas Indigenous peoples of the Americas North America North American pre-Columbian cultures Caddoan Mississippian Chichimeca Hopewell tradition Coles Creek Fremont Marksville Mississippian Mogollon Plaquemine Plum Bayou Poverty Point Troyville Weeden Island Mesoamerica Mesoamerican pre-Columbian chronology Capacha Chalcatzingo Cholula Coclé Epi - Olmec Huastec Izapa Mezcala Mixtec Olmec Pipil Quelepa Shaft tomb tradition Teuchitlan Purépecha Teotihuacan Tlatilco Tlaxcaltec Toltec Totonac Veracruz Xochipala Zapotec South America Andean civilizations South American Indigenous people El Abra Cañaris Chachapoya Chancay Chavín Chimú Chinchorro Cultural periods of Peru Hydraulic culture of mounds ( Bolivia ) Las Vegas Lima La Tolita ( Tumaco ) Manteño - Guancavilca Mapuche Moche Mollo Nariño Nazca Norte Chico Quimbaya San Agustín Shuar Sican Taíno Tairona Tiwanaku Tierradentro Valdivia Wankarani Wari Zenú Aztec Maya Muisca Inca Language Nahuatl Mayan languages Muysccubun Quechua Writing Script Script Numerals Quipu Religion Religion Religion Religion Religion Mythology Mythology Mythology Mythology Mythology Calendar Calendar Calendar Calendar Society Society Society Economy ( Women ) Society Infrastructure Chinampas Architecture Architecture Agriculture Architecture ( road system ) Agriculture History History History History Inca history Neo-Inca State People Moctezuma I Moctezuma II Cuitláhuac Cuauhtémoc K'inich Janaab ' Pakal Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil Jasaw Chan K'awiil I Nemequene Quemuenchatocha Tisquesusa Tundama Zoratama Manco Cápac Pachacuti Atahualpa Manco Inca Yupanqui Túpac Amaru II Conquest Spanish conquest ( Hernán Cortés ) Spanish conquest Spanish conquest of Yucatán ( Francisco de Montejo ) Spanish conquest of Guatemala ( Pedro de Alvarado ) Spanish conquest ( Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada ) ( Hernán Pérez de Quesada ) ( List of conquistadors ) Spanish conquest ( Francisco Pizarro ) See also Portal : Indigenous peoples of North America Portal : Mesoamerica Columbian Exchange Mesoamerican writing systems Native American cuisine Native American pottery Population history of indigenous peoples of the Americas Pre ‐ Columbian art Painting in the Americas before European colonization Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andean_civilizations&oldid=811892990 '' Categories : Civilizations Andean civilizations Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from May 2009 All articles needing additional references Articles containing Spanish - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Català Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk Português Runa Simi Русский Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 24 November 2017 , at 18 : 44 . 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who has the most selling albums of all time

List of best - selling albums

list of best - selling albums

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness . You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries . Platinum record for Michael Jackson 's Thriller ( 1982 ) , the best - selling album of all time This is a list of the world 's best - selling albums of recorded music . The criteria are that the figure must have been published by a reliable source and the album must have sold at least 20 million copies worldwide . This list can contain any types of albums , including studio albums , extended plays , greatest hits , compilations , various artists , soundtracks and remixes . The figures given do not take into account the resale of used albums . All albums included on this list have their available claimed figures supported by at least 30 % in certified copies . The percentage amount of certified sales needed increases the newer the album is , so albums released before 1975 are only expected to have their claimed figures supported by at least 30 % in certified copies . However , newer albums , such as 21 and Come Away with Me , are expected to have their claimed figures supported by at least 70 % in certified copies . Certified copies are sourced from available online databases of local music industry associations . This is the reason why albums that would otherwise make the list , such as The Sound of Music , In - A-Gadda - Da - Vida , Parallel Lines , Spirits Having Flown , Private Dancer , Janet , Believe , Bolo Ta Ra Ra ... , Human Clay , Laundry Service and Back to Black , have not been included . As a result of the methodology that the American and Canadian certification - awarding bodies ( the RIAA and Music Canada respectively ) use , each disc in a multi-disc set is counted as one unit toward certification , leading to many double albums on the list -- such as Pink Floyd 's The Wall and the Beatles ' The Beatles -- being certified with a number double the number of copies sold there . Such albums have the certifications for the number of copies ( not discs ) shipped indicated . Conversely , the American certification level for double albums that fit onto one compact disc , such as the Saturday Night Fever soundtrack reflect the actual number of copies sold . Michael Jackson 's Thriller , estimated to have sold 66 million copies worldwide , is the best - selling album . Although sales estimates for Thriller have been as high as 120 million copies , these sales figures are unreliable . Jackson also currently has the highest number of albums on the list with five , while The Beatles , Madonna and Celine Dion each have three . Groupings are based on different sales benchmarks , the highest being for claims of at least 40 million copies , and the lowest being for claims of 20 -- 29 million copies . Albums are listed in order of number of copies sold and thereafter by the artist 's first name . Markets ' order within the table is based on the number of compact discs sold in each market , largest market at the top and smallest at the bottom . Contents 1 Legend 2 40 million copies or more 3 30 -- 39 million copies 4 20 -- 29 million copies 5 Timeline of the highest selling albums 6 Best - selling album by year worldwide 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References Legend Colors Studio albums Greatest hits and compilations Soundtracks Live albums 40 million copies or more * All sales figures are shown in millions Artist Album Released Genre Total certified copies ( from available markets ) * Claimed sales * Ref ( s ) Michael Jackson Thriller 1982 Pop , rock , R&B 47.3 US : 33 million JPN : 100,000 UK : 4.2 million GER : 1.5 million FRA : 1 million CAN : 2 million AUS : 1.12 million MEX : 1.6 million NLD : 800,000 ITA : 100,000 SWE : 400,000 ARG : 500,000 SWI : 300,000 AUT : 400,000 FIN : 119,061 NZ : 180,000 HKG : 15,000 66 Eagles Their Greatest Hits ( 1971 -- 1975 ) 1976 Country rock , soft rock , folk rock 41.2 US : 38 million UK : 600,000 CAN : 2 million AUS : 560,000 IFPI HKG : 15,000 51 AC / DC Back in Black 1980 Hard rock 26.1 US : 22 million UK : 300,000 GER : 1 million FRA : 600,000 CAN : 1 million AUS : 840,000 ITA : 50,000 ARG : 160,000 SWI : 100,000 AUT : 50,000 50 Pink Floyd The Dark Side of the Moon 1973 Progressive rock 24.2 US : 15 million UK : 4.2 million GER : 1 million FRA : 400,000 CAN : 2 million AUS : 980,000 ITA : 100,000 ARG : 120,000 POL : 70,000 AUT : 100,000 NZ : 240,000 45 Meat Loaf Bat Out of Hell 1977 Hard rock , progressive rock 21.5 US : 14 million UK : 3 million GER : 500,000 CAN : 2 million AUS : 1.68 million NZ : 255,000 43 Whitney Houston / Various artists The Bodyguard 1992 R&B , soul , pop , soundtrack 28.4 US : 18 million JPN : 2 million UK : 2.1 million GER : 1.5 million FRA : 1 million CAN : 1 million AUS : 350,000 BRA : 750,000 NLD : 100,000 SWE 100,000 SPA : 500,000 ARG : 240,000 SWI : 250,000 AUT : 200,000 NOR : 200,000 FIN : 92,500 42 Eagles Hotel California 1976 Soft rock 31.5 US : 26 million UK : 1.8 million GER : 500,000 FRA : 1 million CAN : 1 million AUS : 560,000 SPA : 400,000 SWI : 100,000 AUT : 25,000 FIN : 30,933 NZ : 135,000 HKG : 15,000 42 Bee Gees / Various artists Saturday Night Fever 1977 Disco 21.6 US : 16 million UK : 2.1 million GER : 1.5 million FRA : 200,000 CAN : 1 million AUS : 770,000 HKG : 15,000 40 Fleetwood Mac Rumours 1977 Soft rock 27.9 US : 20 million UK : 3.3 million GER : 1.25 million FRA : 300,000 CAN : 2 million AUS : 910,000 NZ : 150,000 HKG : 15,000 40 30 -- 39 million copies * All sales figures are shown in millions Artist Album Released Genre Total certified copies ( from available markets ) * Claimed sales * Ref ( s ) Various artists Grease : The Original Soundtrack from the Motion Picture 1978 Soundtrack / 50s rock and roll revival 14.4 US : 8 million UK : 2.4 million GER : 1.25 million FRA : 400,000 CAN : 1 million AUS : 980,000 SPA : 300,000 SWI : 25,000 NZ : 15,000 HKG : 15,000 38 Led Zeppelin Led Zeppelin IV 1971 Hard rock , heavy metal , folk rock 29.0 US : 23 million UK : 1.8 million GER : 750,000 FRA : 600,000 CAN : 2 million AUS : 630,000 BRA : 100,000 NLD : 100,000 ARG : 60,000 SWI : 50,000 37 Michael Jackson Bad Pop , funk , rock 19.3 US : 10 million UK : 3.9 million GER : 2 million FRA : 1 million CAN : 700,000 AUS : 420,000 MEX : 350,000 SWE 200,000 SPA : 300,000 AUT : 200,000 FIN : 51,287 NZ : 135,000 IFPI HKG : 15,000 35 Alanis Morissette Jagged Little Pill 1995 Alternative rock 24.4 US : 16 million UK : 3 million GER : 1 million FRA : 300,000 CAN : 2 million AUS : 980,000 NLD : 400,000 SWE 200,000 BRA : 100,000 ARG : 60,000 POL : 50,000 SWI : 50,000 NOR : 50,000 AUT : 100,000 FIN : 65,860 33 Shania Twain Come On Over 1997 Country , pop 29.6 US : 20 million JPN : 100,000 UK : 3.3 million GER : 750,000 FRA : 300,000 CAN : 2 million AUS : 1.05 million BRA : 100,000 MEX : 100,000 NLD : 400,000 ITA : 50,000 SWE 180,000 SPA : 100,000 BEL : 100,000 ARG : 120,000 SWI : 150,000 AUT : 25,000 NOR : 300,000 DEN : 100,000 FIN : 38,958 NZ : 315,000 33 Celine Dion Falling into You Pop , soft rock 20.2 US : 11 million JPN : 800,000 UK : 2.1 million GER : 1.25 million FRA : 1 million CAN : 1 million AUS : 910,000 BRA : 100,000 NLD : 600,000 SWE : 200,000 SPA : 200,000 BEL : 200,000 ARG : 60,000 POL : 100,000 SWI : 150,000 NOR : 150,000 AUT : 100,000 FIN : 51,952 NZ : 180,000 HUN : 25,000 32 The Beatles Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band 1967 Rock 18.2 US : 11 million UK : 5.1 million GER : 500,000 CAN : 800,000 AUS : 280,000 BRA : 100,000 ARG : 300,000 NZ : 90,000 32 Various artists Dirty Dancing Pop , rock , R&B 17.9 US : 11 million UK : 1.5 million GER : 2 million FRA : 1 million CAN : 1 million AUS : 770,000 BRA : 100,000 NLD : 100,000 SWE 100,000 POL : 50,000 SWI : 250,000 HKG : 7,500 32 Adele 21 2011 Pop , soul 25.3 US : 14 million JPN : 100,000 UK : 4.8 million GER : 1.6 million CAN : 800,000 AUS : 980,000 MEX : 300,000 NLD : 450,000 ITA : 480,000 SWE : 120,000 SPA : 300,000 ARG : 80,000 BEL : 180,000 POL : 200,000 SWI : 40,000 NOR : 30,000 AUT : 20,000 RUS : 10,000 DEN : 150,000 POR : 40,000 FIN : 83,234 IRE : 270,000 GRE : 6,000 HUN : 12,000 NZ : 180,000 CHI : 20,000 VEN : 10,000 31 Celine Dion Let 's Talk About Love 1997 Pop , soft rock 19.3 US : 10 million JPN : 1 million UK : 1.8 million GER : 1.5 million FRA : 1 million CAN : 1 million AUS : 420,000 NLD : 500,000 SWE : 240,000 SPA : 400,000 BEL : 200,000 ARG : 120,000 POL : 200,000 SWI : 300,000 NOR : 200,000 AUT : 100,000 FIN : 97,744 NZ : 135,000 HKG : 40,000 URY : 3,000 31 The Beatles 2000 Rock 23.4 US : 12 million JPN : 2 million UK : 3.3 million GER : 1.65 million FRA : 600,000 CAN : 1 million AUS : 700,000 BRA : 250,000 ITA : 50,000 SWE 160,000 SPA : 500,000 ARG : 120,000 POL : 100,000 SWI : 150,000 NOR : 150,000 AUT : 150,000 DEN : 200,000 POR : 120,000 FIN : 77,466 NZ : 225,000 31 ABBA Gold : Greatest Hits 1992 Pop , disco 22.7 US : 6 million JPN : 600,000 UK : 5.1 million GER : 2.5 million FRA : 1 million RUS : 10,000 MEX : 250,000 CAN : 1 million BRA : 100,000 AUS : 1.19 million IND : 20,000 ITA : 270,000 SPA : 500,000 NLD : 300,000 SAF : 50,000 SWE 500,000 SWI : 500,000 ARG : 240,000 BEL : 350,000 THL : 20,000 NOR : 150,000 AUT : 150,000 DEN : 300,000 KOR : 100,000 TWN : 210,000 POL : 100,000 IRE : 90,000 FIN : 145,962 POR : 100,000 NZ : 240,000 HKG : 120,000 SGP : 165,000 HUN : 100,000 CHI : 60,000 ISR : 40,000 CZE : 30,000 MAL : 100,000 VEN : 5,000 ICL : 5,000 30 Michael Jackson Dangerous 1991 Rock , funk , pop 17.3 US : 8 million JPN : 400,000 UK : 1.8 million GER : 2 million FRA : 1 million CAN : 600,000 AUS : 700,000 BRA : 100,000 MEX : 600,000 NLD : 300,000 SWE 300,000 SPA : 600,000 SWI : 250,000 AUT : 200,000 FIN : 61,896 NZ : 90,000 CHI : 125,000 MAL : 175,000 30 Madonna The Immaculate Collection Pop , dance 19.4 US : 10 million JPN : 800,000 UK : 3.6 million GER : 750,000 FRA : 1 million CAN : 700,000 AUS : 840,000 BRA : 500,000 NLD : 300,000 SWE 50,000 SPA : 300,000 ARG : 180,000 SWI : 50,000 AUT : 50,000 DEN : 50,000 FIN : 92,500 NZ : 105,000 30 The Beatles Abbey Road 1969 Rock 14.4 US : 12 million GER : 500,000 FRA : 150,000 CAN : 1 million AUS : 210,000 ARG : 500,000 NZ : 75,000 30 Bruce Springsteen Born in the U.S.A. 1984 Heartland rock 19.6 US : 15 million UK : 900,000 GER : 1 million FRA : 400,000 CAN : 1 million AUS : 910,000 FIN : 108,913 NZ : 240,000 30 Dire Straits Brothers in Arms 1985 Roots rock , blues rock , soft rock 17.7 US : 9 million UK : 4.1 million GER : 500,000 FRA : 1 million CAN : 1 million AUS : 1.19 million ARG : 30,000 SWI : 350,000 FIN : 116,784 NZ : 360,000 HKG : 15,000 30 James Horner Titanic : Music from the Motion Picture 1997 Soundtrack 18.1 US : 11 million JPN : 1 million UK : 900,000 GER : 1.25 million FRA : 1 million CAN : 1 million AUS : 350,000 NLD : 175,000 SWE 160,000 SPA : 400,000 BEL : 150,000 POL : 140,000 ARG : 60,000 SWI : 200,000 AUT : 100,000 NOR : 100,000 FIN : 73,509 NZ : 60,000 HKG : 20,000 30 Metallica Metallica 1991 Heavy metal 21.2 US : 16 million UK : 600,000 GER : 500,000 FRA : 300,000 CAN : 1 million AUS : 840,000 MEX : 600,000 NLD : 200,000 ITA : 100,000 SWE 100,000 ARG : 300,000 POL : 100,000 SWI : 100,000 NOR : 50,000 AUT : 100,000 FIN : 112,856 NZ : 150,000 30 Nirvana Nevermind 1991 Grunge , alternative rock 16.7 US : 10 million JPN : 600,000 UK : 1.2 million GER : 1 million FRA : 1 million CAN : 1 million AUS : 350,000 BRA : 250,000 MEX : 200,000 ITA : 100,000 SWE 200,000 ARG : 300,000 BEL : 150,000 POL : 100,000 SWI : 50,000 AUT : 50,000 FIN : 46,830 NZ : 105,000 30 Pink Floyd The Wall 1979 Progressive rock 18.6 US : 11.5 million UK : 600,000 GER : 2 million FRA : 1 million CAN : 2 million AUS : 770,000 ITA : 100,000 ARG : 200,000 POL : 70,000 SWI : 100,000 NZ : 210,000 HKG : 15,000 30 Santana Supernatural 1999 Latin rock 20.5 US : 15 million JPN : 200,000 UK : 600,000 GER : 1 million FRA : 600,000 CAN : 1 million AUS : 280,000 BRA : 250,000 MEX : 300,000 NLD : 200,000 SWE 80,000 SPA : 300,000 BEL : 100,000 ARG : 120,000 POL : 100,000 SWI : 200,000 AUT : 100,000 FIN : 50,291 NZ : 60,000 30 Guns N ' Roses Appetite for Destruction Hard rock 21.6 US : 18 million JPN : 200,000 UK : 900,000 GER : 500,000 FRA : 200,000 CAN : 1 million BRA : 250,000 MEX : 100,000 ITA : 50,000 SWE 50,000 ARG : 180,000 SWI : 50,000 AUT : 50,000 FIN : 25,000 30 20 -- 29 million copies * All sales figures are shown in millions Artist Album Released Genre Claimed sales * Ref ( s ) Bon Jovi Slippery When Wet 1986 Hard rock , glam metal 28 Mariah Carey Music Box 1993 Pop , R&B 28 Eminem The Eminem Show 2002 Hip Hop 27 Linkin Park Hybrid Theory 2000 Nu metal , rap metal , alternative metal 27 Norah Jones Come Away with Me 2002 Jazz 27 Eric Clapton Unplugged 1992 Acoustic rock , acoustic blues 26 Madonna True Blue 1986 Pop 25 Bob Marley & The Wailers Legend : The Best of Bob Marley & The Wailers 1984 Reggae 25 Carole King Tapestry 1971 Pop 25 Phil Collins No Jacket Required 1985 Pop rock 25 Queen Greatest Hits 1981 Rock 25 Simon & Garfunkel Bridge over Troubled Water 1970 Folk rock 25 U2 The Joshua Tree Rock 25 Britney Spears ... Baby One More Time 1999 Pop 25 Elton John Greatest Hits Pop 24 Backstreet Boys Backstreet 's Back / Backstreet Boys 1997 Pop 24 Backstreet Boys Millennium 1999 Pop 24 Spice Girls Spice Pop 23 Ace of Base Happy Nation / The Sign 1993 Pop 23 Whitney Houston Whitney Houston 1985 Pop , R&B 22 Oasis ( What 's the Story ) Morning Glory ? 1995 Britpop , rock 22 Eminem The Marshall Mathers LP 2000 Rap , hip - hop 21 Madonna Like a Virgin 1984 Pop , dance 21 Bon Jovi Cross Road 1994 Hard rock , glam metal 21 Adele 25 2015 Soul , pop , R&B 20 Boston Boston 1976 Hard rock 20 Britney Spears Oops ! ... I Did It Again 2000 Pop 20 Celine Dion The Colour of My Love 1993 Pop 20 Def Leppard Hysteria Hard rock , glam metal 20 George Michael Faith Pop , R&B , funk , soul 20 Green Day Dookie 1994 Pop punk , punk rock , alternative rock 20 Lionel Richie Ca n't Slow Down Pop , R&B , soul 20 Mariah Carey Daydream 1995 Pop , R&B 20 Michael Jackson HIStory : Past , Present and Future , Book I 1995 Pop , pop rock , funk , R&B , new jack swing 20 Michael Jackson Off the Wall 1979 Soul , disco , R&B 20 Shania Twain The Woman in Me 1995 Country , pop 20 Supertramp Breakfast in America 1979 Progressive rock , art rock 20 Tracy Chapman Tracy Chapman Folk rock 20 Various artists Flashdance : Original Soundtrack from the Motion Picture Soundtrack 20 Whitney Houston Whitney Pop , R&B 20 Timeline of the highest selling albums The inclusion or exclusion of items from this list , or length of this list , is disputed . Please discuss this issue on the talk page . ( July 2013 ) Timeline of the highest - selling album record Year record set Artist Album Record setting sales ( millions ) Total sales ( millions ) Ref ( s ) 1945 Various Artists Oklahoma ! ( 78 rpm album ) 0.5 1.0 1956 Various Artists Oklahoma ! ( LP album ) 1.75 2.5 1956 / 1957 Various Artists My Fair Lady 5 1960 Various Artists South Pacific 2.25 1963 Vaughn Meader The First Family 7.5 1968 Various Artists The Sound of Music 8 1973 Carole King Tapestry 10 + 1975 / 1976 Various Artists The Sound of Music 10 -- 15 1976 Carole King Tapestry 13.5 25 1979 Bee Gees / Various Artists Saturday Night Fever 25 -- 27 40 1984 Michael Jackson Thriller 35 66 Notes It is unclear whether this sales figure refers to worldwide sales or US sales . The exact year in which Tapestry regained the title of `` best - selling album of all - time '' , if it ever regained it at all , is unclear . The album 's 1976 sales claim is therefore only listed to be inclusive , as it is plausible that Tapestry had overtaken The Sound of Music in sales during this time period . Best - selling album by year worldwide The charts of the best - selling albums by year in the world are compiled by the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry annually since 2001 . These charts are published in their two annual reports , the Digital Music Report and the Recording Industry in Numbers . Both the Digital Music Report and the Recording Industry in Numbers were replaced in 2016 by the Global Music Report . Units sold include physical copies and digital downloads . Year Album Artist ( s ) Sales ( millions ) Ref ( s ) Hybrid Theory Linkin Park 8.5 2002 The Eminem Show Eminem 13.9 2003 Come Away with Me Norah Jones 18.0 Confessions Usher 12.0 2005 X&Y Coldplay 8.3 2006 High School Musical Various Artists 7.0 2007 High School Musical 2 6.0 2008 Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends Coldplay 6.8 2009 I Dreamed a Dream Susan Boyle 8.3 Recovery Eminem 5.7 2011 21 Adele 18.1 2012 8.3 2013 Midnight Memories One Direction 4.0 2014 Frozen Various Artists 9.0 2015 25 Adele 17.4 2016 Lemonade Beyoncé 2.5 2017 ÷ Ed Sheeran 6.1 See also List of best - selling albums by country List of best - selling music artists List of best - selling remix albums List of best - selling singles Lists of albums List of best - selling albums of the 21st century Notes Jump up ^ To be on this list , albums released : before 1975 are required to have their claimed sales figures supported by 30 % in certified units . between 1975 and 1990 are required to have their claimed figures supported by 30 -- 50 % in certified units . ( That is 1.33 % for each additional year after 1975 . ) between 1990 and 2000 are required to have their claimed figures supported by 50 -- 60 % in certified units . ( That is 1 % for each additional year after 1990 . ) in 2000 and onwards are required to have their claimed figures supported by 60 -- 80 % in certified units . ( That is 1.33 % for each additional year after 2000 . ) References ^ Jump up to : `` Best - selling album '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wyman , Bill ( January 4 , 2013 ) . `` Did Michael Jackson 's Thriller Really Sell a Hundred Million Copies ? '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved May 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 31 . Global Sales of Recorded Music by Country in 2010 ( page 24 ) '' ( PDF ) . RIAJ. 2012 . Retrieved April 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` RIAA : Searchable Database '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved March 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Publications > The Record '' . Recording Industry Association of Japan ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Certified Awards Search '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved March 31 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( ' Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved December 6 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` InfoDisc : Les Certifications depuis 1973 '' ( InfoDisc : Certifications from 1973 ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique ( in French ) . InfoDisc.fr . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2010 . Retrieved September 15 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Music Canada : Gold & Platinum search '' . Music Canada . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2012 . Retrieved March 31 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved September 15 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` AMPROFON : Certificaciones '' . AMPROFON . Retrieved November 22 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dutch Certifications '' ( in Dutch ) . NVPI . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2012 . Retrieved December 7 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` F.I.M.I : Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana '' . Federation of the Italian Music Industry ( in Italian ) . Federation of the Italian Music Industry . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2011 . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Guld & Platina IFPI '' ( Gold & Platinum IFPI ) ( in Swedish ) . International Federation of the Phonographic Industry -- Sweden . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2011 . Retrieved September 15 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Premio Diamante : Los premiados '' ( in Spanish ) . CAPIF . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2005 . Retrieved September 16 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hitparade.ch : Edelmetall '' . Schweizer Hitparade . Hung Medien . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2012 . Retrieved November 22 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` IFPI Austria : Gold & Platin '' ( in German ) . International Federation of the Phonographic Industry . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2011 . Retrieved September 15 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tilastot : Kulta - ja platinalevyt '' . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved October 3 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` RIANZ : The Official New Zealand Music Chart '' . RIANZ . Archived from the original on November 27 , 2013 . Retrieved December 18 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gold / Platinum Albums '' . Recording Industry Association of New Zealand . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2011 . Retrieved July 30 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` IFPIHKG Awards '' . IFPI . Retrieved January 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Morrison , Pat ( May 7 , 2012 ) . `` Eagles founder Glenn Frey releases an album of classic , jazzy songs '' . Southern California Public Radio . Retrieved December 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ HoustonsEagle.com ( February 16 , 2012 ) . `` Houston 's Eagle Celebrates Eagles : Their Greatest Hits ( 1971 -- 1975 ) '' . Cox Media Group . Retrieved December 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Discos de oro y platino '' ( in Spanish ) . Cámara Argentina de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2011 . Retrieved September 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Partridge , Kenneth ( July 25 , 2015 ) . `` AC / DC 's ' Back In Black ' at 35 : Classic Track - by - Track Album Review '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 31 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Polish certification awards 1995 -- present '' ( in Polish ) . ZPAV . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2011 . Retrieved September 13 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Scapolo , Dean ( 2007 ) . The Complete New Zealand Music Charts 1966 -- 2006 . Recording Industry Association of New Zealand . ISBN 978 - 1 - 877443 - 00 - 8 . Jump up ^ Smirke , Richard ( March 16 , 2013 ) . `` Pink Floyd , ' The Dark Side of the Moon ' At 40 : Classic Track - By - Track Review '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Whitaker , Sterling ( October 21 , 2012 ) . `` 35 Years Ago : Meat Loaf 's ' Bat Out of Hell ' Released '' . Ultimate Classic Rock . Retrieved December 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Recording Industry Association of Japan - The History of music recordings industry during the 1990s '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved August 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` ABPD : Certificados '' ( in Portuguese ) . Associação Brasileira dos Produtores de Discos . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2010 . Retrieved April 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Spanish Certifications '' ( in Spanish ) . Productores de Música de España . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` IFPI Norsk platebransje Trofeer 1993 -- 2011 '' ( in Norwegian ) . IFPI Norway . Retrieved July 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( March 15 , 2012 ) . `` Whitney Houston 's ' The Bodyguard ' to Re-Release in Theaters for One Night '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sauro , Tony ( September 29 , 2011 ) . `` ' Back to basics ' with Don Henley '' . Recordnet.com . Retrieved March 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ BigKev ( December 14 , 2012 ) . `` Top 200 Highest Selling Albums in Australia '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Hung Medien . Retrieved June 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Byrne , Katie ( May 20 , 2012 ) . `` Bee Gees ' Robin Gibb Dead At 62 '' . MTV . Retrieved March 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The Associated , Press ( January 12 , 2013 ) . `` Maurice Gibb , 53 , of disco 's Bee Gees : ' Saturday Night Fever ' album defined era '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved March 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Les disques d'or '' . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique ( in French ) . Disque en France . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2013 . 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who plays the cia director on madam secretary

Patrick Breen as Andrew Munsey ( season 1 ) , the Director of the CIA and a protégé of President Dalton .

Patrick Breen

Madam Secretary ( TV series )

madam secretary ( tv series )

Madam Secretary Genre Political drama Thriller Created by Barbara Hall Starring Téa Leoni Tim Daly Patina Miller Geoffrey Arend Erich Bergen Željko Ivanek Bebe Neuwirth Wallis Currie - Wood Katherine Herzer Evan Roe Keith Carradine Sebastian Arcelus Sara Ramirez Opening theme Theme to Madam Secretary Ending theme Theme to Madam Secretary Composer ( s ) Transcenders Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 94 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Barbara Hall Morgan Freeman Téa Leoni Lori McCreary Tracy Mercer David Grae Running time 42 -- 46 minutes Production company ( s ) Barbara Hall Productions Revelations Entertainment CBS Television Studios Distributor CBS Television Distribution Release Original network CBS Original release September 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 21 ) -- present External links Website Madam Secretary is an American political drama television series created by Barbara Hall and executive produced by Lori McCreary and Morgan Freeman . It stars Téa Leoni as Elizabeth McCord , a former CIA analyst and political science professor turned Secretary of State . The series premiered on September 21 , 2014 . On October 27 , 2014 , CBS placed a full season order consisting of 22 episodes for the first season . On March 23 , 2017 , CBS renewed the series for a fourth season . In 2017 , CBS sealed a multi-platform syndication deal worth an estimated $2 million per episode . On April 18 , 2018 , the series was renewed for a fifth season . Contents 1 Synopsis 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Guest stars 2.4 Dalton Cabinet and principal advisors 2.4. 1 Other officials 3 Episodes 4 Broadcast 5 Reception 5.1 Ratings 5.2 Critical reception 5.3 Criticism 5.4 Accolades 6 References 7 External links Synopsis ( edit ) Madam Secretary explores Secretary Elizabeth McCord 's life as the determined United States Secretary of State . McCord drives international diplomacy , battles office politics , and circumvents protocol if needed as she negotiates worldwide issues . The show also focuses on the personal lives of the characters . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Madam Secretary characters Main ( edit ) Téa Leoni as Elizabeth `` Bess '' Adams McCord , the United States Secretary of State . She spent twenty years as a CIA analyst before becoming a professor of political science at the University of Virginia . She was selected by her old boss , Conrad Dalton , who is now the President of the United States , to replace Secretary of State Vincent Marsh , who died in a plane crash . Tim Daly as Henry McCord , Elizabeth 's husband of 25 years . A former Marine captain / aviator during Operation Desert Storm and theology professor , his unique blend of skills are sought by the National Security Agency , which engages him as an operative in combating religious extremism . At the end of season 3 , Henry is named the head of the CIA Special Activities Division . Bebe Neuwirth as Nadine Tolliver ( seasons 1 -- 4 ) , Elizabeth 's chief of staff who had a six - year affair with the deceased Secretary of State , Vincent Marsh , beginning when he was a senator . Originally suspicious and resentful of the new Secretary of State , Nadine soon learns to trust Elizabeth , and the two cultivate a strong working relationship . In season 1 , Nadine slowly began to date again , romancing the Administrator of NASA , Glenn , and later fell into a relationship with the recurring political consultant Mike Barnow . In season 4 , Nadine leaves the State Department to spend more time with her family . Željko Ivanek as Russell Jackson , White House Chief of Staff . His primary objective of keeping the President politically secure at home and abroad sets him up for occasional confrontations with Secretary McCord 's unorthodox diplomatic maneuvering . Erich Bergen as Blake Moran , Elizabeth 's personal assistant , and the only member of her staff that she hired rather than inherited . Patina Miller as Daisy Grant , Elizabeth 's press coordinator . Daisy dates Matt during season 1 but goes on to date other men following their breakup . In season 3 she dates `` Kevin '' from Budget and Planning , who turns out to be an undercover operative for the CIA investigating the State Department . He is killed in a weapons - trafficking conspiracy , and Daisy subsequently finds herself pregnant with his child . In the fourth season , Daisy gives birth to a daughter Joanna Grant . Geoffrey Arend as Matt Mahoney , Elizabeth 's speechwriter . Matt and Daisy dated during season 1 , but ended things . Wallis Currie - Wood as Stephanie `` Stevie '' McCord , Elizabeth and Henry 's older daughter . Stevie attended Lovell University and later Georgetown University and applied to Harvard Law school . Stevie serves as an intern to Russell Jackson and was , for a time , engaged to Jareth Glover . She has an affair with Dmitri Petrov ( then undercover ) in season 4 that puts her in danger . Kathrine Herzer as Alison McCord , Elizabeth and Henry 's younger daughter . Alison planned to attend Rafferty College to pursue her dreams of fashion and design , but later changed her mind . Evan Roe as Jason McCord , Elizabeth and Henry 's teenage son , a self - proclaimed anarchist . Jason is critical of political systems in general , but in season 1 he was expelled from his school for punching a student who insulted Elizabeth . Keith Carradine as Conrad Dalton ( seasons 2 -- present ; recurring season 1 ) , the President of the United States . Conrad served in the United States Marine Corps as a second lieutenant during the Vietnam War and was the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency during Elizabeth 's time at the CIA . In the third season , Dalton secures reelection as an independent after failing to secure his party 's nomination , partly due to a controversial change in policy championed by Elizabeth . He offers Elizabeth the role of Vice President during his campaign , but eventually names someone else in order to further his campaign . Elizabeth remains Secretary of State . Sebastian Arcelus as Jay Whitman , Elizabeth 's current chief of staff and previous senior policy advisor ( seasons 3 -- present ; recurring seasons 1 -- 2 ) . In season 3 , it is revealed that Jay 's busy schedule working for the Secretary has strained his marriage . He is currently separated from his wife Abby , who maintains custody of their daughter Chloe . Jay is promoted to chief of staff in season 4 . Sara Ramirez as Kat Sandoval , Elizabeth 's Policy Advisor and a former Chief of Staff to the UN Ambassador ( season 4 and 5 ) Recurring ( edit ) Johanna Day as Ellen Hill , a retired admiral and the National Security Advisor . She was the first female Chairwoman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff prior to being appointed National Security Advisor . Tony Plana as Ed Parker , an admiral and member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . Francis Jue as Ming Chen , China 's Foreign Minister and Elizabeth 's Chinese counterpart . Mandy Gonzalez as Lucy Knox , President Dalton 's aide . Mike Pniewski as Gordon Becker , the United States Secretary of Defense . Kevin Rahm as Michael `` Mike B . '' Barnow , a political official who is said to drift between the United States Cabinet departments . It is mentioned that he is a Rhodes Scholar , who turned his brilliant legal career into a promising political career that was cut short by a scandalous divorce six years prior to his first appearance before settling into his current job . He is often seen assisting Secretary McCord . He is also often seen with his dog . Jason Ralph as Harrison Dalton ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) , son of President Dalton and long - time friend of Stevie McCord . In season 1 , it is revealed Harrison has a drug addiction and is color blind . In season 4 it is revealed that he is back in rehab . Cotter Smith as Darren Hahn ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) , President Dalton 's first known National Security Advisor . Patrick Breen as Andrew Munsey ( season 1 ) , the Director of the CIA and a protégé of President Dalton . Nilaja Sun as Juliet Humphrey ( season 1 ; guest season 3 ) , a former CIA analyst , friend and colleague of Elizabeth and Isabelle . Usman Ally as Zahed Javani ( season 1 ) , Iran 's Foreign Minister and Elizabeth 's Iranian counterpart . Dion Graham as Fred Cole ( season 1 ) , the Bureau of Diplomatic Security Head Agent who served as Elizabeth 's principal bodyguard . Josh Hamilton as Arthur Gilroy ( season 1 ) , Stevie 's 39 - year - old microloan employer and ex-boyfriend . Anna Deavere Smith as Mary Campbell ( season 1 ) , the United States Attorney General . Marin Hinkle as Isabelle Barnes ( season 1 ) , a CIA analyst and Elizabeth 's close friend , who assists the McCords with the investigation of the death of Secretary of State Vincent Marsh . Yorgo Constantine as Anton Gorev ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) , Russia 's Foreign Minister and a friend of both Secretary and Dr. McCord . Clifton Davis as Ephraim Ware ( seasons 2 -- present ) , Director of National Intelligence . Julian Acosta as Craig Sterling ( season 2 ) , a former US Department of Defense official , he becomes National Security Advisor in season 2 much to Elizabeth and Russell 's dismay , and rival of Elizabeth 's . Alex Fernandez as Mark Delgado ( season 2 ) , the Vice President of the United States . Angela Gots as Maria Ostrova ( season 2 ) , the President of Russia and widow of late Russian President Pavel Ostrov . Leslie Hendrix as Louise Cronenberg ( season 2 ) , the United States Attorney General . Jill Hennessy as Jane Fellows ( season 2 ) , Henry 's DIA superior , and a member of Murphy Station ; the first Ishbal Jahed task force . Kobi Libii as Oliver Shaw ( season 2 ; guest season 3 ) , the Cybersecurity Coordinator . Shaw looked into the attack against Air Force One and is the love interest of Daisy Grant in the second season . Chris Petrovski as Dmitri Petrov ( seasons 2 , 4 ; guest season 3 ) , a 24 - year - old Russian Army captain who studied at the National War College . He was recruited by Professor Henry McCord ( on behalf of the DIA ) to become an American spy in exchange for getting his sick sister medical care in Stockholm , Sweden . Dmitri is captured by the Russians and eventually exchanged to the Americans for another traitor to the state . Following his capture Dmitri feels abandoned by Henry and is very angry and bitter toward him . He is placed into a witness protection program under the name Alexander ( Alex ) Mehranov . In season 4 , he gets recruited by the CIA as an analyst . Masha King as Talia Petrov , Dmitri 's sister who was placed into witness protection with her brother and is now his roommate . Carlos Gómez as Jose Campos ( seasons 2 -- 3 ) , an Ishbal Jahed task force member . J.C. MacKenzie as Sam Evans ( season 3 ) , the governor of Pennsylvania and the presidential nominee for Dalton 's party . Evans is particularly vindictive during the campaign and , following Dalton 's victory through a vote in the House of Representatives , threatens to have the vote overturned due to little - known law he claims Elizabeth broke . However , he is manipulated into accepting the terms of the vote after Russel Jackson threatens to expose him for having a gene that makes him likely to develop early - onset Alzheimer 's . René Auberjonois as Walter Novack ( seasons 2 -- present ) , a State Department analyst with the Bureau of International Security and Nonproliferation . Christopher O'Shea as Jareth Glover , Stevie 's fiance from England . He gave up a fellowship at Oxford to return to America to be with Stevie after she had trouble adjusting to life in England . His family is a member of the upper class and even nobility in England . Stevie and Jareth broke up in season 4 . Justine Lupe as Ronnie Baker ( seasons 3 -- present ) , a United States Army captain seconded from United States Cyber Command who assists Elizabeth on several occasions . Eric Stoltz as Will Adams , Secretary Elizabeth McCord 's younger brother and a member of Doctors Without Borders . Jordan Lage as Kohl , a United States Army general . Sam Breslin Wright as Dylan Larson , an ex -- Army Ranger who has been working for the CIA for seven years as of the start of season 4 . Christine Garver as Molly Reid , a career CIA agent , starting her career as a field agent in Chechnya . She is pregnant and due in a couple months from the start of season 4 . Guest stars ( edit ) Yuval David as Matvey Sokolov ( season 4 ) , a Russian special agent . Louis Gossett , Jr. as Laurent Vasseur ( season 1 , episode 6 ) , a Catholic priest and an old friend of Henry 's . William Allen Young as Steven Cushing ( season 1 , episode 12 ) , the U.S. Deputy Secretary of State . Tom Skerritt as Patrick McCord ( season 1 , episode 13 ) , Henry 's father . Bob Schieffer as himself ( season 1 , episode 17 ) . Schieffer is the former moderator of Face the Nation . Morgan Freeman as Frawley , the Chief Justice of the United States ( season 2 , episode 1 ; season 3 , episode 1 ; season 4 , episode 1 ) . Madeleine Albright as herself ( season 2 , episode 2 ) . Albright was the first female U.S. Secretary of State . Kate Burton as Maureen McCord - Ryan ( season 2 , episode 13 ) , Henry 's sister . Jane Pauley as herself ( season 2 , episode 18 ; season 3 , episode 1 ) . Shivam Chopra as Sanjay ( season 1 , episode 7 ) . Stephanie J. Block as Abby , Jay 's wife . Block is the real - life wife of Sebastian Arcelus . Mirroring real life , Block had previously given birth to their daughter while Arcelus was filming season 1 , episode 17 , where Jay 's wife also gives birth to a daughter . Joel de la Fuente as Datu Andrada ( season 3 , episode 15 ) , the President of the Philippines . Christine Ebersole as Lydia Dalton , the First Lady . Monna Sabouri as the Interpreter ( season 3 , episode 9 ) , a Russian - and Persian - speaking agent . Elpidia Carrillo as President Daphne Tejeda ( season 4 , episode 18 ) The Friendship Game . Dalton Cabinet and principal advisors ( edit ) The Dalton Cabinet Office Name Term President Conrad Dalton ( Keith Carradine ) 2013 -- Vice President Mark Delgado ( Alex Fernandez ) 2013 -- 2017 Teresa Hurst ( Jan Maxwell / Jayne Atkinson ) 2017 -- Secretary of State Vincent Marsh ( Brian Stokes Mitchell ) 2013 -- 2014 Elizabeth McCord ( Téa Leoni ) 2014 -- Secretary of Treasury Max Quinn ( Michael Cumpsty ) 2013 -- 2014 Secretary of Defense Gordon Becker ( Mike Pniewski ) 2013 -- Attorney General Mary Campbell ( Anna Deavere Smith ) 2013 -- 2015 Nolan ( John Bolton ) 2017 -- Unknown ( Shown in `` French Revolution '' ) 2016 -- 2017 Louise Cronenberg ( Leslie Hendrix ) 2015 -- 2016 Chief of Staff Russell Jackson ( Željko Ivanek ) 2013 -- National Security Advisor Darren Kahn ( Cotter Smith ) 2013 -- 2015 ADM ( Ret . ) Ellen Hill ( Johanna Day ) 2016 -- Craig Sterling ( Julian Acosta ) 2015 -- 2015 Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff ADM Ellen Hill , USN ( Johanna Day ) 2013 -- 2015 GEN Kelsey Reeves , US Army ( Ralph Byers ) 2015 -- Director of National Intelligence Ephraim Ware ( Clifton Davis ) 2013 -- Director of the Central Intelligence Agency Andrew Munsey ( Patrick Breen ) 2013 -- 2015 Hugh Haymond ( Michael Gaston ) 2016 -- Dennis Ellerman ( John Doman ) 2015 -- 2016 Sean Williams ( Larry Pine ) 2015 -- 2015 Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation Neil Hendricks ( Wayne Duvall ) 2013 -- 2016 Keith Doherty ( Michael Boatman ) 2016 -- Other officials ( edit ) Office Name Term Chief Justice of the United States Frawley ( Morgan Freeman ) 2013 -- Deputy Secretary of State Steven Cushing ( William Allen Young ) 2013 -- Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs Susan Thompson ( Tonya Pinkins ) 2014 -- United States Ambassador to Yemen Paul Wellington ( Tim Guinee ) 2013 -- United States Ambassador to Myanmar Arlen Maxwell ( David Rasche ) 2013 -- 2014 United States Ambassador to Algeria Roy Curtis ( Dakin Matthews ) 2013 -- 2016 Deputy Director of the FBI Marguerite Sanchez ( Rosyln Ruff ) 2013 -- Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Glenn ( John Pankow ) 2013 -- Chairman of the National Transportation Safety Board Humphrey Nelson ( Alfredo Narciso ) 2013 -- Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Madam Secretary episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 22 September 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 21 ) May 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 03 ) 23 October 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 04 ) May 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 08 ) 23 October 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 02 ) May 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 21 ) 22 October 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 08 ) May 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 20 ) 5 20 October 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 07 ) TBA Broadcast ( edit ) In Canada , the series airs on Global at the same time as the original broadcast . In Finland , it premiered January 1 , 2016 , on MTV3 . The series has been popular in Finland : 11 % of Finnish people watched the first episode . In Australia , it premiered on October 2 , 2014 on Network Ten . On October 23 , 2014 , it was announced that it will air on Sky Living in the United Kingdom , along with new formats to air TV3 in Ireland , and other international channels . The series launched in the United Kingdom on April 23 , 2015 . It is broadcast on Sony Channel Asia . Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) Season Episodes Timeslot ( ET ) Original airing Rank Viewers ( in millions ) Season premiere Season finale TV season 22 Sunday 8 : 00 pm September 21 , 2014 May 3 , 2015 2014 -- 2015 No. 10 14.17 23 October 4 , 2015 May 8 , 2016 2015 -- 2016 No. 14 12.39 23 Sunday 9 : 00 pm October 2 , 2016 May 21 , 2017 2016 -- 2017 No. 18 10.92 22 Sunday 10 : 00 pm October 8 , 2017 May 20 , 2018 2017 -- 2018 No. 37 8.84 5 TBA October 7 , 2018 2018 -- 2019 Note : During the National Football League season and several weeks through the season , the series airs at 10 : 30 pm ET / 9 : 30 pm CT to account for game or PGA Tour golf overruns ( there are no delays from the Mountain Time Zone westward ) . Since its move to the last hour of primetime , several new episodes have been delayed a week at the last minute due to games overrunning into the 8 : 00 pm timeslot to allow local newscasts to start as close to 11 : 00 pm ET / 10 : 00 pm CT as possible ; in this case , a repeat of the series airs in the Mountain Time Zone westward instead , with Canada 's Global following CBS 's scheduling in order to take advantage of simsub opportunities . Critical reception ( edit ) Madam Secretary has been met with generally positive reviews from TV critics . On Metacritic , the show has a score of 66 out of 100 , based on 31 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . On Rotten Tomatoes , the show holds a rating of 66 % , based on 50 reviews , with an average rating of 6.9 / 10 . The site 's consensus reads , `` Bolstered by Tea Leoni 's strong central performance , Madam Secretary is a solid but unspectacular political drama . '' Criticism ( edit ) Three women have served as Secretary of State to date : Madeleine Albright from 1997 to 2001 under Bill Clinton , Condoleezza Rice from 2005 to 2009 under George W. Bush , and Hillary Clinton from 2009 to 2013 under Barack Obama . Shortly after the series ' debut , Fox News asked if the show therefore served as a campaign ad supporting Hillary Clinton , but quoted the Los Angeles Times saying the lead character was `` no Hillary knockoff '' and a New York publicist calling the casting of a woman `` simple business and smart on CBS ' behalf '' . Conservative activist organization Culture and Media Institute , however , said the connection was clear , citing the women 's blond hair and pantsuits . When the trailer of the fifteenth episode of Season 3 ( Break in Diplomacy ) was released showing McCord responding to unwanted sexual advances by fictional Philippine president Datu Andrada by punching Andrada in the face , it became controversial in the Philippines due to perceived parallels between Andrada and real - life President Rodrigo Duterte , who was known for making inappropriate and sexist remarks . The Philippine Embassy in Washington even published a statement protesting the negative depiction on its Facebook page . The first episode of the fourth season , News Cycle , led to a hard protest from East Timor 's Minister of State and Nobel Peace Prize laureate José Ramos - Horta . `` It 's a slander against a country that only shows ignorance and racism , '' he explained . The TV show used the border dispute between Australia and East Timor in the Timor Sea ( The dispute is transferred in the TV show to the South China Sea , although neither Australia nor East Timor is bordering to it ) as background story . East Timor is shown as a country controlled by a Mexican drug cartel and used for drug transfer . US Secretary of State McCord is asking China to take measures to prevent the leader of the drug cartel from making a narco - state out of East Timor . Accolades ( edit ) Year Association Nominee ( s ) Result 2014 TV Guide Award Favorite New Show Madam Secretary Nominated 2015 American Cinema Editors Awards 2015 Best Edited One - Hour Series for Commercial Television Elena Maganini and Michael D. Ornstein Nominated 41st People 's Choice Awards Favorite Actress in a New TV Series Téa Leoni Nominated Favorite New TV Drama Madam Secretary Nominated Publicists Guild of America The Maxwell Weinberg Publicists Showmanship Television Award CBS Television Studio / Madam Secretary Nominated 2015 Humanitas Prize 60 Minute Network or Syndicated Television Madam Secretary Nominated 2016 CBS MVP Awards Best Motivational Speech Téa Leoni Nominated 2016 Humanitas Prize 60 Minute Network of Syndicated Television Madam Secretary Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Page not found -- TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` CBS Renews 5 Freshman & 11 Returning Series , Including ' MacGyver ' , ' Superior Donuts ' , ' Life In Pieces ' & ' Hawaii Five - O ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( September 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Madam Secretary ' Heads to Netflix , WeTV in Rich Syndication Pacts '' . variety.com . Variety Media . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( April 18 , 2018 ) . `` CBS Renews 11 Series , Including ' Bull , ' ' Survivor ' '' . Variety . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 9 , 2014 ) . `` CBS Orders ' CSI : Cyber ' , ' NCIS : New Orleans ' , ' The Odd Couple ' , ' Stalker ' , ' Madam Secretary ' , ' Scorpion ' & ' The McCarthys ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( May 9 , 2014 ) . `` Fall TV : CBS Orders NCIS and CSI Spin - Offs , Odd Couple , Kevin Williamson 's Stalker and 4 More to Series ( But Not How I Met Your Dad ? ) '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 21 , 2014 ) . `` Željko Ivanek Upped to Regular on New CBS Drama Series Madam Secretary '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 26 , 2014 . Emmy - winning character actor Željko Ivanek ( Damages ) joined the cast of CBS ' new drama series Madam Secretary as a regular after guest starring in the pilot . Jump up ^ `` Development Update : Thursday - Friday , July 12 - 13 '' . The Futon Critic . July 13 , 2018 . Retrieved July 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wilford , Denette ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` Global TV Lineup Fall 2014 -- 15 : Shaw Media Making Bold Moves '' . The HuffingtonPost . Retrieved November 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` MTV3 -- Rouva Ministeri '' ( Mrs. Minister ) . mtv.fi ( in Finnish ) . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Finnpanel -- TV - mittaritutkimus '' ( Results From The TV Audience Measurement ) . finnpanel.fi ( in Finnish ) . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( September 28 , 2014 ) . `` Madam Secretary '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved November 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ The Deadline Team ( October 23 , 2014 ) . `` ' Madam Secretary ' Coming To U.K. On Sky Living ; NBCUniversal International Television Production Pacts With TV3 Group Ireland : Global Briefs '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sky Living Sets UK Premiere Date Madam Secretary '' . TVWise . March 26 , 2015 . Retrieved March 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 22 , 2015 ) . `` Full 2014 -- 15 Series Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2015 . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Full 2015 -- 16 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 26 , 2015 . Retrieved May 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ https://pmcdeadline2.files.wordpress.com/2017/05/primetime-tv-ratings-2016-2017-total-viewers-top-44.jpg Jump up ^ https://deadline.com/2018/05/2017-2018-tv-series-ratings-rankings-full-list-of-shows-1202395851/ Jump up ^ `` Madam Secretary : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved November 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Madam Secretary : Season 1 ( 2014 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Madam Secretary ' a campaign ad for Hillary Clinton 2016 ? '' . FoxNews.Com . September 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` People are furious that ' Madam Secretary ' will feature a lecherous Filipino president '' . Mashable . March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Embassy of the Philippines , Washington Facebook page '' . March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Diário de Notícias : Ramos - Horta vai protestar por retrato de Timor - Leste em série norte - americana Jump up ^ Adam Chitwood ( January 2 , 2015 ) . `` Nightcrawler , Gone Girl , and Boyhood Land ACE Editing Awards Nominations '' . Collider . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 41st People 's Choice Awards nominees '' . People 's Choice Awards . Retrieved November 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 2016 -- CBS.com '' . CBS . Retrieved January 31 , 2016 . 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when was the last time a superbowl team played at home

So far no team has yet managed to reach the championship game in their home stadium , or even come close . Only two NFL teams have reached the Super Bowl hosted in their home market : the San Francisco 49ers , who played Super Bowl XIX in Stanford Stadium , rather than Candlestick Park , and the Los Angeles Rams , who played Super Bowl XIV in the Rose Bowl , rather than the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum . Besides those two , the only other Super Bowl venue that was not the home stadium to an NFL team at the time was Rice Stadium in Houston : the Houston Oilers had played there previously , but moved to the Astrodome several years prior to Super Bowl VIII . The Miami Orange Bowl was the only AFL stadium to host a Super Bowl and the only stadium to host consecutive Super Bowls , hosting Super Bowl II and III . MetLife Stadium , which hosted Super Bowl XLVIII , is the home stadium of two NFL teams : the New York Giants and the New York Jets .

Super Bowl curse

super bowl curse

The Super Bowl curse or Super Bowl hangover is a phrase referring to one of three things that occur in the National Football League ( NFL ) : Super Bowl participants that follow up with lower - than - expected performance the following year ; teams that do not repeat as Super Bowl champions ; and host teams of the Super Bowl that have never advanced to the title game on their own home fields .

The phrase has been used to explain both why losing teams may post below - average winning percentages in the following year and why Super Bowl champions seldom return to the title game the following year . The term has been used since at least 1992 , when The Washington Post commented that `` the Super Bowl Curse has thrown everything it 's got at the Washington Redskins . The Jinx that has bedeviled defending champs for 15 years has never been in better form '' . The phenomenon is attributed by football commentator and former NFL manager Charley Casserly to such elements as `` a shorter offseason , contract problems , ( and ) more demand for your players ' time '' . Casserly also notes that `` once the season starts , you become the biggest game on everybody 's schedule . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 The losers ' curse 1.1 Losing teams mentioned in connection to the curse 1.1. 1 Exceptions 2 The non-repeat curse 3 The home field curse 4 Further reading 5 References 6 External links The losers ' curse ( edit ) While the first five Super Bowl winners of the 2000s posted above average winning percentages the year following their Super Bowl appearance , the losers of the same games posted below average winning percentages in the follow -- up year . Losing teams mentioned in connection to the curse ( edit ) Super Bowl losing teams who went on to poor follow -- up performance include : Cincinnati Bengals ( Super Bowl XXIII ) -- 1988 season : 12 -- 4 ; 1989 season : 8 -- 8 . Cincinnati started a long streak of losing with their 1991 season mark and it ended with them making the playoffs in the 2005 season . Denver Broncos ( Super Bowl XXIV ) -- 1989 season : 11 -- 5 ; 1990 season : 5 -- 11 . The Broncos would rebound to advance to the 1991 AFC Championship Game vs Buffalo . Buffalo Bills ( Super Bowl XXVIII ) -- 1993 season : 12 -- 4 ; 1994 season : 7 -- 9 . The Bills are 1 -- 4 in playoff games since the 1993 season , with their last playoff win coming in 1995 and playoff appearance in 1999 . Atlanta Falcons ( Super Bowl XXXIII ) -- 1998 season : 14 -- 2 ; 1999 season : 5 -- 11 . New York Giants ( Super Bowl XXXV ) -- 2000 season : 12 -- 4 ; 2001 season : 7 -- 9 . St. Louis Rams ( Super Bowl XXXVI ) -- 2001 season : 14 -- 2 ; 2002 season : 7 -- 9 . Oakland Raiders ( Super Bowl XXXVII ) -- 2002 season : 11 -- 5 ; 2003 season : 4 -- 12 The Raiders did not have a winning season from 2002 to 2015 ; their best record has been 8 -- 8 in both 2010 and 2011 and they had not had a record greater than 5 -- 11 every other season until their 7 -- 9 record in 2015 . The streak was broken in 2016 . Carolina Panthers ( Super Bowl XXXVIII ) -- 2003 season : 11 -- 5 ; 2004 season : 7 -- 9 . Philadelphia Eagles ( Super Bowl XXXIX ) -- 2004 season : 13 -- 3 ; 2005 season : 6 -- 10 . Chicago Bears ( Super Bowl XLI ) -- 2006 season : 13 -- 3 ; 2007 season : 7 -- 9 . Carolina Panthers ( Super Bowl 50 ) -- 2015 season : 15 - 1 ; 2016 season : 6 -- 10 . Exceptions ( edit ) There have been several exceptions since this curse supposedly began in 1977 : Minnesota Vikings ( Super Bowl XI ) -- 1976 season : 11 -- 2 -- 1 . Denver Broncos ( Super Bowl XII ) -- 1977 season : 12 -- 2 . Dallas Cowboys ( Super Bowl XIII ) -- 1978 season : 12 -- 4 . Los Angeles Rams ( Super Bowl XIV ) -- 1979 season : 9 -- 7 . Philadelphia Eagles ( Super Bowl XV ) -- 1980 season : 12 -- 4 . Cincinnati Bengals ( Super Bowl XVI ) -- 1981 season : 12 -- 4 . Miami Dolphins ( Super Bowl XVII ) -- 1982 season : 7 -- 2 . Washington Redskins ( Super Bowl XVIII ) -- 1983 season : 14 -- 2 . Miami Dolphins ( Super Bowl XIX ) -- 1984 season : 14 -- 2 . New England Patriots ( Super Bowl XX ) -- 1985 season : 11 -- 5 . Denver Broncos ( Super Bowl XXI ) -- 1986 season : 11 -- 5 . Buffalo Bills ( Super Bowl XXV ) -- 1990 season : 13 -- 3 . In the 1991 season , they went 13 -- 3 again , and made it to Super Bowl XXVI , where they lost to the Washington Redskins . In the 1992 season , the Bills slipped to 11 -- 5 , but after what came to be known as The Comeback , they won the AFC Championship , and went on to play in Super Bowl XXVII , where they lost to the Dallas Cowboys . The following season -- 1993 -- they improved their record to 12 -- 4 ; and after winning the AFC East division , qualified for their fourth straight Super Bowl appearance in Super Bowl XXVIII , where for the second straight year , they lost to the Dallas Cowboys . San Diego Chargers ( Super Bowl XXIX ) -- 1994 season : 11 -- 5 . In the 1995 season , they went 9 -- 7 ; although they made it to the playoffs , they lost 35 -- 20 to the Indianapolis Colts . They would later go through eight consecutive losing seasons , including a 1 - 15 season in 2000 . They would return to the NFL playoffs in the 2004 season , in which they lost 17 -- 20 to the New York Jets . Ever since , they have struggled in the playoffs , going 4 - 6 , most of which divisional round games , in 13 seasons starting in 2004 . Pittsburgh Steelers ( Super Bowl XXX ) -- 1995 season : 11 -- 5 . In the 1996 season , they went 10 -- 6 , and won the AFC Central division . However that was only thanks to a weak division & they ended up losing in a blowout against the New England Patriots 3 -- 28 in the divisional playoffs . New England Patriots ( Super Bowl XXXI ) -- 1996 season : 11 -- 5 . In the 1997 season , they went 10 -- 6 , and won the AFC East division . The Patriots ironically lost to the Steelers in the divisional playoffs 6 -- 7 Green Bay Packers ( Super Bowl XXXII ) - 1997 season : 13 - 3 . In the 1998 season , the Packers went 11 - 5 , but lost the division title to the 15 - 1 Vikings , forcing them to settle for the fifth seed in the playoffs . They lost in the wild card to Steve Young and the 49ers on a last - second touchdown to Terrell Owens in what has been dubbed as `` The Catch II , '' a reference to The Catch . Tennessee Titans ( Super Bowl XXXIV ) -- 1999 season : 13 -- 3 . In the 2000 season , the Titans went 13 -- 3 again , clinching home -- field advantage . They lost in the divisional playoffs , however , to the Baltimore Ravens 10 -- 24 . ( Interestingly enough , the 2008 Tennessee Titans repeated this as they finished 13 - 3 , clinching home - field advantage , and losing to the Ravens in the divisional round . ) Seattle Seahawks ( Super Bowl XL ) -- 2005 season : 13 -- 3 . In the 2006 season , they slipped to 9 -- 7 , but won the NFC West division . They lost in the divisional playoffs to the Chicago Bears 24 -- 27 in overtime . New England Patriots ( Super Bowl XLII ) -- 2007 season : 16 -- 0 . After having the first perfect season since the NFL went to a 16 -- game schedule in 1978 , the Patriots went 11 -- 5 in the 2008 season and missed the playoffs barely by losing tiebreakers with Miami in their division and Baltimore for the wild card . The `` Super Bowl curse '' took a different road , since their starting quarterback , Tom Brady , suffered a season -- ending injury in the opening game of the season . Arizona Cardinals ( Super Bowl XLIII ) -- 2008 season : 9 -- 7 . In the 2009 season they improved to 10 -- 6 and won the NFC West for the second consecutive season . They lost in the divisional playoffs to the eventual Super Bowl champion New Orleans Saints 14 -- 45 . Indianapolis Colts ( Super Bowl XLIV ) -- 2009 season : 14 -- 2 . In the 2010 season they went 10 -- 6 and won the AFC South for the seventh time in eight years ; however it was the first time in 9 years that the Colts had finished a season with less than 12 wins . They lost in the wild card playoffs to the New York Jets 16 -- 17 . The following season , however , without Peyton Manning , they experienced a significant drop . They started the season 0 -- 13 , and finished 2 -- 14 , the first time out of the playoffs since 2001 . Pittsburgh Steelers ( Super Bowl XLV ) -- 2010 season : 12 -- 4 . In the 2011 season , they went 12 -- 4 again , but did not win the AFC North division , due to being swept by the Baltimore Ravens . They lost in the wild card round , in overtime , 23 -- 29 , to the Denver Broncos . New England Patriots ( Super Bowl XLVI ) -- 2011 season : 13 -- 3 . In the 2012 season , their record dropped to 12 -- 4 , but they still ended up with the number 2 seed in the AFC playoffs . They made it to the AFC Championship Game against the Ravens , but this time they lost , 13 -- 28 . San Francisco 49ers ( Super Bowl XLVII ) -- 2012 season : 11 -- 4 -- 1 . In the 2013 season , they improved to 12 -- 4 , but did not win the NFC West division as the divisional rival Seattle Seahawks had a 13 -- 3 record . They made it to the NFC Championship Game , but lost to the Seahawks , 17 -- 23 . Denver Broncos ( Super Bowl XLVIII ) -- 2013 season : 13 -- 3 . In the 2014 season , they dropped to 12 -- 4 , and were the number 2 seed in the AFC playoffs . They lost in the divisional playoffs to the Indianapolis Colts , 13 -- 24 . Seattle Seahawks : ( Super Bowl XLIX ) -- 2014 season : 12 -- 4 . In the 2015 season , they dropped to 10 -- 6 and lost the NFC West title to the Cardinals , but they entered the 2016 playoffs as the NFC 's sixth seed . The Seahawks defeated the Vikings 10 -- 9 ( only due to a missed field goal ) , but lost 24 -- 31 to the Panthers in the Divisional Round . The non-repeat curse ( edit ) Since 1993 , few winning teams have followed up their Super Bowl successes with a second Super Bowl appearance ( Denver Broncos , Dallas Cowboys and New England Patriots won ; Green Bay Packers and Seattle Seahawks lost ) , or even advanced to a conference title game in the subsequent season ( Dallas Cowboys , Seattle Seahawks ) . In the Super Bowl era two teams have lost the Super Bowl , then won it the following season . The first was the Dallas Cowboys , who lost Super Bowl V to the Baltimore Colts , but came back in 1971 and defeated the Miami Dolphins in Super Bowl VI . The Dolphins repeated the feat in 1972 when they rallied to go a perfect 17 - 0 , capping the season with a win over the Washington Redskins in Super Bowl VII . Considering the difficulty of winning even one Super Bowl in the 32 - team NFL , some would n't consider this to be a curse but rather a difficult feat . Indeed , only seven teams have won back - to - back Super Bowl championships , and only one of these seven teams have made more than two consecutive appearances in the Super Bowl , the Miami Dolphins who lost Super Bowl VI and then won Super Bowl VII ( as part of a 17 - 0 perfect season ) and defended their title in Super Bowl VIII . The only franchise to reach more than three straight title games was the Buffalo Bills who lost four Super Bowls in a row from 1990 -- 93 . This is in contrast to other North American major professional sports leagues ( MLB , NBA , NHL ) where repeat championships and even `` three - peats '' are not uncommon . Since 2005 , no incumbent holder has managed to successfully defend their title , in fact between 2006 and 2013 every defending Super Bowl champion would conclude the following season either losing their opening playoff game or failed to qualify for the playoffs . The 2014 Seattle Seahawks opened the playoffs with a win over the Carolina Panthers in the Divisional round , becoming the first defending champion since the 2005 Patriots to win a playoff game the following season . As the two - time defending Super Bowl champions , the 1990 San Francisco 49ers were favored to become first NFL team to win three consecutive Super Bowls . Dating back to 1989 , the 49ers completed a fifteen - game unbeaten streak in the regular season ( 5 victories in the last 5 games of 1989 and 10 victories in the first ten games of 1990 ) , en route to compiling the league 's best regular season record ( 14 -- 2 ) while quarterback Joe Montana was named regular season MVP . Facing the New York Giants in the NFC Championship Game , the 49ers defense was able to hold backup quarterback Jeff Hostetler and the Giants without a touchdown , but the tide of the game changed when Montana was sacked by Leonard Marshall while rolling out of the quarterback pocket ; a play which injured Montana and forced him to leave the game . With only a few minutes left , 49ers running back Roger Craig fumbled while the 49ers were attempting to score the game clinching touchdown , and the ball was recovered by the Giants ' Lawrence Taylor , setting up the drive to kick their fifth field goal of the game with seconds left to win the game 15 -- 13 . The words of Pat Summerall `` There will be no three - peat ! '' haunt 49ers fans to this day . The NFC Championship game also turned out to be Montana 's next - to - last appearance in a 49er uniform , as elbow injuries cost him the entire 1991 season , and despite his recovery he lost his starting position to Steve Young . The Seattle Seahawks were the most recent defending champions to return to the title game the following year , Super Bowl XLIX , where they faced the New England Patriots . The Seahawks built a ten - point lead to end the third quarter 24 - 14 . Previously , no team in Super Bowl history had ever overcome a fourth - quarter deficit of more than seven points . The Patriots , however , rallied with two touchdowns to take a 28 -- 24 lead with roughly two minutes left in the game . Seattle threatened to score in the final moments , driving the ball to New England 's 1 - yard line . With 26 seconds remaining in the game , they decided to pass the ball in a highly scrutinized play that resulted in Patriots rookie Malcolm Butler making a game - saving interception from Seahawks quarterback Russell Wilson . However , the game was not decided at this point since New England was backed up against its own end zone , so if Patriots quarterback Tom Brady went too far back before kneeling his team would give up two points and have to kick the ball back to the Seahawks , who would simply need to get into field goal position for a chance to win . However , Seahawks defensive lineman Michael Bennett was drawn across line of scrimmage and flagged for encroachment which penalized Seattle five yards and moved the ball to the New England six - yard line , ending Seattle 's hope of a comeback . The home field curse ( edit ) The home field curse affects the host team of the Super Bowl . From 1966 -- 2011 ( excluding the six Super Bowl games held in a stadium without a professional team ) , the Super Bowl host team had a record of 249 -- 364 -- 2 . In those 40 seasons , the host teams had 11 winning seasons , four split seasons , and 25 losing seasons . Mathematically , the probability of that many losing seasons or more occurring by chance ( assuming a 50 percent chance of having a losing season ( disregarding . 500 seasons ) ) is 7.69 percent . It should be noted , however , that in contrast to the other Big 4 North American major professional sports leagues ( Major League Baseball , the National Basketball Association , and the National Hockey League ) , whose championship round is co -- hosted by the two competing teams that season ( which gives a higher probability that both teams will have a winning season , to qualify for the playoffs ) , the Super Bowl host is selected several years before it is played , without regard to the teams that play it ( modern stadium amenities and weather are the two most prominent criteria ) . The only other major professional sports league in North America using this format is the Canadian Football League , where the Grey Cup host city is selected ahead of time . However , unlike the NFL , there have been multiple teams who have won the Grey Cup at home ) ( the CFL has only nine teams , making the odds of such an occurrence greater ) . So far no team has yet managed to reach the championship game in their home stadium , or even come close . Only two NFL teams have reached the Super Bowl hosted in their home market : the San Francisco 49ers , who played Super Bowl XIX in Stanford Stadium , rather than Candlestick Park , and the Los Angeles Rams , who played Super Bowl XIV in the Rose Bowl , rather than the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum . Besides those two , the only other Super Bowl venue that was not the home stadium to an NFL team at the time was Rice Stadium in Houston : the Houston Oilers had played there previously , but moved to the Astrodome several years prior to Super Bowl VIII . The Miami Orange Bowl was the only AFL stadium to host a Super Bowl and the only stadium to host consecutive Super Bowls , hosting Super Bowl II and III . MetLife Stadium , which hosted Super Bowl XLVIII , is the home stadium of two NFL teams : the New York Giants and the New York Jets . In a way , not having the home team play in the Super Bowl is actually beneficial to the host city as it would receive more out - of - town visitors than if the host team was playing in the Super Bowl . Combined with the increased costs of airfare and hotel during the event , the economy would see a bigger revenue boost as a larger portion of attendees would be local if the host team participated . The host team ( s ) of a Super Bowl do receive VIP section ( s ) in the stadium during the game ; for instance New York Giants quarterback Eli Manning was in the luxury suite of his team 's home MetLife Stadium during Super Bowl XLVIII , which saw the Denver Broncos quarterbacked by his brother Peyton Manning lose 43 -- 8 to the Seattle Seahawks . The Atlanta Falcons came off the 1998 season finishing 14 -- 2 season and being losing finalists in Super Bowl XXXIII . Next year , they were the host team of Super Bowl XXXIV but ending up with a 5 -- 11 record and missed the playoffs , in part due to an injury to running back Jamal Anderson who suffered a season -- ending knee injury in second game of the 1999 season . The Indianapolis Colts were in a rare situation at the end of the 2011 season , becoming the fourth host team of a Super Bowl to have the worst record in the NFL for their particular season . This also happened to the 1973 Houston Oilers ( Super Bowl VIII ) , the 1980 New Orleans Saints ( Super Bowl XV ) , and the 1983 Tampa Bay Buccaneers ( Super Bowl XVIII ) . The New Orleans Saints , whose home stadium ( the Mercedes - Benz Superdome ) hosted Super Bowl XLVII , were eliminated from post -- season contention in Week 16 and finished 7 -- 9 for the 2012 season . The team had a 13 -- 3 record in the 2009 season following by winning Super Bowl XLIV , a 11 -- 5 record in the 2010 season , and then a 13 -- 3 record in the 2011 season . Some media outlets such as Fox Sports and Sports Illustrated have claimed that the Home Field Curse was in effect in 2012 . However , the Saints were affected heavily by the bounty scandal , which resulted in Commissioner Roger Goodell imposing disciplinary action on the team which included the suspension of several coaches and players for the season , particularly head coach Sean Payton and former Saints defensive coordinator Gregg Williams who were banned for the entire year . The hosts curse had a wider effect on the Los Angeles Chargers when they played in San Diego . Every time San Diego has hosted the Super Bowl , an AFC West rival has represented the AFC : the Broncos in Super Bowl XXII and XXXII -- the Broncos winning the latter -- and the Raiders in XXXVII . Besides San Diego , the other instances where a divisional rival of the host has played in the Super Bowl were : Super Bowl III , which the New York Jets won in the Miami Dolphins ' Orange Bowl ; Super Bowl XXX , which the Dallas Cowboys won in the Arizona Cardinals ' Sun Devil Stadium ; the St. Louis Rams , who won Super Bowl XXXIV in the Atlanta Falcons ' Georgia Dome and lost Super Bowl XXXVI in the New Orleans Saints ' Louisiana Superdome ; and the Seattle Seahawks , who played in Super Bowl XLIX in the Arizona Cardinals ' University of Phoenix Stadium . Super Bowl XLVIII had the distinction of having two host teams : the New York Jets , and the New York Giants , as both play their home games at MetLife Stadium . Although it was conceivably possible to make NFL history as the first ever Super Bowl with two host teams playing against each other on the same turf , both teams were eliminated from postseason contention in week 15 of the 2013 regular season . That season the Giants got off to an 0 -- 6 start . Super Bowl 50 was held at Levi 's Stadium and during the 2015 offseason , the San Francisco 49ers parted ways with highly successful coach Jim Harbaugh as a result of going 8 -- 8 in the 2014 season and a power struggle with general manager Trent Baalke . Under Harbaugh from 2011 -- 14 , the team reached the NFC Championship Game three straight times and narrowly lost Super Bowl XLVII , a dramatic improvement as prior to his hiring the 49ers had not had a winning season nor playoff win since 2002 . CEO Jed York replaced Harbaugh by promoting defensive line coach Jim Tomsula , a highly criticized hiring motivated by York 's desire to have full control of the franchise rather than hiring the best possible candidate for the job . This move subsequently led to many assistant coaches refusing to serve on Tomsula 's coaching staff . Furthermore , the 49ers were also affected by the unexpected retirements of Patrick Willis , Chris Borland , and Anthony Davis , who were all in their prime of their careers , the free agent departures of Frank Gore and Mike Iupati , and the release of Aldon Smith after getting arrested again . With an unprecedented roster turnover , the 49ers would struggle to a 5 -- 11 season with Colin Kaepernick ending the season on injured reserve after being benched . The 49ers would ultimately be eliminated from the postseason in Week 14 of the 2015 regular season and Tomsula would be fired after just one season . The most recent team to qualify to play in the NFL playoffs in the same season it was scheduled to host the Super Bowl is the 2016 Houston Texans ; NRG Stadium , the Texans ' home stadium , hosted Super Bowl LI . The Texans defeated the Oakland Raiders 27 -- 14 in the Wild Card round , but lost 34 -- 16 to the New England Patriots in the Divisional round . The Texans are the third Super Bowl host ( and first since the 1998 Miami Dolphins ) to reach the divisional round . Further reading ( edit ) `` Credit Belichick for beating Super Bowl curse '' . The Sacramento Bee . October 25 , 2006 . pp. C3 . Freeman , Mike ( December 12 , 1991 ) . `` Fans cry : Off with Giants ' Head ( Coach ) ! '' . The Washington Post . Green Jr. , Ron ( November 5 , 2004 ) . `` Lost - the - Super-Bowl blues afflict Panthers , Raiders '' . The Charlotte Observer . pp. 2C . `` Less and more than rumored Miami and the Super Bowl curse '' . Sarasota Herald Tribune . January 30 , 1999 . Penner , Mike ( August 27 , 2006 ) . `` Curses are reality to fantasy leaguers '' . Los Angeles Times . pp. D. 2 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Boswell , Thomas ( September 21 , 1992 ) . `` A Curse but not yet a sin '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Gruber , Jack ( February 6 , 2007 ) . `` Champions , for now -- Super Bowl curse could vex Colts , Bears '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 19 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Simpson , Matt ( September 17 , 2006 ) . `` Seattle out to break Super Bowl curse '' . East Valley Tribune . Retrieved April 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Game Notes : Oakland Raiders 35 Carolina Panthers 32 '' . Oakland Raiders . November 27 , 2016 . Retrieved January 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Belson , Ken ( February 1 , 2010 ) . `` Is the Super Bowl curse real ? Just ask Brady , Alexander and others '' . National Football League . Retrieved February 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 NFL Standings , Team & Offensive Statistics '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 13 . External links ( edit ) Maske , Mark ( June 15 , 2006 ) . `` Seahawks hope to buck Super Bowl curse '' . Washington Post . ( hide ) Super Bowl NFL NFC Championship AFC Championship Football Bowl games 1960s I ( 1967 ) II ( 1968 ) III ( 1969 ) 1970s IV ( 1970 ) V ( 1971 ) VI ( 1972 ) VII ( 1973 ) VIII ( 1974 ) IX ( 1975 ) X ( 1976 ) XI ( 1977 ) XII ( 1978 ) XIII ( 1979 ) 1980s XIV ( 1980 ) XV ( 1981 ) XVI ( 1982 ) XVII ( 1983 ) XVIII ( 1984 ) XIX ( 1985 ) XX ( 1986 ) XXI ( 1987 ) XXII ( 1988 ) XXIII ( 1989 ) 1990s XXIV ( 1990 ) XXV ( 1991 ) XXVI ( 1992 ) XXVII ( 1993 ) XXVIII ( 1994 ) XXIX ( 1995 ) XXX ( 1996 ) XXXI ( 1997 ) XXXII ( 1998 ) XXXIII ( 1999 ) 2000s XXXIV ( 2000 ) XXXV ( 2001 ) XXXVI ( 2002 ) XXXVII ( 2003 ) XXXVIII ( 2004 ) XXXIX ( 2005 ) XL ( 2006 ) XLI ( 2007 ) XLII ( 2008 ) XLIII ( 2009 ) 2010s XLIV ( 2010 ) XLV ( 2011 ) XLVI ( 2012 ) XLVII ( 2013 ) XLVIII ( 2014 ) XLIX ( 2015 ) 50 ( 2016 ) LI ( 2017 ) LII ( 2018 ) LIII ( 2019 ) 2020s LIV ( 2020 ) LV ( 2021 ) LVI ( 2022 ) People Champions Pre-Super Bowl NFL champions Head coaches Active head coach history Quarterbacks Officials Awards , trophies , records Super Bowl ring Vince Lombardi Trophy Most Valuable Players Records Broadcast and production National anthem Halftime Commercials USA Today Ad Meter Adbowl List Broadcast Network broadcasters Counterprogramming Lead - out programming Television ratings Super Bowl Sunday Curse Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Super_Bowl_curse&oldid=810010106 '' Categories : American football - related curses History of the Super Bowl Sports - related curses Urban legends Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from November 2010 All articles needing additional references Articles lacking reliable references from November 2010 All articles lacking reliable references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 12 November 2017 , at 21 : 54 . 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what flags have the union jack in them

List of countries and territories with the Union Jack displayed on their flag

list of countries and territories with the union jack displayed on their flag

This is a list of countries and territories with a flag that incorporates the Union Jack . Six Commonwealth nations have the Union Jack on their national flag . The first Commonwealth country to drop the Union Jack was Canada in 1965 , after adopting a new national flag . The most recent country to drop the Union Jack from its flag was South Africa in 1994 , after adopting a new national flag . The only overseas territory without the Union Jack on its current flag is Gibraltar .

The list also includes overseas territories , provinces and states . Contents 1 Current 1.1 Commonwealth nations 1.2 Overseas territories 1.3 Federal , provinces , territories and states 1.4 Cities 2 Former 2.1 Commonwealth realms 2.2 Dominion Current ( edit ) Commonwealth nations ( edit ) Country Flag Adopted Form of Government Australia 1908 Commonwealth realm Fiji 1970 Republic New Zealand 1902 Commonwealth realm Tuvalu United Kingdom 1801 Overseas territories ( edit ) Overseas Territory Flag Adopted Type Sovereign country Akrotiri and Dhekelia 1801 British Overseas Territory United Kingdom Anguilla 1990 Ascension Island 2013 Bermuda 1910 British Antarctic Territory 1963 British Indian Ocean Territory 1990 British Virgin Islands 1960 Cayman Islands 1958 Cook Islands 1979 Realm of New Zealand New Zealand Falkland Islands 1999 British Overseas Territory United Kingdom Niue Realm of New Zealand New Zealand Montserrat 1909 British Overseas Territory United Kingdom Pitcairn Islands 1984 Ross Dependency Realm of New Zealand New Zealand Saint Helena 1984 British Overseas Territory United Kingdom South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 1985 Tristan da Cunha 2002 Turks and Caicos Islands 1968 Federal , provinces , territories and states ( edit ) Federal subject Flag Adopted Status Sovereign country British Columbia 1960 Province of Canada Canada Hawaii 1845 U.S. state United States Manitoba 1966 Province of Canada Canada New South Wales 1876 State of Australia Australia Ontario 1965 Province of Canada Canada Queensland 1876 State of Australia Australia South Australia 1904 Tasmania 1876 Victoria 1870 Western Australia 1953 Cities ( edit ) Federal subject Flag Adopted Sovereign country Baton Rouge 1995 United States Coquimbo Chile Mobile 1961 United States Taunton United States Former ( edit ) Commonwealth realms ( edit ) Sovereign country Flag ( last ) Years Flag ( new ) Canada 1957 -- 1965 Union of South Africa 1928 -- 1994 Dominion ( edit ) Dominion Flag ( last ) Years Flag ( new ) Australia 1903 -- 1908 Canada 1921 -- 1957 South Africa 1912 -- 1928 Newfoundland 1907 -- 1931 National and regional flags incorporating the Union Jack Sovereign states Australia Fiji New Zealand Tuvalu United Kingdom Dependent territories United Kingdom Anguilla Ascension Island Bermuda British Antarctic Territory British Indian Ocean Territory British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Falkland Islands Montserrat Pitcairn Islands Saint Helena South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Tristan da Cunha Turks and Caicos Islands New Zealand Cook Islands Niue Ross Dependency States , provinces and other administrative divisions Australia New South Wales Queensland South Australia Tasmania Victoria Western Australia Canada British Columbia Manitoba Ontario United States Hawaii Cities Chile Coquimbo United States Baton Rouge , Louisiana Mobile , Alabama Taunton , Massachusetts Miscellaneous Flags based on British ensigns Mosquito Kingdom ( 1844 -- 1860 ) List of British flags Historical flags of the British Empire George Rex Flag Flags inspired by the Union Jack Basque Country St. Pierre & Miquelon Newfoundland & Labrador Historical Canada South Africa Newfoundland Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_countries_and_territories_with_the_Union_Jack_displayed_on_their_flag&oldid=851994774 '' Categories : National symbols of the United Kingdom Lists and galleries of flags National symbols of Fiji National symbols of Australia National symbols of New Zealand National symbols of Tuvalu Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 25 July 2018 , at 22 : 31 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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when does the cold war start and end

The Cold War was a state of geopolitical tension after World War II between powers in the Eastern Bloc ( the Soviet Union and its satellite states ) and powers in the Western Bloc ( the United States , its NATO allies and others ) . Historians do not fully agree on the dates , but a common timeframe is the period between 1947 , the year the Truman Doctrine , a U.S. foreign policy pledging to aid nations threatened by Soviet expansionism , was announced , and either 1989 , when communism fell in Eastern Europe , or 1991 , when the Soviet Union collapsed . The term `` cold '' is used because there was no large - scale fighting directly between the two sides , but they each supported major regional wars known as proxy wars .

Cold War

cold war

The Cold War was a state of geopolitical tension after World War II between powers in the Eastern Bloc ( the Soviet Union and its satellite states ) and powers in the Western Bloc ( the United States , its NATO allies and others ) . Historians do not fully agree on the dates , but a common timeframe is the period between 1947 , the year the Truman Doctrine , a U.S. foreign policy pledging to aid nations threatened by Soviet expansionism , was announced , and either 1989 , when communism fell in Eastern Europe , or 1991 , when the Soviet Union collapsed . The term `` cold '' is used because there was no large - scale fighting directly between the two sides , but they each supported major regional wars known as proxy wars .

The Cold War split the temporary wartime alliance against Nazi Germany , leaving the Soviet Union and the United States as two superpowers with profound economic and political differences . The USSR was a Marxist -- Leninist state led by its Communist Party , which in turn was dominated by a leader with different titles over time , and a small committee called the Politburo . The Party controlled the press , the military , the economy and many organizations . It also controlled the other states in the Eastern Bloc , and funded Communist parties around the world , sometimes in competition with Communist China , particularly following the Sino - Soviet split of the 1960s . In opposition stood the capitalist West , led by the United States , a federal republic with a two - party presidential system . The First World nations of the Western Bloc were generally liberal democratic with a free press and independent organizations , but were economically and politically entwined with a network of banana republics and other authoritarian regimes throughout the Third World , most of which were the Western Bloc 's former colonies . Some major Cold War frontlines such as Vietnam , Indonesia , and the Congo were still Western colonies in 1947 . A small neutral bloc arose with the Non-Aligned Movement ; it sought good relations with both sides . The two superpowers never engaged directly in full - scale armed combat , but they were heavily armed in preparation for a possible all - out nuclear world war . Each side had a nuclear strategy that discouraged an attack by the other side , on the basis that such an attack would lead to the total destruction of the attacker -- the doctrine of mutually assured destruction ( MAD ) . Aside from the development of the two sides ' nuclear arsenals , and their deployment of conventional military forces , the struggle for dominance was expressed via proxy wars around the globe , psychological warfare , massive propaganda campaigns and espionage , rivalry at sports events , and technological competitions such as the Space Race . The first phase of the Cold War began in the first two years after the end of the Second World War in 1945 . The USSR consolidated its control over the states of the Eastern Bloc , while the United States began a strategy of global containment to challenge Soviet power , extending military and financial aid to the countries of Western Europe ( for example , supporting the anti-communist side in the Greek Civil War ) and creating the NATO alliance . The Berlin Blockade ( 1948 -- 49 ) was the first major crisis of the Cold War . With the victory of the communist side in the Chinese Civil War and the outbreak of the Korean War ( 1950 -- 53 ) , the conflict expanded . The USSR and the USA competed for influence in Latin America and the decolonizing states of Africa and Asia . Meanwhile , the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 was stopped by the Soviets . The expansion and escalation sparked more crises , such as the Suez Crisis ( 1956 ) , the Berlin Crisis of 1961 , and the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 . Following the Cuban Missile Crisis , a new phase began that saw the Sino - Soviet split complicate relations within the communist sphere , while US allies , particularly France , demonstrated greater independence of action . The USSR crushed the 1968 Prague Spring liberalization program in Czechoslovakia , and the Vietnam War ( 1955 -- 75 ) ended with the defeat of the US - backed Republic of Vietnam , prompting further adjustments . By the 1970s , both sides had become interested in making allowances in order to create a more stable and predictable international system , ushering in a period of détente that saw Strategic Arms Limitation Talks and the US opening relations with the People 's Republic of China as a strategic counterweight to the Soviet Union . Détente collapsed at the end of the decade with the beginning of the Soviet -- Afghan War in 1979 . The early 1980s were another period of elevated tension , with the Soviet downing of Korean Air Lines Flight 007 ( 1983 ) , and the `` Able Archer '' NATO military exercises ( 1983 ) . The United States increased diplomatic , military , and economic pressures on the Soviet Union , at a time when the communist state was already suffering from economic stagnation . In the mid-1980s , the new Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev introduced the liberalizing reforms of perestroika ( `` reorganization '' , 1987 ) and glasnost ( `` openness '' , c. 1985 ) and ended Soviet involvement in Afghanistan . Pressures for national independence grew stronger in Eastern Europe , especially Poland . Gorbachev meanwhile refused to use Soviet troops to bolster the faltering Warsaw Pact regimes as had occurred in the past . The result in 1989 was a wave of revolutions that peacefully ( with the exception of the Romanian Revolution ) overthrew all of the communist regimes of Central and Eastern Europe . The Communist Party of the Soviet Union itself lost control and was banned following an abortive coup attempt in August 1991 . This in turn led to the formal dissolution of the USSR in December 1991 and the collapse of communist regimes in other countries such as Mongolia , Cambodia and South Yemen . The United States remained as the world 's only superpower . The Cold War and its events have left a significant legacy . It is often referred to in popular culture , especially in media featuring themes of espionage ( notably the internationally successful James Bond book and film franchise ) and the threat of nuclear warfare . Meanwhile , a renewed state of tension between the Soviet Union 's successor state , Russia , and the United States in the 2010s ( including its Western allies ) has been referred to as the Second Cold War . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins of the term 2 Background 2.1 Russian Revolution 2.2 Beginnings of World War II 3 End of World War II ( 1945 -- 1947 ) 3.1 Wartime conferences regarding post-war Europe 3.2 Potsdam Conference and surrender of Japan 3.3 Beginnings of the Eastern Bloc 3.4 Preparing for a `` new war '' 4 Beginnings of the Cold War ( 1947 -- 1953 ) 4.1 Containment and the Truman Doctrine 4.2 Marshall Plan and Czechoslovak coup d'état 4.3 Cominform and the Tito -- Stalin Split 4.4 Berlin Blockade and airlift 4.5 Beginnings of NATO and Radio Free Europe 4.6 Chinese Civil War and SEATO 4.7 Korean War 5 Crisis and escalation ( 1953 -- 1962 ) 5.1 Khrushchev , Eisenhower and de-Stalinization 5.2 Warsaw Pact and Hungarian Revolution 5.3 Berlin ultimatum and European integration 5.4 Competition in the Third World 5.5 Sino - Soviet split 5.6 Space Race 5.7 Cuban Revolution and the Bay of Pigs Invasion 5.8 Berlin Crisis of 1961 5.9 Cuban Missile Crisis and Khrushchev 's ouster 6 Confrontation through détente ( 1962 -- 1979 ) 6.1 French withdrawal from NATO 6.2 Invasion of Czechoslovakia 6.3 Brezhnev Doctrine 6.4 Third World escalations 6.5 Sino - American rapprochement 6.6 Nixon , Brezhnev , and détente 6.7 Late 1970s deterioration of relations 7 `` Second Cold War '' ( 1979 -- 1985 ) 7.1 Soviet War in Afghanistan 7.2 Reagan and Thatcher 7.3 Polish Solidarity movement and martial law 7.4 Soviet and US military and economic issues 8 Final years ( 1985 -- 1991 ) 8.1 Gorbachev 's reforms 8.2 Thaw in relations 8.3 Eastern Europe breaks away 8.4 Soviet republics break away 8.5 Soviet dissolution 9 Aftermath 9.1 In popular culture 10 Historiography 11 See also 12 Footnotes 13 References and further reading 13.1 Historiography and memory 13.2 Primary sources 14 External links Origins of the term Part of a series on the History of the Cold War Origins of the Cold War World War II ( Hiroshima and Nagasaki ) War conferences Eastern Bloc Western Bloc Iron Curtain Cold War ( 1947 -- 1953 ) Cold War ( 1953 -- 1962 ) Cold War ( 1962 -- 1979 ) Cold War ( 1979 -- 1985 ) Cold War ( 1985 -- 1991 ) Frozen conflicts Timeline Conflicts Historiography Main article : Cold war ( general term ) At the end of World War II , English writer George Orwell used cold war , as a general term , in his essay `` You and the Atomic Bomb '' , published 19 October 1945 in the British newspaper Tribune . Contemplating a world living in the shadow of the threat of nuclear warfare , Orwell looked at James Burnham 's predictions of a polarized world , writing : Looking at the world as a whole , the drift for many decades has been not towards anarchy but towards the reimposition of slavery ... James Burnham 's theory has been much discussed , but few people have yet considered its ideological implications -- that is , the kind of world - view , the kind of beliefs , and the social structure that would probably prevail in a state which was at once unconquerable and in a permanent state of `` cold war '' with its neighbours . In The Observer of 10 March 1946 , Orwell wrote , `` after the Moscow conference last December , Russia began to make a ' cold war ' on Britain and the British Empire . '' The first use of the term to describe the specific post-war geopolitical confrontation between the USSR and the United States came in a speech by Bernard Baruch , an influential advisor to Democratic presidents , on 16 April 1947 . The speech , written by journalist Herbert Bayard Swope , proclaimed , `` Let us not be deceived : we are today in the midst of a cold war . '' Newspaper columnist Walter Lippmann gave the term wide currency with his book The Cold War ; when asked in 1947 about the source of the term , Lippmann traced it to a French term from the 1930s , la guerre froide . Background Main article : Origins of the Cold War Russian Revolution Allied troops in Vladivostok , August 1918 , during the Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War . While most historians trace its origins to the period immediately following World War II , others argue that it began with the October Revolution in Russia in 1917 when the Bolsheviks took power . In 1919 Lenin stated that his new state was surrounded by a `` hostile capitalist encirclement '' , and he viewed diplomacy as a weapon that should be used in order to keep the Soviet Union 's enemies divided , beginning with the establishment of the Communist International , which called for revolutionary upheavals abroad . Historian Max Beloff argues that the Soviets saw `` no prospect of permanent peace '' , with the 1922 Soviet Constitution proclaiming : Since the time of the formation of the soviet republics , the states of the world have divided into two camps : the camp of capitalism and the camp of socialism . There - in the camp of capitalism - national enmity and inequality , colonial slavery , and chauvinism , national oppression and pogroms , imperialist brutalities and wars . Here - in the camp of socialism - mutual confidence and peace , national freedom and equality , a dwelling together in peace and the brotherly collaboration of peoples . According to British historian Christopher Sutton : In what some have called the First Cold War , from Britain 's intervention in the Russian Civil War in 1918 to its uneasy alliance with the Soviet Union against the Axis powers in 1941 , British distrust of the revolutionary and regicidal Bolsheviks resulted in domestic , foreign , and colonial policies aimed at resisting the spread of communism . This conflict after 1945 took on new battlefields , new weapons , new players , and a greater intensity , but it was still fundamentally a conflict against Soviet imperialism ( real and imagined ) . The idea of long - term continuity is a minority scholarly view that has been challenged . Frank Ninkovich writes : As for the two cold wars thesis , the chief problem is that the two periods are incommensurable . To be sure , they were joined together by enduring ideological hostility , but in the post-World War I years Bolshevism was not a geopolitical menace . After World War II , in contrast , the Soviet Union was a superpower that combined ideological antagonism with the kind of geopolitical threat posed by Germany and Japan in the Second World War . Even with more amicable relations in the 1920s , it is conceivable that post-1945 relations would have turned out much the same . Beginnings of World War II After signing the Molotov - Ribbentrop pact and German -- Soviet Frontier Treaty , the Soviet Union forced the Baltic countries -- Estonia , Latvia and Lithuania -- to allow it to station Soviet troops in their countries under pacts of `` mutual assistance '' . Finland rejected territorial demands , prompting a Soviet invasion in November 1939 . The resulting Winter War ended in March 1940 with Finnish concessions . Britain and France , treating the Soviet attack on Finland as tantamount to its entering the war on the side of the Germans , responded to the Soviet invasion by supporting the USSR 's expulsion from the League of Nations . In June 1940 , the Soviet Union forcibly annexed Estonia , Latvia and Lithuania , and the disputed Romanian regions of Bessarabia , Northern Bukovina and Hertza . But after the German Army invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941 and the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor in December 1941 , the Soviet Union and the Allied powers formed an alliance of convenience . Britain signed a formal alliance and the United States made an informal agreement . In wartime , the United States supplied Britain , the Soviet Union and other Allied nations through its Lend - Lease Program . However , Stalin remained highly suspicious and he believed that the British and the Americans had conspired to ensure that the Soviets bore the brunt of the fighting against Nazi Germany . According to this view , the Western Allies had deliberately delayed opening a second anti-German front in order to step in at the last minute and shape the peace settlement . Thus , Soviet perceptions of the West left a strong undercurrent of tension and hostility between the Allied powers . End of World War II ( 1945 -- 1947 ) Wartime CONFERENCES regarding post-war Europe Further information : Tehran Conference and Yalta Conference The `` Big Three '' at the Yalta Conference : Winston Churchill , Franklin D. Roosevelt and Joseph Stalin , 1945 . The Allies disagreed about how the European map should look , and how borders would be drawn , following the war . Each side held dissimilar ideas regarding the establishment and maintenance of post-war security . Some scholars contend that all the Western Allies desired a security system in which democratic governments were established as widely as possible , permitting countries to peacefully resolve differences through international organizations . Others note that the Atlantic powers were divided in their vision of the new post-war world . Roosevelt 's goals -- military victory in both Europe and Asia , the achievement of global American economic supremacy over the British Empire , and the creation of a world peace organization -- were more global than Churchill 's , which were mainly centered on securing control over the Mediterranean , ensuring the survival of the British Empire , and the independence of Central and Eastern European countries as a buffer between the Soviets and the United Kingdom . The Soviet Union sought to dominate the internal affairs of countries that bordered it . During the war , Stalin had created special training centers for communists from different countries so that they could set up secret police forces loyal to Moscow as soon as the Red Army took control . Soviet agents took control of the media , especially radio ; they quickly harassed and then banned all independent civic institutions , from youth groups to schools , churches and rival political parties . Stalin also sought continued peace with Britain and the United States , hoping to focus on internal reconstruction and economic growth . In the American view , Stalin seemed a potential ally in accomplishing their goals , whereas in the British approach Stalin appeared as the greatest threat to the fulfillment of their agenda . With the Soviets already occupying most of Central and Eastern Europe , Stalin was at an advantage and the two western leaders vied for his favors . The differences between Roosevelt and Churchill led to several separate deals with the Soviets . In October 1944 , Churchill traveled to Moscow and proposed the `` percentages agreement '' to divide the Balkans into respective spheres of influence , including giving Stalin predominance over Romania and Bulgaria and Churchill carte blanche over Greece . At the Yalta Conference of February 1945 , Roosevelt signed a separate deal with Stalin in regard of Asia and refused to support Churchill on the issues of Poland and the Reparations . Roosevelt ultimately approved the percentage agreement , but there was still apparently no firm consensus on the framework for a post-war settlement in Europe . Post-war Allied occupation zones in Germany . At the Second Quebec Conference , a high - level military conference held in Quebec City , 12 -- 16 September 1944 , Churchill and Roosevelt reached agreement on a number of matters , including a plan for Germany , based on Henry Morgenthau Jr. 's original proposal . The memorandum drafted by Churchill provided for `` eliminating the warmaking industries in the Ruhr and the Saar ... looking forward to converting Germany into a country primarily agricultural and pastoral in its character . '' However , it no longer included a plan to partition the country into several independent states . On 10 May 1945 , President Truman signed the U.S. occupation directive JCS 1067 . The directive , which was in effect for over two years , and was enthusiastically supported by Stalin , directed the U.S. forces of occupation to `` ... take no steps looking toward the economic rehabilitation of Germany '' . Some historians have argued that the Cold War began when the US negotiated a separate peace with Nazi SS General Karl Wolff in northern Italy . The Soviet Union was not allowed to participate and the dispute led to heated correspondence between Franklin Roosevelt and Stalin . General Wolff , a war criminal , appears to have been guaranteed immunity at the Nuremberg trials by Office of Strategic Services ( OSS ) commander ( and later CIA director ) Allen Dulles when they met in March 1945 . Wolff and his forces were being considered to help implement Operation Unthinkable , a secret plan to invade the Soviet Union which Winston Churchill advocated during this period . In April 1945 , President Roosevelt died and was succeeded by Harry S. Truman , who distrusted Stalin and turned for advice to an elite group of foreign policy intellectuals . Both Churchill and Truman opposed , among other things , the Soviets ' decision to prop up the Lublin government , the Soviet - controlled rival to the Polish government - in - exile in London , whose relations with the Soviets had been severed . Following the Allies ' May 1945 victory , the Soviets effectively occupied Central and Eastern Europe , while strong US and Western allied forces remained in Western Europe . In Germany and Austria , France , Britain , the Soviet Union and the United States established zones of occupation and a loose framework for parceled four - power control . The 1945 Allied conference in San Francisco established the multi-national United Nations ( UN ) for the maintenance of world peace , but the enforcement capacity of its Security Council was effectively paralyzed by individual members ' ability to use veto power . Accordingly , the UN was essentially converted into an inactive forum for exchanging polemical rhetoric , and the Soviets regarded it almost exclusively as a propaganda tribune . Potsdam Conference and surrender of Japan Main articles : Potsdam Conference and Surrender of Japan Clement Attlee , Harry S. Truman and Joseph Stalin at the Potsdam Conference , 1945 . At the Potsdam Conference , which started in late July after Germany 's surrender , serious differences emerged over the future development of Germany and the rest of Central and Eastern Europe . Moreover , the participants ' mounting antipathy and bellicose language served to confirm their suspicions about each other 's hostile intentions and entrench their positions . At this conference Truman informed Stalin that the United States possessed a powerful new weapon . Stalin was aware that the Americans were working on the atomic bomb and , given that the Soviets ' own rival program was in place , he reacted to the news calmly . The Soviet leader said he was pleased by the news and expressed the hope that the weapon would be used against Japan . One week after the end of the Potsdam Conference , the US bombed Hiroshima and Nagasaki . Shortly after the attacks , Stalin protested to US officials when Truman offered the Soviets little real influence in occupied Japan . Beginnings of the Eastern Bloc Main article : Eastern Bloc Post-war territorial changes in Europe and the formation of the Eastern Bloc , the so - called ' Iron Curtain ' . During the opening stages of World War II , the Soviet Union laid the foundation for the Eastern Bloc by invading and then annexing several countries as Soviet Socialist Republics , by agreement with Nazi Germany in the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact . These included eastern Poland ( incorporated into two different SSRs ) , Latvia ( which became the Latvian SSR ) , Estonia ( which became the Estonian SSR ) , Lithuania ( which became the Lithuanian SSR ) , part of eastern Finland ( which became the Karelo - Finnish SSR ) and eastern Romania ( which became the Moldavian SSR ) . The Central and Eastern European territories liberated from the Nazis and occupied by the Soviet armed forces were added to the Eastern Bloc by converting them into satellite states , such as : People 's Republic of Albania ( 11 January 1946 ) People 's Republic of Bulgaria ( 15 September 1946 ) People 's Republic of Poland ( 19 January 1947 ) People 's Republic of Romania ( 13 April 1948 ) Czechoslovak Socialist Republic ( 9 May 1948 ) Hungarian People 's Republic ( 20 August 1949 ) German Democratic Republic ( 7 October 1949 ) The Soviet - style regimes that arose in the Bloc not only reproduced Soviet command economies , but also adopted the brutal methods employed by Joseph Stalin and the Soviet secret police in order to suppress both real and potential opposition . In Asia , the Red Army had overrun Manchuria in the last month of the war , and it went on to occupy the large swathe of Korean territory located north of the 38th parallel . As part of consolidating Stalin 's control over the Eastern Bloc , the People 's Commissariat for Internal Affairs ( NKVD ) , led by Lavrentiy Beriya , supervised the establishment of Soviet - style secret police systems in the Bloc that were supposed to crush anti-communist resistance . When the slightest stirrings of independence emerged in the Bloc , Stalin 's strategy matched that of dealing with domestic pre-war rivals : they were removed from power , put on trial , imprisoned , and in several instances , executed . British Prime Minister Winston Churchill was concerned that , given the enormous size of Soviet forces deployed in Europe at the end of the war , and the perception that Soviet leader Joseph Stalin was unreliable , there existed a Soviet threat to Western Europe . After World War II , US officials guided Western European leaders in establishing their own secret security force to prevent subversion in the Western bloc , which evolved into Operation Gladio . Preparing for a `` new War '' Further information : X Article § The Long Telegram , Iron Curtain , and Restatement of Policy on Germany Remains of the `` iron curtain '' in Czech Republic . In February 1946 , George F. Kennan 's `` Long Telegram '' from Moscow helped to articulate the US government 's increasingly hard line against the Soviets , and became the basis for US strategy toward the Soviet Union for the duration of the Cold War . That September , the Soviet side produced the Novikov telegram , sent by the Soviet ambassador to the US but commissioned and `` co-authored '' by Vyacheslav Molotov ; it portrayed the US as being in the grip of monopoly capitalists who were building up military capability `` to prepare the conditions for winning world supremacy in a new war '' . On 6 September 1946 , James F. Byrnes delivered a speech in Germany repudiating the Morgenthau Plan ( a proposal to partition and de-industrialize post-war Germany ) and warning the Soviets that the US intended to maintain a military presence in Europe indefinitely . As Byrnes admitted a month later , `` The nub of our program was to win the German people ... it was a battle between us and Russia over minds ... '' A few weeks after the release of this `` Long Telegram '' , former British Prime Minister Winston Churchill delivered his famous `` Iron Curtain '' speech in Fulton , Missouri . The speech called for an Anglo - American alliance against the Soviets , whom he accused of establishing an `` iron curtain '' from `` Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic '' . Only a week later , on 13 March Stalin responded vigorously to the speech , saying that Churchill could be compared to Hitler insofar as he advocated the racial superiority of English - speaking nations so that they could satisfy their hunger for world domination , and that such a declaration was `` a call for war on the U.S.S.R. '' The Soviet leader also dismissed the accusation that the USSR was exerting increasing control over the countries lying in its sphere . He argued that there was nothing surprising in `` the fact that the Soviet Union , anxious for its future safety , ( was ) trying to see to it that governments loyal in their attitude to the Soviet Union should exist in these countries '' . 1 Beginnings of the Cold War ( 1947 -- 1953 ) Main article : Cold War ( 1947 -- 1953 ) Containment and the Truman Doctrine Main articles : Containment and Truman Doctrine European military alliances European economic alliances By 1947 , US president Harry S. Truman was outraged by the Soviet Union 's perceived resistance to American demands in Iran , Turkey and Greece , as well as their rejection of the Baruch Plan on nuclear weapons . In February 1947 , the British government announced that it could no longer afford to finance the Kingdom of Greece in its civil war against Communist - led insurgents . The US government 's response to this announcement was the adoption of containment , the goal of which was to stop the spread of Communism . Truman delivered a speech that called for the allocation of $400 million to intervene in the war and unveiled the Truman Doctrine , which framed the conflict as a contest between free peoples and totalitarian regimes . American policymakers accused the Soviet Union of conspiring against the Greek royalists in an effort to expand Soviet influence even though Stalin had told the Communist Party to cooperate with the British - backed government . ( The insurgents were helped by Josip Broz Tito 's Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia against Stalin 's wishes . ) Enunciation of the Truman Doctrine marked the beginning of a US bipartisan defense and foreign policy consensus between Republicans and Democrats focused on containment and deterrence that weakened during and after the Vietnam War , but ultimately persisted thereafter . Moderate and conservative parties in Europe , as well as social democrats , gave virtually unconditional support to the Western alliance , while European and American Communists , financed by the KGB and involved in its intelligence operations , adhered to Moscow 's line , although dissent began to appear after 1956 . Other critiques of the consensus policy came from anti-Vietnam War activists , the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament and the anti-nuclear movement . Marshall Plan and czechoslovak coup d'état Main articles : Marshall Plan , Western Bloc , and 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état The labeling used on Marshall Plan aid to Western Europe ; Map of Cold - War era Europe and the Near East showing countries that received Marshall Plan aid . The red columns show the relative amount of total aid received per nation ; Construction in West Berlin under Marshall Plan aid . In early 1947 , France , Britain and the United States unsuccessfully attempted to reach an agreement with the Soviet Union for a plan envisioning an economically self - sufficient Germany , including a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods and infrastructure already removed by the Soviets . In June 1947 , in accordance with the Truman Doctrine , the United States enacted the Marshall Plan , a pledge of economic assistance for all European countries willing to participate , including the Soviet Union . Under the plan , which President Harry S. Truman signed on 3 April 1948 , the US government gave to Western European countries over $13 billion ( equivalent to $189.39 billion in 2016 ) to rebuild the economy of Europe . Later , the program led to the creation of the Organisation for European Economic Co-operation . The plan 's aim was to rebuild the democratic and economic systems of Europe and to counter perceived threats to Europe 's balance of power , such as communist parties seizing control through revolutions or elections . The plan also stated that European prosperity was contingent upon German economic recovery . One month later , Truman signed the National Security Act of 1947 , creating a unified Department of Defense , the Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) , and the National Security Council ( NSC ) . These would become the main bureaucracies for US policy in the Cold War . Stalin believed that economic integration with the West would allow Eastern Bloc countries to escape Soviet control , and that the US was trying to buy a pro-US re-alignment of Europe . Stalin therefore prevented Eastern Bloc nations from receiving Marshall Plan aid . The Soviet Union 's alternative to the Marshall Plan , which was purported to involve Soviet subsidies and trade with central and eastern Europe , became known as the Molotov Plan ( later institutionalized in January 1949 as the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance ) . Stalin was also fearful of a reconstituted Germany ; his vision of a post-war Germany did not include the ability to rearm or pose any kind of threat to the Soviet Union . In early 1948 , following reports of strengthening `` reactionary elements '' , Soviet operatives executed a coup d'état in Czechoslovakia , the only Eastern Bloc state that the Soviets had permitted to retain democratic structures . The public brutality of the coup shocked Western powers more than any event up to that point , set in a motion a brief scare that war would occur and swept away the last vestiges of opposition to the Marshall Plan in the United States Congress . The twin policies of the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan led to billions in economic and military aid for Western Europe , Greece , and Turkey . With the US assistance , the Greek military won its civil war . Under the leadership of Alcide De Gasperi the Italian Christian Democrats defeated the powerful Communist - Socialist alliance in the elections of 1948 . At the same time there was increased intelligence and espionage activity , Eastern Bloc defections and diplomatic expulsions . Cominform and the Tito -- Stalin split Main articles : Cominform and Tito -- Stalin Split In September 1947 , the Soviets created Cominform , the purpose of which was to enforce orthodoxy within the international communist movement and tighten political control over Soviet satellites through coordination of communist parties in the Eastern Bloc . Cominform faced an embarrassing setback the following June , when the Tito -- Stalin Split obliged its members to expel Yugoslavia , which remained communist but adopted a non-aligned position . Berlin Blockade and airlift Main article : Berlin Blockade C - 47s unloading at Tempelhof Airport in Berlin during the Berlin Blockade . The United States and Britain merged their western German occupation zones into `` Bizonia '' ( 1 January 1947 , later `` Trizonia '' with the addition of France 's zone , April 1949 ) . As part of the economic rebuilding of Germany , in early 1948 , representatives of a number of Western European governments and the United States announced an agreement for a merger of western German areas into a federal governmental system . In addition , in accordance with the Marshall Plan , they began to re-industrialize and rebuild the German economy , including the introduction of a new Deutsche Mark currency to replace the old Reichsmark currency that the Soviets had debased . Shortly thereafter , Stalin instituted the Berlin Blockade ( 24 June 1948 -- 12 May 1949 ) , one of the first major crises of the Cold War , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving in West Berlin . The United States , Britain , France , Canada , Australia , New Zealand and several other countries began the massive `` Berlin airlift '' , supplying West Berlin with food and other provisions . The Soviets mounted a public relations campaign against the policy change . Once again the East Berlin communists attempted to disrupt the Berlin municipal elections ( as they had done in the 1946 elections ) , which were held on 5 December 1948 and produced a turnout of 86.3 % and an overwhelming victory for the non-communist parties . The results effectively divided the city into East and West versions of its former self . 300,000 Berliners demonstrated and urged the international airlift to continue , and US Air Force pilot Gail Halvorsen created `` Operation Vittles '' , which supplied candy to German children . In May 1949 , Stalin backed down and lifted the blockade . In 1952 , Stalin repeatedly proposed a plan to unify East and West Germany under a single government chosen in elections supervised by the United Nations if the new Germany were to stay out of Western military alliances , but this proposal was turned down by the Western powers . Some sources dispute the sincerity of the proposal . Beginnings of NATO and Radio Free Europe Main articles : NATO , Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty , and Eastern Bloc media and propaganda President Truman signs the North Atlantic Treaty with guests in the Oval Office . Britain , France , the United States , Canada and other eight western European countries signed the North Atlantic Treaty of April 1949 , establishing the North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) . That August , the first Soviet atomic device was detonated in Semipalatinsk , Kazakh SSR . Following Soviet refusals to participate in a German rebuilding effort set forth by western European countries in 1948 , the US , Britain and France spearheaded the establishment of West Germany from the three Western zones of occupation in April 1949 . The Soviet Union proclaimed its zone of occupation in Germany the German Democratic Republic that October . Media in the Eastern Bloc was an organ of the state , completely reliant on and subservient to the communist party , with radio and television organizations being state - owned , while print media was usually owned by political organizations , mostly by the local communist party . Soviet propaganda used Marxist philosophy to attack capitalism , claiming labor exploitation and war - mongering imperialism were inherent in the system . Along with the broadcasts of the British Broadcasting Corporation ( BBC ) and the Voice of America to Central and Eastern Europe , a major propaganda effort begun in 1949 was Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty , dedicated to bringing about the peaceful demise of the communist system in the Eastern Bloc . Radio Free Europe attempted to achieve these goals by serving as a surrogate home radio station , an alternative to the controlled and party - dominated domestic press . Radio Free Europe was a product of some of the most prominent architects of America 's early Cold War strategy , especially those who believed that the Cold War would eventually be fought by political rather than military means , such as George F. Kennan . American policymakers , including Kennan and John Foster Dulles , acknowledged that the Cold War was in its essence a war of ideas . The United States , acting through the CIA , funded a long list of projects to counter the communist appeal among intellectuals in Europe and the developing world . The CIA also covertly sponsored a domestic propaganda campaign called Crusade for Freedom . In the early 1950s , the US worked for the rearmament of West Germany and , in 1955 , secured its full membership of NATO . In May 1953 , Beria , by then in a government post , had made an unsuccessful proposal to allow the reunification of a neutral Germany to prevent West Germany 's incorporation into NATO . Chinese Civil War and SEATO Main articles : Chinese Civil War and Southeast Asia Treaty Organization Mao Zedong and Joseph Stalin in Moscow , December 1949 . In 1949 , Mao Zedong 's People 's Liberation Army defeated Chiang Kai - shek 's United States - backed Kuomintang ( KMT ) Nationalist Government in China , and the Soviet Union promptly created an alliance with the newly formed People 's Republic of China . According to Norwegian historian Odd Arne Westad , the communists won the Civil War because they made fewer military mistakes than Chiang Kai - Shek made , and because in his search for a powerful centralized government , Chiang antagonized too many interest groups in China . Moreover , his party was weakened during the war against Japan . Meanwhile , the communists told different groups , such as the peasants , exactly what they wanted to hear , and they cloaked themselves under the cover of Chinese nationalism . Chiang and his KMT government retreated to the island of Taiwan . Confronted with the communist revolution in China and the end of the American atomic monopoly in 1949 , the Truman administration quickly moved to escalate and expand its containment policy . In NSC 68 , a secret 1950 document , the National Security Council proposed to reinforce pro-Western alliance systems and quadruple spending on defense . United States officials moved thereafter to expand containment into Asia , Africa , and Latin America , in order to counter revolutionary nationalist movements , often led by communist parties financed by the USSR , fighting against the restoration of Europe 's colonial empires in South - East Asia and elsewhere . In the early 1950s ( a period sometimes known as the `` Pactomania '' ) , the US formalized a series of alliances with Japan , Australia , New Zealand , Thailand and the Philippines ( notably ANZUS in 1951 and SEATO in 1954 ) , thereby guaranteeing the United States a number of long - term military bases . Korean War Main article : Korean War U.S. Marines engaged in street fighting during the liberation of Seoul , September 1950 . One of the more significant impacts of containment was the outbreak of the Korean War . In June 1950 , Kim Il - sung 's North Korean People 's Army invaded South Korea . Stalin approved and sent advisers to plan the North Korean invasion . To Stalin 's surprise , the UN Security Council backed the defense of South Korea , though the Soviets were then boycotting meetings in protest that Taiwan and not Communist China held a permanent seat on the Council . A UN force of personnel from South Korea , the United States , the United Kingdom , Turkey , Canada , Colombia , Australia , France , South Africa , the Philippines , the Netherlands , Belgium , New Zealand and other countries joined to stop the invasion . General Douglas MacArthur , UN Command CiC ( seated ) , observes the naval shelling of Incheon from the USS Mt . McKinley , 15 September 1950 . Among other effects , the Korean War galvanised NATO to develop a military structure . Public opinion in countries involved , such as Great Britain , was divided for and against the war . Many feared an escalation into a general war with Communist China , and even nuclear war . The strong opposition to the war often strained Anglo - American relations . For these reasons British officials sought a speedy end to the conflict , hoping to unite Korea under United Nations auspices and withdrawal of all foreign forces . Even though the Chinese and North Koreans were exhausted by the war and were prepared to end it by late 1952 , Stalin insisted that they continue fighting , and the Armistice was approved only in July 1953 , after Stalin 's death . North Korean leader Kim Il Sung created a highly centralized , totalitarian dictatorship -- which continues to date -- according himself unlimited power and generating a formidable cult of personality . In the South , the American - backed strongman Syngman Rhee ran a significantly less brutal but deeply corrupt and authoritarian regime . After Rhee was overthrown in 1960 , South Korea fell within a year under a period of military rule that lasted until the re-establishment of a multi-party system in the late 1980s . Crisis and escalation ( 1953 -- 1962 ) Main article : Cold War ( 1953 -- 1962 ) NATO and Warsaw Pact troop strengths in Europe in 1959 . Khrushchev , Eisenhower and de-Stalinization In 1953 , changes in political leadership on both sides shifted the dynamic of the Cold War . Dwight D. Eisenhower was inaugurated president that January . During the last 18 months of the Truman administration , the American defense budget had quadrupled , and Eisenhower moved to reduce military spending by a third while continuing to fight the Cold War effectively . After the death of Joseph Stalin , Nikita Khrushchev became the Soviet leader following the deposition and execution of Lavrentiy Beria and the pushing aside of rivals Georgy Malenkov and Vyacheslav Molotov . On 25 February 1956 , Khrushchev shocked delegates to the 20th Congress of the Soviet Communist Party by cataloguing and denouncing Stalin 's crimes . As part of a campaign of de-Stalinization , he declared that the only way to reform and move away from Stalin 's policies would be to acknowledge errors made in the past . On 18 November 1956 , while addressing Western ambassadors at a reception at the Polish embassy in Moscow , Khrushchev used his famous `` Whether you like it or not , history is on our side . We will bury you '' expression , shocking everyone present . He later claimed that he had not been talking about nuclear war , but rather about the historically determined victory of communism over capitalism . In 1961 , Khrushchev declared that even if the USSR was behind the West , within a decade its housing shortage would disappear , consumer goods would be abundant , and within two decades , the `` construction of a communist society '' in the USSR would be completed `` in the main '' . Eisenhower 's secretary of state , John Foster Dulles , initiated a `` New Look '' for the containment strategy , calling for a greater reliance on nuclear weapons against US enemies in wartime . Dulles also enunciated the doctrine of `` massive retaliation '' , threatening a severe US response to any Soviet aggression . Possessing nuclear superiority , for example , allowed Eisenhower to face down Soviet threats to intervene in the Middle East during the 1956 Suez Crisis . US plans for nuclear war in the late 1950s included the `` systematic destruction '' of 1200 major urban centers in the Eastern Bloc and China , including Moscow , East Berlin and Beijing , with their civilian populations among the primary targets . Warsaw Pact and Hungarian Revolution Main articles : Warsaw Pact and Hungarian Revolution of 1956 The maximum territorial extent of countries in the world under Soviet influence , after the Cuban Revolution of 1959 and before the official Sino - Soviet split of 1961 . While Stalin 's death in 1953 slightly relaxed tensions , the situation in Europe remained an uneasy armed truce . The Soviets , who had already created a network of mutual assistance treaties in the Eastern Bloc by 1949 , established a formal alliance therein , the Warsaw Pact , in 1955 . The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 March of protesters in Budapest , on 25 October ; A destroyed Soviet T - 34 - 85 tank in Budapest . The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 occurred shortly after Khrushchev arranged the removal of Hungary 's Stalinist leader Mátyás Rákosi . In response to a popular uprising , the new regime formally disbanded the secret police , declared its intention to withdraw from the Warsaw Pact and pledged to re-establish free elections . The Soviet Army invaded . Thousands of Hungarians were arrested , imprisoned and deported to the Soviet Union , and approximately 200,000 Hungarians fled Hungary in the chaos . Hungarian leader Imre Nagy and others were executed following secret trials . From 1957 through 1961 , Khrushchev openly and repeatedly threatened the West with nuclear annihilation . He claimed that Soviet missile capabilities were far superior to those of the United States , capable of wiping out any American or European city . However , Khrushchev rejected Stalin 's belief in the inevitability of war , and declared his new goal was to be `` peaceful coexistence '' . This formulation modified the Stalin - era Soviet stance , where international class conflict meant the two opposing camps were on an inevitable collision course where communism would triumph through global war ; now , peace would allow capitalism to collapse on its own , as well as giving the Soviets time to boost their military capabilities , which remained for decades until Gorbachev 's later `` new thinking '' envisioning peaceful coexistence as an end in itself rather than a form of class struggle . The events in Hungary produced ideological fractures within the communist parties of the world , particularly in Western Europe , with great decline in membership as many in both western and communist countries felt disillusioned by the brutal Soviet response . The communist parties in the West would never recover from the effect the Hungarian Revolution had on their membership , a fact that was immediately recognized by some , such as the Yugoslavian politician Milovan Đilas who shortly after the revolution was crushed said that `` The wound which the Hungarian Revolution inflicted on communism can never be completely healed '' . America 's pronouncements concentrated on American strength abroad and the success of liberal capitalism . However , by the late 1960s , the `` battle for men 's minds '' between two systems of social organization that Kennedy spoke of in 1961 was largely over , with tensions henceforth based primarily on clashing geopolitical objectives rather than ideology . Berlin ultimatum and European integration Main articles : Berlin Crisis of 1961 § Berlin ultimatum , and European integration During November 1958 , Khrushchev made an unsuccessful attempt to turn all of Berlin into an independent , demilitarized `` free city '' , giving the United States , Great Britain , and France a six - month ultimatum to withdraw their troops from the sectors they still occupied in West Berlin , or he would transfer control of Western access rights to the East Germans . Khrushchev earlier explained to Mao Zedong that `` Berlin is the testicles of the West . Every time I want to make the West scream , I squeeze on Berlin . '' NATO formally rejected the ultimatum in mid-December and Khrushchev withdrew it in return for a Geneva conference on the German question . More broadly , one hallmark of the 1950s was the beginning of European integration -- a fundamental by - product of the Cold War that Truman and Eisenhower promoted politically , economically , and militarily , but which later administrations viewed ambivalently , fearful that an independent Europe would forge a separate détente with the Soviet Union , which would use this to exacerbate Western disunity . Competition in the Third World Main articles : Decolonization § Decolonization after 1945 , Wars of national liberation , 1953 Iranian coup d'état , 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état , and Congo Crisis Western colonial empires in Asia and Africa all collapsed in the years after 1945 Nationalist movements in some countries and regions , notably Guatemala , Indonesia and Indochina were often allied with communist groups , or perceived in the West to be allied with communists . In this context , the United States and the Soviet Union increasingly competed for influence by proxy in the Third World as decolonization gained momentum in the 1950s and early 1960s ; additionally , the Soviets saw continuing losses by imperial powers as presaging the eventual victory of their ideology . Both sides were selling armaments to gain influence . 1961 Soviet postage stamp demanding freedom for African nations . 1961 Soviet stamp commemorating Patrice Lumumba , prime minister of the Republic of the Congo . The United States made use of the Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) to do away with a string of unfriendly Third World governments and to support allied ones . In 1953 , President Eisenhower 's CIA implemented Operation Ajax , a covert operation aimed at the overthrow of the Iranian prime minister , Mohammad Mosaddegh . The popularly elected and non-aligned Mosaddegh had been a Middle Eastern nemesis of Britain since nationalizing the British - owned Anglo - Iranian Oil Company in 1951 . Winston Churchill told the United States that Mosaddegh was `` increasingly turning towards communism . '' The pro-Western shah , Mohammad Reza Pahlavi , assumed control as an autocratic monarch . The shah 's policies included the banning of the communist Tudeh Party of Iran and general suppression of political dissent by SAVAK , the shah 's domestic security and intelligence agency . In Guatemala , a CIA - backed military coup ousted the left - wing President Jacobo Árbenz in 1954 . The post-Arbenz government -- a military junta headed by Carlos Castillo Armas -- repealed a progressive land reform law , returned nationalized property belonging to the United Fruit Company , set up a National Committee of Defense Against Communism , and decreed a Preventive Penal Law Against Communism at the request of the United States . The non-aligned Indonesian government of Sukarno was faced with a major threat to its legitimacy beginning in 1956 , when several regional commanders began to demand autonomy from Jakarta . After mediation failed , Sukarno took action to remove the dissident commanders . In February 1958 , dissident military commanders in Central Sumatera ( Colonel Ahmad Hussein ) and North Sulawesi ( Colonel Ventje Sumual ) declared the Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia - Permesta Movement aimed at overthrowing the Sukarno regime . They were joined by many civilian politicians from the Masyumi Party , such as Sjafruddin Prawiranegara , who were opposed to the growing influence of the communist Partai Komunis Indonesia party . Due to their anti-communist rhetoric , the rebels received arms , funding , and other covert aid from the CIA until Allen Lawrence Pope , an American pilot , was shot down after a bombing raid on government - held Ambon in April 1958 . The central government responded by launching airborne and seaborne military invasions of rebel strongholds Padang and Manado . By the end of 1958 , the rebels were militarily defeated , and the last remaining rebel guerilla bands surrendered by August 1961 . In the Republic of the Congo , newly independent from Belgium since June 1960 , the CIA - cultivated President Joseph Kasa - Vubu ordered the dismissal of the democratically elected Prime Minister Patrice Lumumba and the Lumumba cabinet in September ; Lumumba called for Kasa - Vubu 's dismissal instead . In the ensuing Congo Crisis , the CIA - backed Colonel Mobutu Sese Seko quickly mobilized his forces to seize power through a military coup d'état . An animated map shows the order of independence of the African nations , 1950 -- 2011 . In British Guiana , the leftist People 's Progressive Party ( PPP ) candidate Cheddi Jagan won the position of chief minister in a colonially administered election in 1953 , but was quickly forced to resign from power after Britain 's suspension of the still - dependent nation 's constitution . Embarrassed by the landslide electoral victory of Jagan 's allegedly Marxist party , the British imprisoned the PPP 's leadership and maneuvered the organization into a divisive rupture in 1955 , engineering a split between Jagan and his PPP colleagues . Jagan again won the colonial elections in 1957 and 1961 ; despite Britain 's shift to a reconsideration of its view of the left - wing Jagan as a Soviet - style communist at this time , the United States pressured the British to withhold Guyana 's independence until an alternative to Jagan could be identified , supported , and brought into office . Worn down by the communist guerrilla war for Vietnamese independence and handed a watershed defeat by communist Viet Minh rebels at the 1954 Battle of Dien Bien Phu , the French accepted a negotiated abandonment of their colonial stake in Vietnam . In the Geneva Conference , peace accords were signed , leaving Vietnam divided between a pro-Soviet administration in North Vietnam and a pro-Western administration in South Vietnam at the 17th parallel north . Between 1954 and 1961 , Eisenhower 's United States sent economic aid and military advisers to strengthen South Vietnam 's pro-Western regime against communist efforts to destabilize it . Many emerging nations of Asia , Africa , and Latin America rejected the pressure to choose sides in the East - West competition . In 1955 , at the Bandung Conference in Indonesia , dozens of Third World governments resolved to stay out of the Cold War . The consensus reached at Bandung culminated with the creation of the Belgrade - headquartered Non-Aligned Movement in 1961 . Meanwhile , Khrushchev broadened Moscow 's policy to establish ties with India and other key neutral states . Independence movements in the Third World transformed the post-war order into a more pluralistic world of decolonized African and Middle Eastern nations and of rising nationalism in Asia and Latin America . Sino - Soviet split Main article : Sino - Soviet split A map showing the relations of the communist states after the Sino - Soviet split as of 1980 : The USSR and pro-Soviet communist states China and pro-Chinese communist states Neutral communist nations ( North Korea and Yugoslavia ) Non-communist states The period after 1956 was marked by serious setbacks for the Soviet Union , most notably the breakdown of the Sino - Soviet alliance , beginning the Sino - Soviet split . Mao had defended Stalin when Khrushchev attacked him after his death in 1956 , and treated the new Soviet leader as a superficial upstart , accusing him of having lost his revolutionary edge . For his part , Khrushchev , disturbed by Mao 's glib attitude toward nuclear war , referred to the Chinese leader as a `` lunatic on a throne '' . After this , Khrushchev made many desperate attempts to reconstitute the Sino - Soviet alliance , but Mao considered it useless and denied any proposal . The Chinese - Soviet animosity spilled out in an intra-communist propaganda war . Further on , the Soviets focused on a bitter rivalry with Mao 's China for leadership of the global communist movement . Historian Lorenz M. Lüthi argues : The Sino - Soviet split was one of the key events of the Cold War , equal in importance to the construction of the Berlin Wall , the Cuban Missile Crisis , the Second Vietnam War , and Sino - American rapprochement . The split helped to determine the framework of the Second Cold War in general , and influenced the course of the Second Vietnam War in particular . Space race Main article : Space Race The United States reached the moon in 1969 . On the nuclear weapons front , the United States and the USSR pursued nuclear rearmament and developed long - range weapons with which they could strike the territory of the other . In August 1957 , the Soviets successfully launched the world 's first intercontinental ballistic missile ( ICBM ) and in October , launched the first Earth satellite , Sputnik 1 . The launch of Sputnik inaugurated the Space Race . This culminated in the Apollo Moon landings , which astronaut Frank Borman later described as `` just a battle in the Cold War . '' Cuban Revolution and the Bay of Pigs invasion Main articles : Cuban Revolution and Bay of Pigs Invasion Che Guevara ( left ) and Fidel Castro ( right ) in 1961 . In Cuba , the 26th of July Movement seized power in 1 January 1959 , toppling President Fulgencio Batista , whose unpopular regime had been denied arms by the Eisenhower administration . Diplomatic relations between Cuba and the United States continued for some time after Batista 's fall , but President Eisenhower deliberately left the capital to avoid meeting Cuba 's young revolutionary leader Fidel Castro during the latter 's trip to Washington in April , leaving Vice President Richard Nixon to conduct the meeting in his place . Cuba began negotiating arms purchases from the Eastern Bloc in March 1960 . In January 1961 , just prior to leaving office , Eisenhower formally severed relations with the Cuban government . In April 1961 , the administration of newly elected American President John F. Kennedy mounted an unsuccessful CIA - organized ship - borne invasion of the island at Playa Girón and Playa Larga in Santa Clara Province -- a failure that publicly humiliated the United States . Castro responded by publicly embracing Marxism -- Leninism , and the Soviet Union pledged to provide further support . Berlin Crisis of 1961 Main articles : Berlin Crisis of 1961 , Berlin Wall , and Eastern Bloc emigration and defection Soviet and American tanks face each other at Checkpoint Charlie , during the Berlin Crisis of 1961 . The Berlin Crisis of 1961 was the last major incident in the Cold War regarding the status of Berlin and post -- World War II Germany . By the early 1950s , the Soviet approach to restricting emigration movement was emulated by most of the rest of the Eastern Bloc . However , hundreds of thousands of East Germans annually emigrated to West Germany through a `` loophole '' in the system that existed between East and West Berlin , where the four occupying World War II powers governed movement . The emigration resulted in a massive `` brain drain '' from East Germany to West Germany of younger educated professionals , such that nearly 20 % of East Germany 's population had migrated to West Germany by 1961 . That June , the Soviet Union issued a new ultimatum demanding the withdrawal of Allied forces from West Berlin . The request was rebuffed , and on 13 August , East Germany erected a barbed - wire barrier that would eventually be expanded through construction into the Berlin Wall , effectively closing the loophole . Cuban Missile Crisis and Khrushchev 's ouster Main articles : Cuban Project and Cuban Missile Crisis Aerial photograph of a Soviet missile site in Cuba , taken by a US spy aircraft , 1 November 1962 . Continuing to seek ways to oust Castro following the Bay of Pigs Invasion , Kennedy and his administration experimented with various ways of covertly facilitating the overthrow of the Cuban government . Significant hopes were pinned on a covert program named the Cuban Project , devised under the Kennedy administration in 1961 . In February 1962 , Khrushchev learned of the American plans regarding Cuba : a `` Cuban project '' -- approved by the CIA and stipulating the overthrow of the Cuban government in October , possibly involving the American military -- and yet one more Kennedy - ordered operation to assassinate Castro . Preparations to install Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba were undertaken in response . Alarmed , Kennedy considered various reactions , and ultimately responded to the installation of nuclear missiles in Cuba with a naval blockade and presented an ultimatum to the Soviets . Khrushchev backed down from a confrontation , and the Soviet Union removed the missiles in return for an American pledge not to invade Cuba again . Castro later admitted that `` I would have agreed to the use of nuclear weapons ... we took it for granted that it would become a nuclear war anyway , and that we were going to disappear . '' The Cuban Missile Crisis ( October -- November 1962 ) brought the world closer to nuclear war than ever before . The aftermath of the crisis led to the first efforts in the nuclear arms race at nuclear disarmament and improving relations , although the Cold War 's first arms control agreement , the Antarctic Treaty , had come into force in 1961 . In 1964 , Khrushchev 's Kremlin colleagues managed to oust him , but allowed him a peaceful retirement . Accused of rudeness and incompetence , he was also credited with ruining Soviet agriculture and bringing the world to the brink of nuclear war . Khrushchev had become an international embarrassment when he authorized construction of the Berlin Wall , a public humiliation for Marxism -- Leninism . Confrontation through détente ( 1962 -- 1979 ) Main article : Cold War ( 1962 -- 1979 ) NATO and Warsaw Pact troop strengths in Europe in 1973 . United States Navy F - 4 Phantom II intercepts a Soviet Tupolev Tu - 95 D aircraft in the early 1970s . In the course of the 1960s and 1970s , Cold War participants struggled to adjust to a new , more complicated pattern of international relations in which the world was no longer divided into two clearly opposed blocs . From the beginning of the post-war period , Western Europe and Japan rapidly recovered from the destruction of World War II and sustained strong economic growth through the 1950s and 1960s , with per capita GDPs approaching those of the United States , while Eastern Bloc economies stagnated . As a result of the 1973 oil crisis , combined with the growing influence of Third World alignments such as the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries ( OPEC ) and the Non-Aligned Movement , less - powerful countries had more room to assert their independence and often showed themselves resistant to pressure from either superpower . Meanwhile , Moscow was forced to turn its attention inward to deal with the Soviet Union 's deep - seated domestic economic problems . During this period , Soviet leaders such as Leonid Brezhnev and Alexei Kosygin embraced the notion of détente . French withdrawal from NATO Main article : NATO § French withdrawal The unity of NATO was breached early in its history , with a crisis occurring during Charles de Gaulle 's presidency of France from 1958 onwards . De Gaulle protested at the United States ' strong role in the organization and what he perceived as a special relationship between the United States and the United Kingdom . In a memorandum sent to President Dwight D. Eisenhower and Prime Minister Harold Macmillan on 17 September 1958 , he argued for the creation of a tripartite directorate that would put France on an equal footing with the United States and the United Kingdom , and also for the expansion of NATO 's coverage to include geographical areas of interest to France , most notably French Algeria , where France was waging a counter-insurgency and sought NATO assistance . Considering the response given to be unsatisfactory , de Gaulle began the development of an independent French nuclear deterrent and in 1966 withdrew from NATO 's military structures and expelled NATO troops from French soil . Invasion of Czechoslovakia Main articles : Prague Spring and Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia The 1968 invasion of Czechoslovakia was one of the biggest military operations on European soil since World War II In 1968 , a period of political liberalization in Czechoslovakia called the Prague Spring took place that included `` Action Program '' of liberalizations , which described increasing freedom of the press , freedom of speech and freedom of movement , along with an economic emphasis on consumer goods , the possibility of a multiparty government , limiting the power of the secret police and potentially withdrawing from the Warsaw Pact . Leonid Brezhnev and Richard Nixon in Washington , 1973 ; this was a high - water mark in détente between the USSR and the US . In answer to the Prague Spring , on 20 August 1968 , the Soviet Army , together with most of their Warsaw Pact allies , invaded Czechoslovakia . The invasion was followed by a wave of emigration , including an estimated 70,000 Czechs and Slovaks initially fleeing , with the total eventually reaching 300,000 . The invasion sparked intense protests from Yugoslavia , Romania , China , and from Western European communist parties . Brezhnev Doctrine Main article : Brezhnev Doctrine In September 1968 , during a speech at the Fifth Congress of the Polish United Workers ' Party one month after the invasion of Czechoslovakia , Brezhnev outlined the Brezhnev Doctrine , in which he claimed the right to violate the sovereignty of any country attempting to replace Marxism -- Leninism with capitalism . During the speech , Brezhnev stated : When forces that are hostile to socialism try to turn the development of some socialist country towards capitalism , it becomes not only a problem of the country concerned , but a common problem and concern of all socialist countries . The doctrine found its origins in the failures of Marxism -- Leninism in states like Poland , Hungary and East Germany , which were facing a declining standard of living contrasting with the prosperity of West Germany and the rest of Western Europe . Third World escalations See also : Dominican Civil War , Indonesian mass killings of 1965 -- 1966 , Vietnam War , 1973 Chilean coup d'état , 1973 Uruguayan coup d'état , 1976 Argentine coup d'état , Operation Condor , Six - Day War , Task Force 74 , War of Attrition , Yom Kippur War , Ogaden War , Angolan Civil War , Indonesian invasion of East Timor , Reeducation camp , Vietnamese boat people , and Stability -- instability paradox Speech on the Vietnam War given by President Lyndon B. Johnson on 29 September 1967 . Alexei Kosygin ( left ) next to US President Lyndon B. Johnson ( right ) during the Glassboro Summit Conference , 23 June 1967 . Under the Lyndon B. Johnson Administration , which gained power after the assassination of John F. Kennedy , the U.S. took a more hardline stance on Latin America -- sometimes called the `` Mann Doctrine '' . In 1964 , the Brazilian military overthrew the government of president João Goulart with U.S. backing . In late April 1965 , the U.S. sent some 22,000 troops to the Dominican Republic for a one - year occupation in an invasion codenamed Operation Power Pack , citing the threat of the emergence of a Cuban - style revolution in Latin America . Héctor García - Godoy acted as provisional president , until conservative former president Joaquín Balaguer won the 1966 presidential election against non-campaigning former President Juan Bosch . Activists for Bosch 's Dominican Revolutionary Party were violently harassed by the Dominican police and armed forces . In Indonesia , the hardline anti-communist General Suharto wrested control of the state from his predecessor Sukarno in an attempt to establish a `` New Order '' . From 1965 to 1966 , with the aid of the United States and other Western governments , the military led the mass killing of more than 500,000 members and sympathizers of the Indonesian Communist Party and other leftist organizations , and detained hundreds of thousands more in prison camps around the country under extremely inhumane conditions . A top - secret CIA report stated that the massacres `` rank as one of the worst mass murders of the 20th century , along with the Soviet purges of the 1930s , the Nazi mass murders during the Second World War , and the Maoist bloodbath of the early 1950s . '' These killings served U.S. strategic interests and constitute a major turning point in the Cold War as the balance of power shifted in Southeast Asia . Escalating the scale of American intervention in the ongoing conflict between Ngô Đình Diệm 's South Vietnamese government and the communist National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam ( NLF ) insurgents opposing it , Johnson deployed some 575,000 troops in Southeast Asia to defeat the NLF and their North Vietnamese allies in the Vietnam War , but his costly policy weakened the US economy and , by 1975 , it ultimately culminated in what most of the world saw as a humiliating defeat of the world 's most powerful superpower at the hands of one of the world 's poorest nations . Chilean leader Augusto Pinochet shaking hands with Henry Kissinger in 1976 . In Chile , the Socialist Party candidate Salvador Allende won the presidential election of 1970 , becoming the first democratically elected Marxist to become president of a country in the Americas . The CIA targeted Allende for removal and operated to undermine his support domestically , which contributed to a period of unrest culminating in General Augusto Pinochet 's coup d'état on 11 September 1973 . Pinochet consolidated power as a military dictator , Allende 's reforms of the economy were rolled back , and leftist opponents were killed or detained in internment camps under the Dirección de Inteligencia Nacional ( DINA ) . The Pinochet regime would go on to be one of the leading participants in Operation Condor , an international campaign of political assassination and state terrorism organized by right - wing military dictatorships in the Southern Cone of South America that was covertly supported by the US government . Henry Kissinger , who was US National Security Advisor and Secretary of State under Presidents Nixon and Ford , was a central figure in the Cold War while in office ( 1969 -- 1977 ) . U.S. combat operations during the Battle of Ia Drang , South Vietnam , November 1965 . The Middle East remained a source of contention . Egypt , which received the bulk of its arms and economic assistance from the USSR , was a troublesome client , with a reluctant Soviet Union feeling obliged to assist in both the 1967 Six - Day War ( with advisers and technicians ) and the War of Attrition ( with pilots and aircraft ) against pro-Western Israel . Despite the beginning of an Egyptian shift from a pro-Soviet to a pro-American orientation in 1972 ( under Egypt 's new leader Anwar Sadat ) , rumors of imminent Soviet intervention on the Egyptians ' behalf during the 1973 Yom Kippur War brought about a massive American mobilization that threatened to wreck détente . Although pre-Sadat Egypt had been the largest recipient of Soviet aid in the Middle East , the Soviets were also successful in establishing close relations with communist South Yemen , as well as the nationalist governments of Algeria and Iraq . Iraq signed a 15 - year Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation with the Soviet Union in 1972 . According to historian Charles R.H. Tripp , the treaty upset `` the U.S. - sponsored security system established as part of the Cold War in the Middle East . It appeared that any enemy of the Baghdad regime was a potential ally of the United States . '' In response , the U.S. covertly financed Kurdish rebels led by Mustafa Barzani during the Second Iraqi -- Kurdish War ; the Kurds were defeated in 1975 , leading to the forcible relocation of hundreds of thousands of Kurdish civilians . Indirect Soviet assistance to the Palestinian side of the Israeli -- Palestinian conflict included support for Yasser Arafat 's Palestine Liberation Organization ( PLO ) . In Africa , Somali army officers led by Siad Barre carried out a bloodless coup in 1969 , creating the socialist Somali Democratic Republic . The Soviet Union vowed to support Somalia . Four years later , the pro-American Ethiopian Emperor Haile Selassie was overthrown in a 1974 coup by the Derg , a radical group of Ethiopian army officers led by the pro-Soviet Mengistu Haile Mariam , who built up relations with the Cubans and the Soviets . When fighting between the Somalis and Ethiopians broke out in the 1977 -- 1978 Somali - Ethiopian Ogaden War , Barre lost his Soviet support and turned to the Safari Club -- a group of pro-American intelligence agencies including Iran , Egypt , and Saudi Arabia -- for support and weapons . The Ethiopian military was supported by Cuban soldiers along with Soviet military advisors and armaments . The 1974 Portuguese Carnation Revolution against the authoritarian Estado Novo returned Portugal to a multi-party system and facilitated the independence of the Portuguese colonies Angola and East Timor . In Africa , where Angolan rebels had waged a multi-faction independence war against Portuguese rule since 1961 , a two - decade civil war replaced the anti-colonial struggle as fighting erupted between the communist People 's Movement for the Liberation of Angola ( MPLA ) , backed by the Cubans and the Soviets , and the National Liberation Front of Angola ( FNLA ) , backed by the United States , the People 's Republic of China , and Mobutu 's government in Zaire . The United States , the apartheid government of South Africa , and several other African governments also supported a third faction , the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola ( UNITA ) . Without bothering to consult the Soviets in advance , the Cuban government sent a number of combat troops to fight alongside the MPLA . Foreign mercenaries and a South African armoured column were deployed to support UNITA , but the MPLA , bolstered by Cuban personnel and Soviet assistance , eventually gained the upper hand . During the Khmer Rouge regime led by Pol Pot , 1 to 3 million people died due to the policies of his four - year premiership . An American PoW speaking with a North Vietnamese Army officer , 1973 . During the Vietnam War , North Vietnam invaded and occupied parts of Cambodia to use as military bases , which contributed to the violence of the Cambodian Civil War between the pro-American government of Lon Nol and communist Khmer Rouge insurgents . Documents uncovered from the Soviet archives reveal that the North Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia in 1970 was launched at the request of the Khmer Rouge after negotiations with Nuon Chea . US and South Vietnamese forces responded to these actions with a bombing campaign and ground incursion , the effects of which are disputed by historians . Under the leadership of Pol Pot , the Khmer Rouge would eventually kill 1 -- 3 million Cambodians in the killing fields , out of a 1975 population of roughly 8 million . Martin Shaw described these atrocities as `` the purest genocide of the Cold War era . '' Backed by the Kampuchean United Front for National Salvation , an organization of Khmer pro-Soviet Communists and Khmer Rouge defectors led by Heng Samrin , Vietnam invaded Cambodia on 22 December 1978 . The invasion succeeded in deposing Pol Pot , but the new state would struggle to gain international recognition beyond the Soviet Bloc sphere -- despite the previous international outcry at Pol Pot 's DK regime 's gross human rights violations , and it would be bogged down in a guerrilla war led from refugee camps located in the border with Thailand . Following Khmer Rouge 's destruction , Cambodia 's national reconstruction would be severely hampered and Vietnam would suffer a punitive Chinese attack . Sino - American rapprochement Main article : 1972 Nixon visit to China Mao Zedong and US President Richard Nixon , during his visit in China . As a result of the Sino - Soviet split , tensions along the Chinese -- Soviet border reached their peak in 1969 , and United States President Richard Nixon decided to use the conflict to shift the balance of power towards the West in the Cold War . The Chinese had sought improved relations with the Americans in order to gain advantage over the Soviets as well . In February 1972 , Nixon announced a stunning rapprochement with Mao 's China by traveling to Beijing and meeting with Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai . At this time , the USSR achieved rough nuclear parity with the United States ; meanwhile , the Vietnam War both weakened America 's influence in the Third World and cooled relations with Western Europe . Although indirect conflict between Cold War powers continued through the late 1960s and early 1970s , tensions were beginning to ease . Nixon , Brezhnev , and détente Main articles : Strategic Arms Limitation Talks , Vladivostok Summit Meeting on Arms Control , Helsinki Accords , and Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe Leonid Brezhnev and Jimmy Carter sign the SALT II treaty , 18 June 1979 , in Vienna . Following his visit to China , Nixon met with Soviet leaders , including Brezhnev in Moscow . These Strategic Arms Limitation Talks resulted in two landmark arms control treaties : SALT I , the first comprehensive limitation pact signed by the two superpowers , and the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty , which banned the development of systems designed to intercept incoming missiles . These aimed to limit the development of costly anti-ballistic missiles and nuclear missiles . Nixon and Brezhnev proclaimed a new era of `` peaceful coexistence '' and established the groundbreaking new policy of détente ( or cooperation ) between the two superpowers . Meanwhile , Brezhnev attempted to revive the Soviet economy , which was declining in part because of heavy military expenditures . Between 1972 and 1974 , the two sides also agreed to strengthen their economic ties , including agreements for increased trade . As a result of their meetings , détente would replace the hostility of the Cold War and the two countries would live mutually . Meanwhile , these developments coincided with the `` Ostpolitik '' of West German Chancellor Willy Brandt . Other agreements were concluded to stabilize the situation in Europe , culminating in the Helsinki Accords signed at the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe in 1975 . Iranian people protesting against the Pahlavi dynasty , during the Iranian Revolution . Late 1970s deterioration of relations In the 1970s , the KGB , led by Yuri Andropov , continued to persecute distinguished Soviet personalities such as Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn and Andrei Sakharov , who were criticising the Soviet leadership in harsh terms . Indirect conflict between the superpowers continued through this period of détente in the Third World , particularly during political crises in the Middle East , Chile , Ethiopia , and Angola . Although President Jimmy Carter tried to place another limit on the arms race with a SALT II agreement in 1979 , his efforts were undermined by the other events that year , including the Iranian Revolution and the Nicaraguan Revolution , which both ousted pro-US regimes , and his retaliation against Soviet intervention in Afghanistan in December . `` Second Cold War '' ( 1979 -- 1985 ) Main article : Cold War ( 1979 -- 1985 ) The term second Cold War refers to the period of intensive reawakening of Cold War tensions and conflicts in the late 1970s and early 1980s . Tensions greatly increased between the major powers with both sides becoming more militaristic . Diggins says , `` Reagan went all out to fight the second cold war , by supporting counterinsurgencies in the third world . '' Cox says , `` The intensity of this ' second ' Cold War was as great as its duration was short . '' Soviet War in Afghanistan Main articles : War in Afghanistan ( 1978 -- present ) and Soviet -- Afghan War President Reagan publicizes his support by meeting with Afghan Mujahideen leaders in the White House , 1983 . In April 1978 , the communist People 's Democratic Party of Afghanistan ( PDPA ) seized power in Afghanistan in the Saur Revolution . Within months , opponents of the communist government launched an uprising in eastern Afghanistan that quickly expanded into a civil war waged by guerrilla mujahideen against government forces countrywide . The Islamic Unity of Afghanistan Mujahideen insurgents received military training and weapons in neighboring Pakistan and China , while the Soviet Union sent thousands of military advisers to support the PDPA government . Meanwhile , increasing friction between the competing factions of the PDPA -- the dominant Khalq and the more moderate Parcham -- resulted in the dismissal of Parchami cabinet members and the arrest of Parchami military officers under the pretext of a Parchami coup . By mid-1979 , the United States had started a covert program to assist the mujahideen . In September 1979 , Khalqist President Nur Muhammad Taraki was assassinated in a coup within the PDPA orchestrated by fellow Khalq member Hafizullah Amin , who assumed the presidency . Distrusted by the Soviets , Amin was assassinated by Soviet special forces in December 1979 . A Soviet - organized government , led by Parcham 's Babrak Karmal but inclusive of both factions , filled the vacuum . Soviet troops were deployed to stabilize Afghanistan under Karmal in more substantial numbers , although the Soviet government did not expect to do most of the fighting in Afghanistan . As a result , however , the Soviets were now directly involved in what had been a domestic war in Afghanistan . Carter responded to the Soviet intervention by withdrawing the SALT II treaty from the Senate , imposing embargoes on grain and technology shipments to the USSR , and demanding a significant increase in military spending , and further announced that the United States would boycott the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow . He described the Soviet incursion as `` the most serious threat to the peace since the Second World War '' . Reagan and Thatcher Further information : Reagan Doctrine and Thatcherism Thatcher 's Ministry meets with Reagan 's Cabinet at the White House , 1981 . The world map of military alliances in 1980 In January 1977 , four years prior to becoming president , Ronald Reagan bluntly stated , in a conversation with Richard V. Allen , his basic expectation in relation to the Cold War . `` My idea of American policy toward the Soviet Union is simple , and some would say simplistic , '' he said . `` It is this : We win and they lose . What do you think of that ? '' In 1980 , Ronald Reagan defeated Jimmy Carter in the 1980 presidential election , vowing to increase military spending and confront the Soviets everywhere . Both Reagan and new British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher denounced the Soviet Union and its ideology . Reagan labeled the Soviet Union an `` evil empire '' and predicted that Communism would be left on the `` ash heap of history , '' while Thatcher inculpated the Soviets as `` bent on world dominance . '' By early 1985 , Reagan 's anti-communist position had developed into a stance known as the new Reagan Doctrine -- which , in addition to containment , formulated an additional right to subvert existing communist governments . Besides continuing Carter 's policy of supporting the Islamic opponents of the Soviet Union and the Soviet - backed PDPA government in Afghanistan , the CIA also sought to weaken the Soviet Union itself by promoting Islamism in the majority - Muslim Central Asian Soviet Union . Additionally , the CIA encouraged anti-communist Pakistan 's ISI to train Muslims from around the world to participate in the jihad against the Soviet Union . Polish Solidarity movement and martial law Main articles : Solidarity ( Polish trade union ) and Martial law in Poland Further information : Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980 -- 81 Pope John Paul II provided a moral focus for anti-communism ; a visit to his native Poland in 1979 stimulated a religious and nationalist resurgence centered on the Solidarity movement that galvanized opposition and may have led to his attempted assassination two years later . In December 1981 , Poland 's Wojciech Jaruzelski reacted to the crisis by imposing a period of martial law . Reagan imposed economic sanctions on Poland in response . Mikhail Suslov , the Kremlin 's top ideologist , advised Soviet leaders not to intervene if Poland fell under the control of Solidarity , for fear it might lead to heavy economic sanctions , representing a catastrophe for the Soviet economy . Soviet and US military and economic issues Further information : Era of Stagnation , Strategic Defense Initiative , SS - 20 Saber , and MGM - 31 Pershing US and USSR / Russian nuclear weapons stockpiles , 1945 -- 2006 . Delta 183 launch vehicle lifts off , carrying the Strategic Defense Initiative sensor experiment `` Delta Star '' . Moscow had built up a military that consumed as much as 25 percent of the Soviet Union 's gross national product at the expense of consumer goods and investment in civilian sectors . Soviet spending on the arms race and other Cold War commitments both caused and exacerbated deep - seated structural problems in the Soviet system , which saw at least a decade of economic stagnation during the late Brezhnev years . Soviet investment in the defense sector was not driven by military necessity , but in large part by the interests of massive party and state bureaucracies dependent on the sector for their own power and privileges . The Soviet Armed Forces became the largest in the world in terms of the numbers and types of weapons they possessed , in the number of troops in their ranks , and in the sheer size of their military -- industrial base . However , the quantitative advantages held by the Soviet military often concealed areas where the Eastern Bloc dramatically lagged behind the West . For example , the Persian Gulf War demonstrated how the armor , fire control systems and firing range of the Soviet 's most common main battle tank , the T - 72 , were drastically inferior to the American M1 Abrams , yet the USSR fielded almost three times as many T - 72 's as the US deployed M1 's . By the early 1980s , the USSR had built up a military arsenal and army surpassing that of the United States . Soon after the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan , president Carter began massively building up the United States military . This buildup was accelerated by the Reagan administration , which increased the military spending from 5.3 percent of GNP in 1981 to 6.5 percent in 1986 , the largest peacetime defense buildup in United States history . Tensions continued intensifying in the early 1980s when Reagan revived the B - 1 Lancer program that was canceled by the Carter administration , produced LGM - 118 Peacekeepers , installed US cruise missiles in Europe , and announced his experimental Strategic Defense Initiative , dubbed `` Star Wars '' by the media , a defense program to shoot down missiles in mid-flight . With the background of a buildup in tensions between the Soviet Union and the United States , and the deployment of Soviet RSD - 10 Pioneer ballistic missiles targeting Western Europe , NATO decided , under the impetus of the Carter presidency , to deploy MGM - 31 Pershing and cruise missiles in Europe , primarily West Germany . This deployment would have placed missiles just 10 minutes ' striking distance from Moscow . After ten - year - old American Samantha Smith wrote a letter to Yuri Andropov expressing her fear of nuclear war , Andropov invited Smith to the Soviet Union . After Reagan 's military buildup , the Soviet Union did not respond by further building its military because the enormous military expenses , along with inefficient planned manufacturing and collectivized agriculture , were already a heavy burden for the Soviet economy . At the same time , Saudi Arabia increased oil production , even as other non-OPEC nations were increasing production . These developments contributed to the 1980s oil glut , which affected the Soviet Union , as oil was the main source of Soviet export revenues . Issues with command economics , oil price decreases and large military expenditures gradually brought the Soviet economy to stagnation . The map of the route of the Korean Air Lines Flight 007 , which was shot down by the Soviet Air Forces . On 1 September 1983 , the Soviet Union shot down the Korean Air Lines Flight 007 , a Boeing 747 with 269 people aboard , including sitting Congressman Larry McDonald , when it violated Soviet airspace just past the west coast of Sakhalin Island near Moneron Island -- an act which Reagan characterized as a `` massacre '' . This act increased support for military deployment , overseen by Reagan , which stood in place until the later accords between Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev . The Able Archer 83 exercise in November 1983 , a realistic simulation of a coordinated NATO nuclear release , was perhaps the most dangerous moment since the Cuban Missile Crisis , as the Soviet leadership feared that a nuclear attack might be imminent . American domestic public concerns about intervening in foreign conflicts persisted from the end of the Vietnam War . The Reagan administration emphasized the use of quick , low - cost counter-insurgency tactics to intervene in foreign conflicts . In 1983 , the Reagan administration intervened in the multisided Lebanese Civil War , invaded Grenada , bombed Libya and backed the Central American Contras , anti-communist paramilitaries seeking to overthrow the Soviet - aligned Sandinista government in Nicaragua . While Reagan 's interventions against Grenada and Libya were popular in the United States , his backing of the Contra rebels was mired in controversy . The Reagan administration 's backing of the military government of Guatemala during the Guatemalan Civil War , in particular the regime of Efraín Ríos Montt , was also controversial . Meanwhile , the Soviets incurred high costs for their own foreign interventions . Although Brezhnev was convinced in 1979 that the Soviet war in Afghanistan would be brief , Muslim guerrillas , aided by the US , China , Britain , Saudi Arabia and Pakistan , waged a fierce resistance against the invasion . The Kremlin sent nearly 100,000 troops to support its puppet regime in Afghanistan , leading many outside observers to dub the war `` the Soviets ' Vietnam '' . However , Moscow 's quagmire in Afghanistan was far more disastrous for the Soviets than Vietnam had been for the Americans because the conflict coincided with a period of internal decay and domestic crisis in the Soviet system . A senior US State Department official predicted such an outcome as early as 1980 , positing that the invasion resulted in part from a `` domestic crisis within the Soviet system ... It may be that the thermodynamic law of entropy has ... caught up with the Soviet system , which now seems to expend more energy on simply maintaining its equilibrium than on improving itself . We could be seeing a period of foreign movement at a time of internal decay '' . Final years ( 1985 -- 1991 ) Main article : Cold War ( 1985 -- 1991 ) Gorbachev 's reforms Further information : Mikhail Gorbachev , Perestroika , and Glasnost Mikhail Gorbachev and Ronald Reagan sign the INF Treaty at the White House , 1987 . By the time the comparatively youthful Mikhail Gorbachev became General Secretary in 1985 , the Soviet economy was stagnant and faced a sharp fall in foreign currency earnings as a result of the downward slide in oil prices in the 1980s . These issues prompted Gorbachev to investigate measures to revive the ailing state . An ineffectual start led to the conclusion that deeper structural changes were necessary and in June 1987 Gorbachev announced an agenda of economic reform called perestroika , or restructuring . Perestroika relaxed the production quota system , allowed private ownership of businesses and paved the way for foreign investment . These measures were intended to redirect the country 's resources from costly Cold War military commitments to more productive areas in the civilian sector . Despite initial skepticism in the West , the new Soviet leader proved to be committed to reversing the Soviet Union 's deteriorating economic condition instead of continuing the arms race with the West . Partly as a way to fight off internal opposition from party cliques to his reforms , Gorbachev simultaneously introduced glasnost , or openness , which increased freedom of the press and the transparency of state institutions . Glasnost was intended to reduce the corruption at the top of the Communist Party and moderate the abuse of power in the Central Committee . Glasnost also enabled increased contact between Soviet citizens and the western world , particularly with the United States , contributing to the accelerating détente between the two nations . Thaw in relations Further information : Reykjavík Summit , Intermediate - Range Nuclear Forces Treaty , START I , and Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany The beginning of the 1990s brought a thaw in relations between the superpowers . `` Tear down this wall ! '' speech : Reagan speaking in front of the Brandenburg Gate , 12 June 1987 . In response to the Kremlin 's military and political concessions , Reagan agreed to renew talks on economic issues and the scaling - back of the arms race . The first summit was held in November 1985 in Geneva , Switzerland . At one stage the two men , accompanied only by an interpreter , agreed in principle to reduce each country 's nuclear arsenal by 50 percent . A second summit , was held in October 1986 , Reykjavík , Iceland . Talks went well until the focus shifted to Reagan 's proposed Strategic Defense Initiative , which Gorbachev wanted eliminated . Reagan refused . The negotiations failed , but the third summit in 1987 led to a breakthrough with the signing of the Intermediate - Range Nuclear Forces Treaty ( INF ) . The INF treaty eliminated all nuclear - armed , ground - launched ballistic and cruise missiles with ranges between 500 and 5,500 kilometers ( 300 to 3,400 miles ) and their infrastructure . East -- West tensions rapidly subsided through the mid-to - late 1980s , culminating with the final summit in Moscow in 1989 , when Gorbachev and George H.W. Bush signed the START I arms control treaty . During the following year it became apparent to the Soviets that oil and gas subsidies , along with the cost of maintaining massive troops levels , represented a substantial economic drain . In addition , the security advantage of a buffer zone was recognised as irrelevant and the Soviets officially declared that they would no longer intervene in the affairs of allied states in Central and Eastern Europe . In 1989 , Soviet forces withdrew from Afghanistan and by 1990 Gorbachev consented to German reunification , the only alternative being a Tiananmen Square scenario . When the Berlin Wall came down , Gorbachev 's `` Common European Home '' concept began to take shape . On 3 December 1989 , Gorbachev and Reagan 's successor , George H.W. Bush , declared the Cold War over at the Malta Summit ; a year later , the two former rivals were partners in the Gulf War against Iraq ( August 1990 -- February 1991 ) . Eastern Europe breaks away Main article : Revolutions of 1989 The Romanian Revolution in 1989 was the only violent revolution in Europe that brought the end of the Communist rule . By 1989 , the Soviet alliance system was on the brink of collapse , and , deprived of Soviet military support , the communist leaders of the Warsaw Pact states were losing power . Grassroots organizations , such as Poland 's Solidarity movement , rapidly gained ground with strong popular bases . In 1989 , the communist governments in Poland and Hungary became the first to negotiate the organizing of competitive elections . In Czechoslovakia and East Germany , mass protests unseated entrenched communist leaders . The communist regimes in Bulgaria and Romania also crumbled , in the latter case as the result of a violent uprising . Attitudes had changed enough that US Secretary of State James Baker suggested that the American government would not be opposed to Soviet intervention in Romania , on behalf of the opposition , to prevent bloodshed . The tidal wave of change culminated with the fall of the Berlin Wall in November 1989 , which symbolized the collapse of European communist governments and graphically ended the Iron Curtain divide of Europe . The 1989 revolutionary wave swept across Central and Eastern Europe and peacefully overthrew all of the Soviet - style communist states : East Germany , Poland , Hungary , Czechoslovakia and Bulgaria ; Romania was the only Eastern - bloc country to topple its communist regime violently and execute its head of state . Soviet republics break away Further information : Economy of the Soviet Union and Baltic Way The human chain in Lithuania during the Baltic Way , 23 August 1989 . In the USSR itself , glasnost weakened the bonds that held the Soviet Union together and by February 1990 , with the dissolution of the USSR looming , the Communist Party was forced to surrender its 73 - year - old monopoly on state power . At the same time freedom of press and dissent allowed by glasnost and the festering `` nationalities question '' increasingly led the Union 's component republics to declare their autonomy from Moscow , with the Baltic states withdrawing from the Union entirely . Soviet dissolution Main articles : History of the Soviet Union ( 1982 -- 91 ) , The Barricades , 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt , Dissolution of the Soviet Union , and Commonwealth of Independent States Leaders of the Soviet Republics sign the Belovezha Accords which eliminated the USSR and established the Commonwealth of Independent States , 1991 . Gorbachev 's permissive attitude toward Central and Eastern Europe did not initially extend to Soviet territory ; even Bush , who strove to maintain friendly relations , condemned the January 1991 killings in Latvia and Lithuania , privately warning that economic ties would be frozen if the violence continued . The USSR was fatally weakened by a failed coup and a growing number of Soviet republics , particularly Russia , who threatened to secede from the USSR . The Commonwealth of Independent States , created on 21 December 1991 , is viewed as a successor entity to the Soviet Union but , according to Russia 's leaders , its purpose was to `` allow a civilized divorce '' between the Soviet Republics and is comparable to a loose confederation . The USSR was declared officially dissolved on 26 December 1991 . US President at that time , George H.W. Bush , expressed his emotions : `` The biggest thing that has happened in the world in my life , in our lives , is this : By the grace of God , America won the Cold War . '' Aftermath Main articles : Effects of the Cold War , Frozen conflict , Post-Soviet states , Post-Soviet conflicts , Yugoslav Wars , and Cold War II Changes in national boundaries after the end of the Cold War . After the dissolution of the Soviet Union , Russia drastically cut military spending , and restructuring the economy left millions unemployed . The capitalist reforms culminated in a recession in the early 1990s more severe than the Great Depression as experienced by the United States and Germany . The Cold War continues to influence world affairs . The post-Cold War world is considered to be unipolar , with the United States the sole remaining superpower . The Cold War defined the political role of the United States after World War II -- by 1989 the United States had military alliances with 50 countries , with 526,000 troops stationed abroad , with 326,000 in Europe ( two - thirds of which in west Germany ) and 130,000 in Asia ( mainly Japan and South Korea ) . The Cold War also marked the zenith of peacetime military -- industrial complexes , especially in the United States , and large - scale military funding of science . These complexes , though their origins may be found as early as the 19th century , snowballed considerably during the Cold War . Since the end of the Cold War , the EU has expanded eastwards into the former Warsaw Pact and parts of the former Soviet Union Cumulative U.S. military expenditures throughout the entire Cold War amounted to an estimated $8 trillion . Further nearly 100,000 Americans lost their lives in the Korean and Vietnam Wars . Although Soviet casualties are difficult to estimate , as a share of their gross national product the financial cost for the Soviet Union was much higher than that incurred by the United States . In addition to the loss of life by uniformed soldiers , millions died in the superpowers ' proxy wars around the globe , most notably in Southeast Asia . Most of the proxy wars and subsidies for local conflicts ended along with the Cold War ; interstate wars , ethnic wars , revolutionary wars , as well as refugee and displaced persons crises have declined sharply in the post-Cold War years . Left over from the Cold War are numbers stations , which are shortwave radio stations thought to be used to broadcast covert messages , some of which can still be heard today . However , the aftermath of the Cold War is not always easily erased , as many of the economic and social tensions that were exploited to fuel Cold War competition in parts of the Third World remain acute . The breakdown of state control in a number of areas formerly ruled by communist governments produced new civil and ethnic conflicts , particularly in the former Yugoslavia . In Central and Eastern Europe , the end of the Cold War has ushered in an era of economic growth and an increase in the number of liberal democracies , while in other parts of the world , such as Afghanistan , independence was accompanied by state failure . In popular culture See also : Culture during the Cold War During the Cold War itself , with the United States and the Soviet Union invested heavily in propaganda designed to influence the hearts and minds of people around the world , especially using motion pictures . The Cold War endures as a popular topic reflected extensively in entertainment media , and continuing to the present with numerous post-1991 Cold War - themed feature films , novels , television , and other media . In 2013 , a KGB - sleeper - agents - living - next - door action drama series , The Americans , set in the early 1980s , was ranked # 6 on the Metacritic annual Best New TV Shows list ; its final season will begin airing in March 2018 . At the same time , movies like Crimson Tide ( 1995 ) are shown in their entirety to educate college students about the Cold War . Historiography Main article : Historiography of the Cold War Periods in United States history ( hide ) Colonial era 1607 -- 1775 American Revolution 1765 -- 1783 Confederation Period 1783 -- 1788 Federalist Era 1788 -- 1801 Jeffersonian Era 1801 -- 1817 Era of Good Feelings 1817 -- 1825 Jacksonian Era 1825 -- 1849 Civil War Era 1849 -- 1865 Reconstruction Era 1865 -- 1877 Gilded Age 1877 -- 1897 Progressive Era 1897 -- 1920 Roaring Twenties 1920 -- 1929 Great Depression 1929 -- 1939 World War II 1941 -- 1945 Postwar Era 1945 -- 1981 Vietnam Era 1961 -- 1975 Reagan Era 1981 -- present Timeline As soon as the term `` Cold War '' was popularized to refer to post-war tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union , interpreting the course and origins of the conflict has been a source of heated controversy among historians , political scientists , and journalists . In particular , historians have sharply disagreed as to who was responsible for the breakdown of Soviet -- US relations after the Second World War ; and whether the conflict between the two superpowers was inevitable , or could have been avoided . Historians have also disagreed on what exactly the Cold War was , what the sources of the conflict were , and how to disentangle patterns of action and reaction between the two sides . Although explanations of the origins of the conflict in academic discussions are complex and diverse , several general schools of thought on the subject can be identified . Historians commonly speak of three differing approaches to the study of the Cold War : `` orthodox '' accounts , `` revisionism '' , and `` post-revisionism '' . `` Orthodox '' accounts place responsibility for the Cold War on the Soviet Union and its expansion further into Europe . `` Revisionist '' writers place more responsibility for the breakdown of post-war peace on the United States , citing a range of US efforts to isolate and confront the Soviet Union well before the end of World War II . `` Post-revisionists '' see the events of the Cold War as more nuanced , and attempt to be more balanced in determining what occurred during the Cold War . Much of the historiography on the Cold War weaves together two or even all three of these broad categories . See also Main article : Outline of the Cold War Canada in the Cold War Cold War ( TV series ) Culture during the Cold War McCarthyism Mutually assured destruction Non-Aligned Movement Soviet Empire Soviet espionage in the United States American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation Timeline of events in the Cold War World War III Cold War II Category : Cold War by period 1940s portal 1950s portal 1960s portal 1970s portal 1980s portal 1990s portal Cold War portal Conservatism portal Communism portal Socialism portal Soviet Union portal United States portal Footnotes Jump up ^ Geoffrey Jones , `` Firms and Global Capitalism '' in The Cambridge History of Capitalism Volume 2 , Larry Neal et al , eds . ( Cambridge University Press , 2014 ) , p. 176 - 179 Jump up ^ `` Where did banana republics get their name ? '' The Economist , 21 November 2013 Jump up ^ `` Syria crisis : UN chief says Cold War is back '' . BBC News . 13 April 2018 . Retrieved 13 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Orwell , `` You and the Atomic Bomb '' , Tribune 19 October 1945 . Jump up ^ Orwell , George , The Observer , 10 March 1946 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 54 Jump up ^ Safire , William ( 1 October 2006 ) . `` Islamofascism Anyone ? '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ History.com Staff ( 2009 ) . `` This Day on History -- April 16 , 1947 : Bernard Baruch coins the term `` Cold War '' `` . A + E Networks . Retrieved 23 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Strobe Talbott , The Great Experiment : The Story of Ancient Empires , Modern States , and the Quest for a Global Nation ( 2009 ) p. 441 n. 3 ; Lippmann 's own book is Lippmann , Walter ( 1947 ) . The Cold War . Harper . Jump up ^ Gaddis 1990 , p. 57 Jump up ^ Palmieri 1989 , p. 62 Jump up ^ Max Beloff , The Foreign Policy of Soviet Russia 1929 - 1936 ( vol 1 , 1947 ) p. 2 . Jump up ^ Chrtistopher Sutton , Britain 's Cold War in Cyprus and Hong Kong : A Conflict of Empires ( 2016 ) , abstract of ch. 1 Jump up ^ Frank Ninkovich , `` The First Cold War '' Presidential Studies Quarterly ( 2003 ) 33 # 3 pp 688 - 90 . Jump up ^ Smith et al. 2002 , p. 24 . ^ Jump up to : Bilinsky 1999 , p. 9 . ^ Jump up to : Murray & Millett 2001 , pp. 55 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Spring 1986 , p. 207 - 226 . Jump up ^ Hanhimäki 1997 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ George C. Herring Jr. , Aid to Russia , 1941 -- 1946 : Strategy , Diplomacy , the Origins of the Cold War ( Columbia University Press , 1973 ) . Jump up ^ Gaddis 1990 , pp. 151 -- 153 ^ Jump up to : Gaddis 2005 , pp. 13 -- 23 Jump up ^ Gaddis 1990 , p. 156 ^ Jump up to : Plokhy 2010 Jump up ^ Gaddis 1990 , p. 176 Jump up ^ Max Frankel , `` Stalin 's Shadow , '' New York Times 21 Nov 2012 reviewing Anne Applebaum , Iron Curtain : The Crushing of Eastern Europe , 1944 -- 1956 ( 2012 ) , See Introduction , text after note 26 , and ch. 3 , 7 -- 9 Jump up ^ Heller , p. 27 . `` From the Soviet perspective , a postwar period of peace and reconstruction was indispensable . Therefore , the continuation of cooperation and peaceful relations with its wartime allies , the United States and Great Britain , was greatly to be desired . '' Jump up ^ David Carlton , Churchill and the Soviet Union ( Manchester University Press , 2000 ) p. 114 - 116 Jump up ^ Allan Todd , History for the IB Diploma Paper 3 : The Soviet Union and Post-Soviet Russia ( Cambridge University Press , 2016 ) , p. 105 - 111 ^ Jump up to : Gaddis 2005 , p. 21 Jump up ^ United States Government Printing Office , Report on the Morgenthau Diaries prepared by the Subcommittee of the Senate Committee of the Judiciary appointed to investigate the Administration of the McCarran Internal Security Act and other Internal Security Laws , ( Washington , 1967 ) volume 1 , pp. 620 -- 21 Jump up ^ `` CONFERENCES : Pas de Pagaille ! '' . Time . 28 July 1947 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ Kerstin von Lingen , Allen Dulles , the OSS , and Nazi War Criminals ( Cambridge University Press , 2013 ) , p. 6 , 81 - 90 Jump up ^ Rev , Istvan . `` Opinion An Absurdist Film That Touches on Wartime Reality '' . mobile.nytimes.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ Peck , Michael . `` Operation Unthinkable : Britain 's Secret Plan to Invade Russia in 1945 '' . The National Interest . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ Zubok 1996 , p. 94 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 22 Jump up ^ Bourantonis 1996 , p. 130 Jump up ^ Garthoff 1994 , p. 401 ^ Jump up to : Byrd , Peter ( 2003 ) . `` Cold War ( entire chapter ) '' . In McLean , Iain ; McMillan , Alistair . The concise Oxford dictionary of politics . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 280276 - 3 . Retrieved 16 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Alan Wood , p. 62 ^ Jump up to : Gaddis 2005 , pp. 25 -- 26 Jump up ^ LaFeber 2002 , p. 28 Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , p. 43 ^ Jump up to : Wettig 2008 , p. 21 ^ Jump up to : Senn , Alfred Erich , Lithuania 1940 : revolution from above , Amsterdam , New York , Rodopi , 2007 ISBN 978 - 90 - 420 - 2225 - 6 Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , p. 55 Jump up ^ Shirer 1990 , p. 794 ^ Jump up to : Schmitz , David F. ( 1999 ) . `` Cold War ( 1945 -- 91 ) : Causes ( entire chapter ) '' . In Whiteclay Chambers , John . The Oxford Companion to American Military History . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 507198 - 0 . Retrieved 16 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Cook 2001 , p. 17 Jump up ^ Grenville 2005 , pp. 370 -- 71 Jump up ^ van Dijk , Ruud , Encyclopedia of the Cold War , Volume 1 , p. 200 . Taylor & Francis , 2008 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 97515 - 8 Jump up ^ Wettig 2008 , pp. 96 -- 100 Jump up ^ Roht - Arriaza 1995 , p. 83 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 40 ^ Jump up to : Gaddis 2005 , p. 34 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 100 Jump up ^ Fenton , Ben ( 1 October 1998 ) . `` The secret strategy to launch attack on Red Army '' . telegraph.co.uk . Archived from the original on 28 May 2008 . Retrieved 29 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Secret Warfare : Operation Gladio and NATO 's Stay - Behind Armies -- Chronology '' Swiss Federal Institute of Technology , Zurich Jump up ^ Schecter 2003 , pp. 152 -- 154 Jump up ^ Kydd 2005 , p. 107 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 30 Jump up ^ Morgan , Curtis F. `` Southern Partnership : James F. Byrnes , Lucius D. Clay and Germany , 1945 -- 1947 '' . James F. Byrnes Institute . Retrieved 9 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 94 Jump up ^ Harriman , Pamela C. ( Winter 1987 -- 1988 ) . `` Churchill and ... Politics : The True Meaning of the Iron Curtain Speech '' . Winston Churchill Centre . Archived from the original on 15 October 2007 . Retrieved 22 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Marxists Internet Archive , https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1946/03/x01.htm Jump up ^ McCauwley , Martin , Origins of the Cold War 1941 -- 49 : Revised 3rd Edition , Routledge , 2008 , ISBN 978 - 1405874335 , p. 143 Jump up ^ https://history.state.gov/milestones/1945-1952/truman-doctrine Jump up ^ Iatrides , John O. ( 1996 - 10 - 01 ) . `` The British Labour Government and the Greek Civil War : The Imperialism of ' Non-Intervention ' ( review ) '' . Journal of Modern Greek Studies . 14 ( 2 ) : 373 -- 376 . doi : 10.1353 / mgs. 1996.0020 . ISSN 1086 - 3265 . ^ Jump up to : Gaddis 2005 , pp. 28 -- 29 Jump up ^ Gerolymatos , André ( 2017 - 01 - 03 ) . An International Civil War : Greece , 1943 - 1949 . Yale University Press . 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Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars . Cold War International History Project , Working Paper 14 , May 1996 . Jump up ^ Turner 1987 , p. 23 Jump up ^ Heike Bungert , `` A New Perspective on French - American Relations during the Occupation of Germany , 1945 -- 1948 : Behind - the - Scenes Diplomatic Bargaining and the Zonal Merger . '' Diplomatic History ( 1994 ) 18 # 3 pp : 333 -- 352 . Jump up ^ O'Neil , Patrick ( 1997 ) . Post-communism and the Media in Eastern Europe . Routledge . pp. 15 -- 25 . ISBN 0 - 7146 - 4765 - 9 . Jump up ^ James Wood , p. 111 Jump up ^ Puddington 2003 , p. 131 ^ Jump up to : Puddington 2003 , p. 9 ^ Jump up to : Puddington 2003 , p. 7 Jump up ^ Puddington 2003 , p. 10 Jump up ^ Cummings , Richard H. ( 2010 ) . Radio Free Europe 's `` Crusade for freedom '' : Rallying Americans behind Cold War Broadcasting , 1950 -- 1960 . Jefferson , N.C. : McFarland & Co . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 4410 - 6 . Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 105 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 39 Jump up ^ Westad 2012 , p. 291 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 164 ^ Jump up to : Gaddis 2005 , p. 212 Jump up ^ Stokesbury , James L ( 1990 ) . A Short History of the Korean War . New York : Harper Perennial . p. 14 . ISBN 0 - 688 - 09513 - 5 . Jump up ^ Weathersby 1993 , pp. 28 , 30 . Jump up ^ Malkasian 2001 , p. 16 Jump up ^ Fehrenbach , T.R. , This Kind of War : The Classic Korean War History , Brasseys , 2001 , ISBN 1 - 57488 - 334 - 8 , page 305 Jump up ^ Isby & Kamps 1985 , pp. 13 -- 14 Jump up ^ Cotton , James ( 1989 ) . The Korean war in history . Manchester University Press ND . p. 100 . ISBN 0 - 7190 - 2984 - 8 . Jump up ^ Oberdorfer , Don , The Two Koreas : A Contemporary History , Basic Books , 2001 , ISBN 0 - 465 - 05162 - 6 , page 10 -- 11 Jump up ^ No , Kum - Sok and J. Roger Osterholm , A MiG - 15 to Freedom : Memoir of the Wartime North Korean Defector who First Delivered the Secret Fighter Jet to the Americans in 1953 , McFarland , 1996 , ISBN 0 - 7864 - 0210 - 5 Jump up ^ Hastings , Max ( 1988 ) . The Korean War . New York : Simon & Schuster . pp. 89 -- 90 . ISBN 0 - 671 - 66834 - X . Jump up ^ Karabell , p. 916 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 107 Jump up ^ `` We Will Bury You ! '' , Time magazine , 26 November 1956 . Retrieved 26 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 84 Jump up ^ Tompson 1997 , pp. 237 -- 239 Jump up ^ Eric Bradner ( 23 December 2015 ) . Newly released documents reveal U.S. Cold War nuclear target list . CNN . Retrieved 27 December 2015 . See also : U.S. Cold War Nuclear Target Lists Declassified for First Time . National Security Archive. 22 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Palmowski Jump up ^ Feldbrugge , p. 818 Jump up ^ `` Soviet troops overrun Hungary '' . BBC News . 4 November 1956 . Retrieved 11 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Video : Revolt in Hungary Archived 17 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Narrator : Walter Cronkite , producer : CBS ( 1956 ) -- Fonds 306 , Audiovisual Materials Relating to the 1956 Hungarian Revolution , OSA Archivum , Budapest , Hungary ID number : HU OSA 306 - 0 - 1 : 40 Jump up ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary ( 1957 ) `` Chapter IV . E ( Logistical deployment of new Soviet troops ) , para 181 ( p. 56 ) '' ( PDF ) . ( 1.47 MB ) Jump up ^ `` Report by Soviet Deputy Interior Minister M.N. Holodkov to Interior Minister N.P. Dudorov ( 15 November 1956 ) '' ( PDF ) . The 1956 Hungarian Revolution , A History in Documents . George Washington University : The National Security Archive. 4 November 2002 . Retrieved 2 September 2006 . Jump up ^ Cseresnyés , Ferenc ( Summer 1999 ) . `` The ' 56 Exodus to Austria '' . The Hungarian Quarterly . Society of the Hungarian Quarterly . XL ( 154 ) : 86 -- 101 . Archived from the original on 27 November 2004 . Retrieved 9 October 2006 . Jump up ^ `` On This Day June 16 , 1989 : Hungary reburies fallen hero Imre Nagy '' British Broadcasting Corporation ( BBC ) reports on Nagy reburial with full honors . Retrieved 13 October 2006 . Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 70 Jump up ^ Perlmutter 1997 , p. 145 Jump up ^ Njolstad 2004 , p. 136 Jump up ^ Breslauer , p. 72 ^ Jump up to : Lendvai , Paul ( 2008 ) . One Day that Shook the Communist World : The 1956 Hungarian Uprising and Its Legacy . Princeton University Press . p. 196 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 13282 - 8 . Jump up ^ Joshel , p. 128 Jump up ^ Rycroft , p. 7 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 71 Jump up ^ Glees , pp. 126 -- 27 Jump up ^ Cameron , p. 156 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , pp. 121 -- 124 Jump up ^ Edelheit , p. 382 Jump up ^ Towle , Philip ( 2000 ) . `` Cold War '' . In Charles Townshend . The Oxford History of Modern War . New York , USA : Oxford University Press . p. 160 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 285373 - 2 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Mark J. Gasiorowski and Malcolm Byrne Mohammad Mosaddegh and the 1953 Coup in Iran , Syracuse University Press , May 2004 . ISBN 0 - 8156 - 3018 - 2 , p. 125 . Jump up ^ James S. Lay , Jr. ( 20 November 1952 ) . `` United States policy regarding the current situation in Iran '' ( PDF ) . George Washington University . Retrieved 7 November 2007 . Statement of policy proposed by the National Security Council Jump up ^ Walter B. Smith ( 20 March 1953 ) . `` First Progress Report on Paragraph 5 - 1 of NSC 136 / 1 , `` U.S. Policy Regarding the Current Situation in Iran '' '' ( PDF ) . George Washington University . Retrieved 7 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Measures which the United States Government Might Take in Support of a Successor Government to Mosaddegh '' ( PDF ) . George Washington University . March 1953 . Retrieved 7 November 2007 . Jump up ^ Watson , Cynthia A. ( 2002 ) . U.S. National Security : A Reference Handbook . Santa Barbara , California : ABL - CLIO . p. 118 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 598 - 2 . Jump up ^ Stone , The Atlantic and Its Enemies ( 2010 ) pp 199 , 256 Jump up ^ Bulmer - Thomas , Victor ( 1987 ) . The Political Economy of Central America since 1920 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . p. 142 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 34284 - 1 . Jump up ^ Roadnight , Andrew ( 2002 ) . United States Policy towards Indonesia in the Truman and Eisenhower Years . New York : Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 333 - 79315 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Schraeder , Peter J. ( 1994 ) . United States Foreign Policy Toward Africa : Incrementalism , Crisis , and Change . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . p. 57 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 46677 - 6 . Jump up ^ Rose , Euclid A. ( 2002 ) . Dependency and Socialism in the Modern Caribbean : Superpower Intervention in Guyana , Jamaica , and Grenada , 1970 -- 1985 . Lanham : Lexington Books . p. 57 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7391 - 0448 - 4 . Jump up ^ Mars , Perry & Alma H. Young ( 2004 ) . Caribbean Labor and Politics : Legacies of Cheddi Jagan and Michael Manley . Detroit : Wayne State University Press . p. xviii . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8143 - 3211 - 5 . Jump up ^ Palmer , Colin A. ( 2010 ) . Cheddi Jagan and the Politics of Power : British Guiana 's Struggle for Independence . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press . pp. 247 -- 248 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 3416 - 9 . Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 126 ^ Jump up to : Gaddis 2005 , p. 142 Jump up ^ Kempe , Frederick ( 2011 ) . Berlin 1961 . Penguin Group ( USA ) . p. 42 . ISBN 0 - 399 - 15729 - 8 . Jump up ^ Lüthi , pp. 273 -- 276 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , pp. 140 -- 142 Jump up ^ Lorenz M. Lüthi ( 2010 ) . The Sino - Soviet Split : Cold War in the Communist World . Princeton UP . p. 1 . ISBN 1400837626 . Jump up ^ Lackey , p. 49 Jump up ^ `` Sputnik satellite blasts into space '' . BBC News . 4 October 1957 . Retrieved 11 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Klesius , Michael ( 19 December 2008 ) . `` To Boldly Go '' . Air & Space . Retrieved 7 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Blumberg , Arnold ( 1995 ) . Great Leaders , Great Tyrants ? : Contemporary Views of World Rulers Who Made History . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Press . pp. 23 -- 24 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 28751 - 0 . Jump up ^ Lechuga Hevia , Carlos ( 2001 ) . Cuba and the Missile Crisis . Melbourne , Australia : Ocean Press . p. 142 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 876175 - 34 - 4 . Jump up ^ Dominguez 1989 , p. 22 ^ Jump up to : Smith , Joseph ( 1998 ) . The Cold War 1945 -- 1991 . Oxford : Blackwell . p. 95 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 19138 - 4 . Jump up ^ Dowty 1989 , p. 114 Jump up ^ Harrison 2003 , p. 99 Jump up ^ Dowty 1989 , p. 122 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 114 Jump up ^ Pearson 1998 , p. 75 ^ Jump up to : Zubok , Vladislav M. ( 1994 ) . `` Unwrapping the Enigma : What Was Behind the Soviet Challenge in the 1960s ? '' . In Diane B. Kunz ( Ed . ) , The Diplomacy of the Crucial Decade : American Foreign Relations During the 1960s . New York : Columbia University Press . p. 158 -- 159 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 08177 - 1 . Jump up ^ Jones , Howard ( 2009 ) . Crucible of Power : A History of American Foreign Relations from 1945 . Lanham : Rowman & Littlefield . p. 122 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 6454 - 1 . Jump up ^ James G. Blight ( 2002 ) , Cuba on the Brink : Castro , the Missile Crisis , and the Soviet Collapse , Rowman & Littlefield , , p. 252 . Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 82 Jump up ^ National Research Council Committee on Antarctic Policy and Science , p. 33 ^ Jump up to : Gaddis 2005 , pp. 119 -- 120 Jump up ^ Hardt & Kaufman 1995 , p. 16 Jump up ^ Menon , Anand ( 2000 ) . France , NATO , and the limits of independence , 1981 -- 97 : the politics of ambivalence . Palgrave Macmillan . p. 11 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 22931 - 3 . Jump up ^ Crawley p. 431 Jump up ^ Ello ( ed . ) , Paul ( April 1968 ) . Control Committee of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia , `` Action Plan of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia ( Prague , April 1968 ) '' in Dubcek 's Blueprint for Freedom : His original documents leading to the invasion of Czechoslovakia . William Kimber & Co. 1968 , pp 32 , 54 Jump up ^ Von Geldern , James ; Siegelbaum , Lewis . `` The Soviet - led Intervention in Czechoslovakia '' . Soviethistory.org . Archived from the original on 17 August 2009 . Retrieved 7 March 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Gaddis 2005 , p. 150 Jump up ^ `` Russia brings winter to Prague Spring '' . BBC News . 21 August 1968 . Retrieved 10 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Čulík , Jan . `` Den , kdy tanky zlikvidovaly české sny Pražského jara '' . Britské Listy . Retrieved 23 January 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Gaddis 2005 , p. 154 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 153 ^ Jump up to : Walter LaFeber , `` Thomas C. Mann and the Devolution of Latin American Policy : From the Good Neighbor to Military Intervention '' . In Behind the Throne : Servants of Power to Imperial Presidents , 1898 -- 1968 , ed . Thomas J. McCormick & Walter LaFeber . University of Wisconsin Press , 1993 . ISBN 0 - 299 - 13740 - 6 ^ Jump up to : Itzigsohn , José ( 2000 ) . Developing Poverty : The State , Labor Market Deregulation , and the Informal Economy in Costa Rica and the Dominican Republic . University Park , Pennsylvania : Penn State University Press . pp. 41 -- 42 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 271 - 02028 - 0 . Jump up ^ Simpson , Bradley ( 2010 ) . Economists with Guns : Authoritarian Development and U.S. -- Indonesian Relations , 1960 - 1968 . Stanford University Press . p. 193 . ISBN 0804771820 . Washington did everything in its power to encourage and facilitate the army - led massacre of alleged PKI members , and U.S. officials worried only that the killing of the party 's unarmed supporters might not go far enough , permitting Sukarno to return to power and frustrate the ( Johnson ) Administration 's emerging plans for a post-Sukarno Indonesia . Jump up ^ Kai Thaler ( 2 December 2015 ) . 50 years ago today , American diplomats endorsed mass killings in Indonesia . Here 's what that means for today . The Washington Post . Retrieved 12 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Perry , Juliet ( 21 July 2016 ) . `` Tribunal finds Indonesia guilty of 1965 genocide ; US , UK complicit '' . CNN . Retrieved 5 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bevins , Vincent ( 20 October 2017 ) . `` What the United States Did in Indonesia '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 21 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Farid , Hilmar ( 2005 ) . `` Indonesia 's original sin : mass killings and capitalist expansion , 1965 -- 66 '' . Inter-Asia Cultural Studies . 6 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 16 . doi : 10.1080 / 1462394042000326879 . Jump up ^ Mark Aarons ( 2007 ) . `` Justice Betrayed : Post-1945 Responses to Genocide . '' In David A. Blumenthal and Timothy L.H. McCormack ( eds ) . The Legacy of Nuremberg : Civilising Influence or Institutionalised Vengeance ? ( International Humanitarian Law ) . Martinus Nijhoff Publishers . p. 80 ISBN 9004156917 Jump up ^ Mark Aarons ( 2007 ) . `` Justice Betrayed : Post-1945 Responses to Genocide . '' In David A. Blumenthal and Timothy L.H. McCormack ( eds ) . The Legacy of Nuremberg : Civilising Influence or Institutionalised Vengeance ? ( International Humanitarian Law ) . Martinus Nijhoff Publishers . p. 81 ISBN 9004156917 Jump up ^ Scott , Margaret ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` Uncovering Indonesia 's Act of Killing '' . The New York Review of Books . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Profile of Salvador Allende '' . BBC . 8 September 2003 . Retrieved 25 January 2011 . Jump up ^ McSherry , J. Patrice ( 2011 ) . `` Chapter 5 : `` Industrial repression '' and Operation Condor in Latin America `` . In Esparza , Marcia ; Henry R. Huttenbach ; Daniel Feierstein . State Violence and Genocide in Latin America : The Cold War Years ( Critical Terrorism Studies ) . Routledge . p. 107 . ISBN 0415664578 . Operation Condor also had the covert support of the US government . Washington provided Condor with military intelligence and training , financial assistance , advanced computers , sophisticated tracking technology , and access to the continental telecommunications system housed in the Panama Canal Zone . Jump up ^ Walter L. Hixson ( 2009 ) . The Myth of American Diplomacy : National Identity and U.S. Foreign Policy . Yale University Press . p. 223 . ISBN 0300151314 Jump up ^ Greg Grandin ( 2011 ) . The Last Colonial Massacre : Latin America in the Cold War . University of Chicago Press . p. 75 . ISBN 9780226306902 Jump up ^ Stone , p. 230 ^ Jump up to : Grenville , J.A.S. & Bernard Wasserstein ( 1987 ) . Treaties of the Twentieth Century : A History and Guide with Texts , Volume 2 . London and New York : Methuen . ISBN 978 - 0 - 416 - 38080 - 4 . Jump up ^ Kumaraswamy , p. 127 ^ Jump up to : Tripp , Charles R.H. ( 2002 ) . A History of Iraq . Cambridge University Press . pp. xii , 211 -- 214 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 87823 - 4 . Jump up ^ Friedman , p. 330 ^ Jump up to : Erlich , Reese ( 2008 ) . Dateline Havana : The Real Story of U.S. Policy and the Future of Cuba . Sausalito , California : PoliPoint Press . pp. 84 -- 86 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9815769 - 7 - 8 . Jump up ^ Bronson , Thicker than Oil ( 2006 ) , p. 134 . `` Encouraged by Saudi Arabia , Safari Club members approached Somali president Siad Barre and offered to provide the arms he needed if he stopped taking Russian aid . Barre agreed . Egypt then sold Somalia $75 million worth of its unwanted Soviet arms , with Saudi Arabia footing the bill . '' Jump up ^ Miglietta , American Alliance Policy ( 2002 ) , p. 78 . `` American military goods were provided by Egypt and Iran , which transferred excess arms from their inventories . It was said that American M - 48 tanks sold to Iran were shipped to Somalia via Oman . '' Jump up ^ Dmitry Mosyakov , `` The Khmer Rouge and the Vietnamese Communists : A History of Their Relations as Told in the Soviet Archives , '' in Susan E. Cook , ed. , Genocide in Cambodia and Rwanda ( Yale Genocide Studies Program Monograph Series No. 1 , 2004 ) , p. 54ff . Can be accessed at : www.yale.edu/gsp/publications/Mosyakov.doc `` In April -- May 1970 , many North Vietnamese forces entered Cambodia in response to the call for help addressed to Vietnam not by Pol Pot , but by his deputy Nuon Chea . Nguyen Co Thach recalls : `` Nuon Chea has asked for help and we have liberated five provinces of Cambodia in ten days . '' '' Jump up ^ Chandler , David 2000 , Brother Number One : A Political Biography of Pol Pot , Revised Edition , Chiang Mai , Thailand : Silkworm Books , pp. 96 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Heuveline , Patrick ( 2001 ) . `` The Demographic Analysis of Mortality in Cambodia . '' In Forced Migration and Mortality , eds . Holly E. Reed and Charles B. Keely . Washington , D.C. : National Academy Press . Heuveline suggests that a range of 1.17 -- 3.42 million people were killed . Jump up ^ Marek Sliwinski , Le Génocide Khmer Rouge : Une Analyse Démographique ( L'Harmattan , 1995 ) . Jump up ^ Banister , Judith , and Paige Johnson ( 1993 ) . `` After the Nightmare : The Population of Cambodia . '' In Genocide and Democracy in Cambodia : The Khmer Rouge , the United Nations and the International Community , ed . Ben Kiernan . New Haven , Conn. : Yale University Southeast Asia Studies . Jump up ^ Theory of the Global State : Globality as Unfinished Revolution by Martin Shaw , Cambridge University Press , 2000 , p. 141 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 59730 - 2 Jump up ^ Slocomb M. `` The K5 Gamble : National Defence and Nation Building under the People 's Republic of Kampuchea . '' Journal of Southeast Asian Studies , 2001 ; 32 ( 02 ) : 195 -- 210 Jump up ^ hu - Huong , Nguyen ( 1992 ) . Khmer Viet Relations and the Third Indochina Conflict . Jefferson : McFarland . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89950 - 717 - 0 , pp. 139 -- 140 Jump up ^ Dallek , Robert ( 2007 ) , p. 144 . Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , pp. 149 -- 152 Jump up ^ Buchanan , pp. 168 -- 169 Jump up ^ `` President Nixon arrives in Moscow '' . BBC News . 22 May 1972 . Retrieved 10 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Robert S. Litwak , Détente and the Nixon doctrine : American foreign policy and the pursuit of stability , 1969 -- 1976 ( Cambridge UP , 1986 ) . Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 188 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 186 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 178 Jump up ^ `` Leaders agree arms reduction treaty '' . BBC News . 18 June 2008 . Retrieved 10 June 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Halliday 2001 , p. 2e Jump up ^ John P. Diggins ( 2007 ) . Ronald Reagan : Fate , Freedom , And the Making of History . W.W. Norton . p. 267 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 06022 - 5 . Jump up ^ Michael Cox ( 1990 ) . Beyond the Cold War : Superpowers at the Crossroads . University Press of America . p. 18 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8191 - 7865 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Hussain 2005 , pp. 108 -- 109 Jump up ^ Starr 2004 , pp. 157 -- 158 ^ Jump up to : Warren 1992 Jump up ^ Meher 2004 , pp. 68 -- 69 , 94 Jump up ^ Kalinovsky 2011 , pp. 25 -- 28 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 211 Jump up ^ Allen , Richard V . `` The Man Who Won the Cold War '' . Hoover.org . Archived from the original on 1 May 2011 . Retrieved 3 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 189 ^ Jump up to : Gaddis 2005 , p. 197 Jump up ^ https://www.rt.com/op-edge/thatcher-ussr-cold-war-gorbachev-528/ Jump up ^ Graebner , Norman A. , Richard Dean Burns & Joseph M. Siracusa ( 2008 ) . Reagan , Bush , Gorbachev : Revisiting the End of the Cold War . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Press . p. 76 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 35241 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Singh , Bilveer ( 1995 ) . `` Jemaah Islamiyah '' . In Wilson John & Swati Parashar ( Eds . ) Terrorism in Southeast Asia : Implications for South Asia . Singapore and Delhi : ORF - Pearson - Longman . p. 130 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 297 - 0998 - 1 . Jump up ^ Henze , p. 171 ^ Jump up to : Gaddis 2005 , pp. 219 -- 222 ^ Jump up to : LaFeber 2002 , p. 332 Jump up ^ Towle , Philip . The Oxford History of Modern War . p. 159 . Jump up ^ LaFeber 2002 , p. 335 Jump up ^ Odom 2000 , p. 1 Jump up ^ LaFeber 2002 , p. 340 Jump up ^ `` Desert Storm Filled Soviet Military With Awe '' . tribunedigital - chicagotribune . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ Carliner , Geoffrey ; Alesina , Alberto , eds. ( 1991 ) . Politics and Economics in the Eighties . University of Chicago Press . p. 6 . ISBN 0 - 226 - 01281 - 6 . Jump up ^ Feeney , Mark ( 29 March 2006 ) . `` Caspar W. Weinberger , 88 ; Architect of Massive Pentagon Buildup '' . The Boston Globe . Boston.com . Retrieved 28 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` LGM - 118A Peacekeeper '' . Federation of American Scientists . 15 August 2000 . Retrieved 10 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Lakoff , p. 263 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 202 Jump up ^ Garthoff , p. 88 Jump up ^ Lebow , Richard Ned and Janice Gross Stein ( February 1994 ) . `` Reagan and the Russians '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 28 May 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Gaidar 2007 pp. 190 -- 205 Jump up ^ Gaidar , Yegor . `` Public Expectations and Trust towards the Government : Post-Revolution Stabilization and its Discontents '' . The Institute for the Economy in Transition . Retrieved 15 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Official Energy Statistics of the US Government '' , EIA -- International Energy Data and Analysis . Retrieved on 4 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Hardt & Kaufman 1995 , p. 1 Jump up ^ Talbott , Strobe ; Hannifin , Jerry ; Magnuson , Ed ; Doerner , William R. ; Kane , Joseph J. ( 12 September 1983 ) . `` Atrocity in the skies '' . Time . Retrieved 8 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 228 ^ Jump up to : LaFeber 2002 , p. 323 Jump up ^ Reagan , Ronald ( 1991 ) . Foner , Eric ; Garraty , John Arthur , eds . The Reader 's companion to American history . Houghton Mifflin Books . ISBN 0 - 395 - 51372 - 3 . Retrieved 16 June 2008 . Jump up ^ What Guilt Does the U.S. Bear in Guatemala ? The New York Times , 19 May 2013 . Retrieved 23 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : LaFeber 2002 , p. 314 Jump up ^ Dobrynin 2001 , pp. 438 -- 439 Jump up ^ Maynes 1980 , pp. 1 -- 2 ^ Jump up to : LaFeber 2002 , pp. 331 -- 333 ^ Jump up to : Gaddis 2005 , pp. 231 -- 233 Jump up ^ LaFeber 2002 , pp. 300 -- 340 Jump up ^ Gibbs 1999 , p. 7 Jump up ^ Gibbs 1999 , p. 33 Jump up ^ Gibbs 1999 , p. 61 ^ Jump up to : Gaddis 2005 , pp. 229 -- 230 Jump up ^ 1985 : `` Superpowers aim for ' safer world ' '' , BBC News , 21 November 1985 . Retrieved on 4 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Toward the Summit ; Previous Reagan - Gorbachev Summits '' . The New York Times . 29 May 1988 . Retrieved 21 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Intermediate - Range Nuclear Forces '' . Federation of American Scientists . Retrieved 21 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 255 ^ Jump up to : Shearman 1995 , p. 76 ^ Jump up to : Gaddis 2005 , p. 248 ^ Jump up to : Gaddis 2005 , pp. 235 -- 236 Jump up ^ Shearman 1995 , p. 74 Jump up ^ `` Address given by Mikhail Gorbachev to the Council of Europe '' . Centre Virtuel de la Connaissance sur l'Europe. 6 July 1989 . Archived from the original on 27 September 2007 . Retrieved 11 February 2007 . Jump up ^ Malta summit ends Cold War , BBC News , 3 December 1989 . Retrieved 11 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Goodby , p. 26 Jump up ^ Garthoff , Raymond L. `` The Great Transition : American - Soviet Relations and the End of the Cold War '' ( Washington : Brookings Institution , 1994 ) . Jump up ^ Lefeber , Fitzmaurice & Vierdag 1991 , p. 221 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 247 Jump up ^ Sakwa 1999 , p. 460 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 253 Jump up ^ Goldgeier , p. 27 Jump up ^ Soviet Leaders Recall ' Inevitable ' Breakup Of Soviet Union , Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty , 8 December 2006 . Retrieved 20 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , pp. 256 -- 257 Jump up ^ Cited in Stephen E. , Ambrose & Douglas G. , Brinkley , Rise to Globalism : American Foreign Policy since 1938 , ( New York : Penguin Books , 1997 ) , p XVI . Jump up ^ Åslund , p. 49 Jump up ^ Nolan , pp. 17 -- 18 Jump up ^ `` Country profile : United States of America '' . BBC News . Retrieved 11 March 2007 Jump up ^ Nye , p. 157 Jump up ^ Blum 2006 , p. 87 ^ Jump up to : `` U.S. Military Deployment 1969 to the present '' . PBS . 26 October 2004 . Retrieved 30 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Duke , Simón ( 1989 ) . United States Military Forces and Installations in Europe . Oxford University Press . p. 175 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 829132 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Calhoun , Craig ( 2002 ) . `` Cold War ( entire chapter ) '' . Dictionary of the Social Sciences . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 512371 - 9 . Retrieved 16 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Pavelec , Sterling Michael ( 2009 ) . The Military - Industrial Complex and American Society . ABC - CLIO . pp. xv -- xvi . ISBN 1 - 59884 - 187 - 4 . Jump up ^ LaFeber 2002 , p. 1 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 213 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 266 Jump up ^ Monty G. Marshall and Ted Gurr , `` Peace and Conflict '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original on 24 June 2008 . Retrieved 1 June 2016 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) , Center for Systemic Peace ( 2006 ) . Retrieved 14 June 2008 . `` Peace and Conflict '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 24 June 2008 . Retrieved 1 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony Shaw and Denise Youngblood , Cinematic Cold War : The American and Soviet struggle for hearts and minds ( University Press of Kansas , 2010 ) , ch 1 . Jump up ^ Jason Dietz ( 11 December 2013 ) . `` The Best New TV Shows of 2013 '' . Metacritic ( CBS Interactive Inc . ) . Retrieved 14 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` FX Sets Premieres for The Americans ' Final Season , Atlanta , Getty Saga Trust '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gokcek , Gigi & Howard , Alison ; Howard ( 2013 ) . `` Movies to the Rescue : Keeping the Cold War Relevant for Twenty - First - Century Students '' . Journal of Political Science Education . 9 ( 4 ) : 436 . doi : 10.1080 / 15512169.2013. 835561 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Nashel , Jonathan ( 1999 ) . `` Cold War ( 1945 -- 91 ) : Changing Interpretations ( entire chapter ) '' . In Whiteclay Chambers , John . The Oxford Companion to American Military History . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 507198 - 0 . Retrieved 16 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Brinkley , pp. 798 -- 799 References and further reading Main article : List of primary and secondary sources on the Cold War Applebaum , Anne ( 2012 ) . Iron Curtain : The Crushing of Eastern Europe , 1944 -- 1956 . Doubleday . ISBN 0 - 385 - 51569 - 3 . Bilinsky , Yaroslav ( 1990 ) . Endgame in NATO 's Enlargement : The Baltic States and Ukraine . Greenwood . ISBN 0275963632 . Bronson , Rachel . Thicker than Oil : Oil : America 's Uneasy Partnership with Saudi Arabia . Oxford University Press , 2006 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 516743 - 6 The Cambridge History of the Cold War ( 3 vol. 2010 ) online Christenson , Ron ( 1991 ) . Political trials in history : from antiquity to the present . Transaction Publishers . ISBN 0 - 88738 - 406 - 4 . Davis , Simon , and Joseph Smith . The A to Z of the Cold War ( Scarecrow , 2005 ) , encyclopedia focused on military aspects Dominguez , Jorge I. ( 1989 ) . To Make a World Safe for Revolution : Cuba 's Foreign Policy . Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 89325 - 2 . Fedorov , Alexander ( 2011 ) . Russian Image on the Western Screen : Trends , Stereotypes , Myths , Illusions . Lambert Academic Publishing . ISBN 978 - 3 - 8433 - 9330 - 0 . Franco , Jean ( 2002 ) . The Decline and Fall of the Lettered City : Latin America in the Cold War . Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 6740 - 3717 - 0 . Frankel , Benjamin . The Cold War 1945 -- 1991 . Vol. 2 , Leaders and other important figures in the Soviet Union , Eastern Europe , China , and the Third World ( 1992 ) , 379pp of biographies . Friedman , Norman ( 2007 ) . The Fifty - Year War : Conflict and Strategy in the Cold War . Naval Institute Press . ISBN 1 - 59114 - 287 - 3 . Gaddis , John Lewis ( 1990 ) . Russia , the Soviet Union and the United States . An Interpretative History . McGraw - Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 557258 - 3 . Gaddis , John Lewis ( 1997 ) . We Now Know : Rethinking Cold War History . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 878070 - 2 . Gaddis , John Lewis ( 2005 ) . The Cold War : A New History . Penguin Press . ISBN 1 - 59420 - 062 - 9 . Garthoff , Raymond ( 1994 ) . Détente and Confrontation : American - Soviet Relations from Nixon to Reagan . Brookings Institution Press . ISBN 0 - 8157 - 3041 - 1 . Gilbert , Martin ( 2007 ) . Routledge Atlas of Russian History . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 39483 - 3 . Halliday , Fred . The Making of the Second Cold War ( 1983 , Verso , London ) . Halliday , Fred ( 2001 ) . `` Cold War '' . The Oxford Companion to the Politics of the World . Oxford University Press Inc . Haslam , Jonathan . Russia 's Cold War : From the October Revolution to the Fall of the Wall ( Yale University Press ; 2011 ) 512 pages Heller , Henry ( 2006 ) . The Cold War and the New Imperialism : A Global History , 1945 -- 2005 . New York : Monthly Review Press . ISBN 1 - 58367 - 139 - 0 Hoffman , David E. The Dead Hand : The Untold Story of the Cold War Arms Race and Its Dangerous Legacy ( 2010 ) House , Jonathan . A Military History of the Cold War , 1944 -- 1962 ( 2012 ) Immerman , Richard H. and Petra Goedde , eds . The Oxford Handbook of the Cold War ( 2013 ) excerpt Judge , Edward H. The Cold War : A Global History With Documents ( 2012 ) Kalinovsky , Artemy M. ( 2011 ) . A Long Goodbye : The Soviet Withdrawal from Afghanistan . Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 05866 - 8 . Kinsella , Warren ( 1992 ) . Unholy Alliances . Lester Publishing . ISBN 1895555248 . LaFeber , Walter ( 1993 ) . America , Russia , and the Cold War , 1945 -- 1992 . McGraw - Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 035853 - 2 . LaFeber , Walter ( 2002 ) . America , Russia , and the Cold War , 1945 -- 2002 . McGraw - Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 284903 - 7 . Leffler , Melvyn ( 1992 ) . A Preponderance of Power : National Security , the Truman Administration , and the Cold War . Stanford University Press . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 2218 - 8 . Leffler , Melvyn P. and Odd Arne Westad , eds . The Cambridge History of the Cold War ( 3 vol , 2010 ) 2000pp ; new essays by leading scholars Lewkowicz , Nicolas ( 2010 ) . The German Question and the International Order , 1943 -- 48 . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 24812 - 0 . Lundestad , Geir ( 2005 ) . East , West , North , South : Major Developments in International Politics since 1945 . Oxford University Press . ISBN 1 - 4129 - 0748 - 9 . Lüthi , Lorenz M ( 2008 ) . The Sino - Soviet Split : Cold War in the Communist World . Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 13590 - 8 . Malkasian , Carter ( 2001 ) . The Korean War : Essential Histories . Osprey Publishing . ISBN 1 - 84176 - 282 - 2 . Mastny , Vojtech . The Cold War and Soviet Insecurity : The Stalin Years ( 1996 ) online edition McMahon , Robert ( 2003 ) . The Cold War : A Very Short Introduction . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 280178 - 3 . Meher , Jagmohan ( 2004 ) . America 's Afghanistan War : The Success that Failed . Gyan Books . ISBN 81 - 7835 - 262 - 1 . Miglietta , John P. American Alliance Policy in the Middle East , 1945 -- 1992 : Iran , Israel , and Saudi Arabia . Lanham , MD : Lexington Books , 2002 . 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Wettig , Gerhard ( 2008 ) . Stalin and the Cold War in Europe . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 0 - 7425 - 5542 - 9 . Wilson , James Graham ( 2014 ) . The Triumph of Improvisation : Gorbachev 's Adaptability , Reagan 's Engagement , and the End of the Cold War . Ithaca : Cornell University Press . ISBN 0801452295 . Zubok , Vladislav ; Pleshakov , Constantine ( 1996 ) . Inside the Kremlin 's Cold War : From Stalin to Khrushchev . Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 45531 - 2 . Zubok , Vladislav M. ( 2008 ) A Failed Empire : The Soviet Union in the Cold War from Stalin to Gorbachev Historiography and memory Hopkins , Michael F. `` Continuing Debate and New Approaches in Cold War History , '' Historical Journal , December 2007 , Vol. 50 Issue 4 , pp 913 -- 934 , Isaac , Joel , and Duncan Bell , eds . Uncertain Empire : American History and the Idea of the Cold War ( 2012 ) Johnston , Gordon . `` Revisiting the cultural Cold War , '' Social History , Aug 2010 , Vol. 35 Issue 3 , pp 290 -- 307 Kirkendall , Andrew J. `` Cold War Latin America : The State of the Field '' , H - Diplo Essay No. 119 : An H - Diplo State of the Field Essay ( November 2014 ) Nuti , Leopoldo , et al. , eds. Europe and the End of the Cold War : A Reappraisal ( 2012 ) Roberts , Priscilla . `` New Perspectives on Cold War History from China , '' Diplomatic History 41 : 2 ( April 2017 ) online Wiener , Jon . How We Forgot the Cold War : A Historical Journey across America ( 2012 ) Primary sources Andrew , Christopher ; Mitrokhin , Vasili ( 2000 ) . The Sword and the Shield : The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB . Basic Books . ISBN 0 - 585 - 41828 - 4 . Cardona , Luis ( 2007 ) . Cold War KFA . Routledge . Dobrynin , Anatoly ( 2001 ) . In Confidence : Moscow 's Ambassador to Six Cold War Presidents . University of Washington Press . ISBN 0 - 295 - 98081 - 8 . Hanhimäki , Jussi and Odd Arne Westad , eds . The Cold War : A History in Documents and Eyewitness Accounts ( Oxford University Press , 2003 ) . ISBN 0 - 19 - 927280 - 8 . Sakwa , Richard ( 1999 ) . The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Union , 1917 -- 1991 . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 12290 - 2 . `` Presidency in the Nuclear Age '' , conference and forum at the JFK Library , Boston , 12 October 2009 . Four panels : `` The Race to Build the Bomb and the Decision to Use It '' , `` Cuban Missile Crisis and the First Nuclear Test Ban Treaty '' , `` The Cold War and the Nuclear Arms Race '' , and `` Nuclear Weapons , Terrorism , and the Presidency '' . 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which 5 year plan is going on in india

Five - Year plans of India

five - year plans of india

From 1947 to 2017 , the Indian economy was premised on the concept of planning . This was carried through the Five - Year Plans , developed , executed , and monitored by the Planning Commission ( 1951 - 2014 ) and the NITI Aayog ( 2015 - 2017 ) . With the prime minister as the ex-officio chairman , the commission has a nominated deputy chairman , who holds the rank of a cabinet Minister . Montek Singh Ahluwalia is the last deputy chairman of the commission ( resigned on 26 May 2014 ) . The Twelfth Plan completed its term in March 2017 . Prior to the Fourth Plan , the allocation of state resources was based on schematic patterns rather than a transparent and objective mechanism , which led to the adoption of the Gadgil formula in 1969 . Revised versions of the formula have been used since then to determine the allocation of central assistance for state plans . The new government led by Narendra Modi , elected in 2014 , has announced the dissolution of the Planning Commission , and its replacement by a think tank called the NITI Aayog ( an acronym for National Institution for Transforming India ) .

Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 First Plan ( 1951 -- 1956 ) 3 Second Plan ( 1956 -- 1961 ) 4 Third Plan ( 1961 -- 1966 ) 5 Fourth Plan ( 1969 -- 1974 ) 6 Fifth Plan ( 1974 -- 1978 ) 7 Rolling Plan ( 1978 -- 1980 ) 8 Sixth Plan ( 1980 -- 1985 ) 9 Seventh Plan ( 1985 -- 1990 ) 10 Annual Plans ( 1990 -- 1992 ) 11 Eighth Plan ( 1992 -- 1997 ) 12 Ninth Plan ( 1997 -- 2002 ) 13 Tenth Plan ( 2002 -- 2007 ) 14 Eleventh Plan ( 2007 -- 2012 ) 15 Twelfth Plan ( 2012 -- 2017 ) 16 See also 17 References 18 External links History ( edit ) Five - Year Plans ( FYPs ) are centralized and integrated national economic programs . Joseph Stalin implemented the first Five Year Plan in the Soviet Union in the late 1920s . Most communist states and several capitalist countries subsequently have adopted them . China and India both continue to use FYPs , although China renamed its Eleventh FYP , from 2006 to 2010 , a guideline ( guihua ) , rather than a plan ( jihua ) , to signify the central government 's more hands - off approach to development . India launched its First FYP in 1951 , immediately after independence under socialist influence of first Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru . The First Five - Year Plan was one of the most important because it had a great role in the launching of Indian development after Independence . Thus , it strongly supported agriculture production and it also launched the industrialization of the country ( but less than the Second Plan , which focused on heavy industries ) . It built a particular system of mixed economy , with a great role for the public sector ( with an emerging welfare state ) , as well as a growing private sector ( represented by some personalities as those who published the Bombay Plan ) . First Plan ( 1951 -- 1956 ) ( edit ) This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The first Indian Prime Minister , Jawaharlal Nehru presented the First Five - Year Plan to the Parliament of India and needed urgent attention . The First Five - year Plan was launched in 1951 which mainly focused in development of the primary sector . The First Five - Year Plan was based on the Harrod -- Domar model with few modifications . The total planned budget of Rs. 2069 crore ( 2378 crore later ) was allocated to seven broad areas : irrigation and energy ( 27.2 % ) , agriculture and community development ( 17.4 % ) , transport and communications ( 24 % ) , industry ( 8.4 % ) , social services ( 16.6 % ) , rehabilitation of landless farmers ( 4.1 % ) , and for other sectors and services ( 2.5 % ) . The most important feature of this phase was active role of state in all economic sectors . Such a role was justified at that time because immediately after independence , India was facing basic problems -- deficiency of capital and low capacity to save . The target growth rate was 2.1 % annual gross domestic product ( GDP ) growth ; the achieved growth rate was 3.6 % the net domestic product went up by 15 % . The monsoon was good and there were relatively high crop yields , boosting exchange reserves and the per capita income , which increased by 8 % . National income increased more than the per capita income due to rapid population growth . Many irrigation projects were initiated during this period , including the Bhakra , Hirakud , Mettur Dam and Damodar Valley dams . The World Health Organization ( WHO ) , with the Indian government , addressed children 's health and reduced infant mortality , indirectly contributing to population growth . At the end of the plan period in 1956 , five Indian Institutes of Technology ( IITs ) were started as major technical institutions . The University Grants Commission ( UGC ) was set up to take care of funding and take measures to strengthen the higher education in the country . Contracts were signed to start five steel plants , which came into existence in the middle of the Second Five - Year Plan . The plan was quasi successful for the government . Second Plan ( 1956 -- 1961 ) ( edit ) The Second Plan was particularly in the development of the public sector and `` rapid Industrialisation '' . The plan followed the Mahalanobis model , an economic development model developed by the Indian statistician Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis in 1953 . The plan attempted to determine the optimal allocation of investment between productive sectors in order to maximise long - run economic growth . It used the prevalent state of art techniques of operations research and optimization as well as the novel applications of statistical models developed at the Indian Statistical Institute . The plan assumed a closed economy in which the main trading activity would be centred on importing capital goods . Hydroelectric power projects and five steel plants at Bhilai , Durgapur , and Rourkela were established with the help of Russia , Britain ( the U.K ) and West Germany respectively . Coal production was increased . More railway lines were added in the north east . The Tata Institute of Fundamental Research and Atomic Energy Commission of India was established as research institutes . In 1957 a talent search and scholarship program was begun to find talented young students to train for work in nuclear power . The total amount allocated under the Second Five - Year Plan in India was Rs. 48 billion . This amount was allocated among various sectors : power and irrigation , social services , communications and transport , and miscellaneous . `` The target growth rate was 4.5 % and the actual growth rate was 4.27 % . '' Third Plan ( 1961 -- 1966 ) ( edit ) The Third Five - year Plan , stressed agriculture and improvement in the production of wheat , but the brief Sino - Indian War of 1962 exposed weaknesses in the economy and shifted the focus towards the defence industry and the Indian Army . In 1965 -- 1966 , India fought a War with Pakistan . There was also a severe drought in 1965 . The war led to inflation and the priority was shifted to price stabilisation . The construction of dams continued . Many cement and fertilizer plants were also built . Punjab began producing an abundance of wheat . Many primary schools were started in rural areas . In an effort to bring democracy to the grass - root level , Panchayat elections were started and the states were given more development responsibilities . State electricity boards and state secondary education boards were formed . States were made responsible for secondary and higher education . State road transportation corporations were formed and local road building became a state responsibility . The target growth rate was 5.6 % , but the actual growth rate was 2.4 % . Due to miserable failure of the Third Plan the government was forced to declare `` plan holidays '' ( from 1966 -- 67 , 1967 -- 68 , and 1968 -- 69 ) . Three annual plans were drawn during this intervening period . During 1966 -- 67 there was again the problem of drought . Equal priority was given to agriculture , its allied activities , and industrial sector . The government of India declared `` Devaluation of Rupee '' to increase the exports of the country . The main reasons for plan holidays were the war , lack of resources , and increase in inflation after that plan holiday was created . Fourth Plan ( 1969 -- 1974 ) ( edit ) At this time Indira Gandhi was the Prime Minister . The Indira Gandhi government nationalised 14 major Indian banks and the Green Revolution in India advanced agriculture . In addition , the situation in East Pakistan ( now Bangladesh ) was becoming dire as the Indo - Pakistan War of 1971 and Bangladesh Liberation War took funds earmarked for industrial development . India also performed the Smiling Buddha underground nuclear test ( Pokhran - 1 ) in Rajasthan on May 18 , 1974 , partially in response to the United States deployment of the Seventh Fleet in the Bay of Bengal . The fleet had been deployed to warn India against attacking West Pakistan and extending the war . The target growth rate was 5.6 % , but the actual growth rate was 3.3 % . Fifth Plan ( 1974 -- 1978 ) ( edit ) The Fifth Five - Year Plan laid stress on employment , poverty alleviation ( Garibi Hatao ) , and justice . The plan also focused on self - reliance in agricultural production and defence . In 1978 the newly elected Morarji Desai government rejected the plan . The Electricity Supply Act was amended in 1975 , which enabled the central government to enter into power generation and transmission . The Indian national highway system was introduced and many roads were widened to accommodate the increasing traffic . Tourism also expanded . The twenty - point programme was launched in 1975 . It was followed from 1974 to 1979 . The Minimum Needs Programme ( MNP ) was introduced in the first year of the Fifth Five Year Plan ( 1974 -- 78 ) . The objective of the programme is to provide certain basic minimum needs and thereby improve the living standards of the people . The target growth rate was 4.4 % and the actual growth rate was 4.8 % . Rolling Plan ( 1978 -- 1980 ) ( edit ) The Janata Party government rejected the Fifth Five - Year Plan and introduced a new Sixth Five - Year Plan ( 1978 -- 1980 ) . This plan was again rejected by the Indian National Congress government in 1980 and a new Sixth Plan was made. The Rolling Plan consists of three kind of plans that were proposed . The First Plan is for the present year which comprises the annual budget and Second is a plan for a fixed number of years , which may be 3 , 4 or 5 years . Plan number two is kept changing as per the requirements of the Indian economy . The Third Plan is a perspective plan which is for long terms i.e. for 10 , 15 or 20 years . Hence there is no fixation of dates in for the commencement and termination of the plan in the rolling plans . The main advantage of the rolling plans is that they are flexible and are able to overcome the rigidity of fixed five year plans by mending targets , the object of the exercise , projections and allocations as per the changing conditions in the country 's economy . The main disadvantage of this plan is that if the targets are revised each year , it becomes very difficult to achieve them which are laid down in the five - year period and it turned out to be a complex plan . Frequent revisions resulted in lack of stability in the economy which is essential for its balanced development and progress . Sixth Plan ( 1980 -- 1985 ) ( edit ) The Sixth Five - Year Plan marked the beginning of economic liberalisation . Price controls were eliminated and ration shops were closed . This led to an increase in food prices and an increase in the cost of living . This was the end of Nehruvian socialism . The National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development was established for development of rural areas on 12 July 1982 by recommendation of the Shivaraman Committee . Family planning was also expanded in order to prevent overpopulation . In contrast to China 's strict and binding one - child policy , Indian policy did not rely on the threat of force . More prosperous areas of India adopted family planning more rapidly than less prosperous areas , which continued to have a high birth rate . The Sixth Five - Year Plan was a great success to the Indian economy . The target growth rate was 5.2 % and the actual growth rate was 5.4 % . The only Five - Year Plan which was done twice . Seventh Plan ( 1985 -- 1990 ) ( edit ) The Seventh Five - Year Plan was led by the Congress Party with Rajiv Gandhi as the prime minister . The plan laid stress on improving the productivity level of industries by upgrading of technology . The main objectives of the Seventh Five - Year Plan were to establish growth in areas of increasing economic productivity , production of food grains , and generating employment through `` Social Justice '' . As an outcome of the Sixth Five - Year Plan , there had been steady growth in agriculture , controls on the rate of inflation , and favourable balance of payments which had provided a strong base for the Seventh Five - Year Plan to build on the need for further economic growth . The Seventh Plan had strived towards socialism and energy production at large . The thrust areas of the Seventh Five - Year Plan were : social justice , removal of oppression of the weak , using modern technology , agricultural development , anti-poverty programmes , full supply of food , clothing , and shelter , increasing productivity of small - and large - scale farmers , and making India an independent economy . Based on a 15 - year period of striving towards steady growth , the Seventh Plan was focused on achieving the prerequisites of self - sustaining growth by the year 2000 . The plan expected the labour force to grow by 39 million people and employment was expected to grow at the rate of 4 % per year . Some of the expected outcomes of the Seventh Five - Year Plan India are given below : Balance of payments ( estimates ) : Export -- ₹ 330 billion ( US $5.1 billion ) , Imports -- ( - ) ₹ 540 billion ( US $8.3 billion ) , Trade Balance -- ( - ) ₹ 210 billion ( US $3.2 billion ) Merchandise exports ( estimates ) : ₹ 606.53 billion ( US $9.3 billion ) Merchandise imports ( estimates ) : ₹ 954.37 billion ( US $14.6 billion ) Projections for balance of payments : Export -- ₹ 607 billion ( US $9.3 billion ) , Imports -- ( - ) ₹ 954 billion ( US $14.6 billion ) , Trade Balance - ( - ) ₹ 347 billion ( US $5.3 billion ) Under the Seventh Five - Year Plan , India strove to bring about a self - sustained economy in the country with valuable contributions from voluntary agencies and the general populace . The target growth rate was 5.0 % and the actual growth rate was 6.01 % . and the growth rate of per capita income was 3.7 % . Annual plans ( 1990 -- 1992 ) ( edit ) The Eighth Plan could not take off in 1990 due to the fast changing political situation at the centre and the years 1990 -- 91 and 1991 -- 92 were treated as Annual Plans . The Eighth Plan was finally formulated for the period 1992 -- 1997 . Eighth Plan ( 1992 -- 1997 ) ( edit ) 1989 -- 91 was a period of economic instability in India and hence no five - year plan was implemented . Between 1990 and 1992 , there were only Annual Plans . In 1991 , India faced a crisis in foreign exchange ( forex ) reserves , left with reserves of only about US $ 1 billion . Thus , under pressure , the country took the risk of reforming the socialist economy . P.V. Narasimha Rao was the tenth Prime Minister of the Republic of India and head of Congress Party , and led one of the most important administrations in India 's modern history , overseeing a major economic transformation and several incidents affecting national security . At that time Dr. Manmohan Singh ( later Prime Minister of India ) launched India 's free market reforms that brought the nearly bankrupt nation back from the edge . It was the beginning of liberalization , privatisation and globalization ( LPG ) in India . Modernization of industries was a major highlight of the Eighth Plan . Under this plan , the gradual opening of the Indian economy was undertaken to correct the burgeoning deficit and foreign debt . Meanwhile , India became a member of the World Trade Organization on 1 January 1995 . The major objectives included , controlling population growth , poverty reduction , employment generation , strengthening the infrastructure , institutional building , tourism management , human resource development , involvement of Panchayati rajs , Nagar Palikas , NGOs , decentralisation and people 's participation . Energy was given priority with 26.6 % of the outlay . The target growth rate was 5.6 % and the actual growth rate was 6.8 % . To achieve the target of an average of 5.6 % per annum , investment of 23.2 % of the gross domestic product was required . The incremental capital ratio is 4.1 . The saving for investment was to come from domestic sources and foreign sources , with the rate of domestic saving at 21.6 % of gross domestic production and of foreign saving at 1.6 % of gross domestic production . Ninth Plan ( 1997 -- 2002 ) ( edit ) The Ninth Five - Year Plan came after 50 years of Indian Independence . Atal Bihari Vajpayee was the Prime Minister of India during the Ninth Five - Year Plan . The Ninth Five - Year Plan tried primarily to use the latent and unexplored economic potential of the country to promote economic and social growth . It offered strong support to the social spheres of the country in an effort to achieve the complete elimination of poverty . The satisfactory implementation of the Eighth Five - Year Plan also ensured the states ' ability to proceed on the path of faster development . The Ninth Five - Year Plan also saw joint efforts from the public and the private sectors in ensuring economic development of the country . In addition , the Ninth Five - Year Plan saw contributions towards development from the general public as well as governmental agencies in both the rural and urban areas of the country . New implementation measures in the form of Special Action Plans ( SAPs ) were evolved during the Ninth Five - Year Plan to fulfill targets within the stipulated time with adequate resources . The SAPs covered the areas of social infrastructure , agriculture , information technology and Water policy . Budget The Ninth Five - Year Plan had a total public sector plan outlay of ₹ 859,200 crore ( US $130 billion ) . The Ninth Five - Year Plan also saw a hike of 48 % in terms of plan expenditure and 33 % in terms of the plan outlay in comparison to that of the Eighth Five - Year Plan . In the total outlay , the share of the center was approximately 57 % while it was 43 % for the states and the union territories . The Ninth Five - Year Plan focused on the relationship between the rapid economic growth and the quality of life for the people of the country . The prime focus of this plan was to increase growth in the country with an emphasis on social justice and equity . The Ninth Five - Year Plan placed considerable importance on combining growth oriented policies with the mission of achieving the desired objective of improving policies which would work towards the improvement of the poor in the country . The Ninth Five - Year Plan also aimed at correcting the historical inequalities which were still prevalent in the society . Objectives The main objective of the Ninth Five - Year Plan was to correct historical inequalities and increase the economic growth in the country . Other aspects which constituted the Ninth Five - Year Plan were : Population control . Generating employment by giving priority to agriculture and rural development . Reduction of poverty . Ensuring proper availability of food and water for the poor . Availability of primary health care facilities and other basic necessities . Primary education to all children in the country . Empowering the socially disadvantaged classes like Scheduled castes , Scheduled tribes and other backward classes . Developing self - reliance in terms of agriculture . Acceleration in the growth rate of the economy with the help of stable prices . Strategies Structural transformations and developments in the Indian economy . New initiatives and initiation of corrective steps to meet the challenges in the economy of the country . Efficient use of scarce resources to ensure rapid growth . Combination of public and private support to increase employment . Enhancing high rates of export to achieve self - reliance . Providing services like electricity , telecommunication , railways etc . Special plans to empower the socially disadvantaged classes of the country . Involvement and participation of Panchayati Raj institutions / bodies and Nagar Palikas in the development process . Performance The Ninth Five - Year Plan achieved a GDP growth rate of 5.4 % against a target of 6.5 % The agriculture industry grew at a rate of 2.1 % against the target of 4.2 % The industrial growth in the country was 4.5 % which was higher than that of the target of 3 % The service industry had a growth rate of 7.8 % . An average annual growth rate of 6.7 % was reached . The Ninth Five - Year Plan looks through the past weaknesses in order to frame the new measures for the overall socio - economic development of the country . However , for a well - planned economy of any country , there should be a combined participation of the governmental agencies along with the general population of that nation . A combined effort of public , private , and all levels of government is essential for ensuring the growth of India 's economy . The target growth was 7.1 % and the actual growth was 6.8 % . Tenth Plan ( 2002 -- 2007 ) ( edit ) The main objectives of the Tenth Five - Year Plan : Attain 8 % GDP growth per year . Reduction of poverty rate by 5 % by 2007 . Providing gainful and high - quality employment at least to the addition to the labour force . Reduction in gender gaps in literacy and wage rates by at least 50 % by 2007 . 20 - point program was introduced . Target growth : 8.1 % -- growth achieved : 7.7 % . The Tenth Plan was expected to follow a regional approach rather than sectoral approach to bring down regional inequalities . Expenditure of ₹ 43,825 crore ( US $6.7 billion ) for tenth five years . Out of total plan outlay , ₹ 921,291 crore ( US $140 billion ) ( 57.9 % ) was for central government and ₹ 691,009 crore ( US $110 billion ) ( 42.1 % ) was for states and union territories . Eleventh Plan ( 2007 -- 2012 ) ( edit ) it was in the period of Manmohan Singh as a prime minister . It aimed to increase the enrolment in higher education of 18 - 23 years of age group by 2011 - 12 . It focused on distant education , convergence of formal , non-formal , distant and IT education institutions . Rapid and inclusive growth ( poverty reduction ) . Emphasis on social sector and delivery of service therein . Empowerment through education and skill development . Reduction of gender inequality . Environmental sustainability . To increase the growth rate in agriculture , industry and services to 4 % , 10 % and 9 % respectively . Reduce total fertility rate to 2.1 . Provide clean drinking water for all by 2009 . Increase agriculture growth to 4 % . Twelfth Plan ( 2012 -- 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : 12th Five - Year Plan ( India ) The Twelfth Five - Year Plan of the Government of India has been decided to achieve a growth rate of 8.2 % but the National Development Council ( NDC ) on 27 December 2012 approved a growth rate of 8 % for the Twelfth Five - Year Plan . With the deteriorating global situation , the Deputy Chairman of the Planning Commission Montek Singh Ahluwalia has said that achieving an average growth rate of 9 percent in the next five years is not possible . The Final growth target has been set at 8 % by the endorsement of the plan at the National Development Council meeting held in New Delhi . `` It is not possible to think of an average of 9 % ( in the 12th plan ) . I think somewhere between 8 and 8.5 percent is feasible , '' Ahluwalia said on the sidelines of a conference of State Planning Boards and departments . The approached paper for the 12th Plan , approved last year , talked about an annual average growth rate of 9 % . `` When I say feasible ... that will require major effort . If you do n't do that , there is no God given right to grow at 8 percent . I think given that the world economy deteriorated very sharply over the last year ... the growth rate in the first year of the 12th Plan ( 2012 -- 13 ) is 6.5 to 7 percent . '' He also indicated that soon he should share his views with other members of the Commission to choose a final number ( economic growth target ) to put before the country 's NDC for its approval . The government intends to reduce poverty by 10 % during the 12th Five - Year Plan . Ahluwalia said , `` We aim to reduce poverty estimates by 9 % annually on a sustainable basis during the Plan period '' . Earlier , addressing a conference of State Planning Boards and Planning departments , he said the rate of decline in poverty doubled during the 11th Plan . The commission had said , while using the Tendulkar poverty line , the rate of reduction in the five years between 2004 -- 05 and 2009 -- 10 , was about 1.5 % points each year , which was twice that when compared to the period between 1993 -- 95 to 2004 -- 05 . The plan aims towards the betterment of the infrastructural projects of the nation avoiding all types of bottlenecks . The document presented by the planning commission is aimed to attract private investments of up to US $1 trillion in the infrastructural growth in the 12th five - year plan , which will also ensure a reduction in the subsidy burden of the government to 1.5 percent from 2 percent of the GDP ( gross domestic product ) . The UID ( Unique Identification Number ) will act as a platform for cash transfer of the subsidies in the plan . The objectives of the Twelfth Five - Year Plan were : To create 50 million new work opportunities in the non farm sector . To remove gender and social gap in school enrolment . To enhance access to higher education . To reduce malnutrition among children aged 0 - 3 years . To provide electricity to all villages . To ensure that 50 % of the rural population have accesses to proper drinking water . To increase green cover by 1 million hectare every year . To provide access to banking services to 90 % of households . See also ( edit ) Five - year plans of China Five - Year Plans of Romania Five - Year Plans for the National Economy of the Soviet Union Common minimum programme References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Planning Commission , Government of India : Five Year Plans . Planningcommission.nic.in . Retrieved on 2012 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ Planning Commission ( 24 February 1997 ) . `` A Background Note on Gadgil Formula for distribution of Central Assistance for State Plans '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ Sony Pellissery and Sam Geall `` Five Year Plans '' in Encyclopedia of Sustainability , Vol. 7 pp. 156 -- 160 Jump up ^ Jalal Alamgir , India 's Open - Economy Policy : Globalism , Rivalry , Continuity ( London and New York : Routledge 2008 ) , Chapter 2 . Jump up ^ Baldev Raj Nayar , Globalization And Nationalism : The Changing Balance Of India 's Economic Policy , 1950 -- 2000 ( New Delhi : Sage , 2001 ) . ^ Jump up to : L.N. Dash ( 2000 ) . World bank and economic development of India . APH Publishing . p. 375 . ISBN 81 - 7648 - 121 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 22 September 2013 . Retrieved 21 September 2013 . Jump up ^ http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/planrel/fiveyr/9th/vol1/v1c2-1.htm Jump up ^ Agrawal , AN ( 1995 ) . Indian Economy : Problems of development and planning . pune : Wishwa Prakashan . p. 676 . Jump up ^ `` National Development Council approves 12th Five Year Plan '' . Indian Express . 2012 - 12 - 27 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 10 . 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how many settings of the memorial acclamation are there

Mass ( music )

mass ( music )

The Mass ( Latin : Missa ) , a form of sacred musical composition , is a choral composition that sets the invariable portions of the Eucharistic liturgy ( principally that of the Catholic Church , the Anglican Communion , and Lutheranism ) to music . Most Masses are settings of the liturgy in Latin , the liturgical sacred language of the Catholic Church 's Roman liturgy , but there are a significant number written in the languages of non-Catholic countries where vernacular worship has long been the norm . For example , there are many Masses ( often called `` Communion Services '' ) written in English for the Church of England . Musical Masses take their name from the Catholic liturgy called `` the Mass '' as well .

Masses can be a cappella , that is , without an independent accompaniment , or they can be accompanied by instrumental obbligatos up to and including a full orchestra . Many Masses , especially later ones , were never intended to be performed during the celebration of an actual mass . Contents ( hide ) 1 Form of the Mass 1.1 Ordinarium 1.1. 1 I. Kyrie 1.1. 2 II . Gloria 1.1. 3 III . Credo 1.1. 4 IV . Sanctus and Benedictus 1.1. 5 V. Agnus Dei 1.2 Short and solemn masses 1.2. 1 Missa brevis 1.2. 2 Missa solemnis 1.2. 3 Missa brevis et solemnis 1.2. 4 Other types of Masses with less than five of the usual parts of the ordinarium 1.3 Other sections 1.3. 1 Proprium ( Tridentine Mass ) 1.3. 2 Other denominations 2 Musical settings 2.1 Middle Ages 2.2 Renaissance 2.3 Baroque to Romantic ( Catholic and Lutheran traditions ) 2.3. 1 Major works 2.4 20th and 21st century 2.4. 1 Musical reforms of Pius X 2.4. 2 Major works 2.5 Masses written for the Anglican liturgy 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Form of the Mass ( edit ) See also : Order of Mass A distinction is made between texts that recur for every mass celebration ( ordinarium , ordinary ) , and texts that are sung depending on the occasion ( proprium , proper ) . For example , for the Tridentine Mass : Ordinarium Proprium Introit Kyrie Gloria Gradual with Hallelujah or Tract ( Sequence ) Credo Offertory Sanctus , including Benedictus and Hosanna Agnus Dei Communion Ite , missa est or Benedicamus Ordinarium ( edit ) See also : Mass ordinary A Missa tota ( `` full Mass '' ) consists of a musical setting of the five sections of the ordinarium as listed below . I Kyrie ( edit ) See also : Kyrie § Musical settings A Gregorian chant Kyrie eleison In the Tridentine Mass , the Kyrie is the first sung prayer of the Mass ordinary . It is usually ( but not always ) part of any musical setting of the Mass . Kyrie movements often have an ternary ( ABA ) musical structure that reflects the symmetrical structure of the text . Musical settings exist in styles ranging from Gregorian chant to Folk . Of 226 catalogued Gregorian chant melodies , 30 appear in the Liber Usualis . In what are presumed to be the oldest versions , the same melody is repeated for the first eight iterations , and a variation used on the final line ( that is , formally , aaa aaa aaa ' ) . These repeats are notated by the Roman numerals `` iij '' ( for three times ) or `` ij '' ( for twice ) . The Kyrie for the Requiem Mass in the Liber Usualis has this form . Later Kyries have more elaborate patterns , such as aaa bbb aaa ' , aaa bbb ccc ' , or aba cdc efe ' . Note that the final line is nearly always modified somewhat ; in some cases this may be because it leads into the Gloria better . In forms both with and without literal repeats , most Kyries in the Liber Usualis have a closing phrase used in nearly all of the lines of the text . This in fact parallels the text , as each line ends with the same word `` eleison '' . Because of the brevity of the text , Kyries were often very melismatic . This encouraged later composers to make tropes out of them , either by adding words to the melisma ( as how a sequence is often considered ) , or extending the melisma . In fact , because of the late date of most Kyries , it is not always clear whether a particular Kyrie melody or the apparently troped text came first ; it could just as easily be the case that a syllabic song was converted into a melisma for a Kyrie verse . In some cases , verses interpolate Latin text between each `` Kyrie '' ( or `` Christe '' ) and `` eleison '' . The introductory words `` Kýrie Eléison '' from the Kyriale Mass XI , Orbis Factor As the Kyrie is the first item in settings of the mass ordinary and the second in the requiem mass ( the only mass proper set regularly over the centuries ) , nearly all of the thousands of composers over the centuries who have set the ordinaries of the mass to music have included a Kyrie movement . Kyrie movements often have a structure that reflects the concision and symmetry of the text . Many have a ternary ( ABA ) form known as a three-fold kyrie , where the two appearances of the phrase `` Kyrie eleison '' consist of identical or closely related material and frame a contrasting `` Christe eleison '' section . Or AAABBBCCC ' form is also commonly used which is known as a nine-fold kyrie . Famously , Mozart sets the `` Kyrie '' and `` Christe '' texts in his Requiem Mass as the two subjects of a double fugue . Ii . Gloria ( edit ) See also : Gloria in excelsis Deo § Musical settings The Gloria is a celebratory passage praising God the Father and Christ . In Mass settings ( normally in English ) composed for the Church of England 's Book of Common Prayer liturgy , the Gloria is commonly the last movement , because it occurs in this position in the text of the service . In Order One of the newer Common Worship liturgy , however , it is restored to its earlier season . III . Credo ( edit ) See also : Credo § Musical settings The Credo , a setting of the Nicene Creed , is the longest text of a sung Mass . Organizers of international celebrations , such as World Youth Day , have been encouraged by Rome to familiarize congregants in the Latin chants for the Our Father and the Credo , specifically Credo III ( 17th century , Fifth Mode ) from the Missa de Angelis . The purpose of singing these two texts in Latin is to engender a sense of unity in the faithful , all of whom thus sing the prayer of Jesus and the shared belief of the universal Church in the same language . Iv . Sanctus and Benedictus ( edit ) See also : Sanctus § Musical settings The Sanctus is a doxology praising the Trinity . A variant exists in Lutheran settings of the Sanctus . While most hymnal settings keep the second person pronoun , other settings change the second person pronoun to the third person . This is most notable in J.S. Bach 's Mass in B minor , where the text reads gloria ejus ( `` His glory '' ) . Martin Luther 's chorale Isaiah , Mighty in Days of Old , and Felix Mendelssohn 's setting of the Heilig ! ( German Sanctus ) from his Deutsche Liturgie also use the third person . The Benedictus is a continuation of the Sanctus . Hosanna in excelsis is repeated after the Benedictus section , often with musical material identical to that used after the Sanctus , or very closely related . In Gregorian chant the Sanctus ( with Benedictus ) was sung whole at its place in the mass . However , as composers produced more embellished settings of the Sanctus text , the music often would go on so long that it would run into the consecration of the bread and wine . This was considered the most important part of the Mass , so composers began to stop the Sanctus halfway through to allow this to happen , and then continue it after the consecration is finished . This practice was forbidden for a period in the 20th century . V. Agnus Dei ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see Agnus Dei ( music ) . The Agnus Dei is a setting of the `` Lamb of God '' litany , containing the responses miserere nobis ( have mercy upon us ) , repeated twice , and dona nobis pacem ( grant us peace ) once at the end . In a Requiem Mass , the words `` miserere nobis '' are replaced by `` dona eis requiem '' ( grant them rest ) , while `` dona nobis pacem '' is replaced by `` dona eis requiem sempiternam '' ( grant them eternal rest ) . Short and solemn masses ( edit ) There is some additional terminology regarding Mass settings indicating whether or not they include all five usual sections of the ordinarium , and whether or not the mass is intended for exceptionally festive occasions . Missa brevis ( edit ) Main article : Missa brevis Missa brevis ( literally : short mass ) may , depending on time and conventions , indicate the setting of a subset of the five ordinary mass parts ( e.g. Masses containing only a setting of the Kyrie and the Gloria ) , or a mass containing all these parts , but relatively short in duration , or a mass in a setting that is less extended in vocal and orchestral forces than that of a Neapolitan mass . Missa longa ( `` long Mass '' ) can indicate the counterpart of Missa brevis when the aspect of duration is considered . Missa solemnis ( edit ) Main article : Missa solemnis Missa solemnis indicates a solemn mass , usually for special festive occasions and with an extended vocal and orchestral setting . In that sense Missa brevis is sometimes used to indicate the counterpart of a Missa solemnis . Missa brevis et solemnis ( edit ) The Missa brevis et solemnis ( short and solemn ) is an exceptional format , for its best known instances tied to the Salzburg of archbishop Hieronymus Colloredo , although earlier examples are extant . Mozart described it thus in a letter he wrote in 1776 ( `` the Archbishop '' in this quotation refers to Colloredo ) : Our church music is very different from that of Italy , since a Mass with the whole Kyrie , the Gloria , the Credo , the Epistle sonata , the Offertory or motet , the Sanctus and the Agnus Dei must not last longer than three quarters of an hour . This applies even to the most Solemn Mass spoken by the Archbishop himself . Special study is required for this kind of composition , particularly as the Mass must have a full contingent of instruments -- trumpets , drums and so forth . The `` brevis et solemnis '' description applies to several of the Masses Mozart composed in Salzburg between 1775 and 1780 , the Sparrow Mass being considered as its first instance for this composer . Tongue - in - cheek , and not indebted to Viennese traditions , Gioachino Rossini qualified one of his last compositions , a mass , as both `` petite '' ( `` small '' ) and `` solennelle '' ( `` solemn '' ) . In this case `` small '' rather refers to the modest forces needed for its performance , and `` solemn '' to its duration , although later commentators would describe the composition as `` neither small nor solemn '' . Other types of masses with less than five of the usual parts of the Ordinarium ( edit ) During Lent ( in Latin : Quadragesima ) and Advent ( in Latin : Adventus ) the Gloria is not sung . Thus Missa ( in ) tempore ( Adventus et ) Quadragesimae , `` Mass for the period of ( Advent and ) Lent '' indicates a Mass composition without music for the Gloria . Michael Haydn composed a mass suitable for Lent and Advent , the Missa tempore Quadragesimae , in D minor for the modest forces of choir and organ . Missa senza credo ( `` Mass without a Credo '' ) indicates a musical setting of the usual parts of the Mass ordinary with exception of the Credo . A Missa ferialis ( weekday Mass ) leaves out both the Gloria and the Credo . Other sections ( edit ) The sixth and last part of the Ordinarium ( either Ite , missa est , or , in masses without Gloria , Benedicamus Domino ) is usually not set as part of a Mass composition . In a Tridentine Mass that part of the Ordinarium is usually spoken , or sung to the Gregorian melody provided in the Roman Missal , although early polyphonic settings for the `` Deo gratias '' response ( e.g. in Guillaume de Machaut 's Messe de Nostre Dame ) and for the Benedicamus Domino ( e.g. in Magnus Liber Organi ) are extant . The Proper of the Mass is usually not set to music in a Mass itself , except in the case of a Requiem Mass , but may be the subject of motets or other musical compositions . Some Mass compositions , like for instance Rossini 's Petite messe solennelle , do however contain parts outside the Ordinarium . Some Mass compositions even consist entirely of such additions : Schubert 's Deutsche Messe , a set of eight hymns with epilogue , is an example of such a mass . Also purely instrumental compositions can be part of a mass celebration , e.g. a Sonata da chiesa , sometimes with a liturgical function , like Mozart 's Epistle Sonatas . Proprium ( Tridentine Mass ) ( edit ) In a liturgical Mass , there are other sections that may be sung , often in Gregorian chant . These sections , the `` Proper '' of the Mass , change with the day and season according to the Church calendar , or according to the special circumstances of the Mass . The sections of the Proper of the Mass include the Introit , Gradual , Alleluia or Tract ( depending on the time of year ) , Offertory and Communion . Ordinarium and proprium sections of a specific liturgical mass are not typically set to music together in the same composition . The one major exception to this rule is the mass for the dead , or requiem . Other denominations ( edit ) Following the distribution of the Sacrament , it is customary in most Lutheran churches to sing the Nunc dimittis . Musical settings ( edit ) Middle ages ( edit ) The earliest musical settings of the Mass are Gregorian chant . The different portions of the Ordinary came into the liturgy at different times , with the Kyrie probably being first ( perhaps as early as the 7th century ) and the Credo being last ( it did not become part of the Roman mass until 1014 ) . In the early 14th century , composers began writing polyphonic versions of the sections of the Ordinary . The reason for this surge in interest is not known , but it has been suggested that there was a shortage of new music since composers were increasingly attracted to secular music , and overall interest in writing sacred music had entered a period of decline . The non-changing part of the mass , the Ordinary , then would have music which was available for performance all the time . Two manuscripts from the 14th century , the Ivrea Codex and the Apt Codex , are the primary sources for polyphonic settings of the Ordinary . Stylistically these settings are similar to both motets and secular music of the time , with a three - voice texture dominated by the highest part . Most of this music was written or assembled at the papal court at Avignon . Several anonymous complete masses from the 14th century survive , including the Tournai Mass ; however , discrepancies in style indicate that the movements of these masses were written by several composers and later compiled by scribes into a single set . The first complete Mass we know of whose composer can be identified was the Messe de Nostre Dame ( Mass of Our Lady ) by Guillaume de Machaut in the 14th century . Renaissance ( edit ) Main articles : Cyclic Mass or Cantus firmus Mass , Paraphrase Mass , Parody Mass The musical setting of the Ordinary of the Mass was the principal large - scale form of the Renaissance . The earliest complete settings date from the 14th century , with the most famous example being the Messe de Nostre Dame of Guillaume de Machaut . Individual movements of the Mass , and especially pairs of movements ( such as Gloria - Credo pairs , or Sanctus - Agnus pairs ) , were commonly composed during the 14th and early 15th centuries . Complete Masses by a single composer were the norm by the middle of the 15th century , and the form of the Mass , with the possibilities for large - scale structure inherent in its multiple movement format , was the main focus of composers within the area of sacred music ; it was not to be eclipsed until the motet and related forms became more popular in the first decades of the 16th century . Most 15th - century Masses were based on a cantus firmus , usually from a Gregorian chant , and most commonly put in the tenor voice . The cantus firmus sometimes appeared simultaneously in other voices , using a variety of contrapuntal techniques . Later in the century , composers such as Guillaume Dufay , Johannes Ockeghem , and Jacob Obrecht , used secular tunes for cantus firmi . This practice was accepted with little controversy until prohibited by the Council of Trent in 1562 . In particular , the song L'homme armé has a long history with composers ; more than 40 separate Mass settings exist . Other techniques for organizing the cyclic Mass evolved by the beginning of the 16th century , including the paraphrase technique , in which the cantus firmus was elaborated and ornamented , and the parody technique , in which several voices of a polyphonic source , not just one , were incorporated into the texture of the Mass . Paraphrase and parody supplanted cantus - firmus as the techniques of choice in the 16th century : Palestrina alone wrote 51 parody masses . Yet another technique used to organize the multiple movements of a Mass was canon . The earliest Masses based entirely on canon are Johannes Ockeghem 's Missa prolationum , in which each movement is a prolation canon on a freely - composed tune , and the Missa L'homme armé of Guillaume Faugues , which is also entirely canonic but also uses the famous tune L'homme armé throughout . Pierre de La Rue wrote four separate canonic masses based on plainchant , and one of Josquin des Prez 's mature Masses , the Missa Ad fugam , is entirely canonic and free of borrowed material . The Missa Sine nomine , literally `` Mass without a name '' , refers to a Mass written on freely composed material . Sometimes these Masses were named for other things , such as Palestrina 's famous Missa Papae Marcelli , the Mass of Pope Marcellus , and many times they were canonic Masses , as in Josquin 's Missa Sine nomine . Many famous and influential masses were composed by Josquin des Prez , the single most influential composer of the middle Renaissance . At the end of the 16th century , prominent representatives of a cappella choral counterpoint included the Englishman William Byrd , the Castilian Tomás Luis de Victoria and the Roman Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina , whose Mass for Pope Marcellus is sometimes credited with saving polyphony from the censure of the Council of Trent . By the time of Palestrina , however , most composers outside of Rome were using other forms for their primary creative outlet for expression in the realm of sacred music , principally the motet and the madrigale spirituale ; composers such as the members of the Venetian School preferred the possibilities inherent in the new forms . Other composers , such as Orlande de Lassus , working in Munich and comfortably distant from the conservative influence of the Council of Trent , continued to write Parody Masses on secular songs . Monteverdi composed Masses in stile antico , the Missa in illo tempore was published in 1610 , one Messa a 4 da cappella in 1641 as part of Selva morale e spirituale along with single movements of the Mass in stile concertato , another Messa a 4 da cappella was published after his death , in 1650 . Baroque to Romantic ( Catholic and Lutheran traditions ) ( edit ) The early Baroque era initiated stylistic changes which led to increasing disparity between masses written entirely in the traditional polyphonic manner ( stile antico ) , whose principal advancements were the use of the basso continuo and the gradual adoption of a wider harmonic vocabulary , and the mass in modern style with solo voices and instrumental obbligatos . The Lutheran Michael Praetorius composed a mass for double choir in the old style , which he published in 1611 in the collection of church music for the mass in Latin , Missodia Sionia . Composers such as Henri Dumont ( 1610 -- 1684 ) continued to compose plainsong settings , distinct from and more elaborate than the earlier Gregorian chants . A further disparity arose between the festive missa solemnis and the missa brevis , a more compact setting . Composers like Fux in the 18th century continued to cultivate the stile antico mass , which was suitable for use on weekdays and at times when orchestral masses were not practical or appropriate , and in 19th - century Germany the Cecilian movement kept the tradition alive . František Brixi , wo worked at the Prague Cathedral , wrote his Missa aulica , a Missa brevis in C , for four voices , trumpets , violin and continuo , `` cantabile '' but solo voices just singing short passages within chorale movements . The Italian style cultivated orchestral masses including soloists , chorus and obbligato instruments . It spread to the German - speaking Catholic countries north of the Alps , using instruments for color and creating dialogues between solo voices and chorus that was to become characteristic of the 18th - century Viennese style . The so - called `` Neapolitan '' or `` cantata '' mass style also had much influence on 18th - century mass composition with its short sections set as self - contained solo arias and choruses in a variety of styles . The 18th - century Viennese mass combines operatic elements from the cantata mass with a trend in the symphony and concerto to organize choral movements . The large scale masses of the first half of the century still have Glorias and Credos divided into many movements , unlike smaller masses for ordinary churches . Many of Mozart 's masses are in missa brevis form , as are some of Haydn 's early ones . Later masses , especially of Haydn , are of symphonic structure , with long sections divided into fewer movements , organized like a symphony , with soloists used as an ensemble rather than as individuals . The distinction between concert masses and those intended for liturgical use also came into play as the 19th century progressed . Major works ( edit ) After the Renaissance , the mass tended not to be the central genre for any one composer , yet some of the most famous of all musical works of the Baroque , Classical , and Romantic periods are masses . Many of the most famous of the great masses of the Romantic era were Requiem masses . Among the masses written for the Ordinary of the Mass are : Messa Concertata by Cavalli ( 1656 ) Mass for double choir , from Missodia Sionia , by Michael Praetorius ( 1611 ) Missa Scala Aretina by Francesc Valls ( Barcelona , 1702 ) Mass in B minor ( Flash ) and four Missae by Bach `` High Masses '' by Czech Baroque composer Jan Dismas Zelenka Great Mass in C minor and 18 others by Mozart ( 1782 ) Requiem Mass in D Minor by Mozart 12 masses of Joseph Haydn , including Nelson Mass and Mass in Time of War Mass in C major and Missa Solemnis in D Major by Beethoven Mass in G Major and 5 others by Schubert Missa Choralis and Hungarian Coronation Mass by Liszt Mass in D Minor , Mass in E Minor and Mass in F Minor by Bruckner St. Cecilia Mass and 13 others by Gounod Messa by Puccini Petite messe solennelle ( 1863 ) by Gioachino Rossini Mass in D minor , op . 10 ( 1866 ) by John Knowles Paine Requiem by Gabriel Fauré Requiem by Giuseppe Verdi Requiem in B - flat minor ( 1890 ) by Antonín Dvořák Mass in D major , Op. 86 ( 1887 ) by Antonín Dvořák 20th and 21st century ( edit ) By the end of the 19th century , composers were combining modern elements with the characteristics of Renaissance polyphony and plainchant , which continued to influence 20th - century composers , possibly fueled by the Motu proprio Tra le sollecitudini ( 1903 ) of Pope Pius X . The revival of choral celebration of Holy Communion in the Anglican Church in the late 19th century marked the beginning several liturgical settings of Mass texts in English , particularly for choir and organ . The movement for liturgical reform has resulted in revised forms of the Mass , making it more functional by using a variety of accessible styles , popular or ethnic , and using new methods such as refrain and response to encourage congregational involvement . Nevertheless , the mass in its musical incarnation continues to thrive beyond the walls of the church , as is evident in many of the 21st - century masses listed here which were composed for concert performance rather than in service of the Roman Rite . Musical reforms of Pius X ( edit ) Pope St. Pius X initiated many regulations reforming the liturgical music of the Mass in the early 20th century . He felt that some of the Masses composed by the famous post-Renaissance composers were too long and often more appropriate for a theatrical rather than a church setting . He advocated primarily Gregorian plainchant and polyphony . He was primarily influenced by the work of the Abbey of Solesmes . Some of the rules he put forth include the following : That any Mass be composed in an integrated fashion , not by assembling different compositions for different parts That all percussive instruments should be forbidden That ideally the choir should be all male That the congregation itself should ideally be trained to sing the various modes of Gregorian chant along with the choir . These regulations carry little if any weight today , especially after the changes of the Second Vatican Council . Quite recently , Pope Benedict XVI has encouraged a return to chant as the primary music of the liturgy , as this is explicitly mentioned in the documents of the Second Vatican Council , specifically Sacrosanctum Concilium 116 . Major works ( edit ) 20th century In the 20th century , composers continued to write masses , in an even wider diversity of style , form and function than before . Requiem Mass by Herbert Howells Requiem by Maurice Duruflé Mass in G by Francis Poulenc Messe Solennelle by Jean Langlais Glagolitic Mass ( 1926 ) by Leoš Janáček Mass in G minor by Ralph Vaughan Williams Mass , Op. 130 for choir and brass by Joseph Jongen ( 1945 ) Mass by Igor Stravinsky Mass by Leonard Bernstein War Requiem by Benjamin Britten Requiem , for soprano and mezzo - soprano solo , mixed chorus and orchestra ( 1963 -- 65 ) by György Ligeti Requiem by Andrew Lloyd Webber Mass in F Minor by The Electric Prunes Mass by David Maslanka Berliner Messe and Missa Syllabica by Arvo Pärt Mass by Frank Martin A Symphonic Mass by George Lloyd Missa Laudate Pueri by Bertold Hummel ( 1 ) Mass of the Children , Requiem , and Gloria by John Rutter Mass To Hope by Dave Brubeck Misa Criolla by Ariel Ramírez Misa by Rodrigo Prats New Plainsong Mass by David Hurd Mass in Honor of St. Cecilia by Lou Harrison African Sanctus by David Fanshawe Polish Requiem by Krzysztof Penderecki Missa Luba by Guido Haazen Missa supra Parsifal ( 1985 ) by Dimitri Aguero 21st century Missa Latina : pro Pace by Roberto Sierra Missa pro Pace ( Mass for Peace ) by Kentaro Sato The Armed Man : A Mass for Peace by Karl Jenkins Son of God Mass by James Whitbourn Missa Carolae ( Mass from Christmas Carols ) by James Whitbourn Bright Mass with Canons by Nico Muhly Misa Flamenca by Paco Peña Mass ( 2000 ) by James MacMillan Requiem ( 2001 -- 2002 ) by Christopher Rouse Missa Brevis by Douglas Knehans Missa Gongso , for choir and gamelan , by Neil Sorrell Missa Concertante ( 2008 ) by Marcus Paus Messe brève : `` Acclamez le Seigneur ! '' , in French for choir and organ ( 2011 ) by Jean Huot ; Street Requiem ( for those who have died on the street ) for choir and orchestra by Kathleen McGuire , Jonathon Welch and Andy Payne ( 2014 ) Messe de la Miséricorde divine , in French for choir and organ ( 2015 ) by Jean Huot ; Missa Papae Francisci ( 2015 ) by Ennio Morricone Masses written for the Anglican liturgy ( edit ) These are more often known as ' Communion Services ' , and differ not only in that they are settings of English words , but also , as mentioned above , in that the Gloria usually forms the last movement . Sometimes the Kyrie movement takes the form of sung responses to the Ten Commandments , 1 to 9 being followed by the words ' Lord have mercy upon us and incline our hearts to keep this law ' , and the tenth by ' Lord have mercy upon us and write all these thy laws in our hearts , we beseech thee ' . Since the texts of the ' Benedictus qui venit ' and the ' Agnus Dei ' do not actually feature in the liturgy of the 1662 Book of Common Prayer , these movements are often missing from some of the earlier Anglican settings . Charles Villiers Stanford composed a Benedictus and Agnus in the key of F major which was published separately to complete his service in C . With reforms in the Anglican liturgy , the movements are now usually sung in the same order that they are in the Roman Catholic rite , leading , according to some , to the musical integrity of the settings being somewhat compromised . Choral settings of the Creed , the most substantial movement , are rarely performed in Anglican cathedrals now . Well known Anglican settings of the Mass , which may be found in the repertoire of many English cathedrals are : Darke in F Darke in E Darke in A minor Ireland in C Stanford in C & F Stanford in B flat Stanford in A Sumsion in F Oldroyd , Mass of the Quiet Hour Jackson in G Howells , Collegium Regale Leighton in D Noble in B minor Harwood in A flat Wood in the Phrygian mode See also ( edit ) Classical music portal Alternatim Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Eisen , Cliff ; Keefe , Simon , eds. ( 2006 ) . The Cambridge Mozart Encyclopedia . pp. 271 -- 274 . ^ Jump up to : Walter Senn , NMA Series I : Geistliche Gesangwerke , Group I ( Masses and Requiem ) , Division I : Masses , Volume 2 , Preface , pp. VIII - IX 1975 . Jump up ^ La Petite Messe Solennelle de Rossini ... Archived 2015 - 05 - 04 at the Wayback Machine . in Le petit journal , 10 April 2014 Jump up ^ Brian Newbould . Schubert : The Music and the Man , pp. 284 - 285 . University of California Press , 1999 . ISBN 0520219570 ISBN 9780520219571 Jump up ^ Harvard Dictionary of Music , p. 472 . Jump up ^ Lockwood , `` Mass '' , Grove ( 1980 ) Jump up ^ Bloxham , p. 196 Jump up ^ Benjamin van Wye , Review of Marc - Antoine Charpentier , Messe pour le Port - Royal , in Journal of Seventeenth - Century Music 1999 Archived 2011 - 07 - 19 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Roche , Elizabeth and Alex Lingas . `` Mass '' The Oxford Companion to Music . Ed . Alison Latham . Oxford Music Online . ^ Jump up to : McKinnon , James W. et al. `` Mass . '' Grove Music Online . Oxford Music Online . Jump up ^ Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy Sacrosanctum Concilium Jump up ^ http://www.spectable.com/concert-chorale-le-bon-temperament/327442/359962 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2015 - 02 - 14 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ https://streetrequiem.teamapp.com Jump up ^ http://www.diosher.org/file/pdf/ensemble/Web_Ensemble_Vol_46_no_1_janv._2015 Jump up ^ http://www.rai5.rai.it/articoli/missa-papae-francisci-morricone/30466/default.aspx References ( edit ) Gustave Reese , Music in the Renaissance . New York , W.W. Norton & Co. , 1954 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 09530 - 4 Harold Gleason and Warren Becker , Music in the Middle Ages and Renaissance ( Music Literature Outlines Series I ) . Bloomington , Indiana . Frangipani Press , 1986 . ISBN 0 - 89917 - 034 - X Lewis Lockwood , `` Mass '' The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians , ed . Stanley Sadie. 20 vol . London , Macmillan Publishers Ltd. , 1980 . ISBN 1 - 56159 - 174 - 2 The New Harvard Dictionary of Music , ed . Don Randel . Cambridge , Massachusetts , Harvard University Press , 1986 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 61525 - 5 M. Jennifer Bloxham , `` Masses on Polyphonic Songs '' , in Robert Scherr , ed. , The Josquin Companion Oxford University Press , 1999 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 816335 - 5 http://classicalmusic.about.com/od/theordinaryofthemass/f/gloria.htm Dennis Arnold , John Harper , `` Mass 1600 - 2000 '' Grove Music Online . Oxford Music Online . Herbermann , Charles , ed. ( 1913 ) . `` Music of the Mass '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton Company . Roche , Elizabeth and Alex Lingas . `` Mass '' The Oxford Companion to Music . Ed . Alison Latham . Oxford Music Online . Jean - Paul C. Montagnier , The Polyphonic Mass in France , 1600 - 1780 : The Evidence of the Printed Choirbooks . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 2017 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 107 - 17774 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mass ( music ) . Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Mass . Johann Sebastian Bach 's Mass in B Minor Gregorian chants of the Roman mass of the Catholic Church Ordinary Kyrie Gloria Credo Sanctus Agnus Dei Ite , missa est Benedicamus Domino Requiescant in pace Proper Introit Gradual Alleluia or Tract Sequence Offertory Communion Accentus Collect Epistle Gospel Secret Preface Canon Postcommunion Catholicism portal Structure of the Mass of the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church Forms Pre-Tridentine Mass Tridentine Mass Extraordinary form Mass of Paul VI Types Low Mass Missa Cantata Solemn Mass Pontifical High Mass Papal Mass Ritual Masses Blue Mass Chapter and Conventual Mass Coronation Mass Nuptial Mass Red Mass Requiem Mass sine populo Votive Mass Order of Mass Pre-Mass Vesting prayers in the sacristy Asperges me Vidi aquam in Eastertide Liturgy of the Word Sign of the Cross Psalm 43 Entrance Antiphon Penitential Rite Confiteor / Kyrie Gloria Dominus vobiscum Collect Oremus First Reading Responsorial Psalm or Gradual Epistle Alleluia Gospel verse / sequence Gospel Homily Credo Niceno - Constantinopolitan Creed or Apostles ' Creed General Intercessions Liturgy of the Eucharist Offertory Orate fratres / prayer over the gifts Preface Sursum corda / Sanctus / Hosanna Eucharistic Prayer / Canon of the Mass oblation / epiclesis / Words of Institution / elevation / anamnesis texts and rubrics Roman Canon history Eucharistic Prayer II Memorial Acclamation Lord 's Prayer embolism / doxology Pax Sign of peace Agnus Dei Fraction Holy Communion Communion antiphon Ablutions Postcommunion Dismissal Ite , missa est / Benedicamus Domino Last Gospel Post-Mass Leonine Prayers Recessional hymn Participants Acolyte Altar server female Bishop Boat boy Cantor Choir Crucifer Deacon Extraordinary minister of Holy Communion Laity Eucharistic Congress Lector Priest Subdeacon Usher Parts of the Sanctuary / Altar Altar crucifix Altar rails Ambo Communion bench Credence table Kneeler Lavabo Misericord Piscina Tabernacle Altar cloths Altar linens Antependium Burse Chalice veil Corporal Lavabo towel Pall Purificator Candles and lamps Altar candle Altar candlestick Paschal candle Sanctuary lamp Triple candlestick Votive candle Liturgical objects Altar bell Aspergillum Censer Chalice Ciborium Collection basket Cruet Flabellum Funghellino Holy water Incense use Manuterge Paten Processional cross Pyx Sacramental bread wafer Sacramental wine ( or must ) Thurible Water Liturgical books of the Roman Rite Ceremonial of Bishops Evangeliary Gospel Book Graduale Lectionary Roman Missal Vestments Alb Amice Chasuble Dalmatic Episcopal sandals Liturgical colours Headcover Humeral veil Pallium Pontifical Stole Surplice Tunicle Vimpa Liturgical year ( Roman Calendar ) Advent Christmastide Ordinary Time Septuagesima Lent Passiontide Holy Week Paschal Triduum Eastertide Ascensiontide Eucharistic discipline Abstemius Anima Christi Concelebration Church etiquette Closed communion Communion and the developmentally disabled Communion under both kinds Denial of Communion Canon 915 Eucharistic fast First Communion Frequent Communion Genuflection Host desecration Infant communion Intinction Reserved sacrament Thanksgiving after Communion Viaticum Eucharistic theology Body and Blood of Christ Corpus Christi ( feast ) Crucifixion of Jesus and substitutionary atonement Epiousios Grace ex opere operato In persona Christi Historical roots of Catholic Eucharistic theology Koinonia Last Supper Mirae caritatis Mysterium fidei ( encyclical ) Origin of the Eucharist Real presence Transubstantiation Year of the Eucharist Stercoranism Regulations and concepts Ad orientem and versus populum Calendar of saints Canon law Code of Rubrics Commemoration Ecclesiastical Latin General Instruction of the Roman Missal Holy day of obligation Intercession of saints Ordinary and propers Pro multis Sunday Lord 's Day Vernacular Related Agape feast Catholic liturgy Christian prayer effects of prayer Congregation for Divine Worship Council of Trent Ecclesia de Eucharistia Eucharistic adoration and benediction Dominicae Cenae / Holy Hour Eucharistic miracle Fermentum Fourth Council of the Lateran Gelineau psalmody Gregorian chant History of the Roman Canon Lex orandi , lex credendi Liturgical Movement Liturgical reforms of Pope Pius XII Mediator Dei Missale Romanum ( apostolic constitution ) Pope Paul VI Catholic theology Sacraments of the Catholic Church Second Vatican Council Sacrosanctum Concilium Summorum Pontificum Tra le sollecitudini Catholicism portal Order of the Divine Service in Lutheranism Preparatory Service Entrance hymn and Trinitarian formula ( known as the Invocation ) Penitential Rite including the Confiteor and Declaration of Grace ( or Asperges on Easter ) The Service of the Word Introit Gloria Patri Kýrie Gloria Dominus vobiscum Oremus Collect Old Testament reading gradual ( or Responsorial Psalm ) Epistle Alleluia ( tract during Lent ) Gospel Hymn of the day Homily or Postil ( Sermon ) Nicene Creed ( Athanasian Creed on Trinity Sunday ) Offertory Prayers of the Faithful The Service of the Eucharist Preface ( Sursum corda / Sanctus / Hosanna ) Eucharistic Prayer ( Epiclesis / Words of Institution / Memorial Acclamation ) Lord 's Prayer Sign of peace / pax ( elevation ) Agnus Dei Distribution Nunc dimittis Postcommunion Benedicamus Domino Benediction Dismissal Ite , missa est Participants Acolyte bishop cantor choir crucifer deacon elder laity lector Pastor ( or Priest ) usher Parts of the Sanctuary altar altar bell altar crucifix altar rails kneeler piscina processional cross tabernacle Candles altar candle paschal candle sanctuary lamp votive candle Liturgical vessels ciborium chalice cruet Liturgical objects collection basket holy water incense ( use ) paten sacramental bread ( wafer ) sacramental wine thurible Vestments alb chasuble dalmatic geneva gown humeral veil stole surplice tunicle Liturgical books and hymnals Agenda Christian Worship Evangelical Lutheran Hymn - Book Evangelical Lutheran Hymnary Evangelical Lutheran Worship Lutheran Book of Worship Lutheran Hymnal Lutheran Hymnal with Supplement Lutheran Service Book Lutheran Worship Service Book and Hymnal Lutheranism portal Anglican church music Commons Audio Service settings Holy Communion ( Mass ) Sung Eucharist Kyrie Gloria Credo Sanctus & Benedictus Agnus Dei Mattins Preces and responses Venite Te Deum Benedicite Benedictus Jubilate Evensong Preces and responses Magnificat Nunc Dimittis Musical forms Anglican chant Anthem Antiphon Bell ringing Carol Contemporary worship music Gregorian chant Hymnody Introit Motet Nine Lessons and Carols Metrical psalm Organ Voluntary Composers Tudor / Renaissance Richard Ayleward Adrian Batten William Byrd Richard Dering Richard Farrant Orlando Gibbons John Merbecke Robert Parsons John Redford John Sheppard Thomas Tallis John Taverner Thomas Tomkins Christopher Tye Thomas Weelkes William Mundy Restoration / Georgian Thomas Attwood John Blow Jeremiah Clarke Maurice Greene George Frideric Handel Pelham Humfrey Daniel Purcell Henry Purcell Victorian / Edwardian Edgar Bainton Edward Bairstow Lennox Berkeley Hugh Blair William Boyce John Goss T. Tertius Noble Frederick Ouseley Hubert Parry John Stainer Charles Villiers Stanford Ralph Vaughan Williams Thomas Attwood Walmisley Samuel Wesley Samuel Sebastian Wesley Charles Wood Interwar / Postwar Harold Darke George Dyson Gerald Finzi William H. Harris Basil Harwood Herbert Howells John Ireland Francis Jackson William Mathias Herbert Murrill George Oldroyd Bernard Rose Martin Shaw Herbert Sumsion William Walton Modern Malcolm Archer Harry Bramma Benjamin Britten Jonathan Dove Graham Kendrick Kenneth Leighton John Rutter Richard Shephard John Tavener Other noted people Stephen Cleobury William Cowper Percy Dearmer Philip Ledger John Newton David Willcocks Isaac Watts Publications Contemporary Carols for Choirs English Hymnal The Hymnal 1982 Hymns Ancient and Modern New English Hymnal The Oxford Book of Carols The Oxford Book of Tudor Anthems The New Oxford Book of Carols Historic Caius Choirbook Dow Partbooks Drexel 4041 4180 -- 4185 4302 Eton Choirbook Forrest - Heyther partbooks Gyffard partbooks Lambeth Choirbook The Mulliner Book Old Hall Manuscript Pepys Manuscript Music organisations Cathedral schools Central Council of Church Bell Ringers Chapel Royal Royal School of Church Music Royal College of Organists Performance Choir Choirboy Lay clerk Decani Cantoris Organ scholar Pipe organ Choir ( architecture ) History History of the Church of England English Reformation Oxford Movement Related topics Anglicanism Christian music Book of Common Prayer Music of the United Kingdom Christian music Portal Anglicanism Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mass_(music)&oldid=823652926 '' Categories : Christian liturgical music Medieval music Renaissance music Masses ( music ) Catholic music Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles containing Latin - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2007 Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 February 2018 , at 15 : 40 . 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what was the official religion of the soviet union

The Soviet Union was established by the Bolsheviks in 1922 , in place of the Russian Empire . At the time of the 1917 Revolution , the Russian Orthodox Church was deeply integrated into the autocratic state , enjoying official status . This was a significant factor that contributed to the Bolshevik attitude to religion and the steps they took to control it . Thus the USSR became the first state to have as one objective of its official ideology the elimination of existing religion , and the prevention of future implanting of religious belief , with the goal of establishing state atheism ( gosateizm ) . Under the doctrine of state atheism in the Soviet Union , there was a `` government - sponsored program of conversion to atheism '' conducted by Communists . The communist regime targeted religions based on State interests , and while most organized religions were never outlawed , religious property was confiscated , believers were harassed , and religion was ridiculed while atheism was propagated in schools . In 1925 the government founded the League of Militant Atheists to intensify the persecution . Accordingly , although personal expressions of religious faith were not explicitly banned , a strong sense of social stigma was imposed on them by the official structures and mass media and it was generally considered unacceptable for members of certain professions ( teachers , state bureaucrats , soldiers ) to be openly religious .

atheism

Religion in the Soviet Union

religion in the soviet union

The Soviet Union was established by the Bolsheviks in 1922 , in place of the Russian Empire . At the time of the 1917 Revolution , the Russian Orthodox Church was deeply integrated into the autocratic state , enjoying official status . This was a significant factor that contributed to the Bolshevik attitude to religion and the steps they took to control it . Thus the USSR became the first state to have as one objective of its official ideology the elimination of existing religion , and the prevention of future implanting of religious belief , with the goal of establishing state atheism ( gosateizm ) . Under the doctrine of state atheism in the Soviet Union , there was a `` government - sponsored program of conversion to atheism '' conducted by Communists . The communist regime targeted religions based on State interests , and while most organized religions were never outlawed , religious property was confiscated , believers were harassed , and religion was ridiculed while atheism was propagated in schools . In 1925 the government founded the League of Militant Atheists to intensify the persecution . Accordingly , although personal expressions of religious faith were not explicitly banned , a strong sense of social stigma was imposed on them by the official structures and mass media and it was generally considered unacceptable for members of certain professions ( teachers , state bureaucrats , soldiers ) to be openly religious .

The vast majority of people in the Russian empire were , at the time of the revolution , religious believers , whereas the communists aimed to break the power of all religious institutions and eventually replace religious belief with atheism . `` Science '' was counterposed to `` religious superstition '' in the media and in academic writing . The main religions of pre-revolutionary Russia persisted throughout the entire Soviet period , but they were only tolerated within certain limits . Generally , this meant that believers were free to worship in private and in their respective religious buildings ( churches , mosques , etc . ) , but public displays of religion outside of such designated areas were prohibited . In addition , religious institutions were not allowed to express their views in any type of mass media , and many religious buildings were demolished or used for other purposes . As the founder of the Soviet state , V.I. Lenin , put it : Religion is the opium of the people : this saying of Marx is the cornerstone of the entire ideology of Marxism about religion . All modern religions and churches , all and of every kind of religious organizations are always considered by Marxism as the organs of bourgeois reaction , used for the protection of the exploitation and the stupefaction of the working class . Marxist -- Leninist atheism has consistently advocated the control , suppression , and elimination of religion . Within about a year of the revolution , the state expropriated all church property , including the churches themselves , and in the period from 1922 to 1926 , 28 Russian Orthodox bishops and more than 1,200 priests were killed . Many more were persecuted . Christians belonged to various churches : Orthodox ( which had the largest number of followers ) , Catholic , Baptist and various other Protestant denominations . The majority of the Muslims in the Soviet Union were Sunni . Judaism also had many followers . Other religions , practiced by a small number of believers , included Buddhism and Shamanism . Contents ( hide ) 1 Orthodox 1.1 Russian Orthodox Church 1.2 Georgian Orthodox Church 1.3 Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church 1.4 Armenian Apostolic 2 Catholics 2.1 Roman Catholic Church 2.2 Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church 3 Protestants 3.1 Persecution and other themes 3.2 Baptists 3.3 Lutherans 3.4 Other Protestants 4 Other Christian groups 5 Islam 6 Policy toward religions in practice 6.1 Policy towards nationalities and religion 6.2 Policy towards Orthodoxy 6.3 Policy towards Catholicism and Protestantism 6.4 Policy toward other Christian groups 6.5 Policy towards Islam 6.6 Policy towards Judaism 7 See also 8 References Orthodox ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Cathedral of Christ the Savior in Moscow was demolished by the Soviet authorities in 1931 to make way for the Palace of Soviets . The palace was never finished , and the cathedral was rebuilt in 2000 . Orthodox Christians constituted a majority of believers in the Soviet Union . In the late 1980s , three Orthodox churches claimed substantial memberships there : the Russian Orthodox Church , the Georgian Orthodox Church , and the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church ( AOC ) . They were members of the major confederation of Orthodox churches in the world , generally referred to as the Eastern Orthodox Church . The first two functioned openly and were tolerated by the regime , but the Ukrainian AOC was not permitted to function openly . Parishes of the Belarusian Autocephalous Orthodox Church reappeared in Belarus only after the dissolution of the Soviet Union , but they did not receive recognition from the Belarusian Exarchate of the Russian Orthodox Church , which controls Belarusian eparchies . Russian Orthodox Church ( edit ) According to both Soviet and Western sources , in the late 1980s the Russian Orthodox Church had over 50 million believers but only about 7,000 registered active churches . Over 4,000 of these churches were located in the Ukrainian Republic ( almost half of them in western Ukraine ) . The distribution of the six monasteries and ten convents of the Russian Orthodox Church was equally disproportionate . Only two of the monasteries were located in the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic . Another two were in Ukraine and there was one each in Belarus and Lithuania . Seven convents were located in Ukraine and one each in Moldova , Estonia , and Latvia . Georgian Orthodox Church ( edit ) The Georgian Orthodox Church , another autocephalous member of Eastern Orthodoxy , was headed by a Georgian patriarch . In the late 1980s it had 15 bishops , 180 priests , 200 parishes , and an estimated 2.5 million followers . In 1811 the Georgian Orthodox Church was incorporated into the Russian Orthodox Church , but it regained its independence in 1917 , after the fall of the Tsar . Nevertheless , the Russian Orthodox Church did not officially recognize its independence until 1943 . Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church ( edit ) The Ukrainian AOC separated from the Russian Orthodox Church in 1919 , when the short - lived Ukrainian state adopted a decree declaring autocephaly from the Ukrainian Orthodox Church . Its independence was reaffirmed by the Bolsheviks in the Ukrainian Republic , and by 1924 it had 30 bishops , almost 1,500 priests , nearly 1,100 parishes , and between 4 and 6 million members . From its inception , the Ukrainian AOC faced the hostility of the Russian Orthodox Church in the Ukrainian Republic . In the late 1920s , Soviet authorities accused it of nationalist tendencies . In 1930 the government forced the church to reorganize as the `` Ukrainian Orthodox Church '' , and few of its parishes survived until 1936 . Nevertheless , the Ukrainian AOC continued to function outside the borders of the Soviet Union , and it was revived on Ukrainian territory under the German occupation during World War II . In the late 1980s , some of the Orthodox faithful in the Ukrainian Republic appealed to the Soviet government to reestablish the Ukrainian AOC . Armenian Apostolic ( edit ) The Armenian Apostolic Church is an independent Oriental Orthodox church . In the 1980s it had about 4 million adherents -- almost the entire population of Armenia . It was permitted 6 bishops , between 50 and 100 priests , and between 20 and 30 churches , and it had one theological seminary and six monasteries . Catholics ( edit ) Catholics formed a substantial and active religious constituency in the Soviet Union . Their number increased dramatically with the annexation of territories of the Second Polish Republic in 1939 and the Baltic republics in 1940 . Catholics in the Soviet Union were divided between those belonging to the Roman Catholic Church , which was recognized by the government , and those remaining loyal to the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church , banned since 1946 . Roman Catholic Church ( edit ) The majority of the 5.5 million Roman Catholics in the Soviet Union lived in the Lithuanian , Belarusian , and Latvian republics , with a sprinkling in the Moldavian , Ukrainian , and Russian republics . Since World War II , the most active Roman Catholic Church in the Soviet Union was in the Lithuanian Republic , where the majority of people are Catholics . The Roman Catholic Church there has been viewed as an institution that both fosters and defends Lithuanian national interests and values . Since 1972 a Catholic underground publication , The Chronicle of the Catholic Church in Lithuania , supported not only Lithuanians ' religious rights but also their national rights . Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church ( edit ) See also : History of Christianity in Ukraine Western Ukraine , which included largely the historic region of Galicia , became part of the Soviet Union in 1939 . Although Ukrainian , its population was never part of the Russian Empire , but was Eastern Rite Catholic . After the Second World War , the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church identified closely with the nationalist aspirations of the region , arousing the hostility of the Soviet government , which was in combat with Ukrainian Insurgency . In 1945 , Soviet authorities arrested the church 's Metropolitan Josyf Slipyj , nine bishops and hundreds of clergy and leading lay activists , and deported them to forced labor camps in Siberia and elsewhere . The nine bishops and many of the clergy died in prisons , concentration camps , internal exile , or soon after their release during the post-Stalin thaw , but after 18 years of imprisonment and persecution , Metropolitan Slipyj was released when Pope John XXIII intervened on his behalf . Slipyj went to Rome , where he received the title of Major Archbishop of Lviv , and became a cardinal in 1965 . In 1946 a synod was called in Lviv , where , despite being uncanonical in both Catholic and Orthodox understanding , the Union of Brest was annulled , and the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church was officially annexed to the Russian Orthodox Church . St. George 's Cathedral in Lviv became the throne of Russian Orthodox Archbishop Makariy . For the clergy that joined the Russian Orthodox Church , the Soviet authorities refrained from the large - scale persecution seen elsewhere . In Lviv only one church was closed . In fact , the western dioceses of Lviv - Ternopil and Ivano - Frankivsk were the largest in the USSR . Canon law was also relaxed , allowing the clergy to shave their beards ( a practice uncommon in Orthodoxy ) and to conduct services in Ukrainian instead of Slavonic . In 1989 the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church was officially re-established after a catacomb period of more than 40 years . There followed conflicts between Orthodox and Catholic Christians regarding the ownership of church buildings , conflicts which continued into the 1990s , after the Independence of Ukraine . Protestants ( edit ) Persecution and other themes ( edit ) See also : Anti-Protestantism Many Protestants were apprehended under Communist rule of law , including imprisonment and execution . Vladimir Shelkov ( 1895 -- 1980 ) , the leader of the unregistered Seventh - day Adventist movement in the Soviet Union , spent almost all his life from 1931 on in prison ; he died in Yakutia camp . Large numbers of Pentecostals were imprisoned , and many died there , including Ivan Voronaev , one of their leaders . In the period after the Second World War , Protestants in the USSR ( indigenous sectarian Spiritual Christians , Baptists , Pentecostals , Adventists and others ) were sent to mental hospitals or tried and imprisoned , often for refusal to enter military service . Some were deprived of their parental rights . The Lutheran Church in different regions of the country was persecuted during the Soviet era , and church property was confiscated . Many of its members and pastors were oppressed , and some were forced to emigrate . Baptists ( edit ) By 1950 , it was estimated that there were 2 million Baptists in the Soviet Union , with the largest number in Ukraine . Baptists were the largest Protestant grouping in the country . In 1991 , Ukraine had the second largest Baptist community in the world , behind only the United States . Baptists constituted the largest Protestant group . Spread throughout the Soviet Union , some congregations were registered with the government and functioned with official approval . Many other unregistered congregations carried on religious activity without such approval . Lutherans ( edit ) Lutherans , the second largest Protestant group , lived for the most part in the Latvian and Estonian republics . In the 1980s , Lutheran churches in these republics identified to some extent with nationality issues in the two republics . The regime 's attitude toward Lutherans was generally benign . Other Protestants ( edit ) A number of other Protestant groups were present , including Adventists , Pentecostals , and Reformed . Other Christian groups ( edit ) The March 1961 instruction on religious cults explained for the first time , that `` sects , the teaching and character of activities of which has anti-state and savagely extremist ( изуверский ) character : Jehovah 's Witnesses , Pentecostalists , Adventists - reformists '' are not to be registered and were thus banned . A number of congregations of Russian Mennonites , Jehovah 's Witnesses , and other Christian groups existed in the Soviet Union . Nearly 9,000 Jehovah 's Witnesses were deported to Siberia in 1951 ( numbers of those missed in deportation unknown ) . The number of Jehovah 's Witnesses increased greatly over this period , with a KGB estimate of around 20,000 in 1968 . Russian Mennonites began to emigrate from the Soviet Union in the face of increasing violence and persecution , state restrictions on freedom of religion , and biased allotments of communal farmland . They emigrated to Germany , Britain , the United States , parts of South America , and other regions . Islam ( edit ) Main article : Islam in the Soviet Union Map showing the distribution of Muslims within the Soviet Union in 1979 as a percentage of the population by administrative division . After the Bolshevik revolution , Islam was for some time ( until 1929 ) treated better than the Russian Orthodox Church , which Bolsheviks regarded as a center of the `` reaction '' , and other religions . In the declaration `` Ко всем трудящимся мусульманам России и Востока '' ( To All Working Muslims in Russia and the Orient ) of November 1917 , the Bolshevik government declared the freedom to exercise their religion and customs for Muslims `` whose beliefs and customs had been suppressed by the Czars and the Russian oppressors '' . In the second half of 1920s and in 1930s , state repressions , suppression and atheist propaganda against all religions increased . E.g. in 1930 , out of the 12,000 mosques in Tatarstan , more than 10,000 were closed , from 90 to 97 % mullahs and muezzins were deprived of the right to exercise their profession . During the German - Soviet War , the restrictions on religion were eased somewhat . In 1943 the Spiritual Administration of the Muslims of Central Asia and Kazakhstan was established . In 1949 , 415 registered mosques functioned in the Soviet Union . In the late 1980s , Islam had the second largest following in the Soviet Union : between 45 and 50 million people identified themselves as Muslims . But the Soviet Union had only about 500 working mosques , a fraction of the number in prerevolutionary Russia , and Soviet law forbade Islamic religious activity outside working mosques and Islamic schools . All working mosques , religious schools , and Islamic publications were supervised by four `` spiritual directorates '' established by Soviet authorities to provide government control . The Spiritual Directorate for Central Asia and Kazakhstan , the Spiritual Directorate for the European Soviet Union and Siberia , and the Spiritual Directorate for the Northern Caucasus and Dagestan oversaw the religious life of Sunni Muslims . The Spiritual Directorate for Transcaucasia dealt with both Sunni Muslims and Shia Muslims . The overwhelming majority of the Muslims were Sunnis . Soviet Muslims differed linguistically and culturally from each other , speaking about fifteen Turkic languages , ten Iranian languages , and thirty Caucasian languages . Hence , communication between different Muslim groups was difficult . In 1989 Russian often served as a lingua franca among some educated Muslims . Culturally , some Muslim groups had highly developed urban traditions , whereas others were recently nomadic . Some lived in industrialized environments , others in isolated mountainous regions . In sum , Muslims were not a homogeneous group with a common national identity and heritage , although they shared the same religion and the same country . In the late 1980s , unofficial Muslim congregations , meeting in tea houses and private homes with their own mullahs , greatly outnumbered those in the officially sanctioned mosques . The unofficial mullahs were either self - taught or informally trained by other mullahs . In the late 1980s , unofficial Islam appeared to split into fundamentalist congregations and groups that emphasized Sufism . Policy toward religions in practice ( edit ) Mass repression in the Soviet Union Economic repression Collectivization Dekulakization Soviet famine of 1932 -- 33 Political repression Red Terror Great Purge Gulag Psychiatric Ideological repression Religion 1917 - 1921 1921 -- 28 1928 -- 41 1958 -- 64 1975 -- 87 Christianity Islam Legislation Science Censorship Images Ethnic repression Antisemitism Holodomor NKVD Polish Operation Population transfers See also : Living Church and USSR anti-religious campaign ( 1928 -- 1941 ) Soviet policy toward religion was based on the ideology of Marxism - Leninism , which made atheism the official doctrine of the Communist Party . However , `` the Soviet law and administrative practice through most of the 1920s extended some tolerance to religion and forbade the arbitrary closing or destruction of some functioning churches '' , and each successive Soviet constitution granted freedom of belief . As the founder of the Soviet state , Lenin , put it : Religion is the opium of the people : this saying of Marx is the cornerstone of the entire ideology of Marxism about religion . All modern religions and churches , all and of every kind of religious organizations are always considered by Marxism as the organs of bourgeois reaction , used for the protection of the exploitation and the stupefaction of the working class . Marxism - Leninism advocates the suppression and ultimately the disappearance of religious beliefs , considering them to be `` unscientific '' and `` superstitious '' . In the 1920s and 1930s , such organizations as the League of the Militant Godless were active in anti-religious propaganda . Atheism was the norm in schools , communist organizations ( such as the Young Pioneer Organization ) , and the media . The regime 's efforts to eradicate religion in the Soviet Union , however , varied over the years with respect to particular religions and were affected by higher state interests . In 1923 , a New York Times correspondent saw Christians observing Easter peacefully in Moscow despite violent anti-religious actions in previous years . Official policies and practices not only varied with time , but also differed in their application from one nationality to another and from one religion to another . In 1929 , with the onset of the Cultural Revolution in the Soviet Union and an upsurge of radical militancy in the Party and Komsomol , a powerful `` hard line '' in favor of mass closing of churches and arrests of priests became dominant and evidently won Stalin 's approval . Secret `` hard line '' instructions were issued to local party organizations , but not published . When the anti-religious drive inflamed the anger of the rural population , not to mention that of the Pope and other Western church spokesmen , the regime was able to back off from a policy that it had never publicly endorsed anyway . Although all Soviet leaders had the same long - range goal of developing a cohesive Soviet people , they pursued different policies to achieve it . For the Soviet regime , questions of nationality and religion were always closely linked . Therefore , their attitude toward religion also varied from a total ban on some religions to official support of others . Policy towards nationalities and religion ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In theory , the Soviet Constitution described the regime 's position regarding nationalities and religions . It stated that every Soviet citizen also had a particular nationality , and every Soviet passport carried these two entries . The constitution granted a large degree of local autonomy , but this autonomy was subordinated to central authority . In addition , because local and central administrative structures were often not clearly divided , local autonomy was further weakened . Although under the Constitution all nationalities were equal , in practice they were not treated so . Only fifteen nationalities had union republic status , which granted them , in principle , many rights , including the right to secede from the union . Twenty - two nationalities lived in autonomous republics with a degree of local self - government and representation in the Council of Nationalities in the Supreme Soviet . Eighteen more nationalities had territorial enclaves ( autonomous oblasts and autonomous okrugs ) but had very few powers of self - government . The remaining nationalities had no right of self - government at all . Joseph Stalin 's 1913 definition of a nation as `` a historically constituted and stable community of people formed on the basis of common language , territory , economic life , and psychological makeup revealed in a common culture '' was retained by Soviet authorities throughout the 1980s . However , in granting nationalities union republic status , three additional factors were considered : a population of at least 1 million , territorial compactness , and location on the borders of the Soviet Union . Although Lenin believed that eventually all nationalities would merge into one , he insisted that the Soviet Union be established as a federation of formally equal nations . In the 1920s , genuine cultural concessions were granted to the nationalities . Communist elites of various nationalities were permitted to flourish and to have considerable self - government . National cultures , religions , and languages were not merely tolerated but , in areas with Muslim populations , encouraged . Demographic changes in the 1960s and 1970s whittled down the overall Russian majority , but they also caused two nationalities ( the Kazakhs and Kirgiz ) to become minorities in their own republics at the time of the 1979 census , and considerably reduced the majority of the titular nationalities in other republics . This situation led Leonid Brezhnev to declare at the 24th Communist Party Congress in 1971 that the process of creating a unified Soviet people had been completed , and proposals were made to abolish the federative system and replace it with a single state . In the 1970s , however , a broad movement of national dissent began to spread throughout the Soviet Union . It manifestated itself in many ways : Jews insisted on their right to emigrate to Israel ; Crimean Tatars demanded to be allowed to return to Crimea ; Lithuanians called for the restoration of the rights of the Catholic Church ; and Helsinki Watch groups were established in the Georgian , Lithuanian , and Ukrainian republics . Petitions , literature , and occasional public demonstrations voiced public demands for the human rights of all nationalities . By the end of the 1970s , however , massive and concerted efforts by the KGB had largely suppressed the national dissent movement . Nevertheless , Brezhnev had learned his lesson . Proposals to dismantle the federative system were abandoned in favour of a policy of drawing the nationalities together more gradually . Soviet officials identified religion closely with nationality . The implementation of policy toward a particular religion , therefore , depended on the regime 's perception of the bond between that religion and the nationality practicing it , the size of the religious community , the extent to which the religion accepted outside authority , and the nationality 's willingness to subordinate itself to political authority . Thus the smaller the religious community and the more closely it identified with a particular nationality , the more restrictive were the regime 's policies , especially if the religion also recognized a foreign authority such as the pope . Policy towards Orthodoxy ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Russian Orthodox Cathedral , once the most dominant landmark in Baku , was demolished in the 1930s under Stalin . As for the Russian Orthodox Church , Soviet authorities sought to control it and , in times of national crisis , to exploit it for the regime 's own purposes ; but their ultimate goal was to eliminate it . During the first five years of Soviet power , the Bolsheviks executed 28 Russian Orthodox bishops and over 1,200 Russian Orthodox priests . Many others were imprisoned or exiled . Believers were harassed and persecuted . Most seminaries were closed , and the publication of most religious material was prohibited . By 1941 only 500 churches remained open out of about 54,000 in existence prior to World War I . Such crackdowns related to many people 's dissatisfaction with the church in pre-revolutionary Russia . The close ties between the church and the state led to the perception of the church as corrupt and greedy by many members of the intelligentsia . Many peasants , while highly religious , also viewed the church unfavorably . Respect for religion did not extend to the local priests . The church owned a significant portion of Russia 's land , and this was a bone of contention -- land ownership was a big factor in the Russian Revolution of 1917 . The Nazi attack on the Soviet Union in 1941 induced Stalin to enlist the Russian Orthodox Church as an ally to arouse Russian patriotism against foreign aggression . Russian Orthodox religious life experienced a revival : thousands of churches were reopened ; there were 22,000 by the time Nikita Khrushchev came to power . The regime permitted religious publications , and church membership grew . Khrushchev reversed the regime 's policy of cooperation with the Russian Orthodox Church . Although it remained officially sanctioned , in 1959 Khrushchev launched an antireligious campaign that was continued in a less stringent manner by his successor , Brezhnev . By 1975 the number of active Russian Orthodox churches was reduced to 7,000 . Some of the most prominent members of the Russian Orthodox hierarchy and some activists were jailed or forced to leave the church . Their place was taken by docile clergy who were obedient to the state and who were sometimes infiltrated by KGB agents , making the Russian Orthodox Church useful to the regime . It espoused and propagated Soviet foreign policy and furthered the russification of non-Russian Christians , such as Orthodox Ukrainians and Belarusians . The regime applied a different policy toward the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church and the Belarusian Autocephalous Orthodox Church . Viewed by the government as very nationalistic , both were suppressed , first at the end of the 1920s and again in 1944 after they had renewed themselves under German occupation . The leadership of both churches was decimated ; large numbers of priests were shot or sent to labor camps , and members of their congregations were harassed and persecuted . The Georgian Orthodox Church was subject to a somewhat different policy and fared far worse than the Russian Orthodox Church . During World War II , however , it was allowed greater autonomy in running its affairs in return for calling its members to support the war effort , although it did not achieve the kind of accommodation with the authorities that the Russian Orthodox Church had . The government reimposed tight control over it after the war . Out of some 2,100 churches in 1917 , only 200 were still open in the 1980s , and it was forbidden to serve its adherents outside the Georgian Republic . In many cases , the regime forced the Georgian Orthodox Church to conduct services in Old Church Slavonic instead of in the Georgian language . Policy towards Catholicism and protestantism ( edit ) The Soviet government 's policies toward the Catholic Church were strongly influenced by Soviet Catholics ' recognition of an outside authority as head of their church . As a result of World War II , millions of Catholics ( including Greco - Catholics ) became Soviet citizens and were subjected to new repression . Also , in the three republics where most of the Catholics lived , the Lithuanian SSR , the Byelorussian SSR and the Ukrainian SSR , Catholicism and nationalism were closely linked . Although the Roman Catholic Church was tolerated in Lithuania , large numbers of the clergy were imprisoned , many seminaries were closed , and police agents infiltrated the remainder . The anti-Catholic campaign in Lithuania abated after Stalin 's death , but harsh measures against the church were resumed in 1957 and continued through the Brezhnev era . Soviet policy was particularly harsh toward the Ukrainian Greek - Catholic Church . Ukrainian Greek - Catholics came under Soviet rule in 1939 , when western Ukraine was incorporated into the Soviet Union as part of the Nazi - Soviet Nonaggression Pact . Although the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church was permitted to function , it was almost immediately subjected to intense harassment . Retreating before the German army in 1941 , Soviet authorities arrested large numbers of Ukrainian Greek Catholic priests , who were either killed or deported to Siberia . After the Red Army reoccupied western Ukraine in 1944 , the Soviet regime liquidated the Ukrainian Greek - Catholic Church by arresting its metropolitan , all of its bishops , hundreds of clergy , and the more active church members , killing some and sending the rest to labor camps . At the same time , Soviet authorities forced the remaining clergy to abrogate the union with Rome and subordinate themselves to the Russian Orthodox Church . Before World War II , there were fewer Protestants in the Soviet Union than adherents of other faiths , but they showed remarkable growth since then . In 1944 the Soviet government established the All - Union Council of Evangelical Christian Baptists ( now the Union of Evangelical Christians - Baptists of Russia ) to gain some control over the various Protestant sects . Many congregations refused to join this body , however , and others that initially joined it subsequently left . All found that the state , through the council , was interfering in church life . Policy toward other Christian groups ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A number of congregations of Russian Mennonites , Jehovah 's Witnesses , and other Christian groups faced varying levels of persecution under Soviet rule . Jehovah 's Witnesses were banned from practicing their religion . Under Operation North , the personal property of over eight - thousand members was confiscated , and they ( along with underage children ) were exiled to Siberia from 1951 until repeal in 1965 . All were asked to sign a declaration of resignation as a Jehovah 's Witness in order to not be deported . There is no existing record of any having signed this declaration . While in Siberia , some men , women , and children were forced to work as lumberjacks for a fixed wage . Victims reported living conditions to be very poor . From 1951 to 1991 , Jehovah 's Witnesses within and outside Siberia were incarcerated -- and then rearrested after serving their terms . Some were forced to work in concentration camps , others forcibly enrolled in Marxist reeducation programs . KGB officials infiltrated the Jehovah 's Witnesses organization in the Soviet Union , mostly to seek out hidden caches of theological literature . Soviet propaganda films depicted Jehovah 's Witnesses as a cult , extremist , and engaging in mind control . Jehovah 's Witnesses were legalized in the Soviet Union in 1991 ; victims were given social benefits equivalent to those of war veterans . Early in the Bolshevik period , predominantly before the end of the Russian Civil War and the emergence of the Soviet Union , Russian Mennonite communities were harassed ; several Mennonites were killed or imprisoned , and women were raped . Anarcho - Communist Nestor Makhno was responsible for most of the bloodshed , which caused the normally pacifist Mennonites to take up arms in defensive militia units . This marked the beginning of a mass exodus of Mennonites to Germany , the United States , and elsewhere . Mennonites were branded as kulaks by the Soviets . Their colonies ' farms were collectivized under the Soviet Union 's communal farming policy . Being predominantly German settlers , the Russian Mennonites in World War II saw the German forces invading Russia as liberators . Many were allowed passage to Germany as Volksdeutsche . Soviet officials began exiling Mennonite settlers in the eastern part of Russia to Siberia . After the war , the remaining Russian Mennonites were branded as Nazi conspirators and exiled to Kazakhstan and Siberia , sometimes being imprisoned or forced to work in concentration camps . In the 1990s the Russian government gave the Mennonites in Kazakhstan and Siberia the opportunity to emigrate . Policy towards Islam ( edit ) Main article : Islam in the Soviet Union Soviet policy toward Islam was affected , on the one hand by the large Muslim population , its close ties to national cultures , and its tendency to accept Soviet authority , and on the other hand by its susceptibility to foreign influence . Although actively encouraging atheism , Soviet authorities permitted some limited religious activity in all the Muslim republics , under the auspices of the regional branches of the Spiritual Administration of the Muslims of the USSR . Mosques functioned in most large cities of the Central Asian republics and the Azerbaijan Republic , but their number decreased from 25,000 in 1917 to 500 in the 1970s . Under Stalinist rule , Soviet authorities cracked down on Muslim clergy , closing many mosques or turning them into warehouses . In 1989 , as part of the general relaxation of restrictions on religions , some additional Muslim religious associations were registered , and some of the mosques that had been closed by the government were returned to Muslim communities . The government also announced plans to permit the training of limited numbers of Muslim religious leaders in two - and five - year courses in Ufa and Baku , respectively . Policy towards Judaism ( edit ) Main article : History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union Although Lenin publicly condemned anti-Semitism , the regime was hostile toward Judaism from the beginning . In 1919 the Soviet authorities abolished Jewish community councils , which were traditionally responsible for maintaining synagogues . They created a special Jewish section of the party , whose tasks included propaganda against Jewish clergy and religion . To offset Jewish national and religious aspirations , and to reflect the Jewish national movement 's role in the socialist movement of the Russian Empire ( for example , Trotsky was first a member of the Jewish Bund , not the Social Democratic Labour Party ) , an alternative to the Land of Israel was established in 1934 . The Jewish Autonomous Oblast , created in 1928 by Stalin , with Birobidzhan in the Russian Far East as its administrative center , was to become a `` Soviet Zion '' . Yiddish , rather than `` reactionary '' Hebrew , would be the national language , and proletarian socialist literature and arts would replace Judaism as the quintessence of its culture . Despite a massive domestic and international state propaganda campaign , the Jewish population there never reached 30 % ( as of 2003 it was only about 1.2 % ) . The experiment ended in the mid-1930s , during Stalin 's first campaign of purges . Jewish leaders were arrested and executed , and Yiddish schools were shut down . Further persecutions and purges followed . The training of rabbis became impossible until early 1940 's , and until the late 1980s only one Yiddish periodical was published . Because of its identification with Zionism , Hebrew was taught only in schools for diplomats . Most of the 5,000 synagogues functioning prior to the Bolshevik Revolution were closed under Stalin , and others were closed under Khrushchev . The practice of Judaism became very difficult , intensifying the desire of Jews to leave the Soviet Union . See also ( edit ) Index of Soviet Union - related articles Council for Religious Affairs Culture of the Soviet Union Demographics of the Soviet Union Soviet anti-religious legislation Soviet Anti-Catholic Campaigns Persecution of Christians in Warsaw Pact countries Persecution of Christians in the Soviet Union Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII USSR anti-religious campaign ( 1917 -- 1921 ) USSR anti-religious campaign ( 1921 -- 1928 ) USSR anti-religious campaign ( 1928 -- 1941 ) USSR anti-religious campaign ( 1958 -- 1964 ) USSR anti-religious campaign ( 1970s -- 1990 ) Eastern Catholic victims of Soviet persecutions Persecution of Muslims in the former USSR Persecution of Jehovah 's Witnesses in the Soviet Union Soviet Orientalist studies in Islam Religion in Russia Bezbozhnik Enemy of the people Russification Sovietization Red Terror References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Arto Luukkanen ( 1994 ) . The Party of Unbelief . Helsinki : Studia Historica 48 . ISBN 951 - 710 - 008 - 6 . OCLC 832629341 . ^ Jump up to : `` Revelations from the Russian Archives : ANTI-RELIGIOUS CAMPAIGNS '' . Library of Congress . US Government . Retrieved 2 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Kowalewski , David ( October 1980 ) . `` Protest for Religious Rights in the USSR : Characteristics and Consequences '' . Russian Review . 39 ( 4 ) : 426 -- 441 . doi : 10.2307 / 128810 . JSTOR 128810 -- via JSTOR . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Ramet , Sabrina Petra . ( Ed ) ( 1993 ) . Religious Policy in the Soviet Union . Cambridge University Press . p. 4 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Anderson , John ( 1994 ) . Religion , State and Politics in the Soviet Union and Successor States . Cambridge , England : Cambridge University Press . p. 3 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 46784 - 5 . Jump up ^ Religion and the State in Russia and China : Suppression , Survival , and Revival , by Christopher Marsh , page 47 . Continuum International Publishing Group , 2011 . Jump up ^ Inside Central Asia : A Political and Cultural History , by Dilip Hiro . Penguin , 2009 . Jump up ^ Adappur , Abraham ( 2000 ) . Religion and the Cultural Crisis in India and the West . Intercultural Publications . ISBN 9788185574479 . Retrieved 14 July 2016 . Forced Conversion under Atheistic Regimes : It might be added that the most modern example of forced `` conversions '' came not from any theocratic state , but from a professedly atheist government -- that of the Soviet Union under the Communists . Jump up ^ Geoffrey Blainey ; A Short History of Christianity ; Viking ; 2011 ; p. 494 '' ^ Jump up to : Lenin , V.I. `` About the attitude of the working party toward the religion '' . Collected works , v. 17 , p. 41 . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ Country Studies : Russia - The Russian Orthodox Church U.S. Library of Congress , Accessed 2008 - 04 - 03 Jump up ^ war on religion by Paul Kengor ^ Jump up to : `` The Ukrainian Greek Catholics : A Historical Survey '' . Religious Information Service of Ukraine . Archived from the original on 2 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Alexeyeva , Lyudmilla . `` Chapter 13 : ПЯТИДЕСЯТНИКИ '' . История инакомыслия в СССР. ( in Russian ) . Memorial . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ Lutheran Churches . Religious Information Service of Ukraine . Jump up ^ Keston Institute and the Defence of Persecuted Christians in the USSR . Jump up ^ Baptist Union in Russia , by Christian History Institute Jump up ^ Wanne , Catherine ( 2006 ) . `` EVANGELICALISM AND THE RESURGENCE OF RELIGION IN UKRAINE '' ( PDF ) . The National Council for Eurasian and East European Research . Jump up ^ ГАРФ . Ф. 6991 . Оп. 2 . Д. 306 . Л. 11 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Ко всем трудящимся мусульманам России и Востока Jump up ^ Ислам в СССР : предыстория репрессий Jump up ^ Искусство и религия : Современное исламское искусство народов России By Червонная С . М . Page 118 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , S. Everyday Stalinism . Oxford University Press . New York , 1999 . page 27 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 505001 - 0 Jump up ^ `` Moscow Keeps Easter ; No Riots Expected ; A Faithful Few Still Go to Church and Are Unmolested '' , The New York Times . 6 April 1923 . Page 4 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , S. On the drive against religion in 1929 -- 30 . Stalin 's Peasants . New - York , 1994 . pages 59 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , S. Everyday Stalinism . New - York , 1999 . p. 27 Jump up ^ Helene Carrere d'Encausse , The National Republics Lose Their Independence , in Edward A. Allworth , ( edit ) , Central Asia : One Hundred Thirty Years of Russian Dominance , A Historical Overview . Duke University Press , 1994 . Jump up ^ https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/archives/anti.html ^ Jump up to : Stalin : The Court of the Red Tsar , Montefiore , 2007 Sources This article incorporates public domain material from the Library of Congress Country Studies website http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/ . -- Soviet Union Soviet Union topics History Index of Soviet Union - related articles Russian Revolution February October Russian Civil War Russian SFSR USSR creation treaty New Economic Policy Stalinism Great Purge Great Patriotic War ( World War II ) Cold War Khrushchev Thaw 1965 reform Stagnation Perestroika Glasnost Revolutions of 1989 Dissolution Nostalgia Post-Soviet states Geography Subdivisions Republics autonomous Oblasts autonomous Autonomous okrugs Closed cities list Regions Caspian Sea Caucasus Mountains European Russia North Caucasus Siberia Ural Mountains West Siberian Plain Politics General Constitution Elections Foreign relations Brezhnev Doctrine Government list Human rights LGBT Law Leaders Collective leadership Passport system State ideology Marxism -- Leninism Leninism Stalinism Bodies Communist Party organisation Central Committee Politburo Secretariat Congress General Secretary Congress of Soviets ( 1922 -- 1936 ) Supreme Soviet ( 1938 -- 1991 ) Congress of People 's Deputies ( 1989 -- 1991 ) Supreme Court Offices Premier President Deputy Premier First Deputy Premier Security services Cheka GPU NKVD MVD MGB KGB Political repression Red Terror Collectivization Great Purge Population transfer Gulag list Holodomor Political abuse of psychiatry Ideological repression Religion Suppressed research Censorship Censorship of images Economy Agriculture Central Bank Energy policy Five - Year Plans Net material product Inventions Ruble ( currency ) Internet domain Transport Science Communist Academy Academy of Sciences Academy of Medical Sciences Lenin All - Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences Sharashkas Naukograds list Society Crime Demographics Soviet people working class 1989 census Languages Linguistics LGBT Culture Ballet Cinema Fashion Literature Music opera Propaganda Sports Stalinist architecture Opposition Soviet dissidents and their groups list Anthem republics Emblem republics Flag republics Templates Departments Russian Revolution 1917 Joseph Stalin Stagnation Era Fall of Communism Book Commons Portal WikiProject Religion in Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Vatican City States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies and other entities Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard Other entities European Union Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_Soviet_Union&oldid=843536747 '' Categories : Soviet culture Religion in the Soviet Union Hidden categories : Pages with login required references or sources CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list CS1 uses Russian - language script ( ru ) CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) Articles needing more detailed references Use dmy dates from September 2016 Articles to be expanded from April 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles needing translation from Russian Wikipedia All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013 Articles needing additional references from November 2011 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from November 2011 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2008 Articles needing additional references from June 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Library of Congress Country Studies Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Català Español Français Italiano Português Русский Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 19 : 48 . 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a variable that measures an outcome or result of a study

In mathematical modeling , statistical modeling and experimental sciences , the values of dependent variables depend on the values of independent variables . The dependent variables represent the output or outcome whose variation is being studied . The independent variables represent inputs or causes , i.e. , potential reasons for variation or , in the experimental setting , the variable controlled by the experimenter . Models and experiments test or determine the effects that the independent variables have on the dependent variables . Sometimes , independent variables may be included for other reasons , such as for their potential confounding effect , without a wish to test their effect directly .

Dependent and independent variables

dependent and independent variables

In mathematical modeling , statistical modeling and experimental sciences , the values of dependent variables depend on the values of independent variables . The dependent variables represent the output or outcome whose variation is being studied . The independent variables represent inputs or causes , i.e. , potential reasons for variation or , in the experimental setting , the variable controlled by the experimenter . Models and experiments test or determine the effects that the independent variables have on the dependent variables . Sometimes , independent variables may be included for other reasons , such as for their potential confounding effect , without a wish to test their effect directly .

In single variable calculus , a function is typically graphed with the horizontal axis representing the independent variable and the vertical axis representing the dependent variable . In this function , y is the dependent variable and x is the independent variable . Contents ( hide ) 1 Mathematics 1.1 Statistics 1.2 Modeling 1.3 Simulation 2 Statistics synonyms 3 Other variables 4 Examples 5 See also 6 References Mathematics ( edit ) In mathematics , a function is a rule for taking an input ( in the simplest case , a number or set of numbers ) and providing an output ( which may also be a number ) . A symbol that stands for an arbitrary input is called an independent variable , while a symbol that stands for an arbitrary output is called a dependent variable . The most common symbol for the input is x , and the most common symbol for the output is y ; the function itself is commonly written y = f ( x ) ( \ displaystyle y = f ( x ) ) . It is possible to have multiple independent variables and / or multiple dependent variables . For instance , in multivariable calculus , one often encounters functions of the form z = f ( x , y ) ( \ displaystyle z = f ( x , y ) ) , where z is a dependent variable and x and y are independent variables . Functions with multiple outputs are often referred to as vector - valued functions . In set theory , a function between a set X and a set Y is a subset of the Cartesian product X × Y ( \ displaystyle X \ times Y ) such that every element of X appears in an ordered pair with exactly one element of Y . In this situation , a symbol representing an element of X may be called an independent variable and a symbol representing an element of Y may be called a dependent variable , such as when X is a manifold and the symbol x represents an arbitrary point in the manifold . However , many advanced textbooks do not distinguish between dependent and independent variables . Statistics ( edit ) In an experiment , a variable , manipulated by an experimenter , is called an independent variable . The dependent variable is the event expected to change when the independent variable is manipulated . In data mining tools ( for multivariate statistics and machine learning ) , the depending variable is assigned a role as target variable ( or in some tools as label attribute ) , while an independent variable may be assigned a role as regular variable . Known values for the target variable are provided for the training data set and test data set , but should be predicted for other data . The target variable is used in supervised learning algorithms but not in non-supervised learning . Modeling ( edit ) In mathematical modeling , the dependent variable is studied to see if and how much it varies as the independent variables vary . In the simple stochastic linear model y i = a + b x i + e i ( \ displaystyle y_ ( i ) = a + bx_ ( i ) + e_ ( i ) ) the term y i ( \ displaystyle y_ ( i ) ) is the i value of the dependent variable and x i ( \ displaystyle x_ ( i ) ) is the i value of the independent variable . The term e i ( \ displaystyle e_ ( i ) ) is known as the `` error '' and contains the variability of the dependent variable not explained by the independent variable . With multiple independent variables , the model is y i = a + b x 1 , i + b x 2 , i + ... + b x n , i + e i ( \ displaystyle y_ ( i ) = a + bx_ ( 1 , i ) + bx_ ( 2 , i ) + ... + bx_ ( n , i ) + e_ ( i ) ) , where n is the number of independent variables . Simulation ( edit ) In simulation , the dependent variable is changed in response to changes in the independent variables . Statistics synonyms ( edit ) Depending on the context , an independent variable is sometimes called a `` predictor variable '' , `` regressor '' , `` covariate '' , `` controlled variable '' , `` manipulated variable '' , `` explanatory variable '' , `` exposure variable '' ( see reliability theory ) , `` risk factor '' ( see medical statistics ) , `` feature '' ( in machine learning and pattern recognition ) or `` input variable . '' In econometrics , the term `` control variable '' is usually used instead of `` covariate '' . Depending on the context , a dependent variable is sometimes called a `` response variable '' , `` regressand '' , `` predicted variable '' , `` measured variable '' , `` explained variable '' , `` experimental variable '' , `` responding variable '' , `` outcome variable '' , `` output variable '' or `` label '' . `` Explanatory variable '' is preferred by some authors over `` independent variable '' when the quantities treated as independent variables may not be statistically independent or independently manipulable by the researcher . If the independent variable is referred to as an `` explanatory variable '' then the term `` response variable '' is preferred by some authors for the dependent variable . `` Explained variable '' is preferred by some authors over `` dependent variable '' when the quantities treated as `` dependent variables '' may not be statistically dependent . If the dependent variable is referred to as an `` explained variable '' then the term `` predictor variable '' is preferred by some authors for the independent variable . Variables may also be referred to by their form : continuous , binary / dichotomous , nominal categorical , and ordinal categorical , among others . An example is provided by the analysis of trend in sea level by Woodworth ( 1987 ) . Here the dependent variable ( and variable of most interest ) was the annual mean sea level at a given location for which a series of yearly values were available . The primary independent variable was time . Use was made of a covariate consisting of yearly values of annual mean atmospheric pressure at sea level . The results showed that inclusion of the covariate allowed improved estimates of the trend against time to be obtained , compared to analyses which omitted the covariate . Other variables ( edit ) A variable may be thought to alter the dependent or independent variables , but may not actually be the focus of the experiment . So that variable will be kept constant or monitored to try to minimize its effect on the experiment . Such variables may be designated as either a `` controlled variable '' , `` control variable '' , or `` extraneous variable '' . Extraneous variables , if included in a Regression analysis as independent variables , may aid a researcher with accurate response parameter estimation , prediction , and goodness of fit , but are not of substantive interest to the hypothesis under examination . For example , in a study examining the effect of post-secondary education on lifetime earnings , some extraneous variables might be gender , ethnicity , social class , genetics , intelligence , age , and so forth . A variable is extraneous only when it can be assumed ( or shown ) to influence the dependent variable . If included in a regression , it can improve the fit of the model . If it is excluded from the regression and if it has a non-zero covariance with one or more of the independent variables of interest , its omission will bias the regression 's result for the effect of that independent variable of interest . This effect is called confounding or omitted variable bias ; in these situations , design changes and / or Controlling for a variable statistical control is necessary . Extraneous variables are often classified into three types : Subject variables , which are the characteristics of the individuals being studied that might affect their actions . These variables include age , gender , health status , mood , background , etc . Blocking variables or experimental variables are characteristics of the persons conducting the experiment which might influence how a person behaves . Gender , the presence of racial discrimination , language , or other factors may qualify as such variables . Situational variables are features of the environment in which the study or research was conducted , which have a bearing on the outcome of the experiment in a negative way . Included are the air temperature , level of activity , lighting , and the time of day . In modelling , variability that is not covered by the independent variable is designated by e I ( \ displaystyle e_ ( I ) ) and is known as the `` residual '' , `` side effect '' , `` error '' , `` unexplained share '' , `` residual variable '' , or `` tolerance '' . Examples ( edit ) Effect of fertilizer on plant growth In a study measuring the influence of different quantities of fertilizer on plant growth , the independent variable would be the amount of fertilizer used . The dependent variable would be the growth in height or mass of the plant . The controlled variables would be the type of plant , the type of fertilizer , the amount of sunlight the plant gets , the size of the pots , etc . Effect of drug dosage on symptom severity In a study of how different doses of a drug affect the severity of symptoms , a researcher could compare the frequency and intensity of symptoms when different doses are administered . Here the independent variable is the dose and the dependent variable is the frequency / intensity of symptoms . Effect of temperature on pigmentation In measuring the amount of color removed from beetroot samples at different temperatures , temperature is the independent variable and amount of pigment removed is the dependent variable . See also ( edit ) Abscissa Ordinate Blocking ( statistics ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hastings , Nancy Baxter . Workshop calculus : guided exploration with review . Vol. 2 . Springer Science & Business Media , 1998 . p. 31 ^ Jump up to : Carlson , Robert . A concrete introduction to real analysis . CRC Press , 2006 . p. 183 ^ Jump up to : Stewart , James . Calculus . Cengage Learning , 2011 . Section 1.1 Jump up ^ Anton , Howard , Irl C. Bivens , and Stephen Davis . Calculus Single Variable . John Wiley & Sons , 2012 . Section 0.1 Jump up ^ Larson , Ron , and Bruce Edwards . Calculus . Cengage Learning , 2009 . Section 13.1 Jump up ^ Hrbacek , Karel , and Thomas Jech . Introduction to Set Theory , Revised and Expanded . Vol. 220 . Crc Press , 1999 . p. 26 Jump up ^ For instance , a Google Books search for `` independent variable '' on Mar 18 , 2015 brought up 0 hits in the following advanced textbooks : Munkres , James R. Topology : a first course . Vol. 23 . Englewood Cliffs , NJ : Prentice - Hall , 1975 . Hungerford , Thomas . Abstract algebra : an introduction . Cengage Learning , 2012 . Abbott , Stephen . Understanding analysis . Springer Science & Business Media , 2010 . Jump up ^ http://onlinestatbook.com/2/introduction/variables.html Jump up ^ Random House Webster 's Unabridged Dictionary . Random House , Inc. 2001 . Page 534 , 971 . ISBN 0 - 375 - 42566 - 7 . Jump up ^ English Manual version 1.0 Archived 2014 - 02 - 10 at the Wayback Machine . for RapidMiner 5.0 , October 2013 . Jump up ^ Dodge , Y. ( 2003 ) The Oxford Dictionary of Statistical Terms , OUP . ISBN 0 - 19 - 920613 - 9 ( entry for `` independent variable '' ) ^ Jump up to : Dodge , Y. ( 2003 ) The Oxford Dictionary of Statistical Terms , OUP . ISBN 0 - 19 - 920613 - 9 ( entry for `` regression '' ) Jump up ^ Gujarati , Damodar N. ; Porter , Dawn C. ( 2009 ) . `` Terminology and Notation '' . Basic Econometrics ( Fifth international ed . ) . New York : McGraw - Hill . p. 21 . ISBN 978 - 007 - 127625 - 2 . Jump up ^ Wooldridge , Jeffrey ( 2012 ) . Introductory Econometrics : A Modern Approach ( Fifth ed . ) . Mason , OH : South - Western Cengage Learning . pp. 22 -- 23 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 111 - 53104 - 1 . Jump up ^ Last , John M. , ed. ( 2001 ) . A Dictionary of Epidemiology ( Fourth ed . ) . Oxford UP . ISBN 0 - 19 - 514168 - 7 . Jump up ^ Everitt , B.S. ( 2002 ) . The Cambridge Dictionary of Statistics ( 2nd ed . ) . Cambridge UP . ISBN 0 - 521 - 81099 - X . Jump up ^ Woodworth , P.L. ( 1987 ) . `` Trends in U.K. mean sea level '' . Marine Geodesy. 11 ( 1 ) : 57 -- 87 . doi : 10.1080 / 15210608709379549 . ^ Jump up to : Everitt , B.S. ( 2002 ) Cambridge Dictionary of Statistics , CUP . ISBN 0 - 521 - 81099 - X ^ Jump up to : Dodge , Y. ( 2003 ) The Oxford Dictionary of Statistical Terms , OUP . ISBN 0 - 19 - 920613 - 9 ^ Jump up to : Ash Narayan Sah ( 2009 ) Data Analysis Using Microsoft Excel , New Delhi . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7446 - 716 - 4 Wikiversity has learning resources about Independent variable Wikiversity has learning resources about Dependent variable Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dependent_and_independent_variables&oldid=832794708 '' Categories : Design of experiments Regression analysis Mathematical terminology Independence ( probability theory ) Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Euskara فارسی 한국어 Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi தமிழ் Türkçe Українська 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 March 2018 , at 01 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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who was called conqueror of egypt (fateh misr)

' Amr ibn al - ' as

' amr ibn al -'as

' Amr ibn al - ' As Emir of Palestine Monarch Umar Ibn al - Khattab In office 637 -- 640 Preceded by None ( Conquest of the Levant from the Byzantine Empire ) Succeeded by Muawiyah I ( as Governor of the Levant ) Governor of Egypt In office 640 -- 644 Monarch Umar Ibn al - Khattab Preceded by None ( Conquest of Egypt from the Byzantine Empire ) Succeeded by Abdallah ibn Sa'ad In office 658 -- 664 Monarch Muawiyah I Preceded by Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr Succeeded by Utba ibn Abi Sufyan Personal details 14 February 583 or before Mecca , Arabia 664 Egypt . Father Al - ' As ibn Wa'il Military service Allegiance Rashidun Caliphate Ummayad Caliphate Service / branch Rashidun army Ummayad Army Years of service 634 -- 636 Rank Commander Governor of Egypt ( 642 -- 644 ) , ( 657 -- 664 ) Commands Conquest of Palestine Conquest of Egypt , First Muslim Civil War Domains of Rashidun empire under four caliphs . The divided phase relates to the Rashidun Caliphate of Ali during the First Fitna . Strongholds of the Rashidun Caliphate of Ali during the First Fitna Region under the control of Muawiyah I during the First Fitna Region under the control of Amr ibn al - As during the First Fitna ' Amr ibn al - ' As ( Arabic : عمرو بن العاص ‎ ; c. 585 -- 6 January 664 ) was an Arab military commander who led the Muslim conquest of Egypt in 640 . He was a contemporary of Muhammad and one of the Sahaba ( `` Companions '' ) who rose quickly through the Muslim hierarchy following his conversion to Islam in the year 8 AH ( 629 ) . He founded the Egyptian capital of Fustat and built the Mosque of Amr ibn al - As at its center . Contents 1 Biography 1.1 Early life 1.2 Muhammad 's era 1.3 Under Abu Bakr and Umar 1.4 Later life 1.5 Amr as Mu'awiyah's arbiter at the Battle of Siffin 2 See also 3 References 4 Further reading Biography ( edit ) Early life ( edit ) ʻAmr belonged to the Banu Sahm clan of the Quraysh . Assuming he was over eighty years old when he died , he was born before 592 . ' Amr ibn al - ' As was born in Arabia in the city of Mecca and died in Egypt . al - ' As ibn Wa'il ( Arabic : العاص بن وائل ) was the father of ' Amr ibn al - ' As and Hisham ibn al - A'as . He was a part of Hilf al - Fudul ( 1 ) . Before his military career , ʻAmr was a trader , who had accompanied caravans along the commercial trading routes through Asia and the Middle East , including Egypt . ' Amr was a shrewd , highly intelligent man who belonged to the nobility of the Quraysh . He fought with the Quraysh against Islam in several battles . As he went to fight the Muslims , he saw them praying , got highly interested and tried to find out more about Islam . He was determinedly hostile to Islam . In fact he was Quraysh 's envoy to the Negus , the ruler of Abyssinia . Once he converted to Islam with Khalid ibn al - Walid , he became a great commander fighting for the Islamic cause . The first mosque to be built in Africa was erected under his patronage and is still known as The Mosque of Amr ibn al - As . He came to Egypt as the commander in chief of the Muslim Arab troops in 650 AD . Muhammad 's era ( edit ) Campaigns of Muhammad Ghazwah ( expeditions where he took part ) Abwa Buwat Safwan Dul 1st Badr Kudr Sawiq Qaynuqa Thi Bahran Uhud Asad Nadir 2nd Nejd 2nd Badr Jandal Trench Qurayza Lahyan Mustaliq Treaty Khaybar Fadak Qura Dhat Baqra Mecca Hunayn Autas Ta'if Tabouk Main article : List of battles of Muhammad Like the other Quraysh chiefs , he opposed Islam in the early days . ʻAmr headed the delegation that the Quraysh sent to Abyssinia to prevail upon the ruler , Aṣḥama ibn Abjar ( possibly Armah ) , to turn away the Muslims from his country . The mission failed and the ruler of Abyssinia refused to oblige the Quraysh . After the migration of Muhammad to Medina ʻAmr took part in all the battles that the Quraysh fought against the Muslims . He commanded a Quraish contingent at the battle of Uhud . He took with him his wife , Rayta bint Munabbih ibn al - Hajjaj , who was the mother of his son Abdullah . ʻAmr ibn al - ʻĀs was married to Umm Kulthum bint Uqba but she died only one month after their marriage . In the company of Khalid ibn al - Walid , he rode from Mecca to Medina where both of them converted to Islam in 629 - 30 . Abu Bakr , Umar and Abu Ubaidah ibn al Jarrah served under ʻAmr ibn al - ʻĀs in the campaign of Dhat as - Salasil and had offered their prayers behind him for many weeks . At that time , ʻAmr ibn al - ʻĀs was their chief not only in the army but also as a leader in religious services . ʻAmr was dispatched by Muhammad to Oman and played a key role in the conversion of the leaders of that nation , Jayfar and ' Abbād ibn Al - Juland . He was then made governor of the region until shortly after Muhammad 's death . There are some hadith regarding him and his father 's will . Under Abu Bakr and Umar ( edit ) ʻAmr was sent by the Caliph Abu Bakr with the Muslim Arab armies into Palestine following Muhammad 's death . It is believed that he played an important role in the Arab conquest of that region , and he is known to have been at the battles of Ajnadayn and Yarmouk as well as the siege of Damascus . The Mosque of Amr ibn al - As in modern - day Cairo Following the success over the Byzantines in Syria , Amr suggested to Umar that he march on Egypt , to which Umar agreed . The actual invasion began towards the end of 639 , as Amr crossed the Sinai Peninsula with 3,500 - 4,000 men . He is reported to have celebrated the feast of pilgrimaga in Arish on 10th Dhul Hij A. H 18 or 12 December 640 . After taking the small fortified towns of Pelusium ( Arabic : Al - Farama ) and beating back a Byzantine surprise attack near Bilbeis , Amr headed towards the Babylon Fortress ( in the region of modern - day Coptic Cairo ) . After some skirmishes south of the area , Amr marched north towards Heliopolis , with 12,000 men reinforcements who had arrived on 6 June 640 reaching him from Syria , against the Byzantine forces in Egypt , under general Theodorus . The resulting Muslim victory at the Battle of Heliopolis brought about the fall of much of the country . The Heliopolis battle resolved fairly quickly , though the Babylon Fortress withstood a siege of several months , and the Byzantine capital of Alexandria , which had been the capital of Egypt for much of its 972 - year existence , surrendered a few months after that . A peace treaty was signed in late 641 , in the ruins of a palace in Memphis . Despite a brief re-conquest by Byzantine forces in 645 , after the Muslim victory at the Battle of Nikiou the country remained firmly in Muslim Arab hands . Finding no soldiers , Muslim army made their entry into Nakius and took possession . Needing a new capital , Amr suggested that they set up an administration in the large and well - equipped city of Alexandria , at the western edge of the Nile Delta . However , Caliph Umar refused , saying that he did not want the capital to be separated from him by a body of water . So in 641 Amr founded a new city on the eastern side of the Nile , centered on his own tent which was near the Babylon Fortress . Amr also founded a mosque at the center of his new city -- it was the first mosque in Egypt , which also made it the first mosque on the continent of Africa . The Mosque of Amr ibn al - As still exists today in Old Cairo , though it has been extensively rebuilt over the centuries , and nothing remains of the original structure . One corner of the mosque contains the tomb of his son , ' Abd Allah ibn ' Amr ibn al - ' As . Although some Egyptians did not support the Byzantine forces during the Arab conquest , some villages started to organise against the new invaders . After the Battle of Nikiou on 13 May 641 , Arab troops , having defeated the Byzantine forces , destroyed many Egyptian villages on their march to Alexandria as the Delta rebelled against the new invaders . The Egyptian resistance seems to have been village by village without a unified command and therefore failed . After founding Fustat , Amr was then recalled to the capital ( which had , by then , moved from Medina to Damascus ) where he became Mu'awiyah's close advisor . Muhammad had told Amr `` that when you conquer Egypt be kind to its people because they are your protégée kith and kin '' . Later life ( edit ) After his military conquests , Amr was an important player in internal conflicts within the Islamic empire during the First Fitna. He played a role in the rise of Mu'awiyah , who reappointed him governor of Egypt . Amr died in Egypt in 664 during Mu'awiyah's reign . Amr as Mu'awiyah's arbiter at the battle of Siffin ( edit ) Main article : Battle of Siffin Late in Amr 's life , he was sent out on a mission from Mu'awiyah's camp to negotiate a deal after the battle of Siffin fought between Mu'awiyah and Ali . A first meeting was agreed upon by both parties , but no conclusion was reached . When Mu'awiyah was close to losing he stirred up political trouble for Ali and pushed him to agree to another meeting . Amr , taking this chance , made a pledge to Mu'awiyah that if he could defeat Ali then he should be appointed governor of Egypt . Mu'awiyah agreed and sent Amr as his representative In the framework of these negotiations both Mu'awiyah and Ali agreed to accept the Qur'an as the base for the final judgment and appoint Abd Allah b . Qays Abu Musa al - Ash'ari as the arbiter for the Ali camp and Amr as the arbiter for the Mu'awiyah camp . If they did not find what they were looking for in the Qur'an , they would use the example or Sunnah of the Prophet , consisting of the recorded actions from his life . Lastly , they decided that both Ali and Mu'awiyah would follow through with whatever verdict came out of the negotiations . This led Amr to attempt to buy out Abu Musa , saying that if he sided with Mu'awiyah he would give him governance over any province he wanted . Abu Musa rejected this offer . So Amr advised Mu'awiyah to continue blaming Ali for the death of Uthman . Amr argued that Mu'awiyah had a blood revenge for his tribe -- this being the reason for the violence and distrust of Ali . Both arbiters eventually agreed that neither Mu'awiyah nor Ali were worth of the role of caliph . This agreement was made in private between these two alone . As their choice was announced , people came together to hear the verdict . Amr let Abu Musa speak first : `` O people , surely the best of men is he who is good to himself and the most wicked is he who is evil towards himself . You know full well that these wars have spared neither the righteous and the God - fearing , nor the one in the right , nor the one in the wrong . I have , therefore , after careful consideration , decided that we should depose both Ali and Mu'awiya and appoint for this affair Abdullah b . Umar b . al - Khattab , for he has neither stretched a hand nor drawn a tongue in a these wars . Behold , I shall remove Ali from caliphate as I now remove my ring from my finger . '' Then it was Amr 's turn to speak : `` Behold , this is Abd Allah b . Qays Abu Musa Al - Ash'ari , the deputy of the people of Yaman to the Messenger and representative of Umar b . al - Khattab and the arbiter of the people of Iraq ; he has removed his companion Ali from the caliphate . As for me , I confirm Mu'awiyah in the caliphate as firmly as this ring sits around my finger . '' This statement by Amr made Abu Musa upset because he said in secret that he would reject both of them as leader . This led to the fall of Ali 's power and the rise of Mu'awiyah as the leader of the Muslim empire , which would change the course of the Empire . Because of Amr 's support of Mu'awiyah , he was made the governor of Egypt . See also ( edit ) List of rulers of Egypt Sunni view of the Sahaba List of expeditions of Muhammad References ( edit ) Constructs such as ibid. , loc . cit. and idem are discouraged by Wikipedia 's style guide for footnotes , as they are easily broken . Please improve this article by replacing them with named references ( quick guide ) , or an abbreviated title . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Jump up ^ Britannica.com Archived 2 November 2007 at WebCite Jump up ^ Andrew Beattie , Cairo : A Cultural History , p. 94 Jump up ^ Witness-Pioneer.org Archived 28 October 2008 at Archive.is Jump up ^ Muhammad ibn Ishaq , Sirat Rasul Allah . Translated by Guillaume , A. ( 1955 ) . The Life of Muhammad , p. 371 . Oxford : Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ ( in German ) Eslam.de Archived 2 November 2007 at WebCite Jump up ^ ( in German ) Eslam.de Archived 2 November 2007 at WebCite Jump up ^ Al-Islam.org Archived 2 November 2007 at WebCite Jump up ^ see Sunan Abu Dawud 2877 Archived 23 May 2006 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Beattie , p. 95 Jump up ^ Veccia Vaglieni , Il conflitto'Ali - Mu'awiyacla seccessions khanigita riesaminat alla lucedi fonti ibadite ' in Annali dell'Istituto Universitario Orientale Napoli , N.S. IV 1 - 94 translated by Madelung , Wilferd Jump up ^ Marsham , Andrew ( 2012 ) . `` The Pact ( Amāna ) Between Muʿāwiya Ibn Abī Sufyān And ʿamr Ibn Al - ʿāṣ ( 656 Or 658 CE ) : ' Documents ' And The Islamic Historical Tradition '' . Journal of Semitic Studies . 57 ( 1 ) : 69 -- 96 . doi : 10.1093 / jss / fgr034 . Jump up ^ Ayoub , Mahmoud . The Crisis of Muslim History : Religion and Politics in Early Islam . Oxford : Oneworld , 2003 . Print . Jump up ^ Al - Tabari . The History of Al - Tabari . Trans . G.R. Hawting . Vol. 16 . New York : State University of New York , n.d. Print . Jump up ^ Holt , Peter Malcolm , et al. , eds . The Cambridge History of Islam . Vol. 1 . Cambridge University Press , 1977 . Jump up ^ Madelung , Wilferd . The Succession to Muḥammad : A Study of the Early Caliphate . Cambridge : Cambridge UP , 1997 . Print . Jump up ^ Al - Tabari . The History of Al - Tabari . Trans . G.R. Hawting . Vol. 16 . New York : State University of New York , n.d. Print . Jump up ^ Ayoub , Mahmoud . The Crisis of Muslim History : Religion and Politics in Early Islam . Oxford : Oneworld , 2003 . Print . Jump up ^ Ibd Jump up ^ Wensinck , A.J. . `` ʿAmr b . al - ʿĀṣ . '' Encyclopaedia of Islam , Second Edition . Edited by : P. Bearman , Th . Bianquis , C.E. Bosworth , E. van Donzel , W.P. Heinrichs . Brill Online , 2013 . Reference . Augustana College . 9 October 2013 ( 10 ) Glubb J.B. The Great Arab Conquests . Quartet Books , London 1963 Further reading ( edit ) Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article ' Amr - ibn - el - Ass . Butler , Alfred J. The Arab Conquest of Egypt and the Last Thirty years of Roman Dominion Oxford , 1978 . Charles , Robert H. ( 2007 ) ( 1916 ) . The Chronicle of John , Bishop of Nikiu : Translated from Zotenberg 's Ethiopic Text . Merchantville , NJ : Evolution Publishing . Preceded by Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr Governor of Egypt 658 -- 664 Succeeded by Utba ibn Abi Sufyan New title Governor of Egypt 640 -- 646 Succeeded by Abdallah ibn Sa'ad WorldCat Identities GND : 129982091 ISNI : 0000 0000 2584 4219 VIAF : 1106303 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%27Amr_ibn_al-%27As&oldid=864644448 '' Categories : Arab people of the Arab -- Byzantine wars Generals of the Rashidun Caliphate Umayyad governors of Egypt 592 births 664 deaths Arab generals Arab Muslims Converts to Islam First Fitna Male Sahabah Muslim conquest of Egypt 7th - century Arabs 7th - century Egyptian people 7th - century heads of government Rashidun governors of Egypt Hidden categories : Webarchive template webcite links Webarchive template archiveis links Articles with German - language external links Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Archived copy as title Use dmy dates from October 2017 Articles containing Arabic - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Articles with ibid from July 2018 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Нохчийн Norsk پنجابی Polski Português Русский Shqip Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو 26 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 October 2018 , at 15 : 13 ( UTC ) . 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what's the kings name in black panther

Black Panther ( Comics )

black panther ( comics )

Black Panther is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . The character was created by writer - editor Stan Lee and writer - artist Jack Kirby , first appearing in Fantastic Four # 52 ( cover - dated July 1966 ) in the Silver Age of Comic Books . Black Panther 's real name is T'Challa , king and protector of the fictional African nation of Wakanda . Along with possessing enhanced abilities achieved through ancient Wakandan rituals of drinking the heart shaped herb , T'Challa also relies on his proficiency in science , rigorous physical training , hand - to - hand combat skills , and access to wealth and advanced technology to combat his enemies .

Black Panther is the first superhero of African descent in mainstream American comics , having debuted years before early African American superheroes such as Marvel Comics ' the Falcon ( 1969 ) , Luke Cage ( 1972 ) and Blade ( 1973 ) , or DC Comics ' John Stewart in the role of Green Lantern ( 1971 ) . In one comic book storyline , the Black Panther mantle is handled by Kasper Cole , a multiracial New York City police officer . Beginning as an impersonator , Cole would later take on the moniker of White Tiger and become an ally to T'Challa . The role of Black Panther and leadership of Wakanda is also given to T'Challa's sister Shuri for a time when he is left recovering from critical injuries . Black Panther has made numerous appearances in various television shows , animated films and video games . The character is portrayed in live action by Chadwick Boseman in the 2016 film Captain America : Civil War , and the 2018 films Black Panther and Avengers : Infinity War , set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe . In 2011 , Black Panther was ranked 51st overall on IGN 's `` Top 100 Comic Books Heroes '' list . Contents ( hide ) 1 Concept and creation 1.1 Name 1.2 Publication history 2 Fictional character biography 2.1 Early life and background 2.2 Return to Wakanda 2.3 Marriage and passing the mantle 2.4 The Man Without Fear 2.5 Wakanda again 2.6 Incursions 2.7 Secret Wars 2.8 All - New , All - Different Marvel 3 Powers and abilities 4 Other Black Panthers 4.1 Bashenga 4.2 Chanda 4.3 T'Chaka 4.4 S'Yan 4.5 Shuri 5 Reception 5.1 Volume 3 5.2 Volume 4 6 Other versions 6.1 Earth - 355 6.2 Age of Ultron 6.3 Amalgam Comics 6.4 Avengers Forever 6.5 Civil War 6.6 Earth - 6606 6.7 Earth X 6.8 Exiles 6.9 Fox Kids 6.10 Mangaverse 6.11 Marvel 2099 6.12 Marvel Knights 2099 6.13 Marvel Zombies 6.14 MC2 6.15 Mutant X 6.16 Ultimate Marvel 7 In other media 7.1 Television 7.2 Film 7.2. 1 Live - action 7.2. 2 Animation 7.2. 3 Web 7.3 Video games 7.4 Role - playing games 8 Collected editions 8.1 Marvel Masterworks 8.2 Epic Collections 8.3 Volume 1 8.4 Volume 3 8.5 Volume 4 8.6 Volume 5 8.7 The Man Without Fear / The Most Dangerous Man Alive 8.8 Volume 6 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Concept and creation ( edit ) Name ( edit ) The Black Panther 's name predates the October 1966 founding of the Black Panther Party , though not the black panther logo of the party 's predecessor , the Lowndes County Freedom Organization ( LCFO ) , nor the segregated World War II Black Panthers Tank Battalion . Stan Lee , co-creator of the comic , denied that the comic was named after any of the political uses of the term `` black panther '' , including the LCFO , citing `` a strange coincidence '' . He is the first black superhero in American mainstream comic books ; very few black heroes were created before him , and none with actual superpowers . These included the characters in the single - issue , low - distribution All - Negro Comics # 1 ( 1947 ) ; Waku , Prince of the Bantu , who starred in his own feature in the omnibus title Jungle Tales , from Marvel 's 1950s predecessor , Atlas Comics ; and the Dell Comics Western character Lobo , the first black person to star in his own comic book . Previous non-caricatured black supporting characters in comics include U.S. Army infantry private Gabriel Jones of Sgt . Fury and his Howling Commandos . In a guest appearance in Fantastic Four # 119 ( Feb. 1972 ) , the Black Panther briefly tried using the name Black Leopard to avoid connotations with the Party , but the new name did not last . The character 's name was changed back to Black Panther in Avengers # 105 , with T'Challa explaining that renaming himself made as much sense as altering the Scarlet Witch 's name , and he is not a stereotype . Co-creator Stan Lee recounted that the name was inspired by a pulp adventure hero who has a black panther as a helper . Jack Kirby 's original concept art for Black Panther used the concept name Coal Tiger . Publication history ( edit ) Following his debut in Fantastic Four # 52 -- 53 ( July -- Aug. 1966 ) and subsequent guest appearance in Fantastic Four Annual # 5 ( 1967 ) and with Captain America in Tales of Suspense # 97 -- 100 ( Jan. -- April 1968 ) , the Black Panther journeyed from the fictional African nation of Wakanda to New York City to join the titular American superhero team in The Avengers # 52 ( May 1968 ) , appearing in that comic for the next few years . During his time with the Avengers , he made solo guest - appearances in three issues of Daredevil , and fought Doctor Doom in Astonishing Tales # 6 -- 7 ( June & Aug. 1971 ) , in that supervillain 's short - lived starring feature . He received his first starring feature with Jungle Action # 5 ( July 1973 ) , a reprint of the Panther - centric story in The Avengers # 62 ( March 1969 ) . A new series began running the following issue , written by Don McGregor , with art by pencilers Rich Buckler , Gil Kane , and Billy Graham , and which gave inkers Klaus Janson and Bob McLeod some of their first professional exposure . The critically acclaimed series ran in Jungle Action # 6 -- 24 ( Sept. 1973 -- Nov. 1976 ) . One now - common format McGregor pioneered was that of the self - contained , multi-issue story arc . The first , `` Panther 's Rage '' , ran through the first 13 issues . Critic Jason Sacks has called the arc `` Marvel 's first graphic novel '' : ( T ) here were real character arcs in Spider - Man and the Fantastic Four ( comics ) over time . But ... `` Panther 's Rage '' is the first comic that was created from start to finish as a complete novel . Running in two years ' issues of Jungle Action ( # s 6 through 18 ) , `` Panther 's Rage '' is a 200 - page novel that journeys to the heart of the African nation of Wakanda , a nation ravaged by a revolution against its king , T'Challa , the Black Panther . The second and final arc , `` Panther vs. the Klan '' , ran as mostly 17 - page stories in Jungle Action # 19 -- 24 ( Jan. -- Nov. 1976 ) , except for issue # 23 , a reprint of Daredevil # 69 ( Oct. 1970 ) , in which the Black Panther guest - starred . The subject matter of the Ku Klux Klan was considered controversial in the Marvel offices at the time , creating difficulties for the creative team . African - American writer - editor Dwayne McDuffie said of the Jungle Action `` Black Panther '' feature : This overlooked and underrated classic is arguably the most tightly written multi-part superhero epic ever . If you can get your hands on it ... sit down and read the whole thing . It 's damn - near flawless , every issue , every scene , a functional , necessary part of the whole . Okay , now go back and read any individual issue . You 'll find seamlessly integrated words and pictures ; clearly introduced characters and situations ; a concise ( sometimes even transparent ) recap ; beautifully developed character relationships ; at least one cool new villain ; a stunning action set piece to test our hero 's skills and resolve ; and a story that is always moving forward towards a definite and satisfying conclusion . That 's what we should all be delivering , every single month . Don ( McGregor ) and company did it in only 17 story pages per issue . Cover of Jungle Action # 23 ( Sept. 1976 ) . Art by John Byrne and Dan Adkins . Though popular with college students , the overall sales of Jungle Action were low , and Marvel relaunched the Black Panther in a self - titled series , bringing in the character 's co-creator Jack Kirby -- newly returned to Marvel after having decamped to rival DC Comics for a time -- as writer , penciler , and editor . However , Kirby wanted to work on new characters and was unhappy at being assigned a series starring a character he had already worked with extensively . He left the series after only 12 issues and was replaced by Ed Hannigan ( writer ) , Jerry Bingham ( penciler ) , and Roger Stern ( editor ) . Black Panther ran 15 issues ( Jan. 1977 -- May 1979 ) . Due to the series 's cancellation , the contents of what would have been Black Panther # 16 -- 18 were published in Marvel Premiere # 51 -- 53 . A four - issue miniseries , Black Panther vol. 2 , ( July -- Oct. 1988 ) was written by Peter B. Gillis and penciled by Denys Cowan . McGregor revisited his Panther saga with Gene Colan in `` Panther 's Quest '' , published as 25 eight - page installments within the bi-weekly anthology series Marvel Comics Presents ( issues # 13 -- 37 , Feb. -- Dec. 1989 ) . He later teamed with artist Dwayne Turner in the square - bound miniseries Black Panther : Panther 's Prey ( Sept. 1990 -- March 1991 ) . McGregor conceived a fifth arc in his Black Panther saga , titled `` Panther 's Vows '' , but it failed to get off the ground . Writer Christopher Priest 's and penciller Mark Texeira 's 1998 series The Black Panther vol. 3 used Erik Killmonger , Venomm , and other characters introduced in `` Panther 's Rage '' , together with new characters such as State Department attorney Everett Ross ; the Black Panther 's adopted brother , Hunter ; and the Panther 's protégé , Queen Divine Justice . The Priest - Texeira series was under the Marvel Knights imprint in its first year . Priest said the creation of character Ross contributed heavily to his decision to write the series . `` I realized I could use Ross to bridge the gap between the African culture that the Black Panther mythos is steeped in and the predominantly white readership that Marvel sells to , '' adding that in his opinion , the Black Panther had been misused in the years after his creation . The last 13 issues ( # 50 -- 62 ) saw the main character replaced by a multiracial New York City police officer named Kasper Cole , with T'Challa relegated to a supporting character . This Black Panther , who became the White Tiger , was placed in the series The Crew , running concurrently with the final few Black Panther issues . The Crew was canceled with issue # 7 . In 2005 , Marvel began publishing Black Panther vol. 4 , which ran 41 issues ( April 2005 -- Nov. 2008 ) . It was initially written by filmmaker Reginald Hudlin ( through issue # 38 ) and penciled by John Romita , Jr. ( through # 6 ) . Hudlin said he wanted to add `` street cred '' to the title , although he noted that the book was not necessarily or primarily geared toward an African - American readership . As influences for his characterization of the character , Hudlin has cited comic character Batman , film director Spike Lee , and music artist Sean Combs . Other influences include historical figures such as 14th - century Mali Empire sultan Mansa Musa and 20th - century Jamaican activist Marcus Garvey , as well as Biblical figures such as Ham and Canaan . Black Panther vol. 5 launched in February 2009 , with Hudlin , again scripting , introducing a successor Black Panther , T'Challa's sister Shuri . Hudlin co-wrote issue # 7 with Jonathan Maberry , who then became the new writer , joined by artist Will Conrad . The Panther was also a featured player , with members of the Fantastic Four and the X-Men , in the Doctor Doom - based , six - issue miniseries Doomwar ( April -- Sept. 2010 ) . T'Challa then accepted an invitation from Matt Murdock , the superhero Daredevil , to become the new protector of New York City 's Hell 's Kitchen neighborhood . He became the lead character in Daredevil beginning with issue # 513 ( Feb. 2011 ) , when that series was retitled Black Panther : The Man Without Fear . Under writer David Liss and artist Francesco Francavilla , he took on the identity of Mr. Okonkwo , an immigrant from the Democratic Republic of the Congo , and becomes the owner of a small diner in order to be close to the people . A new Black Panther series written by Ta - Nehisi Coates and drawn by Brian Stelfreeze was launched in 2016 and continues to be published with Coates as the head writer . In 2017 , the afrofuturist writer Nnedi Okorafor wrote the series Black Panther : Long Live the King . Fictional character biography ( edit ) This section describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( February 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Early life and background ( edit ) Debut of the short - lived cowl mask on the cover of The Avengers # 52 ( May 1968 ) . Art by John Buscema . The Black Panther is the ceremonial title given to the chief of the Panther Tribe of the advanced African nation of Wakanda . In addition to ruling the country , he is also chief of its various tribes ( collectively referred to as the Wakandas ) . The Panther habit is a symbol of office ( head of state ) and is used even during diplomatic missions . The Panther is a hereditary title , but one must still earn it . In the distant past , a meteorite made of the ( fictional ) vibration - absorbing mineral vibranium crashed in Wakanda , and was unearthed . Reasoning that outsiders would exploit Wakanda for this valuable resource , the ruler , King T'Chaka , like his father and other Panthers before him , concealed his country from the outside world . T'Chaka's first wife N'Yami died while in labor with T'Challa , and his second wife Ramonda was taken prisoner by Anton Pretorius during a visit to her homeland of South Africa , so for most of his childhood T'Challa was raised by his father alone . T'Chaka was murdered by the adventurer Ulysses Klaw in an attempt to seize the vibranium mound . With his people still in danger , a young T'Challa used Klaw 's sound weapon on Klaw and his men , shattering Klaw 's right hand and forcing him to flee . T'Challa was next in line to be the king of Wakanda and Black Panther , but until he was ready to become the leader of the nation , his uncle S'yan ( T'Chaka's younger brother ) successfully passed the trials to become the Black Panther . While on his Wakandan walkabout rite of passage , T'Challa met and fell in love with apparent orphaned teen Ororo Munroe , who would grow up to become the X-Men member Storm . The two broke off their relationship due to his desire to avenge his father 's death and to become the type of man who could suitably lead Wakanda , but they would see each other over the years when they could . T'Challa earned the title and attributes of the Black Panther by defeating the various champions of the Wakandan tribes . One of his first acts was to disband and exile the Hatut Zeraze -- the Wakandan secret police -- and its leader , his adopted brother Hunter the White Wolf . He sold off small portions of vibranium to scientific institutions around the world , amassing a fortune which he used to arm himself with advanced technology . Later , to keep peace , he picked dora milaje ( `` adored ones '' ) from rival tribes to serve as his personal guard and ceremonial wives - in - training . He then studied abroad for a time before returning to his kingship . In his first published appearance , the now - adult T'Challa invites the American superhero team the Fantastic Four to Wakanda , then attacks and attempts to neutralize them individually in order to test himself to see if he is ready to battle Klaw , who had replaced his shattered right hand with a sonic weapon . For their part , the Four manage to rally and stymie T'Challa in a team counter-attack , enabling the impressed King to stand down and explain himself to the team 's satisfaction . After the ruler makes proper amends to the Four , they befriend and help T'Challa , and he in turn aids them against the supervillain the Psycho - Man . T'Challa later joins the Avengers , beginning a long association with that superhero team . He first battles the Man - Ape while with the group , and then meets the American singer Monica Lynne , with whom he becomes romantically involved . He helps the Avengers defeat the second Sons of the Serpent , and then reveals his true identity on American television . He encounters Daredevil , and reveals to him that he had deduced Daredevil 's true identity . Return to Wakanda ( edit ) After receiving numerous urgent official letters requesting him to return to his increasingly troubled homeland , the Panther eventually leaves his active Avengers membership to return to a Wakanda on the brink of civil war , bringing Lynne with him . After defeating would - be usurper Erik Killmonger and his minions , the Panther ventures to the American South to battle the Ku Klux Klan . He later gains possession of the mystical time - shifting artifacts known as King Solomon 's Frogs . These produce an alternate version of T'Challa from a future 10 years hence , a merry , telepathic Panther with a terminal brain aneurysm , whom T'Challa places in cryogenic stasis . Later , while searching for and finding his stepmother Ramonda , the Panther contends with South African authorities during Apartheid . T'Challa eventually proposes and becomes engaged to Monica Lynne , though the couple never marry . Years later , the Panther accepts a Washington , D.C. envoy , Everett K. Ross , and faces multiple threats to Wakanda 's sovereignty . Ross assists him in many of these threats . In gratitude , the Panther often risks much for Ross in return . The first threat he and Ross encounter is `` Xcon '' , an alliance of rogue intelligence agents backing a coup led by the Reverend Achebe . Afterward , Killmonger resurfaces with a plot to destroy Wakanda 's economy . This forces T'Challa to nationalize foreign companies . Killmonger then defeats him in ritual combat , thus inheriting the role of Black Panther , but falls into a coma upon eating the heart - shaped herb -- poisonous to anyone outside the royal bloodline , which had a hereditary immunity to its toxic effects . T'Challa preserves his rival 's life rather than allowing him to die . Later , T'Challa finds he has a brain aneurysm like his alternate future self , and succumbs to instability and hallucinations . After his mental state almost causes tribal warfare , the Panther hands power to his council and hides in New York City . There he mentors police officer Kasper Cole ( who had adopted an abandoned Panther costume ) , an experience that gives T'Challa the strength to face his illness , reclaim his position , and return to active membership in the Avengers , whom he helps secure special United Nations status . Marriage and passing the mantle ( edit ) Main article : Civil War ( comics ) The marriage of Storm and the Black Panther . Promotional art for Black Panther # 18 ( Sept. 2006 ) by Frank Cho . T'Challa recounts the story of his ascension as the Black Panther in the fourth volume of his eponymous comic book series . He defeated his uncle during the Black Panther celebration , and during his walkabout when he met and fell in love with a street urchin named Ororo in Cairo , Egypt . Unbeknownst to him the US government is planning a coup in order to get access to the vibranium . They allow Klaw to recruit a team of villains in order to support his totalitarian neighbor , Niganda . Klaw recruits Rhino , Black Knight , Batroc the Leaper , and Radioactive Man to lead the invasion . The US government then deploys an army of Deathloks to `` support '' T'Challa and justify an invasion , but T'Challa kills Klaw and Storm wipes out the Deathlok army in a hurricane . T'Challa then helps his old flame Ororo Munroe reunite with her surviving family members in Africa and the U.S. He shortly afterward proposes , and the two are married in a large Wakandan ceremony attended by many superheroes . One of the couple 's first tasks is to embark on a diplomatic tour , in which they visit the Inhumans , Doctor Doom , the President of the United States , and Namor , with only the last one ending well . After the death of Bill Foster , the Black Panther and Storm side with Captain America 's anti-registration forces . During the end battle between both sides , the Wakandan embassy in Manhattan is heavily damaged , though no Wakandans are hurt . After the confrontation , the Panther and Storm briefly fill in for vacationing Fantastic Four members Reed and Sue Richards before returning to Wakanda . Upon returning to Wakanda alone , leaving Storm in New York to aid the X-Men , Black Panther faces Erik Killmonger , defeating him with assistance from Monica Rambeau ( a.k.a. Pulsar ) . Afterward , Wakanda fends off the alien shapeshifters the Skrulls , who had infiltrated as part of their `` Secret Invasion '' plan to conquer Earth . Prince Namor attempts to recruit T'Challa for the Cabal , a secret council of supervillains . Attacked by the forces of fellow Cabal member Doctor Doom , T'Challa is left comatose . His sister Shuri is trained as the next Panther , with the mantle passing onto her officially after T'Challa awakens from his coma and attempts to recover from his injuries . In the aftermath , T'Challa loses all of his enhanced attributes given to him by being the panther totem . As a result , he works with his sorcerer , Zawavari , to accumulate a replacement . He has since made a pact with another unknown Panther deity , returning his attributes to an even higher level as well as placing incantations on his body , making himself highly resistant to most magic and mystic assaults . This has all been done in preparation for the imminent battle with Doctor Doom , which culminated in T'Challa rendering all of the processed vibranium inert to give his people a chance to rebuild without their dependence on the element . The Man without Fear ( edit ) After the events of `` Shadowland '' , Matt Murdock ( the superhero Daredevil ) asks T'Challa to replace him as guardian of Hell 's Kitchen , which gives T'Challa a chance to discover himself . With the help of Foggy Nelson , T'Challa assumes the identity of Mr. Okonkwo , an immigrant from the Congo and manager of a diner called Devil 's Kitchen , so that he can blend in and learn about the denizens as an ordinary man . He gets on well with two of the Kitchen 's staff : Sofija , a migrant from Serbia who was formerly involved in violent Serbian nationalism , and the busboy , Brian . He also gets to know some of the neighbors from his apartment block : Mr. Nantakarn and his son Alec , as well as Iris , a social worker assigned to handle cases of child abuse . T'Challa finds himself up against an ambitious new crime lord , Vlad Dinu , who styles himself `` The Impaler '' . He also seeks an understanding with the police through Detective Alex Kurtz . During an attempt by Vlad to terminate the Panther , Brian from the Devil 's Kitchen is seriously injured by an energy blast from Vlad , and is reported dead . The conflict between Vlad and the Panther becomes more personal , especially after Vlad discovers the Panther over his wife Angela dead from a gunshot wound . T'Challa learns that Iris was the serial shooter who killed abusers of children -- Gabe was abused secretly by Angela . Brian was kidnapped by his doctor , Dr. Holman , at the behest of Nicolae who wanted to use someone who received a dose of Vlad 's power . After being subjected to torturous experiments , Brian lost the ability to think for himself but was rescued by Gabe who also stole the serum produced from the experiment meant to endow the recipient with Vlad 's powers . The Panther obtains evidence of Vlad Dinu 's crimes as well as clues to Iris as the serial shooter , and turns the evidence over to Kurtz . Vlad kills his own son Nicolae before being subdued by the Panther . Gabe is arrested for attempting to take Iris ' life . Before being taken away , Gabe reveals to the Panther Brian 's fate . Though aware of the Panther 's identity as Mr. Okonkwo , both Iris and Sofija promise to keep silent . Wakanda again ( edit ) Shortly after Daredevil returns to Hell 's Kitchen , T'Challa returns to Wakanda , serving as a second to his sister , Shuri . In preparation for an upcoming attack on Wakanda as part of the Avengers vs. X-Men storyline , the Panther God returns T'Challa's abilities . Empowered by the Phoenix , Namor destroys Wakanda with a massive tidal wave . Returning to help , Storm is stunned when the Panther informs her that their marriage has been annulled . Incursions ( edit ) After witnessing an alternate Earth over Wakanda being destroyed by the Black Swan , T'Challa reforms the Illuminati -- with Beast replacing the now - deceased Charles Xavier -- to confront the threat of the Incursions , parallel universes colliding with each other to the destruction of both . Although able to avert one Incursion with the Infinity Gauntlet , the subsequent destruction of the Infinity Gems forces the group to decide to resort to more questionable measures to protect Earth from future Incursions , wiping Captain America 's mind so that he will not remember these events , allowing them to do `` what needs to be done '' . Although equipped with planet - destroying weapons to protect Earth , the Illuminati mostly become disgusted with the wholesale slaughter , until Namor breaks off from the group to form a new Cabal of villains to do what the heroes will not . Despite Namor 's Cabal achieving legitimacy as Earth 's protectors , Namor grew weary of the wholesale slaughter they carried out in the name of preserving their universe . Although he collaborated with the Illuminati in a plan to destroy the Cabal by trapping them on the next Earth to be destroyed , Black Panther and Black Bolt left him behind to die with the Cabal , disgusted at his earlier actions , although Namor and the Cabal escape to the Ultimate universe when the other Earth has a simultaneous Incursion . Secret Wars ( edit ) When the final Incursion occurs during the Secret Wars storyline , resulting in all realities collapsing into one Earth , Black Panther is one of the few heroes to survive the Incursion in a specially - designed `` life pod '' -- other survivors including Mister Fantastic , Star - Lord , Spider - Man , the new Thor , Captain Marvel and a Phoenix - enhanced Cyclops -- although they are only released into the new world after an eight - year stasis . Retrieved by Doctor Strange , they learn that Strange has assumed a role of `` sheriff '' to Doctor Doom , who has appointed himself the god of the new `` Battleworld '' created from the multiple realities . Although Doom effortlessly kills Cyclops , Strange protects the other heroes by dispersing them across Battleworld , with T'Challa and Namor eventually discovering a new version of the Infinity Gauntlet that Strange collected , ensuring that the Gems he found would work in the location where Doom built his main fortress . Recruiting the residents of the deadlands as an army , T'Challa marches on Doom at the same time as multiple other areas rebel against him through the encouragement of the heroes , but admits when Doom confronts him that he was only intended as a distraction while Reed targets Doom 's power source . As Reed takes Doom 's power and sets out to rebuild the multiverse , T'Challa uses the Time Gem to take himself back to Wakanda before the Incursions , proclaiming to his people that they will lead the way to the stars and explore new ideas . All - new , all - Different Marvel ( edit ) As part of the All - New , All - Different Marvel , Black Panther is a member of the Ultimates . During the Civil War II storyline , Black Panther represents Wakanda on the Alpha Flight Space Program 's Board of Governors . He sides with Captain Marvel on needing help from an Inhuman who can predict the possible future named Ulysses Kain . Black Panther and Shuri take part in the fight against the Leviathon Tide . During Hydra 's reign over the world led by Arnim Zola , Baron Zemo and Steve Rogers , Panther is captured for opposing this regime , and brought into a containing room . Once Panther and Zemo are alone , Winter Soldier rescues Panther . Panther entrusts the unconscious Zemo to Winter Soldier , while trailing Rogers and Zola into the secret lab . Panther finds out that Zola infused a brainwashed Captain America with a Cosmic Cube using a stolen Stark tech modified by Zola himself , and warns his allies to retreat from a Cosmic Cube - powered Steve Rogers , but is too late . Even though one of the heroes knows they can not defeat a Cosmic Cube - powered Supreme Hydra Rogers , Winter Soldier , Captain America ( Sam Wilson ) and Ant - Man ( Scott Lang ) trick Rogers by surrendering the last fragment of the cube to him . Winter Soldier and Ant - Man steal the cube from Rogers before he uses its full potential , and bring back Kobik and the real Steve Rogers . After the defeat of Supreme Hydra Steve Rogers , Black Panther establishes his quest to go across the universe with his people , and found an Intergalactic Empire of Wakanda on Planet Bast , located in the Benhazin Star System . Powers and abilities ( edit ) The title `` Black Panther '' is a rank of office , chieftain of the Wakandan Panther Clan . As chieftain , the Panther is entitled to eat a special heart - shaped herb which , in addition to his mystical , shamanistic connection with the Wakandan Panther God Bast , grants him superhumanly acute senses , enhanced strength , speed , agility , stamina , durability , healing , and reflexes . He has since lost this connection and forged a new one with another unknown Panther deity , granting him augmented physical attributes as well as a resistance to magic . His senses are so powerful that he can pick up a prey 's scent and memorize tens of thousands of individual ones . Following his war with Doom , T'Challa loses his enhanced abilities only to once again establish a connection with the Panther God . In addition to the resurgence of his now superhuman abilities , he is anointed `` King of the Dead '' , granting him the power and knowledge of all the past Black Panthers as well as the ability to control the Undead . After Battleworld and the resurgence of the Multiverse T'challa eventually showcased new powers in regards to his King of the Dead status , for not only could he reanimate the dead but summon departed spirits into the physical world with tangible form as well . Using these spiritual energies also enables him to conjure a mythical mystical spear of glowing blue energy to his hand . T'Challa worked with his sorcerer , Zawavari , to endow T'Challa with immunity to mystical attacks and detection in order to defeat Dr. Doom . When T'Challa's alchemical upgrade was tested by means of Wakanda 's most powerful acolytes attacking T'Challa in unison , each mystical attack was absorbed and only served to strengthen T'Challa . During these preparations , T'Challa invented a potent mystical - scientific hybrid art called `` shadow physics '' and was able to use it to craft shadow weapons and to track vibranium on a quantum level . As king of Wakanda , the Panther has access to a vast collection of magical artifacts , advanced Wakandan technological and military hardware , and the support of his nation 's wide array of scientists , warriors , and mystics . The Wakandan military has been described as one of the most powerful on Earth . His attire is the sacred vibranium costume of the Wakandan Panther Cult . He is a skilled hunter , tracker , strategist , politician , inventor , and scientist . He has a PhD in physics from Oxford University . He is proficient in physics and advanced technology , and is also an inventor . T'Challa has been granted the strength and knowledge of every past Black Panther . T'Challa is rigorously trained in acrobatics and hand - to - hand combat . He is skilled in various forms of unarmed combat , with a unique hybrid fighting style that incorporates acrobatics and aspects of animal mimicry . The chieftain of the Wakandan Panther Clan is one of the wealthiest people in the world , although financial estimates are difficult given Wakanda 's isolation from the world 's economy and the uncertain value of Wakanda 's vast vibranium reserves and extremely advanced technologies . In Black Panther volume 3 , writer Christopher Priest expanded the Panther 's day - to - day arsenal to include equipment such as an `` energy dagger '' , a vibranium - weave suit , and a portable supercomputer , the `` Kimoyo card '' . In Black Panther volume 4 , writer Reginald Hudlin introduced such specialized equipment as `` thrice - blessed armor '' and `` light armor '' for specific tasks , and for a short while outfitted him with the Ebony Blade of the Black Knight . Other Black Panthers ( edit ) Main article : List of Black Panther supporting characters The mantle of the Black Panther is passed down from generation to generation among the rulers of Wakanda although it must still be deserved through a severe selection involving the best warriors of the nation . Bashenga ( edit ) Bashenga appeared for the first time in Black Panther Vol. 1 # 7 ( January 1978 ) by Jack Kirby ( scripts and drawings ) . Wise warrior at the head of the Panther Tribe , according to legends , during the tumult where the vibranium meteorite fell on the soil of the village , then composed of various warring clans , he gathered all the aforementioned under his guide to defeating the inhabitants transformed by the impact into fierce `` demonic spirits '' , a company which has unified the nation by founding Wakanda and becoming its first ruler and the first to obtain the title of `` Black Panther '' as it tells of his `` spiritual connection '' with the Goddess Pantera Bast that led to the foundation of the Cult of the Panther . Chanda ( edit ) Chanda appeared for the first time in Fantastic Four Unlimited Vol. 1 # 1 ( March 1993 ) by Roy Thomas ( scripts ) and Herb Trimpe ( drawings ) . Black Panther and ruler of Wakanda during the Second World War , Chanda is the husband of Nanali and father of T'Chaka and S'Yan ; distinguished by an excessively good and compassionate nature , he welcomed the Nazi colonel Fritz Klaue after he crashed into his reign due to a plane crash . Over time , the two make a kind of friendship and Klaue develops a strong obsession with the culture of Wakanda coming to try to convince them to make their religion deist rather than spiritist , which causes a strong friction between him and Chanda culminating in the death of Nanali by the Nazi and in its subsequent expulsion from the country . In several subsequent stories , T'Chaka's father ( and husband of Nanali ) is called Azzuri the Wise and is presented in a completely different way from Chanda , leaving the doubt if it is only a sort of nickname or another character . T'Chaka ( edit ) Main article : T'Chaka T'Chaka appeared for the first time in Fantastic Four Vol. 1 # 53 ( August 1966 ) by Stan Lee ( scripts ) and Jack Kirby ( drawings ) . The eldest son of King Azzuri and Queen Nanali , T'Chaka inherits the throne and the title of the Black Panther on his father 's death by being helped in his monarch duties by his younger brother and trusted adviser S'Yan . After having married a woman named N'Yami , believing she can not have children , she adopts a child with her , Hunter , however , she later becomes pregnant and dies giving birth to her first child , T'Challa ; from the relationship with a woman of another tribe T'Chaka then has a second son , Jakarra , and finally remarries with Ramonda , a woman who grows her children as her own and from whom she has her only daughter , Shuri , but which subsequently disappears into nothingness , leading him to believe that he has abandoned it . To protect the kingdom , T'Chaka instituted a policy of strong isolationism , but in the course of his life he often collaborated with agents of the US government . He is killed by Ulysses Klaw after having surprised him to illegally extract vibranium in his kingdom . S'Yan ( edit ) Main article : S'Yan S'Yan The Fast , appeared for the first time in Black Panther Vol. 4 # 2 ( May , 2005 ) by Reginald Hudlin ( scripts ) and John Romita Jr. ( drawings ) . The second son of King Azzuri and Queen Nanali , S'Yan is T'Chaka's younger and trusted advisor , after whose death , although he has no desire to reign , he agrees to ascend the throne until his nephew became an adult . Ironically , S'Yan , who has never wanted to be king , becomes one of the most beloved monarchs in the history of Wakanda but , nevertheless , when T'Challa returns home and obtains the title of Black Panther , he becomes a he leaves with joy , returning to play the role of real advisor . He died during the war with Latveria to defend Ramonda from the soldiers of Doctor Doom . Shuri ( edit ) Main article : Shuri ( comics ) When T'Challa ends up in a coma because of Doctor Doom , Shuri becomes his substitute as Black Panther and queen of Wakanda which , after the rise of his half - brother to `` king of the dead '' , creates for the first time in history two avatars of the Panther Goddess . Reception ( edit ) Black Panther was ranked the 79th greatest comic book character by Wizard magazine . IGN ranked the character the 51st greatest comic book hero , stating that the Black Panther could be called Marvel 's Batman , and tenth in their list of `` The Top 50 Avengers '' . In 2013 , ComicsAlliance ranked the Black Panther as # 33 on their list of the `` 50 Sexiest Male Characters in Comics '' . Volume 3 ( edit ) Journalist Joe Gross praised Christopher Priest for his characterization of the Black Panther , stating , that the writer `` turned an underused icon into the locus of a complicated high adventure by taking the Black Panther to his logical conclusion . T'Challa ( the title character ) is the enigmatic ruler of a technologically advanced , slightly xenophobic African nation , so he acts like it '' . Gross applauded the title 's `` endless wit , sharp characterization , narrative sophistication and explosive splash panels '' . Comics reviewer and journalist Mike Sangiacomo , however , criticized the narrative structure . `` Christopher Priest 's fractured writing is getting on my nerves . Like the Spider - Man comics , I want to like Black Panther , but Priest 's deliberately jumbled approach to writing is simply silly . I know it 's a style , but does he have to do it every issue ? '' Reporter Bill Radford cited similar concerns when the title had just launched . `` I appreciate the notion of seeing the Black Panther through the eyes of an Everyman , but the Panther is almost relegated to secondary status in his own book . And Ross ' narration jumps around in time so much that I feel like his boss , who , in trying to get Ross to tell her what has happened , complains : ' This is like watching `` Pulp Fiction '' in rewind . My head is exploding . ' '' Volume 4 ( edit ) Publishers Weekly gave a negative review to the first arc , `` Who Is the Black Panther ? '' , a modern retelling of the character 's origin , saying , `` Hudlin 's take is caught between a rock and a hard place . His over-the - top narrative is not likely to appeal to fans of the most recent version of the character , but it 's too mired in obscure Marvel continuity to attract the more general reader . The plot manages to be convoluted without ever becoming absorbing '' . Journalist Shawn Jeffords , citing the lack of appearances of the title character in the first issue , called the new series a `` fairly unimpressive launch '' . Jeffords also said general - audience unfamiliarity was a hindrance . `` He 's never been a marquee character and to make him one will be tough '' . Other versions ( edit ) Earth - 355 ( edit ) T'Challa is Coal Tiger , Sersi kills the Avengers and Coal Tiger is the only survivor . Age of Ultron ( edit ) In the Age of Ultron story , Black Panther contacts the Fantastic Four and informs them that Ultron has invaded Earth with an army of Ultron Sentinels . Black Panther was later seen with Red Hulk and Taskmaster in Chicago spying on some Ultron Sentinels . When Taskmaster takes out a Sentinel that was sneaking up on him , alerting the other Sentinels , Red Hulk holds off the Sentinels while Black Panther and Taskmaster flee . During the mayhem , Black Panther falls several stories and breaks his neck , killing him instantly . Amalgam Comics ( edit ) Main article : List of Amalgam Comics characters Bronze Tiger is the ruler of Wakanda and is named B'Nchalla ; an amalgamation of the Bronze Tiger ( DC ) and the Black Panther ( Marvel ) . Avengers Forever ( edit ) In Avengers Forever , Captain America and Goliath visit an alternate future timeline where Martian invaders have ravaged the Earth . An aged Black Panther leads this reality 's version of the Avengers , who consist of Jocasta , Living Lightning , Killraven , Crimson Dynamo and Thundra . Civil War ( edit ) In an alternate reality where the Civil War between Iron Man and Captain America never ended , Black Panther was killed alongside Maria Hill after activating Prison 42 's self - destruct mechanism . He is succeeded by his son , Azari , who takes on the Black Panther name . It is later revealed that the Black Panther who destroyed Prison 42 was actually Queen Veranke of the shape - shifting alien Skrull race , who had stolen T'Challa's identity in order to manipulate and prolong the Civil War to suit her own needs . Earth - 6606 ( edit ) T'Challa is Chieftain Justice , a Captain Britain Corps member , in Excalibur # 44 ( 1991 ) . Earth X ( edit ) In the alternate universe of Earth X , T'Challa has been affected by the mutative event that drives the plot . Like most of humanity , he is mutated ; in this case to become a humanoid black panther . He is entrusted with the Cosmic Cube by Captain America , who knows that T'Challa would be the only one to resist using it and to never give it back if asked . In fact , Captain America does ask for it back and T'Challa is forced to refuse . Exiles ( edit ) An alternate version of Black Panther , called simply `` Panther '' , is drafted onto the interdimensional superhero team the Exiles . The Panther is the son of T'Challa and Storm and named T'Chaka , after his grandfather . Originating from Earth - 1119 , he was ambushed by Klaw while examining some ruins . Caught in Klaw 's blast , the Panther was plucked out of time and placed on the team . Unlike the stoic 616 - Black Panther , The Panther is a wisecracking flirt . After his assumed death on Earth - 1119 , his sister took up the mantle of Black Panther . Fox kids ( edit ) The Black Panther appears in issues # 1 and # 6 -- 7 of Marvel Comics / Fox Kids comic book series based on the TV show The Avengers : United They Stand . Mangaverse ( edit ) T'Challa appears in Marvel Mangaverse Volume 2 as a man with a pet panther . When summoning the spirits , T'Challa and his panther combine to become the Black Panther . He also became The Falcon . This Black Panther was romantically attracted to Tigra . T'Challa's sister , T'Chana , reveals herself to be this universe 's Doctor Doom . Marvel 2099 ( edit ) In the Marvel 2099 continuity , a greatly weakened Wakanda is soon to be governed by its princess , Okusana . Fearing that she is not ready , she requests Doom 's help in resurrecting Thandaza , her grandfather and a former Black Panther . Doom ( who claims to have agreed to the proposal out of respect for T'Challa ) and the Wakandan scientists revive Thandaza in a cyberbetic body made from vibranium , but the plan goes awry when Mkhalali , the current Panther Guard , opens fire on Thandaza , believing his resurrection to be an abomination . The attack throws off the calibrations and leaves Thandaza in a maddened state and constant pain , causing him to go on a bloody rampage . Doom is ultimately forced to kill Thandaza , who thanks him for ending his suffering . Marvel Knights 2099 ( edit ) Black Panther was featured in the Marvel Knights 2099 one shots , which were not tied to the main 2099 continuity . A new Black Panther , K'Shamba , rose to fight and thwart the mounting invasions by the successor of Doom . While the victory over the new Doom appeared triumphant , the new Wakandan king was ultimately revealed to be a puppet of Doom . Marvel Zombies ( edit ) Black Panther is , for the most part , one of the few uninfected superheroes in the alternate - universe series Marvel Zombies , where he is kept as a food supply for the Zombie Giant - Man , who keeps the Panther imprisoned and cuts off various limbs so that he can maintain his intelligence via a ready access to fresh meat without infecting Panther with the zombie `` virus '' . Despite having lost half of his right arm and his left foot , the Panther escapes -- with the severed head of zombified superheroine the Wasp in tow -- and joins forces with the mutant group the Acolytes . While with the Acolytes , T'Challa briefly talks with his Earth - 616 counterpart , where he expresses surprise at his marriage to Storm but offers him all the information he can provide about the zombie plague . Decades later , T'Challa has married one of the Acolytes , Lisa Hendricks , and they have a son , with Forge having provided T'Challa with artificial limbs to compensate for his injuries . Facing retirement , the Panther is stabbed and critically wounded by an agent of an Acolyte splinter group , and the Wasp -- now a willing ally after having lost her zombie hunger -- zombifies the Panther in order to grant him continued existence . With the Wasp 's help , he survives to the post-hunger stage himself and continues to lead his people , despite his status . Further internal betrayal lead the Black Panther and many of his allies to be tossed through the dimensions . He ends up involved with another Earth that is threatened by the zombie virus . His attempts to save this new planet fail and he is destroyed , leaving only one hand displayed as a trophy by his enemies . MC2 ( edit ) In the MC2 universe , Black Panther has a son named T'Chaka II , who joined the A-Next as the Coal Tiger . Mutant X ( edit ) In the Mutant X reality , Black Panther had the appearance of a humanoid black panther . He is among the second wave of heroes who died fighting the Beyonder . Ultimate Marvel ( edit ) Promotional art for Ultimate Captain America Annual # 1 ( Dec. 2008 ) , by Brandon Peterson . In the alternate - reality Ultimate Marvel imprint , the Black Panther is T'Challa Udaku , a young man who is experimented on in the Weapon X program before being liberated by Nick Fury . T'Challa , the younger son of King T'Chaka of Wakanda , is severely injured during the `` Trial of the Panther '' from which the protector of the nation is selected . His older brother M'Baku finds T'Challa bloodied , mute , and near death but derisively calls him a fool for attempting the trial . Later , M'Baku adds that he , not T'Challa , should have taken the trial . Angry that his father has decided to share Wakanda 's technology in exchange for America 's help in saving T'Challa's life , M'Baku leaves the kingdom . To save T'Challa , T'Chaka turns him over to the Weapon X program . Over a year later , a healthy T'Challa , in his full Black Panther garb , has enhanced speed , strength , night vision , and healing ability . Additionally , he can summon short , cat - like Adamantium claws from his knuckles by balling his hands into fists . T'Chaka becomes outraged upon learning that S.H.I.E.L.D. ( who had shut down Weapon X and freed T'Challa ) now considers his son an asset of the U.S. and S.H.I.E.L.D. He subsequently sends M'Baku a letter , claiming that M'Baku , not T'Challa , is the titular `` favorite son '' , and he implores M'Baku to return . Fury has Captain America train and mentor the Panther , who reveals his damaged throat . Captain America , sympathizing for the Panther 's plight , encourages Fury to place the Panther in the superhero team the Ultimates . This turns out to be a ruse in which Captain America impersonates the Panther , allowing T'Challa to escape and return home to Wakanda . Captain America later impersonates Black Panther during an Ultimates confrontation with the Juggernaut . After Ultimatum , Black Panther joins the New Ultimates . In other media ( edit ) Television ( edit ) Marvel Animation and BET began producing a primetime animated series called `` Black Panther '' . Djimon Hounsou was cast as the voice of T'Challa / Black Panther . The series is produced in motion comic style . The world premiere of the show was in Australia , on ABC 3 on January 16 , 2010 . The series premiered online in the US on June 23 , 2010 , and was released on DVD in the US in January 2011 . The Black Panther in the 1994 Fantastic Four animated series . The T'Challa version of Black Panther appeared in the `` Prey of the Black Panther '' episode of the 1994 Fantastic Four animated TV series , voiced by Keith David . He enlists the Fantastic Four to help him save Wakanda from the invasion of Klaw . He makes a cameo appearance in later episode `` Hopelessly Impossible '' . The Black Panther had a non-speaking cameo in the X-Men TV series . In The Avengers : United They Stand , a portrait of the Black Panther hangs in Avengers Mansion in Episode 1 . While the Black Panther does not appear in the animated series , he does appear in the comic book series based on the show . T'Challa / Black Panther appears in Iron Man : Armored Adventures , voiced by Jeffrey Bowyer - Chapman . As seen in `` Panther 's Prey '' , he wears panther - like armor and his father was killed by Moses Magnum . He returns in the episode `` Line of Fire '' and the series finale `` The Makluan Invasion '' Parts I and II . T'Challa / Black Panther appears in The Super Hero Squad Show , voiced by Taye Diggs . As seen in the episode `` Tremble at the Might of MODOK '' , he is in a relationship with Storm . The T'Challa iteration of Black Panther appears in The Avengers : Earth 's Mightiest Heroes , voiced by James C. Mathis III . His origin is told in the episode `` The Man in the Ant Hill '' where he becomes Black Panther after Man - Ape killed T'Chaka in combat with some unseen help from Klaw . In the episode `` Panther 's Quest '' , he made himself known to the Avengers and joins them . However , in the episode `` Who Do You Trust ? '' , he leaves the team due to his uncertainty of his teammates and his need to protect Wakanda from the Skrulls . He rejoins the team in the episode `` Behold ... The Vision ! '' after a battle with Vision . He was thought dead in the episode `` Operation Galactic Storm '' when he drove a Kree ship into the sun . However , just as the ship is about to crash , Panther uses its teleporter to take him to a Kree ship on the other side of the wormhole . On the Kree ship , he steals a smaller ship , and follows the Avengers down to Hala . Panther rescued Iron Man , Vision , Hawkeye , and Thor from a monster , and helped them free the others . He then travels back to Earth with them . T'Challa / Black Panther appears in episode 29 of the Japanese anime series Marvel Disk Wars : The Avengers , voiced by Mahito Ōba . He appears in subsequent episodes as Jessica 's `` second hero '' . The T'Challa iteration of Black Panther appears in the Avengers Assemble animated series , with James C. Mathis III reprising the role . Introduced in the show 's third season Avengers : Ultron Revolution , T'Challa was first seen speaking before an assembly about Wakanda when Crossbones attacks in order to take out T'Challa . After becoming Black Panther and helping Captain America to take out Crossbones , T'Challa makes off with Captain America 's shield claiming that it was stolen property . This leads Captain America to bring Iron Man , Hawkeye , and Thor to Wakanda in order to reclaim it . During the confrontation , Black Panther claims that Howard Stark stole vibranium in order to make Captain America 's shield . To make matters worse , Ulysses Klaue appears where he makes off with Captain America 's shield upon using a sound attack on the group . Both sides work to find Klaue as Captain America states to Black Panther that T'Chaka gave the vibranium for Stark to make into Captain America 's shield . Tracking him to a hideout in the Himalayas , the Avengers and Black Panther engage Klaue in an armor made out of vibranium . With a special tactic , the Avengers and Black Panther were able to knock Klaue out of the armor as Black Panther plans to make Ulysses Klaue answer for his crimes . With Klaue 's vibranium armor in Wakandan custody , Black Panther changes his opinion of the Avengers and is offered reserve membership into the group . In the show 's fourth season Avengers : Secret Wars , Black Panther becomes the new leader of the All - New , All - Different Avengers ( consisting of himself , Captain Marvel , Ant - Man , Wasp , Vision , and Ms. Marvel ) after the original team disappears . On July 22 , 2017 , Marvel renewed Avengers Assemble for a fifth season titled Avengers : Black Panther 's Quest centering around T'Challa . Film ( edit ) Live - Action ( edit ) Chadwick Boseman as Black Panther in Captain America : Civil War . Chadwick Boseman portrays T'Challa within the Marvel Cinematic Universe , first appearing in Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) . In the film , he is shown displaying enhanced speed , agility , strength , and durability , which he gains from ingesting the heart - shaped herb , as in the comics . His suit has retractable claws and is made of a vibranium weave , which can deflect heavy machine gun fire . As of the 2018 film Black Panther , he wears a new variant of the suit that can absorb kinetic energy ( represented as purple highlights ) and release it as a purple shockwave after enough has been amassed . It can also fold into a silver necklace . During the events of Civil War , motivated by revenge for his father 's death during the UN signing of the Sokovian Accords in the aftermath of Avengers : Age of Ultron , T'Challa joins Iron Man 's faction to oppose Captain America as he is protecting the Winter Soldier who was implicated for the attack . But T'Challa learns the bombing attack was actually arranged by Helmut Zemo to orchestrate his own revenge on the Avengers for inadvertently creating the Sokovia crisis which killed his family . After hearing Zemo 's confession as he succeeded in turning Stark and Rogers against each other , T'Challa renounces his revenge while preventing Zemo 's suicide and handing him over to Everett K. Ross . T'Challa grants Rogers and Barnes sanctuary in Wakanda while also aiding in the latter 's recovery from his Hydra brainwashing . Boseman reprises the role in Black Panther ( 2018 ) . By October 2015 , Joe Robert Cole was in final negotiations to write the film 's script . In January 2016 , it was announced that Ryan Coogler had been hired to direct the film , and was later revealed to be co-writing the script with Cole . Filming began in January 2017 at Pinewood Studios in Atlanta , Georgia . The film was released on February 16 , 2018 . During the film 's storyline , after completing the ritual of succession , T'Challa finds himself dealing with opposition to his new position from various fronts . Boseman will appear in Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) . Animation ( edit ) The T'Challa iteration of Black Panther appears in the direct - to - DVD animated feature Ultimate Avengers 2 ( 2006 ) as a central character , voiced by Jeffrey D. Sams . In the direct - to - DVD film , Next Avengers : Heroes of Tomorrow , T'Challa has a son with Storm named Azari . Black Panther was called one last time to fight with the Avengers against the robot Ultron ... but Black Panther did not survive . It is unknown what happened to Storm , for after the Battle with Ultron , Tony Stark ( Iron Man ) raised Azari along with the children of the fallen members of the Avengers . The T'Challa iteration of Black Panther appears in the 2014 animated motion comic movie Marvel Knights : Wolverine vs. Sabretooth . When Wolverine winds up in Africa , Black Panther and Storm assist him . On October 9 , 2017 , Black Panther : Trouble in Wakanda was announced . Web ( edit ) In 2016 , Disney XD launched on its YouTube channel the motion comic `` Black Panther in ... The Visitor '' . Video games ( edit ) The T'Challa iteration of Black Panther is a playable character in Marvel : Ultimate Alliance , voiced by Phil LaMarr . He can be unlocked by collecting 5 of his action figures . When the player asks about how Black Panther came to be , he will bring up his history which involved his father being killed by Klaw and passing every trial to become the next Black Panther . He has special dialogue with Nick Fury , Namor , Ghost Rider , Doctor Doom , and Deathbird . In his simulation disc , he has to battle Dark Captain America in Arcade 's Murderworld . The T'Challa iteration of Black Panther is an NPC in Marvel : Ultimate Alliance 2 , voiced by Tim Russ . He is one of the few characters in the game to not be taken under the control of The Fold , providing the heroes with a base prior to the final assault on the Fold as Wakanda is now the last bastion of resistance against the nanites . He is playable in Vicarious Visions ( Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 , later also PlayStation 4 , Xbox One and PC ) versions and originally as a downloadable character for PS3 and Xbox 360 . Black Panther appears as an NPC in Storm 's ending for Marvel vs. Capcom 3 : Fate of Two Worlds . The T'Challa iteration of Black Panther is a playable character in Marvel Super Hero Squad Online . The T'Challa iteration of Black Panther is a playable character in the Facebook game Marvel : Avengers Alliance . The T'Challa iteration of Black Panther is a playable character in the MMORPG Marvel Heroes , voiced by James C. Mathis III . The T'Challa iteration of Black Panther appears as a playable character in Lego Marvel Super Heroes , voiced by John Eric Bentley . He is also shown to have a pet cat named Mr. Tiddles . In the mid-credits , Nick Fury encounters him while overseeing the reconstruction of the Statue of Liberty . After finding Mr. Tiddles , Black Panther tells Nick Fury that the people of Wakanda thank him for thwarting Galactus ' attack . The T'Challa iteration of Black Panther is a playable character in Marvel Avengers Alliance Tactics . The T'Challa iteration of Black Panther is a playable character in Marvel Contest of Champions . The T'Challa iteration of Black Panther is a playable character in Marvel Mighty Heroes . The T'Challa iteration of Black Panther is a playable character in Marvel Future Fight . The T'Challa iteration of Black Panther is a playable character in Disney Infinity 3.0 . The MCU version of Black Panther is a playable character in Lego Marvel 's Avengers . He is a DLC Character available in the `` Civil War '' pack . His pet cat Mr. Tiddles from Lego Marvel Super Heroes also reappears in the hub areas of the game . A DLC pack based on Classic Black Panther was later released for the game . Classic Black Panther appears as the main playable character of the pack along with several other supporting characters and villains and his Skybike . The T'Challa iteration of Black Panther appears as a playable character in Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2 . The T'Challa iteration of Black Panther appears as a downloadable character in Marvel vs. Capcom : Infinite , with James C. Mathis III reprising his role . In the story , he rules the kingdom of Valkanda , using the Time Stone to protect it . When the heroes appear and help defend the kingdom from invaders , he offers them the Time Stone to aid their quest . Black Panther appears as a playable character in Marvel Strike Force . Role - playing games ( edit ) The T'Challa iteration of Black Panther appears in the 1984 role - playing game based on Marvel characters , Marvel Super Heroes . He also appears in all subsequent updates and versions . Collected editions ( edit ) Marvel Masterworks ( edit ) Title Material collected Year ISBN Marvel Masterworks : Black Panther Volume 1 Jungle Action # 6 -- 24 ISBN 978 - 0785141990 Marvel Masterworks : Black Panther Volume 2 Black Panther # 1 -- 15 , Marvel Premiere # 51 -- 53 , back - up story from Marvel Team - Up # 100 2016 ISBN 978 - 1302900205 Epic Collections ( edit ) Title Material collected Year ISBN Black Panther Epic Collection Volume 1 : Panther 's Rage Fantastic Four # 52 -- 53 , Jungle Action # 6 -- 24 2016 ISBN 978 - 1302901905 Volume 1 ( edit ) Title Material collected Year ISBN Black Panther by Jack Kirby Volume 1 Black Panther # 1 -- 7 2005 ISBN 978 - 0785116875 Black Panther by Jack Kirby Volume 2 Black Panther # 8 -- 13 2006 ISBN 978 - 0785120698 Volume 3 ( edit ) Title Material collected Year ISBN Black Panther Vol. 1 : The Client Black Panther Volume 3 # 1 -- 6 978 - 0785107897 Black Panther Vol. 2 : Enemy of the State Black Panther Volume 3 # 7 -- 12 2002 978 - 0785108290 Black Panther by Christopher Priest : The Complete Collection Volume 1 Black Panther vol. 3 # 1 -- 17 2015 978 - 0785192671 Black Panther by Christopher Priest : The Complete Collection Volume 2 Black Panther vol. 3 # 18 -- 35 , Deadpool Vol. 3 # 44 2015 978 - 0785198116 Black Panther by Christopher Priest : The Complete Collection Volume 3 Black Panther vol. 3 # 36 -- 49 , # 57 -- 58 ; Incredible Hulk vol. 3 # 33 ; Thor vol. 1 # 370 material from Marvel Double - Shot 2 2016 978 - 0785195085 Black Panther by Christopher Priest : The Complete Collection Volume 4 Black Panther vol. 3 # 50 -- 56 , # 59 -- 62 ; The Crew 1 -- 7 2016 978 - 1302900588 Volume 4 ( edit ) Title Material collected Year ISBN Black Panther : Who is the Black Panther ? Black Panther vol. 4 , # 1 -- 6 2006 978 - 0785120483 Black Panther by Reginald Hudlin : The Complete Collection Vol. 1 Black Panther vol. 4 , # 1 -- 18 , X-Men Vol. 2 # 175 -- 176 2017 978 - 1302907716 House of M : World of M Featuring Wolverine Wolverine vol. 3 # 33 -- 35 , Black Panther vol. 4 # 7 , Captain America vol. 5 # 10 , The Pulse # 10 . 2006 978 - 0785119227 X-Men / Black Panther : Wild Kingdom Black Panther vol. 4 , # 8 -- 9 , X-Men vol. 2 # 175 -- 176 2006 978 - 0785117896 Black Panther : Bad Mutha Black Panther vol. 4 , # 10 -- 13 2006 978 - 0785117506 Black Panther : The Bride Black Panther vol. 4 , # 14 -- 18 2006 978 - 0785121077 Black Panther : Civil War Black Panther vol. 4 , # 19 -- 25 2007 978 - 0785122357 Black Panther by Reginald Hudlin : The Complete Collection Vol. 2 Black Panther vol. 4 , # 19 -- 34 , Annual Vol. 4 # 1 2018 978 - 1302909475 Black Panther : Four the Hard Way Black Panther vol. 4 , # 26 -- 30 2007 978 - 0785126553 Black Panther : Little Green Men Black Panther vol. 4 , # 31 -- 34 2008 978 - 0785126577 Black Panther : Back To Africa Black Panther vol. 4 , # 35 -- 38 , Annual # 1 ) 2008 978 - 0785124528 Black Panther by Reginald Hudlin : The Complete Collection Vol. 3 Black Panther vol. 4 , # 35 -- 41 , Black PantherVol. 5 # 1 -- 6 , Black Panther / Captain America : Flags of Our Fathers 1 -- 4 , Black Panther Saga 2018 978 - 1302910358 Black Panther : Secret Invasion Black Panther vol. 4 , # 39 -- 41 2008 978 - 0785133971 Volume 5 ( edit ) Title Material collected Year ISBN Black Panther : The Deadliest of the Species Black Panther vol. 5 , # 1 -- 6 2009 978 - 0785133421 Black Panther : Power Black Panther vol. 5 , # 7 -- 12 978 - 0785138617 Doomwar Doomwar # 1 -- 6 2011 978 - 0785147152 Black Panther : Doomwar Black Panther vol. 5 , # 7 -- 12 , Doomwar # 1 -- 6 , Klaws of the Panther # 1 -- 4 , Material from Age of Heroes # 4 2017 978 - 1302904166 The Man Without Fear / The Most Dangerous Man Alive ( edit ) Title Material collected Year ISBN Black Panther : The Man Without Fear : Urban Jungle Black Panther : The Man Without Fear # 513 -- 518 material from the X-Men Curse of the Mutants Spotlight 2011 978 - 0785145233 Black Panther : The Man Without Fear : Fear Itself Black Panther : The Man Without Fear # 519 -- 523 , Black Panther : The Most Dangerous Man Alive # 524 2012 978 - 0785152064 Black Panther -- The Most Dangerous Man Alive : The Kingpin of Wakanda Black Panther : The Most Dangerous Man Alive # 523.1 , 525 -- 529 2012 978 - 0785160373 Black Panther : The Man Without Fear -- The Complete Collection Black Panther : The Man Without Fear # 513 -- 523 , Black Panther : The Most Dangerous Man Alive # 523.1 , 524 -- 529 2018 978 - 1302907723 Volume 6 ( edit ) Title Material collected Year ISBN Black Panther : A Nation Under Our Feet Book 1 Black Panther ' Vol. 6 # 1 -- 4 , Fantastic Four Vol. 1 # 52 2016 978 - 1302900533 Black Panther : A Nation Under Our Feet Book 2 Black Panther Vol. 6 # 5 -- 8 2017 978 - 1302900540 Black Panther : A Nation Under Our Feet Book 3 Black Panther Vol. 6 # 9 -- 12 2017 978 - 1302901912 Black Panther Book 4 : Avengers of the New World Book 1 Black Panther Vol. 6 # 13 -- 18 2017 978 - 1302906498 Black Panther Vol 1 Black Panther Vol. 6 # 1 -- 12 2017 978 - 1302904159 Black Panther : World of Wakanda Black Panther : World of Wakanda # 1 -- 6 2017 978 - 1302906504 Black Panther & the Crew : We Are the Streets Black Panther & the Crew # 1 -- 6 2017 978 - 1302908324 See also ( edit ) African characters in comics American comic books Comics portal Speculative fiction portal Superhero fiction portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` IGN 's Top 100 Comic Book Heroes : # 51 Black Panther '' . 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External links ( edit ) Black Panther at the Marvel Universe wiki Black Panther at the Marvel Directory Black Panther at the Comic Book DB World of Black Heroes : Black Panther -- T'challa Biography Black Panther Stan Lee Jack Kirby Black Panthers T'Chaka T'Challa Kasper Cole Shuri Supporting characters Avengers Blade Brother Voodoo Captain America Dora Milaje Eden Fesi Everett K. 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who wrote crazy little thing called love original artist

`` Crazy Little Thing Called Love '' is a song by the British rock band Queen . Written by Freddie Mercury in 1979 , the track is included on their 1980 album The Game , and also appears on the band 's compilation album , Greatest Hits in 1981 . The song peaked at number two in the UK Singles Chart in 1979 , and became the group 's first number - one single on the Billboard Hot 100 in the US in 1980 , remaining there for four consecutive weeks . It topped the Australian ARIA Charts for seven weeks .

Freddie Mercury

Crazy Little Thing Called Love

crazy little thing called love

`` Crazy Little Thing Called Love '' Single by Queen from the album The Game Released 5 October 1979 Format Vinyl record ( 7 '' / 12 `` ) Recorded June - July 1979 Genre Rockabilly Length 2 : 42 Label EMI Elektra Songwriter ( s ) Freddie Mercury Producer ( s ) Queen Reinhold Mack Queen singles chronology `` Love of My Life '' ( 1979 ) `` Crazy Little Thing Called Love '' ( 1979 ) `` Save Me '' ( 1980 ) Audio sample file help `` Crazy Little Thing Called Love '' is a song by the British rock band Queen . Written by Freddie Mercury in 1979 , the track is included on their 1980 album The Game , and also appears on the band 's compilation album , Greatest Hits in 1981 . The song peaked at number two in the UK Singles Chart in 1979 , and became the group 's first number - one single on the Billboard Hot 100 in the US in 1980 , remaining there for four consecutive weeks . It topped the Australian ARIA Charts for seven weeks . Having composed `` Crazy Little Thing Called Love '' on guitar , Mercury played rhythm guitar while performing the song live , which was the first time he played guitar in concert with Queen . Queen played the song live between 1979 and 1986 , and a live performance of the song is recorded in the albums Queen Rock Montreal , Queen on Fire - Live at the Bowl , Live at Wembley ' 86 and Hungarian Rhapsody : Queen Live in Budapest ' . Since its release , the song has been covered by a number of artists . The song was played live on 20 April 1992 during The Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert , performed by Robert Plant with Queen . The style of the song was described by author Karl Coryat as rockabilly in his 1999 book titled The Bass Player Book . Contents 1 Composition 2 Music video 3 Live performances 4 Single release 5 Personnel 6 Charts 6.1 Weekly charts 6.2 Year - end charts 7 Certifications 8 Dwight Yoakam version 8.1 Charts 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Composition ( edit ) As reported by Freddie Mercury in Melody Maker , 2 May 1981 , he composed `` Crazy Little Thing Called Love '' on the guitar in just five to ten minutes . ' Crazy Little Thing Called Love ' took me five or ten minutes . I did that on the guitar , which I ca n't play for nuts , and in one way it was quite a good thing because I was restricted , knowing only a few chords . It 's a good discipline because I simply had to write within a small framework . I could n't work through too many chords and because of that restriction I wrote a good song , I think . -- Freddie Mercury The song was written by Mercury as a tribute to Elvis Presley . Roger Taylor added in an interview that Mercury wrote it in just 10 minutes while lounging in a bath in the Bayerischer Hof Hotel in Munich during one of their extensive Munich recording sessions . Mercury took it to the studio shortly after writing it and presented it to Taylor and John Deacon . The three of them , with their then new producer Reinhold Mack , recorded it at Musicland Studios in Munich . The entire song was reportedly recorded in less than half an hour ( although Mack says it was six hours ) . Having written `` Crazy Little Thing Called Love '' on guitar and played an acoustic rhythm guitar on the record , for the first time ever Mercury played guitar in concerts , for example at Live Aid at Wembley Stadium , London in 1985 . Music video ( edit ) The music video for the song was filmed at Trillion Studios in September 1979 and directed by Dennis De Vallance involving four dancers and a floor of hands . An alternate version was included on the Days Of Our Lives DVD and Blu - ray releases . Live performances ( edit ) In the immediate aftermath of the single the band embarked on a mini UK tour entitled the Crazy Tour . Whenever the song was played live , the band added a solid rock ending that extended the under - three - minute track to over five minutes , with May and Mercury providing additional guitars and vocals . An example of this is on the CD / DVD Set Live at Wembley ' 86 , where the song runs over six minutes . Single release ( edit ) The `` Crazy Little Thing Called Love '' single hit number two in the UK Singles Chart in 1979 , and became the first US number - one hit for the band , topping the Billboard Hot 100 for four weeks . It was knocked out of the top spot on this chart by Pink Floyd 's `` Another Brick in the Wall , Part II '' . The song also topped the Australian ARIA charts for seven consecutive weeks from 1 March to 12 April 1980 . The UK release had `` We Will Rock You ( live ) '' as the b - side and America , Australia , Canada had `` Spread Your Wings ( live ) '' . Personnel ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Freddie Mercury -- lead and backing vocals , acoustic guitar , handclaps Brian May -- electric guitar , backing vocals , handclaps Roger Taylor -- drums , backing vocals , handclaps John Deacon -- bass guitar , handclaps Although Mercury would play an acoustic - electric twelve - string Ovation Pacemaker 1615 guitar and later on an electric six - string Fender Telecaster , both owned by May , in the studio he recorded it with a six - string acoustic with external mics. Mercury also played the original guitar solo on a version which has been lost . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1979 -- 80 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 9 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 13 Ireland ( IRMA ) Mexico Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) Norway ( VG - lista ) 8 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) South Africa ( Springbok Radio ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 5 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 17 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1979 ) Rank UK 25 Chart ( 1980 ) Rank Australia Canada New Zealand 10 US Billboard Hot 100 6 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Platinum 70,000 Netherlands ( NVPI ) Gold 100,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 500,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 2,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Dwight Yoakam version ( edit ) `` Crazy Little Thing Called Love '' Single by Dwight Yoakam from the album Last Chance for a Thousand Years : Dwight Yoakam 's Greatest Hits from the 90 's B - side `` Let 's Work Tegether '' / `` Doin ' What I Did '' Released 19 May 1999 Format CD single Genre Country Length 2 : 22 Label Reprise Songwriter ( s ) Freddie Mercury Producer ( s ) Pete Anderson Dwight Yoakam singles chronology `` These Arms '' ( 1998 ) `` Crazy Little Thing Called Love '' ( 1999 ) `` Thinking About Leaving '' ( 1999 ) American country music singer Dwight Yoakam included a cover of the song on his 1999 album Last Chance for a Thousand Years : Dwight Yoakam 's Greatest Hits from the 90 's . Yoakam 's version was released as a single . It debuted at number 65 on the US Billboard `` Hot Country Singles & Tracks '' chart for the week of 1 May 1999 , and peaked at number 12 on the US country singles charts that year . It was also used in a television commercial for clothing retailer Gap at the time of the album 's release . The music video was directed by Yoakam . This version appears in the movie The Break - Up ( 2006 ) , starring Vince Vaughn and Jennifer Aniston . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1999 ) Peak position Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) 19 Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) UK Singles Chart 35 US Billboard Hot 100 64 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 12 Year - end chart ( 1999 ) Rank Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) 22 US Country Songs ( Billboard ) 64 See also ( edit ) List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 1980 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Crouse , Richard ( 1998 ) . Who Wrote The Book Of Love ? . Doubleday Canada . ISBN 978 - 0385257329 . Jump up ^ Bogdanov , Vladimir ( 2003 ) . All Music Guide to Country : The Definitive Guide to Country Music . Backbeat Books . p. 368 . ISBN 978 - 0879307608 . Jump up ^ Bret , David ( 2014 ) . Freddie Mercury : An Intimate Biography . Lulu.com . p. 88 . ISBN 978 - 1291811087 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 Chart History for Crazy Little Thing Called Love by Queen '' . Song-database.com . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn , Joel ( 2006 ) . The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits . Billboard Books ^ Jump up to : Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums . London : Guinness World Records Limited ^ Jump up to : Kent , David ( 1993 ) ( doc ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 . Australian Chart Book , St Ives , N.S.W ^ Jump up to : Lights ! Action ! Sound ! It 's That Crazy Little Thing Called Queen Circus Magazine . Retrieved 29 June 2011 Jump up ^ Stephen Thomas Erlewine ( 30 October 2007 ) . `` Queen Rock Montreal -- Queen Songs , Reviews , Credits '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Queen `` Live At Wembley 1986 / Live At Wembley Stadium '' album and song lyrics `` . Ultimatequeen.co.uk . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Queen `` The Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert '' video and song lyrics `` . Ultimatequeen.co.uk . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Coryat , Karl ( 1999 ) . The Bass Player Book . San Francisco : Backbeat Books . p. 59 . Jump up ^ `` Queen Interviews -- Freddie Mercury -- 05 - 02 - 1981 -- Melody Maker -- Queen Archives : Freddie Mercury , Brian May , Roger Taylor , John Deacon , Interviews , Articles , Reviews '' . Queen Archives . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Queen interview : Brian May on Crazy Little Thing Called Love on YouTube Absolute Radio . Retrieved 18 December 2011 Jump up ^ ROGER SPEAKS : COLOGNE AUDIO PRESS KIT BrianMay.com . Retrieved 29 June 2011 Jump up ^ Billboard 18 Jul 1980 p. 33 . Billboard . Retrieved 29 June 2011 Jump up ^ `` Interview with Reinhold Mack , Esq '' . iZotope . Jump up ^ Crazy Little Thing Called Love UltimateQueen . Retrieved 29 June 2011 Jump up ^ `` May confirms Mercury played solo '' . Guitar & Bass . Jump up ^ `` Australian ( David Kent ) Weekly Single Charts from 1980 '' . Retrieved 18 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Queen -- Crazy Little Thing Called Love '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Queen -- Crazy Little Thing Called Love '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 9499a . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 18 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Queen -- Crazy Little Thing Called Love '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Crazy Little Thing Called Love '' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 47 , 1979 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Queen -- Crazy Little Thing Called Love '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Queen -- Crazy Little Thing Called Love '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- Queen -- Crazy Little Thing Called Love '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` SA Charts 1965 - 1989 Songs C-D '' . Rock Africa Rock Lists . Retrieved 2 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Queen -- Crazy Little Thing Called Love '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Queen Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Queen Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 18 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles 1979 '' . Music Week . London , England : Spotlight Publications . 22 December 1979 . p. 27 . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 ( doc ) format = requires url = ( help ) . Australian Chart Book , St Ives , N.S.W. ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . www.collectionscanada.gc.ca . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 1980 The Official New Zealand Music Chart '' . Nztop40.co.nz. 31 December 1980 . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pop Singles '' Billboard 20 December 1980 : TIA - 10 Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Queen -- Crazy Little Thing Called Love '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 19 August 2012 . Select singles in the Format field . Select Gold in the Certification field . Type Crazy Little Thing Called Love in the `` Search BPI Awards '' field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Queen -- Crazy Little Thing Called Love '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 19 August 2012 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH . Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . `` Last Chance for a Thousand Years review '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 4 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Adult Contemporary : Issue 8469 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . 30 August 1999 . Retrieved 7 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Country Tracks : Issue 8364 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . 16 August 1999 . Retrieved 7 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dwight Yoakam Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Dwight Yoakam Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` RPM Top 100 Country Tracks of 1999 '' . RPM. 13 December 1999 . Retrieved 7 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 1999 : Country Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 1999 . Retrieved 7 July 2013 . External links ( edit ) Official YouTube videos : original music video ( VEVO ) on YouTube , Live at the Bowl , Queen + Paul Rodgers , at Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert ( with Robert Plant ) Lyrics at Queen official website Song analysis ( www.queensongs.info ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Queen songs Discography Queen `` Keep Yourself Alive '' `` Liar '' Queen II `` Seven Seas of Rhye '' Sheer Heart Attack `` Killer Queen '' / `` Flick of the Wrist '' `` Now I 'm Here '' `` Lily of the Valley '' `` Stone Cold Crazy '' A Night at the Opera `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' `` You 're My Best Friend '' `` Love of My Life '' A Day at the Races `` Somebody to Love '' `` Tie Your Mother Down '' `` Teo Torriatte ( Let Us Cling Together ) '' `` Long Away '' `` Good Old - Fashioned Lover Boy '' News of the World `` We Are the Champions '' / `` We Will Rock You '' `` Spread Your Wings '' `` It 's Late '' Jazz `` Bicycle Race '' / `` Fat Bottomed Girls '' `` Do n't Stop Me Now '' `` Jealousy '' `` Mustapha '' Live Killers `` Love of My Life '' ( Live ) `` We Will Rock You '' ( Live ) The Game `` Crazy Little Thing Called Love '' `` Save Me '' `` Play the Game '' `` Another One Bites the Dust '' `` Need Your Loving Tonight '' Flash Gordon `` Flash '' Hot Space `` Under Pressure '' ( with David Bowie ) `` Body Language '' `` Las Palabras de Amor '' `` Calling All Girls '' `` Staying Power '' `` Back Chat '' The Works `` Radio Ga Ga '' `` I Want to Break Free '' `` It 's a Hard Life '' `` Hammer to Fall '' A Kind of Magic `` One Vision '' `` A Kind of Magic '' `` Princes of the Universe '' `` Friends Will Be Friends '' `` Pain Is So Close to Pleasure '' `` Who Wants to Live Forever '' `` One Year of Love '' The Miracle `` I Want It All '' `` Breakthru '' `` The Invisible Man '' `` Scandal '' `` The Miracle '' Innuendo `` Innuendo '' `` I 'm Going Slightly Mad '' `` Headlong '' `` I Ca n't Live with You '' `` The Show Must Go On '' `` These Are the Days of Our Lives '' Made in Heaven `` Heaven for Everyone '' `` A Winter 's Tale '' `` I Was Born to Love You '' `` Too Much Love Will Kill You '' `` Let Me Live '' `` You Do n't Fool Me '' Queen Rocks `` No - One but You ( Only the Good Die Young ) '' / `` Tie Your Mother Down '' Greatest Hits III `` Under Pressure ( Rah Mix ) '' Non-album singles `` Thank God It 's Christmas '' `` Another One Bites the Dust ( Small Soldiers Remix ) '' `` We Will Rock You '' ( with Five ) `` We Are the Champions '' ( with Robbie Williams ) `` Flash ( Vanguard Mix ) '' `` Another One Bites the Dust ( The Miami Project Remixes ) '' `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' ( with The Muppets ) Other songs `` See What a Fool I 've Been '' `` Death on Two Legs '' `` Lazing on a Sunday Afternoon '' `` I 'm in Love with My Car '' `` ' 39 '' `` Sweet Lady '' `` Seaside Rendezvous '' `` The Prophet 's Song '' `` Good Company '' `` Sheer Heart Attack '' `` Is This the World We Created ... ? '' `` Ride the Wild Wind '' `` Delilah '' `` Made in Heaven '' `` Mother Love '' `` Let Me in Your Heart Again '' `` Love Kills '' `` There Must Be More To Life Than This '' Dwight Yoakam singles Guitars , Cadillacs , Etc. , Etc . `` Honky - Tonk Man '' `` Guitars , Cadillacs '' `` It Wo n't Hurt '' Hillbilly Deluxe `` Little Sister '' `` Little Ways '' `` Please , Please Baby '' `` Always Late with Your Kisses '' Buenas Noches from a Lonely Room `` Streets of Bakersfield '' ( With Buck Owens ) `` I Sang Dixie '' `` I Got You '' `` Buenas Noches from a Lonely Room ( She Wore Red Dresses ) '' Just Lookin ' for a Hit `` Long White Cadillac '' If There Was a Way `` Turn It On , Turn It Up , Turn Me Loose '' `` You 're the One '' `` Nothing 's Changed Here '' `` It Only Hurts When I Cry '' `` The Heart That You Own '' `` Send a Message to My Heart '' ( With Patty Loveless ) Honeymoon in Vegas Soundtrack `` Suspicious Minds '' This Time `` Ai n't That Lonely Yet '' `` A Thousand Miles from Nowhere '' `` Fast as You '' `` Try Not to Look So Pretty '' `` Pocket of a Clown '' Gone `` Nothing '' `` Gone ( That 'll Be Me ) '' `` Sorry You Asked ? '' `` Heart of Stone '' Under the Covers `` Claudette '' `` Baby Do n't Go '' ( With Sheryl Crow ) A Long Way Home `` Things Change '' `` These Arms '' Last Chance for a Thousand Years : Dwight Yoakam 's Greatest Hits from the 90 's `` Crazy Little Thing Called Love '' `` Thinking About Leaving '' Tomorrow 's Sounds Today `` What Do You Know About Love '' `` I Want You to Want Me '' `` I Was There '' ( With Buck Owens ) Inside Traxx 2002 `` Sitting Pretty '' Population Me `` The Back of Your Hand '' `` The Late Great Golden State '' Blame the Vain `` Intentional Heartache '' `` Blame the Vain '' `` I Wanna Love Again '' Dwight Sings Buck `` Close Up the Honky Tonks '' Non-album singles `` Who 'll Stop the Rain '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crazy_Little_Thing_Called_Love&oldid=865517342 '' Categories : Queen ( band ) songs 1979 songs 1979 singles 1999 singles Number - one singles in Australia RPM Top Singles number - one singles Dutch Top 40 number - one singles Single Top 100 number - one singles Number - one singles in New Zealand Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Dwight Yoakam songs Elvis Presley tributes Songs written by Freddie Mercury EMI Records singles Reprise Records singles Alvin and the Chipmunks songs Rockabilly songs Song recordings produced by Reinhold Mack Song recordings produced by Pete Anderson Elektra Records singles Hollywood Records singles Hidden categories : Pages using citations with format and no URL Use British English from July 2011 Use dmy dates from January 2018 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles needing additional references from December 2017 All articles needing additional references Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart called without artist All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Articles with unsourced statements from September 2012 Certification Table Entry usages for Netherlands Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Singlechart usages for Canadaadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Canadacountry Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Deutsch Español فارسی Français Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Sicilianu Suomi Svenska Українська 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2018 , at 12 : 11 ( UTC ) . 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when was this season of total bellas filmed

Total Bellas

total bellas

Total Bellas is an American reality television series that premiered on October 5 , 2016 , on E !. The series is a spin - off of Total Divas which gives viewers a further look into the lives of Brie and Nikki Bella , along with their immediate family and their partners , Daniel Bryan and John Cena respectively .

Contents 1 Production 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Guest 3 Series overview 4 Episodes 4.1 Season 1 ( 2016 ) 4.2 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 4.3 Season 3 ( 2018 ) 5 Awards and nominations 6 Broadcast 7 References 8 External links Production ( edit ) On April 20 , 2016 , it was announced via E ! Online that Brie and Nikki Bella would be getting a spin - off show entitled Total Bellas . The show revolves around the lives of the twins and their family . Filming for the first season was set in Tampa , Florida as Brie Bella and Daniel Bryan moved in with Nikki Bella and John Cena to help Nikki after her neck surgery . Brie and Nikki 's brother JJ and his wife Lauren had a recurring role along with their mother Kathy Colace and her now husband John Laurinaitis . On November 16 , 2016 , it was announced that E ! renewed the show for a second season . The second season was filmed in Phoenix , Arizona as Nikki Bella and John Cena move in with Brie Bella and Daniel Bryan to help Brie through her first pregnancy . In addition to Brie 's growing baby bump , the new season will document Daniel 's travels under his new role as General Manager of WWE 's SmackDown Live . On January 30 , 2018 , it was announced that a third season would be premiering in spring of 2018 . On April 5 , 2018 , the premiere date for the third season was announced , airing on May 20 , 2018 . On August 7 , 2018 , E ! and WWE announced that Total Bellas had been renewed for a fourth season . Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Brie Bella Nikki Bella Daniel Bryan John Cena Recurring ( edit ) Kathy Colace - Laurinaitis ( Brie & Nikki 's mother ) J.J. Garcia ( Brie & Nikki 's brother ) John Laurinaitis ( WWE employee & Kathy 's husband ) Lauren `` Lola '' Garcia ( J.J. 's wife ) Guest ( edit ) Lana ( season 1 -- 3 ) Sami Zayn ( season 1 ) Sandra Gray ( season 1 ) Alicia Fox ( season 2 ) Becky Lynch ( season 2 ) Jimmy Uso ( season 2 ) Maria Menounos ( season 2 ) Mark Carrano ( season 2 ) Natalya ( season 2 -- 3 ) Renee Young ( season 2 -- 3 ) Maryse ( season 3 ) The Miz ( season 3 ) Nia Jax ( season 3 ) Paige ( season 3 ) Titus O'Neil ( season 3 ) Xavier Woods ( season 3 ) Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 6 October 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 05 ) November 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 09 ) 8 September 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 06 ) October 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 25 ) 10 May 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 20 ) July 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 29 ) Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Original air date Production code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` The Cena House Rules '' October 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 05 ) 101 0.63 Brie and Bryan move into John 's home to care for Nicole after her surgery in the series premiere of this Total Divas spin - off , which offers a glimpse into Brie and Nicole Bella 's life outside the ring with their significant others and family . John 's strict house rules have the new guests walking on eggshells to keep him happy . `` Quickie Fix '' October 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 12 ) 102 0.75 A sex rut causes a relationship strain for Brie and Bryan and a bored Nicole takes it upon herself to come up with an idea to help the couple out of their dry spell . Meanwhile , tensions rise as Johnny tells the men about his prenup plans with Kathy . `` Who 's the Boss ? '' October 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 19 ) 103 0.62 Nicole is determined to help Bryan figure out his next steps after retirement and J.J. feels under appreciated by his mother and boss Kathy , he considers pursuing other career opportunities outside of their family business . `` Bryan 's Breaking Point '' October 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 26 ) 104 0.63 Bryan and Nicole get caught in an argument over their different views for the future and Brie , Nicole , J.J. , Kathy and Lauren go on a bachelorette trip to Naples , Florida . 5 5 `` Bella Family Secrets '' November 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 02 ) 105 0.53 Nicole questions whether Brie is making the right decision by putting Bryan before her career and a potentially life - altering secret comes to light . 6 6 `` Wedding Mania '' November 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 09 ) 106 0.66 Emotions run high in the days leading up to Kathy and Johnny 's wedding ; Nicole is still concerned with Brie 's focus as her retirement match at WrestleMania fast approaches and Bryan 's mental state is questioned . Season 2 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Original air date Production code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 7 `` A Desert Dilemma '' September 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 06 ) 201 0.68 A decision that could affect the family is left in Nicole and John 's hands ; J.J. and Lauren take some time apart , and Brie poses nude for her maternity shoot , which Bryan feels uncomfortable with . 8 `` Marital Mayhem '' September 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 13 ) 202 0.55 Nicole has concerns when J.J. wants to get advice from John about his marital problems ; Kathy suspects Nicole of cheating , and Brie gives Bryan a feel of what it 's like to give birth . 9 `` Who 's Your Mama ? '' September 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 20 ) 203 0.57 Lauren and J.J. embark on counseling to fix their marriage ; Bryan is skeptical with his and Brie 's registry that comes to a dis - invite from the baby shower , and Nicole tries to fulfill her loneliness by gaining custody over her dog , Winston . 10 `` Power Struggle '' September 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 27 ) 204 0.56 Nicole and John embark on a new storyline together for the first time in their careers ; Kathy 's sex life surprises her kids , and a legal matter sends the family for a loop . 11 5 `` Wine About It '' October 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 04 ) 205 0.53 The launch of the new Bella wine has Bryan disapproving Brie tasting the wine while pregnant ; J.J. ends up injuring Nicole , and Kathy has a breakdown . 12 6 `` The Wrong Move '' October 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) 206 0.55 The results of a DNA test constructed by Bryan leaves everyone shocked ; J.J. gets into a bet about gaining more followers on social media , and Nicole 's WrestleMania match with John is left to be questioned after an injury scare . 13 7 `` Countdown to Mania '' October 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 18 ) 207 0.56 Nicole is determined to get back in the ring in time for WrestleMania ; J.J. decides to renew his vows with Lauren , while Brie and Bryan get things in order before the birth of their daughter . 14 8 `` Bella - Mania '' October 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 25 ) 208 0.67 Nicole embarks on the journey to what could be her last WrestleMania match ; John asks Nicole a huge question , while Brie and Bryan welcome their daughter into the world . Season 3 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Original air date Production code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 15 `` Have You Cena ? '' May 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 20 ) 301 0.51 Brie juggles the busy life of being a mother and a business woman ; Nicole and John settle into their new home in San Diego , and Bryan enjoys spending quality time with Birdie . 16 `` What to Expect When You 're Not Expecting '' May 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 27 ) 302 0.50 Nicole and John continue to plan their wedding ; Brie eagerly trains for her comeback , while J.J. and Lauren announce their big news , which overwhelms Nicole with unexpected emotions . 17 `` What Comes Up , Must Go Down '' June 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 03 ) 303 0.65 After calling off the wedding , Nicole is forced to figure out if she made the right choice ; Brie and Daniel finally find a home in San Diego , and The Bella Twins are reunited on the 25th Anniversary of Raw . 18 `` The Bella Comeback '' June 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 10 ) 304 0.73 Brie and Nicole focus on their big comeback to the WWE in the first ever women 's Royal Rumble match , while Kathy ventures on becoming a weather woman for a day . 19 5 `` Make Up or Break Up ? '' June 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 17 ) 305 0.72 Nicole experiences what it 's like to be a full - time mom ; Brie and Bryan relocate their lives to San Diego , and John pursues to salvage his relationship with Nicole . 20 6 `` Once Again the Future Mrs. Cena '' June 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 24 ) 306 0.66 With the wedding back on , Nicole is flustered about who to choose to walk her down the isle , while Brie and Bryan try desperately to spend some time alone . 21 7 `` Save the Date '' July 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 08 ) 307 0.72 Brie goes overboard with her spending ; Bryan and Kathy try to deal with their anxieties together , and Nicole tries to finalize her wedding before the deadline . 22 8 `` A Bella Bachelorette '' July 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 15 ) 308 0.59 Nicole throws a classy bachelorette party in Paris ; J.J. helps Kathy overcome her fears , while Brie and Lauren plan a masquerade ball . 23 9 `` Paris Bachelorette Part Deux '' July 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 22 ) 309 0.61 Brie and Lauren 's masquerade ball breaks a few rules Nicole had enforced about her bachelorette party ; J.J. and Kathy enjoy the city of Paris , and Bryan shares life changing news regarding his wrestling career in the WWE . 24 10 `` Follow Your Heart '' July 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 29 ) 310 0.62 Bryan makes his in - ring return at WrestleMania 34 ; Brie plays supporter for both her husband and sister , and Nicole comes to a decision about her relationship with John . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Nominee ( s ) Result ref 2016 Teen Choice Awards Choice Female Athlete The Bella Twins Won 2017 Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Female Athlete The Bella Twins Nominated Best Reality Show Total Bellas Nominated 2018 Teen Choice Awards Choice Summer TV Show Total Bellas Won Broadcast ( edit ) The show is broadcast in The United Kingdom , Canada , New Zealand and France on the local E ! network . The series is also available on Hulu and the WWE Network . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ' Total Bellas ' premiere date announced '' . wwe.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Synopsis for the Total Bellas Premiere , Sheamus and Cesaro , WWE Facing More Presidential Debate Competition -- PWMania '' . pwmania.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nikki and Brie Bella Describe Total Bellas Spinoff as Chaos Under One Roof With John Cena 's Strict Rules , a Wedding and More on Total Divas '' . E ! Online . Retrieved November 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` E ! Renews ' Total Bellas ' for Season 2 ( Exclusive ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Nikki Bella and John Cena Are Temporarily Moving in With Brie Bella and Daniel Bryan on Season 2 of Total Bellas ! on Total Bellas '' . E ! Online . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Total Bellas ' Season 3 Is Coming , So Watch This Important Trailer '' . UPROXX . January 30 , 2018 . Retrieved May 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` John Cena and Nikki Bella Have Second Thoughts About Getting Married in Total Bellas Sneak Peek on Total Bellas '' . E ! Online . Retrieved May 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` E ! and WWE greenlight Season 4 of Total Bellas '' . WWE.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : May 10 , 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 13 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : December 10 , 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 20 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : October 19 , 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 28 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : October 26 , 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : February 11 , 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : September 11 , 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Originals ( & Network Finals to Come ) : June 9 , 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 15 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : September 13 , 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 21 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : September 20 , 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 28 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : September 27 , 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : April 10 , 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : November 10 , 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 19 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : October 18 , 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : October 26 , 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( May 22 , 2018 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : May 20 , 2018 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( May 30 , 2018 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : May 27 , 2018 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 5 , 2018 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : March 6 , 2018 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 12 , 2018 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : October 6 , 2018 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 19 , 2018 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : June 17 , 2018 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 26 , 2018 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : June 24 , 2018 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( July 10 , 2018 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : August 7 , 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( July 17 , 2018 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : July 15 , 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( July 24 , 2018 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : July 22 , 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( July 31 , 2018 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : July 29 , 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Bella Twins win Choice Female Athlete at Teen Choice 2016 '' . WWE . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 : Riverdale , ' Captain Swan , ' Teri Hatcher and More Nab Nominations in Final Wave '' . TVLine . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vote for John Cena , Sasha Banks and The Bella Twins for the 2017 Teen Choice Awards '' . 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which statement accurately describes eastern jerusalem according to the article

East Jerusalem

east jerusalem

East Jerusalem or Eastern Jerusalem ( Arabic : القدس الشرقية ‎ ; Hebrew : מזרח ירושלים ‎ ) is the sector of Jerusalem that was occupied by Jordan in 1948 and had remained out of the Israeli - held West Jerusalem at the end of the 1948 -- 49 Arab -- Israeli War . It includes Jerusalem 's Old City and some of the holiest sites of Judaism , Christianity , and Islam , such as the Temple Mount , Western Wall , Al - Aqsa Mosque , Dome of the Rock and the Church of the Holy Sepulchre , as well as a number of adjacent neighbourhoods . Israeli and Palestinian definitions of it differ ; the Palestinian official position is based on the 1949 Armistice Agreements , while the Israeli position is mainly based on the current municipality boundaries of Jerusalem , which resulted from a series of administrative enlargements decided by Israeli municipal authorities since the June 1967 Six - Day War . Despite its name , East Jerusalem includes neighborhoods to the north , east and south of the Old City , and in the wider definition of the term even on all these sides of West Jerusalem .

During the 1948 Arab -- Israeli War , Jerusalem was contested between Jordan and Israel , and on the cessation of hostilities , the two countries secretly negotiated a division of the city , with the eastern sector coming under Jordanian rule . This arrangement was formalized in the Rhodes Agreement in March 1949 . A week after David Ben - Gurion presented his party 's assertion that `` Jewish Jerusalem is an organic , inseparable part of the State of Israel '' in December 1949 , Jordan annexed East Jerusalem . These decisions were confirmed respectively in the Knesset in January 1950 and the Jordanian Parliament in April 1950 . On being occupied by Israel after the 1967 Six - Day War , East Jerusalem , with expanded borders , came under direct Israeli rule . East Jerusalem had been occupied by Israel in June 1967 . On 27 -- 28 June 1967 , East Jerusalem was integrated into Jerusalem by extension of its municipal borders and was placed under the law , jurisdiction and administration of the State of Israel . In a unanimous General Assembly resolution , the UN declared the measures trying to change the status of the city invalid . Jerusalem was effectively annexed by Israel in 1980 , an act internationally condemned . In the Palestine Liberation Organization ( PLO ) 's Palestinian Declaration of Independence of 1988 , Jerusalem is stated to be the capital of the State of Palestine . In 2000 , the Palestinian Authority passed a law proclaiming Jerusalem as such , and in 2002 , this law was ratified by then chairman Yasser Arafat , although Israel does not allow Palestinian government offices in East Jerusalem . The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation ( OIC ) recognised East Jerusalem as capital of the State of Palestine on 13 December 2017 . Part of a series on the Israeli -- Palestinian conflict Israeli -- Palestinian peace process History ( show ) Lausanne Conference 1949 Camp David Accords 1978 Madrid Conference 1991 Oslo Accords 1993 / 95 Hebron Protocol Wye River Memorandum 1998 Sharm el - Sheikh Memorandum 1999 Camp David Summit ( parameters ) 2000 Taba Summit Road Map Agreement on Movement and Access Annapolis Conference Mitchell - led talks 2010 -- 11 Kerry - led talks 2013 -- 14 Primary concerns ( show ) Final borders Israeli settlements Jewish state Palestinian political violence Palestinian refugees Security concerns Status of Jerusalem Zionist political violence Secondary concerns ( show ) Israeli West Bank barrier Places of worship Fatah -- Hamas conflict Water Electricity International brokers ( show ) The `` Quartet '' ( United Nations United States European Union Russia ) Arab League Egypt Jordan United Kingdom France Proposals ( show ) One - state solution : Isratin Elon Peace Plan Two - state solution : Allon Plan Arab Peace Initiative Geneva Initiative Lieberman Plan Israeli Peace Initiative Palestinian Prisoners ' Document Three - state solution Zero - state solution Israeli unilateral plans : Hafrada Disengagement Realignment Projects / groups / NGOs ( show ) Peace - orientated projects Israeli -- Palestinian economic peace efforts Valley of Peace Middle East economic integration Alliance for Middle East Peace Peres Center for Peace Contents ( hide ) 1 Political term 2 History 2.1 1948 Arab -- Israeli War aftermath 2.2 Jordanian rule 2.3 Israeli rule 2.3. 1 After 1967 war 2.3. 2 After 1980 annexation 3 Status 3.1 Sovereignty 3.2 Negotiations on `` share '' or `` divide '' 3.3 Jerusalem as capital 3.3. 1 Position of the United States 3.4 Residency 4 Urban planning 5 Demographics 6 Healthcare 7 Culture 8 Economy 9 Other 10 Education 11 Mayors 12 See also 13 Notes 14 References 15 External links Political term East Jerusalem is a term heavy with political implications . The term Arab Jerusalem is used by Arabs in official English language documents , emphasizing the Arabic speaking Palestinian population and distinguishing it from the Hebrew speaking parts of the city . Israelis call the Arab populated part of the city East Jerusalem because of its location in the eastern part of the single larger Jerusalem city unit . The term East Jerusalem is ambiguous and may be used to refer to either of the following : From 1948 to 1967 it referred to the 6.4 km ( 2.5 sq mi ) Jordanian - ruled part of the city , mainly the predominantly Arab business district , the Old City and surrounding neighborhoods ; counterpart of West Jerusalem , which referred to the Israeli part of the city . It may be applied to the area that Israel annexed and included in municipal Jerusalem following its occupation by Israel from Jordan in 1967 , which lies north , east and south of the former East Jerusalem . This area includes an additional approximate 64 km ( 25 sq mi ) of the West Bank , including territory which previously included 28 villages and areas of the Bethlehem and Beit Jala municipalities under Jordanian rule . History See also : History of Jerusalem and Timeline of Jerusalem 1948 Arab -- Israeli War aftermath Following the 1948 Arab -- Israeli War , Jerusalem was divided into two parts . The western portion , populated primarily by Jews , came under Israeli rule , while the eastern portion , populated mainly by Muslim and Christian Palestinians , came under Jordanian rule . Arabs living in such western Jerusalem neighbourhoods as Katamon or Malha either fled or were in some cases forced out ; the same fate befell Jews in the eastern areas , including the Old City and Silwan . The only eastern area of the city that remained in Israeli hands throughout the 19 years of Jordanian rule was Mount Scopus , where the Hebrew University is located , which formed an enclave during that period . Following the 1967 Six - Day War , the eastern part of Jerusalem came under Israeli rule , along with the entire West Bank . Shortly after the Israeli takeover , East Jerusalem was annexed to West Jerusalem , together with several neighboring West Bank villages . In November 1967 , United Nations Security Council Resolution 242 was passed , calling for Israel to withdraw `` from territories occupied in the recent conflict '' in exchange for peace treaties . In 1980 , the Knesset passed the Jerusalem Law , which declared that `` Jerusalem , complete and united , is the capital of Israel '' , which is commonly called an act of annexation , though no such formal measure was even taken . This declaration was determined to be `` null and void '' by United Nations Security Council Resolution 478 . Jordanian rule See also : Jordanian annexation of the West Bank King Hussein flying over the Temple Mount while it was under Jordanian control , 1965 Jerusalem was to be an international city under the 1947 UN Partition Plan . It was not included as a part of either the proposed Jewish or Arab states . During the 1948 Arab -- Israeli War , the western part of Jerusalem was captured by Israel , while East Jerusalem ( including the Old City ) was captured by Jordan . The war came to an end with the signing of the 1949 Armistice Agreements . Upon its capture , the Jordanians immediately expelled all the Jewish residents of the Jewish Quarter . 58 synagogues were destroyed . The ancient Jewish cemetery on Mount of Olives was desecrated , and the tombstones there were used for construction and paving roads . Jordan also destroyed the Jewish villages of Atarot and Neve Yaakov just north of Jerusalem ( their sites became Jerusalem neighborhoods after 1967 ) . East Jerusalem absorbed some of the refugees from West Jerusalem 's Arab neighborhoods that came under Israeli rule . Thousands of Arab refugees who were displaced from their homes in Israeli - held West Jerusalem were settled in the previously Jewish areas of East Jerusalem . In 1950 East Jerusalem , along with the rest of the West Bank , was annexed by Jordan . Nevertheless , the annexation of the West Bank was recognized only by the United Kingdom , although the Israeli and Jordanian annexations of the two parts of Jerusalem were given only de facto recognition . During the period of Jordanian rule , East Jerusalem lost much of its importance , as it was no longer a capital , and losing its link to the coast diminished its role as a commercial hub . It even saw a population decrease , with merchants and administrators moving to Amman . On the other hand , it maintained its religious importance , as well as its role as a regional center . Reaffirming a 1953 statement , Jordan in 1960 declared Jerusalem its second capital . The USA ( and other powers ) protested this plan , and stated it could not `` recognize or associate itself in any way with actions which confer upon Jerusalem the attributes of a seat of government ... '' During the 1960s , Jerusalem saw economic improvement and its tourism industry developed significantly , and its holy sites attracted growing numbers of pilgrims , but Israelis of all religions were not allowed into East Jerusalem . Israeli rule After 1967 War During the Six - Day War of 1967 Israel captured the West Bank , including East Jerusalem , and eventually incorporated Eastern Jerusalem and its surroundings into the municipality of Jerusalem , including several neighboring villages . This move , amounting to 111 km ( 43 sq mi ) of West Bank territory , excluded many of East Jerusalem 's suburbs and divided several villages . The old Moroccan Quarter in front of the Western Wall was bulldozed three days after its capture , leading to the deaths of several residents in the forced resettlement of its 135 families . It was replaced with a large open air plaza . The Jewish Quarter , destroyed in 1948 , was depopulated , rebuilt and resettled by Jews . After 1980 annexation Israeli West Bank barrier in Jerusalem Under Israeli rule , members of all religions are largely granted access to their holy sites , with the Muslim Waqf maintaining control of the Temple Mount and the Muslim holy sites there . With the stated purpose of preventing infiltration during the Second Intifada , Israel decided to surround Jerusalem 's eastern perimeter with a security barrier . The structure has separated East Jerusalem neighborhoods from the West Bank suburbs , all of which are under the jurisdiction of Israel and the IDF . The planned route of the separation barrier has raised much criticism , with the Israeli Supreme Court ruling that certain sections of the barrier ( including East Jerusalem sections ) must be re-routed . The Oslo Accords , prohibit the establishment of any activity of the Palestinian Authority in Jerusalem . Under the pretext that they are part of the PA , Israel closed many Palestinian NGOs since 2001 . In the 25 January 2006 Palestinian Legislative Elections , 6,300 East Jerusalem Arabs were registered and permitted to vote locally . All other residents had to travel to West Bank polling stations . Hamas won four seats and Fatah two , even though Hamas was barred by Israel from campaigning in the city . Fewer than 6,000 residents were permitted to vote locally in the prior 1996 elections . In March 2009 , a confidential `` EU Heads of Mission Report on East Jerusalem '' was published , in which the Israeli government was accused of `` actively pursuing the illegal annexation '' of East Jerusalem . The report stated : `` Israeli ' facts on the ground ' -- including new settlements , construction of the barrier , discriminatory housing policies , house demolitions , restrictive permit regime and continued closure of Palestinian institutions -- increase Jewish Israeli presence in East Jerusalem , weaken the Palestinian community in the city , impede Palestinian urban development and separate East Jerusalem from the rest of the West Bank . '' A poll conducted by Palestinian Center for Public Opinion and American Pechter Middle East Polls for the Council on Foreign Relations , among East Jerusalem Arab residents in 2011 revealed that 39 % of East Jerusalem Arab residents would prefer Israeli citizenship contrary to 31 % who opted for Palestinian citizenship . According to the poll , 40 % of Palestinian residents would prefer to leave their neighborhoods if they would be placed under Palestinian rule . Status Jerusalem municipal area , under Israel in 2000 Greater Jerusalem , May 2006 . CIA remote sensing map showing areas they consider settlements , plus refugee camps , fences , walls , etc . Sovereignty See also : Positions on Jerusalem East Jerusalem has been occupied by Israel since 1967 and has been effectively annexed , in an act internationally condemned , by Israel in 1980 . On 27 -- 28 June 1967 , East Jerusalem was integrated into Jerusalem by extension of its municipal borders and was placed under the law , jurisdiction and administration of the State of Israel . In a unanimous General Assembly resolution , the UN declared the measures trying to change the status of the city invalid . In a reply to the resolution , Israel denied these measures constituted annexation , and contended that it merely wanted to deliver services to its inhabitants and protect the Holy Places . There are different opinions whether or not it is also annexed in 1967 or in 1980 . Some maintain that the application of Israeli laws on East Jerusalem implies annexation . Israel , however , has never formally annexed East Jerusalem , or even claimed sovereignty over it . Although the Israeli Supreme Court recognized that East Jerusalem had become an integral part of the State of Israel , it rejected in 1969 the argument that the imposition by Israel of its laws and administration on East Jerusalem was equivalent to annexation . According to lawyers , annexation of an area would automatically make its inhabitants Israeli citizens . This circumstance , however , did not hold true . They became permanent residents ; however , the many refugees who fled during the war were not allowed by Israel to return to their homes . Some lawyers have argued that Israel has sovereignty over East Jerusalem under international law , since Jordan did not have legal sovereignty over the territory , and thus Israel was entitled in an act of self - defense during the Six - Day War to `` fill the vacuum '' . This interpretation is a minority position , and international law considers all the West Bank ( including East Jerusalem ) to be occupied territory and call for Palestinians in the occupied territories ( including East Jerusalem ) to be given self - determination The international community regards East Jerusalem part of the Palestinian territories . The first Israeli president Weizmann , in 1948 , claimed only Israeli sovereignty over West Jerusalem , not including the Old City . Until the 1967 war , Israel accepted Jordanian rule over East Jerusalem , including the Old City . But after the occupation , Israel extended its claims . In 1988 , while rejecting Israeli sovereignty over East Jerusalem , Jordan renounced its territorial claims to the West Bank , including East Jerusalem . The PLO claims Palestinian sovereignty over East Jerusalem , but has shown willingness to negotiate over sharing with Israel sovereignty over the Old City , including Israeli sovereignty over the Western Wall . The PLO 's current position is that East Jerusalem , as defined by the pre-1967 municipal boundaries , shall be the capital of Palestine and West Jerusalem the capital of Israel , with each state enjoying full sovereignty over its respective part of the city and with its own municipality . A joint Israeli - Palestinian development council would be responsible for coordinated development . Negotiations on `` share '' or `` divide '' East Jerusalem , with Israeli West Bank barrier in the background Both the Oslo Accords and the 2003 Road map for peace postponed the negotiations on the status of Jerusalem . Also during the last serious negotiations in 2008 with the Olmert government , Israel refused to talk about the Jerusalem question . Israeli leaders have frequently rejected , in various formulations , any possibility of negotiations questioning the status of East Jerusalem which , it is claimed , to remain part of `` the eternal , united and indivisible capital of Israel '' , a vision also expressed in the Jerusalem Law . The 1997 Beilin - Eitan Agreement between the Likud block and Labor postulated that all of Jerusalem would remain under Israeli sovereignty and the `` Palestinian entity '' would never have its `` governing center '' within Jerusalem . Israel 's policy has been described as purportedly to obstruct negotiations by creating facts on the ground . Numerous UN resolutions have declared null and void actions by the occupying power that change the status of Jerusalem . Examples of such actions are the imposition of Israeli laws upon East Jerusalem , the integration into the Jerusalem municipality , the barrier in Jerusalem and an active settlement policy designed to cut off East Jerusalem from the rest of the West Bank . The only Israeli - Palestinian agreement ever , arranging equal share of sovereignty over Jerusalem was the unofficial Beilin - Abu Mazen agreement of 1995 , which never became reality . The Palestinians would have sovereignty over East Jerusalem , but not without legalization of the major Israeli settlements in and around Jerusalem and a guaranteed two - thirds Israeli majority . The Israeli proposals at the 2000 Camp David Summit , also envisaged inclusion of surrounding Israeli settlements , but not of Palestinian villages . There was not anymore Palestinian sovereignty within the current municipality , but some autonomy instead . The Old City would not become part of the capital of Palestine . As the Palestine Papers revealed , Ehud Olmert 's offer in 2008 was quite similar to that of Ehud Barak in 2000 , although Israel offered more compensation elsewhere . Again , with almost the same map as in 2000 , the largely reduced Palestinian area was embedded in the surrounding settlements annexed by Israel . The Palestinians would have sovereignty over the Arab neighbourhoods , while the question of sovereignty over the Haram al - Sharif was shifted to the future . The Palestinian Authority gave away almost all of the Jewish neighborhoods of East Jerusalem ( in exchange for land elsewhere ) , but not Ma'ale Adumim . The Israelis were still not satisfied . They wanted , inter alia , also Ma'ale Adumim , Har Homa and the major Ariel - block ; and control over the Palestinian water resources , the air space and the Jordan Valley , including access routes . Jerusalem as capital Dome of the Rock in the Old City While both Israel and Palestine declared Jerusalem their capital , the Palestinians usually refer to East Jerusalem as the capital of the State of Palestine . This is consistent with the view of a shared Jerusalem , with West Jerusalem as the capital of Israel and East Jerusalem within the pre-1967 municipal borders as the capital of Palestine . In 1980 , the Knesset adopted the `` Jerusalem Law '' as a Basic Law , declaring Jerusalem `` complete and united '' , `` the capital of Israel '' . The law applied to both West and East Jerusalem within , among others , the expanded boundaries as defined in June 1967 . While the Jerusalem Law has political and symbolic importance , it added nothing to the legal or administrative circumstance of the city . Already on 23 January 1950 , the Knesset had proclaimed Jerusalem capital of Israel ; it refrained , however , from explicitly including East Jerusalem , which was governed by Jordan , at the time . In response to the Jerusalem Law , the United Nations Security Council unanimously adopted Resolution 478 ( the U.S. abstained ) , declaring the law `` null and void '' and a violation of international law . The Israeli - Palestinian Declaration of Principles ( Oslo I ) , signed 13 September 1993 , deferred the settlement of the permanent status of Jerusalem to the final stages of negotiations between Israel and the Palestinians . The possibility of a Palestinian capital in East Jerusalem was considered by Israel for the first time in the Taba Summit in 2001 , although these negotiations ended without an agreement and this possibility has not been considered by Israel since . To solve the oxymoron of a Palestinian capital in the `` eternal , united and indivisible capital of Israel '' , Israeli peace proposals pushed a mere symbolic capital `` East Jerusalem '' confined to the outskirts of Jerusalem , outside the municipal borders , notably in Abu Dis . In such solution , Israel would keep primary sovereignty , while the Palestinians would get some form of self - rule in Arab neighbourhoods . Indeed , in 1996 , the Palestinians began building government offices and even a parliament in Abu Dis , being part of East Jerusalem . Then , Israel cut it off from Jerusalem by building the separation wall . In the end , East Jerusalem will be completely isolated from the West Bank by the wall and a long chain of Jewish settlements . Position of the United States In 1990 the United States Senate adopted a resolution `` acknowledging Jerusalem as Israel 's capital '' and stating that it `` strongly believes that Jerusalem must remain an undivided city . '' In 1991 , however , United States Secretary of State James Baker stated that the United States is `` opposed to the Israeli annexation of East Jerusalem and the extension of Israeli law on it and the extension of Jerusalem 's municipal boundaries '' . Historically , the US had viewed East Jerusalem as forming part of the West Bank , a territory under belligerent occupation . Nevertheless , the subsequent Clinton Administration refused to characterise East Jerusalem as being under occupation and viewed it as a territory over which sovereignty was undefined . Vice President Al Gore stated that the US viewed `` united Jerusalem '' as the capital of Israel . In light of this designation , the US has since abstained from Security Council resolutions which use language which construes East Jerusalem as forming part of the West Bank . In 1995 , Congress passed the Jerusalem Embassy Act which declared that Jerusalem should remain undivided and that it should be recognized as Israel 's capital . In 2016 , U.S. presidential election candidate Donald Trump vowed to recognize all of Jerusalem as the undivided capital of Israel if he wins the election . Residency Following the 1967 war , Israel conducted a census in East Jerusalem and granted permanent Israeli residency to those Arab Jerusalemites present at the time of the census . Those not present lost the right to reside in Jerusalem . Jerusalem Palestinians are permitted to apply for Israeli citizenship , provided they meet the requirements for naturalization -- such as swearing allegiance to Israel and renouncing all other citizenships -- which most of them refuse to do . At the end of 2005 , 93 % of the Arab population of East Jerusalem had permanent residency and 5 % had Israeli citizenship . Between 2008 and 2010 , approximately 4,500 Palestinians resident in East Jerusalem applied for Israeli citizenship , of which one third were accepted , one third rejected , and one third had the decision postponed . As residents , East Jerusalemites without Israeli citizenship have the right to vote in municipal elections and play a role in the administration of the city . Residents pay taxes , and following a 1988 Israeli Supreme Court ruling , East Jerusalem residents are guaranteed the right to social security benefits and state health care . Until 1995 , those who lived abroad for more than seven years or obtained residency or citizenship in another country were deemed liable to lose their residency status . In 1995 , Israel began revoking permanent residency status from former Arab residents of Jerusalem who could not prove that their `` center of life '' was still in Jerusalem . This policy was rescinded four years later . In March 2000 , the Minister of the Interior , Natan Sharansky , stated that the `` quiet deportation '' policy would cease , the prior policy would be restored , and Arab natives to Jerusalem would be able to regain residency if they could prove that they have visited Israel at least once every three years . Since December 1995 , permanent residency of more than 3,000 individuals `` expired '' , leaving them with neither citizenship nor residency . Despite changes in policy under Sharansky , in 2006 the number of former Arab Jerusalemites to lose their residency status was 1,363 , a sixfold increase on the year before . Urban planning See also : Judaization of Jerusalem The term East Jerusalem sometimes refers to the area which was incorporated into the municipality of Jerusalem after 1967 , covering some 70 km ( 27 sq mi ) , while sometimes it refers to the smaller area of the pre-1967 Jordanian - controlled part of the Jerusalem municipality , covering 6.4 km ( 2.5 sq mi ) . 39 percent ( 372,000 ) of Jerusalem 's 800,000 residents are Palestinian , but the municipal budget allocates only 10 % of its budget to them . According to the Israeli non-governmental organization B'Tselem , since the 1990s , policies that made construction permits harder to obtain for Arab residents have caused a housing shortage that forces many of them to seek housing outside East Jerusalem . East Jerusalem residents that are married to residents of the West Bank and Gaza have had to leave Jerusalem to join their husbands and wives due to the citizenship law . Many have left Jerusalem in search of work abroad , as , in the aftermath of the Second Intifada , East Jerusalem has increasingly been cut off from the West Bank and thereby has lost its main economic hub . Israeli journalist Shahar Ilan argues that this outmigration has led many Palestinians in East Jerusalem to lose their permanent residency status . According to the American Friends Service Committee and Marshall J. Breger , such restrictions on Palestinian planning and development in East Jerusalem are part of Israel 's policy of promoting a Jewish majority in the city . On 13 May 2007 , the Israeli Cabinet began discussion regarding a proposition to expand Israel 's presence in East Jerusalem and boost its economy so as to attract Jewish settlers . To facilitate more Jewish settlement in East Jerusalem , the Cabinet is now considering an approximately 5.75 billion NIS plan to reduce taxes in the area , relocate a range of governmental offices , construct new courthouses , and build a new center for Jerusalem studies . Plans to construct 25,000 Jewish homes in East Jerusalem are in the development stages . As Arab residents are hard - pressed to obtain building permits to develop existing infrastructure or housing in East Jerusalem , this proposition has received much criticism . According to Justus Weiner of the Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs , the Jerusalem municipality granted the Arab sector 36,000 building permits , `` more than enough to meet the needs of Arab residents through legal construction until 2020 '' . Both Arabs and Jews `` typically wait 4 - 6 weeks for permit approval , enjoy a similar rate of application approvals , and pay an identical fee ( $3,600 ) for water and sewage hook - ups on the same size living unit '' . Weiner writes that while illegal Jewish construction typically involves additions to existing legal structures , illegal Arab construction involves the construction of entire multi-floor buildings with 4 to 25 living units , built with financial assistance from the Palestinian National Authority on land not owned by the builder . A European Union report of March 2010 has asserted that 93,000 East Jerusalem Palestinians , 33 % of the total , are at risk of losing their homes , given Israeli building restrictions imposed on them , with only 13 % of the municipal territory allowed for their housing , as opposed to 53 % for Jewish settlement . It wrote further that in 2013 98 such buildings were demolished , leaving 298 people homeless , while a further 400 lost their workplace and livelihoods , and that 80 % live below the poverty level . 2,000 Palestinian children , and 250 teachers in the sector must pass Israeli checkpoints to get to school each day . Jewish neighbourhoods in East Jerusalem have 30 times the number of playgrounds that Palestinian areas have . One was built for the 40,000 strong community of Sur Baher with foreign funding in 2015 after a Jerusalem court directed the municipal council to begin constructing them . It was constructed without a permit , and the Israeli authorities say the difference is due to the difficulty of finding vacant lots suitable to playgrounds in the Arab sectors . Demographics See also : Demographic history of Jerusalem In the 1967 census , the Israeli authorities registered 66,000 Palestinian residents ( 44,000 residing in the area known before the 1967 war as East Jerusalem ; and 22,000 , in the West Bank area annexed to Jerusalem after the war ) . Only a few hundred Jews were living in East Jerusalem at that time , since most Jews had been expelled in 1948 during the Jordanian rule . By June 1993 , a Jewish majority was established in East Jerusalem : 155,000 Jews were officially registered residents , as compared to 150,000 Palestinians . At the end of 2008 , the population of East Jerusalem was 456,300 , comprising 60 % of Jerusalem 's residents . Of these , 195,500 ( 43 % ) were Jews , ( comprising 40 % of the Jewish population of Jerusalem as a whole ) , and 260,800 ( 57 % ) were Arabs . Of the Arabs , 95 % were Muslims , comprising 98 % of the Muslim population of Jerusalem , and the remaining 5 % were Christians . In 2008 , the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics reported the number of Palestinians living in East Jerusalem was 208,000 according to a recently completed census . At the end of 2008 , East Jerusalem 's main Arab neighborhoods included Shuafat ( 38,800 ) , Beit Hanina ( 27,900 ) , the Muslim Quarter of the Old City ( 26,300 ) , At - Tur including As - Sawana ( 24,400 ) . East Jerusalem 's main Jewish neighborhoods include Ramot ( 42,200 ) , Pisgat Ze'ev ( 42,100 ) , Gilo ( 26,900 ) , Neve Yaakov ( 20,400 ) , Ramat Shlomo ( 15,100 ) and East Talpiot ( 12,200 ) . The Old City ( including the already mentioned Muslim Quarter ) has an Arab population of 36,681 and a Jewish population of 3,847 . Healthcare Until 1998 , residents of East Jerusalem were disadvantaged in terms of healthcare service and providers . By 2012 , almost every neighborhood in East Jerusalem had health clinics that included advanced medical equipment , specialized ER units , X-ray diagnostic centers and dental clinics . Israel 's system of healthcare entitles all Israeli citizens and East Jerusalem residents to receive free healthcare service funded by the Israeli government . According to Haaretz , the quality of healthcare centers between Israeli cities and East Jerusalem are almost equal . The health quality indices in East Jerusalem increased from a grade of 74 in 2009 to 87 in 2012 , which is the same quality grade the clinics in West Jerusalem received . According to ACRI , only 11.3 % of the residents of East Jerusalem are treated by the welfare services . In 2006 64 % of the Palestinian population lived below the population . By 2015 75.4 % , and 83.9 % of their children , live below the poverty line . Culture Further information : 2009 Arab Capital of Culture Jerusalem was designated the Arab Capital of Culture in 2009 . In March 2009 , Israel 's Internal Security Minister responded with a number of injunctions , banning scheduled cultural events in the framework of this designation in Jerusalem , Nazareth and in other parts of the Palestinian Territories . The Minister instructed Israel Police to `` suppress any attempts by the PA to hold events in Jerusalem and throughout the rest of the country '' . The minister issued the ban on the basis that the events would be a violation of a clause in the interim agreement between Israel and the Palestinians that forbids the Palestinian Authority ( PA ) from organizing events in Israeli territory . On 22 June 2013 , the Israeli Public Security Minister closed the El - Hakawati Theater for eight days , to prevent a puppet theater festival with an 18 - year tradition . Israel Security Agency Shin Bet accused the Palestinian Authority of funding the child - festival , which was denied by the theater director . A month later , members of Israel 's theater world held a protest . On 29 June 2013 , Israel denied members of the Ramallah Orchestra from the Al Kamandjâti music school access to East Jerusalem , where they were to give a concert in the French St. Anne 's church . Nevertheless , after the musicians had climbed over the Separation Wall , the concert eventually took place . Economy May 2013 , the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development UNCTAD published a report detailing a thorough investigation of the East Jerusalem economy . The report concluded that the Israeli occupation had caused the economy to shrink by half in the last 20 years compared to West Bank and Gaza Strip , which it described as `` a dismal testament to the decline of the East Jerusalem economy and its growing isolation under prolonged occupation '' , that resulted in the economic isolation of Palestinian residents . It found a 77 % to 25 % differential in the number of households living below the poverty line in non-Jewish and Jewish households respectively , with the differential in child poverty being 84 % for Palestinian children as opposed to 45 % for Jewish children . Major problems were said to be restrictions on movement of goods and people , which Israel says are imposed for security reasons , and Israeli neglect of `` dire socio - economic conditions '' . UNCTAD said `` the Israeli government could go much further in meeting its obligations as an occupying power by acting with vigour to improve the economic conditions in East Jerusalem and the well - being of its Palestinian residents '' . The Palestinians ' governor of Jerusalem said `` some relaxation of the political situation '' was required for the economy to improve . Other East Jerusalem residents are increasingly becoming integrated into Israeli society . Trends among East Jerusalem residents have shown : increasing numbers of applications for an Israeli ID card ; more high school students taking the Israeli matriculation exams ; greater numbers enrolling in Israeli academic institutions ; a decline in the birthrate ; more requests for building permits ; a rising number of East Jerusalem youth volunteering for national service ; a higher level of satisfaction according to polls of residents ; increased Israeli health services ; and a survey showing that in a final agreement more East Jerusalem Palestinians would prefer to remain under Israeli rule . According to the Israeli Education Ministry , the number of East Jerusalem high school students who took Israeli matriculation exams rose from 5,240 in 2008 to 6,022 in 2011 . There are 10 schools in East Jerusalem that specialize in preparing East Jerusalem students for Israeli universities and colleges ; one of the biggest schools is the Anta Ma'ana ( `` You are with us '' ) Institute on Al - Zahara Street . East Jerusalem has a shortage of schools for Palestinian children . In 2012 , the classroom shortage was reportedly 1,100 , due to what Haaretz described as `` years of intentional neglect of East Jerusalem schools , which serve the Arab population by the Education Ministry and the city '' . A relatively high dropout rate of schoolchildren is found in the Arab sector , even 40 % among 12th graders in 2011 . Education The new building is Schmidt 's Girls College . This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2016 ) Schools in East Jerusalem include : Schmidt 's Girls College Mayors See also : List of mayors of Jerusalem Anwar Khatib ( 1948 -- 1950 ) Aref al - Aref ( 1950 -- 1951 ) Hannah Atallah ( 1951 -- 1952 ) Omar Wa'ari ( 1952 -- 1955 ) Ruhi al - Khatib ( 1957 -- 1994 ; titular ) Amin al - Majaj ( 1994 -- 1999 ; titular ) Zaki Al - Ghul ( 1999 -- , titular ) See also Jerusalem portal Palestine portal Israel portal Green Line ( Israel ) Jerusalem Governorate List of East Jerusalem locations Notes Jump up ^ Leila Farsakh , Palestinian Labour Migration to Israel : Labour , Land and Occupation , Routledge 2005 p. 9 : `` Israeli and Palestinian sources differ in their definition of East Jerusalem . '' Jump up ^ Shlomo Hasson , ' A Master Plan for Jerusalem : Stage One -- the Survey , ' in Moshe Maʻoz , Sari Nusseibeh ( eds . ) , Jerusalem : Points Beyond Friction , and Beyond , Kluwer Law International , pp. 15 - 24 . Jump up ^ Sharon Korman , The Right of Conquest : The Acquisition of Territory by Force in International Law and Practice , Oxford University Press , 1996 p. 251 : `` Both states treated the respective sectors of Jerusalem under their effective control as forming an integral part of their state territory between 1948 and 1967 , and each recognized the other 's de facto control in their respective sectors by the signature of the 1949 Jordan - Israel General Armistice Agreement . '' Jump up ^ `` Statements of the Prime Minister David Ben - Gurion Regarding Moving the Capital of Israel to Jerusalem '' . Jump up ^ Menachem Klein , Jerusalem : The Contested City , 2001 , Hurst & Co . Publishers , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Sharon Korman , The Right of Conquest : The Acquisition of Territory by Force in International Law and Practice , Oxford University Press , 1996 p. 251 , n . 5 . Jump up ^ Ian S. Lustick , `` Has Israel Annexed East Jerusalem ? '' , Middle East Policy , Vol . V , No. 1 , pp. 34 - 45 , January 1997 ; accessed 25 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Ian Lustick , `` Has Israel Annexed East Jerusalem ? '' , Middle East Policy , Volume V , January 1997 , Number 1 , pp. 34 -- 45 ( on web.archive.org ) . PDF ; accessed 25 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Law and Administration Ordinance ( Amendment No. 11 ) Law , 5727 - 1967 and Municipalities Ordinance ( Amendment No. 6 ) Law , 5727 - 1967 of 27 June 1967 ; and `` The Jerusalem Declaration '' ( extension of the boundaries of the municipal corporation ) , 1967 of 28 June 1967 . ^ Jump up to : `` General Assembly Resolution 2253 , 4 July 1967 '' . Archived from the original on 9 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Arafat Signs Law Making Jerusalem Palestinian Capital '' , People 's Daily , published 6 October 2002 Jump up ^ Arafat names Jerusalem as capital , BBC News , published 6 October 2002 . Jump up ^ `` OIC declares East Jerusalem as Palestinian capital '' . www.aljazeera.com . 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Secretary General on July 10 , stated : `` The term `` annexation '' used by supporters of the General Assembly 's resolution of 4 July was out of place since ( ... ) the measures adopted related to the integration of Jerusalem in the administrative and municipal spheres and furnished a legal basis for the protection of the Holy Places `` . Jump up ^ Yearbook of the United Nations 1967 Archived 2013 - 11 - 09 at the Wayback Machine. , Chapter 1.1. IX , pg. 216 , unyearbook.un.org ; accessed 25 November 2014 . Jump up ^ unispal Archived 2013 - 12 - 06 at the Wayback Machine. , domino.un.org ; accessed 24 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Ruth Lapidoth , Justice No. 3 , Autumn 1994 , pp. 7 - 14 ; International Association of Jewish Lawyers and Jurists ; Jerusalem : The Legal and Political Background ( see p. 10 ) . On the Israeli Government webpage : ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Surge in East Jerusalem Palestinians losing residency '' . news.bbc.co.uk. 2 December 2009 . Retrieved 17 May 2011 . 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Jump up ^ Al Jazeera − Palestine Papers , Letter from Qurei to Rice Re : Annapolis Negotiations ( Final ) , 15 June 2008 , pp. 3 -- 4 . On http://transparency.aljazeera.net/en/projects/thepalestinepapers/201218232924546615.html Jump up ^ Menachem Begin , 1978 ; Ehud Olmert , 1993 ; Ehud Barak , 2000 ; Ehud Olmert , 2006 ; Sharon , 2006 ; Benjamin Netanyahu , 2009 . Also American president candidate Barack Obama supported the claim at AIPAC in 2008 . Obama , 2008 Jump up ^ Knesset website , Beilin - Eitan Agreement : National Agreement Regarding the Negotiations on the Permanent Settlement with the Palestinians Jump up ^ Khaled abu Toameh , `` PA : Israeli gov 't seeking to create facts on the ground '' , jpost.com , 11 August 2011 ; accessed 25 November 2014 . Jump up ^ UNGA , 30 November 2011 , Resolution adopted by the General Assembly , 66 / 18 . Jerusalem ( doc.nr . 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Another version is published here Archived 2012 - 11 - 08 at the Wayback Machine . ( see p. 20 ) Jump up ^ Arnon Regular , PA institutions in Abu Dis cut off from East Jerusalem . Haaretz , 19 January 2004 . Jump up ^ Aluf Benn , `` U.S. warns Israel : Do n't build up West Bank corridor '' , Haaretz , 24 July 2009 ; accessed 25 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` S. Con. Res. 106 for the 101st Congress '' . Retrieved 4 July 2007 . Jump up ^ James Baker 's Letter of Assurance to the Palestinians , 18 October 1991 ^ Jump up to : Stephen Bowen ( 1997 ) . Human rights , self - determination and political change in the occupied Palestinian territories . Martinus Nijhoff Publishers . pp. 39 -- 40 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 411 - 0502 - 8 . Retrieved 2 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Congress Jerusalem Embassy Act '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Selected Statistics on Jerusalem Day 2007 ( Hebrew ) '' . Israel Central Bureau of Statistics . 14 May 2007 . Retrieved 25 November 2014 . 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Jump up ^ Amira Hass , Israel blocks East Jerusalem children 's festival , citing link to Palestinian Authority . Haaretz , 24 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Theater of the absurd , Haaretz.com , 24 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Sandy Tolan , Over the Wall to play Beethoven in Jerusalem , RamallahCafe.com , 10 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Ramallah Orchestra profile , AlJazeera.com , 24 July 2013 ; accessed 25 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Israeli occupation sapping East Jerusalem economy -- U.N. report '' . Reuters. 9 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Palestinian Economy in East Jerusalem : Enduring Annexation , Isolation and Disintegration '' ( PDF ) . United Nations Conference on Trade and Development . 8 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Haaretz , 5 September 2012 , `` East Jerusalem , the capital of dropouts '' , haaretz.com ; accessed 25 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Olmert denies validity of Arab ' mayor ' , Jerusalem Post via HighBeam Research ; accessed 25 November 2014 . References Bovis , H. Eugene ( 1971 ) . The Jerusalem Question , 1917 -- 1968 . Stanford , CA : Hoover Institution Press . ISBN 0 - 8179 - 3291 - 7 . Bregman , Ahron ( 2002 ) . Israel 's Wars : A History Since 1947 . London : Routledge ; ISBN 0 - 415 - 28716 - 2 Cohen , Shaul Ephraim ( 1993 ) . The Politics of Planting : Israeli - Palestinian Competition for Control of Land in the Jerusalem Periphery . University of Chicago Press ; ISBN 0 - 226 - 11276 - 4 . Crisis Group , Extreme Makeover ? ( I ) : Israel 's Politics of Land and Faith in East Jerusalem , December 2012 ( 3 ) Crisis Group , Extreme Makeover ? ( II ) : The Withering of Arab Jerusalem , December 2012 ( 4 ) Ghanem , As'ad ( 2001 ) . The Palestinian - Arab Minority in Israel , 1948 -- 2000 : A Political Study . SUNY Press ; ISBN 0 - 7914 - 4997 - 1 . Israeli , Raphael ( 2002 ) . Jerusalem Divided : the armistice regime , 1947 -- 1967 , Routledge , p. 118 ; ISBN 0 - 7146 - 5266 - 0 . Rubenberg , Cheryl A. ( 2003 ) . The Palestinians : In Search of a Just Peace . Lynne Rienner Publishers ; ISBN 1 - 58826 - 225 - 1 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to East Jerusalem . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for East Jerusalem . Legal status of East Jerusalem and its residents ( from B'Tselem ) One Jerusalem -- supportive of Israel 's unification of the city East Jerusalem and the Politics of Occupation AFSC Middle East Resource Series Legal Status of the Population of East Jerusalem since 1967 and the Implications of Israeli Annexation on their Civil and Social Rights ( The Civic Coalition for Palestinian Rights in Jerusalem ) Cities administered by the State of Palestine West Bank Abu Dis Arraba Bani Na'im Beit Sahour Beit Jala Beit Ummar Beitunia Bethlehem al - Bireh ad - Dhahiriya Dura al - Eizariya Halhul Hebron Idhna Jenin Jericho Nablus Qabatiya Qalqilyah al - Ram Ramallah Rawabi ( under construction ) Sa'ir Salfit as - Samu Tarqumiya Tubas Tulkarm Ya'bad al - Yamun Yatta Gaza Strip * Abasan al - Kabira Bani Suheila Beit Hanoun Beit Lahia Deir al - Balah Gaza City Jabalia Khan Yunis Rafah az - Zawayda From June 2007 , the Gaza Strip has been under de facto Hamas governance . Jerusalem Governorate Cities Abu Dis al - Eizariya al - Ram Municipalities Hizma Biddu Bir Nabala Kafr ' Aqab Qatanna Villages ' Anata Arab al - Jahalin Beit ' Anan Beit Duqqu Beit Hanina Beit Ijza Beit Iksa Beit Safafa Beit Surik Jaba al - Jib al - Judeira Kalandia Khan al - Ahmar Mikhmas Nabi Samwil al - Qubeiba Rafat as - Sawahira ash - Sharqiya Sharafat ash - Sheikh Sa 'd az - Za'ayyem Refugee camps Kalandia Shuafat Jerusalem District Cities Beit Shemesh Jerusalem West Jerusalem East Jerusalem Local councils Abu Ghosh Kiryat Ye'arim Mevaseret Zion Regional councils Mateh Yehuda See also : Greater Jerusalem West Jerusalem East Jerusalem Other sub-divisions : Central District Haifa District Judea and Samaria Area Northern District Southern District Tel Aviv District Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=East_Jerusalem&oldid=834060501 '' Categories : Jerusalem Governorate Jerusalem District 1949 establishments in Asia Disputed territories in Asia Divided cities Israeli - occupied territories Israeli -- Palestinian conflict in Jerusalem Neighbourhoods of Jerusalem Geography of Jerusalem Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia pages under 30 - 500 editing restriction Articles containing Arabic - language text Articles containing Hebrew - language text Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from December 2017 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2014 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from May 2011 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014 Articles to be expanded from March 2016 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kalaallisut Kiswahili Ladino Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Русский Scots Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt ייִדיש Zazaki 中文 42 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 April 2018 , at 18 : 57 . 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is the game show the chase still on tv

After Fox passed up the opportunity to add the series to its lineup , Game Show Network ( GSN ) , in conjunction with ITV Studios America , picked up the series with an eight - episode order on April 9 , 2013 , and announced Brooke Burns as the show 's host and Labbett as the chaser on May 29 . Dan Patrick had originally been considered as the host . The first season premiered on August 6 , 2013 . Even though the show had not yet premiered at the time , the network ordered a second season of eight episodes on July 1 , 2013 , which premiered on November 5 . Citing the series ' status as a `` ratings phenom '' , GSN eventually announced plans to renew it for a third season , which premiered in the summer of 2014 . During the third season , the series also premiered its first celebrity edition with celebrity contestants playing for charity . GSN proceeded to renew the series for a fourth season before the end of season three ; this new season began airing January 27 , 2015 . After the seventh episode of the season , the series went on another hiatus ; new episodes from the fourth season resumed airing July 16 , 2015 . No new episodes have aired since the season four finale , which aired December 11 , 2015 .

The Chase ( US Game Show )

the chase ( us game show )

The Chase Genre Game show Based on The Chase Presented by Brooke Burns Starring Mark Labbett Narrated by Shawn Parr Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 51 Production Executive producer ( s ) Bob Boden Michael Kelpie Martin Scott Running time 42 -- 44 minutes Production company ( s ) ITV Studios America Release Original network Game Show Network Original release August 6 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 06 ) -- December 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 11 ) Chronology Related shows The Chase ( UK ) The Chase Australia External links Website Production website The Chase is an American television quiz show based on the British program of the same name . The show premiered on August 6 , 2013 , on Game Show Network ( GSN ) . It is hosted by Brooke Burns , and features Mark Labbett ( nicknamed `` The Beast '' ) as the `` chaser '' . The American version of the show follows the same general format as the original UK version , but with teams of three contestants instead of four . The game is a quiz competition in which contestants attempt to win money by challenging a quiz show genius known as the chaser . Each contestant participates in an individual `` chase '' called the Cash Builder , in which they attempt to answer as many questions as possible in 60 seconds to earn as much money as possible to contribute to a prize fund for the team . The contestant must answer enough questions to stay ahead of the chaser on the gameboard ; otherwise they lose their winnings for that round . The contestants who successfully complete their individual chases without being caught advance to the Final Chase , in which they answer questions as a team playing for an equal share of the prize fund accumulated throughout the episode . The Chase received positive critical reception ; Burns and Labbett earned positive reviews for their roles , and one critic praised the series for avoiding a slow pace in gameplay . Both the series and Burns received Daytime Emmy Award nominations ; the series was nominated in 2014 for Outstanding Game Show , and Burns two years later for Outstanding Game Show Host . Each lost to Jeopardy ! and Craig Ferguson ( host of Celebrity Name Game ) respectively . Contents 1 Gameplay 1.1 Cash Builder and individual chases 1.2 The Final Chase 2 Production 3 Reception 3.1 Critical reception 3.2 Ratings 4 Merchandise 5 References 6 External links Gameplay ( edit ) Cash Builder and individual chases ( edit ) Screenshot illustrating how an individual chase appears on - screen ; a contestant has selected the higher $90,000 offer and is thus six correct answers away from banking the money , while the chaser , represented by the red arrow , is two spaces behind . Three new contestants compete on each episode as a team . In the first round , each contestant in turn wins money for their team by answering as many questions correctly as possible during a one - minute rapid - fire round , entitled the `` Cash Builder '' . Each correct answer in this round adds $5,000 to the bank ; during celebrity episodes , contestants start with $5,000 already in the bank . At the end of the Cash Builder , the contestant participates in a key element of the show called a `` chase '' . In the chase , the chaser and the contestant each answer questions ; the contestant starts with an advantage , and the chaser attempts to catch up . The contestant 's goal is to answer enough questions correctly to move the earned winnings along the gameboard into the team bank without being caught by the chaser , whose job is to catch them by capitalizing on their mistakes . The chaser starts eight spaces away from the bank . The contestant has the option of starting five steps away from the bank , meaning that they must answer five questions correctly without being caught to bank the money and continue to the next round . Before the chase starts , the chaser will make two offers to the contestant : one offer will be to play for a lower amount , but start one step closer to the bank , meaning that they will have to answer one less question correctly ; the other offer will be to play for a higher amount , but start one step further away from the bank . On rare occasions , if the contestant chooses the higher offer , the chaser may escalate the stakes by offering a `` super offer '' for an even higher amount . In this case , the contestant must answer seven questions correctly without being caught , meaning that the contestant needs to answer every question in that round ( if the chaser does so ) . After the contestant decides for which amount to play , the prize money is displayed on the gameboard . The contestant and chaser are presented with the same multiple choice question , and each locks in their answer , which can not then be changed ; the other has five seconds to answer after them , otherwise they are locked out and do not advance on the gameboard . For each question the contestant answers correctly , the prize money shown on the gameboard moves one step closer to the team bank . Similarly , the chaser moves one step closer to the contestant 's prize money with each correct answer . Further questions are asked until the contestant reaches the end of the board ( thus banking the prize money ) , or the chaser catches the contestant , eliminating them from the game . No movement is made by the contestant or the chaser if an incorrect answer is provided or if they are locked out by the time limit . After all three contestants have played a Cash Builder round followed by a chase , the contestants who were not caught by the chaser advance to the Final Chase , with the team bank set to the total that they won in their Cash Builder rounds . If all three contestants fail to win their individual chases , the team selects one contestant to play the Final Chase alone for a total of $15,000 ( $5,000 per contestant ) . During celebrity episodes , contestants who are caught leave with $5,000 for their respective charities . The Final Chase ( edit ) The Final Chase is played on a gameboard . The team receives a head start of one space for each member who advanced to this round . During the commercial break , the team chooses between two sets of questions , labeled `` A '' and `` B '' . The chaser plays the other set . The contestants have two minutes to answer as many questions as possible . After a question is asked , answers must be instantaneous , and contestants are only permitted to respond or pass a question after first ringing in . If a contestant rings in but another contestant answers , the answer is treated as wrong even if it was correct . If there is only one contestant in the Final Chase , then he or she does not ring in . Each question answered correctly within the time limit moves the team one space ahead on the board . After time expires , the chaser is given two minutes to catch the team by correctly answering a new series of questions , with each correct answer moving him one space along the board . If the chaser answers incorrectly or passes , the clock is stopped briefly and the team is given a chance to answer the question , which they may confirm among themselves before answering . A correct answer pushes the chaser back one space , or moves the team ahead by one if he has not moved on to the gameboard . An incorrect answer provides no movement for the chaser at all . Regardless of the outcome , the clock begins running again and the chaser continues to answer questions . If the chaser runs out of time before catching the team , the team splits the banked money equally , but if he catches them before time expires , the team leaves with no money . During celebrity episodes , if the chaser catches the team before time runs out , the team leaves with $15,000 divided equally . Production ( edit ) Brooke Burns , host of The Chase The Chase originated in the United Kingdom , premiering on ITV in 2009 . As the series became increasingly popular in the UK , Fox ordered two pilot episodes in April 2012 to be taped in London for consideration to be added to the network 's U.S. programming lineup . Bradley Walsh , presenter of the British version , was featured as the show 's host , while UK chaser Mark Labbett ( nicknamed `` The Beast '' , which is `` la bête '' in French ) and Jeopardy ! champion Brad Rutter were the chasers . After Fox passed up the opportunity to add the series to its lineup , Game Show Network ( GSN ) , in conjunction with ITV Studios America , picked up the series with an eight - episode order on April 9 , 2013 , and announced Brooke Burns as the show 's host and Labbett as the chaser on May 29 . Dan Patrick had originally been considered as the host . The first season premiered on August 6 , 2013 . Even though the show had not yet premiered at the time , the network ordered a second season of eight episodes on July 1 , 2013 , which premiered on November 5 . Citing the series ' status as a `` ratings phenom '' , GSN eventually announced plans to renew it for a third season , which premiered in the summer of 2014 . During the third season , the series also premiered its first celebrity edition with celebrity contestants playing for charity . GSN proceeded to renew the series for a fourth season before the end of season three ; this new season began airing January 27 , 2015 . After the seventh episode of the season , the series went on another hiatus ; new episodes from the fourth season resumed airing July 16 , 2015 . No new episodes have aired since the season four finale , which aired December 11 , 2015 . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) The Chase was generally well received by critics . Michael Tyminski of Manhattan Digest reviewed the series positively , calling it `` a breath of fresh air '' and praising Burns and Labbett in their respective roles . Tyminski added that while each question 's level of difficulty is not always on par with those on other quiz shows such as Jeopardy ! , the show avoids a `` painfully slow pace '' . Similarly , John Teti of The A.V. Club called the show a `` pretty good adaptation '' of its UK counterpart . While he preferred the British version of the show , saying that it had `` a more varied cast and stronger production values '' , Teti felt that the American version `` still holds its own . '' The Chase was also ranked ninth on Douglas Pucci 's ( of TV Media Insights ) list of best new television shows of 2013 . The Chase was one of two GSN originals ( the other being The American Bible Challenge ) to be honored at the 41st Daytime Emmy Awards in 2014 with an Emmy nomination for Outstanding Game Show ; Jeopardy ! was the eventual winner . Two years later , Burns received an Emmy nomination at the 43rd Daytime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Game Show Host , losing to Craig Ferguson of Celebrity Name Game . Ratings ( edit ) The Chase became one of the highest rated original programs in GSN 's history . The series debuted to 511,000 total viewers during its premiere while maintaining 90 % of its audience with 461,000 total viewers during the second episode airing that night . On January 28 , 2014 , The Chase set a new series high for total viewers and adults 18 -- 49 , with 827,000 and 234,000 viewers respectively . Although the season three premiere fell in the ratings from its series high , earning 494,000 viewers with only 73,000 in the 18 -- 49 demographic , the premiere of the fourth season saw a sizeable rise over the previous season 's premiere , earning 749,000 total viewers . Merchandise ( edit ) On December 18 , 2013 , Barnstorm Games released a mobile version of the game for iOS and Android . The only differences between the app and the show are that four choices are presented for questions in the Cash Builder and the Final Chase rounds and that no Final Chase is played if all players are caught in their individual chases . The app features Labbett ( referred to by his `` Beast '' nickname ) as a simulated chaser and can be played by up to four people . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Kondology , Amanda ( June 18 , 2013 ) . `` GSN Announces Premiere of ' The Chase ' on Tuesday , August 6 at 9PM '' . TV by the Numbers ( Press release ) . Zap2it . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2016 . Retrieved June 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : The Chase . Season 3 . Episode 10 . November 11 , 2014 . Game Show Network . ^ Jump up to : Tyminski , Michael ( August 8 , 2013 ) . `` Into Quizzers ? If So , The Chase Will Catch Your Fancy '' . Manhattan Digest . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2016 . Retrieved July 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ The Chase . Season 3 . Episode 5 . August 5 , 2014 . Game Show Network . ^ Jump up to : The Chase . Season 3 . Episode 8 . August 26 , 2014 . Game Show Network . Jump up ^ The Chase . Season 3 . Episode 6 . August 12 , 2014 . Game Show Network . Jump up ^ Genzlinger , Neil ( November 21 , 2013 ) . `` Challenging Questions on Tap '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2017 . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ The Chase . Season 4 . Episode 2 . February 3 , 2015 . Game Show Network . Jump up ^ Daniels , Colin ( May 12 , 2012 ) . `` Bradley Walsh to film The Chase US pilot '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2016 . Retrieved July 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mansour , Joe ( November 5 , 2015 ) . `` Meet the Chasers : Mark Labbett '' . Radio Times . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2016 . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kanter , Jake ( April 19 , 2012 ) . `` ITVS takes The Chase to US with Fox Game Show Pilot '' . Broadcast . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2016 . Retrieved July 21 , 2014 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Kondology , Amanda ( April 9 , 2013 ) . `` GSN Greenlights The Chase and Minute to Win It + Unveils Robust Development Slate During New York City Upfront '' . TV by the Numbers ( Press release ) . Zap2it . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2016 . Retrieved June 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Morabito , Andrea ( April 9 , 2013 ) . `` Upfronts 2013 : GSN Orders Quiz Show The Chase '' . Broadcasting & Cable . NewBay Media , LLC . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2013 . Retrieved June 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` GSN Announces Brooke Burns as Host of New Original Game Show The Chase '' ( Press release ) . GSN Corporate . May 29 , 2014 . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2014 . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ The Deadline Team ( May 27 , 2013 ) . `` Brooke Burns to Host GSN 's The Chase '' . Deadline Hollywood . PMC . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2015 . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` GSN Renews Quiz Show The Chase Prior to August 6th Premiere '' ( Press release ) . GSN Corporate . July 1 , 2013 . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2014 . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Season Two of The Chase Premieres on Tuesday , November 5 at 8 P.M. ET / PT '' ( Press release ) . GSN Corporate . October 14 , 2013 . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2014 . Retrieved January 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` GSN Renews Ratings Phenom The Chase for Third Season '' ( Press release ) . GSN Corporate . March 18 , 2014 . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2014 . Retrieved May 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` GSN Premieres Third Season of Daytime Emmy Nominated Series The Chase on Tuesday , July 8 at 8 PM ET / PT '' ( Press release ) . GSN Corporate . June 4 , 2014 . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2014 . Retrieved June 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` GSN 's Emmy - Nominated Hit Series The Chase Returns November 11 with First - Ever Celebrity Episode '' ( Press release ) . GSN Corporate . October 7 , 2014 . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2017 . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 21 , 2014 ) . `` The Chase Renewed for Season Four & It Takes a Church Renewed for Season Two by GSN '' . TV by the Numbers ( Press release ) . Zap2it . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2017 . Retrieved August 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 8 , 2015 ) . `` The Chase Season 4 to Premiere on Tuesday , January 27 on GSN '' . TV by the Numbers ( Press release ) . Zap2it . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2016 . Retrieved January 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 3 , 2015 ) . `` The Chase Returns to GSN with Fresh Episodes Thursday Nights Beginning July 16th at 8PM '' . TV by the Numbers ( Press release ) . Zap2it . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2016 . Retrieved June 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ The Chase . Season 4 . Episode 20 . December 11 , 2015 . Game Show Network . ^ Jump up to : Teti , John ( November 4 , 2013 ) . `` GSN Game Show The Chase to Return with More Dick - Related Questions than Ever '' . The A.V. Club . The Onion . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2016 . Retrieved July 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( December 23 , 2013 ) . `` The Best of 2013 ( Part Two ) '' . TV Media Insights . Cross MediaWorks . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2014 . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( May 1 , 2014 ) . `` Daytime Emmy Nominations Announced : The Young and the Restless Leads with 26 '' . New York Daily News . Daily News , L.P. Archived from the original on March 26 , 2016 . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Winners for the 41st Annual Daytime Emmy ® Awards '' ( PDF ) . National Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . June 22 , 2014 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 6 , 2016 . Retrieved June 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Variety Staff ( March 24 , 2016 ) . `` Young & Restless Leads Daytime Emmy Noms but Ceremony Wo n't Be on TV '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2016 . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The 43rd Annual Daytime Emmy Award Winners '' ( PDF ) . Los Angeles : National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences . May 1 , 2016 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 7 , 2016 . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 7 , 2013 ) . `` GSN 's New Series The Chase Delivers Ratings AND Cash Winnings on Its August 6th Debut '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2017 . Retrieved July 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( January 29 , 2014 ) . `` Double - Digit Increases to New Record - Highs for The Chase on GSN '' . TV Media Insights . Cross MediaWorks . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2014 . Retrieved July 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( July 9 , 2014 ) . `` Modest Return for The Chase on GSN '' . TV Media Insights . Cross MediaWorks . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2014 . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 29 , 2015 ) . `` GSN 's Emmy - Nominated The Chase Sets Premiere Episode Ratings High with Season 4 Debut Tuesday January 27 '' . TV by the Numbers ( Press release ) . Zap2it . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2017 . Retrieved January 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( January 28 , 2015 ) . `` GSN 's The Chase Delivers Its Most - Viewed Telecast in Nearly One Year '' . TV Media Insights . Cross MediaWorks . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2015 . Retrieved January 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 19 , 2013 ) . `` New Quiz App from GSN 's The Chase Now Live '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2017 . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Television portal Official website The Chase on IMDb The Chase ratings at TV by the Numbers The Chase International versions Original series U.S. version Australian version Hosts / presenters Bradley Walsh ( UK ) Brooke Burns ( U.S. ) Andrew O'Keefe ( Australia ) Tarik Filipović ( Croatia ) Sturla Berg - Johansen ( Norway ) Alexander Bommes ( Germany ) Chasers Original series Mark Labbett Shaun Wallace Anne Hegerty Paul Sinha Jenny Ryan U.S. version Mark Labbett Australian version Brydon Coverdale Anne Hegerty Mark Labbett Matt Parkinson Issa Schultz Shaun Wallace German version Holger Waldenberger Sebastian Jacoby Sebastian Klussmann Klaus Otto Nagorsnik Manuel Hobiger Thomas Kinne Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Chase_(U.S._game_show)&oldid=864196545 '' Categories : American game shows Cable game shows Quiz shows Game Show Network original programs Television series by ITV Studios 2010s American television series American television series based on British television series 2013 American television series debuts 2015 American television series endings English - language television programs Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Featured articles Pages using deprecated image syntax Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 15 October 2018 , at 18 : 32 ( UTC ) . 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where was the movie i like it like that filmed

I Like It ( Cardi B , Bad Bunny and J Balvin song )

i like it ( cardi b, bad bunny and j balvin song )

`` I Like It '' is a song recorded by American rapper Cardi B with Puerto Rican recording artist Bad Bunny and Colombian singer J Balvin for her debut studio album Invasion of Privacy ( 2018 ) . It was released on May 25 , 2018 to radio stations through Atlantic Records as the fourth single from the album . `` I Like It '' was written by the three performers along with Jordan Thorpe and Klenord Raphael ; the song was produced by J. White , Tainy , Craig Kallman and Invincible . The Latin trap song comprises a trap - salsa beat , and contains a sample from `` I Like It Like That '' , written by Tony Pabón and Manny Rodriguez , with Benny Bonnilla on the timbales ; therefore these artists are credited as co-writers .

Work on the song began in October 2017 and ended in early April 2018 . Its music video was filmed in Little Havana , Miami . Commercially , the single topped the US Billboard Hot 100 , becoming Cardi B 's second number one , the most for a female rapper in the chart 's history , and the first for both Bad Bunny and J Balvin . It also reached the top 10 in Canada , New Zealand , Portugal , Slovakia , Spain , Switzerland , and the United Kingdom . Contents 1 Background 2 Production 3 Critical reception 4 Commercial performance 5 Music video 6 Live performances 7 Awards and nominations 8 Track listing 9 Credits and personnel 10 Charts 11 Certifications 12 Release history 13 References 14 External links Background ( edit ) During the recording sessions of Invasion of Privacy , Cardi and her team were listening to beats and song ideas . The rapper was open to experiment with sounds , though she also discarded some that she felt were not right for her . Craig Kallman proposed Cardi to include a track that pays homage to her Latin heritage , to which she agreed . Kallman searched among his Latin music collection of records that he used to play when he was a DJ , and put together multiple sample ideas . Decided for Pete Rodriguez 's `` I Like It Like That '' and `` Oh That 's Nice '' , he added J White to the production process . The sample of the former song `` over a very rough instrumental '' and with a Cardi verse on it was sent to musician Edgar Machuca . White and Machuca worked on the production , chopping up the sample and trying to `` make the song sound better and cohesive and beef up the production . '' Cardi re-wrote the hook a number of times and cut vocals , eventually choosing the chorus she was most comfortable with . The three producers looped the `` I Like It '' part as they felt that was the catchiest part of the sample . Machucha proposed to add Bad Bunny and J Balvin to the track , with both artists contributing with their verses and ideas . Tainy and Invicible finished working on the production focusing on the instrumentals . Work on the record started in October 2017 , and finished in early April 2018 . We must have gone through so many different version of the mix . We mixed this over and over and over again . We wanted to make sure the low end was right and the clarity was right and the mid range was right , and it had real dynamic range and great stereo separation with the vocals just sitting right in the pocket . After the truly thousandth listen , I 'm like , `` This really works . There 's nothing more we can do to this to make it better . '' -- Kallman in an interview with Bilboard . Production ( edit ) `` I Like It '' is a Latin trap number . It is a blend of trap and salsa , and samples 1960s boogaloo song `` I Like It Like That '' . As noted by a Billboard editor , the song is `` heavily indebted to the world of Latin hip hop . '' Bad Bunny raps in English and Spanish , while J Balvin performs in Spanish . Critical reception ( edit ) Writing for Rolling Stone , Brittany Spanos deemed it `` the song of the summer '' and commented `` ( it ) sounds like it was chemically concocted in a mad scientist 's lab to be 2018 's reigning song of the summer . ( ... ) Everything about this song is perfect for summer : the trap - meets - salsa beat , features from two of reggaeton 's biggest stars , a sample of Pete Rodriguez 's half - century - old boogaloo hit `` I Like It Like That . '' '' In The Atlantic , Hannah Giorgis also deemed it `` song of the summer '' considering `` ( the song ) is irresistible because it channels the rapper at her best : when she feels at home . '' She also noted that the verses from both Bad Bunny and J. Balvin `` match Cardi 's energy '' and `` add complementary dynamism to the track . '' Neil Z . Yeung of AllMusic considered it a `` notable highlight '' of the album . Billboard staff considered it the best song of the first half of 2018 , and the year 's best Latin song of the summer . Commercial performance ( edit ) Prior to its release as a single , the song debuted at number eight on the US Billboard Hot 100 , becoming Cardi B 's fifth top - ten entry on the chart and the highest debut of the songs from the album , which all debuted on the Hot 100 during the album 's first week of release . Bad Bunny and J Balvin earned their first and second top 10s , respectively . Following the release of the single 's accompanying music video , the song rose to a new peak of number seven on the chart , For the chart issue dated June 16 , with `` I Like It '' and `` Girls Like You , '' her collaboration with Maroon 5 charting at number four , Cardi B scored two concurrent Hot 100 top - five singles for the second time in 2018 . It ascended to number two the next week , blocked from the top by XXXTentacion 's `` Sad ! '' . It reached number one in its twelfth week , earning Cardi her second chart - topper , thus making her the first female rapper in history to do so . Bad Bunny and J Balvin scored their first number one . She also became the first female soloist to reach number one with two songs from a debut album since Lady Gaga , who did it in 2009 . `` I Like It '' reached number one on Digital Songs in its 20th chart week , claiming the sixth - longest wait to the summit since the chart began in 2004 . It also became Cardi B 's second number one song on the Radio Songs chart . Internationally , the single also charted within the top 10 in Canada , New Zealand , Portugal , Slovakia , Spain , Switzerland and the United Kingdom . Commenting on the single topping the Hot 100 , editor Leila Cobo for Billboard explained its notablity , `` it 's part of an accelerated spike of Spanish and Spanish - infused songs on the chart ( ... ) This surge can be attributed at least in part to streaming , which has broadened the scope for Latin music that is still shunned from major mainstream outlets . But it also reflects the times , the moment and the new openness of the world , despite the entrenchment at the border . '' `` I Like It '' also became the first number one single ( and the first Latin Trap song in this genre to do so ) on the Billboard Dance / Mix Show Airplay chart for Cardi B , Bad Bunny , and J Balvin , reaching that summit in its September 1 , 2018 issue , benefitting from the support from both the 80 reporting stations ( dual Top 40 / CHR and Rhythmic outlets who submit their mix show hours or incorporate it in their playlist ) and the core full time Dance / EDM stations , the latter utilizing the remixed Dance versions of the song . Music video ( edit ) The director wanted Cardi B 's location to showcase a `` neighborhood feel , '' J Balvin ( bottom left ) a `` club scene '' with a live band and Bad Bunny ( bottom right ) `` the street hood feel '' . Pictured atop , a screenshot of a `` hero shot '' from Cardi . The song 's accompanying music video was directed by Eif Rivera and filmed in March 2018 in Little Havana , Miami . A preview of the clip was featured on YouTube Music 's announcement video on May 23 . Released on May 29 , 2018 , the music video opens with Cardi B in a neighborhood , followed by scenes of Bad Bunny in the streets and J Balvin in a club . It also features scenes of the trio performing together . Director Eif Rivera stated in an interview that he was inspired by the movie I Like It Like That ( 1994 ) , which opening scene centered in a neighborhood of the South Bronx . `` I Like It '' topped YouTube 's 2018 Songs of the Summer list in the United States , and ranked fifth globally . As of October 2018 , it has received over 650 million views . Live Performances ( edit ) Cardi B , Bad Bunny and J Balvin gave the first live performance of `` I Like It '' at the 2018 Coachella Music Festival during its second weekend , on April 22 . The trio delivered the first televised performance of the song at the 2018 American Music Awards . Featuring colorful outfits and visuals , they were accompanied by a live band composed by trumpet and bongo players . Cardi started the performance by lying atop a rotating circular stage ; she then ripped off the voluminous tulle and performed a salsa dance . Bad Bunny was wheeled in for his verse in a grocery cart , while J Balvin joined hanging by the DJ booth . The Billboard article reviewing the ceremony named it the best performance of the night . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Ceremony Result Ref . 2018 iHeartRadio Much Music Video Awards Song of the Summer Nominated MTV Video Music Awards Song of Summer Won BreakTudo Awards Video of the Year Pending BET Hip Hop Awards Best Hip - Hop Video Nominated Best Collabo , Duo or Group Nominated Single of the Year Nominated Soul Train Music Awards Rhythm & Bars Award Pending Track listing ( edit ) Digital download -- Dillon Francis remix `` I Like It '' ( Dillon Francis remix ) -- 3 : 39 Digital download -- German remix `` I Like It '' ( featuring Kontra K and AK Ausserkontrolle ) -- 4 : 14 12 - inch single `` I Like It '' -- 4 : 13 `` I Like It '' ( instrumental ) -- 4 : 13 `` I Like It '' ( Dillon Francis remix ) -- 3 : 39 `` I Like It '' ( radio edit ) -- 4 : 11 Credits and personnel ( edit ) Credits adapted from Tidal . Cardi B -- vocals Bad Bunny -- vocals J Balvin -- vocals J. White Did It -- producer Tainy -- producer Craig Kallman -- producer Invincible -- co-producer Nick Seeley -- additional producer Colin Leonard -- mastering engineer Juan Chaves -- trumpet Michael Romero -- background vocals Sarah Sellers -- background vocals Nick Seeley -- background vocals Andrew Tinker -- background vocals Holly Seeley -- background vocals Leslie Brathwaite -- mixer Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2018 ) Peak position Argentina ( Argentina Hot 100 ) 41 Argentina Anglo ( Monitor Latino ) 13 Australia ( ARIA ) 14 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 14 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 19 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 21 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Colombia ( National - Report ) 19 Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 11 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 16 France ( SNEP ) 19 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 14 Greece International Digital ( IFPI Greece ) Hungary ( Dance Top 40 ) 18 Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 12 Hungary ( Stream Top 40 ) 10 Ireland ( IRMA ) 10 Israel ( Media Forest ) Italy ( FIMI ) 24 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 20 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 30 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 7 Norway ( VG - lista ) 20 Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 50 Portugal ( AFP ) 9 Romania ( Airplay 100 ) 16 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 13 Singapore ( RIAS ) 29 Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) 99 Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 8 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 10 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 24 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 8 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 8 UK R&B ( Official Charts Company ) 7 US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 34 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) 22 US Dance / Mix Show Airplay ( Billboard ) US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 2 × Platinum 140,000 Belgium ( BEA ) Gold 15,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 5 × Platinum 400,000 France ( SNEP ) Gold 100,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Gold 200,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Platinum 50,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Platinum 30,000 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 2 × Platinum 80,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Platinum 30,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000 United States ( RIAA ) 4 × Platinum 4,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) List of release dates , showing region , format ( s ) , label ( s ) and reference ( s ) Region Date Format ( s ) Version Label ( s ) Ref . Italy May 25 , 2018 Contemporary hit radio Original Warner United Kingdom United States May 29 , 2018 KSR Atlantic Urban contemporary Various June 22 , 2018 Digital download streaming Dillon Francis remix Atlantic Italy June 27 , 2018 Contemporary hit radio Warner Music United States June 28 , 2018 12 - inch single Original Atlantic Canada Germany July 2 , 2018 Warner Music Switzerland Germany August 24 , 2018 Digital download streaming German remix References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` BBC -- Radio 1 -- Playlist '' . BBC Radio 1 . 2 September 2017 . Archived from the original on 25 May 2018 . Retrieved 25 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` I Like It ( Radio Date : 25 - 05 - 2018 ) '' ( in Italian ) . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Saponara , Michael ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` Ranking the Top 7 Songs From Cardi B 's ' Invasion of Privacy ' : Critic 's Pick '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Trust , Gary ( July 2 , 2018 ) . `` Cardi B Becomes First Female Rapper With Two Billboard Hot 100 No. 1s , as ' I Like It ' , With Bad Bunny & J Balvin , Follows ' Bodak Yellow ' to the Top '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : LeDonne , Rob ( August 28 , 2018 ) . `` Cardi B 's ' I Like It ' : An Oral History of No. 1 Smash 's Grueling Seven - Month Gestation '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Yeung , Neil Z . `` Invasion of Privacy AllMusic Review '' . AllMusic . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Beaumont - Thomas , Ben ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` Cardi B : Invasion of Privacy review -- Bronx Cinderella grinds her heel into hip - hop sexism '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Levine , Nick . `` Cardi B -- ' Invasion Of Privacy ' Review '' . NME . Retrieved April 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fernandez , Suzette ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` Cardi B 's ' I Like It ' With Bad Bunny and J Balvin Goes Beyond Liking Material Things : See Lyrics '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` The 50 Best Songs of 2018 ( So Far ) : Critics ' Picks '' . Billboard . June 6 , 2018 . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Spanos , Brittany ( June 21 , 2018 ) . `` Cardi B 's ' I Like It ' Is the Song of the Summer '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved June 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Georgis , Hannah ( May 29 , 2018 ) . `` Cardi B 's ' I Like It ' Is the Song of the Summer '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved July 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Yeung , Neil Z . `` Invasion of Privacy AllMusic Review '' . AllMusic . Retrieved June 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Best Latin Summer Songs For 2018 '' . Billboard . June 20 , 2018 . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( April 16 , 2018 ) . `` Drake Dethrones Himself Atop Hot 100 , as ' Nice for What ' Debuts at No. 1 , Replacing ' God 's Plan ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( June 4 , 2018 ) . `` Drake 's ' Nice for What ' Tops Hot 100 for 6th Week ; Ties Michael Jackson for Solo Male With Second-Most No. 1 Weeks '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( June 11 , 2018 ) . `` Post Malone 's ' Psycho ' Hits No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100 , Maroon 5 's ' Girls Like You ' Leaps to Top Five '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( June 25 , 2018 ) . `` XXXTentacion 's ' Sad ! ' Vaults From No. 52 to No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100 Following Rapper / Singer 's Death '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cardi B Becomes First Female Rapper With Two Billboard Number Ones '' . NME . July 2 , 2018 . Retrieved July 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Trevor ( August 27 , 2018 ) . `` Drake 's ' In My Feelings ' Leads Billboard Hot 100 for Seventh Week , Ariana Grande 's ' God Is A Woman ' Hits Top 10 '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( July 16 , 2018 ) . `` Drake Dethrones Drake Atop Billboard Hot 100 as ' In My Feelings ' Replaces ' Nice for What ' at No. 1 '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cobo , Leila ( July 3 , 2018 ) . `` The Times Have Changed : What ' I Like It ' Hitting No. 1 Means to Latin Music '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cardi B , Bad Bunny & J Balvin Earn First No. 1 On Dance / Mix Show Airplay Chart With ' I Like It ' '' From Billboard ( August 30 , 2018 ) ^ Jump up to : Genius ( June 5 , 2018 ) . The Making Of Cardi B 's `` I Like It '' Video With Eif Rivera . Framework . YouTube . Jump up ^ Abravanel , Lesley ( March 30 , 2018 ) . `` This Miami nightclub is going to make a cameo in Cardi B 's next music video '' . Miami.com . Retrieved April 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Penrose , Nerisha ( May 23 , 2018 ) . `` A Preview of Cardi B 's ' I Like It ' Video Appears to Be in the YouTube Music Promo Trailer '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Blistein , Jon ( May 29 , 2018 ) . `` Watch Cardi B , J Balvin , Bad Bunny Throw Summer Bash in ' I Like It ' Video '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved May 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Roiz , Jessica ( August 29 , 2018 ) . `` Cardi B , J Balvin , Bad Bunny & More ! 5 Latin Songs Rank In YouTube 's Top 10 Songs of Summer List '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Marzovilla , Julia ( April 23 , 2018 ) . `` Watch Cardi B , J Balvin & Bad Bunny Perform ' I Like It ' at Coachella Weekend 2 '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pedrosa , Marina ( September 26 , 2018 ) . `` Cardi B , Bad Bunny and J Balvin to Perform ' I Like It ' at 2018 American Music Awards '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cardi B Performs `` I Like It '' at the 2018 AMAs `` . XXL . October 9 , 2018 . Retrieved October 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 American Music Awards Performances Ranked '' . Billboard . October 9 , 2018 . Retrieved October 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , John R. ( August 1 , 2018 ) . `` Shawn Mendes Leads 2018 iHeartRadio MMVAs Nominations '' . iHeartRadio . Retrieved August 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` VMAs : Camila Cabello Wins Video of the Year for `` Havana '' ; Complete List of Winners `` . The Hollywood Reporter . August 20 , 2018 . Retrieved August 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` BreakTudo Awards 2018 : Demi Lovato , Cardi B e Taylor Swift estão entre os mais indicados '' . N10 Entretenimento . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Gail ( September 12 , 2018 ) . `` Drake Leads 2018 BET Hip - Hop Awards Nominee Slate : Exclusive '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Gail ( October 25 , 2018 ) . `` 2018 Soul Train Awards Exclusive : H.E.R. , Bruno Mars Tie as Top Nominees '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` iTunes - Music - I Like It ( Dillon Francis Remix ) - Single by Cardi B , Bad Bunny & J Balvin '' . iTunes . Retrieved June 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` I Like It ( feat . Kontra K and AK Ausserkontrolle ) - Single '' ( in German ) . iTunes . Retrieved August 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( PRE-ORDER ) I Like It '' ( Cardi B , Bad Bunny , J Balvin ) 12 '' Vinyl Single `` . Warner Music Canada . Retrieved June 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Credits '' . Tidal . Retrieved July 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Argentina Hot 100 -- Semana del 13 de Octubre del 2018 '' . Billboard Argentina ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved October 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Anglo Argentina -- Del 1 al 7 de Octubre , 2018 '' ( in Spanish ) . Monitor Latino . Retrieved October 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Cardi B , Bad Bunny & J Balvin -- I Like It '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved June 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Cardi B , Bad Bunny & J Balvin -- I Like It '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Cardi B , Bad Bunny & J Balvin -- I Like It '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved August 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Cardi B , Bad Bunny & J Balvin -- I Like It '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved August 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cardi B Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Colombia -- Semana 29 del 2018 -- Del 13 / 07 / 2018 al 19 / 07 / 2018 '' . National - Report . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2018 . Retrieved July 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201824 into search . Retrieved June 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Track Top - 40 Uge 29 , 2018 '' . Hitlisten . Retrieved July 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Le Top de la semaine : Top Singles ( téléchargement + streaming ) -- SNEP ( Week 28 , 2018 ) '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved August 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Cardi B , Bad Bunny & J Balvin -- I Like It '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved August 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Greece Official IFPI Charts Digital Singles Chart : 11 / 2018 '' . IFPI Charts . Retrieved June 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Dance Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved September 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved July 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Stream Top 40 slágerlista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` IRMA -- Irish Charts '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Retrieved July 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Year 2018 , Week 18 '' . Media Forest Israel . Retrieved May 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singoli -- Classifica settimanale WK 34 '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved August 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 28 , 2018 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved July 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Cardi B , Bad Bunny & J Balvin -- I Like It '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved July 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NZ Top 40 Singles Chart '' . Recorded Music NZ . June 18 , 2018 . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` VG - lista -- Topp 20 Single uke 23 , 2018 '' . VG - lista . Retrieved June 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved July 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- Cardi B , Bad Bunny & J Balvin -- I Like It '' . AFP Top 100 Singles . Retrieved June 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Airplay 100 -- 28 octombrie 2018 '' ( in Romanian ) . Kiss FM . October 28 , 2018 . Retrieved October 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved June 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Singapore Top 30 Digital Streaming Chart Week 31 '' ( PDF ) . Recording Industry Association ( Singapore ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201836 into search . Retrieved September 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201824 into search . Retrieved June 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Canciones -- Semana 24 : del 8.6. 2018 al 14.6. 2018 '' ( PDF ) . Productores de Música de España ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sverigetopplistan -- Sveriges Officiella Topplista '' . Sverigetopplistan . Retrieved June 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Cardi B , Bad Bunny & J Balvin -- I Like It '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved June 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved June 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official R&B Singles Chart Top 40 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cardi B Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cardi B Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cardi B Chart History ( Dance Club Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cardi B Chart History ( Dance Mix / Show Airplay ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cardi B Chart History ( Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cardi B Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cardi B Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Australian Top 50 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . October 1 , 2018 . Retrieved September 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- singles 2018 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved September 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Cardi B -- I Like It '' . Music Canada . Retrieved September 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- Cardi B -- I Like It '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved August 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Cardi B , Bad Bunny & J Balvin ; ' I like it ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved October 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Cardi B , Bad Bunny & J Balvin -- I like it '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved September 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Cardi B , Bad Bunny and J Balvin -- I Like It '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved July 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Spanish single certifications -- Cardi B / Bad Bunny / J Balvin -- I like It '' ( in Spanish ) . elportaldemusica.es . Retrieved September 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Cardi B , Bad Bunny & J Balvin ; ' I Like It ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Cardi B / Bad Bunny / J Balvin -- I Like It '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved August 31 , 2018 . Select singles in the Format field . Select Platinum in the Certification field . Type I Like It in the `` Search BPI Awards '' field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Cardi B -- I Like It '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved August 14 , 2018 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 / M Future Releases - Mainstream Hit Songs Being Released and Their Release Dates '' . AllAccess Music Group . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2018 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Urban / UAC Future Releases - Mainstream Hit Songs Being Released and Their Release Dates '' . AllAccess Music Group . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2018 . Retrieved June 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` I Like It ( Radio Date : 27 - 06 - 2018 ) '' ( in Italian ) . Retrieved June 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cardi B - I Like It 12 '' Vinyl Single Pre Order - Limited Edition `` . eBay . External links ( edit ) Audio on YouTube AMAs performance on YouTube Cardi B Discography Awards and nominations Studio albums Invasion of Privacy Mixtapes Gangsta Bitch Music , Vol. 1 Gangsta Bitch Music , Vol. 2 Singles `` Bodak Yellow '' `` MotorSport '' `` Bartier Cardi '' `` Be Careful '' `` I Like It '' `` Ring '' `` Money '' Featured singles `` No Limit '' `` La Modelo '' `` Finesse ( Remix ) '' `` Ahora Dice ( Remix ) '' `` Girls '' `` Dinero '' `` Girls Like You '' `` Backin ' It Up '' `` Taki Taki '' Other songs `` Get Up 10 '' `` Drip '' `` I Do '' `` Bickenhead '' `` Best Life '' `` Thru Your Phone '' `` She Bad '' Related articles Offset Bad Bunny Singles `` Diles '' `` Vuelve '' `` Sensualidad '' `` I Like It '' `` Mia '' Featured singles `` Mayores '' `` El Baño '' `` Te Boté '' `` Está Rico '' Related articles Discography J Balvin Discography Awards and nominations Studio albums La Familia ( B Sides ) Energía Vibras Singles `` Yo Te Lo Dije '' `` Tranquila '' `` Sola '' `` 6 AM '' `` Ay Vamos '' `` Ginza '' `` Bobo '' `` Safari '' `` Mi Gente '' `` Sensualidad '' `` Downtown '' `` Bum Bum Tam Tam '' `` Machika '' `` Ahora '' `` X '' `` Familiar '' `` I Like It '' Featured singles `` Cola Song '' `` Blurred Lines '' ( Remix ) `` Ca n't Stop Dancin ' ' ( Latino Remix ) `` The Way '' ( Remix ) `` Maps '' ( Rumba Whoa Remix ) `` Problem '' ( Remix ) `` Stuck on a Feeling '' `` Hey Ma '' `` Lean On '' ( Spanish Remix ) `` Sorry '' ( Latino Remix ) `` Love Is the Name '' `` Ahora Dice '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Like_It_(Cardi_B,_Bad_Bunny_and_J_Balvin_song)&oldid=866316066 '' Categories : 2018 songs 2018 singles Atlantic Records singles Billboard Dance / Mix Show Airplay number - one singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Cardi B songs Bad Bunny songs J Balvin songs Latin trap songs Multilingual songs Songs written by Cardi B Songs written by J Balvin Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Romanian - language sources ( ro ) Articles with short description Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungarydance Singlechart usages for Hungarysingle Singlechart usages for Hungarystream Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart usages for Portugal Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for UKrandb Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceairplay Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Spain Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Հայերեն Italiano Русский Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2018 , at 16 : 43 ( UTC ) . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%20Like%20It%20%28Cardi%20B%2C%20Bad%20Bunny%20and%20J%20Balvin%20song%29

who is the actor that plays the good dr

The series stars Freddie Highmore as Shaun Murphy , a young surgical resident with autism and savant syndrome at San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital . Antonia Thomas , Nicholas Gonzalez , Beau Garrett , Hill Harper , Richard Schiff , and Tamlyn Tomita also star in the show . The series received a put pilot commitment at ABC after a previous attempted series did not move forward at CBS Television Studios in 2015 ; The Good Doctor was ordered to series in May 2017 . On October 3 , 2017 , ABC picked up the series for a full season of 18 episodes . The series is primarily filmed in Vancouver , British Columbia .

Freddie Highmore

The Good Doctor ( TV series )

the good doctor ( tv series )

The Good Doctor is an American medical - drama television series based on the 2013 award winning South Korean series of the same name . Daniel Dae Kim , the actor , first noticed the series and bought the rights for his production company . He began adapting the series and eventually shopped it to CBS , his home network in 2015 . CBS decided against creating a pilot . Because Kim felt so strongly about the series , he bought back the rights from CBS . Eventually , Sony Pictures Television and Kim worked out a deal and brought on David Shore , creator of the Fox hit medical drama , House , to develop the series .

The show is produced by Sony Pictures Television and ABC Studios , in association with production companies Shore Z Productions , 3AD , and Entermedia . David Shore serves as showrunner and Daniel Dae Kim is an executive producer for the show . The series stars Freddie Highmore as Shaun Murphy , a young surgical resident with autism and savant syndrome at San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital . Antonia Thomas , Nicholas Gonzalez , Beau Garrett , Hill Harper , Richard Schiff , and Tamlyn Tomita also star in the show . The series received a put pilot commitment at ABC after a previous attempted series did not move forward at CBS Television Studios in 2015 ; The Good Doctor was ordered to series in May 2017 . On October 3 , 2017 , ABC picked up the series for a full season of 18 episodes . The series is primarily filmed in Vancouver , British Columbia . The Good Doctor began airing on ABC on September 25 , 2017 . It has received mixed to positive reviews from critics , with particular praise given to Highmore 's performance , and strong television ratings . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Notable guests 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Casting 4.3 Filming 4.4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Broadcast 5.2 Marketing 6 Reception 6.1 Ratings 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 References 8 External links Premise ( edit ) The series follows Shaun Murphy , a young surgeon with autism and savant syndrome from a small town , Casper , Wyoming , where he had a troubled childhood . He relocates to join the prestigious surgical department at San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Freddie Highmore as Shaun Murphy : A surgical resident with autism and savant syndrome . His savant abilities include near - photographic recall and the ability to note minute details and changes . He is portrayed in flashbacks to his teen years by Graham Verchere . Nicholas Gonzalez as Neil Melendez : Attending Cardiothoracic surgeon in charge of surgical residents . He is also engaged to Jessica Preston . Antonia Thomas as Claire Browne : A surgical resident who forms a special connection with Shaun . Chuku Modu as Jared Kalu : A surgical resident from a wealthy family . Beau Garrett as Jessica Preston : The hospital in - house attorney and Vice President of Risk Management . She is the granddaughter of the hospital founder and a friend of Dr. Glassman . She is also engaged to Dr. Melendez . Irene Keng as Elle McLean : A resident ( appeared only in the pilot ) Hill Harper as Marcus Andrews : Chief of surgery and board member . Richard Schiff as Aaron Glassman : President of the San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital , who has been a mentor and good friend of Shaun since he was 14 . Tamlyn Tomita as Allegra Aoki : Chairman and Vice President of the foundation that controls the hospital . Recurring ( edit ) Dylan Kingwell as Steve Murphy : Shaun 's younger brother ( in flashbacks ) . He also portrays Evan Gallico , a boy in the present that resembles Shaun 's brother and is suffering from stage 4 Osteosarcoma . Paige Spara as Lea , Shaun 's neighbor and love interest . Eric Winter as Matt Coyle : A young doctor who charms the hospital 's staff , until he gets in an awkward position with one of them . Notable guests ( edit ) Jasika Nicole as Carly Eve Gordon as Nurse Fryday Christina Chang as Dr. Audrey Lim Marsha Thomason as Isabel Andrews : Marcus ' wife . Episodes ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Burnt Food '' Seth Gordon David Shore September 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 25 ) 11.22 On the way to begin his surgical residency at San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital , Dr. Shaun Murphy witnesses an airport sign fall and shatter glass onto a young boy . Another doctor is first on the scene and begins applying pressure to the child 's neck . Shaun tells him that he 's pressing on the wrong part of the neck for a child . With his unique ability to visualize the internal body and using improvised methods and tools , Shaun is able to stabilize the boy . On the way to the hospital , Shaun notices that the boy 's vitals have changed . Hospital staff are alerted to the arrival of the boy . Shaun tries to tell the doctors about the boy 's vitals , stating that he needs an echo - cardiogram . The doctors disagree and begin surgery . While operating , something goes wrong and Claire Browne , a surgical resident , recalls Shaun mentioning an echo . Thanks to Shaun 's diagnosis , the boy 's life is saved . Meanwhile , in a hospital board meeting , Dr. Aaron Glassman , president of the hospital , tries to convince the board to hire Shaun , despite his autism . Flashbacks give us a picture of Shaun 's childhood and his motivation for becoming a doctor . `` Mount Rushmore '' Mike Listo David Shore October 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 02 ) 10.93 Shaun arrives late to the hospital on his first full day . Dr. Melendez is doing rounds with Dr. Claire Brown and Dr. Jared Kalu . Melendez calls out Shaun for arriving late . Rounds are interrupted when a nurse tells them a consult is needed in the emergency room . A middle aged woman , Stephanie , has been brought in with abdominal pain . Looking at the scan , Shaun says she has a Sarcoma - a malignant tumor . Dr. Melendez assigns Claire as his number two for the surgery while giving Shaun `` scut work '' - all the work that residents hate doing . On the operating table , the doctors find the tumor is much bigger than expected and has encased all of her arteries . Looking at biopsy results , the residents find out that she is suffering from Leiomyosarcoma , making surgery seemingly impossible . Shaun `` s ability to visualize the internal organs allows him to figure out that removing one of her kidneys would allow a better look , enough to view and possibly remove the mass . To Claire 's dismay , Dr. Kalu suggests Shaun 's idea to his attending ; getting the credit for the idea . Meanwhile , Shuan 's attention to detail in his `` scut '' work gets him into trouble . Instead of releasing patients ready for discharge , Shaun rechecks them , and orders additional tests . Upon learning this , Melendez assigns Nurse Freydey as Shaun 's `` boss '' for the day . Later , in looking at a young girls test results ( she was sent home ) , Shaun realizes what 's really wrong and races to her home . The parents are angry that he 's bothering them after midnight and at first refuse to let him in . Shaun insists he will not leave before seeing their daughter . His diagnosis is correct , and they must rush her to the hospital for surgery to save her life . `` Oliver '' John Dahl Bill Rotko October 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 09 ) 10.69 Shaun and Claire fly to San Francisco Municipal Hospital to get a patient a liver . They ca n't fly on their way back due to fog and are forced to use a police escort . Problems keep coming one after the other ; first , the liver 's temperature went above the required maximum , forcing them to have a sudden stop at a local store , where they cool it by submerging it in slush . As they proceed with their journey , Shaun discovers that the liver has a clot . With only two hours of viability left , the duo decide to perform an operation on the way in order to remove the clot and flash the left lobe , to protect it from the ice bath . Back at San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital , Chuck , the recipient of the liver , is discovered to have alcohol in his system ; a likelihood that he might be moved to the bottom of the list . Chuck later confesses that he actually took a drink on his daughter 's graduation . In order to protect its reputation and the future patients , the hospital decides to move Chuck to the bottom of the list . To their dismay , Shaun and Claire arrive back , only to find out that the liver has to be taken to another patient in another hospital . `` Pipes '' Steven DePaul Thomas L. Moran October 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 16 ) 10.60 Through an ultrasound , an expectant woman 's baby is diagnosed with a tumor at his tail bone ; the mom has Antiphospholipid syndrome , making surgery a high risk . Dr. Melendez suggests termination of the pregnancy but Shaun interjects by suggesting clotting pre-operatively with an infusion of unfractionated heparin . Things are further complicated when the woman and eventually her husband refuse to terminate the baby . During surgery , there is a complication ; a blood clot at the artery in her heart . Dr. Kalu has an idea that they should stop her heart and put her on a bypass machine for the duration of the surgery ; that way she wo n't have an heart attack , which turns out to be successful and the doctors reveal she 's carrying a baby boy . With a patient needing a boil lanced , Dr. Melendez assigns Shaun and Dr. Browne on the case , as a punishment for being late . The patient turns out to be a pornographic actress ; she does n't have a boil but a large Bartholin gland abscess and they prep her for surgery the following day . They successfully drain the abscess but discover that she has a Perineal myoma underneath . The fabroid tumor is wrapped around the nerve that facilitates feeling in her genitals . Therefore , the doctors have to remove the tumor but they have to sever the nerve ; hence , losing all feeling in her genitals . Shaun comes up the idea of grafting the distal end of the pudendal nerve to the branch of the femoral cutaneous nerve from her inner thigh ; this will lead to her losing feeling in her thigh while preserving feeling in her genitals . 5 `` Point Three Percent '' Larry Teng David Hoselton October 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 23 ) 10.39 Shaun notices a young boy with an indubitable resemblance to his deceased brother Steve , forming a bond with him . The boy 's name is actually Evan and was brought to the hospital by his parents for reportedly breaking an arm ; unbeknownst to Evan , he is in fact suffering from stage 4 Osteosarcoma . Shaun later suspects that he might have been misdiagnosed with cancer but indeed was suffering from Langerhans cell histiocytosis . In order not to give both Evan and his parents false hopes , Shaun decides to lie , attempting to perform a bone marrow aspiration , but he is caught red - handed by the parents . Subsequently , Evan starts coughing out blood , sending him to the OR . While on the operating table , Dr. Neil Menendez and Dr. Claire Browne discover that the cancer had metastasized , undoubtable proof that he is indeed suffering with terminal cancer . The other doctors are trying to find a prognosis of a 55 - year old man , brought to the hospital by his estranged son , with an allergy causing him to have convulsions . Dr. Browne later finds out that the man is suffering from Echinococcus , a cyst form of tapeworms . Saddened by Evan 's fate , which Evan has in fact known about the whole time , Shaun reads Evan the final few pages of To Kill a Mockingbird , a book of Steve 's that he never finished reading before he died . 6 `` Not Fake '' Michael Patrick Jann Simran Baidwan October 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 30 ) 10.60 Shaun and the rest of the residents are working the graveyard shift when numerous casualties from a wedding bus crash come in . Among the victims are a woman with severe , visible burns , on whom Dr. Kalu tries an experimental procedure , and a young man with a damaged leg who can either have it amputated , or have an artificial bone inserted . The relative newness of the latter procedure causes a conflict between the man 's parent and his soon - to - be bride . 7 `` 22 Steps '' David Straiton Johanna Lee November 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 13 ) 10.14 Shaun encounters Liam , an autistic patient brought in to San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital . Having to face prejudice from the young man 's parents , Dr. Melendez defends him for the first time and acknowledges his exceptional abilities . On Dr. Glassman 's directive , Claire continues her therapy sessions in order to curb her guilt over the death of a patient she inadvertently caused in the previous episode . On the other hand , Dr. Kalu gets a 73 - year - old man with severe chest pains thus needing urgent medical attention and a pacemaker but his desire is to die ; in order to give him hope on life , Dr. Kalu does everything he can to have him accept treatment , to no avail in which the latter finally lets him sign the DNR . 8 `` Apple '' Nestor Carbonell David Renaud November 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 20 ) 9.97 While shopping at a grocery mart for apples , a robbery takes place . With Shaun 's communication limitations , he puts the lives of two customers on a first date at risk , leading to a young woman getting shot . Shaun 's neighbor Lea hugs him after he admits that he made a mistake with someone getting hurt . During surgery , Dr. Lim questions Claire 's ability to not let her emotions get the better of her because of a racist patient . This leads to a fight between the two with Dr. Lim ordering Claire to leave the operating room . Claire puts her emotions in check to save the life of the racist patient much to the satisfaction and delight of Dr. Lim . 9 `` Intangibles '' Bronwen Hughes Karen Struck November 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 27 ) 9.25 The team takes on the case of a young boy from the Congo who has severe congenital heart anomalies ; Murphy 's latest encounter with his neighbor Lea has him confused . He takes flirting lessons from Dr. Browne and notes and charts what he sees in regards to the `` flirting trifecta '' . Meanwhile , Dr. Browne along with a lab tech search for a tissue sample from a woman with possible throat cancer . 10 `` Sacrifice '' Michael Patrick Jann Lloyd Gilyard Jr . December 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 04 ) 9.03 In Glassman 's office Shaun sees the therapist hired to help him with in - home visits . He reluctantly agrees to meet with her , but changes his mind after meeting a new patient , Bobby Ato , who convinces him to stop letting people tell him what to do . Ato is a champion gamer , who is in St. Bonaventure for surgery to repair torn ligaments in his left arm . After an MRI , cancer is discovered , making an additional surgery much more complicated and results in doubt . Shaun avoids meeting with his therapist by sleeping in the hospital custodian 's closet at night . Finally , a confrontation with Glassman in the hospital lobby leads to a meltdown by Shaun , causing him to strike Glassman in the face and run out of the hospital . Meanwhile , Claire runs into an uncomfortable situation with a new doctor , Dr. Matt Coyle , who makes unwanted sexual advances toward her . After telling Jared about it , he confronts the doctor and physically threatens him . As a result , Jared is fired . Later , Dr. Melendez and Jessica have dinner with her father . In a tense situation , Melendez criticizes Mr. Preston as living off his money instead of contributing to society . When Preston offers to pay for their wedding so Jessica can quit her job and start a family , an angry Melendez calls him a `` parasite . '' The next day Melendez apologizes to Jessica for his remarks and learns that she does n't want to have children . 11 `` Islands Part One '' TBA TBA January 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 08 ) TBD 12 `` Islands Part Two '' TBA TBA January 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 15 ) TBD Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) In May 2014 , CBS Television Studios began development on an American remake of the hit South Korean medical drama Good Doctor with Daniel Dae Kim as producer . Kim explained the appeal of adapting the series as `` something that can fit into a recognizable world , with a breadth of characters that can be explored in the long run '' . The story of a pediatric surgeon with autism was to be set in Boston and projected to air in August 2015 . However , CBS did not pick up the project and it moved to Sony Pictures Television , with a put pilot commitment from ABC in October 2016 . The series is developed by David Shore , who is executive producing alongside Kim , Sebastian Lee , and David Kim . ABC officially ordered the series to pilot in January 2017 . On May 11 , 2017 , ABC ordered the show to series as a co-production with Sony Pictures Television and ABC Studios , and it was officially picked up for a full season of 18 episodes on October 3 , 2017 . Casting ( edit ) On February 17 , 2017 , Antonia Thomas was cast as Dr. Claire Browne , a strong - willed and talented doctor who forms a special connection with Shaun . A week later , Freddie Highmore was cast in the lead role as Dr. Shaun Murphy , a young surgeon with autism ; and Nicholas Gonzalez was cast as Dr. Neil Melendez , the boss of the surgical residents at the hospital . The next month , Chuku Modu was cast as resident Dr. Jared Unger ; Hill Harper as head of surgery Dr. Horace Andrews ; Irene Keng as resident Dr. Elle McLean ; and Richard Schiff was cast as Dr. Ira Glassman , President of the San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital and mentor to Shaun . He was shortly followed by Beau Garrett as hospital board member Jessica Preston and a friend of Dr. Glassman . With the series order in May , Modu 's character was revealed to have changed to Dr. Jared Kalu ; Harper 's character changed to Dr. Marcus Andrews ; and Schiff 's character changed to Dr. Aaron Glassman . In September 2017 , Tamlyn Tomita was promoted to the principal cast as Allegra Aoki . Filming ( edit ) The Surrey , British Columbia city hall serves as the fictional San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital in exterior shots . Production on the pilot took place from March 21 to April 6 , 2017 in Vancouver , British Columbia . Filming for the rest of the season began on July 26 , 2017 , and is set to conclude on March 1 , 2018 . Although The Good Doctor is set in San Jose , California , the real San Jose is rarely seen . In one of those scenes , a helicopter supposedly bound for San Francisco was clearly headed in the wrong direction . Music ( edit ) Dan Romer serves as the primary composer for the series . Release ( edit ) Broadcast ( edit ) The Good Doctor began airing on September 25 , 2017 , on ABC in the United States , and on CTV in Canada . Sky Living acquired the broadcast rights for the United Kingdom and Ireland . Seven Network airs the series in Australia. . Wowow , the largest Japanese private satellite and pay - per - view television network in Japan acquired the rights to broadcast the series beginning in April 2018 . Marketing ( edit ) A full length trailer was released for ABC 's May 2017 Upfront presentation , which / Film 's Ethan Anderton described the concept as feeling like `` House meets Rain Man , that just might be enough to make it interesting '' . However , he questioned `` how long can audiences be entranced by both the brilliance of ( Highmore 's ) character 's savant skills and the difficulties that come from his autism in the workplace . '' Daniel Fienberg of The Hollywood Reporter felt the trailer was `` both kinda progressive and really dated '' . He added , `` Too much felt on - the - nose -- especially Hill Harper as the main character 's detractor and Richard Schiff as his noble defender '' , while also commentating that `` On - the - nose / premise is how you have to trailer a show like this , and maybe spaced out over 43 minutes it wo n't grate . '' Ben Travers and Steve Greene for IndieWire called it `` a serious trailer for a serious subject . The first glimpse of Highmore 's character hints that they 're toeing the line between presenting a thoughtful depiction of his condition and using his perceptive abilities as a kind of secret weapon . '' The trailer had been viewed over 25.4 million times after a week of its release , including over 22 million views on Facebook . The pilot was screened at ABC 's PaleyFest event on September 9 , 2017 . Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Burnt Food '' September 25 , 2017 2.2 / 9 11.22 2.2 7.86 4.4 19.21 `` Mount Rushmore '' October 2 , 2017 2.2 / 9 10.93 2.1 7.21 4.3 18.12 `` Oliver '' October 9 , 2017 2.0 / 7 10.69 2.2 7.53 4.2 18.22 `` Pipes '' October 16 , 2017 2.0 / 8 10.60 2.1 7.34 4.1 17.96 5 `` Point Three Percent '' October 23 , 2017 1.8 / 7 10.39 2.0 7.10 3.8 17.50 6 `` Not Fake '' October 30 , 2017 1.9 / 7 10.60 2.0 6.93 3.9 17.51 7 `` 22 Steps '' November 13 , 2017 1.9 / 7 10.14 1.9 6.92 3.8 17.14 8 `` Apple '' November 20 , 2017 1.8 / 7 9.97 1.8 6.98 3.6 16.99 9 `` Intangibles '' November 27 , 2017 1.7 / 7 9.25 1.8 6.66 3.5 15.91 10 `` Sacrifice '' December 4 , 2017 1.7 / 7 9.03 TBD TBD TBD TBD The series premiere earned a 2.2 / 9 rating in the 18 - to 49 - year - old demographic , with 11.22 million total viewers , making it the most watched Monday drama debut on ABC in 21 years , since Dangerous Minds in September 1996 , and the highest rated Monday drama in the 18 -- 49 demographic in 8.5 years , since Castle in March 2009 . Factoring live plus seven - day ratings , the pilot was watched by a total of 19.2 million viewers and set a record for DVR viewers with 7.9 million , surpassing the record of 7.67 million set by the pilot of Designated Survivor in 2016 . According to TV Guide 's November 13 - 26 issue , the October 9 episode attracted 18.2 million viewers , beating out both NCIS and The Big Bang Theory for the most viewed primetime show that week . Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports a 55 % approval rating with an average rating of 5.35 / 10 based on 38 reviews . The website 's consensus reads , `` The Good Doctor 's heavy - handed bedside manner undermines a solid lead performance , but under all the emotionally manipulative gimmickry , there 's still plenty of room to improve . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a score of 53 out of 100 based on 15 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Giving his first impression of the series ' pilot for TVLine , Matt Webb Mitovich stated , `` The Good Doctor boasts great DNA ... ( and ) has the potential to be a refreshingly thought - provoking hospital drama , based on the buttons pushed in the pilot alone . '' He enjoyed the `` warm dynamic '' of Schiff and Highmore , while describing Thomas ' character as `` our emotional ' in ' to Shaun 's distinct , distant world '' . He noted that `` it takes a while to build up momentum '' , but concluded that `` the very final scene packs quite a punch , as Dr. Murphy unwittingly puts a colleague on notice '' . The New York Times television critic , James Poniewozik notes in his Critic 's Notebook column , that for the most part the drama is a `` hospital melodrama with whiz - bang medical science , a dash of intra-staff romance and shameless sentimentality . '' Discussing the main characters of Dr. Aaron Glassman ( Richard Schiff ) and Dr. Shaun Murphy ( Freddie Highmore ) , however , Poniewozik writes that `` Mr. Schiff is convincing in the role and Mr. Highmore is striking in his . '' Speaking of Freddie Highmore 's Golden Globe nomination on Monday , December 11 , 2017 , for his role in The Good Doctor , Laura Bradley , writing for Vanity Fair ( magazine ) says : `` ... Freddie Highmore received the awards recognition that has long and unjustly eluded him ... '' Bradley feels that Highmore 's perfomance has been `` the central key '' to the show 's enormous success and while the show had lukewarm reviews , most critics have praised Highmore 's work . Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2018 Golden Globe Awards Best Actor -- Television Series Drama Freddie Highmore Pending References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.mercurynews.com/2017/11/03/how-san-jose-in-the-good-doctor-compares-to-the-real-thing/ Jump up ^ Koblin , John ( November 19 , 2017 ) . `` How ABC Found a surprise Hit in `` The Good Doctor '' `` . The New York Times . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` Good Doctor Medical Drama Starring Bates Motel 's Freddie Highmore Ordered to Series at ABC '' . TV Line . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2017 . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( February 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' : Freddie Highmore & ' HTGAWM 's Nicholas Gonzalez Cast '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2017 . 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Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago PD , ' 10 more shows double in week 4 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' keeps rolling along in week 5 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2017 . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and 12 more shows double in week 6 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2017 . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' 10 other shows double in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2017 . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago Med ' premiere makes solid gains in week 9 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2017 . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` CW crossovers get another bump in week 10 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Young Sheldon ' & ' Good Doctor ' Debut To Strong Ratings As New TV Season Starts '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2017 . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' premiere got the largest DVR bounce on record '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2017 . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rudolph , Ileane ( November 2017 ) . `` Off the Charts '' . TV Guide . Vol . November 13 - 26 . pp. 24 -- 25 . Jump up ^ `` The Good Doctor : Season 1 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Good Doctor : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` ABC 's The Good Doctor : Our Fall TV First Impression '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2017 . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Poniewozik , James ( 2017 - 11 - 12 ) . `` On ' The Good Doctor , ' the Anti-Antihero Is In '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Laura ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` How The Good Doctor finally won Freddie Highmore a Golden Globe Nom '' . vanityfair.com . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` Golden Globe Nominations : Complete List '' . Variety . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . 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dr. hans selye’s classic the stress of life

Hans Selye

hans selye

János Hugo Bruno `` Hans '' Selye CC ( / ˈsɛljeɪ / ; Hungarian : Selye János ; January 26 , 1907 -- October 16 , 1982 ) , was a pioneering Hungarian - Canadian endocrinologist of Hungarian origin . He conducted much important scientific work on the hypothetical non-specific response of an organism to stressors . Although he did not recognize all of the many aspects of glucocorticoids , Selye was aware of their role in the stress response . Charlotte Gerson considers him the first to demonstrate the existence of biological stress .

Contents 1 Biography 2 Work on stress 3 Former graduate students 4 Publications 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Biography ( edit ) Selye was born in Vienna , Austria - Hungary on 26 January 1907 . He grew up in Komárom , Hungary , and the Selye János University a Hungarian language university in that town bears his name . He became a Doctor of Medicine and Chemistry in Prague in 1929 , went to Johns Hopkins University on a Rockefeller Foundation Scholarship in 1931 and then went to McGill University in Montreal where he started researching the issue of stress in 1936 . In 1945 , he joined the Université de Montréal where he had 40 assistants and worked with 15,000 laboratory animals . Kantha ( 1992 ) , in a survey of an elite group of scientists who have authored over 1,000 research publications , identified Selye as one who had published 1,700 research papers , 15 monographs , and 7 popular books . He died on 16 October 1982 in Montreal , Quebec , Canada . He was a nominee to the Nobel prize for the first time in 1949 . He often visited Hungary , giving lectures as well as interviews in Hungarian television programs . His book `` The Stress of Life '' appeared in Hungarian as `` Az Életünk és a stressz '' in 1964 and becoming a bestseller . Selye was of Austro - Hungarian origin , his father was of Hungarian ethnicity while his mother was Austrian . His father a doctor moved back to Budapest with his Austrian wife . Selye 's mother died in 1956 from bullet hits during the revolution . He conducted a lecture in 1973 at the Hungarian Scientific Academy in Hungarian with no accent though he had lived many years abroad . Work on stress ( edit ) His last inspiration for general adaptation syndrome ( GAS , a theory of stress ) came from an endocrinological experiment in which he injected mice with extracts of various organs . He at first believed he had discovered a new hormone , but was proved wrong when every irritating substance he injected produced the same symptoms ( swelling of the adrenal cortex , atrophy of the thymus , gastric and duodenal ulcers ) . This , paired with his observation that people with different diseases exhibit similar symptoms , led to his description of the effects of `` noxious agents '' as he at first called it . He later coined the term `` stress '' , which has been accepted into the lexicon of most other languages . Selye has acknowledged the influence of Claude Bernard ( who developed the idea of milieu intérieur ) and Walter Cannon 's `` homeostasis '' . Selye conceptualized the physiology of stress as having two components : a set of responses which he called the `` general adaptation syndrome '' , and the development of a pathological state from ongoing , unrelieved stress . Selye discovered and documented that stress differs from other physical responses in that stress is stressful whether one receives good or bad news , whether the impulse is positive or negative . He called negative stress `` distress '' and positive stress `` eustress '' . The system whereby the body copes with stress , the hypothalamic - pituitary - adrenal axis ( HPA axis ) system , was also first described by Selye . He also pointed to an `` alarm state '' , a `` resistance state '' , and an `` exhaustion state '' , largely referring to glandular states . Later he developed the idea of two `` reservoirs '' of stress resistance , or alternatively stress energy . Selye wrote The Stress of Life ( 1956 ) , From Dream to Discovery : On Being a Scientist ( 1964 ) and Stress without Distress ( 1974 ) . He worked as a professor and director of the Institute of Experimental Medicine and Surgery at the Université de Montréal . In 1975 he created the International Institute of Stress , and in 1979 , Dr. Selye and Arthur Antille started the Hans Selye Foundation . Later Selye and eight Nobel laureates founded the Canadian Institute of Stress . In 1968 he was made a Companion of the Order of Canada . In 1976 , he was awarded the Loyola Medal by Concordia University . In recent years it has emerged that Selye worked as a consultant for the tobacco industry from the 1950s until his death , receiving extensive funding for his research , and taking part in pro-smoking campaigns paid for by the tobacco industry . He also helped RJ Reynolds to recruit other scientists , and there is evidence that industry lawyers helped with the wording and content of some of Selye 's later academic papers . The tobacco industry 's funding of Selye 's research was cited as an example of racketeering in the successful anti-racketeering case brought by the US Department of Justice against 7 tobacco companies in 2009 . Former graduate students ( edit ) Roger Guillemin Paola S. Timiras Publications ( edit ) `` A Syndrome Produced by Diverse Nocuous Agents '' - 1936 article by Hans Selye from The journal of neuropsychiatry and clinical neurosciences The Stress of Life . New York : McGraw - Hill , 1956 , ISBN 978 - 0070562127 Selye , H. ( Oct 7 , 1955 ) . `` Stress and disease '' . Science . 122 : 625 -- 631 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 122.3171. 625 . From Dream to Discovery : On being a scientist . New York : McGraw - Hill 1964 , ISBN 978 - 0405066160 Hormones and Resistance . Berlin ; New York : Springer - Verlag , 1971 , ISBN 978 - 3540054115 Stress Without Distress . Philadelphia : J.B. Lippincott Co. , c1974 , ISBN 978 - 0397010264 See also ( edit ) Science and technology in Canada Alvin Toffler References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kroker , Arthur ( 1984 ) . Technology and the Canadian Mind : Innis / McLuhan / Grant . Montreal : New World Perspectives . p. 73 . hdl : 1828 / 7129 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 920393 - 14 - 7 . Jump up ^ Healing the Gerson Way , Defeating Cancer and Other Chronic Diseases , New Edition . Charlotte Gerson with Beata Bishop , Gerson Health Media , 2010 , p. 48 . Jump up ^ `` Hans Selye '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 2008 ed . ) . Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ The Nomination Database for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine , 1901 - 1953 Jump up ^ Selye János 1907 -- 1982 , Hungarian Academic Journal , 2007 Jump up ^ `` Welcome To The Canadian Institute Of Stress '' . Stresscanada.org . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Hans Selye '' . www.concordia.ca . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ Petticrew , M.P. ; Lee , K ( 2011 ) . `` The `` father of stress '' meets `` big tobacco '' : Hans Selye and the tobacco industry '' ( PDF ) . American Journal of Public Health . 101 ( 3 ) : 411 -- 418 . doi : 10.2105 / AJPH. 2009.177634 . PMC 3036703 . PMID 20466961 . External links ( edit ) Mementos and photos Stress , by Hans Selye , National Film Board BIBSYS : 90240163 BNE : XX831815 BNF : cb125733667 ( data ) GND : 118613103 ISNI : 0000 0000 8174 1054 LCCN : n50007283 LNB : 000036036 NDL : 00456079 SELIBR : 199261 SNAC : w6x9327d SUDOC : 03505056X VIAF : 109027342 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Selye&oldid=838763323 '' Categories : 1907 births 1982 deaths Scientists from Vienna Austrian physicians Canadian endocrinologists Austro - Hungarian scientists Companions of the Order of Canada Austrian people of Hungarian descent Canadian people of Austrian descent Canadian people of Hungarian descent Persons of National Historic Significance ( Canada ) Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Pages using infobox scientist with unknown parameters Articles containing Hungarian - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with LNB identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans تۆرکجه Български Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Українська 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 April 2018 , at 04 : 39 ( UTC ) . 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he is regarded as the father of greek drama

Theatre of ancient Greece

theatre of ancient greece

The ancient Greek drama was a theatrical culture that flourished in ancient Greece from c. 700 BC . The city - state of Athens , which became a significant cultural , political , and military power during this period , was its center , where it was institutionalised as part of a festival called the Dionysia , which honoured the god Dionysus . Tragedy ( late 500 BC ) , comedy ( 490 BC ) , and the satyr play were the three dramatic genres to emerge there . Athens exported the festival to its numerous colonies and allies in order to promote a common cultural identity .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Origins 3 New inventions during the Classical Period 4 Hellenistic period 5 Characteristics of the buildings 5.1 Scenic elements 6 Masks 6.1 Masks 6.2 Mask details 6.3 Mask functions 6.4 Other costume details 7 See also 8 Further reading 9 References 9.1 Bibliography 10 External links Etymology ( edit ) The word τραγῳδία ( tragoidia ) , from which the word `` tragedy '' is derived , is a compound of two Greek words : τράγος ( tragos ) or `` goat '' and ᾠδή ( ode ) meaning `` song '' , from ἀείδειν ( aeidein ) , `` to sing '' . This etymology indicates a link with the practices of the ancient Dionysian cults . It is impossible , however , to know with certainty how these fertility rituals became the basis for tragedy and comedy . Origins ( edit ) Main article : Greek tragedy Panoramic view of the ancient theatre at Epidaurus . The classical Greeks valued the power of spoken word , and it was their main method of communication and storytelling . Bahn and Bahn write , `` To Greeks the spoken word was a living thing and infinitely preferable to the dead symbols of a written language . '' Socrates himself believed that once something was written down , it lost its ability for change and growth . For these reasons , among many others , oral storytelling flourished in Greece . Greek tragedy as we know it was created in Athens around the time of 532 BC , when Thespis was the earliest recorded actor . Being a winner of the first theatrical contest held in Athens , he was the exarchon , or leader , of the dithyrambs performed in and around Attica , especially at the rural Dionysia . By Thespis ' time , the dithyramb had evolved far away from its cult roots . Under the influence of heroic epic , Doric choral lyric and the innovations of the poet Arion , it had become a narrative , ballad - like genre . Because of these , Thespis is often called the `` Father of Tragedy '' ; however , his importance is disputed , and Thespis is sometimes listed as late as 16th in the chronological order of Greek tragedians ; the statesman Solon , for example , is credited with creating poems in which characters speak with their own voice , and spoken performances of Homer 's epics by rhapsodes were popular in festivals prior to 534 BC . Thus , Thespis 's true contribution to drama is unclear at best , but his name has been given a longer life , in English , as a common term for performer -- i.e. , a `` thespian . '' The dramatic performances were important to the Athenians -- this is made clear by the creation of a tragedy competition and festival in the City Dionysia . This was organized possibly to foster loyalty among the tribes of Attica ( recently created by Cleisthenes ) . The festival was created roughly around 508 BC . While no drama texts exist from the sixth century BC , we do know the names of three competitors besides Thespis : Choerilus , Pratinas , and Phrynichus . Each is credited with different innovations in the field . More is known about Phrynichus . He won his first competition between 511 BC and 508 BC . He produced tragedies on themes and subjects later exploited in the golden age such as the Danaids , Phoenician Women and Alcestis . He was the first poet we know of to use a historical subject -- his Fall of Miletus , produced in 493 - 2 , chronicled the fate of the town of Miletus after it was conquered by the Persians . Herodotus reports that `` the Athenians made clear their deep grief for the taking of Miletus in many ways , but especially in this : when Phrynichus wrote a play entitled `` The Fall of Miletus '' and produced it , the whole theatre fell to weeping ; they fined Phrynichus a thousand drachmas for bringing to mind a calamity that affected them so personally and forbade the performance of that play forever . '' He is also thought to be the first to use female characters ( though not female performers ) . Until the Hellenistic period , all tragedies were unique pieces written in honour of Dionysus and played only once , so that today we primarily have the pieces that were still remembered well enough to have been repeated when the repetition of old tragedies became fashionable ( the accidents of survival , as well as the subjective tastes of the Hellenistic librarians later in Greek history , also played a role in what survived from this period ) . New inventions during the classical period ( edit ) Theater of Dionysus , Athens , Greece . Brooklyn Museum Archives , Goodyear Archival Collection After the Great Destruction of Athens by the Persian Empire in 480 BCE , the town and acropolis were rebuilt , and theatre became formalized and an even greater part of Athenian culture and civic pride . This century is normally regarded as the Golden Age of Greek drama . The centre - piece of the annual Dionysia , which took place once in winter and once in spring , was a competition between three tragic playwrights at the Theatre of Dionysus . Each submitted three tragedies , plus a satyr play ( a comic , burlesque version of a mythological subject ) . Beginning in a first competition in 486 BC each playwright submitted a comedy . Aristotle claimed that Aeschylus added the second actor ( deuteragonist ) , and that Sophocles introduced the third ( tritagonist ) . Apparently the Greek playwrights never used more than three actors based on what is known about Greek theatre . Tragedy and comedy were viewed as completely separate genres , and no plays ever merged aspects of the two . Satyr plays dealt with the mythological subject matter of the tragedies , but in a purely comedic manner . Hellenistic period ( edit ) Roman , Republican or Early Imperial , Relief of a seated poet ( Menander ) with masks of New Comedy , 1st century B.C. -- early 1st century A.D. , Princeton University Art Museum The power of Athens declined following its defeat in the Peloponnesian War against the Spartans . From that time on , the theatre started performing old tragedies again . Although its theatrical traditions seem to have lost their vitality , Greek theatre continued into the Hellenistic period ( the period following Alexander the Great 's conquests in the fourth century BCE ) . However , the primary Hellenistic theatrical form was not tragedy but ' New Comedy ' , comic episodes about the lives of ordinary citizens . The only extant playwright from the period is Menander . One of New Comedy 's most important contributions was its influence on Roman comedy , an influence that can be seen in the surviving works of Plautus and Terence . Characteristics of the buildings ( edit ) The Ancient Theatre of Delphi . The plays had a chorus from 12 to 15 people , who performed the plays in verse accompanied by music , beginning in the morning and lasting until the evening . The performance space was a simple circular space , the orchestra , where the chorus danced and sang . The orchestra , which had an average diameter of 78 feet , was situated on a flattened terrace at the foot of a hill , the slope of which produced a natural theatron , literally `` seeing place '' . Later , the term `` theatre '' came to be applied to the whole area of theatron , orchestra , and skené . The coryphaeus was the head chorus member who could enter the story as a character able to interact with the characters of a play . A drawing of an ancient theatre . Terms are in Greek language and Latin letters . The theatres were originally built on a very large scale to accommodate the large number of people on stage , as well as the large number of people in the audience , up to fourteen thousand . Mathematics played a large role in the construction of these theatres , as their designers had to be able to create acoustics in them such that the actors ' voices could be heard throughout the theatre , including the very top row of seats . The Greek 's understanding of acoustics compares very favourably with the current state of the art . The first seats in Greek theatres ( other than just sitting on the ground ) were wooden , but around 499 BCE the practice of inlaying stone blocks into the side of the hill to create permanent , stable seating became more common . They were called the `` prohedria '' and reserved for priests and a few most respected citizens . In 465 BCE , the playwrights began using a backdrop or scenic wall , which hung or stood behind the orchestra , which also served as an area where actors could change their costumes . It was known as the skênê ( from which the word `` scene '' derives ) . The death of a character was always heard behind the skênê , for it was considered inappropriate to show a killing in view of the audience . Conversely , there are scholarly arguments that death in Greek tragedy was portrayed off stage primarily because of dramatic considerations , and not prudishness or sensitivity of the audience . In 425 BC a stone scene wall , called a paraskenia , became a common supplement to skênê in the theatres . A paraskenia was a long wall with projecting sides , which may have had doorways for entrances and exits . Just behind the paraskenia was the proskenion . The proskenion ( `` in front of the scene '' ) was beautiful , and was similar to the modern day proscenium . Greek theatres also had tall arched entrances called parodoi or eisodoi , through which actors and chorus members entered and exited the orchestra . By the end of the 5th century BC , around the time of the Peloponnesian War , the skênê , the back wall , was two stories high . The upper story was called the episkenion . Some theatres also had a raised speaking place on the orchestra called the logeion . Scenic elements ( edit ) There were several scenic elements commonly used in Greek theatre : mechane , a crane that gave the impression of a flying actor ( thus , deus ex machina ) . ekkyklêma , a wheeled platform often used to bring dead characters into view for the audience Pinakes , pictures hung to create scenery Thyromata , more complex pictures built into the second - level scene ( 3rd level from ground ) Phallic props were used for satyr plays , symbolizing fertility in honour of Dionysus . Masks ( edit ) Masks ( edit ) Tragic Comic Masks Hadrian 's Villa mosaic . The Ancient Greek term for a mask is prosopon ( lit. , `` face '' ) , and was a significant element in the worship of Dionysus at Athens , likely used in ceremonial rites and celebrations . Most of the evidence comes from only a few vase paintings of the 5th century BC , such as one showing a mask of the god suspended from a tree with decorated robe hanging below it and dancing and the Pronomos vase , which depicts actors preparing for a Satyr play . No physical evidence remains available to us , as the masks were made of organic materials and not considered permanent objects , ultimately being dedicated at the altar of Dionysus after performances . Nevertheless , the mask is known to have been used since the time of Aeschylus and considered to be one of the iconic conventions of classical Greek theatre . Masks were also made for members of the chorus , who play some part in the action and provide a commentary on the events in which they are caught up . Although there are twelve or fifteen members of the tragic chorus , they all wear the same mask because they are considered to be representing one character . Mask details ( edit ) Mask dating from the 4th / 3rd century BC , Stoa of Attalos Illustrations of theatrical masks from 5th century display helmet - like masks , covering the entire face and head , with holes for the eyes and a small aperture for the mouth , as well as an integrated wig . These paintings never show actual masks on the actors in performance ; they are most often shown being handled by the actors before or after a performance , that liminal space between the audience and the stage , between myth and reality . This demonstrates the way in which the mask was to ' melt ' into the face and allow the actor to vanish into the role . Effectively , the mask transformed the actor as much as memorization of the text . Therefore , performance in ancient Greece did not distinguish the masked actor from the theatrical character . The mask - makers were called skeuopoios or `` maker of the properties , '' thus suggesting that their role encompassed multiple duties and tasks . The masks were most likely made out of light weight , organic materials like stiffened linen , leather , wood , or cork , with the wig consisting of human or animal hair . Due to the visual restrictions imposed by these masks , it was imperative that the actors hear in order to orient and balance themselves . Thus , it is believed that the ears were covered by substantial amounts of hair and not the helmet - mask itself . The mouth opening was relatively small , preventing the mouth to be seen during performances . Vervain and Wiles posit that this small size discourages the idea that the mask functioned as a megaphone , as originally presented in the 1960s . Greek mask - maker , Thanos Vovolis , suggests that the mask serves as a resonator for the head , thus enhancing vocal acoustics and altering its quality . This leads to increased energy and presence , allowing for the more complete metamorphosis of the actor into his character . Mask functions ( edit ) In a large open - air theatre , like the Theatre of Dionysus in Athens , the classical masks were able to create a sense of dread in the audience creating large scale panic , especially since they had intensely exaggerated facial features and expressions . They enabled an actor to appear and reappear in several different roles , thus preventing the audience from identifying the actor to one specific character . Their variations help the audience to distinguish sex , age , and social status , in addition to revealing a change in a particular character 's appearance , e.g. Oedipus after blinding himself . Unique masks were also created for specific characters and events in a play , such as The Furies in Aeschylus ' Eumenides and Pentheus and Cadmus in Euripides ' The Bacchae . Worn by the chorus , the masks created a sense of unity and uniformity , while representing a multi-voiced persona or single organism and simultaneously encouraged interdependency and a heightened sensitivity between each individual of the group . Only 2 - 3 actors were allowed on the stage at one time , and masks permitted quick transitions from one character to another . There were only male actors , but masks allowed them to play female characters . Other costume details ( edit ) Comedy and tragedy masks See also : Sock and buskin The actors in these plays that had tragic roles wore boots called cothurni that elevated them above the other actors . The actors with comedic roles only wore a thin soled shoe called a sock . For this reason , dramatic art is sometimes alluded to as `` Sock and Buskin . '' Melpomene is the muse of tragedy and is often depicted holding the tragic mask and wearing cothurni . Thalia is the muse of comedy and is similarly associated with the mask of comedy and the comedic `` socks '' . See also ( edit ) List of ancient Greek playwrights List of ancient Greek theatres History of theatre Representation of women in Athenian tragedy Agôn Ancient Greek comedy Archon Aulos Buskin Chorêgos Chorus Chorus of the elderly in classical Greek drama Comedy Coryphaeus Deus ex machina Deuteragonist Didascaliae Didaskalos Dionysia festivals Dithyramb Eisodos Ekkyklêma Episode Epode Kommós Mêchanê Melpomene Monody Ode Onomastì komodèin Orchêstra Parabasis Párodos Phlyax play Protagonist Rhapsode Satyr play Skênê Sparagmos Stásimon Stichomythia Strophê Thalia ( Muse ) Theatre of ancient Rome Theatre of Dionysus Theoric fund Thespis Tragedy Tritagonist List of films based on Greek drama Further reading ( edit ) Buckham , Philip Wentworth , Theatre of the Greeks , London 1827 . Davidson , J.A. , Literature and Literacy in Ancient Greece , Part 1 , Phoenix , 16 , 1962 , pp. 141 -- 56 . Davidson , J.A. , Peisistratus and Homer , TAPA , 86 , 1955 , pp. 1 -- 21 . Easterling , P.E. ( editor ) ( 1997 ) . The Cambridge Companion to Greek Tragedy . Cambridge , U.K. : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 41245 - 5 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Easterling , Patricia Elizabeth ; Hall , Edith ( eds . ) , Greek and Roman Actors : Aspects of an Ancient Profession , Cambridge University Press , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 65140 - 9 Else , Gerald F . Aristotle 's Poetics : The Argument , Cambridge , MA 1967 . The Origins and Early Forms of Greek Tragedy , Cambridge , MA 1965 . The Origins of ΤΡΑΓΩΙΔΙΑ , Hermes 85 , 1957 , pp. 17 -- 46 . Flickinger , Roy Caston , The Greek theater and its drama , Chicago , University of Chicago Press , 1918 Freund , Philip , The Birth of Theatre , London : Peter Owen , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 7206 - 1170 - 9 Haigh , A.E. , The Attic Theatre , 1907 . Harsh , Philip Whaley , A handbook of Classical Drama , Stanford University , California , Stanford University Press ; London , H. Milford , Oxford University Press , 1944 . Lesky , A. Greek Tragedy , trans . H.A. , Frankfurt , London and New York 1965 . Ley , Graham . A Short Introduction to the Ancient Greek Theatre . University of Chicago , Chicago : 2006 Ley , Graham . Acting Greek Tragedy . University of Exeter Press , Exeter : 2015 Loscalzo , Donato , Il pubblico a teatro nella Grecia antica , Roma 2008 McDonald , Marianne , Walton , J. Michael ( editors ) , The Cambridge companion to Greek and Roman theatre , Cambridge ; New York : Cambridge University Press , 2007 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 83456 - 2 Moulton , Richard Green , The ancient classical drama ; a study in literary evolution intended for readers in English and in the original , Oxford , The Clarendon Press , 1890 . Padilla , Mark William ( editor ) , `` Rites of Passage in Ancient Greece : Literature , Religion , Society '' , Bucknell University Press , 1999 . ISBN 0 - 8387 - 5418 - X Pickard - Cambridge , Sir Arthur Wallace Dithyramb , Tragedy , and Comedy , Oxford 1927 . The Theatre of Dionysus in Athens , Oxford 1946 . The Dramatic Festivals of Athens , Oxford 1953 . Rabinowitz , Nancy Sorkin ( 2008 ) . Greek Tragedy . Malden , MA : Blackwell Publishers . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 2160 - 6 . Riu , Xavier , Dionysism and Comedy , 1999 . review Ross , Stewart . Greek Theatre . Wayland Press , Hove : 1996 Rozik , Eli , The roots of theatre : rethinking ritual and other theories of origin , Iowa City : University of Iowa Press , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 87745 - 817 - 0 Schlegel , August Wilhelm , Lectures on Dramatic Art and Literature , Geneva 1809 . Sommerstein , Alan H. , Greek Drama and Dramatists , Routledge , 2002 . Sourvinou - Inwood , Christiane , Tragedy and Athenian Religion , Oxford : University Press 2003 . Tsitsiridis , Stavros , `` Greek Mime in the Roman Empire ( P. Oxy. 413 : Charition and Moicheutria '' , Logeion 1 ( 2011 ) 184 - 232 . Wiles , David . Greek Theatre Performance : An Introduction . Cambridge University Press , Cambridge : 2000 Wiles , David . The Masks of Menander : Sign and Meaning in Greek and Roman Performance , Cambridge , 1991 . Wiles , David . Mask and Performance in Greek Tragedy : from ancient festival to modern experimentation , Cambridge , 1997 . Wise , Jennifer , Dionysus Writes : The Invention of Theatre in Ancient Greece , Ithaca 1998 . review Zimmerman , B. , Greek Tragedy : An Introduction , trans . T. Marier , Baltimore 1991 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Merriam - Webster definition of tragedy Jump up ^ Ridgeway ( 1910 ) , p. 83 Jump up ^ Bahn , Eugene & Margaret L. Bahn ( 1970 ) . A History of Oral Interpretation . Minneapolis , MN : Burgess Publishing Company . p. 3 . Jump up ^ Aristotle , Poetics Jump up ^ Brockett ( 1999 ) , pp. 16 -- 17 Jump up ^ Herodotus , Histories , 6 / 21 Jump up ^ Brockett ( 1999 ) , p. 17 Jump up ^ Kuritz ( 1988 ) , p. 21 Jump up ^ Kuritz ( 1988 ) , p. 24 Jump up ^ Jansen ( 2000 ) Jump up ^ Pathmanathan ( 1965 ) Jump up ^ Liddell & Scott via Perseus @ UChicago Jump up ^ Tufts.edu ^ Jump up to : Vervain & Wiles ( 2004 ) , p. 255 Jump up ^ Varakis ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Vervain & Wiles ( 2004 ) , p. 256 Jump up ^ Brooke ( 1962 ) , p. 76 ^ Jump up to : Vovolis & Zamboulakis ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Brockett & Ball ( 2000 ) , p. 70 Bibliography ( edit ) Brockett , Oscar G. ( 1999 ) . History of the Theatre ( 8th ed . ) . Allyn and Bacon . ISBN 9780205290260 . Brockett , Oscar G. ; Ball , Robert ( 2000 ) . The Essential Theatre ( 7th ed . ) . Orlando , FL : Harcourt Brace . Brooke , Iris ( 1962 ) . Costume in Greek Classical Drama . London : Methuen . Jansen , Jan ( 2000 ) . Lebensqualität im Theater des demokratischen Athen : Kult , Politik und Alte Komödie ( Quality of life in the theatre of Democratic Athens : cults , politics and ancient comedy ) ( PDF ) ( in German ) . Munich , Germany : GRIN . ISBN 9783638291873 . Kuritz , Paul ( 1988 ) . The Making of Theatre History . Englewood Cliffs , NJ : Prentice Hall . ISBN 9780135478615 . Pathmanathan , R. Sri ( 1965 ) . `` Death in Greek tragedy '' . Greece and Rome . 12 ( 1 ) : 2 -- 14 . JSTOR 642398 . Ridgeway , William ( 1910 ) . Origin of Tragedy with Special Reference to the Greek Tragedians . Varakis , Angie ( 2004 ) . `` Research on the Ancient Mask '' . Didaskalia. 6 ( 1 ) . Vervain , Chris ; Wiles , David ( 2004 ) . The Masks of Greek Tragedy as Point of Departure for Modern Performance . New Theatre Quarterly . 67 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . Vovolis , Thanos ; Zamboulakis , Giorgos ( 2007 ) . `` The acoustical mask of Greek tragedy '' . Didaskalia. 7 ( 1 ) . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original works on the topic : Theatre of ancient Greece Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ancient Greek theatre . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Greek and Roman theatre masks . Ancient Greek theatre history and articles Drama lesson 1 : The ancient Greek theatre Ancient Greek Theatre The Ancient Theatre Archive , Greek and Roman theatre architecture -- Dr. Thomas G. Hines , Department of Theatre , Whitman College Greek and Roman theatre glossary Illustrated Greek Theater -- Dr. Janice Siegel , Department of Classics , Hampden -- Sydney College , Virginia Searchable database of monologues for actors from Ancient Greek Theatre Logeion : A Journal of Ancient Theatre with free access which publishes original scholarly articles including its reception in modern theatre , literature , cinema and the other art forms and media , as well as its relation to the theatre of other periods and geographical regions . 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the resourced based view of the firm (rbv school) is

The Resource - Based View ( RBV ) is an economic tool used to determine the strategic resources available to a firm . These resources can be exploited by the firm in order to achieve sustainable competitive advantage . Barney ( 1991 ) formalised this theory , although it was Wernerfelt ( 1984 ) who introduced the idea of resource position barriers being roughly analogous to entry barriers in the positioning school ( see Porter , 1980 ) . RBV proposed that firms are heterogenous because they possess heterogenous resources .

an economic tool used to determine the strategic resources available to a firm

Resource - Based View

resource - based view

The Resource - Based View ( RBV ) is an economic tool used to determine the strategic resources available to a firm . These resources can be exploited by the firm in order to achieve sustainable competitive advantage . Barney ( 1991 ) formalised this theory , although it was Wernerfelt ( 1984 ) who introduced the idea of resource position barriers being roughly analogous to entry barriers in the positioning school ( see Porter , 1980 ) . RBV proposed that firms are heterogenous because they possess heterogenous resources .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Concept 2 Definitions 2.1 What constitutes a `` resource '' ? 2.2 What constitutes `` competitive advantage '' ? 3 Criticisms 4 Further reading 5 See also 6 References Concept ( edit ) The key points of the theory are : 1 ) Identify the firm 's potential key resources 2 ) Evaluate whether these resources fulfill the following ( VRIN ) criteria : Valuable - they enable a firm to implement strategies that improve its efficiency and effectiveness Rare - not available to other competitors Imperfectly imitable - not easily implemented by others Non-substitutable - not able to be replaced by some other non-rare resource 3 ) Care for and protect resources that pass these evaluations Definitions ( edit ) What constitutes a `` resource '' ? ( edit ) Barney ( 1991 , p101 ) - `` firm resources include all assets , capabilities , organizational processes , firm attributes , information , knowledge , etc. controlled by a firm that enable the firm to conceive of and implement strategies that improve its efficiency and effectiveness '' Kay ( 1999 ) -- `` Resources are inputs into a firm 's production process , such as capital , equipment , the skills of individual employees , patents , finance , and talented managers . Resources are either tangible or intangible in nature . '' What constitutes `` competitive advantage '' ? ( edit ) Barney ( 1991 , p102 ) - A firm achieves competitive advantage when it is able to implement a `` value creating strategy not simultaneously being implemented by any current or potential competitors '' Criticisms ( edit ) Priem and Butler ( 2001 ) made four key criticisms : The RBV is tautological Different resource configurations can generate the same value for firms and thus would not be competitive advantage The role of product markets is underdeveloped in the argument The theory has limited prescriptive implications However , Barney ( 2001 ) proposed counter-arguments to these . Further criticisms are : It is perhaps difficult ( if not impossible ) to find a resource which satisfies all of the Barney 's VRIN criterion . There is the assumption that a firm can be profitable in a highly competitive market as long as it can exploit advantageous resources , but this may not necessarily be the case . It ignores external factors concerning the industry as a whole ; Porter 's Industry Structure Analysis ought also be considered . Further reading ( edit ) Peteraf , M.A. ( 1993 ) , `` The cornerstones of competitive advantage : a resource - based view '' . Strategic Management Journal , Vol. 14 , No. 3 , pp. 179 - 191 Porter , M.E. ( 1980 ) , `` Competitive Strategy : Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors '' , New York , NY : Free Press Rumelt , R.P. ( 1991 ) , `` How much does industry matter ? '' . Strategic Management Journal , Vol. 12 , No. 3 , pp. 167 - 185 Teece , D. , Pisano , G. and Shuen , A. ( 1997 ) , `` Dynamic Capabilities and Strategic Management '' . Strategic Management Journal , Vol. 18 , No. 7 , pp. 509 - 533 Wernerfelt , B. ( 1984 ) , `` A resource - based view of the firm '' . Strategic Management Journal , Vol. 5 , pp. 171 - 180 See also ( edit ) Porter 's Five Forces Core competences References ( edit ) Barney , Jay B. ( 1991 ) , `` Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage '' . Journal of Management , Vol. 17 , No. 1 , pp. 99 - 120 Barney , Jay B. ( 2001 ) , `` Is the resource - based `` view '' a useful perspective for strategic management research ? Yes `` . Academy of Management Review , Vol. 26 , No. 1 , pp. 41 - 55 Priem , R.L. ( 2001 ) Is the Resource - Based ' View ' a Useful Perspective for Strategic Management Research ? Academy of Management Review , 26 , 22 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Resource-based_view&oldid=799437966 '' Categories : Management Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Polski Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 7 September 2017 , at 18 : 51 . About Wikipedia

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best kind of fish for fish and chips

Fish and chips

fish and chips

Fish and chips Fish and chips in a polystyrene take - away container Alternative names Fish supper / Fish ' n ' Chips Course Main dish Place of origin England Serving temperature Hot Main ingredients Battered and fried fish with deep - fried chips Cookbook : Fish and chips Media : Fish and chips British cuisine National cuisines English Scottish Welsh Cornish Northern Irish Overseas / Fusion cuisine Anglo - Indian Anguillian Balti curries Bermudian British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Falkland Islands Gibraltarian Irish Saint Helena Hong Kong Pitcairn Islands Montserrat Turks and Caicos Islands British cuisine portal United Kingdom portal Fish and chips is a hot dish of English origin consisting of fried battered fish and hot potato chips . It is a common take - away food and an early example of culinary fusion . Fish and chips first appeared in the 1860s ; by 1910 there were more than 25,000 fish and chip shops across the UK , and by the 1930s there were over 35,000 . Fish and chips are now a staple takeaway meal in numerous countries , particularly in English - speaking commonwealth countries including Australia , New Zealand and Canada . Contents 1 History 1.1 United Kingdom 1.1. 1 Fish & Chips Awards 1.2 Ireland 1.3 New Zealand 1.4 United States 2 Composition 2.1 Cooking 2.2 Thickness 2.3 Batter 2.4 Choice of fish 2.5 Accompaniments 2.6 Nutrition information 3 Vendors 4 Cultural impact 5 Environment 6 See also 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 External links History ( edit ) Main article : English cuisine The tradition in England of fish battered and fried in oil may have come from Jewish immigrants from Spain and Portugal . Originally , Western Sephardic Jews settling in England as early as the 16th century would have prepared fried fish in a manner similar to pescado frito , which is coated in flour then fried in oil . Charles Dickens mentions `` fried fish warehouses '' in Oliver Twist ( 1838 ) , and in 1845 Alexis Soyer in his first edition of A Shilling cookery for the People , gives a recipe for `` Fried fish , Jewish fashion '' , which is dipped in a batter of flour and water . Fish and chips , served in a paper wrapper ( greaseproof paper inner and ordinary paper outer ) , as a `` takeaway '' The exact location of the first fish and chip shop is unclear . The earliest known shops were opened in the 1860s , in London by Joseph Malin and in Mossley , near Oldham , Lancashire , by John Lees . However , fried fish , as well as chips , had existed independently for at least fifty years , so the possibility that they had been combined at an earlier time can not be ruled out . Fish and chips became a stock meal among the working classes in England as a consequence of the rapid development of trawl fishing in the North Sea , and the development of railways which connected the ports to major industrial cities during the second half of the 19th century , so that fresh fish could be rapidly transported to the heavily populated areas . Deep - fried chips ( slices or pieces of potato ) as a dish may have first appeared in England in about the same period : the Oxford English Dictionary notes as its earliest usage of `` chips '' in this sense the mention in Charles Dickens ' A Tale of Two Cities ( 1859 ) : `` Husky chips of potatoes , fried with some reluctant drops of oil '' . The modern fish - and - chip shop ( `` chippy '' or `` chipper '' in modern British slang ) originated in the United Kingdom , although outlets selling fried food occurred commonly throughout Europe . Early fish - and - chip shops had only very basic facilities . Usually these consisted principally of a large cauldron of cooking fat , heated by a coal fire . The fish - and - chip shop later evolved into a fairly standard format , with the food served , in paper wrappings , to queuing customers , over a counter in front of the fryers . By 1910 , there were more than 25,000 fish and chip shops across the country , and in the 1920s there were more than 35,000 shops . As a boy Alfred Hitchcock lived above a fish and chip shop in London , which was the family business . According to Professor John Walton , author of Fish and Chips and the British Working Class , the British government made safeguarding supplies of fish and chips during World War I a priority : `` The cabinet knew it was vital to keep families on the home front in good heart , unlike the German regime that failed to keep its people well fed '' . Harry Ramsden 's fish and chip shop in Bournemouth , England . The restaurant chain has 45 franchised outlets throughout the UK and Ireland In 1928 , Harry Ramsden opened his first fish and chip shop in Guiseley , West Yorkshire . On a single day in 1952 , the shop served 10,000 portions of fish and chips , earning a place in the Guinness Book of Records . In George Orwell 's The Road to Wigan Pier ( 1937 ) , which documents his experience of working class life in the north of England , the author considered fish and chips chief among the ' home comforts ' which acted as a panacea to the working classes . During World War II , fish and chips remained one of the few foods in the United Kingdom not subject to rationing . Prime Minister Winston Churchill referred to the combination of fish and chips as `` the good companions '' . John Lennon enjoyed his fish and chips -- a staple of the working class -- smothered in ketchup . British fish and chips were originally served in a wrapping of old newspapers but this practice has now largely ceased , with plain paper , cardboard , or plastic being used instead . In the United Kingdom , the Fish Labelling Regulations 2003 and in Ireland the European Communities ( Labelling of Fishery and Aquaculture Products ) Regulations 2003 respectively enact directive 2065 / 2001 / EC , and generally mean that `` fish '' must be sold with the particular commercial name or species named ; so , for example , `` cod and chips '' now appears on menus rather than the more vague `` fish and chips '' . In the United Kingdom the Food Standards Agency guidance excludes caterers from this ; but several local Trading Standards authorities and others do say it can not be sold merely as `` fish and chips '' . United Kingdom ( edit ) A blue plaque in Oldham ( Greater Manchester ) in England marking the 1860s origins of the fish and chip shop and the fast food industry A prominent meal in British culture , the dish became popular in wider circles in London and South East England in the middle of the 19th century : Charles Dickens mentions a `` fried fish warehouse '' in Oliver Twist , first published in 1838 , while in the north of England a trade in deep - fried chipped potatoes developed . The first chip shop stood on the present site of Oldham 's Tommyfield Market . It remains unclear exactly when and where these two trades combined to become the fish - and - chip shop industry we know . A Jewish immigrant , Joseph Malin , opened the first recorded combined fish - and - chip shop in London in 1860 or in 1865 ; a Mr Lees pioneered the concept in the North of England , in Mossley , in 1863 . The concept of a fish restaurant , as opposed to take - away , was introduced by Samuel Isaacs ( born 1856 in Whitechapel , London ; died 1939 in Brighton , Sussex ) who ran a thriving wholesale and retail fish business throughout London and the South of England in the latter part of the 19th century . Isaacs ' first restaurant opened in London in 1896 serving fish and chips , bread and butter , and tea for nine pence , and its popularity ensured a rapid expansion of the chain . Fish and chips traditionally wrapped in white paper and newspaper Fish and chips in a box . The restaurants were carpeted , had table service , tablecloths , flowers , china and cutlery , and made the trappings of upmarket dining affordable to the working classes for the first time . They were located in Tottenham Court Road , St Pancras , The Strand , Hoxton , Shoreditch , Brixton and other London districts , as well as Clacton , Brighton , Ramsgate , Margate and other seaside resorts in southern England . Menus were expanded in the early 20th century to include meat dishes and other variations as their popularity grew to a total of thirty restaurants . Sam Isaacs ' trademark was the phrase `` This is the Plaice '' , combined with a picture of the punned - upon fish in question . A glimpse of the old Brighton restaurant at No. 1 Marine Parade can be seen in the background of Norman Wisdom 's 1955 film One Good Turn just as Wisdom / Pitkin runs onto the seafront ; this is now the site of a Harry Ramsden 's fish and chips restaurant . A blue plaque at Oldham 's Tommyfield Market marks the first chips fried in England in 1860 , and the origin of the fish and chip shop and fast food industries . Dundee City Council claims that chips were first sold by a Belgian immigrant , Edward De Gernier , in the city 's Greenmarket in the 1870s . In Edinburgh , a combination of Gold Star brown sauce and water or malt vinegar , known as `` sauce '' , or more specifically as `` chippy sauce '' , has great popularity . Fish & chips Awards ( edit ) The annual National Fish & Chips Awards were set up in the UK in 1988 . The 30th Annual Fish & Chips Awards ceremony was attended by Norwegian ambassador to the UK Mona Juul . Ireland ( edit ) Main article : Irish cuisine In Ireland , the first fish and chips were sold by an Italian immigrant , Giuseppe Cervi , who mistakenly stepped off an North American - bound ship at Queenstown ( now Cobh ) in County Cork in the 1880s and walked all the way to Dublin . He started by selling fish and chips outside Dublin pubs from a handcart . He then found a permanent spot in Great Brunswick Street ( now Pearse Street ) . His wife Palma would ask customers `` Uno di questa , uno di quella ? '' This phrase ( meaning `` one of this , one of that '' ) entered the vernacular in Dublin as `` one and one '' , which is still a way of referring to fish and chips in the city . New Zealand ( edit ) Main article : New Zealand cuisine Fish and chips are the most popular takeaway food in New Zealand . Food historians have been unable to pinpoint exactly when the meal became an established part of New Zealand cuisine but all recognise that the first fish and chips shops were introduced by British settlers before World War I. During the 20th century , nearly every small town and suburb in New Zealand had at least one fish - and - chip shop . As in Britain , Friday night has been the traditional night to eat fish . Traditionally , fish and chips were served in wrappings of newspaper . With the decline of the newspaper industry , this has become less common . In 1980 , four up - and - coming Labour Party politicians , including David Lange , were nicknamed the `` Fish and Chip Brigade '' due to a picture published at the time with the group eating fish and chips . United States ( edit ) Main article : Cuisine of the United States In the United States , the dish is most commonly sold as `` fish and chips '' , except in Upstate New York and Wisconsin and other parts of the Northeast and Upper Midwest , where this dish would be called a fish fry . Despite the name `` fish and chips '' , and the US meaning of `` chips '' , the dish is served with French fries ( much thinner than British and Irish chips ) . In the Southern United States , a common form of cuisine is fried catfish with French fries , accompanied by coleslaw , pickles , raw onion slices and lemon slices . Composition ( edit ) Cooking ( edit ) Frying range Traditional frying uses beef dripping or lard ; however , vegetable oils , such as peanut oil ( used because of its relatively high smoke point ) now predominate . A minority of vendors in the North of England and Scotland , and the majority of vendors in Northern Ireland , still use dripping or lard , as it imparts a different flavour to the dish , but this makes the fried chips unsuitable for vegetarians and for adherents of certain faiths . Lard is used in some living industrial history museums , such as the Black Country Living Museum . Thickness ( edit ) Fish and chips at a Hesburger fast food restaurant in Finland , advertised as particularly English British and Irish chips are usually thicker than American - style French fries sold by major multinational fast food chains , resulting in a lower fat content per portion . In their homes or in some restaurants , people in or from the United States may eat a thick type of chip , more similar to the British and Irish variant , sometimes referred to as steak fries . Batter ( edit ) In Britain and Ireland , fish and chip shops traditionally use a simple water and flour batter , adding a little sodium bicarbonate ( baking soda ) and a little vinegar to create lightness , as they react to create bubbles in the batter . Other recipes may use beer or milk batter , where these liquids are often substitutes for water . The carbon dioxide in the beer lends a lighter texture to the batter . Beer also results in an orange - brown colour . A simple beer batter might consist of a 2 : 3 ratio of flour to beer by volume . The type of beer alters the taste of the batter ; some prefer lager whereas others use stout or bitter . Choice of fish ( edit ) Cod and chips , served with a lemon wedge and tartar sauce In Britain and Ireland , cod and haddock appear most commonly as the fish used for fish and chips , but vendors also sell many other kinds of fish , especially other white fish , such as pollock or coley , plaice , skate , and ray ( particularly popular in Ireland ) ; and huss or rock salmon ( a term covering several species of dogfish and similar fish ) . In Northern Ireland , cod , plaice or whiting appear most commonly in ' fish suppers ' -- ' supper ' being Scottish and Northern Irish chip - shop terminology for a food item accompanied by chips . Suppliers in Devon and Cornwall often offer pollock and coley as cheap alternatives to haddock . In Australia , reef cod and rock cod ( a different variety from that used in the United Kingdom ) , barramundi or flathead ( more expensive options ) , flake ( a type of shark meat ) or snapper ( cheaper options ) , are commonly used . From the early 21st century , farmed basa imported from Vietnam and hoki have become common in Australian fish and chip shops . Other types of fish are also used based on regional availability . In New Zealand , snapper or gurnard was originally the preferred species for battered fillets in the North Island . As catches of this fish declined , it was replaced by hoki , shark ( particularly rig ) -- marketed as lemon fish -- and tarakihi . Bluefin gurnard and blue cod predominate in South Island fish and chips . In the United States , the type of fish used depends on availability in a given region . Some common types are cod , halibut , flounder , tilapia or , in New England , Atlantic cod or haddock . Salmon is growing common on the West Coast , while freshwater catfish is most frequently used in the Southeast . In India , the dish is usually based on pomfret fish , and uses chilli paste , and more pepper than would be used in Britain . Accompaniments ( edit ) Fish and chips served with coleslaw and tartar sauce in an iron bowl In chip shops in most parts of Britain and Ireland , salt and vinegar are traditionally sprinkled over fish and chips at the time it is served . Suppliers use malt vinegar , onion vinegar ( used for pickling onions ) , or the cheaper non-brewed condiment . In a few places , notably Edinburgh , ' sauce ' ( as in ' salt and sauce ' ) is more traditional than vinegar - with ' sauce ' meaning a brown sauce . In England , a portion of mushy peas is a popular side dish , as are a range of pickles that typically include gherkins , onions and eggs . In table - service restaurants and pubs , the dish is usually served with a slice of lemon for squeezing over the fish and without any sauces or condiments , with salt , vinegar and sauces available at the customer 's leisure . In Ireland , Wales and England , most takeaways serve warm side portions of sauces such as curry sauce , gravy or mushy peas . The sauces are usually poured over the chips . In some areas , this dish without fish is referred to as ' wet chips ' . In the Midlands especially , chips with mushy peas or baked beans is known as a `` pea mix '' or a `` bean mix '' . Other fried products include ' scraps ' ( also known as ' bits ' in Southern England and `` scrumps '' in South Wales ) , originally a by - product of fish frying . Still popular in Northern England , they were given as treats to the children of customers . Portions prepared and sold today consist of loose blobs of batter , deep fried to a crunchy golden crisp in the cooking - fat . The potato scallop or potato cake consists of slices of potato dipped in fish batter and deep fried until golden brown . These are often accompanied for dipping by the warm sauces listed above . There are distinct regional variations in how accompaniments are added to the meal where it is as a take away - related partly to whether the food is entirely wrapped in paper . In some all shops would expect the customer to add these . In others the expectation is that the server does so . Nutrition information ( edit ) An average serving of fish and chips consisting of 6 ounces ( 170 grams ) of fried fish with 10 ounces ( 280 grams ) of fried chips has approximately 1,000 calories and contains approximately 52 grams of fat . The use of tartar sauce as a condiment adds more calories and fat to the dish . Vendors ( edit ) Main article : Fish and chip shop Fish and chip stalls A mobile fish and chip vendor In the United Kingdom , Ireland , Australia , Canada , New Zealand and South Africa , fish and chips are usually sold by independent restaurants and take - aways known as fish and chip shops . Outlets range from small affairs to chain restaurants . Locally owned seafood restaurants are also popular in many places , as are mobile `` chip vans '' . In Canada , the outlets may be referred to as `` chip wagons '' . In the United Kingdom some shops have amusing names , such as `` A Salt and Battery '' , `` The Codfather '' , `` The Frying Scotsman '' , `` Oh My Cod '' and `` Frying Nemo '' In New Zealand and Australia , fish - and - chip vendors are a popular business and source of income among the Asian community , particularly Chinese migrants . In Indonesia , fish and chips are commonly found in big cities like Jakarta in western and seafood restaurants , as well as chain restaurants like The Manhattan Fish Market , Fish & Chips etc . In Ireland , the majority of traditional vendors are migrants or the descendants of migrants from southern Italy . A trade organisation exists to represent this tradition . Sign in Lanzarote , Spain Fish and chips is a popular lunch meal eaten by families travelling to seaside resorts for day trips who do not bring their own picnic meals . Fish - and - chip outlets sell roughly 25 % of all the white fish consumed in the United Kingdom , and 10 % of all potatoes . The numerous competitions and awards for `` best fish - and - chip shop '' testify to the recognised status of this type of outlet in popular culture . Fish - and - chip shops traditionally wrapped their product in newspaper , or with an inner layer of white paper ( for hygiene ) and an outer layer of newspaper or blank newsprint ( for insulation and to absorb grease ) , though the use of newspaper for wrapping has almost ceased on grounds of hygiene . Nowadays , establishments usually use food - quality wrapping paper , occasionally printed on the outside to imitate newspaper . The British National Federation of Fish Friers was founded in 1913 . It promotes fish and chips and offers training courses . A previous world record for the `` largest serving of fish and chips '' was held by Gadaleto 's Seafood Market in New Paltz , New York . This 2004 record was broken by Yorkshire pub Wensleydale Heifer in July 2011 . An attempt to break this record was made by Doncaster fish and chip shop Scawsby Fisheries in August 2012 , which served 33 pounds ( 15 kg ) of battered cod alongside 64 pounds ( 29 kg ) of chips . Cultural impact ( edit ) A neon sign for Fish and Chips The long - standing Roman Catholic tradition of not eating meat on Fridays , especially during Lent , and of substituting fish for meat on that day continues to influence habits even in predominantly Protestant , Anglican , semi-secular and secular societies . Friday night remains a traditional occasion for eating fish - and - chips ; and many cafeterias and similar establishments , while varying their menus on other days of the week , habitually offer fish and chips every Friday . In Australia and New Zealand , the words `` fish and chips '' are often used as a shibboleth to highlight the difference in each country 's short - i vowel sound / ɪ / . Australian English has a higher forward sound ( i ) , close to the ee in see ( but shorter ) , while New Zealand English has a lower backward sound ( ɘ ) akin to the a in Rosa 's ( but not in Rosa , which is typically lower ( ɐ ) ) . Thus , New Zealanders hear Australians say `` feesh and cheeps , '' while Australians hear New Zealanders say `` fush and chups . '' Environment ( edit ) In the UK , waste oil from fish and chip shops has become a useful source of biodiesel . The German biodiesel company Petrotec has outlined plans to produce biodiesel in the UK from waste oil from the British fish - and - chip industry . See also ( edit ) Food portal Chicken and chips -- another take - away dish often sold in the same establishments . Fried potatoes Fish fry Fried fish List of deep fried foods List of fish and chip restaurants List of fish dishes Pescado frito Kibbeling References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Black , Les ( 1996 ) . New Ethnicites And Urban Cult . Oxford : Routledge . p. 15 . ISBN 1 - 85728 - 251 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Alexander , James ( 18 December 2009 ) . `` The unlikely origin of fish and chips '' . BBC News . Retrieved 16 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Roden , Claudia ( 1996 ) . The Book of Jewish Food : An Odyssey from Samarkand to New York . Knopf . ISBN 9780394532585 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Hosking , Richard ( 2007 ) . Eggs in Cookery : Proceedings of the Oxford Symposium of Food and Cookery 2006 . United Kingdom : Prospect Books . p. 183 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 903018 - 54 - 5 . Jump up ^ Marks , Gil ( 1999 ) . The world of Jewish cooking : more than 500 traditional recipes from Alsace to Yemen . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 684 - 83559 - 2 . Jump up ^ Alexander , James ( 18 December 2009 ) . `` The unlikely origin of fish and chips '' . BBC News . Retrieved 16 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chip - Shop Fried Fish '' . The Foods of England Project . Retrieved 23 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Rayner , Jay ( 3 November 2005 ) . `` Enduring Love '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 19 January 2003 . In 1860 a Jewish immigrant from Eastern Europe called Joseph Malin opened the first business in London 's East End selling fried fish alongside chipped potatoes which , until then , had been found only in the Irish potato shops . Jump up ^ Hyslop , Leah ( 2013 - 10 - 30 ) . `` Potted histories : fish and chips '' . ISSN 0307 - 1235 . Retrieved 2018 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Federation of Fish Friers - Serving the Fish and Chips Industry - History '' . www.federationoffishfriers.co.uk . Retrieved 2018 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ Davidson , Alan ( 21 August 2014 ) . The Oxford Companion to Food . OUP Oxford . ISBN 9780191040726 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` Did fish and chips come from the north of England ? '' . BBC Radio 4 . Jump up ^ `` Fish and chips - A great English tradition '' . Archived from the original on 16 January 2008 . Retrieved 22 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Why the fish supper has n't had its chips '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 4 October 2016 Jump up ^ `` Chippy smells of chips complaint '' . BBC News . 7 November 2006 . Retrieved 22 June 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Hegarty , Shane ( 3 November 2009 ) . `` How fish and chips enriched a nation '' . The Irish Times . Dublin , Ireland . p. 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Portuguese gave us fried fish , the Belgians invented chips but 150 years ago an East End boy united them to create The World 's Greatest Double Act '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 21 September 2011 . Jump up ^ McGilligan , Patrick ( 2003 ) . Alfred Hitchcock : A Life in Darkness and Light . p. 13 . Regan Books . Jump up ^ `` Resources for Learning , Scotland : Rationing '' . Rls.org.uk. 5 January 1998 . Retrieved 22 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Fish Labelling Regulations ( England ) 2003 '' . The Stationery Office . 2003 . Retrieved 4 April 2009 ( equivalent similarly - named legislation applies in other countries of the UK ) Jump up ^ `` European Communities ( Fish Labelling ) Regulations , 2003 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 16 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Guidance Notes for England , Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland '' ( PDF ) . Office of Public Sector Information . 2003 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 19 October 2010 . Retrieved 4 April 2009 ( Section A. 2 ) Jump up ^ `` Food Labelling For Catering Establishments '' ( PDF ) . Blackpool Council . Retrieved 4 April 2009 Jump up ^ `` Business Advice Fact Sheet '' ( PDF ) . Norfolk County Council . Retrieved 4 April 2009 Jump up ^ `` Labelling & Pricing '' . Nationwide Caterers Association . Retrieved 4 April 2009 Jump up ^ Chaloner , W.H. ; Henderson , W.O. ( 1990 ) . Industry and Innovation : Selected Essays . Taylor & Francis . ISBN 0 - 7146 - 3335 - 6 . Jump up ^ Historic uk - the heritage accommodation guide . `` Tradition Historic UK , Fish and Chips '' . Historic-uk.com . Retrieved 22 June 2009 . Jump up ^ England Eats Out by John Burnett - Published by Pearson Education , 2004 ISBN 0 - 582 - 47266 - 0 Jump up ^ The Portuguese gave us fried fish , the Belgians invented chips but 150 years ago an East End boy united them to create The World 's Greatest Double Act Daily Mail ( London ) . Retrieved 21 September 2011 Jump up ^ `` Dundee Fact File '' . Dundee City Council . Archived from the original on 8 April 2007 . Retrieved 20 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Did You Know ? '' . Federation of Fish Friers . Archived from the original on 23 September 2008 . Retrieved 22 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Fish & Chips Awards Official Website '' . Retrieved 2 February 2018 . Jump up ^ A Orlova , Tamara ; Alvarez , Joe ( 25 January 2018 ) . `` Chip Chip Hooray ! The National Fish & Chip Awards Names The UK 's Best Chippy '' . Ikon London Magazine . Retrieved 2 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` National Fish and Chips Day : Thank cod for Giuseppe '' . Irish Independent . ^ Jump up to : Wassilieff , Maggy ( 12 June 2006 ) . `` Seafood - Favourite Kiwi fare '' . Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand . Retrieved 15 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Seafood - Favourite Kiwi fare : The Fish and Chip Brigade '' . Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand . Retrieved 14 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shore Lunch : More Than the World 's Finest Fish and Chips -- New West '' . newwest.net . New West Publications . Retrieved 15 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` French Fries : France vs. America vs. Belgium vs. United Kingdom - General Discussion - French Fries '' . Chowhound. 31 July 2010 . Retrieved 15 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Online recipes '' . Foodnetwork.com . Archived from the original on 13 March 2008 . Retrieved 22 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` More online recipes '' . Foodnetwork.com . Archived from the original on 17 March 2008 . Retrieved 22 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Deep fried fish in beer '' . Retrieved 23 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Hix , Mark ( 26 January 2008 ) . `` Gurnard in beer batter '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 23 March 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Alan Masterson , tictoc design . `` '' Seafish . On Plate . Fish & chips '' ( UK Sea Fish Industry Authority website ) `` . Seafish.org . Archived from the original on 11 October 2008 . Retrieved 22 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Nunn , Ian ( 2011 ) . My Family 's Other Recipes : I Did n't Wanna Do It . Author House . p. 121 . ISBN 9781467002325 . Jump up ^ `` Fish n ' chips , a great Indian delicacy '' . Times of India . 9 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Crispy fish & chips with mushy peas recipe '' . BBC . Retrieved 7 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` British Food : A History '' . Britishfoodhistory.wordpress.com. 23 September 2012 . Retrieved 16 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` How to Eat Fish and Chips like the British '' . voices.yahoo.com. 16 July 2008 . Archived from the original on 15 June 2013 . Retrieved 16 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Do you know what scraps are ? And why they should be free '' . The Guardian . London . 13 July 2007 . Retrieved 24 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Serving the Fish and Chips Industry - Nutritional info '' . National Federation of Fish Friers . March 29 , 2018 . Retrieved March 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Starting a Mobile Catering Business in UK '' . Mobilecateringuk.co.uk . Retrieved 16 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chip shops : oh my cod , the plaices I 've seen '' . The Guardian . London . 15 January 2012 . Retrieved 2 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Swillingham , Guy ( 2005 ) . Shop Horror . London : Fourth Estate . ISBN 0 - 00 - 719813 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Jakarta Eats : Fish n Chips Shop '' . Diplomatic wife . 2 November 2010 . Archived from the original on 15 April 2012 . Retrieved 30 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ITICA - Irish Traditional Italian Chipper Association , chippers in Ireland , Irish chippers , Fish and Chip Day -- ITICA '' . Itica.ie . Retrieved 2 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fish and Chip Facts '' . Barton 's Fish and Chips . Archived from the original on 30 January 2012 . Retrieved 30 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The National Fish and Chip Awards '' . Jump up ^ `` Couple scoop best chip shop award '' . BBC News . 1 February 2006 . Retrieved 4 January 2007 . Jump up ^ Guinness World Record Claim ID # 45775 Jump up ^ `` Hudson Valleys Freshest Seafood and Lobster , retail market , restaurant '' . Gadaletos.com. 16 April 2013 . Retrieved 2 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Giant fish and chip supper breaks world record '' . BBC News . 2 July 2011 . Retrieved 16 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cod and chips world record battered in Doncaster '' . BBC News . 29 August 2012 . Retrieved 29 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Gerald Priestland ( 1972 ) . Frying tonight : the saga of fish & chips . Gentry Books . p. 28 . ISBN 0 - 85614 - 014 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` I 'll just have me fush and chups and then I 'm off to bid '' . NZ Herald . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Hogan ( 19 March 2008 ) . `` German Biodiesel Firm To Use Chip Fat In UK , US '' . planetark.com . Retrieved 1 October 2010 . Bibliography ( edit ) Priestland , Gerald ( 1972 ) . Frying tonight : the saga of fish & chips . London : Gentry Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85614 - 014 - 3 . Walton , John K. ( 1989 ) . `` Fish and Chips and the British Working Class , 1870 -- 1930 '' . Journal of Social History . 23 ( 2 ) : 243 -- 266 . JSTOR 3787879 . Walton , John K. ( 1994 ) . Fish and Chips , and the British Working Class , 1870 -- 1940 ( 1st ed . ) . Leicester : Leicester University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 567 - 21232 - 0 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fish and chips . Wikibooks Cookbook has a recipe / module on Fish and Chips `` Top UK dish ' hooked French first ' '' : BBC News : Fish and chips invented in France ? Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 27 `` My plaice or yours ? '' - article from The Guardian detailing some chippy terminology . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 27 Far Flung Fish and Chips - historical article `` Fish and chips '' : the ( UK ) Sea Fish Industry Authority 's views . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 27 BBC TWO Ching He Huang - style fish and chips National Federation of Fish Friers , the UK industry body for fish and chip shops . English cuisine Roman times Dishes Sausages Middle Ages Exemplars Utilis Coquinario The Forme of Cury ( c. 1390 ) Dishes Apple pie Bacon Banbury cake Cheesecake Custard Game pie Gingerbread Kippers Mince pie Mortis Pasty Pease pudding Pie Pottage 16th century Exemplars Thomas Dawson ( The Good Huswifes Jewell , 1585 ) Dishes Black pudding Fruit fool Pancake Scones Syllabub Trifle ( without jelly ) 17th century Exemplars Elinor Fettiplace ( Receipt Book , 1604 ) Gervase Markham ( The English Huswife , 1615 ) Robert May ( The Accomplisht Cook , 1660 ) Hannah Woolley ( The Queen - like Closet or Rich Cabinet 1670 ) Kenelm Digby ( The Closet Opened 1699 ) Dishes Battalia pie Currant bun Queen of Puddings Sponge cake Sussex pond pudding Sweet and sour Tea 18th century Exemplars Mary Kettilby ( A Collection of above Three Hundred Receipts 1714 ) John Nott ( The Cooks and Confectioners Dictionary , 1723 ) Eliza Smith ( The Compleat Housewife 1727 ) Hannah Glasse ( The Art of Cookery made Plain and Easy 1747 ) Elizabeth Raffald ( The Experienced English Housekeeper 1769 ) Richard Briggs ( The English Art of Cookery 1788 ) William Augustus Henderson ( The Housekeeper 's Instructor 1791 ) Dishes Bread and butter pudding Christmas pudding Chutney Cottage or Shepherd 's pie Eccles cake Jellied eels Jugged hare Ketchup Marmalade Parkin Piccalilli Pork pie Roast beef Sandwich Scouse Suet pudding Toad in the hole Trifle ( with jelly ) Welsh rabbit Yorkshire pudding 19th century Exemplars Mrs Rundell ( A New System of Domestic Cookery 1806 ) Eliza Acton ( Modern Cookery for Private Families 1845 ) Charles Elmé Francatelli ( The Modern Cook 1846 ) Isabella Beeton ( Mrs Beeton 's Book of Household Management 1861 ) Dishes Bubble and squeak Cauliflower cheese Cobbler Devilled kidneys Faggots Fish and chips Full English breakfast HP Sauce Ice cream cone Lancashire hotpot Potted shrimps Sausage roll Steak and kidney pudding Battenberg cake Eton mess Eve 's pudding Jam roly - poly Lardy cake Madeira cake Summer pudding Worcestershire sauce 20th century Exemplars Elizabeth David ( A Book of Mediterranean Food 1950 ) Constance Spry Marguerite Patten Jane Grigson Delia Smith Rick Stein Nigel Slater Keith Floyd Marco Pierre White Fergus Henderson Gordon Ramsay Gary Rhodes Dishes Bakewell tart Beef Wellington Carrot cake Chicken tikka masala Crumble Knickerbocker glory Ploughman 's lunch Salad cream 21st century Exemplars Michel Roux Jr . ( Le Gavroche ) Hugh Fearnley - Whittingstall ( River Cottage ) Antony Worrall Thompson Heston Blumenthal ( The Fat Duck ) Mary Berry Clarissa Dickson Wright ( A History of English Food 2011 ) Related Food in England ( 1954 ) List of English dishes List of English cheeses List of puddings Rationing in the United Kingdom Seafood Fish Anchovy Barramundi Billfish Carp Catfish Cod Eel Flatfish Flounder Herring Mackerel Salmon Sardine Shark Sturgeon Swordfish Tilapia Trout Tuna Whitebait Shellfish Abalone Cockles Crab meat Crayfish Geoduck Krill Lobster Mussels Oysters Scallops Shrimp Sea urchins Crustaceans Molluscs Other seafood Edible seaweed Jellyfish Marine mammals Octopus Sea cucumber Squid Whale meat Sea vegetables Algae List of seafoods more ... Processed seafood Caviar Dried fish Canned fish Cod liver oil Cured fish Fermented fish Fish fillet Fish head Fish oil Fish sauce Fish paste Fish steak Fish stock Lutefisk Salted fish Salted squid Shark liver oil Shrimp paste Smoked fish Stockfish Surimi Roe more ... Seafood dishes List of seafood dishes List of crab dishes List of fish dishes Bisque Chowder Fish and chips Fish pie Fish soup Fried fish Raw fish Seafood boil Shark fin soup Sushi more ... Health hazards Ciguatera Fish diseases and parasites Mercury in fish Metagonimiasis Scombroid food poisoning Shellfish poisoning Advisory services Seafood mislabelling Sustainable seafood Sustainable seafood advisory lists and certification Animal welfare Declawing of crabs Eyestalk ablation Eating live seafood Live fish trade Pain in fish Pain in crustaceans Shark finning Related topics Fish preservation Fish processing Gathering seafood by hand History of seafood History of sushi List of seafood companies Raw bar Salmon cannery Seafood restaurant Umami Seafood portal Category : Seafood Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fish_and_chips&oldid=866063759 '' Categories : British cuisine Australian cuisine Irish cuisine Jewish cuisine American cuisine New Zealand cuisine South African cuisine Fast food Fish dishes Potato dishes Deep fried foods Food combinations National dishes Hidden categories : Articles with inconsistent citation formats Use dmy dates from November 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2007 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from October 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Afrikaans Ænglisc Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Lumbaart Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Sesotho sa Leboa Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 34 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 October 2018 , at 01 : 00 ( UTC ) . 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the myelin sheath that covers many cns axons is formed by

Myelin is a lipid - rich ( fatty ) substance formed in the central nervous system ( CNS ) by glial cells called oligodendrocytes , and in the peripheral nervous system ( PNS ) by Schwann cells . Myelin insulates nerve cell axons to increase the speed at which information ( encoded as an electrical signal ) travels from one nerve cell body to another ( as in the CNS ) or , for example , from a nerve cell body to a muscle ( as in the PNS ) . The myelinated axon can be likened to an electrical wire ( the axon ) with insulating material ( myelin ) around it . However , unlike the plastic covering on an electrical wire , myelin does not form a single long sheath over the entire length of the axon . Rather , each myelin sheath insulates the axon over a single section and , in general , each axon comprises multiple long myelinated sections separated from each other by short gaps . Each myelin sheath is formed by the concentric wrapping of an oligodendrocyte or Schwann cell process around the axon .

the concentric wrapping of an oligodendrocyte or Schwann cell process around the axon

Myelin

myelin

Myelin is a lipid - rich ( fatty ) substance formed in the central nervous system ( CNS ) by glial cells called oligodendrocytes , and in the peripheral nervous system ( PNS ) by Schwann cells . Myelin insulates nerve cell axons to increase the speed at which information ( encoded as an electrical signal ) travels from one nerve cell body to another ( as in the CNS ) or , for example , from a nerve cell body to a muscle ( as in the PNS ) . The myelinated axon can be likened to an electrical wire ( the axon ) with insulating material ( myelin ) around it . However , unlike the plastic covering on an electrical wire , myelin does not form a single long sheath over the entire length of the axon . Rather , each myelin sheath insulates the axon over a single section and , in general , each axon comprises multiple long myelinated sections separated from each other by short gaps . Each myelin sheath is formed by the concentric wrapping of an oligodendrocyte or Schwann cell process around the axon .

More precisely , myelin speeds the transmission of electrical impulses called action potentials along myelinated axons by insulating the axon and reducing axonal membrane capacitance . This results in saltatory conduction whereby the action potential `` jumps '' from one node of Ranvier , over a long myelinated stretch of the axon called the internode , before ' recharging ' at the next node of Ranvier , and so on , until it reaches the axon terminal . Nodes of Ranvier are the short ( ~ 1 micron ) unmyelinated regions of the axon between adjacent long ( ~ 0.2 mm - > 1 mm ) myelinated internodes . Once it reaches the axon terminal , this electrical signal provokes the release of a chemical message or neurotransmitter that binds to receptors on the adjacent post-synaptic cell ( e.g. nerve cell in the CNS or muscle cell in the PNS ) at specialised regions called synapses . This `` insulating '' role for myelin is essential for normal motor function ( i.e. movement such as walking ) , sensory function ( e.g. hearing , seeing or feeling the sensation of pain ) and cognition ( e.g. acquiring and recalling knowledge ) , as demonstrated by the consequences of disorders that affect it , such as the genetically determined leukodystrophies ; the acquired inflammatory demyelinating disorder , multiple sclerosis ; and the inflammatory demyelinating peripheral neuropathies . Due to its high prevalence , multiple sclerosis , which specifically affects the central nervous system ( brain , spinal cord and optic nerve ) , is the best known disorder of myelin . Contents 1 Development 2 Species distribution 3 Composition 4 Function 5 Clinical significance 5.1 Demyelination 5.1. 1 Symptoms 5.1. 2 Myelin repair 5.2 Dysmyelination 6 Invertebrate myelin 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Development ( edit ) The process of generating myelin is called myelination or myelinogenesis . In the CNS , cells called oligodendrocyte precursor cells ( OPCs ; the precursors of oligodendrocytes ) synthesise myelin , and in so doing , transform into mature myelinating oligodendrocytes . In humans , myelination begins early in the 3rd trimester , although only little myelin is present in either the CNS or the PNS at the time of birth . During infancy , myelination progresses rapidly , with increasing numbers of axons acquiring myelin sheaths . This corresponds with the development of cognitive and motor skills , including language comprehension , speech acquisition , crawling and walking . Myelination continues through adolescence and early adulthood and although largely complete at this time , myelin sheaths can be added in grey matter regions such as the cerebral cortex , throughout life . Species distribution ( edit ) Myelin is considered a defining characteristic of the jawed vertebrates ( gnathostomes ) , but axons are ensheathed by glial cells in invertebrates , although these glial - wraps are quite different from vertebrate compact myelin , formed , as indicated above , by concentric wrapping of the myelinating cell process multiple times around the axon . Myelin was first described in 1854 by Rudolf Virchow , although it was over a century later , following the development of electron microscopy , that its glial cell origin and its ultrastructure became apparent. . In vertebrates , not all axons are myelinated . For example , in the PNS , a large proportion of axons are unmyelinated . Instead , they are ensheathed by non-myelinating Schwann cells known as Remak SCs and arranged in Remak bundles . In the CNS , non-myelinated ( or intermittently myelinated axons ; meaning having long non-myelinated regions between myelinated segments ) , intermingle with myelinated ones and are entwined , at least partially , by the processes of another type of glial cell called the astrocyte . Composition ( edit ) Transmission electron micrograph of a cross-section of a myelinated axon , generated at the Electron Microscopy Facility at Trinity College , Hartford CT Diagram of a myelinated axon in cross-section 1 . Axon 2 . Nucleus of Schwann cell 3 . Schwann cell 4 . Myelin sheath 5 . Neurilemma CNS myelin differs slightly in composition and configuration from PNS myelin , but both perform the same `` insulating '' function ( see above ) . Being rich in lipid , myelin appears white ; hence , the name given to the `` white matter '' of the CNS . Both CNS white matter tracts ( e.g. the optic nerve , corticospinal tract and corpus callosum ) and PNS nerves ( e.g. the sciatic nerve and the auditory nerve ; which also appear white ) each comprise thousands to millions of axons , largely aligned in parallel . Blood vessels provide the route for oxygen and energy substrates such as glucose to reach these fibre tracts , which also contain other cell types including astrocytes and microglia in the CNS and macrophages in the PNS . In terms of total mass , myelin comprises approximately 40 % water ; the dry mass comprises between 60 % and 75 % lipid and between 15 % and 25 % protein . Protein content includes myelin basic protein ( MBP ) , which is abundant in the CNS where it plays a critical , non-redundant role in formation of compact myelin ; myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein ( MOG ) , which is specific to the CNS ; and proteolipid protein ( PLP , ) which is the most abundant protein in CNS myelin , but only a minor component of PNS myelin . In the PNS , myelin protein zero ( MPZ or P0 ) has a similar role to that of PLP in the CNS in that it is involved in holding together the multiple concentric layers of glial cell membrane that constitute the myelin sheath . The primary lipid of myelin is a glycolipid called galactocerebroside . The intertwining hydrocarbon chains of sphingomyelin strengthen the myelin sheath . Cholesterol , is an essential lipid component of myelin , without which myelin fails to form . Function ( edit ) Action potential propagation in myelinated neurons is faster than in unmyelinated neurons because of Saltatory conduction . The main purpose of myelin is to increase the speed at which electrical impulses propagate along the myelinated fiber . In unmyelinated fibers , electrical impulses ( action potentials ) travel as continuous waves , but , in myelinated fibers , they `` hop '' or propagate by saltatory conduction . The latter is markedly faster than the former , at least for axons over a certain diameter . Myelin decreases capacitance and increases electrical resistance across the axonal membrane ( the axolemma ) . It has been suggested that myelin permits larger body size by maintaining agile communication between distant body parts . Myelinated fibers lack voltage - gated sodium channels along the myelinated internodes , exposing them only at the nodes of Ranvier . Here , they are highly abundant and densely packed . Positively charged sodium ions can enter the axon through these voltage - gated channels , leading to depolarisation of the membrane potential at the node of Ranvier . The resting membrane potential is then rapidly restored due to positively charged potassium ions leaving the axon through potassium channels . The sodium ions inside the axon then diffuse rapidly through the axoplasm ( axonal cytoplasm ) , to the adjacent myelinated internode and ultimately to the next ( distal ) node of Ranvier , triggering the opening of the voltage gated sodium channels and entry of sodium ions at this site . Although , the sodium ions diffuse through the axoplasm rapidly , diffusion is decremental by nature , thus nodes of Ranvier have to be ( relatively ) closely spaced , to secure action potential propagation . The action potential `` recharges '' at consecutive nodes of Ranvier as the axolemmal membrane potential depolarises to approximately + 35 mV . Along the myelinated internode , energy - dependent sodium / potassium pumps , pump the sodium ions back out of the axon and potassium ions back into the axon , to restore the balance of ions between the intracellular ( inside the cell i.e. axon in this case ) and extracellular ( outwith the cell ) fluids . Whilst the role of myelin as an `` axonal insulator '' is well - established , other functions of myelinating cells are less well known or only recently established . The myelinating cell `` sculpts '' the underlying axon by promoting the phosphorylation of neurofilaments , thus increasing the diameter or thickness of the axon at the internodal regions ; helps cluster molecules on the axolemma ( such as voltage - gated sodium channels ) at the node of Ranvier ; and modulates the transport of cytoskeletal structures and organelles such as mitochondria , along the axon . Recently , evidence came to light to support a role for the myelinating cell in `` feeding '' the axon . In other words , the myelinating cell seems to act as a local ' fueling station ' for the axon , which uses a great deal of energy to restore the normal balance of ions between it and its environment ( see above and ) , following the generation of action potentials . When a peripheral fiber is severed , the myelin sheath provides a track along which regrowth can occur . However , the myelin layer does not ensure a perfect regeneration of the nerve fiber . Some regenerated nerve fibers do not find the correct muscle fibers , and some damaged motor neurons of the peripheral nervous system die without regrowth . Damage to the myelin sheath and nerve fiber is often associated with increased functional insufficiency . Unmyelinated fibers and myelinated axons of the mammalian central nervous system do not regenerate . Some studies have revealed that optic nerve fibers can be regenerated in postnatal rats . This regeneration depends upon two conditions : axonal die - back has to be prevented with appropriate neurotrophic factors , and neurite growth inhibitory components have to be inactivated . These studies may lead to further understanding of nerve fiber regeneration in the central nervous system . Clinical significance ( edit ) Demyelination ( edit ) Further information : Demyelinating disease Demyelination is the loss of the myelin sheath insulating the nerves , and is the hallmark of some neurodegenerative autoimmune diseases , including multiple sclerosis , acute disseminated encephalomyelitis , neuromyelitis optica , transverse myelitis , chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy , Guillain -- Barré syndrome , central pontine myelinosis , inherited demyelinating diseases such as leukodystrophy , and Charcot - Marie - Tooth disease . Sufferers of pernicious anaemia can also suffer nerve damage if the condition is not diagnosed quickly . Subacute combined degeneration of spinal cord secondary to pernicious anaemia can lead to slight peripheral nerve damage to severe damage to the central nervous system , affecting speech , balance , and cognitive awareness . When myelin degrades , conduction of signals along the nerve can be impaired or lost , and the nerve eventually withers . A more serious case of myelin deterioration is called Canavan disease . The immune system may play a role in demyelination associated with such diseases , including inflammation causing demyelination by overproduction of cytokines via upregulation of tumor necrosis factor or interferon . Symptoms ( edit ) Demyelination results in diverse symptoms determined by the functions of the affected neurons . It disrupts signals between the brain and other parts of the body ; symptoms differ from patient to patient , and have different presentations upon clinical observation and in laboratory studies . Typical symptoms include : blurriness in the central visual field that affects only one eye , may be accompanied by pain upon eye movement double vision loss of vision / hearing odd sensation in legs , arms , chest , or face , such as tingling or numbness ( neuropathy ) weakness of arms or legs cognitive disruption , including speech impairment and memory loss heat sensitivity ( symptoms worsen or reappear upon exposure to heat , such as a hot shower ) loss of dexterity difficulty coordinating movement or balance disorder difficulty controlling bowel movements or urination fatigue tinnitus Myelin repair ( edit ) Further information : Remyelination Research to repair damaged myelin sheaths is ongoing . Techniques include surgically implanting oligodendrocyte precursor cells in the central nervous system and inducing myelin repair with certain antibodies . While results in mice have been encouraging ( via stem cell transplantation ) , whether this technique can be effective in replacing myelin loss in humans is still unknown . Cholinergic treatments , such as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors ( AChEIs ) , may have beneficial effects on myelination , myelin repair , and myelin integrity . Increasing cholinergic stimulation also may act through subtle trophic effects on brain developmental processes and particularly on oligodendrocytes and the lifelong myelination process they support . By increasing oligodendrocyte cholinergic stimulation , AChEIs , and other cholinergic treatments , such as nicotine , possibly could promote myelination during development and myelin repair in older age . Glycogen synthase kinase 3β inhibitors such as lithium chloride have been found to promote myelination in mice with damaged facial nerves . Cholesterol is a necessary nutrient for the myelin sheath , along with vitamin B12 . Dysmyelination ( edit ) Dysmyelination is characterized by a defective structure and function of myelin sheaths ; unlike demyelination , it does not produce lesions . Such defective sheaths often arise from genetic mutations affecting the biosynthesis and formation of myelin . The shiverer mouse represents one animal model of dysmyelination . Human diseases where dysmyelination has been implicated include leukodystrophies ( Pelizaeus -- Merzbacher disease , Canavan disease , phenylketonuria ) and schizophrenia . Invertebrate myelin ( edit ) Functionally equivalent myelin - like sheaths are found in several invertebrate taxa including Oligochaete , Penaeid , Palaemonid , and Calanoids . These myelin - like sheaths share several structural features with the sheaths found in vertebrates including multiplicity of membranes , condensation of membrane , and nodes . However , the nodes in vertebrates are annular ; i.e. they encircle the axon . In contrast , nodes found in the sheaths of invertebrates are either annular or fenestrated ; i.e. they are restricted to `` spots . '' It is notable that the fastest recorded conduction speed ( across both vertebrates and invertebrates ) is found in the ensheathed axons of the Kuruma shrimp , an invertebrate , ranging between 90 and 200 m / s ( cf 100 - 120 m / s for the fastest myelinated vertebrate axon . ) See also ( edit ) Lesional demyelinations of the central nervous system The Myelin Project , project to regenerate myelin Myelin Repair Foundation , a nonprofit medical research foundation for multiple sclerosis drug discovery . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stassart RM , Möbius W , Nave KA , Edgar JM ( 2018 ) . `` The Axon - Myelin Unit in Development and Degenerative Disease '' . Frontiers in Neuroscience. 12 : 467 . doi : 10.3389 / fnins. 2018.00467 . PMID 30050403 . Jump up ^ van der Knaap MS , Bugiani M ( September 2017 ) . `` Leukodystrophies : a proposed classification system based on pathological changes and pathogenetic mechanisms '' . Acta Neuropathologica. 134 ( 3 ) : 351 -- 382 . doi : 10.1007 / s00401 - 017 - 1739 - 1 . PMC 5563342 . PMID 28638987 . Jump up ^ Compston A , Coles A ( October 2008 ) . `` Multiple sclerosis '' . Lancet . 372 ( 9648 ) : 1502 -- 17 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 08 ) 61620 - 7 . PMID 18970977 . Jump up ^ Lewis RA ( October 2017 ) . `` Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy '' . Current Opinion in Neurology . 30 ( 5 ) : 508 -- 512 . doi : 10.1097 / WCO. 0000000000000481 . PMID 28763304 . Jump up ^ `` Pediatric Neurologic Examination Videos & Descriptions : Developmental Anatomy '' . library.med.utah.edu . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ Swire M , Ffrench - Constant C ( May 2018 ) . `` Seeing Is Believing : Myelin Dynamics in the Adult CNS '' . Neuron. 98 ( 4 ) : 684 -- 686 . doi : 10.1016 / j. neuron. 2018.05. 005 . PMID 29772200 . Jump up ^ Hill RA , Li AM , Grutzendler J ( May 2018 ) . `` Lifelong cortical myelin plasticity and age - related degeneration in the live mammalian brain '' . Nature Neuroscience. 21 ( 5 ) : 683 -- 695 . doi : 10.1038 / s41593 - 018 - 0120 - 6 . PMC 5920745 . PMID 29556031 . Jump up ^ Hughes EG , Orthmann - Murphy JL , Langseth AJ , Bergles DE ( May 2018 ) . `` Myelin remodeling through experience - dependent oligodendrogenesis in the adult somatosensory cortex '' . Nature Neuroscience. 21 ( 5 ) : 696 -- 706 . doi : 10.1038 / s41593 - 018 - 0121 - 5 . PMC 5920726 . PMID 29556025 . ^ Jump up to : Hartline DK ( May 2008 ) . `` What is myelin ? '' . Neuron Glia Biology . 4 ( 2 ) : 153 -- 63 . doi : 10.1017 / S1740925X09990263 . PMID 19737435 . ^ Jump up to : Salzer JL , Zalc B ( October 2016 ) . `` Myelination '' . Current Biology . 26 ( 20 ) : R971 -- R975 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cub. 2016.07. 074 . PMID 27780071 . Jump up ^ Virchow R ( 1854 ) . `` Ueber das ausgebreitete Vorkommen einer dem Nervenmark analogen Substanz in den thierischen Geweben '' . Archiv für Pathologische Anatomie Und Physiologie Und für Klinische Medicin. 6 ( 4 ) : 562 -- 572 . doi : 10.1007 / BF02116709 . Jump up ^ Boullerne AI ( September 2016 ) . `` The history of myelin '' . Experimental Neurology . 283 ( Pt B ) : 431 -- 45 . doi : 10.1016 / j. expneurol. 2016.06. 005 . PMC 5010938 . PMID 27288241 . Jump up ^ Monk KR , Feltri ML , Taveggia C ( August 2015 ) . `` New insights on Schwann cell development '' . Glia. 63 ( 8 ) : 1376 -- 93 . doi : 10.1002 / glia. 22852 . PMID 25921593 . Jump up ^ Steinman L ( May 1996 ) . `` Multiple sclerosis : a coordinated immunological attack against myelin in the central nervous system '' . Cell. 85 ( 3 ) : 299 -- 302 . doi : 10.1016 / S0092 - 8674 ( 00 ) 81107 - 1 . PMID 8616884 . Jump up ^ Mallucci G , Peruzzotti - Jametti L , Bernstock JD , Pluchino S ( April 2015 ) . `` The role of immune cells , glia and neurons in white and gray matter pathology in multiple sclerosis '' . Progress in Neurobiology. 127 - 128 : 1 -- 22 . doi : 10.1016 / j. pneurobio. 2015.02. 003 . PMC 4578232 . PMID 25802011 . Jump up ^ Greer JM , Lees MB ( March 2002 ) . `` Myelin proteolipid protein -- the first 50 years '' . The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology . 34 ( 3 ) : 211 -- 5 . doi : 10.1016 / S1357 - 2725 ( 01 ) 00136 - 4 . PMID 11849988 . Jump up ^ Saher G , Brügger B , Lappe - Siefke C , Möbius W , Tozawa R , Wehr MC , Wieland F , Ishibashi S , Nave KA ( April 2005 ) . `` High cholesterol level is essential for myelin membrane growth '' . Nature Neuroscience. 8 ( 4 ) : 468 -- 75 . doi : 10.1038 / nn1426 . PMID 15793579 . ^ Jump up to : Saladin KS ( 2012 ) . Anatomy & physiology : the unity of form and function ( 6th ed . ) . New York , NY : McGraw - Hill . Jump up ^ Raine CS ( 1999 ) . `` Characteristics of Neuroglia '' . In Siegel GJ , Agranoff BW , Albers RW , Fisher SK , Uhler MD . Basic Neurochemistry : Molecular , Cellular and Medical Aspects ( 6th ed . ) . Philadelphia : Lippincott - Raven . Jump up ^ Brivio V , Faivre - Sarrailh C , Peles E , Sherman DL , Brophy PJ ( April 2017 ) . `` Assembly of CNS Nodes of Ranvier in Myelinated Nerves Is Promoted by the Axon Cytoskeleton '' . Current Biology . 27 ( 7 ) : 1068 -- 1073 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cub. 2017.01. 025 . PMC 5387178 . PMID 28318976 . Jump up ^ Stassart RM , Möbius W , Nave KA , Edgar JM ( 2018 ) . `` The Axon - Myelin Unit in Development and Degenerative Disease '' . Frontiers in Neuroscience. 12 : 467 . doi : 10.3389 / fnins. 2018.00467 . PMID 30050403 . Jump up ^ Fünfschilling U , Supplie LM , Mahad D , Boretius S , Saab AS , Edgar J , Brinkmann BG , Kassmann CM , Tzvetanova ID , Möbius W , Diaz F , Meijer D , Suter U , Hamprecht B , Sereda MW , Moraes CT , Frahm J , Goebbels S , Nave KA ( April 2012 ) . `` Glycolytic oligodendrocytes maintain myelin and long - term axonal integrity '' . Nature . 485 ( 7399 ) : 517 -- 21 . doi : 10.1038 / nature11007 . PMID 22622581 . Jump up ^ Lee Y , Morrison BM , Li Y , Lengacher S , Farah MH , Hoffman PN , Liu Y , Tsingalia A , Jin L , Zhang PW , Pellerin L , Magistretti PJ , Rothstein JD ( July 2012 ) . `` Oligodendroglia metabolically support axons and contribute to neurodegeneration '' . Nature . 487 ( 7408 ) : 443 -- 8 . doi : 10.1038 / nature11314 . PMC 3408792 . PMID 22801498 . Jump up ^ Engl E , Attwell D ( August 2015 ) . `` Non-signalling energy use in the brain '' . The Journal of Physiology. 593 ( 16 ) : 3417 -- 29 . doi : 10.1113 / jphysiol. 2014.282517 . PMC 4560575 . PMID 25639777 . Jump up ^ Attwell D , Laughlin SB ( October 2001 ) . `` An energy budget for signaling in the grey matter of the brain '' . Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism. 21 ( 10 ) : 1133 -- 45 . doi : 10.1097 / 00004647 - 200110000 - 00001 . PMID 11598490 . Jump up ^ Ledeen RW , Chakraborty G ( March 1998 ) . `` Cytokines , signal transduction , and inflammatory demyelination : review and hypothesis '' . Neurochemical Research . 23 ( 3 ) : 277 -- 89 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1022493013904 . PMID 9482240 . Jump up ^ Mayo Clinic 2007 and University of Leicester Clinical Studies , 2014 Jump up ^ Windrem MS , Nunes MC , Rashbaum WK , Schwartz TH , Goodman RA , McKhann G , Roy NS , Goldman SA ( January 2004 ) . `` Fetal and adult human oligodendrocyte progenitor cell isolates myelinate the congenitally dysmyelinated brain '' . Nature Medicine . 10 ( 1 ) : 93 -- 7 . doi : 10.1038 / nm974 . PMID 14702638 . Lay summary -- FuturePundit . Jump up ^ Bartzokis G ( August 2007 ) . `` Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors may improve myelin integrity '' . Biological Psychiatry . 62 ( 4 ) : 294 -- 301 . doi : 10.1016 / j. biopsych. 2006.08. 020 . PMID 17070782 . Jump up ^ Makoukji J , Belle M , Meffre D , Stassart R , Grenier J , Shackleford G , Fledrich R , Fonte C , Branchu J , Goulard M , de Waele C , Charbonnier F , Sereda MW , Baulieu EE , Schumacher M , Bernard S , Massaad C ( March 2012 ) . `` Lithium enhances remyelination of peripheral nerves '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 109 ( 10 ) : 3973 -- 8 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1121367109 . PMID 22355115 . Jump up ^ Petrov AM , Kasimov MR , Zefirov AL ( 2016 ) . `` Brain Cholesterol Metabolism and Its Defects : Linkage to Neurodegenerative Diseases and Synaptic Dysfunction '' . Acta Naturae. 8 ( 1 ) : 58 -- 73 . PMID 27099785 . Jump up ^ Miller A , Korem M , Almog R , Galboiz Y ( June 2005 ) . `` Vitamin B12 , demyelination , remyelination and repair in multiple sclerosis '' . Journal of the Neurological Sciences . 233 ( 1 - 2 ) : 93 -- 7 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jns. 2005.03. 009 . PMID 15896807 . Jump up ^ Krämer - Albers EM , Gehrig - Burger K , Thiele C , Trotter J , Nave KA ( November 2006 ) . `` Perturbed interactions of mutant proteolipid protein / DM20 with cholesterol and lipid rafts in oligodendroglia : implications for dysmyelination in spastic paraplegia '' . The Journal of Neuroscience. 26 ( 45 ) : 11743 -- 52 . doi : 10.1523 / JNEUROSCI. 3581 - 06.2006 . PMID 17093095 . Jump up ^ Matalon R , Michals - Matalon K , Surendran S , Tyring SK ( 2006 ) . `` Canavan disease : studies on the knockout mouse '' . Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology . 576 : 77 -- 93 ; discussion 361 -- 3 . doi : 10.1007 / 0 - 387 - 30172 - 0_6 . PMID 16802706 . Jump up ^ Tkachev D , Mimmack ML , Huffaker SJ , Ryan M , Bahn S ( August 2007 ) . `` Further evidence for altered myelin biosynthesis and glutamatergic dysfunction in schizophrenia '' . The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology. 10 ( 4 ) : 557 -- 63 . doi : 10.1017 / S1461145706007334 . PMID 17291371 . Further reading ( edit ) Swire M , Ffrench - Constant C ( May 2018 ) . `` Seeing Is Believing : Myelin Dynamics in the Adult CNS '' . Neuron. 98 ( 4 ) : 684 -- 686 . doi : 10.1016 / j. neuron. 2018.05. 005 . PMID 29772200 . Waxman SG ( October 1977 ) . `` Conduction in myelinated , unmyelinated , and demyelinated fibers '' . Archives of Neurology . 34 ( 10 ) : 585 -- 9 . doi : 10.1001 / archneur. 1977.00500220019003 . PMID 907529 . External links ( edit ) The Myelin Project Athabasca University Biological Psychology Website The MS Information Sourcebook , Myelin The Myelin Repair Foundation H & E Histology Luxol Fast Blue : Modified Kluver 's Method to stain for Myelin Sheath Radiology and Pathology of Myelin the MedPix Medical Image Database American Society for Neurochemistry Nervous tissue CNS Tissue Types Grey matter White matter Projection fibers Association fiber Commissural fiber Lemniscus Nerve tract Decussation Commissure Neuropil Meninges Cell Types Neuronal Pyramidal Purkinje Granule Glial insulating : Myelination : Oligodendrocyte other Astrocyte Radial glial cell Ependymal cells Tanycyte Microglia PNS General Dorsal Root Ganglion Ramus Ventral Root Ramus Ramus communicans Gray White Autonomic ganglion ( Preganglionic nerve fibers Postganglionic nerve fibers ) Nerve fascicle Funiculus Connective tissues Epineurium Perineurium Endoneurium Neuroglia Myelination : Schwann cell Neurilemma Myelin incisure Node of Ranvier Internodal segment Satellite glial cell Neurons / nerve fibers Parts Soma Axon hillock Axon Telodendron Axon terminals Axoplasm Axolemma Neurofibril / neurofilament Dendrite Nissl body Dendritic spine Apical dendrite / Basal dendrite Types Bipolar Unipolar Pseudounipolar Multipolar Interneuron Renshaw Afferent nerve fiber / Sensory neuron GSA GVA SSA SVA fibers Ia or Aα Ib or Golgi or Aα II or Aβ and Aγ III or Aδ or fast pain IV or C or slow pain Efferent nerve fiber / Motor neuron GSE GVE SVE Upper motor neuron Lower motor neuron α motorneuron β motorneuron γ motorneuron Termination Synapse Electrical synapse / Gap junction Chemical synapse Synaptic vesicle Active zone Postsynaptic density Autapse Ribbon synapse Neuromuscular junction Sensory receptors Meissner 's corpuscle Merkel nerve ending Pacinian corpuscle Ruffini ending Muscle spindle Free nerve ending Nociceptor Olfactory receptor neuron Photoreceptor cell Hair cell Taste bud Structures of the cell membrane Membrane lipids Lipid bilayer Phospholipids Lipoproteins Sphingolipids Sterols Membrane proteins Membrane glycoproteins Integral membrane proteins / transmembrane protein Peripheral membrane protein / Lipid - anchored protein Other Caveolae / Coated pits Cell junctions Glycocalyx Lipid raft / microdomains Membrane contact sites Membrane nanotubes Myelin sheath Nodes of Ranvier Nuclear envelope Phycobilisomes Porosomes Protein : cell membrane proteins ( other than Cell surface receptor , enzymes , and cytoskeleton ) Arrestin SAG ARRB1 ARRB2 ARR3 Membrane - spanning 4A MS4A1 MS4A2 MS4A3 MS4A4A MS4A4E MS4A5 MS4A6A MS4A6E MS4A7 MS4A8B MS4A9 MS4A10 MS4A12 MS4A13 MS4A14 MS4A15 MS4A18 Myelin Myelin basic protein PMP2 Myelin proteolipid protein PLP1 Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein Myelin - associated glycoprotein Myelin protein zero Pulmonary surfactant Pulmonary surfactant - associated protein B Pulmonary surfactant - associated protein C Tetraspanin TSPAN1 TSPAN2 TSPAN3 TSPAN4 TSPAN5 TSPAN6 TSPAN7 TSPAN8 TSPAN9 TSPAN10 TSPAN11 TSPAN12 TSPAN13 TSPAN14 TSPAN15 TSPAN16 TSPAN17 TSPAN18 TSPAN19 TSPAN20 TSPAN21 TSPAN22 TSPAN23 TSPAN24 TSPAN25 TSPAN26 TSPAN27 TSPAN28 TSPAN29 TSPAN30 TSPAN31 TSPAN32 TSPAN33 TSPAN34 Other / ungrouped Calnexin LDL - receptor - related protein - associated protein Neurofibromin 2 Presenilin PSEN1 PSEN2 HFE Phospholipid transfer proteins Dysferlin STRC OTOF see also other cell membrane protein disorders Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Myelin&oldid=857137138 '' Categories : Neurohistology Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from July 2018 Articles needing more detailed references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2011 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Қазақша Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 37 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 20 : 08 ( UTC ) . 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the story of the frog and the ox

The Frog and the Ox appears among Aesop 's Fables and is numbered 376 in the Perry Index . The story concerns a frog that tries to inflate itself to the size of an ox , but bursts in the attempt . It has usually been applied to socio - economic relations .

The frog and the ox

the frog and the ox

The Frog and the Ox appears among Aesop 's Fables and is numbered 376 in the Perry Index . The story concerns a frog that tries to inflate itself to the size of an ox , but bursts in the attempt . It has usually been applied to socio - economic relations .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Versions of the fable 2 Artistic uses 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Versions of the fable ( edit ) There are Classical versions of the story in both Greek and Latin , as well as several Latin retellings in Mediaeval times . One by Walter of England is in verse and was followed in Renaissance times by a Neo-Latin poem by Hieronymus Osius . In some sources , the frog sees the ox and tries to equal it in size ; in others the frog is only told of an enormous beast by another and keeps swelling , asking at intervals , ' Was it as big as this ? ' Both Martial and Horace are among the Latin satiric poets who made use of the fable of the frog and the ox , although they refer to different versions of it . The story related by Phaedrus has a frog motivated by envy of the ox , illustrating the moral that ' the needy man , while affecting to imitate the powerful , comes to ruin ' . It is to this that Martial alludes in a short epigram ( X. 79 ) about two citizens trying to outdo each other by building in the suburbs . Horace places a different version of the story towards the end of a long conversation on the demented behaviour of mankind ( Satires II. 3 ) where Damasippus accuses the poet of trying to keep up with his rich patron Maecenas . His telling follows the Babrius version in which an ox has stepped on a brood of young frogs and the father tries equaling the beast in size when told of it . The folly of trying to keep up with the Joneses is the conclusion drawn by La Fontaine 's Fables from the Phaedrus version of the tale , applying it to the artistocratic times in which La Fontaine lived ( `` The frog that wished to be as big as the ox '' , Fables I. 3 ) : This world of ours is full of foolish creatures too - Commoners want to build chateaux ; Each princeling wants his royal retinue ; Each count his squires . And so it goes . Two similar stories existed in Greek sources but were never adopted in the rest of Europe . There is a quatrain in Babrius concerning an earthworm that envied the length of a snake and burst in two while stretching itself to equal it . This is number 268 in the Perry Index . In the other fable , numbered 371 by Perry , a lizard destroys itself in a similar way . The moral given is that ' This is what happens to someone who competes with his superiors : he destroys himself before he can equal them . ' Artistic uses ( edit ) John Rae 's illustration to Fables in Thyme for Little Folks , 1918 The fable was a favourite in England and was put to popular use on 18th century china by the Fenton pottery and in the 19th century by the Wedgwood pottery . This was on its Aesop series of coloured plates , signed by Emile Lessore in the 1860s . Minton 's pottery also used the fable on a series of Aesop tiles a little later . In France a biscuit porcelain figure group illustrating the fable was issued by the Haffreingue porcelain factory at Boulogne between 1857 - 1859 . The ox is modeled lying on the ground and looking down at the frog directly in front . Other uses have been the appearance of the fable on stamps during the centenary of La Fontaine 's death in 1995 . In France it was on one of a strip of six 2 , 80 franc stamps , each illustrating a different fable ; in Albania the fable appears by itself on the 25 leke stamp and as part of the over-all design of the 60 leke commemorative . Among the composers who have set the fable are the following : Charles Lecocq , the third piece in his Six Fables de Jean de la Fontaine for voice and piano ( 1900 ) Mabel Wood Hill in her `` Aesop 's Fables Interpreted Through Music '' ( 1920 ) Marcelle de Manziarly , the third piece in Trois Fables de La Fontaine ( 1935 ) for voice and piano Paul Bonneau in 10 Fables de La Fontaine for a cappella duet ( 1957 ) Marie - Madeleine Chevalier - Duruflé as the first in her 6 Fables de La Fontaine ( 1960 ) for a cappella female voices Jean Françaix for 4 male voices and piano ( 1963 ) Edward Hughes , as the third in his ten Songs from Aesop 's Fables for children 's voices and piano ( 1965 ) , in a version by Peter Westmore Andre Asriel ( de ) , Der Frosch und der Ochse , the second in his 6 Fabeln nach Aesop for mixed a cappella voices ( 1972 ) Isabelle Aboulker among the seven in her children 's operetta La Fontaine et le Corbeau ( 1977 ) Claude Ballif , the third of his Chansonettes : 5 Fables de La Fontaine for small mixed choir ( Op. 72 , No1 1995 ) Xavier Benguerel i Godó ( ca ) , the sixth piece in his 7 Fabulas de la Fontaine ( 1995 ) for orchestra and narration ( in both Catalan and Spanish translations ) Eric Saint - Marc , a setting for women 's choir , piano and string quartet ( 2014 ) See also ( edit ) Children 's literature portal Exploding toad References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Aesopica site Jump up ^ Fable 31 Jump up ^ `` The Fables of Phaedrus '' . Gutenburg.org . p . I. 24 . Jump up ^ The poem and a crib are available in Martial : Epigrams , trans . Walter Ker , London 1919 , pp. 215 - 7 Jump up ^ Horace : Satires , trans . H. Rushton Fairclough , London 1942 , pp. 178 - 81 Jump up ^ Norman Shapiro 's translation is available on Google Books . Books.google.co.uk . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Aesopica site '' . Mythfolklore.net . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Aesopica site '' . Mythfolklore.net . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Victoria & Albert Museum '' . Collections.vam.ac.uk. 2013 - 02 - 05 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Victoria & Albert Museum '' . Collections.vam.ac.uk. 2013 - 02 - 05 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Victoria & Albert Museum '' . Collections.vam.ac.uk. 2013 - 02 - 05 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ Illustrations appear under the Thursday , July 24 , 2008 entry of the My Philately blog Jump up ^ Score online Jump up ^ The first page of the music appears on the Musimem site Jump up ^ `` Performance on YouTube '' . Youtube.com. 2012 - 04 - 13 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Available on YouTube '' . Youtube.com. 2010 - 02 - 17 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` there is also a concert version '' . Youtube.com. 2010 - 09 - 15 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ A performance on YouTube Jump up ^ A performance on YouTube External links ( edit ) 15th - 20th century book illustrations online ( hide ) Aesop Aesop 's Fables The Ant and the Grasshopper The Ass and his Masters The Ass and the Pig The Ass Carrying an Image The Ass in the Lion 's Skin The Astrologer who Fell into a Well The Bear and the Travelers The Belly and the Members The Bird - catcher and the Blackbird The Bird in Borrowed Feathers The Boy Who Cried Wolf The Cat and the Mice The Cock and the Jewel The Cock , the Dog and the Fox The Crow and the Pitcher The Crow and the Snake The Deer without a Heart The Dog and Its Reflection The Dog and the Wolf The Dove and the Ant The Farmer and the Stork The Farmer and the Viper The Fir and the Bramble The Fisherman and the Little Fish The Fowler and the Snake The Fox and the Crow The Fox and the Grapes The Fox and the Mask The Fox and the Sick Lion The Fox and the Stork The Fox and the Weasel The Fox and the Woodman The Frog and the Ox The Frogs Who Desired a King The Goat and the Vine The Goose That Laid the Golden Eggs The Honest Woodcutter The Horse and the Donkey The Lion and the Fox The Lion and the Mouse The Lion , the Bear and the Fox The Man with two Mistresses The Mischievous Dog The Miser and his Gold The Mountain in Labour The Mouse and the Oyster The North Wind and the Sun The Oak and the Reed The Old Man and Death The Old Woman and the Doctor The Rose and the Amaranth The Satyr and the Traveller The Sick Kite The Snake and the Crab The Snake in the Thorn Bush The Tortoise and the Hare Town Mouse and Country Mouse The Travellers and the Plane Tree The Trees and the Bramble The Two Pots The Walnut Tree Washing the Ethiopian white The Wolf and the Crane The Wolf and the Lamb The Woodcutter and the Trees The Young Man and the Swallow Apocryphal An ass eating thistles The Bear and the Gardener Belling the cat ( also known as The Mice in Council ) The Blindman and the Lame The Boy and the Filberts Chanticleer and the Fox The Dog in the Manger The drowned woman and her husband The Elm and the Vine The Fox and the Cat The Gourd and the Palm - tree The Hawk and the Nightingale Jumping from the frying pan into the fire The milkmaid and her pail The miller , his son and the donkey The Monkey and the Cat The Priest and the Wolf The Scorpion and the Frog The Shepherd and the Lion Still waters run deep The Wolf in Sheep 's Clothing Related Jataka tales Panchatantra Perry Index The labyrinth of Versailles The Lion 's Share Aesop 's Fables ( album ) Screen adaptations Aesop 's Film Fables The Grasshopper and the Ants Print adaptations Ysopet The Morall Fabillis of Esope the Phrygian `` The Cock and the Jasp '' `` The Taill of how this forsaid Tod maid his Confessioun to Freir Wolf Waitskaith '' `` The Taill of Schir Chanticleir and the Foxe '' `` The Taill of the Uponlandis Mous and the Burges Mous '' La Fontaine 's Fables Translators Demetrius of Phalerum Phaedrus Babrius Avianus Dositheus Magister Alexander Neckam Adémar de Chabannes Odo of Cheriton John Lydgate Kawanabe Kyōsai Laurentius Abstemius Roger L'Estrange Gabriele Faerno Hieronymus Osius Marie de France Robert Henryson Jean de La Fontaine Ivan Krylov Nicolas Trigault Zhang Geng Robert Thom Zhou Zuoren portal : Novels Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Frog_and_the_Ox&oldid=800272907 '' Categories : Aesop 's Fables La Fontaine 's Fables Fictional frogs and toads Literary duos Hidden categories : Interlanguage link template link number Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Español Français Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 12 September 2017 , at 13 : 59 . 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who does frank kill in the wasp factory

It is revealed that when Frank was much younger , he killed three of his relatives : two cousins and his younger brother . He also exhumed the skull of the dog that castrated him , and he uses it as part of his rituals .

three of his relatives : two cousins and his younger brother

The Wasp Factory

the wasp factory

The Wasp Factory is the first novel by Scottish writer Iain Banks , published in 1984 . Before the publication of The Wasp Factory , Banks had written several science fiction novels that had not been accepted for publication . Banks decided to try a more mainstream novel in the hopes that it would be more readily accepted , and wrote about a psychopathic teenager living on a remote Scottish island . According to Banks , this allowed him to treat the story as something resembling science fiction -- the island could be envisaged as a planet , and Frank , the protagonist , almost as an alien . Following the success of The Wasp Factory , Banks began to write full - time .

The Wasp Factory is written from a first person perspective , told by 16 - year - old Francis Cauldhame ( `` Frank '' ) , describing his childhood and all that remains of it . Frank observes many shamanistic rituals of his own invention , and it is soon revealed that Frank killed three children before he reached the age of ten himself . The book sold well , but was greeted with a mixture of acclaim and criticism , due to its gruesome depiction of violence . The Irish Times called it `` a work of unparalleled depravity . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Literary significance and criticism 3 Adaptations 4 Release details 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) The story is told from the perspective of 16 - year - old Frank Cauldhame . Frank lives with his father on a small island in rural Scotland , and he has not seen his mother in many years . There is no official record of his birth , meaning his existence is largely unknown . Frank occupies his time with rituals , building dams , and maintaining an array of weapons ( a small catapult , pipe bombs and a crude flamethrower ) for killing small animals around the island and the coastline . He takes long walks to patrol the island and occasionally gets drunk with his only friend , a dwarf named Jamie , in the local pub . Otherwise Frank has almost no contact with the outside world . He is haunted by the memory of a dog attack in his youth , which resulted in the loss of his genitalia . He resents others for his impotence , particularly women . This is in part due to the mauling coinciding with the last time he saw his absentee mother , who had come back to the island to give birth to his younger brother , leaving immediately after . Frank 's older brother Eric escapes a mental institution in the opening of the book , having been arrested some years prior for setting fire to the town 's dogs and terrorizing local children by force - feeding them maggots and worms . Eric often calls Frank from phone boxes to inform Frank of his progress back to the island . Eric is extremely erratic ; their conversations invariably end badly , with Eric exploding in fits of rage . Frank is confused as to whether or not he is looking forward to seeing Eric , but it is clear Frank loves his brother . The `` Wasp Factory '' that the title refers to is a mechanism put together by Frank , made from a huge clock face , salvaged from the local dump , encased in a glass box . Behind each of the 12 numerals on the clock face is a trap which leads to a different ritual death ( for example burning , crushing , or drowning in Frank 's urine ) for the wasp that Frank puts into it via the hole at the centre of the clock face . Frank believes the death `` chosen '' by the wasp predicts something about the future . The Factory is in the house 's loft , which Frank 's father can not access because of a leg injury . There are also `` Sacrifice Poles '' . The bodies and heads of animals , such as mice that Frank has killed , are stuck onto the poles for the purpose of attracting birds which will fly away and alert Frank of anybody approaching the island 's borders . It is revealed that when Frank was much younger , he killed three of his relatives : two cousins and his younger brother . He also exhumed the skull of the dog that castrated him , and he uses it as part of his rituals . Eric is described as having been extremely sensitive before the incident that drove him mad : a tragic case of neglect in a hospital where Eric was a volunteer when studying to become a doctor . While attempting to feed a brain - damaged newborn with acalvaria , Eric notes that the child is unresponsive and smiling , despite usually appearing expressionless . The child 's skull is held together by a metal plate over its head . Eric checks underneath the plate to find the child 's exposed brain tissue infested and being consumed by day - old maggots . Frank 's father is distant and spends most of his time in his study , which he keeps locked at all times . Frank longs to know what is inside the study . He attempts to gain access to it each time his father leaves the house . Frank is used to being lied to by his father , who seemingly often does it purely for his own amusement or interest . At the end of the novel , Frank is alerted of Eric 's imminent return when he sees a dog that has been burned alive and discovers Eric 's campsite . This knowledge incites Frank 's father to get drunk and then forget to conceal the keys to his study , where Frank discovers male hormone drugs , tampons and what appears to be the remains of his own genitals in a jar . Frank , who hates women , assumes that his findings mean that his father is actually female . During the ensuing confrontation with his father , Eric returns and attempts to destroy the house and island with explosives and fire but is not successful . After Eric flees , the father explains that it was Frank who was born a female ; the hormones had been fed to him by his father since the dog attack in an experiment to see whether Frank would transition from female to male . The remains of his genitals were fake and it is suggested that his father 's reasoning for doing this was to distance himself from the women he felt had ruined his life . In the closing pages Frank finds Eric , half asleep , seemingly calm . Frank sits with him and considers his life up to this point and whether he should leave the island . Literary significance and criticism ( edit ) The book was initially greeted with a mixture of acclaim and criticism , due to its gruesome depiction of violence . While this is mostly against animals , Frank also recollects killing three younger children . The murders are described in an honest and matter - of - fact way , often with grotesque humour . The Irish Times called it `` a work of unparalleled depravity . '' A 1997 poll of over 25,000 readers of The Independent listed The Wasp Factory as one of the top 100 books of the 20th century . Adaptations ( edit ) In 2013 , the Australian producer and composer Ben Frost directed an opera adaptation of the Iain Banks ' novel , in which Frank is represented by three female singers . Release details ( edit ) 1984 , UK , Macmillan ( ISBN 0 - 333 - 36380 - 9 ) , Pub date 16 February 1984 , hardback ( First edition ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Banks , Iain ( 1998 - 07 - 12 ) . `` Out of this world '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 24 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Iain Banks : ' In the end we 'll be smiling ' . Quote : ' '' It 's a sick , sick world when the confidence and investment of an astute firm of publishers is justified by a work of unparalleled depravity , '' wrote this newspaper 's reviewer . ' `` . The Irish Times . Retrieved 18 September 2015 . Jump up ^ No Sartre , no Lessing , no Mailer : Frodo the hobbit beats them all - The Independent Jump up ^ https://www.theguardian.com/music/2013/oct/04/the-wasp-factory-review External links ( edit ) Iain Banks discusses The Wasp Factory on the BBC World Book Club Iain Banks discusses The Wasp Factory at the Guardian Book Club Iain Banks writing about the creation of The Wasp Factory for the Guardian hide Works of Iain Banks As Iain Banks Fiction The Wasp Factory ( 1984 ) Walking on Glass ( 1985 ) The Bridge ( 1986 ) Espedair Street ( 1987 ) Canal Dreams ( 1989 ) The Crow Road ( 1992 ) Complicity ( 1993 ) Whit ( 1995 ) A Song of Stone ( 1997 ) The Business ( 1999 ) Dead Air ( 2002 ) The Steep Approach to Garbadale ( 2007 ) Stonemouth ( 2012 ) The Quarry ( 2013 ) Non-fiction Raw Spirit ( 2003 ) Poems ( with Ken MacLeod ) ( 2015 ) As Iain M. Banks Culture series Consider Phlebas ( 1987 ) The Player of Games ( 1988 ) Use of Weapons ( 1990 ) The State of the Art ( 1991 ) Excession ( 1996 ) Inversions ( 1998 ) Look to Windward ( 2000 ) Matter ( 2008 ) Surface Detail ( 2010 ) The Hydrogen Sonata ( 2012 ) Other works Against a Dark Background ( 1993 ) Feersum Endjinn ( 1994 ) The Algebraist ( 2004 ) Transition ( 2009 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Wasp_Factory&oldid=836190834 '' Categories : 1984 British novels Debut novels Novels by Iain Banks Scottish bildungsromans Macmillan Publishers books Cruelty to animals in fiction Novels set on islands Novels with transgender and transsexual themes British LGBT novels Hidden categories : Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch 한국어 Italiano Русский Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 13 April 2018 , at 06 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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when was the 610 loop built in houston

Interstate 610 ( Texas )

interstate 610 ( texas )

Interstate 610 Route information Maintained by TxDOT Length 37.972 mi ( 61.110 km ) Existed 1959 -- present Major junctions Beltway around Houston I - 10 / US 90 I - 69 / US 59 I - 45 US 290 SH 288 SH 225 Highway system Interstate Highway System Main Auxiliary Suffixed Business Future Highways in Texas Interstate US State Toll Loops Spurs FM / RM Park Rec ← I - 410 I - 635 → Interstate 610 ( abbreviated I - 610 ) is a freeway that forms a 38 - mile - long ( 61 km ) loop around the downtown sector of city of Houston , Texas . Interstate 610 , colloquially known as The Loop , Loop 610 , The Inner Loop , or just 610 , traditionally marks the border between the inner city of Houston ( `` inside the Loop '' ) and its surrounding areas . It is the inner of the three Houston beltways , the other two being Beltway 8 ( Sam Houston Tollway ) and State Highway 99 ( Grand Parkway ) , of which various segments are under construction or planning . It is one of four interstate loops not to share its route with another interstate freeway , the others being I - 270 in Ohio , I - 295 in Florida , and I - 485 in North Carolina . In Houston the area inside the 610 Loop is the urban core . Jeff Balke of the Houston Press wrote that the freeway `` is as much a social and philosophical divide as a physical one '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Route description 1.1 Lane configurations 2 History 3 Exit list 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Route description ( edit ) Major segments of Interstate 610 are known as the North Loop , the South Loop , the East Loop , and the West Loop . The North Loop runs from U.S. Highway 290 to U.S. Highway 90 . The East Loop runs from Highway 90 to State Highway 225 . The West Loop runs from Highway 290 to the South Post Oak Road spur , and the South Loop runs from South Post Oak Road to Highway 225 . Sometimes , a direction name is added as a suffix to denote a more specific part of a portion of the loop and this does not denote the direction of traffic flow . For example : North Loop West Freeway refers to the portion of the North Loop between Highway 290 and Interstate 45 . North Loop East refers to the portion between Interstate 45 and Highway 90 . East Loop North Freeway refers to the portion of the East Loop between Highway 90 and Interstate 10 . East Loop South refers to the portion between Interstate 10 and State Highway 225 . South Loop East Freeway refers to the portion of the South Loop between State Highway 225 and State Highway 288 . South Loop West refers to the portion between State Highway 288 and the South Post Oak Road spur . West Loop South Freeway refers to the portion of the West Loop between the South Post Oak Road spur and Buffalo Bayou ( which is just south of Interstate 10 ) . West Loop North refers to the portion between Buffalo Bayou and Highway 290 . Lane configurations ( edit ) I - 610 seen from Park Towers South ( North Post Oak and I - 610 ) in Houston ; view toward south and toward the interchange with I - 69 / US 59 I - 610 `` West Loop South '' just south from I - 10 west Starting at U.S. Highway 290 , moving in a clockwise direction , mainlane counts are as follows : 4 lanes each way between U.S. Highway 290 and Interstate 45 6 lanes each way between Interstate 45 and Interstate 69 / U.S. Highway 59 4 lanes each way between Interstate 69 / U.S. Highway 59 and Interstate 10 5 lanes each way between Interstate 10 and State Highway 225 4 lanes each way between State Highway 225 and State Highway 288 5 lanes each way between State Highway 288 and South Post Oak Road spur 5 lanes northbound , 4 lanes southbound between South Post Oak Road spur and Bissonnet exit 5 lanes northbound , 5 lanes southbound between Bissonnet exit and Bellaire Boulevard exit 4 lanes northbound , 5 lanes southbound between Bellaire Boulevard exit and Woodway Drive 5 lanes each way Woodway Drive and Interstate 10 6 lanes each way between Interstate 10 and U.S. Highway 290 History ( edit ) I - 610 eastbound at US 290 in Houston , a few years before reconstruction . I - 610 `` West Loop South '' just south from I - 10 west . View toward North from Park Towers South The concept of building a bypass highway around Houston was first proposed in 1931 , but plans did not begin to formalize until 1941 . The loop was initially proposed to transport troops and materials around the city . On May 3 , Harris County voters approved a bond to build the `` Defense Loop '' . It was officially designated as Loop 137 in 1942 , and the North Loop was approved by the Texas Transportation Commission . World War II delayed construction of the Loop until the 1950s . In July 1953 , the city of Houston asked the Texas Transportation Commission to include 2 new sections of Loop 137 ( the West Loop and the South Loop ) as part of the state 's highway system . It was initially rejected , but in October 1954 , the North Loop was upgraded to a freeway , and the West and South Loops were approved as freeways . When the Interstate Highway system was authorized in 1956 , the then C - shaped Loop 137 ( now designated Interstate 610 ) was adopted into the plan . The East Loop would not be approved until 1960 . That segment was finished in 1973 with the opening of the Sidney Sherman Bridge over the Houston Ship Channel . Construction on the North Loop began in 1950 . Construction was sporadic throughout the 1950s and 1960s . It was completed in 1976 with the interchange that connects Loop 610 to Interstate 10 east of Houston . In the early 1990s , TxDOT proposed a widening project for the West Loop , which at the time was the busiest freeway in Houston . One of the proposals was for a dual - dual freeway with a total of 24 lanes in some places , which would have made it the widest freeway in the world . Amid vocal opposition and little apparent support , the plans for expansion were cancelled . In the late 1990s , the need to repave and reconstruct portions of the West Loop became evident . The reconstruction project was approved , but only as a `` no - capacity - added '' project ; only safety and structural improvements could be made . However , some Houston residents have noted that merging lanes and exit ramps are particularly long and in effect , serve as additional lanes . As of 2014 , the segment of the West Loop from the Katy Freeway to the Southwest Freeway is ranked by TxDOT as the most congested roadway in the state , based on annual hours of delay per mile . Parts of I - 610 flooded during Hurricane Harvey in 2017 . Exit list ( edit ) The entire highway is in Harris County . Location mi km Exit Destinations Notes Houston 1A FM 521 ( Almeda Road ) Eastbound ( counterclockwise ) exit and westbound ( clockwise ) entrance 1B Fannin Street 1C Kirby Drive Alt . US 90 ( South Main Street ) / Buffalo Speedway Stella Link Road 4A South Braeswood Boulevard / North Braeswood Boulevard 4B South Post Oak Road Signed direction switches between east -- west and north -- south 5A Beechnut Street no direct northbound ( clockwise ) exit ( signed at exit 4A ) Bellaire 5B Evergreen Street no direct southbound ( counterclockwise ) exit ( signed at exit 6 ) 6 Bellaire Boulevard 7 Bissonnet Street / Fournace Place no direct northbound ( clockwise ) exit ( signed at exit 6 ) , no southbound ( counterclockwise ) exit Houston 7 Westpark Drive Northbound ( clockwise ) exit and southbound ( counterclockwise ) entrance 8A I - 69 / US 59 -- Victoria , Downtown Houston I - 69 / US 59 exit 123 ; stack interchange . 8B Hidalgo Street / Richmond Avenue Southbound ( counterclockwise ) exit and northbound ( clockwise ) entrance 8C FM 1093 ( Westheimer Road ) 9 San Felipe Road / Post Oak Boulevard Signed as exits 9A ( San Felipe Road ) and 9B ( Post Oak Boulevard ) southbound ( counterclockwise ) 10 Woodway Drive / Memorial Drive two identical exits southbound ( counterclockwise ) : 10B before the merge from I - 10 and 10A after 11 I - 10 ( US 90 ) -- San Antonio , Downtown Houston I - 10 exit 763 12 Katy Road Closed until February 2018 ; may be delayed due to Hurricane Harvey ; southbound exit only . 13C West 18th Street / Hempstead Road northbound ( clockwise ) exit and southbound ( counterclockwise ) entrance 13A US 290 west -- Austin 13B West T.C. Jester Boulevard / East T.C. Jester Boulevard 14 Ella Boulevard Access to Memorial Hermann Northwest Hospital 15 Spur 261 ( North Shepherd Drive ) / North Durham Drive Access to Northwest Health Center 16 Yale Street / North Main Street Signed as exits 16A ( Yale Street ) and 16B ( North Main Street ) eastbound ( clockwise ) 17A Airline Drive Eastbound ( clockwise ) exit and westbound ( counterclockwise ) entrance 17 I - 45 -- Dallas , Downtown Houston , IAH Airport Signed as exits 17B ( north ) and 17C ( south ) ; I - 45 exit 51 18 Irvington Boulevard / Fulton Street 19A Hardy Street / Jensen Drive eastbound ( clockwise ) exit and westbound ( counterclockwise ) entrance 19B Hardy Toll Road north ( Spur 548 ) 20 I - 69 / US 59 -- Cleveland , Downtown Houston I - 69 / US 59 exit 135 ; signed as exits 20A ( north ) & 20B ( south ) westbound ( counterclockwise ) . 20C Hirsch Road no direct eastbound ( clockwise ) exit ( signed at exit 21 ) 21 Lockwood Drive Access to Lyndon B. Johnson General Hospital 22 Homestead Road / Kelley Street 23A Kirkpatrick Boulevard 23B North Wayside Drive / Liberty Road 24 Bus . US 90 east ( McCarty Drive / US 90 Alt . west ) / Wallisville Road signed as exits 24A ( US 90 Bus . ) and 24B ( Wallisville Road ) northbound ( counterclockwise ) 25 Gellhorn Drive Southbound ( clockwise ) exit and northbound ( counterclockwise ) entrance 26A I - 10 ( US 90 ) -- Beaumont , Liberty , Downtown Houston I - 10 exit 775A ; no access from I - 610 south ( clockwise ) to US 90 east or US 90 west to I - 610 north ( counterclockwise ) 26B Market Street Northbound ( counterclockwise ) exit and southbound ( clockwise ) entrance 27 Turning Basin Drive No northbound ( counterclockwise ) exit 28 Clinton Drive 29 Port of Houston Main Entrance 30A Manchester Street southbound ( clockwise ) exit and northbound ( counterclockwise ) entrance 30B - C SH 225 -- Pasadena , La Porte Signed as exits 30B ( east ) and 30C ( west ) 30D Lawndale Avenue no direct southbound ( clockwise ) exit ( signed at exit 30C ) 31 Broadway Boulevard 32 I - 45 / SH 35 south -- Galveston , Alvin , Downtown Houston , Hobby Airport Signed as exits 32A ( I - 45 south ) and 32B ( I - 45 north / SH 35 south ) ; I - 45 exit 40 33 Woodridge Drive / Telephone Road 34A South Wayside Drive / Long Drive 35 Crestmont Street / M.L. King Boulevard / Mykawa Road 36A Calais Road / Holmes Road / M.L. King Boulevard 36B FM 865 ( Cullen Boulevard ) no direct westbound ( clockwise ) exit ( signed at exit 36A ) 37 Scott Street 38A SH 288 -- Lake Jackson , Freeport , Downtown Houston , IAH Airport Signed as exits 38A ( north ) and 38C ( south ) eastbound ( counterclockwise ) 1.000 mi = 1.609 km ; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Incomplete access See also ( edit ) Houston portal U.S. Roads portal I - 610 Ship Channel Bridge References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Transportation Planning and Programming Division ( n.d. ) . `` Interstate Highway No. 610 '' . Highway Designation Files . Texas Department of Transportation . Jump up ^ Balke , Jeff . `` 10 Things You Say That Make You a Houstonian . '' Houston Press . Tuesday October 21 , 2014 . p. 2 ( Archive ) . Retrieved on October 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Clearing up confusion of multiple highway names '' . Houston Chronicle . November 20 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Google ( September 7 , 2006 ) . `` North Loop Fwy W '' ( Map ) . Google Maps . Google . Retrieved September 7 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Google ( September 7 , 2006 ) . `` North Loop Fwy E '' ( Map ) . Google Maps . Google . Retrieved September 7 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Google ( September 7 , 2006 ) . `` East Loop Fwy N '' ( Map ) . Google Maps . Google . Retrieved September 7 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Google ( September 7 , 2006 ) . `` South Loop Fwy E '' ( Map ) . Google Maps . Google . Retrieved September 7 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Google ( September 7 , 2006 ) . `` South Loop Fwy W '' ( Map ) . Google Maps . Google . Retrieved September 7 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Google ( September 7 , 2006 ) . `` Interstate 610 ( Texas ) '' ( Map ) . Google Maps . Google . Retrieved September 7 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Google ( September 7 , 2006 ) . `` West Loop Fwy N '' ( Map ) . Google Maps . Google . Retrieved September 7 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Slotboom , Erik . `` Notes and Index '' ( PDF ) . Houston Freeways . Self - published . ^ Jump up to : Slotboom , Erik . `` The Loop , Interstate 610 '' ( PDF ) . Houston Freeways . Self - published . Retrieved December 15 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Sallee , Rad ( December 3 , 2006 ) . `` Reader worries drivers will take turn for the worse '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved December 15 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Sallee , Rad ( November 26 , 2006 ) . `` More buildings checked for ' stray ' Metro current '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved December 15 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Congested Roadways '' . Texas Department of Transportation . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Alan . `` The Unprecedented Flooding in Houston , in Photos '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 27 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to : Interstate 610 ( Texas ) ( category ) Route map : Google KML file ( edit help ) Display on Google Maps Template : Attached KML / Interstate 610 ( Texas ) KML is from Wikidata 3 - Digit Interstates profile for I - 610 ( hide ) Auxiliary routes of Interstate 10 California 110 110 210 710 Business Arizona 410 510 710 Business New Mexico Business Texas 110 410 610 Business Louisiana 110 210 310 310 410 410 510 610 910 Mississippi 110 310 Alabama 210 Florida 110 Former Proposed Unbuilt Unsigned Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Interstate_610_(Texas)&oldid=824834028 '' Categories : Freeways in Houston Auxiliary Interstate Highways Interstate Highways in Texas Beltways in the United States Interstate 10 Transportation in Harris County , Texas Hidden categories : All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from March 2013 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles using KML from Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikimedia Commons فارسی Français Edit links This page was last edited on 9 February 2018 , at 19 : 48 . 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miami's little havana is home to the famous

Little Havana

little havana

Little Havana ( Spanish : La Pequeña Habana ) is a neighborhood of Miami , Florida , United States . Home to many Cuban exiles , as well as many immigrants from Central and South America , Little Havana is named after Havana , the capital and largest city in Cuba .

Little Havana is noted as a center of social , cultural , and political activity in Miami . Its festivals , including the Calle Ocho Festival , Viernes Culturales / Cultural Fridays , the Three Kings Parade and others , have been televised to millions of people every year on different continents . It is also known for its landmarks , including Calle Ocho ( SW 8th Street / Tamiami Trail ) , and its Walk of Fame ( for famous artists and Latin personalities , including Celia Cruz , Willy Chirino , and Gloria Estefan ) , the Cuban Memorial Boulevard , Plaza de la Cubanidad , Domino Park , the Tower Theater , Jose Marti Park , the Firestone / Walgreens Building , St. John Bosco Catholic Church , Municipio de Santiago de Cuba and others . Little Havana is the best known neighborhood for Cuban exiles in the world . It is characterized by its street life , restaurants , music and other cultural activities , mom and pop enterprises , political passion , and great warmth amongst it 's residents . In 2015 , Little Havana was included in the National Trust for Historic Preservation 's annual list of 11 Most Endangered Places . In 2017 , the Trust declared it a national treasure . Contents 1 History 2 Borders 3 Demographics 4 South River Drive Historic District 5 Riverview Historic District 6 Viernes Culturales 7 Churches 8 Parks 9 Education 9.1 Public schools 9.1. 1 Elementary schools 9.1. 2 Middle schools 9.1. 3 High schools 9.2 Colleges 9.3 Libraries 10 Cultural institutions 10.1 Museums and memorials 10.2 Theaters and performance arts 11 Calle Ocho Festival 12 Places of interest 13 Gallery 14 See also 15 References 16 External links History ( edit ) Originally a lower - middle - class Southern and a thriving Jewish neighborhood in the 1930s . The name `` Little Havana '' emerged in the 1960s as the concentration of Cubans in the area grew sharply . Little Havana is the name affixed to a sprawling neighborhood lying immediately west of Downtown Miami . It stretches west from the Miami River for several miles . This sobriquet was applied to the Shenandoah and Riverside neighborhoods in the 1960s , following the beginnings of a vast influx of Cuban refugees there . Little Havana is famous as the cultural and political capital of Cuban Americans , and the neighborhood is a center of the Cuban exile community . In the 1960s , the influx of Cubans fleeing Castro led the area to become a hotbed of counter-revolutionary activity . Arriving residents expected their stay in Miami would be temporary as Castro would be deposed . By 1970 , the neighborhood was more than 85 percent Cuban . Rather than return to Havana , where Castro remained in power , Cuban Americans began residing in neighborhoods across Miami . Little Havana , however , remained a landing point for new immigrants and a stronghold for Cuban - owned businesses . As of 2011 , Little Havana has the highest concentration of Hispanics ( 98 % ) in Miami . Within the Hispanic population , the Cuban population has experienced a substantial decrease from 84 % in 1979 to 58 % in 1989 ; however , a group of Hispanics from other countries , especially those from Nicaragua , Honduras , and other Central American countries has substantially increased since the late - 1990s . Despite the increasing diversity , most neighborhood businesses are still Cuban - owned . Borders ( edit ) A Florida Atlantic University study surveyed locals who agreed that the neighborbood is bordered approximately by the following : Western Border : Southwest 37th Avenue Eastern Border : Southwest 4th Avenue Northern Border : Northwest 7th Street Southern Border : Southwest 9th Street Aerial view of Little Havana , Miami River foreground , Marlins Park to the right , Coral Gables skyline in background , Coconut Grove and Biscayne Bay to the very left . Demographics ( edit ) As of 2000 , Little Havana had a population of 49,206 residents , with 19,341 households , and 11,266 families residing in the neighborhood . The median household income was $15,213.16 . The ethnic makeup of the neighborhood was 85.08 % Hispanic or Latino of any race ( mainly Cubans , but also many Nicaraguans and Hondurans , as well as other Latinos ) , 3.79 % Black or African American ( not including Afro - Cubans , Afro - Nicaraguans , Afro - Hondurans , and other Afro - Latinos ) , 10.14 % Non-Hispanic White , and 0.96 % of other races . South River Drive Historic district ( edit ) See also : National Register of Historic Places listings in Miami , Florida South River Drive Historic District U.S. National Register of Historic Places U.S. Historic district Show map of Miami Show map of Florida Show map of the US Show all Location Little Havana , Miami , Florida Area 25 acres ( 100,000 m ) NRHP reference # 87000671 Added to NRHP August 10 , 1987 The South River Drive Historic District is a historic district within the City of Miami 's Little Havana neighborhood . In 1987 , the Miami City Commission created the locally designated district . Later that year , the National Park Service added the district to the National Register of Historic Places . Located on the eastern end of the neighborhood along the Miami River , the district is just west of Downtown Miami . The district includes 428 , 438 Southwest 1st Street , 437 Southwest 2nd Street , 104 , 109 , 118 Southwest South River Drive . It contains 9 historic buildings . The South River Drive Historic District derives its significance from both its architectural and cultural history . Developed principally in the first two decades of the twentieth century , the historic district contains the city 's oldest extant group of vernacular frame buildings near the Miami River . Riverview Historic district ( edit ) Designated on April 7 , 2015 by the Historic and Environmental Preservation Board , the Riverview Historic District is a City of Miami historic district located west of Downtown Miami and within the Little Havana neighborhood . The locally designated historic district comprises single and multi-family residences and commercial structures in the Bungalow , Mission , Mediterranean Revival , and Miami Modern styles of architecture . Viernes Culturales ( edit ) Cuban men playing dominos in Little Havana 's famous Máximo Gómez Park . Dominos is a popular game in Cuban culture , and the park is famous for its many domino players who meet daily in the park . Viernes Culturales ( English : Cultural Fridays ) is an artistic , cultural , and social arts and culture fair that takes place on the last Friday of each month in the historic Little Havana neighborhood of Miami in the heart of Calle Ocho ( 8th St. SW between 14th and 17th Avenues ) . The event consists of outdoor musical performances on a stage and along the sidewalks of Calle Ocho , art exhibits along the sidewalk and in plazas and open spaces , visits to art galleries and cultural centers , cuisine tasting at participating restaurants , and films , art exhibits , and educational programs at the historic Tower Theatre . Free walking tours , led by Miami historian Dr. Paul George leave from the Tower Theater at 7pm during each festival day . Churches ( edit ) St. John Bosco Catholic Church St. Michael the Archangel Catholic Church St. Raymond of Peñafort Catholic Church St. Barbara Old Catholic Church ( schismatic ) Holy Comforter ( Episcopal church ) Centro Cristiano Casablanca , 2000 - 2009 , an Assemblies of God church that purchased the old Casablanca Banquet Hall and converted the building into a Christian church . Pastored by Dr. Eddie Rivero until the property was sold to El Rey Jesus Little Havana church which ultimately went into foreclosure . Parks ( edit ) Máximo Gómez Park ( better known as Domino Park ) , Calle Ocho Plaza de la Cubanidad Cuban Memorial Boulevard Park ( SW 13th Avenue ) Sewell Park Fern Isle Park Henderson Park Riverside Park Grapeland Heights Waterpark Jose Marti Park Shenandoah Park Coral gate park Bryan Park Kinloch park Triangle park Education ( edit ) Miami Senior High School , founded in 1903 , is Miami 's first high school The cortadito is a famous espresso beverage popular all over Miami . The many cafeterías ( window coffee shops ) throughout Little Havana are popular gathering spots for locals , and quintessential of Little Havana ( and Miami ) culture . Ropa Vieja dish at a Little Havana restaurant . Calle Ocho is known for its many famous Cuban restaurants . Miami - Dade County Public Schools runs area public schools . Schools within Little Havana include : Public schools ( edit ) Elementary schools ( edit ) Citrus Grove Elementary School Riverside Elementary School Auburndale Elementary School Kinloch Park Elementary School Shenandoah Elementary School Kensington Park Elementary School Ada Merritt K - 8 Center Mater Academy East Charter Elementary School Hemdry T. Llanes Elementary A. School Lincoln - Martí Charter School Middle schools ( edit ) Citrus Grove Middle School Kinloch Park Middle School Shenandoah Middle School Ada Merrit K - 8 Center SLAM Sports Leadership and Management Charter School Mater Academy East Charter High / Middle School International Studies Charter School Lincoln - Martí Chater School High schools ( edit ) Miami Senior High School , founded in 1903 ( the oldest high school in Miami ) Young Women 's Preparatory Academy ( all - girls ) Mater East Academy Charter High / Middle School SLAM Sports Leadership and Management Charter School International Studies Charter School Lincoln - Martí Charter School Colleges ( edit ) Miami Dade College - InterAmerican Campus Libraries ( edit ) Miami - Dade Public Library operates all area public libraries : Hispanic Library West Flagler Library Shenandoah Library Cultural institutions ( edit ) L'Alliance Française de Miami , French language and cultural society La Società Dante Alighieri , Italian language and cultural society Museums and memorials ( edit ) Bay of Pigs Museum and Library Cuban Memorial Boulevard Park ( SW 13th Avenue ) Theaters and performance arts ( edit ) Tower Theatre , 1508 SW 8th St Manuel Artime Theatre , 900 SW 1st St Miami - Dade County Auditorium , 2901 W Flagler St Teatro 8 , 2101 SW 8th St ArtSpoken Performing Arts Center , 529 SW 12th Ave Havanafama , 752 SW 10th Ave Teatro Avante , 744 SW 8th Street 2 Floor Calle Ocho festival ( edit ) Calle Ocho festival in 2001 Little Havana hosts its annual Calle Ocho street festival ( part of the overall Carnaval Miami celebration ) , one of the largest in the world , with over one million visitors attending Calle Ocho alone . It is a free street festival with a Caribbean carnival feel sponsored by the Kiwanis Club of Little Havana . Calle Ocho is where different ethnic communities wear colors or flags representing pride in their heritage . Flags from Colombia to Nicaragua to Puerto Rico to Costa Rica and even Ireland flood the streets . Foods from different countries are usually present for purchase , and popular latin music like reggaeton , salsa , bachata and merengue can be heard throughout the festival . In 1977 tensions among Miami 's different ethnic groups were running high . Eight Cuban - Americans , mostly from the Kiwanis of Little Havana , were trying to come up with ideas to address the situation . They considered a bicycle race on SW Eighth Street ( Calle Ocho ) . It was turned down because the organizers feared that it would pit one ethnic group against another . Willy Bermello came up with the idea of doing something similar to the block parties and street festivals of Philadelphia . Calle Ocho was born . The festival takes place between 27th Ave and 4th Ave along Southwest 8th Street . Over 30 stages and hundreds of street vendors participate in the live music street festival now in its 4th decade . Calle Ocho earned an entry in the Guinness Book of World Records when 119,986 people formed the world 's longest conga line on March 13 , 1988 . In 2010 , the Florida legislature identified the Calle Ocho - Open House 8 festival as the official state festival . Places of interest ( edit ) Padilla Cigar Factory , one of the cigar factories on Calle Ocho Calle Ocho ( SW 8th Street ) Cuban Memorial Boulevard ( SW 13th Avenue ) Little Havana Visitors Center ( 1600 SW 10 Street ) Centro Cultural Español de Cooperación Iberoamericana , ( 1 ) Versailles Restaurant SW 8 Street and 36 Avenue Padilla Cigar Factory ( 2 ) Marlins Park ( former site of the Orange Bowl ) Calle Ocho Walk of Fame ( SW 8th Street between SW 12th Avenue and SW 17th Avenue ) Little Havana Food & Cultural Tour , Ball & Chain ( 1513 SW 8 Street ) World Famous Live Music Bar & Lounge ; originally opened in 1935 Gallery ( edit ) Cuban Memorial Plaza on SW 13th Avenue & Calle Ocho Bay of Pigs Invasion Monument Bust of José Martí Memorial plaque of Cuba Wall mural on SW 14th Avenue & Calle Ocho Domino Park Tower Theater at 1508 Calle Ocho Futurama Furniture Sign at 1513 Calle Ocho Marlins Park under construction See also ( edit ) Miami portal Cuba portal Havana on the Hudson Cuba -- United States relations Cuban - American lobby Mariel boatlift Opposition to Fidel Castro Wikimedia Commons has media related to Little Havana . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2018 - 07 - 04 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Most Endangered Historic Places - National Trust for Historic Preservation '' . Jump up ^ `` Miami 's Little Havana Endangered : Preservation Group '' . Jump up ^ `` Preservation group says Little Havana endangered : Travel Weekly '' . www.travelweekly.com . Jump up ^ Hetter , Katia ( 27 January 2017 ) . `` Miami 's Little Havana declared a ' national treasure ' '' . CNN . Retrieved 27 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Little Havana '' . Flashback Miami . 2014 - 07 - 23 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Little Havana looks to life after Castro - USATODAY.com '' . usatoday30.usatoday.com . ^ Jump up to : Vasilogambros , Matt ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` Cuba , the Brand '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 08 - 18 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ Cordoba , Hilton ( August 2011 ) . `` CULTURAL AND SPATIAL PERCEPTIONS OF MIAMI 'S LITTLE HAVANA '' ( PDF ) . FAU Digital Collections . Florida Atlantic University . Retrieved 29 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Demographics of Little Havana Miami , FL '' . miamigov.com . Archived from the original on 2008 - 05 - 17 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` National Register of Historical Places - FLORIDA ( FL ) , Dade County '' . www.nationalregisterofhistoricplaces.com . Jump up ^ `` South River Drive Historic District '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` An Arts & Culture Festival in Little Havana , Florida -- Every last Friday of the month ! '' . www.viernesculturales.org . Jump up ^ Bernadette R Giacomazzo , `` Calle Ocho Festival : The History of Little Havana 's Most Famous Music Celebration '' Latin Post , February 28 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` 2008 Florida Statutes , Title IV , Chapter 15 section 15.0395 '' . State of Florida . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Little Havana Food Tours - Miami Food & Cultural Tours '' . Miamiculinarytours.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 13 . External links ( edit ) Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Miami - Little Havana . Little Havana Food And Cultural Tour Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Miami - Little Havana . Little Havana Guide Neighborhoods in Miami Allapattah Bay Point Bayside Belle Meade Biscayne Island Brickell Brickell Key Bryan Park Buena Vista Coconut Grove Coral Gate Coral Way Design District Dodge Island Downtown Edgewater Flagami Golden Pines Grapeland Heights Health District ( Civic Center ) Ironside Jewelery District Liberty City Little Haiti Little Havana Little River Lummus Park Midtown MiMo District Morningside Omni Overtown Park West Riverside San Marco Island Shenandoah Shorecrest Silver Bluff Spring Garden The Roads Upper Eastside Venetian Islands Virginia Key Watson Island West Flagler Wynwood Greater Miami Area Miami Fort Lauderdale West Palm Beach Miami metropolitan area Central business district Downtown Miami Brickell Central Business District Historic District Government Center Park West Omni Downtown Fort Lauderdale Major urban areas Aventura Coconut Grove Coral Gables Dadeland Health District Hialeah Hollywood Midtown Edgewater Wynwood Pembroke Pines South Beach Colleges and universities Barry University Broward College Carlos Albizu University Florida Atlantic University Florida International University Florida Memorial University Johnson & Wales University Miami Dade College Miami International University of Art & Design Nova Southeastern University St. Thomas University University of Miami Parks and recreation Alice Wainwright Park Amelia Earhart Park Arch Creek The Barnacle Historic State Park Bayfront Park Big Cypress National Preserve Bill Baggs Cape Florida State Park Biscayne National Park Brian Piccolo Sports Park & Velodrome Chapman Field Park Crandon Park Dinner Key Everglades National Park Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden Fort Dallas Fruit and Spice Park Greynolds Park Haulover Park Jungle Island The Kampong Margaret Pace Park Matheson Hammock Park Miami Seaquarium Monkey Jungle Museum Park Oleta River State Park Peacock Park Shark Valley Simpson Park Hammock South Pointe Park Tamiami Park Tropical Park Virginia Key Zoo Miami Attractions Adrienne Arsht Center for the Performing Arts American Airlines Arena Bass Museum Bergeron Rodeo Grounds BB&T Center Biltmore Hotel Bonita Chita Key Butterfly World Coral Castle Downtown Miami FIU Arena FIU Stadium Florida Grand Opera Fontainebleau Miami Beach Fort Lauderdale Swap Shop Frost Art Museum Frost School of Music Gulfstream Park Hard Rock Stadium HistoryMiami Holocaust Memorial Homestead Jewish Museum of Florida Las Olas Boulevard Lowe Art Museum Lincoln Road Lummus Park MacFarlane Homestead Marlins Park Miami Beach Architectural District Miami Beach Convention Center Miami Children 's Museum Miami City Ballet Miami Conservatory Museum of Contemporary Art New World Symphony Orchestra Normandy Isles North Shore Ocean Drive Phillip and Patricia Frost Museum of Science Pérez Art Museum Miami Riverwalk Seminole Hard Rock Hotel & Casino Hollywood South Beach The Miami Line Vizcaya Museum and Gardens Watsco Center Wolfsonian - FIU Wynwood Art District Major shopping centers Aventura Mall Bal Harbour Shops Bayside Marketplace Brickell City Centre CocoWalk Coral Square Dadeland Mall Dolphin Mall The Falls Flagler Street The Galleria at Fort Lauderdale Lincoln Road The Mall at 163rd Street Mall of the Americas Mary Brickell Village Miami International Mall Midtown Miami Miracle Marketplace Pembroke Lakes Mall The Shops at Sunset Place Sawgrass Mills Southland Mall Shops at Merrick Park Westfield Broward Westland Mall Transportation Amtrak Brightline Broward County Transit Government Center Fort Lauderdale Executive Airport Fort Lauderdale -- Hollywood International Airport Miami Airport Station Miami - Dade Transit Metrorail Metrobus Metromover MIA Mover Miami International Airport North Perry Airport Palm Tran Pompano Beach Airpark Port Everglades Port of Miami Tri-Rail Major thoroughfares East 6th Avenue North 36th Street North 54th Street North 79th Street North 103rd Street North 125th Street North 135th Street West 7th Avenue West 12th Avenue West 27th Avenue West 107th Avenue Allapattah Road Alton Road Bird Road Biscayne Boulevard Brickell Avenue Broad Causeway Collins Avenue Coral Reef Drive Coral Way County Line Road Douglas Road Flagler Street Galloway Road Gratigny Ives Dairy Road Julia Tuttle Causeway Kendall Drive John F. Kennedy Causeway Killian Krome Avenue William Lehman Causeway Le Jeune Road Ludlam Road MacArthur Causeway Miami Avenue Miami Gardens Drive Milam Dairy Road Miracle Mile Okeechobee Road Old Cutler Road Port Boulevard Quail Roost Drive Red Road Rickenbacker Causeway South Dixie Highway Sunset Drive Tamiami Trail Venetian Causeway West Dixie Highway Portal WikiProject Ethnic enclaves African - American list Arabic Armenian Australian Cambodian Canadian Chinese Cuban Filipino Greek Hispanic and Latino American Indian Irish Italian Iranian Japanese Jewish Korean Pakistani Serbian Vietnamese Coordinates : 25 ° 46 ′ 21.28 '' N 80 ° 12 ′ 52.52 '' W  /  25.7725778 ° N 80.2145889 ° W  / 25.7725778 ; - 80.2145889 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Little_Havana&oldid=853880424 '' Categories : Ethnic enclaves Neighborhoods in Miami Ethnic enclaves in the United States Cuban - American history Cuban - American culture in Miami Cuba -- United States relations Historic Jewish communities Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Florida National Register of Historic Places in Miami Hidden categories : Articles with short description Articles containing Spanish - language text Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Català Deutsch Español Français Italiano Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Tiếng Việt 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 August 2018 , at 15 : 08 ( UTC ) . 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where was the movie the sweetest thing filmed

The Sweetest Thing

the sweetest thing

The Sweetest Thing is a 2002 American romantic comedy film directed by Roger Kumble and written by Nancy Pimental , who based the characters on herself and friend Kate Walsh . It stars Cameron Diaz , Christina Applegate and Selma Blair .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) In an opening scene , a group of men are interviewed regarding Christina Walters ( Cameron Diaz ) who introduce her as a player and a user of men in the swinging singles market . The men include : A neurotic loser who gets a nose bleed when she fails to call him after promising to do so . A man who saw the movie Swingers and is calling her after 3 days , only to find that she gave him a number for Moviefone . A man whose masculinity comes into question when he attempted to court Christina and was denied claiming her to be a lesbian A very talkative man who ends up propelling himself off an exercise bike when he starts talking about Christina . The scene shifts back to the sexist man whose claims of Christina 's lesbianism causes an entire crowd of women to attack him with baseball bats and the movie moves along , introducing Christina Walters , a successful interior designer and Courtney Rockcliffe ( Christina Applegate ) who is a divorce lawyer as they console their friend and roommate Jane ( Selma Blair ) , who had recently broken up with her boyfriend Kevin , by taking her out to a dance club and cancel their plans to stay in for pizza . At the club , Jane feels out of place and Christina grabs a man passing by to set Jane up with . She meets Peter Donahue ( Thomas Jane ) who confronts Christina for her methods before disappearing for the night . While in the bathroom with Courtney , she calls him by name , leading her to suspect that he got under Christina 's skin and she is actually attracted to him which she denies . After running into Peter again , Christina buys him a drink and they spend time together , Peter explaining that he will be attending a wedding on Saturday and he is at the club with his obnoxious , womanizing brother Roger ( Jason Bateman ) to celebrate . He invites Christina and Courtney to an after - party at their hotel , but Christina goes home and later regrets not going . The next day , Christina can not stop talking about Peter while Jane deals with an embarrassing `` cleanup '' from her fun with the guy she met the night before . In the unedited version , Jane returns to the lunch and the women talk about always complimenting men for the sizes of their penises , eventually breaking out into a restaurant - wide `` Penis Song '' . Courtney arranges for her and Christina to travel to Somerset where Peter 's brother 's wedding is to take place and they meet Jane 's boyfriend as a recurring gag they indicate he is well endowed causing misery and enjoyment from Jane . After they leave , Christina and Courtney go on a series of misadventures including an exploding toilet , a glory hole discovery , and a motorcyclist who is led to believe Christina is giving Courtney oral sex . Meanwhile , Jane encounters her boyfriend at her retail job and is nearly caught having sex with him in the changing rooms . When Christina and Courtney finally get to Somerset , Christina begins having second thoughts after visiting a store to replace their wet and ruined clothing only to come out in extremely gaudy , indiscreet outfits , but a series of coincidences gives her a change of heart and they go to Peter 's brother 's wedding . Arriving , they discover that it is Peter , not Roger who is getting married and the pair nearly ruin the ceremonies in their attempts to escape . Peter and his fiance then decide that they do not want to marry each other and they call off the wedding ( much to her father 's chagrin ) while Christina returns home and back to a newly unfulfilled life of being single again . Later , Peter finds Christina 's address in the log at the store they bought their clothing in and tracks her down . Christina , determined not to fear the commitment , kisses Peter and then walks away disappointed . Sometime later , Courtney is dating a doctor and is clearly very attracted to him , and Peter is interviewed like the men at the beginning of the film , retelling his version of the events calling her a bitch and a player , but ultimately revealing that he and Christina are together , having gotten married and are living very happily with Jane and Courtney and Roger as well . Whether they all live together is left ambiguous . Cast ( edit ) Cameron Diaz as Christina Walters Christina Applegate as Courtney Rockcliffe Selma Blair as Jane Burns Thomas Jane as Peter Donahue Frank Grillo as Andy Jason Bateman as Roger Donahue Eddie McClintock as Michael Lillian Adams as Aunt Frida James Mangold as Dr. Greg Johnny Messner as Todd Parker Posey as Judy Webb Georgia Engel as Vera Johnathon Schaech as Leather Coat Guy ( uncredited ) Love Jones as Wedding Band Mitch Mullany as Craig Reception ( edit ) On its opening weekend , it earned $9,430,667 on 2,670 screens , ranking # 3 behind Changing Lanes and Panic Room . It eventually grossed $68,696,770 worldwide . The Sweetest Thing currently has a 26 % `` rotten '' rating at Rotten Tomatoes based on 107 reviews with the consensus : `` A collection of hit - or - miss gags tied together by a thin plot '' . At Metacritic , the film has an average score of 32 out of 100 , based on 30 critics . It was among Ebert & Roeper 's `` Worst of 2002 '' , in the category `` Big Stars in Big Bombs '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Kate Walsh : Five Fun Facts '' . people.com . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` The Sweetest Thing '' . Box Office Mojo . Jump up ^ The Sweetest Thing at Rotten Tomatoes Jump up ^ The Sweetest Thing at Metacritic Jump up ^ `` Ebert & Roeper , The Worst of 2002 '' . Web.archive.org. 2003 - 05 - 25 . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2003 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 04 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Sweetest Thing The Sweetest Thing on IMDb The Sweetest Thing at AllMovie The Sweetest Thing at Metacritic The Sweetest Thing at Rotten Tomatoes ( hide ) Films directed by Roger Kumble Cruel Intentions ( 1999 ) Cruel Intentions 2 ( 2001 ) The Sweetest Thing ( 2002 ) Just Friends ( 2005 ) College Road Trip ( 2008 ) Furry Vengeance ( 2010 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Sweetest_Thing&oldid=812333218 '' Categories : 2002 films English - language films 2000s road movies 2000s romantic comedy films 2000s sex comedy films American female buddy films American films American road movies American romantic comedy films American sex comedy films Buddy comedy films Columbia Pictures films Films scored by Edward Shearmur Films directed by Roger Kumble Films set in San Francisco Films shot in San Francisco Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Íslenska Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 27 November 2017 , at 07 : 43 . 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swimming world high school teams of the year

Year Boys HS Boys Prep Girls HS Girls Prep 1971 Prep N / A N / A N / A 1972 St Hilary N / A N / A N / A 1973 Prep N / A N / A N / A Santa Clara N / A N / A N / A Santa Clara N / A N / A N / A 1976 Jacksonville Episcopal N / A Upper Dublin N / A 1977 Mission Viejo The Peddie School Mission Viejo N / A 1978 Mission Viejo Jesuit Mission Viejo N / A 1979 Mission Viejo The Hill School Mission Viejo N / A 1980 Mission Viejo Loyola - Blakefield Mission Viejo N / A 1981 Mission Viejo Mercersburg Mission Viejo N / A 1982 Mission Viejo Mercersburg Mission Viejo The Peddie School Mission Viejo Mercersburg Mission Viejo Mercersburg 1984 Campolindo Mercersburg Mission Viejo The Bolles School 1985 Mission Viejo Germantown Academy Mission Viejo The Bolles School 1986 Mission Viejo Germantown Academy Mission Viejo Germantown Academy Mission Viejo Mercersburg Spanish River Germantown Academy Hinsdale South Mercersburg Edina St. Andrews Churchill Bellarmine Prep Mission Viejo The Peddie School Churchill The Peddie School North Penn The Peddie School 1991 San Marino The Peddie School Conroe McCullough The Peddie School Plano St. Xavier Americus Germantown Academy Humble Kingwood Jesuit Davis Pine Crest Humble Kingwood St. Xavier Davis Germantown Academy 1995 Humble Kingwood The Peddie School Carmel The Bolles School Cypress Creek The Peddie School Carmel The Bolles School Cypress Creek Brother Rice Shadow Mountain The Bolles School 1998 The Woodlands The Bolles School Carmel The Bolles School 1999 The Woodlands The Bolles School St. Charles Trinity Prep 2000 Firestone The Bolles School St. Charles The Bolles School Evanston Township St. Xavier Irvine Ursuline Academy 2002 Firestone St. Xavier Irvine Ursuline Academy 2003 Lake Forest St. Xavier Ann Arbor Pioneer Ursuline Academy Carmel St. Xavier Lake Forest The Bolles School 2005 Upper Arlington Brophy Prep Ann Arbor Pioneer Germantown Academy 2006 Humble Kingwood The Bolles School Ann Arbor Pioneer Germantown Academy 2007 New Trier Bellarmine Prep Austin Westlake Germantown Academy 2008 Yucaipa The Baylor School Austin Westlake Germantown Academy 2009 Saratoga High The Baylor School Carmel The Baylor School Hershey High The Bolles School Carmel Carondelet 2011 Hershey High The Bolles School Carmel The Bolles School 2012 New Trier The Bolles School Holand The Bolled School 2013 Campolindo The Bolles School Carmel JSerra Catholic 2014 Chesterton The Bolles School Carmel Crean Lutheran 2015 Upper St. Clair The Bolles School Carmel Crean Lutheran 2016 Upper Dublin La Salle Carmel Sacred Heart 2017 Carmel Cincinnati St. Xavier Carmel Santa Margarita Catholic

Swimming World high school teams of the year

swimming world high school teams of the year

Swimming World Magazine has named the Swimming World High School Teams of the Year since 1971 when it honored Santa Clara as the top boys public school in the United States . Since then , the program has expanded .

Year Boys HS Boys Prep Girls HS Girls Prep 1971 Prep N / A N / A N / A 1972 St Hilary N / A N / A N / A 1973 Prep N / A N / A N / A Santa Clara N / A N / A N / A Santa Clara N / A N / A N / A 1976 Jacksonville Episcopal N / A Upper Dublin N / A 1977 Mission Viejo The Peddie School Mission Viejo N / A 1978 Mission Viejo Jesuit Mission Viejo N / A 1979 Mission Viejo The Hill School Mission Viejo N / A 1980 Mission Viejo Loyola - Blakefield Mission Viejo N / A 1981 Mission Viejo Mercersburg Mission Viejo N / A 1982 Mission Viejo Mercersburg Mission Viejo The Peddie School Mission Viejo Mercersburg Mission Viejo Mercersburg 1984 Campolindo Mercersburg Mission Viejo The Bolles School 1985 Mission Viejo Germantown Academy Mission Viejo The Bolles School 1986 Mission Viejo Germantown Academy Mission Viejo Germantown Academy Mission Viejo Mercersburg Spanish River Germantown Academy Hinsdale South Mercersburg Edina St. Andrews Churchill Bellarmine Prep Mission Viejo The Peddie School Churchill The Peddie School North Penn The Peddie School 1991 San Marino The Peddie School Conroe McCullough The Peddie School Plano St. Xavier Americus Germantown Academy Humble Kingwood Jesuit Davis Pine Crest Humble Kingwood St. Xavier Davis Germantown Academy 1995 Humble Kingwood The Peddie School Carmel The Bolles School Cypress Creek The Peddie School Carmel The Bolles School Cypress Creek Brother Rice Shadow Mountain The Bolles School 1998 The Woodlands The Bolles School Carmel The Bolles School 1999 The Woodlands The Bolles School St. Charles Trinity Prep 2000 Firestone The Bolles School St. Charles The Bolles School Evanston Township St. Xavier Irvine Ursuline Academy 2002 Firestone St. Xavier Irvine Ursuline Academy 2003 Lake Forest St. Xavier Ann Arbor Pioneer Ursuline Academy Carmel St. Xavier Lake Forest The Bolles School 2005 Upper Arlington Brophy Prep Ann Arbor Pioneer Germantown Academy 2006 Humble Kingwood The Bolles School Ann Arbor Pioneer Germantown Academy 2007 New Trier Bellarmine Prep Austin Westlake Germantown Academy 2008 Yucaipa The Baylor School Austin Westlake Germantown Academy 2009 Saratoga High The Baylor School Carmel The Baylor School Hershey High The Bolles School Carmel Carondelet 2011 Hershey High The Bolles School Carmel The Bolles School 2012 New Trier The Bolles School Holand The Bolled School 2013 Campolindo The Bolles School Carmel JSerra Catholic 2014 Chesterton The Bolles School Carmel Crean Lutheran 2015 Upper St. Clair The Bolles School Carmel Crean Lutheran 2016 Upper Dublin La Salle Carmel Sacred Heart 2017 Carmel Cincinnati St. Xavier Carmel Santa Margarita Catholic In 1987 , Swimming World Magazine began honoring an overall combined national champion for both boys and girls titles . The school in bold is the combined champion for that year . Swimming World Magazine also awards annual high school swimmer of the year titles . 2000 marked the first time that a team winner also had the individual winner . These teams are bold italics . 2005 marked the only time two teams have tied for the combined award , as noted in the girls items . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/SwimmersOfTheYear.asp Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swimming_World_High_School_Teams_of_the_Year&oldid=805670370 '' Categories : Swimming awards American sports trophies and awards Swimming in the United States High school sports in the United States Awards by magazines Awards established in 1971 Hidden categories : Articles with too few wikilinks from November 2013 All articles with too few wikilinks Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from November 2013 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Articles needing additional references from March 2009 All articles needing additional references Articles with topics of unclear notability from March 2009 All articles with topics of unclear notability Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 16 October 2017 , at 21 : 50 . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming%20World%20High%20School%20Teams%20of%20the%20Year

what is the meaning of ad and bc

The terms anno Domini ( AD ) and before Christ ( BC ) are used to label or number years in the Julian and Gregorian calendars . The term anno Domini is Medieval Latin and means `` in the year of the Lord '' , but is often presented using `` our Lord '' instead of `` the Lord '' , taken from the full original phrase `` anno Domini nostri Jesu Christi '' , which translates to `` in the year of our Lord Jesus Christ '' .

Anno Domini

anno domini

Anno Domini inscription at a cathedral in Carinthia , Austria . The terms anno Domini ( AD ) and before Christ ( BC ) are used to label or number years in the Julian and Gregorian calendars . The term anno Domini is Medieval Latin and means `` in the year of the Lord '' , but is often presented using `` our Lord '' instead of `` the Lord '' , taken from the full original phrase `` anno Domini nostri Jesu Christi '' , which translates to `` in the year of our Lord Jesus Christ '' . This calendar era is based on the traditionally reckoned year of the conception or birth of Jesus of Nazareth , with AD counting years from the start of this epoch , and BC denoting years before the start of the era . There is no year zero in this scheme , so the year AD 1 immediately follows the year 1 BC . This dating system was devised in 525 by Dionysius Exiguus of Scythia Minor , but was not widely used until after 800 . The Gregorian calendar is the most widely used calendar in the world today . For decades , it has been the unofficial global standard , adopted in the pragmatic interests of international communication , transportation , and commercial integration , and recognized by international institutions such as the United Nations . Traditionally , English followed Latin usage by placing the `` AD '' abbreviation before the year number . However , BC is placed after the year number ( for example : AD 2018 , but 68 BC ) , which also preserves syntactic order . The abbreviation is also widely used after the number of a century or millennium , as in `` fourth century AD '' or `` second millennium AD '' ( although conservative usage formerly rejected such expressions ) . Because BC is the English abbreviation for Before Christ , it is sometimes incorrectly concluded that AD means After Death , i.e. , after the death of Jesus . However , this would mean that the approximate 33 years commonly associated with the life of Jesus would neither be included in the BC nor the AD time scales . Terminology that is viewed by some as being more neutral and inclusive of non-Christian people is to call this the Current or Common Era ( abbreviated as CE ) , with the preceding years referred to as Before the Common or Current Era ( BCE ) . Astronomical year numbering and ISO 8601 avoid words or abbreviations related to Christianity , but use the same numbers for AD years . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Popularization 1.2 New year 2 Birth date of Jesus 3 Other eras 4 CE and BCE 5 No year zero : start and end of a century 6 See also 7 References 7.1 Notes 7.2 Citations 7.3 Sources 8 External links History ( edit ) The Anno Domini dating system was devised in 525 by Dionysius Exiguus to enumerate the years in his Easter table . His system was to replace the Diocletian era that had been used in an old Easter table because he did not wish to continue the memory of a tyrant who persecuted Christians . The last year of the old table , Diocletian 247 , was immediately followed by the first year of his table , AD 532 . When he devised his table , Julian calendar years were identified by naming the consuls who held office that year -- he himself stated that the `` present year '' was `` the consulship of Probus Junior '' , which was 525 years `` since the incarnation of our Lord Jesus Christ '' . Thus Dionysius implied that Jesus ' incarnation occurred 525 years earlier , without stating the specific year during which his birth or conception occurred . `` However , nowhere in his exposition of his table does Dionysius relate his epoch to any other dating system , whether consulate , Olympiad , year of the world , or regnal year of Augustus ; much less does he explain or justify the underlying date . '' Bonnie J. Blackburn and Leofranc Holford - Strevens briefly present arguments for 2 BC , 1 BC , or AD 1 as the year Dionysius intended for the Nativity or incarnation . Among the sources of confusion are : In modern times , incarnation is synonymous with the conception , but some ancient writers , such as Bede , considered incarnation to be synonymous with the Nativity . The civil or consular year began on 1 January but the Diocletian year began on 29 August ( 30 August in the year before a Julian leap year ) . There were inaccuracies in the lists of consuls . There were confused summations of emperors ' regnal years . It is not known how Dionysius established the year of Jesus 's birth . Two major theories are that Dionysius based his calculation on the Gospel of Luke , which states that Jesus was `` about thirty years old '' shortly after `` the fifteenth year of the reign of Tiberius Caesar '' , and hence subtracted thirty years from that date , or that Dionysius counted back 532 years from the first year of his new table . It is convenient to initiate a calendar not from the very day of an event but from the beginning of a cycle which occurs in close proximity . For example , the Islamic calendar begins not from the date of the Hijra , but rather weeks prior , on the first occurrence of the month of Muharram ( corresponding to 16 July 622 ) . It has also been speculated by Georges Declercq that Dionysius ' desire to replace Diocletian years with a calendar based on the incarnation of Christ was intended to prevent people from believing the imminent end of the world . At the time , it was believed by some that the resurrection of the dead and end of the world would occur 500 years after the birth of Jesus . The old Anno Mundi calendar theoretically commenced with the creation of the world based on information in the Old Testament . It was believed that , based on the Anno Mundi calendar , Jesus was born in the year 5500 ( or 5500 years after the world was created ) with the year 6000 of the Anno Mundi calendar marking the end of the world . Anno Mundi 6000 ( approximately AD 500 ) was thus equated with the resurrection and the end of the world but this date had already passed in the time of Dionysius . Popularization ( edit ) The Anglo - Saxon historian the Venerable Bede , who was familiar with the work of Dionysius Exiguus , used Anno Domini dating in his Ecclesiastical History of the English People , completed in 731 . In this same history , he also used another Latin term , ante vero incarnationis dominicae tempus anno sexagesimo ( `` in fact in the 60th year before the time of the Lord 's incarnation '' ) , equivalent to the English `` before Christ '' , to identify years before the first year of this era . Both Dionysius and Bede regarded Anno Domini as beginning at the incarnation of Jesus , but `` the distinction between Incarnation and Nativity was not drawn until the late 9th century , when in some places the Incarnation epoch was identified with Christ 's conception , i.e. , the Annunciation on March 25 '' ( Annunciation style ) . Statue of Charlemagne by Agostino Cornacchini ( 1725 ) , at St. Peter 's Basilica , Vatican City . Charlemagne promoted the usage of the Anno Domini epoch throughout the Carolingian Empire . On the continent of Europe , Anno Domini was introduced as the era of choice of the Carolingian Renaissance by the English cleric and scholar Alcuin in the late eighth century . Its endorsement by Emperor Charlemagne and his successors popularizing the use of the epoch and spreading it throughout the Carolingian Empire ultimately lies at the core of the system 's prevalence . According to the Catholic Encyclopedia , popes continued to date documents according to regnal years for some time , but usage of AD gradually became more common in Roman Catholic countries from the 11th to the 14th centuries . In 1422 , Portugal became the last Western European country to switch to the system begun by Dionysius . Eastern Orthodox countries only began to adopt AD instead of the Byzantine calendar in 1700 when Russia did so , with others adopting it in the 19th and 20th centuries . Although Anno Domini was in widespread use by the 9th century , the term `` Before Christ '' ( or its equivalent ) did not become common until much later . Bede used the expression `` anno igitur ante incarnationem Dominicam '' ( so in the year before the incarnation of the Lord ) twice . `` Anno an xpi nativitate '' ( in the year before the birth of Christ ) is found in 1474 in a work by a German monk . In 1627 , the French Jesuit theologian Denis Pétau ( Dionysius Petavius in Latin ) , with his work De doctrina temporum , popularized the usage ante Christum ( Latin for `` Before Christ '' ) to mark years prior to AD . New year ( edit ) Further information : New Year When the reckoning from Jesus ' incarnation began replacing the previous dating systems in western Europe , various people chose different Christian feast days to begin the year : Christmas , Annunciation , or Easter . Thus , depending on the time and place , the year number changed on different days in the year , which created slightly different styles in chronology : From 25 March 753 AUC ( today in 1 BC ) , i.e. , notionally from the incarnation of Jesus . That first `` Annunciation style '' appeared in Arles at the end of the 9th century , then spread to Burgundy and northern Italy . It was not commonly used and was called calculus pisanus since it was adopted in Pisa and survived there till 1750 . From 25 December 753 AUC ( today in 1 BC ) , i.e. , notionally from the birth of Jesus . It was called `` Nativity style '' and had been spread by Bede together with the Anno Domini in the early Middle Ages . That reckoning of the Year of Grace from Christmas was used in France , England and most of western Europe ( except Spain ) until the 12th century ( when it was replaced by Annunciation style ) , and in Germany until the second quarter of the 13th century . From 25 March 754 AUC ( today in AD 1 ) . That second `` Annunciation style '' may have originated in Fleury Abbey in the early 11th century , but it was spread by the Cistercians . Florence adopted that style in opposition to that of Pisa , so it got the name of calculus florentinus . It soon spread in France and also in England where it became common in the late 12th century and lasted until 1752 . From Easter , starting in 754 AUC ( AD 1 ) . That mos gallicanus ( French custom ) bound to a moveable feast was introduced in France by king Philip Augustus ( r . 1180 -- 1223 ) , maybe to establish a new style in the provinces reconquered from England . However , it never spread beyond the ruling élite . With these various styles , the same day could , in some cases , be dated in 1099 , 1100 or 1101 . Birth date of Jesus ( edit ) See also : Date of birth of Jesus , Nativity of Jesus § Date of birth , and Chronology of Jesus § Year of Jesus ' birth The date of birth of Jesus of Nazareth is not stated in the gospels or in any secular text , but most scholars assume a date of birth between 6 BC and 4 BC . The historical evidence is too fragmentary to allow a definitive dating , but the date is estimated through two different approaches -- one by analyzing references to known historical events mentioned in the Nativity accounts in the Gospels of Luke and Matthew , and the second by working backwards from the estimation of the start of the ministry of Jesus . Other eras ( edit ) Further information : Calendar era During the first six centuries of what would come to be known as the Christian era , European countries used various systems to count years . Systems in use included consular dating , imperial regnal year dating , and Creation dating . Although the last non-imperial consul , Basilius , was appointed in 541 by Emperor Justinian I , later emperors through Constans II ( 641 -- 668 ) were appointed consuls on the first 1 January after their accession . All of these emperors , except Justinian , used imperial post-consular years for the years of their reign , along with their regnal years . Long unused , this practice was not formally abolished until Novell XCIV of the law code of Leo VI did so in 888 . Another calculation had been developed by the Alexandrian monk Annianus around the year AD 400 , placing the Annunciation on 25 March AD 9 ( Julian ) -- eight to ten years after the date that Dionysius was to imply . Although this incarnation was popular during the early centuries of the Byzantine Empire , years numbered from it , an Era of Incarnation , were exclusively used and are yet used , in Ethiopia . This accounts for the seven - or eight - year discrepancy between the Gregorian and Ethiopian calendars . Byzantine chroniclers like Maximus the Confessor , George Syncellus , and Theophanes dated their years from Annianus ' creation of the world . This era , called Anno Mundi , `` year of the world '' ( abbreviated AM ) , by modern scholars , began its first year on 25 March 5492 BC . Later Byzantine chroniclers used Anno Mundi years from 1 September 5509 BC , the Byzantine Era . No single Anno Mundi epoch was dominant throughout the Christian world . Eusebius of Caesarea in his Chronicle used an era beginning with the birth of Abraham , dated in 2016 BC ( AD 1 = 2017 Anno Abrahami ) . Spain and Portugal continued to date by the Era of the Caesars or Spanish Era , which began counting from 38 BC , well into the Middle Ages . In 1422 , Portugal became the last Catholic country to adopt the Anno Domini system . The Era of Martyrs , which numbered years from the accession of Diocletian in 284 , who launched the last yet most severe persecution of Christians , was used by the Church of Alexandria and is still used , officially , by the Coptic Orthodox and Coptic Catholic churches . It was also used by the Ethiopian church . Another system was to date from the crucifixion of Jesus , which as early as Hippolytus and Tertullian was believed to have occurred in the consulate of the Gemini ( AD 29 ) , which appears in some medieval manuscripts . CE and BCE ( edit ) Main article : Common Era Alternative names for the Anno Domini era include vulgaris aerae ( found 1615 in Latin ) , `` Vulgar Era '' ( in English , as early as 1635 ) , `` Christian Era '' ( in English , in 1652 ) , `` Common Era '' ( in English , 1708 ) , and `` Current Era '' . Since 1856 , the alternative abbreviations CE and BCE , ( sometimes written C.E. and B.C.E. ) are sometimes used in place of AD and BC . The `` Common / Current Era '' ( `` CE '' ) terminology is often preferred by those who desire a term that does not explicitly make religious references . For example , Cunningham and Starr ( 1998 ) write that `` B.C.E. / C.E. ... do not presuppose faith in Christ and hence are more appropriate for interfaith dialog than the conventional B.C. / A.D. '' Upon its foundation , the Republic of China adopted the Minguo Era , but used the Western calendar for international purposes . The translated term was 西元 ( `` xī yuán '' , `` Western Era '' ) . Later , in 1949 , the People 's Republic of China adopted 公元 ( gōngyuán , `` Common Era '' ) for all purposes domestic and foreign . No year zero : start and end of a century ( edit ) Further information : 0 ( year ) , Astronomical year numbering , Millennium , and Century In the AD year numbering system , whether applied to the Julian or Gregorian calendars , AD 1 is preceded by 1 BC . There is no year `` 0 '' between them , so a new century begins in a year which has `` 01 '' as the final digits ( e.g. , 1801 , 1901 , 2001 ) . New millennia likewise are considered to have begun in 1001 and 2001 . This is at odds with the much more common conception that centuries and millennia begin when the trailing digits are zeroes ( 1800 , 1900 , 2000 , etc . ) ; for example , the worldwide celebration of the new millennium took place on New Year 's Eve 1999 , when the year number ticked over to 2000 . For computational reasons , astronomical year numbering and the ISO 8601 standard designate years so that AD 1 = year 1 , 1 BC = year 0 , 2 BC = year − 1 , etc . In common usage , ancient dates are expressed in the Julian calendar , but ISO 8601 uses the Gregorian calendar and astronomers may use a variety of time scales depending on the application . Thus dates using the year 0 or negative years may require further investigation before being converted to BC or AD . See also ( edit ) Ante Christum natum Holocene calendar References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The word `` anno '' is often capitalized , but this is considered incorrect by many authorities and either not mentioned in major dictionaries or only listed as an alternative . Wikipedia 's manual of style also prescribes lowercase . Jump up ^ The word `` before '' is often capitalized , but this is considered incorrect by many authorities and either not mentioned in major dictionaries or only listed as an alternative . Wikipedia 's manual of style also prescribes lowercase . Jump up ^ This convention comes from grammatical usage . Anno 500 means `` in the year 500 '' ; anno domini 500 means `` in the year 500 of Our Lord '' . Just as `` 500 in the year '' is not good English syntax , neither is 500 AD ; whereas `` AD 500 '' preserves syntactic order when translated . Jump up ^ To convert from a year BC to astronomical year numbering , reduce the absolute value of the year by 1 , and prefix it with a negative sign ( unless the result is zero ) . For years AD , omit the AD and prefix the number with a plus sign ( plus sign is optional if it is clear from the context that the year is after the year 0 ) . Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` anno Domini '' . Collins English Dictionary . Jump up ^ `` anno Domini '' . American Heritage Dictionary . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . Jump up ^ `` BC '' . Collins English Dictionary . Jump up ^ `` before Christ '' . American Heritage Dictionary . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . Jump up ^ `` BC '' . Merriam Webster Online Dictionary . Jump up ^ `` Anno Domini '' . Merriam Webster Online Dictionary . Merriam - Webster . 2003 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 04 . Etymology : Medieval Latin , in the year of the Lord Jump up ^ `` Online Etymology Dictionary '' . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ Blackburn & Holford - Strevens 2003 , p. 782 `` since AD stands for anno Domini , ' in the year of ( Our ) Lord ' '' ^ Jump up to : Teresi , Dick ( July 1997 ) . `` Zero '' . The Atlantic . ^ Jump up to : Blackburn & Holford - Strevens 2003 , pp. 778 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Eastman , Allan . `` A Month of Sundays '' . Date and Time . Archived from the original on 2010 - 05 - 06 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ Chicago Manual of Style 2010 , pp. 476 -- 7 ; Goldstein 2007 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Chicago Manual of Style , 1993 , p. 304 . Jump up ^ Donald P. Ryan , ( 2000 ) , 15 . Jump up ^ Blackburn & Holford - Strevens 2003 , p. 767 . Jump up ^ Nineteen year cycle of Dionysius Introduction and First Argumentum . Jump up ^ Blackburn & Holford - Strevens 2003 , p. 778 . Jump up ^ Teres , Gustav ( October 1984 ) . `` Time computations and Dionysius Exiguus '' . Journal for the History of Astronomy . 15 ( 3 ) . pp. 177 -- 188 . Jump up ^ Tøndering , Claus , The Calendar FAQ : Counting years Jump up ^ Mosshammer , Alden A ( 2009 ) . The Easter Computus and the Origins of the Christian Era . Oxford . pp. 345 -- 347 . Jump up ^ F.A. Shamsi , `` The Date of Hijrah '' , Islamic Studies 23 ( 1984 ) : 189 - 224 , 289 - 323 ( JSTOR link 1 + JSTOR link 2 ) . Jump up ^ Declercq , Georges , `` Anno Domini . The Origins of the Christian Era '' Turnhout , Belgium , 2000 Jump up ^ Wallraff , Martin : Julius Africanus und die Christliche Weltchronik . Walter de Gruyter , 2006 Jump up ^ Mosshammer , Alden A. : The Easter Computus and the Origins of the Christian Era . Oxford University Press , 2009 , p. 254 , p. 270 , p. 328 Jump up ^ Declercq , Georges : Anno Domini . The Origins of the Christian Era . Turnhout Belgium . 2000 Jump up ^ Bede 731 , Book 1 , Chapter 2 , first sentence . Jump up ^ Blackburn & Holford - Strevens 2003 , p. 881 . ^ Jump up to : Patrick , 1908 Jump up ^ `` General Chronology '' . New Advent Catholic Encyclopedia . Vol III . New York : Robert Appleton Company . 1908 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ Werner Rolevinck in Fasciculus temporum ( 1474 ) used Anno an xpi nativitatem ( in the ... ( th ) year before the birth of Christ ) for all years between creation and Jesus . `` xpi '' is the Greek χρι in Latin letters , which is an abbreviation for Christi . This phrase appears upside down in the centre of recto folios ( right hand pages ) . From Jesus to Pope Sixtus IV he usually used Anno Christi or its abbreviated form Anno xpi ( on verso folios -- left hand pages ) . He used Anno mundi alongside all of these terms for all years . Jump up ^ Steel , Duncan ( 2000 ) . Marking time : the epic quest to invent the perfect calendar . p. 114 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 29827 - 4 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ Hunt , Lynn Avery ( 2008 ) . Measuring time , making history . p. 33 . ISBN 978 - 963 - 9776 - 14 - 2 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ Petau , Denis ( 1758 ) . search for `` ante Christum '' in a 1748 reprint of a 1633 abridgement entitled Rationarium temporum by Denis Petau . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ C.R. Cheney , A Handbook of Dates , for students of British history , Cambridge University Press , 1945 -- 2000 , pp. 8 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Dunn , James DG ( 2003 ) . `` Jesus Remembered '' . Eerdmans Publishing : 324 . Jump up ^ Doggett 1992 , p579 : `` Although scholars generally believe that Christ was born some years before AD 1 , the historical evidence is too sketchy to allow a definitive dating '' . Jump up ^ Paul L. Maier `` The Date of the Nativity and Chronology of Jesus '' in Chronos , kairos , Christos : nativity and chronological studies by Jerry Vardaman , Edwin M. Yamauchi 1989 ISBN 0 - 931464 - 50 - 1 pp. 113 -- 129 Jump up ^ New Testament History by Richard L. Niswonger 1992 ISBN 0 - 310 - 31201 - 9 pp. 121 -- 124 Jump up ^ Roger S. Bagnall and Klaas A. Worp , Chronological Systems of Byzantine Egypt , Leiden , Brill , 2004 . Jump up ^ Alfred von Gutschmid , Kleine Schriften , F. Ruehl , Leipzig , 1889 , p. 433 . Jump up ^ Johannes Kepler ( 1615 ) . Joannis Keppleri Eclogae chronicae : ex epistolis doctissimorum aliquot virorum & suis mutuis , quibus examinantur tempora nobilissima : 1 . Herodis Herodiadumque , 2 . baptismi & ministerii Christi annorum non plus 2 1 / 4 , 3 . passionis , mortis et resurrectionis Dn . N. Iesu Christi , anno aerae nostrae vulgaris 31 . non , ut vulgo 33. , 4 . belli Iudaici , quo funerata fuit cum Ierosolymis & Templo Synagoga Iudaica , sublatumque Vetus Testamentum . Inter alia & commentarius in locum Epiphanii obscurissimum de cyclo veteri Iudaeorum. ( in Latin ) . Francofurti : Tampach . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 18 . anno aerae nostrae vulgaris Jump up ^ Kepler , Johann ; Vlacq , Adriaan ( 1635 ) . Ephemerides of the Celestiall Motions , for the Yeers of the Vulgar Era 1633 ... Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ Sliter , Robert ( 1652 ) . A celestiall glasse , or , Ephemeris for the year of the Christian era 1652 being the bissextile or leap - year : contayning the lunations , planetary motions , configurations & ecclipses for this present year ... : with many other things very delightfull and necessary for most sorts of men : calculated exactly and composed for ... Rochester . London : Printed for the Company of Stationers . Jump up ^ The History of the Works of the Learned. 10 . London : Printed for H. Rhodes . January 1708 . p. 513 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ BBC Team ( 8 February 2005 ) . `` History of Judaism 63BCE -- 1086CE '' . BBC Religion & Ethics . British Broadcasting Corporation . Archived from the original on 2011 - 05 - 13 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 18 . Year 1 : CE -- What is nowadays called the ' Current Era ' traditionally begins with the birth of a Jewish teacher called Jesus . His followers came to believe he was the promised Messiah and later split away from Judaism to found Christianity Jump up ^ Raphall , Morris Jacob ( 1856 ) . Post-Biblical History of The Jews . Moss & Brother . Archived from the original on 11 May 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 18 . The term common era does not appear in this book ; the term Christian era ( lowercase ) does appear a number of times . Nowhere in the book is the abbreviation explained or expanded directly . Jump up ^ Robinson , B.A. ( 20 April 2009 ) . `` Justification of the use of `` CE '' & `` BCE '' to identify dates . Trends `` . ReligiousTolerance.org . Jump up ^ William Safire ( 17 August 1997 ) . `` On Language : B.C. / A.D. or B.C.E. / C.E. ? '' . The New York Times Magazine . Jump up ^ Cunningham , ed. by Philip A. ( 2004 ) . Pondering the Passion : what 's at stake for Christians and Jews ? . Lanham , Md. ( u.a. ) : Rowman & Littlefield . p. 193 . ISBN 978 - 0742532182 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Doggett , 1992 , p. 579 Sources ( edit ) Abate , Frank R. ( ed . ) ( 1997 ) . Oxford Pocket Dictionary and Thesaurus ( American ed . ) . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 513097 - 9 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Goldstein , Norm , ed. ( 2007 ) . Associated Press Style Book . New York : Basic Books . ISBN 0 - 465 - 00489 - X . Bede. ( 731 ) . Historiam ecclesiasticam gentis Anglorum . Accessed 2007 - 12 - 07 . Chicago Manual of Style ( 2nd ed . ) . University of Chicago . 1993 . ISBN 0 - 226 - 10389 - 7 . Chicago Manual of Style ( 16th ed . ) . University of Chicago . 2010 . ISBN 0 - 226 - 10420 - 6 . Blackburn , Bonnie ; Holford - Strevens , Leofranc ( 2003 ) . The Oxford companion to the Year : An exploration of calendar customs and time - reckoning . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 214231 - 3 . Corrected reprinting of original 1999 edition . Cunningham , Philip A ; Starr , Arthur F ( 1998 ) . Sharing Shalom : A Process for Local Interfaith Dialogue Between Christians and Jews . Paulist Press . ISBN 0 - 8091 - 3835 - 2 . Declercq , Georges ( 2000 ) . Anno Domini : The origins of the Christian era . Turnhout : Brepols . ISBN 2 - 503 - 51050 - 7 . ( despite beginning with 2 , it is English ) Declercq , G. `` Dionysius Exiguus and the Introduction of the Christian Era '' . Sacris Erudiri 41 ( 2002 ) : 165 -- 246 . An annotated version of part of Anno Domini . Doggett. ( 1992 ) . `` Calendars '' ( Ch. 12 ) , in P. Kenneth Seidelmann ( Ed . ) Explanatory supplement to the astronomical almanac . Sausalito , CA : University Science Books . ISBN 0 - 935702 - 68 - 7 . Patrick , J. ( 1908 ) . `` General Chronology '' . In The Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton Company . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 16 from New Advent : http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03738a.htm Richards , E.G. ( 2000 ) . Mapping Time . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 286205 - 7 . Riggs , John ( January 2003 ) . `` Whatever happened to B.C. and A.D. , and why ? '' . United Church News . Retrieved 2005 - 12 - 19 . Ryan , Donald P. ( 2000 ) . The Complete Idiot 's Guide to Biblical Mysteries . Alpha Books . p. 15 . ISBN 0 - 02 - 863831 - X . External links ( edit ) Look up AD or Anno Domini in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . 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who is the leading scorer in the nba

Rank Player Position ( s ) Team ( s ) played for ( years ) Total points Games played Points per game average Field goals made Three - point field goals made Free throws made Kareem Abdul - Jabbar * Milwaukee Bucks ( 1969 -- 1975 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 1975 -- 1989 ) 38,387 1,560 24.6 15,837 6,712 Karl Malone * PF Utah Jazz ( 1985 -- 2003 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2003 -- 2004 ) 36,928 1,476 25.0 13,528 85 9,787 Kobe Bryant SG Los Angeles Lakers ( 1996 -- 2016 ) 33,643 1,346 25.0 11,719 1,827 8,378 Michael Jordan * SG Chicago Bulls ( 1984 -- 1993 , 1995 -- 1998 ) Washington Wizards ( 2001 -- 2003 ) 32,292 1,072 30.1 12,192 581 7,327 5 Wilt Chamberlain * Philadelphia / San Francisco Warriors ( 1959 -- 1965 ) Philadelphia 76ers ( 1965 -- 1968 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 1968 -- 1973 ) 31,419 1,045 30.1 12,681 0 6,057 6 LeBron James ^ SF / PF Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2003 -- 2010 , 2014 -- 2018 ) Miami Heat ( 2010 -- 2014 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2018 -- present ) 31,231 1,150 27.2 11,350 1,626 6,905 7 Dirk Nowitzki ^ PF / C Dallas Mavericks ( 1999 -- present ) 31,187 1,471 21.2 11,034 1,918 7,201 8 Shaquille O'Neal * Orlando Magic ( 1992 -- 1996 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 1996 -- 2004 ) Miami Heat ( 2004 -- 2008 ) Phoenix Suns ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Boston Celtics ( 2010 -- 2011 ) 28,596 1,207 23.7 11,330 5,935 9 Moses Malone * Buffalo Braves ( 1976 ) Houston Rockets ( 1976 -- 1982 ) Philadelphia 76ers ( 1982 -- 1986 , 1993 -- 1994 ) Washington Bullets ( 1986 -- 1988 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 1988 -- 1991 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 1991 -- 1993 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 1994 -- 1995 ) 27,409 1,329 20.6 9,435 8 8,531 10 Elvin Hayes * PF / C San Diego / Houston Rockets ( 1968 -- 1972 , 1981 -- 1984 ) Baltimore / Capital / Washington Bullets ( 1972 -- 1981 ) 27,313 1,303 21.0 10,976 5 5,356 11 Hakeem Olajuwon * Houston Rockets ( 1984 -- 2001 ) Toronto Raptors ( 2001 -- 2002 ) 26,946 1,238 21.8 10,749 25 5,423 12 Oscar Robertson * PG Cincinnati Royals ( 1960 -- 1970 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 1970 -- 1974 ) 26,710 1,040 25.7 9,508 0 7,694 13 Dominique Wilkins * SF Atlanta Hawks ( 1982 -- 1994 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( 1994 ) Boston Celtics ( 1994 -- 1995 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 1996 -- 1997 ) Orlando Magic ( 1999 ) 26,668 1,074 24.8 9,963 711 6,031 14 Tim Duncan PF / C San Antonio Spurs ( 1997 -- 2016 ) 26,496 1,392 19.0 10,285 30 5,896 15 Paul Pierce SF / SG Boston Celtics ( 1999 -- 2013 ) Brooklyn Nets ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Washington Wizards ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( 2015 -- 2017 ) 26,397 1,343 19.7 8,668 2,143 6,918 16 John Havlicek * SF / SG Boston Celtics ( 1962 -- 1978 ) 26,395 1,270 20.8 10,513 0 5,369 17 Kevin Garnett PF / C Minnesota Timberwolves ( 1995 -- 2007 , 2015 -- 2016 ) Boston Celtics ( 2007 -- 2013 ) Brooklyn Nets ( 2013 -- 2015 ) 26,071 1,462 17.8 10,505 174 4,887 18 Alex English * SF Milwaukee Bucks ( 1976 -- 1978 ) Indiana Pacers ( 1978 -- 1980 ) Denver Nuggets ( 1980 -- 1990 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 1990 -- 1991 ) 25,613 1,193 21.5 10,659 18 4,277 19 Carmelo Anthony ^ SF Denver Nuggets ( 2003 -- 2011 ) New York Knicks ( 2011 -- 2017 ) Oklahoma City Thunder ( 2017 -- 2018 ) Houston Rockets ( 2018 -- present ) 25,488 1,059 24.1 9,114 1,353 5,907 20 Reggie Miller * SG Indiana Pacers ( 1987 -- 2005 ) 25,279 1,389 18.2 8,241 2,560 6,237 21 Jerry West * PG / SG Los Angeles Lakers ( 1960 -- 1974 ) 25,192 932 27.0 9,016 0 7,160 22 Vince Carter ^ SG / SF Toronto Raptors ( 1999 -- 2004 ) New Jersey Nets ( 2004 -- 2009 ) Orlando Magic ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Phoenix Suns ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 2011 -- 2014 ) Memphis Grizzlies ( 2014 -- 2017 ) Sacramento Kings ( 2017 -- 2018 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 2018 -- present ) 24,915 1,411 17.7 9,005 2,117 4,788 23 Patrick Ewing * New York Knicks ( 1985 -- 2000 ) Seattle SuperSonics ( 2000 -- 2001 ) Orlando Magic ( 2001 -- 2002 ) 24,815 1,183 21.0 9,702 19 5,392 24 Ray Allen * SG Milwaukee Bucks ( 1996 -- 2003 ) Seattle SuperSonics ( 2003 -- 2007 ) Boston Celtics ( 2007 -- 2012 ) Miami Heat ( 2012 -- 2014 ) 24,505 1,300 18.9 8,567 2,973 4,398 25 Allen Iverson * SG / PG Philadelphia 76ers ( 1996 -- 2006 , 2009 -- 2010 ) Denver Nuggets ( 2006 -- 2008 ) Detroit Pistons ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Memphis Grizzlies ( 2009 ) 24,368 914 26.7 8,467 1,059 6,375 26 Charles Barkley * PF Philadelphia 76ers ( 1984 -- 1992 ) Phoenix Suns ( 1992 -- 1996 ) Houston Rockets ( 1996 -- 2000 ) 23,757 1,073 22.1 8,435 538 6,349 27 Robert Parish * Golden State Warriors ( 1976 -- 1980 ) Boston Celtics ( 1980 -- 1994 ) Charlotte Hornets ( 1994 -- 1996 ) Chicago Bulls ( 1996 -- 1997 ) 23,334 1,611 14.5 9,614 0 4,106 28 Adrian Dantley * SF Buffalo Braves ( 1976 -- 1977 ) Indiana Pacers ( 1977 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 1977 -- 1979 ) Utah Jazz ( 1979 -- 1986 ) Detroit Pistons ( 1986 -- 1989 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 1989 -- 1990 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 1991 ) 23,177 955 24.3 8,169 7 6,832 29 Elgin Baylor * SF Minneapolis / Los Angeles Lakers ( 1958 -- 1971 ) 23,149 846 27.4 8,693 0 5,763 30 Clyde Drexler * SG Portland Trail Blazers ( 1983 -- 1995 ) Houston Rockets ( 1995 -- 1998 ) 22,195 1,086 20.4 8,335 827 4,698 31 Dwyane Wade ^ SG Miami Heat ( 2003 -- 2016 , 2018 -- present ) Chicago Bulls ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2017 -- 2018 ) 22,155 988 22.4 8,066 472 5,551 32 Gary Payton * PG Seattle SuperSonics ( 1990 -- 2003 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 2003 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Boston Celtics ( 2004 -- 2005 ) Miami Heat ( 2005 -- 2007 ) 21,813 1,335 16.3 8,708 1,132 3,265 33 Larry Bird * SF / PF Boston Celtics ( 1979 -- 1992 ) 21,791 897 24.3 8,591 649 3,960 34 Hal Greer * SG / PG Syracuse Nationals / Philadelphia 76ers ( 1958 -- 1973 ) 21,586 1,122 19.2 8,504 0 4,578 35 Kevin Durant ^ SF Seattle SuperSonics / Oklahoma City Thunder ( 2007 -- 2016 ) Golden State Warriors ( 2016 -- present ) 21,139 779 27.1 7,178 1,445 5,338 36 Walt Bellamy * Chicago Packers / Zephyrs / Baltimore Bullets ( 1961 -- 1965 ) New York Knicks ( 1965 -- 1968 ) Detroit Pistons ( 1968 -- 1970 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 1970 -- 1974 ) New Orleans Jazz ( 1974 ) 20,941 1,043 20.1 7,914 0 5,113 37 Bob Pettit * PF / C Milwaukee / St. Louis Hawks ( 1954 -- 1965 ) 20,880 792 26.4 7,349 0 6,182 38 Pau Gasol ^ C / PF Memphis Grizzlies ( 2001 -- 2008 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2008 -- 2014 ) Chicago Bulls ( 2014 -- 2016 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 2016 -- present ) 20,815 1,202 17.3 7,951 176 4,737 39 David Robinson * San Antonio Spurs ( 1989 -- 2003 ) 20,790 987 21.1 7,365 25 6,035 40 George Gervin * SG / SF San Antonio Spurs ( 1976 -- 1985 ) Chicago Bulls ( 1985 -- 1986 ) 20,708 791 26.2 8,045 77 4,541 41 Mitch Richmond * SG Golden State Warriors ( 1988 -- 1991 ) Sacramento Kings ( 1991 -- 1998 ) Washington Wizards ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2001 -- 2002 ) 20,497 976 21.0 7,305 1,326 4,561 42 Joe Johnson ^ SG / SF Boston Celtics ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Phoenix Suns ( 2002 -- 2005 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 2005 -- 2012 ) Brooklyn Nets ( 2012 -- 2016 ) Miami Heat ( 2016 ) Utah Jazz ( 2016 -- 2018 ) Houston Rockets ( 2018 ) 20,405 1,276 16.0 7,822 1,978 2,783 43 Tom Chambers PF San Diego Clippers ( 1981 -- 1983 ) Seattle SuperSonics ( 1983 -- 1988 ) Phoenix Suns ( 1988 -- 1993 ) Utah Jazz ( 1993 -- 1995 ) Charlotte Hornets ( 1997 ) Philadelphia 76ers ( 1997 ) 20,049 1,107 18.1 7,378 227 5,066 44 Antawn Jamison PF / SF Golden State Warriors ( 1999 -- 2003 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Washington Wizards ( 2004 -- 2010 ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2010 -- 2012 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( 2013 -- 2014 ) 20,042 1,083 18.5 7,679 1,163 3,521 45 John Stockton * PG Utah Jazz ( 1984 -- 2003 ) 19,711 1,504 13.1 7,039 845 4,788 46 Bernard King * SF New Jersey Nets ( 1977 -- 1979 , 1993 ) Utah Jazz ( 1979 ) Golden State Warriors ( 1980 -- 1982 ) New York Knicks ( 1982 -- 1985 , 1987 ) Washington Bullets ( 1987 -- 1991 ) 19,655 874 22.5 7,830 23 3,972 47 Clifford Robinson PF / SF Portland Trail Blazers ( 1989 -- 1997 ) Phoenix Suns ( 1997 -- 2001 ) Detroit Pistons ( 2001 -- 2003 ) Golden State Warriors ( 2003 -- 2005 ) New Jersey Nets ( 2005 -- 2007 ) 19,591 1,380 14.2 7,389 1,253 3,560 48 Walter Davis SG / SF Phoenix Suns ( 1977 -- 1988 ) Denver Nuggets ( 1988 -- 1991 , 1991 -- 1992 ) Portland Trail Blazers ( 1991 ) 19,521 1,033 18.9 8,118 157 3,128 49 Terry Cummings PF San Diego Clippers ( 1982 -- 1984 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 1984 -- 1989 , 1995 -- 1996 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 1989 -- 1995 ) Seattle SuperSonics ( 1996 -- 1997 ) Philadelphia 76ers ( 1997 -- 1998 ) New York Knicks ( 1998 ) Golden State Warriors ( 1999 -- 2000 ) 19,460 1,183 16.4 8,045 44 3,326 50 Bob Lanier * Detroit Pistons ( 1970 -- 1980 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 1980 -- 1984 ) 19,248 959 20.1 7,761 3,724

Kareem Abdul - Jabbar

List of National Basketball Association career scoring leaders

list of national basketball association career scoring leaders

This article provides two lists :

A list of National Basketball Association players by total career regular season points scored . A progressive list of scoring leaders showing how the record increased through the past seasons . Contents 1 Scoring leaders 2 Progressive list of scoring leaders 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Scoring leaders ( edit ) The following is a list of National Basketball Association players by total career regular season points scored . Statistics accurate as of October 29 , 2018 . Active NBA player * Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame † Not yet eligible for Hall of Fame consideration Rank Player Position ( s ) Team ( s ) played for ( years ) Total points Games played Points per game average Field goals made Three - point field goals made Free throws made Kareem Abdul - Jabbar * Milwaukee Bucks ( 1969 -- 1975 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 1975 -- 1989 ) 38,387 1,560 24.6 15,837 6,712 Karl Malone * PF Utah Jazz ( 1985 -- 2003 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2003 -- 2004 ) 36,928 1,476 25.0 13,528 85 9,787 Kobe Bryant SG Los Angeles Lakers ( 1996 -- 2016 ) 33,643 1,346 25.0 11,719 1,827 8,378 Michael Jordan * SG Chicago Bulls ( 1984 -- 1993 , 1995 -- 1998 ) Washington Wizards ( 2001 -- 2003 ) 32,292 1,072 30.1 12,192 581 7,327 5 Wilt Chamberlain * Philadelphia / San Francisco Warriors ( 1959 -- 1965 ) Philadelphia 76ers ( 1965 -- 1968 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 1968 -- 1973 ) 31,419 1,045 30.1 12,681 0 6,057 6 LeBron James ^ SF / PF Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2003 -- 2010 , 2014 -- 2018 ) Miami Heat ( 2010 -- 2014 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2018 -- present ) 31,231 1,150 27.2 11,350 1,626 6,905 7 Dirk Nowitzki ^ PF / C Dallas Mavericks ( 1999 -- present ) 31,187 1,471 21.2 11,034 1,918 7,201 8 Shaquille O'Neal * Orlando Magic ( 1992 -- 1996 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 1996 -- 2004 ) Miami Heat ( 2004 -- 2008 ) Phoenix Suns ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Boston Celtics ( 2010 -- 2011 ) 28,596 1,207 23.7 11,330 5,935 9 Moses Malone * Buffalo Braves ( 1976 ) Houston Rockets ( 1976 -- 1982 ) Philadelphia 76ers ( 1982 -- 1986 , 1993 -- 1994 ) Washington Bullets ( 1986 -- 1988 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 1988 -- 1991 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 1991 -- 1993 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 1994 -- 1995 ) 27,409 1,329 20.6 9,435 8 8,531 10 Elvin Hayes * PF / C San Diego / Houston Rockets ( 1968 -- 1972 , 1981 -- 1984 ) Baltimore / Capital / Washington Bullets ( 1972 -- 1981 ) 27,313 1,303 21.0 10,976 5 5,356 11 Hakeem Olajuwon * Houston Rockets ( 1984 -- 2001 ) Toronto Raptors ( 2001 -- 2002 ) 26,946 1,238 21.8 10,749 25 5,423 12 Oscar Robertson * PG Cincinnati Royals ( 1960 -- 1970 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 1970 -- 1974 ) 26,710 1,040 25.7 9,508 0 7,694 13 Dominique Wilkins * SF Atlanta Hawks ( 1982 -- 1994 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( 1994 ) Boston Celtics ( 1994 -- 1995 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 1996 -- 1997 ) Orlando Magic ( 1999 ) 26,668 1,074 24.8 9,963 711 6,031 14 Tim Duncan PF / C San Antonio Spurs ( 1997 -- 2016 ) 26,496 1,392 19.0 10,285 30 5,896 15 Paul Pierce SF / SG Boston Celtics ( 1999 -- 2013 ) Brooklyn Nets ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Washington Wizards ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( 2015 -- 2017 ) 26,397 1,343 19.7 8,668 2,143 6,918 16 John Havlicek * SF / SG Boston Celtics ( 1962 -- 1978 ) 26,395 1,270 20.8 10,513 0 5,369 17 Kevin Garnett PF / C Minnesota Timberwolves ( 1995 -- 2007 , 2015 -- 2016 ) Boston Celtics ( 2007 -- 2013 ) Brooklyn Nets ( 2013 -- 2015 ) 26,071 1,462 17.8 10,505 174 4,887 18 Alex English * SF Milwaukee Bucks ( 1976 -- 1978 ) Indiana Pacers ( 1978 -- 1980 ) Denver Nuggets ( 1980 -- 1990 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 1990 -- 1991 ) 25,613 1,193 21.5 10,659 18 4,277 19 Carmelo Anthony ^ SF Denver Nuggets ( 2003 -- 2011 ) New York Knicks ( 2011 -- 2017 ) Oklahoma City Thunder ( 2017 -- 2018 ) Houston Rockets ( 2018 -- present ) 25,488 1,059 24.1 9,114 1,353 5,907 20 Reggie Miller * SG Indiana Pacers ( 1987 -- 2005 ) 25,279 1,389 18.2 8,241 2,560 6,237 21 Jerry West * PG / SG Los Angeles Lakers ( 1960 -- 1974 ) 25,192 932 27.0 9,016 0 7,160 22 Vince Carter ^ SG / SF Toronto Raptors ( 1999 -- 2004 ) New Jersey Nets ( 2004 -- 2009 ) Orlando Magic ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Phoenix Suns ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 2011 -- 2014 ) Memphis Grizzlies ( 2014 -- 2017 ) Sacramento Kings ( 2017 -- 2018 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 2018 -- present ) 24,915 1,411 17.7 9,005 2,117 4,788 23 Patrick Ewing * New York Knicks ( 1985 -- 2000 ) Seattle SuperSonics ( 2000 -- 2001 ) Orlando Magic ( 2001 -- 2002 ) 24,815 1,183 21.0 9,702 19 5,392 24 Ray Allen * SG Milwaukee Bucks ( 1996 -- 2003 ) Seattle SuperSonics ( 2003 -- 2007 ) Boston Celtics ( 2007 -- 2012 ) Miami Heat ( 2012 -- 2014 ) 24,505 1,300 18.9 8,567 2,973 4,398 25 Allen Iverson * SG / PG Philadelphia 76ers ( 1996 -- 2006 , 2009 -- 2010 ) Denver Nuggets ( 2006 -- 2008 ) Detroit Pistons ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Memphis Grizzlies ( 2009 ) 24,368 914 26.7 8,467 1,059 6,375 26 Charles Barkley * PF Philadelphia 76ers ( 1984 -- 1992 ) Phoenix Suns ( 1992 -- 1996 ) Houston Rockets ( 1996 -- 2000 ) 23,757 1,073 22.1 8,435 538 6,349 27 Robert Parish * Golden State Warriors ( 1976 -- 1980 ) Boston Celtics ( 1980 -- 1994 ) Charlotte Hornets ( 1994 -- 1996 ) Chicago Bulls ( 1996 -- 1997 ) 23,334 1,611 14.5 9,614 0 4,106 28 Adrian Dantley * SF Buffalo Braves ( 1976 -- 1977 ) Indiana Pacers ( 1977 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 1977 -- 1979 ) Utah Jazz ( 1979 -- 1986 ) Detroit Pistons ( 1986 -- 1989 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 1989 -- 1990 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 1991 ) 23,177 955 24.3 8,169 7 6,832 29 Elgin Baylor * SF Minneapolis / Los Angeles Lakers ( 1958 -- 1971 ) 23,149 846 27.4 8,693 0 5,763 30 Clyde Drexler * SG Portland Trail Blazers ( 1983 -- 1995 ) Houston Rockets ( 1995 -- 1998 ) 22,195 1,086 20.4 8,335 827 4,698 31 Dwyane Wade ^ SG Miami Heat ( 2003 -- 2016 , 2018 -- present ) Chicago Bulls ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2017 -- 2018 ) 22,155 988 22.4 8,066 472 5,551 32 Gary Payton * PG Seattle SuperSonics ( 1990 -- 2003 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 2003 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Boston Celtics ( 2004 -- 2005 ) Miami Heat ( 2005 -- 2007 ) 21,813 1,335 16.3 8,708 1,132 3,265 33 Larry Bird * SF / PF Boston Celtics ( 1979 -- 1992 ) 21,791 897 24.3 8,591 649 3,960 34 Hal Greer * SG / PG Syracuse Nationals / Philadelphia 76ers ( 1958 -- 1973 ) 21,586 1,122 19.2 8,504 0 4,578 35 Kevin Durant ^ SF Seattle SuperSonics / Oklahoma City Thunder ( 2007 -- 2016 ) Golden State Warriors ( 2016 -- present ) 21,139 779 27.1 7,178 1,445 5,338 36 Walt Bellamy * Chicago Packers / Zephyrs / Baltimore Bullets ( 1961 -- 1965 ) New York Knicks ( 1965 -- 1968 ) Detroit Pistons ( 1968 -- 1970 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 1970 -- 1974 ) New Orleans Jazz ( 1974 ) 20,941 1,043 20.1 7,914 0 5,113 37 Bob Pettit * PF / C Milwaukee / St. Louis Hawks ( 1954 -- 1965 ) 20,880 792 26.4 7,349 0 6,182 38 Pau Gasol ^ C / PF Memphis Grizzlies ( 2001 -- 2008 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2008 -- 2014 ) Chicago Bulls ( 2014 -- 2016 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 2016 -- present ) 20,815 1,202 17.3 7,951 176 4,737 39 David Robinson * San Antonio Spurs ( 1989 -- 2003 ) 20,790 987 21.1 7,365 25 6,035 40 George Gervin * SG / SF San Antonio Spurs ( 1976 -- 1985 ) Chicago Bulls ( 1985 -- 1986 ) 20,708 791 26.2 8,045 77 4,541 41 Mitch Richmond * SG Golden State Warriors ( 1988 -- 1991 ) Sacramento Kings ( 1991 -- 1998 ) Washington Wizards ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2001 -- 2002 ) 20,497 976 21.0 7,305 1,326 4,561 42 Joe Johnson ^ SG / SF Boston Celtics ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Phoenix Suns ( 2002 -- 2005 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 2005 -- 2012 ) Brooklyn Nets ( 2012 -- 2016 ) Miami Heat ( 2016 ) Utah Jazz ( 2016 -- 2018 ) Houston Rockets ( 2018 ) 20,405 1,276 16.0 7,822 1,978 2,783 43 Tom Chambers PF San Diego Clippers ( 1981 -- 1983 ) Seattle SuperSonics ( 1983 -- 1988 ) Phoenix Suns ( 1988 -- 1993 ) Utah Jazz ( 1993 -- 1995 ) Charlotte Hornets ( 1997 ) Philadelphia 76ers ( 1997 ) 20,049 1,107 18.1 7,378 227 5,066 44 Antawn Jamison PF / SF Golden State Warriors ( 1999 -- 2003 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Washington Wizards ( 2004 -- 2010 ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2010 -- 2012 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( 2013 -- 2014 ) 20,042 1,083 18.5 7,679 1,163 3,521 45 John Stockton * PG Utah Jazz ( 1984 -- 2003 ) 19,711 1,504 13.1 7,039 845 4,788 46 Bernard King * SF New Jersey Nets ( 1977 -- 1979 , 1993 ) Utah Jazz ( 1979 ) Golden State Warriors ( 1980 -- 1982 ) New York Knicks ( 1982 -- 1985 , 1987 ) Washington Bullets ( 1987 -- 1991 ) 19,655 874 22.5 7,830 23 3,972 47 Clifford Robinson PF / SF Portland Trail Blazers ( 1989 -- 1997 ) Phoenix Suns ( 1997 -- 2001 ) Detroit Pistons ( 2001 -- 2003 ) Golden State Warriors ( 2003 -- 2005 ) New Jersey Nets ( 2005 -- 2007 ) 19,591 1,380 14.2 7,389 1,253 3,560 48 Walter Davis SG / SF Phoenix Suns ( 1977 -- 1988 ) Denver Nuggets ( 1988 -- 1991 , 1991 -- 1992 ) Portland Trail Blazers ( 1991 ) 19,521 1,033 18.9 8,118 157 3,128 49 Terry Cummings PF San Diego Clippers ( 1982 -- 1984 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 1984 -- 1989 , 1995 -- 1996 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 1989 -- 1995 ) Seattle SuperSonics ( 1996 -- 1997 ) Philadelphia 76ers ( 1997 -- 1998 ) New York Knicks ( 1998 ) Golden State Warriors ( 1999 -- 2000 ) 19,460 1,183 16.4 8,045 44 3,326 50 Bob Lanier * Detroit Pistons ( 1970 -- 1980 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 1980 -- 1984 ) 19,248 959 20.1 7,761 3,724 Progressive list of scoring leaders ( edit ) This is a progressive list of scoring leaders showing how the record increased through the years . Statistics accurate as of the conclusion of the 2017 -- 18 NBA season on April 11 , 2018 . Active NBA player * Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame † Not yet eligible for Hall of Fame consideration Only players with at least 50 win shares are shown for 1st time eligible Hall of Fame consideration . Win shares is a player statistic which attempts to divvy up credit for team success to the individuals on the team . Team abbreviations Team ( s ) listed is the one player was on when he established the record . ATL Atlanta Hawks DET Detroit Pistons MIL Milwaukee Bucks PHX Phoenix Suns BOS Boston Celtics FTW Fort Wayne Pistons MIN Minnesota Timberwolves PHW Philadelphia Warriors BUF Buffalo Braves GSW Golden State Warriors MNL Minneapolis Lakers SAS San Antonio Spurs CHI Chicago Bulls HOU Houston Rockets NOJ New Orleans Jazz SDR San Diego Rockets CHS Chicago Stags IND Indiana Pacers NOP New Orleans Pelicans SFW San Francisco Warriors CLE Cleveland Cavaliers KCO Kansas City - Omaha Kings OKC Oklahoma City Thunder STL St. Louis Hawks DAL Dallas Mavericks LAL Los Angeles Lakers ORL Orlando Magic SYR Syracuse Nationals DEN Denver Nuggets MIA Miami Heat PHI Philadelphia 76ers UTA Utah Jazz Scoring leader at the end of every season Season Year - by - year leader Points Active player leader Total points Career record Total points Single - season record Points Season 1946 -- 47 Joe Fulks * 000PHW 1,389 Joe Fulks * 000PHW 1,389 Joe Fulks * 000PHW 1,389 Joe Fulks * 000PHW 1,389 1946 -- 47 1947 -- 48 Max Zaslofsky 000CHS 1,007 2,338 2,338 1947 -- 48 1948 -- 49 George Mikan * 000MNL 1,698 3,898 3,898 George Mikan * 000MNL 1,698 1948 -- 49 1949 -- 50 1,865 4,863 4,863 1,865 1949 -- 50 1950 -- 51 1,932 6,099 6,099 1,932 1950 -- 51 1951 -- 52 Paul Arizin * 000PHW 1,674 7,021 7,021 1951 -- 52 1952 -- 53 Neil Johnston * 000PHW 1,564 George Mikan * 000MNL 8,460 George Mikan * 000MNL 8,460 1952 -- 53 1953 -- 54 1,759 9,766 9,766 1953 -- 54 1954 -- 55 1,631 Max Zaslofsky 000FTW 7,902 1954 -- 55 1955 -- 56 Bob Pettit * 000STL 1,849 George Mikan * 000MNL 10,156 10,156 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 Paul Arizin * 000PHW 1,817 Ed Macauley * 000STL 10,150 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 George Yardley * 000DET 2,001 Dolph Schayes * 000SYR 11,764 Dolph Schayes * 000SYR 11,764 George Yardley * 000DET 2,001 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 Bob Pettit * 000STL 2,105 13,298 13,298 Bob Pettit * 000STL 2,105 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 Wilt Chamberlain * 000PHW 1959 -- 62 000SFW 1962 -- 65 000PHI 1965 -- 66 2,707 14,987 14,987 Wilt Chamberlain * 000PHW 2,707 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 3,033 16,855 16,855 3,033 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 4,029 17,677 17,677 4,029 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 3,586 18,304 18,304 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 2,948 Bob Pettit * 000STL 19,756 Bob Pettit * 000STL 19,756 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 2,534 20,880 20,880 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 2,649 Wilt Chamberlain * 000PHI 1965 -- 68 000LAL 1968 -- 73 21,486 Wilt Chamberlain * 000PHI 1965 -- 68 000LAL 1968 -- 73 21,486 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 Rick Barry * 000SFW 2,775 23,442 23,442 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 Dave Bing * 000DET 2,142 25,434 25,434 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 Elvin Hayes * 000SDR 2,327 27,098 27,098 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 Kareem Abdul - Jabbar * 000MIL 2,361 27,426 27,426 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 2,596 29,122 29,122 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 2,822 30,335 30,335 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 Tiny Archibald * 000KCO 2,719 31,419 31,419 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 Bob McAdoo * 000BUF 2,261 Oscar Robertson * 000MIL 26,710 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 2,831 John Havlicek * 000BOS 22,389 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 2,427 23,678 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 Pete Maravich * 000NOJ 2,273 25,073 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 George Gervin * 000SAS 2,232 26,395 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 2,365 Kareem Abdul - Jabbar * 000LAL 22,141 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 2,585 24,175 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 Adrian Dantley * 000UTA 2,452 26,270 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 George Gervin * 000SAS 2,551 28,088 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 Alex English * 000DEN 2,326 29,810 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 Adrian Dantley * 000UTA 2,418 31,527 Kareem Abdul - Jabbar * 000LAL 31,527 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 Michael Jordan * 000CHI 2,313 33,262 33,262 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 Alex English * 000DEN 2,414 35,108 35,108 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 Michael Jordan * 000CHI 3,041 36,474 36,474 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 2,868 37,639 37,639 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 2,633 38,387 38,387 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 2,753 Moses Malone * 000ATL 1989 -- 91 000MIL 1991 -- 93 000PHI 1993 -- 94 000SAS 1994 -- 95 24,868 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 2,580 25,737 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 2,404 27,016 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 2,541 27,066 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 David Robinson * 000SAS 2,383 27,360 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 Shaquille O'Neal * 000ORL 2,315 27,409 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 Michael Jordan * 000CHI 2,491 Michael Jordan * 000CHI 24,489 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 2,431 26,920 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 2,357 29,277 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 Shaquille O'Neal * 000LAL 1,289 Karl Malone * 000UTA 1998 -- 2003 000LAL 2003 -- 04 28,946 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 00 2,344 31,041 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 Jerry Stackhouse 00DET 2,380 32,919 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 Paul Pierce 000BOS 2,144 34,707 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 Kobe Bryant 000LAL 2,461 36,374 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 Kevin Garnett 000MIN 1,987 36,928 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 Allen Iverson * 000PHI 2,302 Reggie Miller * 000IND 25,279 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 Kobe Bryant 000LAL 2,832 Shaquille O'Neal * 000MIA 2005 -- 08 000PHO 2008 -- 09 000CLE 2009 -- 10 000BOS 2010 -- 11 24,764 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2,430 25,454 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2,323 26,286 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 Dwyane Wade ^ 000MIA 2,386 27,619 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 Kevin Durant ^ 000OKC 2,472 28,255 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2,161 28,596 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 1,850 Kobe Bryant 000LAL 29,484 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2,280 31,617 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2,593 31,700 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 James Harden ^ 000HOU 2,217 32,482 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2,376 33,643 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 Russell Westbrook ^ 000OKC 2,558 Dirk Nowitzki ^ 000DAL 30,260 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 LeBron James ^ 000CLE 2,251 31,187 Abdul - Jabbar * 0 35 yrs 38,387 Chamberlain * 059 yrs 4,029 2017 -- 18 Season Year - by - year leader Points Active player leader Total points Career record Total points Single - season record Points Season See also ( edit ) List of National Basketball Association annual scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff scoring leaders National Basketball Association portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` NBA Progressive Leaders and Records for Points '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 25 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : A player is not eligible for induction into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame until he has been fully retired for three calendar years . Jump up ^ American Basketball Association ( ABA ) teams other than those admitted into the NBA in 1976 are not included ; each year is linked to an article about that particular NBA season . Jump up ^ Average is rounded to the nearest tenth . Jump up ^ First adopted in the 1979 -- 80 season . Jump up ^ Previously known as Lew Alcindor prior to an official name change on May 1 , 1971 . Jump up ^ Previously written as Akeem Olajuwon prior to an official spelling change on March 9 , 1991 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Win Shares '' . Basketball-reference.com . Retrieved 8 April 2016 . External links ( edit ) Basketball-Reference.com enumeration of NBA career leaders in points scored National Basketball Association statistical leaders Players Career Regular season Points Franchise Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Seasons Games Minutes Playoffs Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Games Minutes Annual Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Minutes Field goal percentage Three - point field goals Three - point field goal percentage Free throw percentage Season Points Rookie Rebounds Rookie Game Points Playoffs Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Misc Entire career with one franchise Tallest players Shortest players Oldest and youngest players Highest - paid players Teams Winningest teams All - time win - loss records Winning streaks Losing streaks Misc Highest - scoring games Records Regular season Playoffs All - Star Game Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_National_Basketball_Association_career_scoring_leaders&oldid=866403138 '' Categories : National Basketball Association lists National Basketball Association statistical leaders Hidden categories : Wikipedia introduction cleanup from March 2018 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from March 2018 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Deutsch Eesti Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Latviešu Polski Русский Українська Vèneto 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 03 : 08 ( UTC ) . 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who plays mr coulter on when calls the heart

Kavan Smith as Leland Coulter

Kavan Smith

When Calls the Heart

when calls the heart

When Calls the Heart is a Canadian - American television drama series , inspired by Janette Oke 's book of the same name from her Canadian West series , and developed by Michael Landon Jr . The series began airing on the Hallmark Channel in the United States on January 11 , 2014 , and on April 16 , 2014 on Super Channel in Canada .

The series originally debuted as a two - hour television movie pilot in October 2013 , starring Maggie Grace as young teacher Elizabeth Thatcher and Stephen Amell as North West Mounted Police officer Wynn Delaney . In the television series Erin Krakow is cast as her niece , whose name is also Elizabeth Thatcher ( played by Poppy Drayton in the movie ) , and Daniel Lissing plays a Mountie named Jack Thornton , with Lori Loughlin reprising her role as coal mine widow Abigail Stanton . On April 24 , 2017 , Krakow announced via the Hallmark Channel website that the show would return for a fifth season , which premiered with a two - hour Christmas special broadcast as part of Hallmark 's Countdown to Christmas event and resumed in February 2018 , ending in April . On March 21 , 2018 , Hallmark renewed the series for a sixth season . A spin off of the show named When Hope Calls was announced at Hallmark 's Television Critics Association summer press tour on July 26 , 2018 . When Hope Calls is expected to debut in 2019 on Hallmark Movies Now streaming service . Contents 1 Plot 2 Episodes 3 Cast 3.1 Main 3.2 Recurring 4 Characters 5 Production 6 Broadcast 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) When Calls the Heart tells the story of Elizabeth Thatcher ( Erin Krakow ) , a young teacher accustomed to her high - society life . She receives her first classroom assignment in Coal Valley , a small coal - mining town in Western Canada which is located just south of Robb , Alberta . There , life is simple -- but often fraught with challenges . Elizabeth charms most everyone in Coal Valley , except Royal North West Mounted Police Constable Jack Thornton ( Daniel Lissing ) . He believes Thatcher 's wealthy father has doomed the lawman 's career by insisting he be assigned in town to protect the shipping magnate 's daughter . The town of Coal Valley was renamed Hope Valley in Episode 1 , Season 2 after the coal mine was closed . Living in this 1910 coal town , Elizabeth must learn the ways of the Canadian frontier movement if she wishes to thrive in the rural west on her own . Lori Loughlin portrays Abigail Stanton , whose husband , the foreman of the mine , and her only son -- along with 45 other miners -- have recently been killed in an explosion , which turns out to have been a tragic accident waiting to happen -- a result of the mining - company site manager 's irresponsible management and lack of due care in his management of the mine . The newly widowed women find their faith tested when they must go to work in the mine to keep a roof over their heads , food on the table , and compile a wage for the town 's teacher . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of When Calls the Heart episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 12 January 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 11 ) March 29 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 29 ) 7 April 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 25 ) June 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 13 ) New Year 's Wish December 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 26 ) 8 February 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 21 ) April 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 10 ) Christmas December 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 25 ) 10 February 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 19 ) April 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 23 ) The Christmas Wishing Tree December 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 25 ) 5 10 February 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 18 ) April 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 22 ) Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Erin Krakow as Elizabeth Thatcher Thornton Daniel Lissing as Jack Thornton ( Seasons 1 - 5 ) Lori Loughlin as Abigail Stanton Jack Wagner as Bill Avery Martin Cummins as Henry Gowen Pascale Hutton as Rosemary LeVeaux Coulter Kavan Smith as Leland Coulter Recurring ( edit ) Paul Greene as Carson Shepherd Andrea Brooks as Faith Carter Eva Bourne as Clara Weller Stanton Aren Buchholz as Jesse Flynn Carter Ryan Evancic as Cody Hastings Loretta Walsh as Florence Blakeley Erica Carroll as Dottie Ramsey Johannah Newmarch as Molly Sullivan Mark Humphrey as Frank Hogan Chelah Horsdal as Cat Montgomery Mitchell Kummen as Gabe Montgomery Gracyn Shinyei as Emily Montgomery Logan Williams as Miles Montgomery Ben Rosenbaum as Mike Hickam Ava Grace Cooper as Opal Charlotte Hegele as Julie Thatcher Max Lloyd - Jones as Tom Thornton Brooke Shields as Charlotte Thornton Ali Skovbye as Becky Hastings Garwin Sanford as William Thatcher Lynda Boyd as Grace Thatcher Devon Weigel as Viola Thatcher Marcus Rosner as Charles Kensington Josie Bissett as AJ Foster Steve Bacic as Charles Spurlock Kristina Wagner as Nora Avery Mamie Laverock as Rosaleen Sullivan Adrian Hough as Reverend Anderson Will Verchere - Gopaulsingh as Caleb Dunbar Laura Bertram as Mary Dunbar Derek Hamilton as Dewitt Graves Niall Matter as Shane Cantrell ( season 4 ) Spencer Drever as Cyrus Rivera ( season 4 ) Characters ( edit ) This section may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience . Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information , and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia 's inclusion policy . ( April 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Elizabeth Thatcher Thornton is an independent , strong - minded , passionate and dedicated young teacher from the city . The middle daughter of William and Grace Thatcher , Elizabeth has two sisters , older sister Viola and younger sister Julie . Elizabeth finds herself in Coal Valley , a small community on the Canadian frontier in need of a teacher , and quickly discovers it is not an easy place to live , lacking the creature comforts and luxuries of her privileged life with her family . She soon meets the newly appointed and charismatic Mountie Jack Thornton and develops an immediate dislike for him . However , over time they become good friends , and develop an obvious attraction to one another . In the final episode of season 1 , `` Prelude to a Kiss '' ( also titled as `` Final Adieu '' ) , after overcoming many obstacles throughout the season , Jack tells Elizabeth `` You 're the one , you 're the only one '' and they share a kiss . Throughout season 2 , Elizabeth 's feelings for Jack are high at times as well as low . Finally , in the season 2 finale , she admits that his job as a Mountie scares her . After being comforted both admitting that they love each other , Jack and Elizabeth kiss . Jack Thornton is a laid back country boy . Jack is the son of Mountie Thomas Thornton and his wife Charlotte Thornton . Jack has a younger brother , Tom ( named after his father ) . As a Mountie and a man of stout character and integrity , he often finds himself protecting and saving people . In season 1 's `` A Telling Silence , '' Jack finds a basset hound whom he names Rip ( after Rip Van Winkle ) and takes home with him . A source of comfort and companion in the small town , Jack often goes to Rip when times in his life are difficult . In season 2 's `` With All My Heart , '' Rip , who 's afraid of thunder , hides in the mine shafts during a storm . Jack and Elizabeth search for him ; in their search , their relationship grows stronger . Upon his first meeting of Elizabeth , Jack developed an instant dislike and it appeared she irritated him . However , he grew to like and then fall madly and completely in love with her over time . In `` Rules of Engagement '' ( S. 1 ) , it is revealed that Jack was briefly engaged to Rosemary LeVeaux when she comes looking for him . However , they have both changed and realize that they can not have a relationship as they once did ever again . In `` Prelude to a Kiss '' ( S. 1 ) , Jack found out that Elizabeth may be leaving Coal Valley . Taking her on a walk and giving her a framed picture of them that he had sketched , he asks her not to leave Coal Valley and tells her , `` You 're the one , you 're the only one . '' She replied that she was `` not going anywhere '' , Coal Valley was where she belonged before they share a kiss . In season 2 , Elizabeth and Jack share a hot - and - cold relationship until the finale , `` With All My Heart . '' They both admit that they love each other and share another kiss . Jack 's brother , Tom , is introduced season 2 's `` Trials of the Heart , '' and their rocky relationship continues until `` Coming Together , Coming Apart . '' Jack gently reminds his younger brother how their father was so proud of him , but he would n't be proud of the way he was currently living . Both in tears , Jack tells his younger brother that he believes in him and that he can turn his life around . More recently , Jack has become good friends with the sawmill operator , Lee Coulter . In season 3 , Jack begins the new year knowing that Elizabeth only has eyes for him and that her relationship with Charles is over for good . In `` Hearts In Question , '' Jack 's mother Charlotte shows up unexpectedly . She meets Elizabeth and is suspicious of her , but through staying her sees Elizabeth for who she really is : a trustworthy , dedicated teacher . In the season finale , `` Prayers From The Heart , '' Jack is injured in a flood . But he miraculously recovers in time to serve as Lee 's best man at his wedding . Abigail Stanton is a Coal Valley woman who tragically lost her husband and son in the mining accident . Abigail is a very kind woman , and she stands strongly for the things she believes in . She is one of the first women to welcome Elizabeth and the two women quickly become friends . When Elizabeth accidentally burns down the little teacherage , Abigail gladly welcomes her into her home to live . After being complimented on her cooking , Abigail decides to open a cafe in Coal Valley . Together , Abigail and Elizabeth move into the rooms above the cafe . At the end of season 1 , Abigail enjoys the company of Bill Avery , a Mountie , serving as a Forensic Investigator and friend of Jack Thornton 's . In season 2 , Abigail takes in her daughter - in - law , Clara , the wife of her late son Peter whom Abigail sees as the daughter she never had . With Bill 's past being revealed , Abigail ends their friendship and spends more time with the new pastor , Frank Hogan . Also , she is a strong independent woman that is set on doing the things that are right and tries to help Elizabeth . Bill Avery is a mysterious , quiet man . He first appears in season 1 's `` Rules of Engagement , '' in order to help Jack expose Mr. Gowen 's wrongdoings . Bill is immediately attracted to widow Abigail Stanton . Things are going well until Abigail discovers a picture of Bill 's family and his wedding ring . He later tells her that his son died , as well as his wife . However , his wife , Nora , comes to confront him in season 2 's `` Heart 's Desire . '' Henry Gowen is a cold , cynical man who formerly owned the coal mine . After the mine was shut down , Henry became the mayor of Hope Valley and still creates a cold , cynical presence whenever people are around him . Henry is highly disliked and feared in the town . He frequently uses bribery to get what he wants , which is never for the good of the town . Rosemary `` Rosie '' LeVeaux Coulter is a flamboyant , enthusiastic actress from New York . She was briefly engaged to Jack Thornton , but they both realized that it would n't work out . Rosie immediately disliked Elizabeth and viewed her as `` the competition , '' but eventually came to really care about Elizabeth , even if she has a hard time showing it . At the beginning of season 2 , Rosemary began working at the cafe with Abigail and the two quickly became friends . Spending time with Abigail helped tone down some of Rosemary 's enthusiasm and made her a more likable person . Rosemary even came to like Elizabeth , even if only on an acquaintance level . Truthfully , she cares about everyone in Hope Valley , especially Lee , with whom she shares an mutual attraction . When Rosie is not spending time with Lee , talking to Abigail , or dreaming about the glamorous life of an actress , she can often be found somewhere writing her weekly advice column for Hope Valley 's newspaper ! In season 3 , Rosemary 's friendship with Elizabeth deepened . Instead of viewing her as an adversary , she finds a friend in Elizabeth . Throughout season 3 , Rosemary 's relationship with Lee becomes more romantic . In `` Heart Of A Hero , '' seeing that Lee needs to spend more time at the sawmill to help the new settlers find jobs , Rosemary tells Lee that the theatre does n't have to be built . He insists , but she says how important his job is . He smiles and tells her he will one day build her theatre , telling her that she is `` the best part of his life . '' The couple shares in their first kiss . In `` A Gentle Heart , '' Lee is injured . Thinking he is asleep , Rosemary pours out her heart to him , telling how much she loves him . In `` Heartbreak , '' Rosemary is offered a job in Hollywood filming . This has always been Rosemary 's dream , to be an actress . Lee unselfishly tells her to do whatever she feels best , but it is obvious that the thought of her leaving Hope Valley hurts him . Rosemary considers her options and realizes that her place is in Hope Valley , with Lee . Lee then tells her that he has another `` role '' that he thinks would be perfect for her and proposes marriage . She happily accepts . In `` Hearts In Question , '' Rosemary enthusiastically plans for their wedding . The couple weds in the season 3 finale `` Prayers From The Heart , '' with Elizabeth and Abigail as her maids of honor . Leland `` Lee '' Coulter is a kind , laidback , patient man who opens a sawmill in Hope Valley . When timber becomes Coal Valley 's major source of natural resources , the town is renamed Hope Valley . He shares a mutual attraction to Rosemary and proves to be one of the few people who can outwit her . When she declines his romantic intentions , Lee recruits his friend , Molly Sullivan , to make Rosemary jealous ; the ploy succeeds and Rosemary accepts his suit , appreciating Lee 's good qualities . Despite her dramatic and occasionally prickly personality , Lee 's compassion and patience never fails with her . With Rosemary 's help , Lee beat Mr. Gowen at his own game in `` Heart and Home . '' When not at work , Lee enjoys being with friends , including Jack Thornton , who shares Lee 's simple and laidback outlook , allowing the men to discuss their lives and exchange romantic advice . In season 3 , Lee 's mill is unfortunately sabotaged by a man inside . Through Bill and Jack 's investigation , they find the culprit . In season 3 's `` Heart Of A Hero , '' Rosemary unselfishly gives up the theatre that Lee promised to build her . Lee promises that one day , he will build her the theatre at a time when he is n't so involved with the sawmill and finding people jobs . In `` A Gentle Heart , '' Lee is injured . Thinking Lee is asleep , Rosemary pours out her heart to Lee , telling him how afraid she was when she heard he had been injured . He however hears each and every word . She told him how much she loves him and to never leave her . In the episode `` Heartbreak , '' Lee thinks Rosemary may leave Hope Valley when she is offered a movie job in Hollywood . When she gives up the movie , seeing her future in Hope Valley with him , he asks her to marry him . The couple weds in the season 3 finale , `` Prayers From The Heart . '' Jack serves the role of Lee 's best man . Julie Thatcher is Elizabeth 's hopeless romantic younger sister . She often gets herself into sticky situations by falling head over heels for men who are n't quite what they seem . In season 2 she gets involved with Jack 's brother Tom , which causes trouble with her family and for Jack and Elizabeth 's relationship . Cat Montgomery is a kind , encouraging woman in Coal Valley . She is a widow and mother of three : Gabe , Miles , and Emily . Cat was one of the first mothers to show kindness to Elizabeth when she first came . She desperately wants her children to remember the good memories of their father as seen by her self - sacrificing acts in `` Secrets and Lies . '' Possessing a great sense of teamwork and encouragement , Cat supports the women of Coal Valley while working in the mines in `` Cease and Desist . '' She is good friends with Elizabeth and Abigail . In `` These Games , '' she also helps Jack catch a thief . Florence Blakeley is a feisty gossip in Hope Valley . She often has a pessimistic perspective and always seems to find the negative , even in a very positive situation . In `` Heart and Home , '' Abigail told Florence what she really thought about her , which causes Florence to rein in her negativity somewhat , though she remains fairly outspoken . While not always likable , Florence adds spice to life in Hope Valley . Molly Sullivan is a friend of Lee Coulter and Elizabeth Thatcher . Molly 's husband was killed in the mine disaster . She has a daughter Rosaleen . In season 1 's `` A Telling Silence , '' Rosaleen has trouble in school because she misses her father so much . When she runs away , Elizabeth finds her in the mine , feeling guilty that she did n't bring her father his lunch the day of the disaster because she wanted to play with a friend instead . She fears her mother will blame her , but Elizabeth convinces her that Molly will `` say that she loves her more than life itself . '' Molly is reunited with her daughter , to the joy of the town 's people . In season 2 's `` With All My Heart , '' Lee feels it 's time to `` play hard to get '' with Rosemary , so he enlists help from Molly . She pretends to be interested in him romantically . This ploy works and Rosemary admits that she does in fact like him . Molly is a kind woman and was among the first to welcome Elizabeth to town . Clara Stanton is the wife of Abigail 's late son Peter , and is a sweet , quiet , and sensitive young woman . Abigail never knew she had a daughter - in - law until season 2 's `` Trials of the Heart ; '' with Peter having married Clara only three days before he was killed . In `` Heart 's Desire , '' Abigail invites Clara to come live with her in Hope Valley , an offer that Clara accepts . Charles Kensington III is an old friend of Elizabeth with whom she reconnects while in Hamilton . He is interested in her , though her feelings for Jack get in the way of their relationship . Production ( edit ) The series , originally planned to be filmed in Colorado , is filmed south of Vancouver , British Columbia , on a farm surrounded by vineyards . The fictional frontier town of Coal Valley was erected in late 2013 . Some of the set trimmings and a stage coach came from the Hell on Wheels set . The Thatcher home is the University Women 's Club of Vancouver . The series was renewed for a second season , which aired from April 25 to June 13 , 2015 . Hallmark Channel announced in July 2015 that the series had been renewed for a third season , which aired from February 21 to April 10 , 2016 , with a sneak peek airing during the 2015 Christmas season . In mid-2016 , it was announced that Season 4 would premiere on the Hallmark Channel Christmas Day with a two - hour special . On April 11 , 2016 , Lissing and Krakow announced via the series ' Facebook page that Hallmark Channel had renewed the series for a fourth season , which aired from February 19 to April 23 , 2017 . Filming for season five began in Vancouver on August 22 , 2017 , and ended on December 21 , 2017 . Broadcast ( edit ) The first season of the series was subsequently picked up by CBC Television for rebroadcast as a summer series in 2015 . The network has since aired all five seasons . The series became available internationally on Netflix in August 2017 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Reiher , Andrea ( January 11 , 2014 ) . `` ' When Calls the Heart ' premiere : Will you return to the frontier ? '' . Zap2It . From Inside the Box ( blog ) . Retrieved January 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' When Calls the Heart ' features Aussie Mountie '' . Canadian Press , April 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hallmark Channel - The Movie Cast '' . Hallmarkchannel.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` '' When Calls the Heart , '' Hallmark Channel 's Newest Original Primetime Series Kicks Off with a 2 - Hour Special Extended Pilot on October 5 '' ( Press release ) . Hallmark Channel . 24 July 2013 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 11 -- via The Futon Critic . Jump up ^ The Deadline Team ( June 12 , 2013 ) . `` Hallmark Channel 's ' When Calls The Heart ' Adds Cast ; ' Cedar Cove ' July Premiere Set '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Special Announcement - When Calls the Heart '' . April 24 , 2017 . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' When Calls The Heart ' Gets Season 5 Premiere Date On Hallmark Channel '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( March 21 , 2018 ) . `` Hallmark Channel Upfront Presentation Canceled Due To Storm , Net Makes Announcements , Including ' When Calls the Heart ' Renewal , At Central Park Event '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( July 26 , 2018 ) . `` Good Witch Renewed for Season 5 , When Calls the Heart Gets Spinoff '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hallmark Channel - About the Series '' . Hallmarkchannel.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ Brioux , Bill ( December 6 , 2013 ) . `` ' When Calls The Heart ' TV Series Set In Fictional Town Built In B.C. '' The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2013 . Retrieved February 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Owen , Rob ( May 1 , 2015 ) . `` TV Q&A : ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Younger , ' ' Bones ' and a former Pittsburgh news anchor '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved May 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 5 , 2014 ) . `` When Calls the Heart ' Renewed for Second Season by Hallmark Channel '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( July 28 , 2015 ) . `` ' When Calls The Heart ' Renewed For Season 3 On Hallmark Channel '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` When Calls the Heart videos '' . Hallmark Channel . Jump up ^ McLennan , Cindy ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` When Calls the Heart : Season Four Renewal for Hallmark Channel Series '' . TV Series Finale . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' When Calls The Heart ' Renewed For Season 4 By Hallmark Channel '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Takeuchi , Craig ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Filming in Vancouver : Johnny Depp , When Calls the Heart , and Eggplant Emoji '' . Inside Vancouver . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Krakow , Erin ( @ erinkrakow ) ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` That 's a Season 5 WRAP for Elizabeth ! It flew ! Missing my Hope Valley friends already ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` CBC - TV stacks fall and winter lineups with British , Aussie fare '' . 680 News , May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CBC Television reveals its 2016 summer schedule with five new primetime series , returning hits and the Rio 2016 Olympic Games '' . CBC Television . May 18 , 2016 . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CBC Announces 2017 - 18 Programming Slate '' . CBC Television . May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : When Calls the Heart Official website When Calls the Heart on IMDb Hallmark Channel original programming Current Home and Family ( since 2012 ) When Calls the Heart ( since 2014 ) Good Witch ( since 2015 ) Chesapeake Shores ( since 2016 ) Meet the Peetes ( since 2018 ) Former Cedar Cove ( 2013 -- 2015 ) Signed , Sealed , Delivered ( 2014 ) Movies List of Hallmark Channel Original Movies Hallmark Hall of Fame movie list Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=When_Calls_the_Heart&oldid=852814232 '' Categories : English - language television programs 2010s American drama television series 2014 American television series debuts 2010s Canadian drama television series 2014 Canadian television series debuts Period family drama television series Western ( genre ) television series Television programs based on books Television series produced in Vancouver Super Channel shows Hallmark Channel shows CBC Television shows 2010s American romance television series Canadian romance television series Hidden categories : Official website not in Wikidata Wikipedia articles needing style editing from April 2018 All articles needing style editing Wikipedia articles that are excessively detailed from April 2018 All articles that are excessively detailed Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 31 July 2018 , at 15 : 00 ( UTC ) . 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where was the last scene of gran torino filmed

Gran Torino

gran torino

Gran Torino is a 2008 American drama film directed and produced by Clint Eastwood , who also starred in the film . The film co-stars Christopher Carley , Bee Vang and Ahney Her . This was Eastwood 's first starring role since 2004 's Million Dollar Baby . The film features a large Hmong American cast , as well as one of Eastwood 's younger sons , Scott . Eastwood 's oldest son , Kyle , provided the score . Gran Torino opened via a limited theatrical release in North America on December 12 , 2008 , and later to a worldwide release on January 9 , 2009 . Set in Detroit , Michigan , it is the first mainstream American film to feature Hmong Americans . Many Lao Hmong war refugees resettled in the U.S. following the communist takeover of Laos in 1975 .

The story follows Walt Kowalski , a recently widowed Korean War veteran alienated from his family and angry at the world . Walt 's young neighbor , Thao Vang Lor , is pressured by his cousin into stealing Walt 's prized 1972 Ford Gran Torino for his initiation into a gang . Walt thwarts the theft with his M1 Garand rifle and subsequently develops a relationship with the boy and his family . Gran Torino was a critical and commercial success , grossing nearly $270 million worldwide ( making it Eastwood 's second highest - grossing film to date ) . Within the Hmong community in the United States , the film received both praise and criticism . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Selection of Detroit for production and setting 3.2 Shooting locations 3.3 Shooting and acting 3.4 Hmong people and culture during the production 3.4. 1 Cultural accuracies and inaccuracies 4 Release 4.1 Theatrical run 4.2 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Critical reviews 5.2 Reception in relation to the Hmong 5.3 Awards and nominations 5.4 Derivative works 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Walt Kowalski ( Clint Eastwood ) is a cantankerous , retired Polish American assembly line worker and Korean War veteran , who has recently been widowed after 50 years of marriage , causing him to be a lapsed Catholic . His Highland Park neighborhood in the Detroit area of Michigan , formerly populated by working - class white families , is now dominated by poor Asian immigrants , and gang violence is commonplace . Adding to his isolation and detachment are his feelings towards his married sons and their families . He rejects a suggestion from one of his sons to move to a retirement community ( sensing that they want his home and possessions ) , and lives alone with his elderly dog , Daisy . A longtime cigarette smoker , Walt suffers from coughing fits , occasionally coughing up blood , but conceals this from his family . Roman Catholic priest Father Janovich ( Christopher Carley ) tries to comfort him , but Walt disdains the young , inexperienced man . Eventually , Walt opens up to the priest , revealing that he is still haunted by memories of the war . The Hmong Vang Lor family reside next door to Walt . Initially , he wants nothing to do with his new neighbors , particularly after he catches Thao ( Bee Vang ) attempting to steal his 1972 Ford Gran Torino as a coerced initiation into a Hmong gang run by Thao 's cousin , Fong , whose nickname is `` Spider '' . The gang is infuriated by Thao 's failure and they attack him , but Walt confronts them with an M1 Garand rifle and chases them off , earning the respect of the Hmong community . As penance , Thao 's mother makes him work for Walt , who has him do odd jobs around the neighborhood , and the two form a grudging mutual respect . Thao 's sister Sue ( Ahney Her ) introduces Walt to Hmong culture and helps him bond with the Hmong community , who soon become more like family to Walt than his actual family and he , in turn , becomes a better man to them than he was to his own sons . Walt helps Thao get a job and gives him dating advice . Walt eventually visits a doctor regarding his coughing fits , where it 's implied that he does not have long to live . Spider 's gang continues to pressure Thao , assaulting him on his way home from work . After he sees Thao 's injuries , Walt visits the gang 's house , where he attacks a gang member as a warning . In retaliation , the gang performs a drive - by shooting on the Vang Lor home , injuring Thao . They also kidnap and rape Sue . There are no other witnesses , while the community members , including the victims , refuse to assist the police to incriminate the gang members . The next day , Thao seeks Walt 's help to exact revenge , and Walt tells him to return later in the afternoon . In the meantime , Walt makes personal preparations : he buys a suit , gets a haircut , and makes a confession to Father Janovich , who had pressured him to make it at the behest of his late wife . When Thao returns , Walt takes him to the basement , gives him his Silver Star medal , then locks him in the basement and tells him of his haunting memory of having killed a surrendering enemy soldier . He keeps Thao locked in the basement , until the revenge is over , to make sure the boy will never be haunted by killing someone , with his life ahead of him . That night , Walt goes to the gang members ' house , where they draw their firearms on him . He loudly berates them and enumerates their crimes , drawing the attention of the neighbors . Putting a cigarette in his mouth , he asks for a light , then puts his hand in the pocket of his jacket and provocatively pulls it out as if he were holding a gun , causing the gang members to shoot and kill him . As he falls to the ground , his hand opens to reveal the Zippo cigarette lighter with the 1st Cavalry insignia ; he was unarmed . His plan had in fact been to provoke them into killing him in public . Sue , following Walt 's directions , frees Thao , and they drive to the scene in Walt 's Gran Torino . One of the police officers tells them that all gang members have been placed under arrest for the murder , and due to the number of witnesses , they all face a lengthy sentence in prison . Walt 's funeral mass is celebrated by Father Janovich and attended by his family and many of the Hmong community , many of whom are wearing traditional attire ; their presence visibly puzzles Walt 's family . Later , his last will and testament is read . To the surprise of his family , Walt leaves them nothing : his house goes to the church and his cherished Gran Torino goes to Thao , with the condition that he does not modify the vehicle . Later , Thao is seen driving the car along Jefferson Avenue with Daisy . Cast ( edit ) See also : List of Gran Torino characters Clint Eastwood as Walt Kowalski Bee Vang as Thao Vang Lor , a young Hmong teenager Ahney Her as Sue Lor , Thao 's older sister Christopher Carley as Father Janovich Doua Moua as Fong `` Spider , '' Thao 's cousin and the main antagonist Sonny Vue as Smokie , Spider 's right - hand man Elvis Thao as Hmong Gangbanger No. 1 Brian Haley as Mitch Kowalski , Walt 's older son Brian Howe as Steve Kowalski , Walt 's younger son Geraldine Hughes as Karen Kowalski , Mitch 's wife Dreama Walker as Ashley Kowalski , Mitch and Karen 's daughter Michael E. Kurowski as Josh Kowalski , Mitch and Karen 's son John Carroll Lynch as Martin , an Italian American barber friend of Walt 's Chee Thao as Grandma Vang Lor , the matriarch of Thao 's family Choua Kue as Youa Scott Eastwood as Trey , Sue 's date After holding casting calls in Fresno , California , Detroit , Michigan , and Saint Paul , Minnesota , Eastwood selected ten Hmong lead actors and supporting actors . Of them , only one was not a first time actor . Of the Hmong cast , five , including Bee Vang , one of the principal actors , were from the state of Minnesota . Ahney Her comes from Lansing , Michigan . The casting agency Pound & Mooney recruited thirty actors and over 500 extras . The firm recruited many Hmong actors from a Hmong soccer tournament in Macomb County , Michigan . Sandy Ci Moua , a Hmong actress based in the Twin Cities , assisted with the film 's casting of Hmong actors . Production ( edit ) Gran Torino was written by Nick Schenk and directed by Clint Eastwood . It was produced by Village Roadshow Pictures , Media Magik Entertainment and Malpaso Productions for film distributor Warner Bros. Eastwood co-produced with his Malpaso partners Robert Lorenz and Bill Gerber . Eastwood has stated he enjoyed the idea `` that it dealt with prejudice , that it was about never being too old to learn '' . Shooting began in July 2008 . Hmong crew , production assistants , consultants , and extras were used . The film was shot over five weeks . Joel Cox and Gary D. Roach , the editors , cut the film so it was under two hours long . The crew spent over $10 million while shooting the film in Detroit . In the early 1990s , Schenk became acquainted with the history and culture of the Hmong while working in a factory in Minnesota . He also learned how they had sided with the South Vietnamese forces and its US allies during the Vietnam War , only to wind up in refugee camps , at the mercy of North Vietnamese Communist forces , when US troops pulled out and the government forces were defeated . Years later , he was deciding how to develop a story involving a widowed Korean War veteran trying to handle the changes in his neighborhood when he decided to place a Hmong family next door and create a culture clash . He and Dave Johannson , Schenk 's brother 's roommate , created an outline for the story . According to Schenk , each night he used a pen and paper to write the script while in Grumpy 's , a bar in northeastern Minneapolis , while not working at his day jobs . He recalled writing 25 pages within a single night in the bar . He recalled asking the bartender , who was his friend , questions about the story 's progress . Some industry insiders told Schenk that a film starring an elderly main character could not be produced , as the story could not be sold , especially with an elderly main character who used language suggesting that he held racist views . Through a friend , Schenk sent the screenplay to Warner Bros. producer Bill Gerber . Eastwood was able to direct and star on the project as filming for Invictus was delayed to early 2009 , leaving sufficient time for filming Gran Torino during the previous summer . Eastwood said that he had a `` fun and challenging role , and it 's an oddball story . '' According to Schenk , aside from changing Minneapolis references to Detroit references , the production headed by Eastwood `` did n't change a single syllable '' in the script . Schenk added that the concept of the producers not making any substantial revisions to a submitted script `` never happens . '' Eastwood said that he stopped making significant revisions after attempting to change the script of Unforgiven and later deciding to return to the original revision , believing that his changes were `` emasculating '' the product . Selection of Detroit for production and setting ( edit ) The original script was inspired by the Northeast community of Minneapolis , Minnesota , but filmmakers chose to shoot in Michigan , becoming one of the first productions to take advantage of the state 's new law that provided lucrative incentive packages to film productions . Bill Huizenga , a man from Zeeland , Michigan who once served in the Michigan House of Representatives , helped write and coordinate the State of Michigan 's incentive package to the film creators . The film ultimately received a 42 % tax credit . Bruce Headlam of The New York Times said `` That helped make it easy for Warner Bros. to sign off on bankrolling the movie , something that has n't always been a given in the studio 's relationship with the director . '' Producer Robert Lorenz said that while the script was originally set in Minnesota , he chose Michigan as the actual setting as Kowalski is a retired car plant worker . Metro Detroit was the point of origin of the Ford Motor Company . Schenk said that sometimes the lines in the movie feel out of place with the Detroit setting ; for instance a line about one of Walt 's sons asks if Walt still knows a person who has season tickets for Minnesota Vikings games was changed to being about a person with Detroit Lions tickets . Schenk said `` They do n't sell out in Detroit . And so that bothered me . It seemed really untrue to me . '' Shooting locations ( edit ) Saint Ambrose Roman Catholic Church in Grosse Pointe Park served as a shooting location Locations , all within Metro Detroit , included Highland Park , Center Line , Warren , Royal Oak , and Grosse Pointe Park were used . The house depicting Walt Kowalski 's house is on Rhode Island Street in Highland Park . The Hmong gang house is located on Pilgrim Street in Highland Park . The house depicting the residence of one of Walt 's sons is on Ballantyne Road in Grosse Pointe Shores . The church used in the film , Saint Ambrose Roman Catholic Church , is in Grosse Pointe Park . The hardware store , Pointe Hardware , is also in Grosse Pointe Park . VFW Post 6756 , used as the location where Walt meets friends to drink alcohol , is in Center Line . Widgren 's Barber Shop in Royal Oak was another shooting location The barber shop , Widgren 's Barber Shop , is along 11 Mile Road , near Center Street , in Royal Oak . The shop , founded in 1938 , in a space now occupied by another business , moved to its current location , west of its original location , in 1970 . The film producers selected that shop out of 60 candidates in Metro Detroit . According to Frank Mills , the son - in - law of owner Ted Widgren , the producers selected it because they liked `` the antique look inside . '' Eastwood asked Widgren to act as an extra in the barber shop scene . In the area around the barbershop , vehicle traffic had to be stopped for three to five minutes at a time , so traffic in the area slowed down . Shooting and acting ( edit ) Of the entire cast , only Eastwood was an established actor ; the Hmong actors had relatively little experience , and some were not proficient in English . Jeff Baenen said that Eastwood used a `` low - key approach to directing . '' Eastwood said that `` I 'd give them little pointers along the way , Acting 101 . And I move along at a rate that does n't give them too much of a chance to think . '' Bee Vang said that he originally felt fright , but was able to ease into the acting . Baenen said that Eastwood was a `` patient teacher '' of the first - time actors . According to Vang , Eastwood did not say `` action '' whenever filming a particular shoot began . Vang said that he had studied the script as if it was a textbook . According to Vang , after the first film cut ended , Vang did not hear a response from Eastwood . When Vang asked if something was wrong , other people told Vang that if Eastwood did not make a comment , then his performance was satisfactory . Vang added that Eastwood encouraged ad - libbing with the Hmong actors . Ahney Her said that she liked the improvisation work , even when she was required to translate between the English and Hmong languages . When asked if the in - character racial slurs offended the actors in real life , Ahney said that she did not feel offense . Vang said `` I was called so many names that I ca n't say here because of how vulgar they were . It disturbed me quite a lot , but at the end of the day it was just a script . '' Vang said in a 2011 program that Eastwood did not allow the Hmong actors to change their lines , despite what he said in the earlier interviews . Hmong people and culture during the production ( edit ) Nick Schenk said that he became friends with many Hmong coworkers while employed at a VHS factory in Bloomington , Minnesota . In regards to Schenk 's stories of his interactions with the Hmong people , Laura Yuen of Minnesota Public Radio said `` That sense of humor and curiosity permeate the script , even though the Gran Torino trailers make the movie look like , by all measures , a drama . '' Eastwood wanted Hmong as cast members , so casting director Ellen Chenoweth enlisted Hmong organizations and set up calls in Detroit , Fresno and Saint Paul ; Fresno and Saint Paul have the two largest Hmong communities in the United States , while Detroit also has an appreciable population of Hmong . Chenoweth recruited Bee Vang in St. Paul and Ahney Her in Detroit . The screenplay was written entirely in English . Therefore , the actors of Gran Torino improvised the Hmong used in the film . Louisa Schein , author of Hmong Actors Making History Part 2 : Meet the Gran Torino Family , said before the end of production that `` some of the lines actors ad - libbed in Hmong on camera will be tricky to translate back for subtitles . '' Screenwriter Nick Schenk had input from Hmong people when writing the script . Dyane Hang Garvey served as a cultural consultant , giving advice on names , traditions , and translations . Vang argued that the use of the Hmong people did not seem relevant to the overall plot . He said `` there is no real reason for us to be Hmong in the script '' and that even though Walt Kowalski had fought in Korea , he had still confused the Hmong with Koreans and other Asian ethnic groups . In a 2011 program Vang said that Hmong actors were treated unfairly on the set , and that Eastwood did not give tips on how to build the characters . Vang also said that other white cast members made Hmong actors feel excluded . Vang said that some important lines that the Hmong characters said in the Hmong language were not subtitled , so audiences developed a skewed perception of the Hmong people . Roxane Battle of MinnPost said `` Rutgers University professor Louisa Shein , an expert on Hmong studies , adeptly moderated the discussion and challenged the audience to view the young cast members for what they were : actors in a film , and not so much representatives of an entire culture . '' Cultural accuracies and inaccuracies ( edit ) Bee Vang , as paraphrased by Jeff Baenen of the Associated Press , said that the film 's portrayal of the Hmong is `` generally accurate . '' Regarding the result , Vang said `` ( t ) his film is not a documentary . We ca n't expect 101 percent correctness . '' During the filming , Hmong cast members addressed what they believed to be cultural inaccuracies that were being introduced . Cedric Lee , a half - Hmong who worked as a production assistant and a cultural consultant , said that `` Some things were over-exaggerated for dramatic purposes . Whether it was our job or not , I still felt some responsibility to speak our mind and say something , but at the same time , the script was what it was . We did n't make the final decision . '' Vang said while many Hmong had objected to some elements , the producers selected the viewpoints of the cultural consultants which `` had the most amenable take on the matter and would lend credence to whatever Hollywood stereotypes the film wanted to convey . '' Vang further said that `` this was a white production , that our presence as actors did not amount to control of our images . '' Louisa Schein and Va - Megn Thoj , authors of `` Gran Torino 's Boys and Men with Guns : Hmong Perspectives , '' said `` Perhaps the most commonly voiced Hmong objections to the film concern its myriad cultural inaccuracies , exaggerations and distortion . '' Schein also said that `` ( t ) he ( Hmong ) actors struggle , too , with their culture being made into spectacle . '' Even though a real Hmong shaman acts as a Hmong shaman in the film , Schein said that `` his expertise was overridden by the screenplay and the filming , which distorted the ceremonial scenes by making them inaccurately exotic . '' Vang said that the tea ceremonies depicted in the film were not correctly performed . Even though , in the film , Hmong characters feel offense when Walt touches a girl on the head , Schein said that in real life in Hmong culture it is okay to touch a person on the head . In other segments of the film , the Hmong shaman touches a baby 's head without any negative criticism . Schein adds that Spider touches Thao Vang Lor 's head `` without consequence . '' Christine Wilson Owens , author of `` Hmong Cultural Profile , '' said `` Most traditional Hmong elders , especially men , do not want strangers to touch their heads , or those of their children , due to their religious beliefs and personal values . '' Thao and Sue Lor wear Hmong clothing to Walt Kowalski 's funeral . Hmong do not ordinarily wear traditional Hmong clothing to funerals . Grandma Lor spits a betel nut she had been chewing to show contempt for Walt Kowalski , even though the Hmong do not chew betel nuts . The Hmong shaman reads Walt 's personal character , when in real life he would communicate with the spirit world . In the film the shaman himself does a sacrifice of a chicken in a manner that Schein and Thoj say is `` in dramatic ceremonial fashion , '' when in real life an assistant would do this `` perfunctorily . '' The authors said that the hu plis ceremony done in honor of the baby has an incorrect spatial layout , that the clothing and grooming of the Hmong gangs is not correct , and `` the obsequious making of offerings on doorstep '' are not accurate . While Thao himself cleans dishes , Schein and Thoj add that he would not do this alone because he is in a house with other female family members . Schein and Thoj also add that there is `` inconsistent use of the two Hmong dialects within one family . '' They also argue that members of a Hmong clan would not show aggression towards a member of a fellow clan and that they would not rape a member of their own clan , like the gang in the film rapes Sue . Sharon Her , a Hmong writer from New York , argued that the film had `` confusion of Asian customs '' and that `` Hmong people do not use favors as a method of atonement nor do they endlessly shower individuals with gifts out of gratitude . '' In regard to the early script , Her said `` An early draft of the script even had names misspelled and referenced Chinese surnames , a sloppy mistake that was easily corrected ( . ) '' Release ( edit ) Theatrical run ( edit ) In the film 's opening weekend of wide release in the US , it grossed $29.5 million ; as of August 21 , 2009 , has taken in $269,541,625 worldwide . Home Media ( edit ) The film was released on June 9 , 2009 in the United States in both standard DVD format and Blu - ray . The disc includes bonus materials and extra features . A featurette is included and a documentary about the correlation of manhood and the automobile . The Blu - ray version presents the film in 2.40 : 1 ratio format , a digital copy , and the audio in multiple languages . About 3,751,729 DVD units have been sold as of November 1 , 2009 generating $56,684,999 in revenue . This does not include Blu - ray sales . Reception ( edit ) Critical reviews ( edit ) Gran Torino received generally positive reviews . Rotten Tomatoes reported that 80 % of critics gave the film `` Certified Fresh '' positive write - ups , based upon a sample of 224 , with an average score of 7.1 / 10 and the site 's consensus stating : `` Though a minor entry in Eastwood 's body of work , Gran Torino is nevertheless a humorous , touching , and intriguing old - school parable . '' At Metacritic , which assigns a weighted average score out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics , the film has received an average score of 72 , based on 34 reviews . After seeing the film , The New York Times noted the requiem tone captured by the film , describing it as `` a sleek , muscle car of a movie made in the USA , in that industrial graveyard called Detroit '' . Manohla Dargis compared Eastwood 's presence on film to Dirty Harry and the Man with No Name , stating : `` Dirty Harry is back , in a way , in Gran Torino , not as a character , but as a ghostly presence . He hovers in the film , in its themes and high - caliber imagery , and of course , most obviously , in Mr. Eastwood 's face . It is a monumental face now , so puckered and pleated that it no longer looks merely weathered , as it has for decades , but seems closer to petrified wood . '' The Los Angeles Times also praised Eastwood 's performance and credibility as an action hero at the age of 78 . Kenneth Turan said of Eastwood 's performance , `` It is a film that is impossible to imagine without the actor in the title role . The notion of a 78 - year - old action hero may sound like a contradiction in terms , but Eastwood brings it off , even if his toughness is as much verbal as physical . Even at 78 , Eastwood can make `` Get off my lawn '' sound as menacing as `` Make my day '' , and when he says `` I blow a hole in your face and sleep like a baby '' , he sounds as if he means it `` . Roger Ebert wrote that the film is `` about the belated flowering of a man 's better nature . And it 's about Americans of different races growing more open to one another in the new century . '' Sang Chi and Emily Moberg Robinson , editors of Voices of the Asian - American and Pacific Islander Experience : Volume 1 , said that within the mainstream media , the film received `` criticial acclaim '' `` for its nuanced portrayal of Asian Americans . '' Louisa Schein and Va - Megn Thoj , authors of `` Gran Torino 's Boys and Men with Guns : Hmong Perspective , '' said that the mainstream critical response was `` centered on Eastwood 's character and viewed the film mainly as a vision of multicultural inclusion and understanding . '' However , not everyone enjoyed the film . Mark Harris , columnist for Entertainment Weekly , described it as `` fantasy pretending to be social commentary '' , and accused it of peddling `` the delusion that even the bigot next door has something to teach us all about heroism and self - sacrifice '' , adding `` no , he does n't '' . Conversely , Nicole Sperling , also of Entertainment Weekly , perceived it in the exact opposite manner . She called it a drama with `` the commercial hook of a genre film '' and described it further as `` a meditation on tolerance wrapped in the disguise of a movie with a gun - toting Clint Eastwood and a cool car '' . Chi and Robinson said that within the Asian - American community , some criticized `` depictions of Hmong men '' and `` the archetypical white savior trope that permeated the film '' . Reception in relation to the Hmong ( edit ) Clint Eastwood 's decision to cast Hmong actors , including amateur actors , received a positive reception in Hmong communities . Tou Ger Xiong , a Hmong storyteller and performance artist from the Minneapolis - St. Paul who had auditioned for a role in the film , said that he had respect for the film because the producers actually cast Hmong instead of asking other Asian - Americans to mimic Hmong . Xiong also argued `` First things first , let 's get our foot in the door . Complain later . '' Dyane Hang Garvey , who served as a cultural consultant for the film production , said that the film was not intended to be a documentary on the Hmong people and that it positively highlights , as paraphrased by Laura Yuen of Minnesota Public Radio , `` the close - knit nature of the Hmong community in Detroit '' . Doua Moua , a Hmong actor in the film , said that he had no regrets in playing a gang member , because , in the words of Laura Yuen of Minnesota Public Radio , `` gangs consumed his brother 's life while they were growing up in Saint Paul '' . Moua added that many first generation Hmong are affected by gangs and drift into gangs due to a lack of father figures . Louisa Schein , a Rutgers University anthropologist who is an expert on the Hmong culture , approved the concept of Hmong achieving visibility in the popular culture of the United States , but believed that the film may be promoting out of date stereotypes of the Hmong . Schein said that her Hmong friends were `` touched '' by the film 's portrayal of Hmong culture redeeming and reaching out to Walt Kowalski . Bee Vang , one of the Hmong actors , said that he was satisfied with the outcome of the film . Schein further added that the film seemed to give little prominence to the history of the Hmong , and that only two male Hmong , Thao and a gang member , were given depth in the story . Schein said `` I feel a lot of the plot about the Eastwood character is driven by the fact that he is a veteran . Yet there is no possibility for representing the fact that the Hmong were veterans too . '' An individual established a blog , eastwoodmovie-hmong.com , documenting what the author believed to be cultural inaccuracies of the film 's depiction of the Hmong . David Brauer of MinnPost said that some Hmong liked Gran Torino and that many believed that the film was offensive . Actor Bee Vang said `` Hmong around the country were furious about its negative stereotypes and cultural distortions '' and that they confronted him when he spoke at events . Vang added that he engaged in `` explaining my obligation as an actor while also recognizing that , as a Hmong - American , I did n't feel that I could own the lines I was uttering . '' Brauer said that in an opinion editorial released in 2011 , Vang `` is n't kind to the Clint Eastwood film '' . Krissy Reyes - Ortiz of The Bottom Line of the University of California Santa Barbara said , based on Vang 's testimony in a 2011 program , that `` Though many of the people who have seen the film may have gotten a sense of satisfaction and joy from seeing that Walt overcame his racism , the people who acted as the Hmong members in the movie did not '' and that `` They were offended by the traces of racism that were included in the movie and that they experienced themselves on set '' . Some Hmong on internet message boards had posted criticisms of the film . Philip W. Chung of AsianWeek said that Eastwood , portraying a White man , was the `` main weapon '' of the film even though screenwriter Nick Schenk `` does his best to portray Hmong culture and the main Hmong characters with both depth and cultural sensitivity '' . Chung argued that `` Gran Torino might have been another `` `` white man saves the day '' story '' but that `` What Eastwood has really created is not a story about the white man saving the minority ( though it can be read on that level and I 'm sure some will ) but a critical examination of an iconic brand of white macho maleness that he played a significant part in creating . '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) Gran Torino was recognized by the American Film Institute as one of the Ten Best Films of 2008 . Clint Eastwood 's performance has also garnered recognition . He won an award for Best Actor from the National Board of Review , he was nominated for the Broadcast Film Critics Association ( Critics ' Choice Awards ) and by the Chicago Film Critics Association Awards for Best Actor . An original song from the film , `` Gran Torino '' , was nominated for the Golden Globe Awards for Best Original Song . The music is Jamie Cullum , Kyle Eastwood , and Michael Stevens , with Cullum penning the lyrics , although Eastwood composed and performed the title track to the film . The Art Directors Guild nominated Gran Torino in the contemporary film category . The film , however , was ignored by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences at the 81st Academy Awards when it was not nominated for a single Oscar , which led to heated criticism from many who felt that the Academy had also deliberately snubbed Revolutionary Road , The Dark Knight , WALL - E and Changeling ( which Eastwood also directed ) from the five major categories . In 2010 , the film was named Best Foreign Film at the César Awards in France . Derivative works ( edit ) Mark D. Lee and Cedric N. Lee , two Hmong filmmakers from Detroit , directed a documentary called Gran Torino : Next Door , about how Bee Vang and Ahney Her were chosen for their roles in the film and the Hmong actors ' off - set activities . It was released on Blu - ray . Vang acted in a YouTube parody of one scene in Gran Torino , titled `` Thao Does Walt : Lost Scenes from Gran Torino . '' The YouTube parody addresses a scene involving a barbershop , and the views of masculinity in the original scene . See also ( edit ) Falling Down The Shootist Vigilante film White savior narrative in film History of the Hmong in Minneapolis -- Saint Paul History of the Hmong Americans in Metro Detroit Stereotypes of East Asians in the United States Metro Detroit portal Minnesota portal Film in the United States portal Asian Americans portal 2000s portal Notes ( edit ) `` Gran Torino 's Hmong Lead Bee Vang on Film , Race and Masculinity Conversations with Louisa Schein , Spring , 2010 . '' ( Archive ) Hmong Studies Journal . ( northern hemisphere ) Spring 2010 . Volume 11 . Schein , Louisa and Va - Megn Thoj . `` Gran Torino 's Boys and Men with Guns : Hmong Perspectives . '' ( Archive ) Hmong Studies Journal . Volume 10 . pp. 1 -- 52 . Available on ProQuest . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` GRAN TORINO ( 15 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . December 17 , 2008 . Retrieved April 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Roger Friedman ( 2009 - 02 - 02 ) . `` Clint Eastwood 's $110 Million Revenge '' . Fox News . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gran Torino ( 2008 ) '' . Box Office Mojo. 2009 - 03 - 26 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ; Pamela McClintock ( October 23 , 2008 ) . `` High School Musical 3 aims for No. 1 '' . Variety . Retrieved October 24 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Yuen , Laura . `` Hmong get a mixed debut in new Eastwood film . '' Minnesota Public Radio . December 18 , 2008 . Retrieved on March 18 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Schein , Louisa ( October 3 , 2008 ) . `` Eastwood 's Next Film Features Hmong American Cast : Exclusive Interviews From the Set of Gran Torino '' . AsianWeek . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2008 . Retrieved October 28 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Sternberg , Laura . `` Information About Clint Eastwood 's `` Gran Torino '' and Hmong in Detroit . '' ( Archive ) About.com . Retrieved on March 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lee , Gary Yia and Nicholas Tapp . Culture and Customs of the Hmong . Greenwood Publishing Group . ABC - CLIO , 2010 . 79 . Retrieved from Google Books on April 14 , 2012 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 34526 - 0 , 9780313345265 . Jump up ^ Garrett , Diane ; Pamela McClintock ( March 18 , 2007 ) . `` Eastwood to direct Gran Torino '' . Variety . Retrieved October 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Whittey , Stephen . `` Clint Eastwood on ' Jersey Boys , ' taking risks and a life well lived '' . NJ.com . Retrieved 10 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Clint Eastwood begins shooting movie in Grosse Pointe Shores '' . The Detroit News . 2008 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ Schein , Louisa ( September 3 , 2008 ) . `` Hmong Actors Making History : The Bad Guys Of Eastwood 's Gran Torino '' . New America Media . Pacific News Service . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2008 . Retrieved October 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Todd . `` Gran Torino . '' Variety . Thursday December 4 , 2008 . Retrieved on March 17 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Todd Longwell ( 2008 - 12 - 09 ) . `` Eastwood recognizes Hmong immigrants with new film '' . Reuters . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : Goldstein , Patrick and James Rainey . `` Rookie screenwriter finds the right mentor : Clint Eastwood . '' Los Angeles Times . November 26 , 2008 . Retrieved on March 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Yuen , Laura . `` ' Gran Torino ' a movie made in Minnesota , almost . '' Minnesota Public Radio . January 9 , 2009 . Retrieved on May 14 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Headlam , Bruce . `` The Films Are for Him . Got That ? '' The New York Times . December 10 , 2008 . Retrieved on May 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Graham , Adam ( 2007 - 07 - 18 ) . `` Clint Eastwood attracts giddy gawkers '' . The Detroit News . Jump up ^ Recker , Rachel ( 2009 - 01 - 09 ) . `` Gran Torino actress Ahney Her returns to Michigan for opening night '' . The Grand Rapids Press . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Donnelly , Francis ( 2005 - 04 - 12 ) . `` Culture shock , poverty plague Hmong in Michigan '' . The Detroit News . Jump up ^ Allard , Maria ( 2007 - 07 - 16 ) . `` Clint Eastwood films scene for new movie in Highland Park , Center Line '' . C & G News . C & G Publishing . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2008 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ Hall , Christina ( 2007 - 07 - 15 ) . `` The film set next door : Lights ... camera ... Clint Eastwood ! '' . Detroit Free Press . ^ Jump up to : Carroll , Jeremy . `` Hollywood legend films scenes in Royal Oak barber shop . '' C&G News . July 16 , 2008 . Retrieved on March 18 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Baenen , Jeff . `` Teen makes acting debut after auditioning ' on a lark ' . '' Associated Press at The Post and Courier . Tuesday January 20 , 2009 . 2A . Retrieved from Google News ( 2 of 21 ) on March 17 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Battle , Roxane . `` Aspiring actors or moral agents : Hmong panelists look back at their roles in ' Gran Torino ' . '' Minn Post . February 23 , 2009 . Retrieved on March 17 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Schein , Louisa . `` Hmong Actors Making History Part 2 : Meet the Gran Torino Family Archived June 17 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... '' Hmong Today at New America Media . October 4 , 2008 . Retrieved on March 17 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Reyes - Ortiz , Kristy . `` Gran Torino Actor Reveals Behind - the - Scenes Racism . '' ( Archive ) The Bottom Line . Associated Students , University of California Santa Barbara . January 25 , 2011 . Retrieved on March 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Schein , Louisa . `` Hmong Actors Making History : The Bad Guys Of Eastwood 's Gran Torino Archived September 19 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine ... '' Hmong Today at New America Media . September 3 , 2008 . Retrieved on March 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gran Torino 's Hmong Lead Bee Vang on Film , Race and Masculinity Conversations with Louisa Schein , Spring , 2010 . '' p. 6 . Jump up ^ Walton , Michael . `` French connection . '' Metro Times . September 15 , 2010 . Retrieved on May 12 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Brauer , David . `` Hmong - American actor pans KDWB -- and ' Gran Torino , ' which he starred in . '' MinnPost. April 7 , 2011 . Retrieved on March 17 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Schein and Thoj , 49 . Jump up ^ Owens , Christine Wilson . `` Hmong Cultural Profile '' . EthnoMed . University of Washington . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2012 . Retrieved October 8 , 2012 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ( ) `` Most traditional Hmong elders , especially men , do not want strangers to touch their heads , or those of their children , due to their religious beliefs and personal values . '' Jump up ^ Schein and Thoj , 24 . ^ Jump up to : Hoffman , Kevin . `` Gran Torino is racist and insensitive , says Hmong writer Archived December 15 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine ... '' Citypages . Wednesday January 7 , 2009 . Retrieved on November 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rich , Joshua ( 2009 - 02 - 01 ) . `` Taken steals No. 1 slot at box office '' . Entertainment Weekly . CNN . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : McCutcheon , David ( 2009 - 03 - 25 ) . `` Gran Torino 's Pedal to Metal '' . IGN . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gran Torino fera rugir vos lecteurs Blu - ray '' ( in French ) . Audio vidéo haute définition. 2009 - 03 - 26 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Gran Torino ( R1 / US BD ) in June '' . DVD Times . 2009 - 03 - 24 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Gran Torino - DVD Sales '' . The Numbers . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Gran Torino Movie Reviews '' . Rotten Tomatoes . IGN Entertainment . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Gran Torino ( 2008 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . CNET Networks . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ Dargis , Manohla ( December 12 , 2008 ) . `` Hope for a Racist , and Maybe a Country '' . New York Times . Retrieved January 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Turan , Kenneth ( December 12 , 2008 ) . `` Review : Gran Torino : Clint Eastwood , at 78 , shows he 's still a formidable action figure '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( December 17 , 2008 ) . `` Review : Gran Torino '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved February 25 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Chi , Sang and Emily Moberg Robinson ( editors ) . Voices of the Asian American and Pacific Islander Experience : Volume 1 . ABC - CLIO , Feb 28 , 2012 . p. 327 . Retrieved from Google Books on March 16 , 2012 . ISBN 1 - 59884 - 354 - 0 , 9781598843545 . Jump up ^ Schein and Thoj , 1 . Jump up ^ Harris , Mark . `` All Rags , No Riches . '' Entertainment Weekly . January 23 , 2009 . Retrieved on March 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sperling , Nicole . `` Adult Dramas in Decline . '' Entertainment Weekly . June 5 , 2009 . Retrieved on March 16 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : O'Brien , Kathleen . `` Rutgers scholar sheds light on ' Gran Torino ' ethnic stars . '' The Star - Ledger . Thursday January 15 , 2009 . Retrieved on March 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bee Vang Interview Archived June 28 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine ... '' Hmong Today . - See the second embedded video on YouTube ( uploaded on January 18 , 2009 ) . 0 : 00 - 0 : 03 : Interviewer : `` Hey , this is Bee Vang here . What did you think of the movie ? '' 0 : 03 - 0 : 05 : Vang : `` Um , I 'm very happy with the outcome '' ^ Jump up to : Chung , Philip W . `` '' The White Man Saves the Day Again ? `` '' . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2009 . Retrieved March 17 , 2012 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) AsianWeek . December 31 , 2008 . Retrieved on March 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` AFI Awards 2008 '' . afi.com . American Film Institute . Retrieved December 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Awards for 2008 '' . nbrmp.org . National Board of Review . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2010 . Retrieved December 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The 14th Critics ' Choice Awards Nominees '' . bfca.org . Broadcast Film Critics Association . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2010 . Retrieved December 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` L.A. , D.C. critics announce 2008 film awards '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . December 9 , 2008 . Retrieved December 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globe Awards nominations for the year ended December 31 , 2008 '' . goldenglobes.org . Hollywood Foreign Press Association . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2010 . Retrieved December 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( 2009 - 01 - 09 ) . `` Art Directors Guild unveils nominees Button , Doubt , Torino among contenders '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ Lemire , Christy ( 2009 - 01 - 22 ) . `` Oscar nomination surprises and snubs '' . Associated Press . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel ( 2009 - 01 - 22 ) . `` Oscars Snub Springsteen , Celebrate `` Slumdog '' As Nominations Are Announced `` . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Prison drama A Prophet sweeps French Oscars '' . BBC News . March 1 , 2010 . Retrieved 28 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Schein , Louisa . `` Gran Torino Behind the Scenes : The Hmong Documentary on Blu - Ray June 9 ! '' ( ) . Hmong Today . Jump up ^ `` Gran Torino 's Hmong Lead Bee Vang on Film , Race and Masculinity Conversations with Louisa Schein , Spring , 2010 . '' p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Re-SEAing Southeast Asian American Studies Memories & Visions Yesterday , Today , and Tomorrow . '' ( Archive ) San Francisco State University . Retrieved on March 18 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gran Torino . 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an electron will move from the outer to the inner shell

Valence electron

valence electron

In chemistry , a valence electron is an outer shell electron that is associated with an atom , and that can participate in the formation of a chemical bond if the outer shell is not closed ; in a single covalent bond , both atoms in the bond contribute one valence electron in order to form a shared pair . The presence of valence electrons can determine the element 's chemical properties , such as its valence -- whether it may bond with other elements and , if so , how readily and with how many . For a main group element , a valence electron can exist only in the outermost electron shell ; in a transition metal , a valence electron can also be in an inner shell .

An atom with a closed shell of valence electrons ( corresponding to an electron configuration s p ) tends to be chemically inert . Atoms with one or two more valence electrons than are needed for a `` closed '' shell are highly reactive due to the following reasons : 1 ) It requires relatively low energy ( compared to the lattice enthalpy ) to remove the extra valence electrons to form a positive ion . 2 ) Because of their tendency either to gain the missing valence electrons ( thereby forming a negative ion ) , or to share valence electrons ( thereby forming a covalent bond ) . Similar to an electron in an inner shell , a valence electron has the ability to absorb or release energy in the form of a photon . An energy gain can trigger an electron to move ( jump ) to an outer shell ; this is known as atomic excitation . Or the electron can even break free from its associated atom 's valence shell ; this is ionization to form a positive ion . When an electron loses energy ( thereby causing a photon to be emitted ) , then it can move to an inner shell which is not fully occupied . Valence energy levels correspond to the principal quantum numbers ( n = 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ... ) or are labeled alphabetically with letters used in the X-ray notation ( K , L , M , ... ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 The number of valence electrons 2 Electron configuration 3 Chemical reactions 4 Electrical conductivity 5 References 6 External links The number of valence electrons ( edit ) The number of valence electrons of an element can be determined by the periodic table group ( vertical column ) in which the element is categorized . With the exception of groups 3 -- 12 ( the transition metals ) , the units digit of the group number identifies how many valence electrons are associated with a neutral atom of an element listed under that particular column . The periodic table of the chemical elements Periodic table group Valence electrons Group 1 ( I ) ( alkali metals ) Group 2 ( II ) ( alkaline earth metals ) Groups 3 - 12 ( transition metals ) 3 -- 12 * Group 13 ( III ) ( boron group ) Group 14 ( IV ) ( carbon group ) Group 15 ( V ) ( pnictogens or nitrogen group ) 5 Group 16 ( VI ) ( chalcogens or oxygen group ) 6 Group 17 ( VII ) ( halogens ) 7 Group 18 ( VIII or 0 ) ( noble gases ) 8 * * * Consists of ns and ( n - 1 ) d electrons . Alternatively , the d electron count is used . * * Except for helium , which has only two valence electrons . Electron configuration ( edit ) The electrons that determine how an atom reacts chemically are those whose average distance from the nucleus is greatest ; that is , those with the highest energy . For a main group element , the valence electrons are defined as those electrons residing in the electronic shell of highest principal quantum number n . Thus , the number of valence electrons that it may have depends on the electron configuration in a simple way . For example , the electronic configuration of phosphorus ( P ) is 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p so that there are 5 valence electrons ( 3s 3p ) , corresponding to a maximum valence for P of 5 as in the molecule PF ; this configuration is normally abbreviated to ( Ne ) 3s 3p , where ( Ne ) signifies the core electrons whose configuration is identical to that of the noble gas neon . However , transition elements have partially filled ( n − 1 ) d energy levels , that are very close in energy to the ns level . So as opposed to main group elements , a valence electron for a transition metal is defined as an electron that resides outside a noble - gas core . Thus , generally , the d electrons in transition metals behave as valence electrons although they are not in the valence shell . For example , manganese ( Mn ) has configuration 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d ; this is abbreviated to ( Ar ) 4s 3d , where ( Ar ) denotes a core configuration identical to that of the noble gas argon . In this atom , a 3d electron has energy similar to that of a 4s electron , and much higher than that of a 3s or 3p electron . In effect , there are possibly seven valence electrons ( 4s 3d ) outside the argon - like core ; this is consistent with the chemical fact that manganese can have an oxidation state as high as + 7 ( in the permanganate ion : MnO − 4 ) . The farther right in each transition metal series , the lower the energy of an electron in ad subshell and the less such an electron has the properties of a valence electron . Thus , although a nickel atom has , in principle , ten valence electrons ( 4s 3d ) , its oxidation state never exceeds four . For zinc , the 3d subshell is complete and behaves similarly to core electrons . Because the number of valence electrons which actually participate in chemical reactions is difficult to predict , the concept of the valence electron is less useful for a transition metal than for a main group element ; the d electron count is an alternative tool for understanding the chemistry of a transition metal . Chemical reactions ( edit ) Main article : Valence ( chemistry ) The number of electrons in an atom 's outermost valence shell governs its bonding behavior . Therefore , elements whose atoms can have the same number of valence electrons are grouped together in the periodic table of the elements . As a general rule , a main group element ( except hydrogen or helium ) tends to react to form a closed shell , corresponding to the electron configuration s p . This tendency is called the octet rule , because each bonded atom has eight valence electrons including shared electrons . The most reactive kind of metallic element is an alkali metal of group 1 ( e.g. , sodium or potassium ) ; this is because such an atom has only a single valence electron ; during the formation of an ionic bond which provides the necessary ionization energy , this one valence electron is easily lost to form a positive ion ( cation ) with a closed shell ( e.g. , Na or K ) . An alkaline earth metal of Group 2 ( e.g. , magnesium ) is somewhat less reactive , because each atom must lose two valence electrons to form a positive ion with a closed shell ( e.g. , Mg ) . Within each group ( each periodic table column ) of metals , reactivity increases with each lower row of the table ( from a light element to a heavier element ) , because a heavier element has more electron shells than a lighter element ; a heavier element 's valence electrons exist at higher principal quantum numbers ( they are farther away from the nucleus of the atom , and are thus at higher potential energies , which means they are less tightly bound ) . A nonmetal atom tends to attract additional valence electrons to attain a full valence shell ; this can be achieved in one of two ways : An atom can either share electrons with a neighboring atom ( a covalent bond ) , or it can remove electrons from another atom ( an ionic bond ) . The most reactive kind of nonmetal element is a halogen ( e.g. , fluorine ( F ) or chlorine ( Cl ) ) . Such an atom has the following electron configuration : s p ; this requires only one additional valence electron to form a closed shell . To form an ionic bond , a halogen atom can remove an electron from another atom in order to form an anion ( e.g. , F , Cl , etc . ) . To form a covalent bond , one electron from the halogen and one electron from another atom form a shared pair ( e.g. , in the molecule H -- F , the line represents a shared pair of valence electrons , one from H and one from F ) . Within each group of nonmetals , reactivity decreases with each lower rows of the table ( from a light element to a heavy element ) in the periodic table , because the valence electrons are at progressively higher energies and thus progressively less tightly bound . In fact , oxygen ( the lightest element in group 16 ) is the most reactive nonmetal after fluorine , even though it is not a halogen , because the valence shell of a halogen is at a higher principal quantum number . In these simple cases where the octet rule is obeyed , the valence of an atom equals the number of electrons gained , lost , or shared in order to form the stable octet . However , there are also many molecules which are exceptions , and for which the valence is less clearly defined . Electrical conductivity ( edit ) Valence electrons are also responsible for the electrical conductivity of an element ; as a result , an element may be classified as a metal , a nonmetal , or a semiconductor ( or metalloid ) . Metallic elements generally have high electrical conductivity when in the solid state . In each row of the periodic table , the metals occur to the left of the nonmetals , and thus a metal has fewer possible valence electrons than a nonmetal . However , a valence electron of a metal atom has a small ionization energy , and in the solid state this valence electron is relatively free to leave one atom in order to associate with another nearby . Such a `` free '' electron can be moved under the influence of an electric field , and its motion constitutes an electric current ; it is responsible for the electrical conductivity of the metal . Copper , aluminium , silver , and gold are examples of good conductors . A nonmetallic element has low electrical conductivity ; it acts as an insulator . Such an element is found toward the right of the periodic table , and it has a valence shell that is at least half full ( the exception is boron ) . Its ionization energy is large ; an electron can not leave an atom easily when an electric field is applied , and thus such an element can conduct only very small electric currents . Examples of solid elemental insulators are diamond ( an allotrope of carbon ) and sulfur . A solid compound containing metals can also be an insulator if the valence electrons of the metal atoms are used to form ionic bonds . For example , although elemental sodium is a metal , solid sodium chloride is an insulator , because the valence electron of sodium is transferred to chlorine to form an ionic bond , and thus that electron can not be moved easily . A semiconductor has an electrical conductivity that is intermediate between that of a metal and that of a nonmetal ; a semiconductor also differs from a metal in that a semiconductor 's conductivity increases with temperature . The typical elemental semiconductors are silicon and germanium , each atom of which has four valence electrons . The properties of semiconductors are best explained using band theory , as a consequence of a small energy gap between a valence band ( which contains the valence electrons at absolute zero ) and a conduction band ( to which valence electrons are excited by thermal energy ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Petrucci R.H. , Harwood W.S. and Herring F.G. , General Chemistry ( 8th edn , Prentice - Hall 2002 ) , p. 339 . Jump up ^ THE ORDER OF FILLING 3d AND 4s ORBITALS . chemguide.co.uk Jump up ^ Miessler G.L. and Tarr , D.A. , Inorganic Chemistry ( 2nd edn . Prentice - Hall 1999 ) . p. 48 . External links ( edit ) Francis , Eden . Valence Electrons . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valence_electron&oldid=801754351 '' Categories : Chemical bonding Electron states Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska עברית Kreyòl ayisyen Latviešu Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 September 2017 , at 16 : 57 . 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where does the movie gone with the wind take place

Gone with the Wind is a 1939 American epic historical romance film , adapted from Margaret Mitchell 's 1936 novel of the same name . The film was produced by David O. Selznick of Selznick International Pictures and directed by Victor Fleming . Set in the American South against the backdrop of the American Civil War and the Reconstruction era , the film tells the story of Scarlett O'Hara , the strong - willed daughter of a Georgia plantation owner . It follows her romantic pursuit of Ashley Wilkes , who is married to his cousin , Melanie Hamilton , and her subsequent marriage to Rhett Butler . The leading roles are played by Vivien Leigh ( Scarlett ) , Clark Gable ( Rhett ) , Leslie Howard ( Ashley ) , and Olivia de Havilland ( Melanie ) .

the American South

Gone with the Wind ( film )

gone with the wind ( film )

Gone with the Wind Theatrical pre-release poster Directed by Victor Fleming Produced by David O. Selznick Screenplay by Sidney Howard Based on Gone with the Wind by Margaret Mitchell Starring Clark Gable Vivien Leigh Leslie Howard Olivia de Havilland Music by Max Steiner Cinematography Ernest Haller Edited by Hal C. Kern James E. Newcom Production companies Selznick International Pictures Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer Distributed by Loew 's Inc . Release date December 15 , 1939 ( 1939 - 12 - 15 ) ( Atlanta premiere ) Running time 221 minutes 234 -- 238 minutes ( with overture , intermission , entr'acte , and exit music ) Country United States Language English Budget $3.85 million Box office > $390 million Gone with the Wind is a 1939 American epic historical romance film , adapted from Margaret Mitchell 's 1936 novel of the same name . The film was produced by David O. Selznick of Selznick International Pictures and directed by Victor Fleming . Set in the American South against the backdrop of the American Civil War and the Reconstruction era , the film tells the story of Scarlett O'Hara , the strong - willed daughter of a Georgia plantation owner . It follows her romantic pursuit of Ashley Wilkes , who is married to his cousin , Melanie Hamilton , and her subsequent marriage to Rhett Butler . The leading roles are played by Vivien Leigh ( Scarlett ) , Clark Gable ( Rhett ) , Leslie Howard ( Ashley ) , and Olivia de Havilland ( Melanie ) . Production was difficult from the start . Filming was delayed for two years because of Selznick 's determination to secure Gable for the role of Rhett Butler , and the `` search for Scarlett '' led to 1,400 women being interviewed for the part . The original screenplay was written by Sidney Howard and underwent many revisions by several writers in an attempt to get it down to a suitable length . The original director , George Cukor , was fired shortly after filming began and was replaced by Fleming , who in turn was briefly replaced by Sam Wood while Fleming took some time off due to exhaustion . The film received positive reviews upon its release , in December 1939 , although some reviewers found it overlong . The casting was widely praised , and many reviewers found Leigh especially suited to her role as Scarlett . At the 12th Academy Awards , it received ten Academy Awards ( eight competitive , two honorary ) from thirteen nominations , including wins for Best Picture , Best Director ( Fleming ) , Best Adapted Screenplay ( posthumously awarded to Sidney Howard ) , Best Actress ( Leigh ) , and Best Supporting Actress ( Hattie McDaniel , becoming the first African American to win an Academy Award ) . It set records for the total number of wins and nominations at the time . The film has been criticized as historical revisionism glorifying slavery , and it has been credited with triggering changes in the way in which African Americans are depicted cinematically . Gone with the Wind was immensely popular when first released . It became the highest - earning film made up to that point , and held the record for over a quarter of a century . When adjusted for monetary inflation , it is still the most successful film in box - office history . It was re-released periodically throughout the 20th century and became ingrained in popular culture . The film is regarded as one of the greatest films of all time ; it has placed in the top ten of the American Film Institute 's list of the top 100 American films since the list 's inception in 1998 ; and , in 1989 , the United States Library of Congress selected it for preservation in the National Film Registry . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Casting 3.2 Screenplay 3.3 Filming 3.4 Music 4 Release 4.1 Preview , premiere and initial release 4.2 Later releases 4.3 Television and home video 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Academy Awards 5.3 Reactions from African - Americans 5.4 Audience response 5.5 Critical re-evaluation 5.6 Industry recognition 6 Analysis 6.1 Racial criticism 6.2 Depiction of marital rape 7 Legacy 7.1 In popular culture 7.2 Sequel 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) Part 1 On the eve of the American Civil War in 1861 , Scarlett O'Hara lives at Tara , her family 's cotton plantation in Georgia , with her parents and two sisters . Scarlett learns that Ashley Wilkes -- whom she secretly loves -- is to be married to his cousin , Melanie Hamilton , and the engagement is to be announced the next day at a barbecue at Ashley 's home , the nearby plantation Twelve Oaks . At the Twelve Oaks party , Scarlett privately declares her feelings to Ashley , but he rebuffs her by responding that he and Melanie are more compatible . Scarlett is incensed when she discovers another guest , Rhett Butler , has overheard their conversation . The barbecue is disrupted by the declaration of war and the men rush to enlist . As Scarlett watches Ashley kiss Melanie goodbye , Melanie 's younger brother Charles proposes to her . Although she does not love him , Scarlett consents and they are married before he leaves to fight . Scarlett and Rhett at the charity dance Scarlett is widowed when Charles dies from a bout of pneumonia and measles while serving in the Confederate Army . Scarlett 's mother sends her to the Hamilton home in Atlanta to cheer her up , although the O'Haras ' outspoken house slave Mammy tells Scarlett she knows she is going there only to wait for Ashley 's return . Scarlett , who should not attend a party while in mourning , attends a charity bazaar in Atlanta with Melanie where she meets Rhett again , now a blockade runner for the Confederacy . Celebrating a Confederate victory and to raise money for the Confederate war effort , gentlemen are invited to bid for ladies to dance with them . Rhett makes an inordinately large bid for Scarlett and , to the disapproval of the guests , she agrees to dance with him . The tide of war turns against the Confederacy after the Battle of Gettysburg in which many of the men of Scarlett 's town are killed . Scarlett makes another unsuccessful appeal to Ashley while he is visiting on Christmas furlough , although they do share a private and passionate kiss in the parlor on Christmas Day , just before he returns to war . Eight months later , as the city is besieged by the Union Army in the Atlanta Campaign , Scarlett and her young house slave Prissy must deliver Melanie 's baby without medical assistance after she goes into premature labor . Afterwards , Scarlett calls upon Rhett to take her home to Tara with Melanie , her baby , and Prissy ; he collects them in a horse and wagon , but once out of the city chooses to go off to fight , leaving Scarlett and the group to make their own way back to Tara . Upon her return home , Scarlett finds Tara deserted , except for her father , her sisters , and two former slaves : Mammy and Pork . Scarlett learns that her mother has just died of typhoid fever and her father has become incompetent . With Tara pillaged by Union troops and the fields untended , Scarlett vows she will do anything for the survival of her family and herself . Part 2 As the O'Haras work in the cotton fields , Scarlett 's father is killed after he is thrown from his horse in an attempt to chase away a scalawag from his land . With the defeat of the Confederacy Ashley also returns , but finds he is of little help at Tara . When Scarlett begs him to run away with her , he confesses his desire for her and kisses her passionately , but says he can not leave Melanie . Unable to pay the taxes on Tara implemented by Reconstructionists , Scarlett dupes her younger sister Suellen 's fiancé , the middle - aged and wealthy mill owner Frank Kennedy , into marrying her , by saying Suellen got tired of waiting and married another beau . Frank , Ashley , Rhett and several other accomplices make a night raid on a shanty town after Scarlett is attacked while driving through it alone , resulting in Frank 's death . With Frank 's funeral barely over , Rhett proposes to Scarlett and she accepts . They have a daughter whom Rhett names Bonnie Blue , but Scarlett , still pining for Ashley and chagrined at the perceived ruin of her figure , lets Rhett know that she wants no more children and that they will no longer share a bed . One day at Frank 's mill , Scarlett and Ashley are seen embracing by Ashley 's sister , India , and harboring an intense dislike of Scarlett she eagerly spreads rumors . Later that evening , Rhett , having heard the rumors , forces Scarlett to attend a birthday party for Ashley ; incapable of believing anything bad of her beloved sister - in - law , Melanie stands by Scarlett 's side so that all know that she believes the gossip to be false . After returning home from the party , Scarlett finds Rhett downstairs drunk , and they argue about Ashley . Rhett kisses Scarlett against her will , stating his intent to have sex with her that night , and carries the struggling Scarlett to the bedroom . The next day , Rhett apologizes for his behavior and offers Scarlett a divorce , which she rejects , saying that it would be a disgrace . When Rhett returns from an extended trip to London , Scarlett informs him that she is pregnant , but an argument ensues which results in her falling down a flight of stairs and suffering a miscarriage . As she is recovering , tragedy strikes when Bonnie dies while attempting to jump a fence with her pony . Scarlett and Rhett visit Melanie , who has suffered complications arising from a new pregnancy , on her deathbed . As Scarlett consoles Ashley , Rhett prepares to return to their home in Atlanta . Having realized that it was he she truly loved all along , and not Ashley , Scarlett pleads with Rhett to stay , but Rhett rebuffs her and storms off into the morning fog , leaving her weeping on the staircase and vowing to one day win back his love . Cast ( edit ) Despite receiving top - billing in the opening credits , Gable -- along with Leigh , Howard , and de Havilland who receive second , third and fourth billing respectively -- has a relatively low placing in the cast list , due to its unusual structure . Rather than ordered by conventional billing , the cast is broken down into three sections : the Tara plantation , Twelve Oaks , and Atlanta . The cast 's names are ordered according to the social rank of the characters ; therefore Thomas Mitchell , who plays Gerald O'Hara , leads the cast list as the head of the O'Hara family , while Barbara O'Neil as his wife receives the second credit and Vivien Leigh as the eldest daughter the third credit , despite having the most screen time . Similarly , Howard C. Hickman as John Wilkes is credited over Leslie Howard who plays his son , and Clark Gable , who plays only a visitor at Twelve Oaks , receives a relatively low credit in the cast list , despite being presented as the `` star '' of the film in all the promotional literature . Following the death of Mary Anderson -- who played Maybelle Merriwether -- in April 2014 , there are only two surviving credited cast members from the film : Olivia de Havilland who played Melanie Wilkes and Mickey Kuhn , who played her son Beau Wilkes . Clark Gable Vivien Leigh Leslie Howard Olivia de Havilland Tara plantation Thomas Mitchell as Gerald O'Hara Barbara O'Neil as Ellen O'Hara ( his wife ) Vivien Leigh as Scarlett O'Hara ( daughter ) Evelyn Keyes as Suellen O'Hara ( daughter ) Ann Rutherford as Carreen O'Hara ( daughter ) George Reeves as Brent Tarleton ( actually as Stuart ) Fred Crane as Stuart Tarleton ( actually as Brent ) Hattie McDaniel as Mammy ( house servant ) Oscar Polk as Pork ( house servant ) Butterfly McQueen as Prissy ( house servant ) Victor Jory as Jonas Wilkerson ( field overseer ) Everett Brown as Big Sam ( field foreman ) At Twelve Oaks Howard Hickman as John Wilkes Alicia Rhett as India Wilkes ( his daughter ) Leslie Howard as Ashley Wilkes ( his son ) Olivia de Havilland as Melanie Hamilton ( their cousin ) Rand Brooks as Charles Hamilton ( Melanie 's brother ) Carroll Nye as Frank Kennedy ( a guest ) Clark Gable as Rhett Butler ( a visitor from Charleston ) In Atlanta Laura Hope Crews as Aunt Pittypat Hamilton Eddie Anderson as Uncle Peter ( her coachman ) Harry Davenport as Doctor Meade Leona Roberts as Mrs. Meade Jane Darwell as Mrs. Merriwether Ona Munson as Belle Watling Minor supporting roles Paul Hurst as the Yankee deserter Cammie King Conlon as Bonnie Blue Butler J.M. Kerrigan as Johnny Gallagher Jackie Moran as Phil Meade Lillian Kemble - Cooper as Bonnie 's nurse in London Marcella Martin as Cathleen Calvert Mickey Kuhn as Beau Wilkes Irving Bacon as the Corporal William Bakewell as the mounted officer Isabel Jewell as Emmy Slattery Eric Linden as the amputation case Ward Bond as Tom , the Yankee captain Cliff Edwards as the reminiscent soldier Yakima Canutt as the renegade Louis Jean Heydt as the hungry soldier holding Beau Wilkes Olin Howland as the carpetbagger businessman Robert Elliott as the Yankee major Mary Anderson as Maybelle Merriwether Production ( edit ) Before publication of the novel , several Hollywood executives and studios declined to create a film based on it , including Louis B. Mayer and Irving Thalberg at Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer ( MGM ) , Pandro Berman at RKO Pictures , and David O. Selznick of Selznick International Pictures . Jack L. Warner liked the story , but Warner Bros. 's biggest star Bette Davis was uninterested , and Darryl Zanuck of 20th Century - Fox did not offer enough money . Selznick changed his mind after his story editor Kay Brown and business partner John Hay Whitney urged him to buy the film rights . In July 1936 -- a month after it was published -- Selznick bought the rights for $50,000 . Casting ( edit ) Publicity photo of Clark Gable and Vivien Leigh as Rhett and Scarlett The casting of the two lead roles became a complex , two - year endeavor . For the role of Rhett Butler , Selznick wanted Clark Gable from the start , but Gable was under contract to MGM , which never loaned him to other studios . Gary Cooper was considered , but Samuel Goldwyn -- to whom Cooper was under contract -- refused to loan him out . Warner offered a package of Bette Davis , Errol Flynn , and Olivia de Havilland for lead roles in return for the distribution rights . By this time , Selznick was determined to get Gable and eventually struck a deal with MGM . Selznick 's father - in - law , MGM chief Louis B. Mayer , offered in August 1938 to provide Gable and $1,250,000 for half of the film 's budget but for a high price : Selznick would have to pay Gable 's weekly salary , and half the profits would go to MGM while Loew 's , Inc -- MGM 's parent company -- would release the film . The arrangement to release through MGM meant delaying the start of production until the end of 1938 , when Selznick 's distribution deal with United Artists concluded . Selznick used the delay to continue to revise the script and , more importantly , build publicity for the film by searching for the role of Scarlett . Selznick began a nationwide casting call that interviewed 1,400 unknowns . The effort cost $100,000 and was useless for the film , but created `` priceless '' publicity . Early frontrunners included Miriam Hopkins and Tallulah Bankhead , who were regarded as possibilities by Selznick prior to the purchase of the film rights ; Joan Crawford , who was signed to MGM , was also considered as a potential pairing with Gable . After a deal was struck with MGM , Selznick held discussions with Norma Shearer -- who was MGM 's top female star at the time -- but she withdrew herself from consideration . Katharine Hepburn lobbied hard for the role with the support of her friend , George Cukor , who had been hired to direct , but she was vetoed by Selznick who felt she was not right for the part . Many famous -- or soon - to - be-famous -- actresses were considered , but only thirty - one women were actually screen - tested for Scarlett including Ardis Ankerson , Jean Arthur , Tallulah Bankhead , Diana Barrymore , Joan Bennett , Nancy Coleman , Frances Dee , Ellen Drew ( as Terry Ray ) , Paulette Goddard , Susan Hayward ( under her real name of Edythe Marrenner ) , Vivien Leigh , Anita Louise , Haila Stoddard , Margaret Tallichet , Lana Turner and Linda Watkins . Although Margaret Mitchell refused to publicly name her choice , the actress who came closest to winning her approval was Miriam Hopkins , who Mitchell felt was just the right type of actress to play Scarlett as written in the book . However , Hopkins was in her mid-thirties at the time and was considered too old for the part . Four actresses , including Jean Arthur and Joan Bennett , were still under consideration by December 1938 ; however , only two finalists , Paulette Goddard and Vivien Leigh , were tested in Technicolor , both on December 20 . Goddard almost won the role , but controversy over her marriage with Charlie Chaplin caused Selznick to change his mind . Selznick had been quietly considering Vivien Leigh , a young English actress who was still little known in America , for the role of Scarlett since February 1938 when Selznick saw her in Fire Over England and A Yank at Oxford . Leigh 's American agent was the London representative of the Myron Selznick talent agency ( headed by David Selznick 's brother , one of the owners of Selznick International ) , and she had requested in February that her name be submitted for consideration as Scarlett . By the summer of 1938 the Selznicks were negotiating with Alexander Korda , to whom Leigh was under contract , for her services later that year . Selznick 's brother arranged for them to meet for the first time on the night of December 10 , 1938 , when the burning of Atlanta was filmed . In a letter to his wife two days later , Selznick admitted that Leigh was `` the Scarlett dark horse '' , and after a series of screen tests , her casting was announced on January 13 , 1939 . Just before the shooting of the film , Selznick informed newspaper columnist Ed Sullivan : `` Scarlett O'Hara's parents were French and Irish . Identically , Miss Leigh 's parents are French and Irish . '' Screenplay ( edit ) Of original screenplay writer Sidney Howard , film historian Joanne Yeck writes , `` reducing the intricacies of Gone with the Wind 's epic dimensions was a herculean task ... and Howard 's first submission was far too long , and would have required at least six hours of film ; ... ( producer ) Selznick wanted Howard to remain on the set to make revisions ... but Howard refused to leave New England ( and ) as a result , revisions were handled by a host of local writers '' . Selznick dismissed director George Cukor three weeks into filming and sought out Victor Fleming , who was directing The Wizard of Oz at the time . Fleming was dissatisfied with the script , so Selznick brought in famed writer Ben Hecht to rewrite the entire screenplay within five days . Hecht returned to Howard 's original draft and by the end of the week had succeeded in revising the entire first half of the script . Selznick undertook rewriting the second half himself but fell behind schedule , so Howard returned to work on the script for one week , reworking several key scenes in part two . David O. Selznick in 1940 `` By the time of the film 's release in 1939 , there was some question as to who should receive screen credit , '' writes Yeck . `` But despite the number of writers and changes , the final script was remarkably close to Howard 's version . The fact that Howard 's name alone appears on the credits may have been as much a gesture to his memory as to his writing , for in 1939 Sidney Howard died at age 48 in a farm - tractor accident , and before the movie 's premiere . '' Selznick , in a memo written in October 1939 , discussed the film 's writing credits : `` ( Y ) ou can say frankly that of the comparatively small amount of material in the picture which is not from the book , most is my own personally , and the only original lines of dialog which are not my own are a few from Sidney Howard and a few from Ben Hecht and a couple more from John Van Druten . Offhand I doubt that there are ten original words of ( Oliver ) Garrett 's in the whole script . As to construction , this is about eighty per cent my own , and the rest divided between Jo Swerling and Sidney Howard , with Hecht having contributed materially to the construction of one sequence . '' According to Hecht biographer , William MacAdams , `` At dawn on Sunday , February 20 , 1939 , David Selznick ... and director Victor Fleming shook Hecht awake to inform him he was on loan from MGM and must come with them immediately and go to work on Gone with the Wind , which Selznick had begun shooting five weeks before . It was costing Selznick $50,000 each day the film was on hold waiting for a final screenplay rewrite and time was of the essence . Hecht was in the middle of working on the film At the Circus for the Marx Brothers . Recalling the episode in a letter to screenwriter friend Gene Fowler , he said he had n't read the novel but Selznick and director Fleming could not wait for him to read it . They would act out scenes based on Sidney Howard 's original script which needed to be rewritten in a hurry . Hecht wrote , `` After each scene had been performed and discussed , I sat down at the typewriter and wrote it out . Selznick and Fleming , eager to continue with their acting , kept hurrying me . We worked in this fashion for seven days , putting in eighteen to twenty hours a day . Selznick refused to let us eat lunch , arguing that food would slow us up . He provided bananas and salted peanuts ... thus on the seventh day I had completed , unscathed , the first nine reels of the Civil War epic . '' MacAdams writes , `` It is impossible to determine exactly how much Hecht scripted ... In the official credits filed with the Screen Writers Guild , Sidney Howard was of course awarded the sole screen credit , but four other writers were appended ... Jo Swerling for contributing to the treatment , Oliver H.P. Garrett and Barbara Keon to screenplay construction , and Hecht , to dialogue ... '' Filming ( edit ) Play media The `` burning '' of Atlanta from the film trailer Principal photography began January 26 , 1939 , and ended on July 1 , with post-production work continuing until November 11 , 1939 . Director George Cukor , with whom Selznick had a long working relationship , and who had spent almost two years in pre-production on Gone with the Wind , was replaced after less than three weeks of shooting . Selznick and Cukor had already disagreed over the pace of filming and the script , but other explanations put Cukor 's departure down to Gable 's discomfort at working with him . Emanuel Levy , Cukor 's biographer , claimed that Clark Gable had worked Hollywood 's gay circuit as a hustler and that Cukor knew of his past , so Gable used his influence to have him discharged . Vivien Leigh and Olivia de Havilland learned of Cukor 's firing on the day the Atlanta bazaar scene was filmed , and the pair went to Selznick 's office in full costume and implored him to change his mind . Victor Fleming , who was directing The Wizard of Oz , was called in from MGM to complete the picture , although Cukor continued privately to coach Leigh and De Havilland . Another MGM director , Sam Wood , worked for two weeks in May when Fleming temporarily left the production due to exhaustion . Although some of Cukor 's scenes were later reshot , Selznick estimated that `` three solid reels '' of his work remained in the picture . As of the end of principal photography , Cukor had undertaken eighteen days of filming , Fleming ninety - three , and Wood twenty - four . Cinematographer Lee Garmes began the production , but on March 11 , 1939 -- after a month of shooting footage that Selznick and his associates regarded as `` too dark '' -- was replaced with Ernest Haller , working with Technicolor cinematographer Ray Rennahan . Garmes completed the first third of the film -- mostly everything prior to Melanie having the baby -- but did not receive a credit . Most of the filming was done on `` the back forty '' of Selznick International with all the location scenes being photographed in California , mostly in Los Angeles County or neighboring Ventura County . Tara , the fictional Southern plantation house , existed only as a plywood and papier - mâché facade built on the Selznick studio lot . For the burning of Atlanta , new false facades were built in front of the Selznick backlot 's many old abandoned sets , and Selznick himself operated the controls for the explosives that burned them down . Sources at the time put the estimated production costs at $3.85 million , making it the second most expensive film made up to that point , with only Ben - Hur ( 1925 ) having cost more . Although legend persists that the Hays Office fined Selznick $5,000 for using the word `` damn '' in Butler 's exit line , in fact the Motion Picture Association board passed an amendment to the Production Code on November 1 , 1939 , that forbade use of the words `` hell '' or `` damn '' except when their use `` shall be essential and required for portrayal , in proper historical context , of any scene or dialogue based upon historical fact or folklore ... or a quotation from a literary work , provided that no such use shall be permitted which is intrinsically objectionable or offends good taste . '' With that amendment , the Production Code Administration had no further objection to Rhett 's closing line . Music ( edit ) `` Tara 's Theme '' from the film trailer To compose the score , Selznick chose Max Steiner , with whom he had worked at RKO Pictures in the early 1930s . Warner Bros. -- who had contracted Steiner in 1936 -- agreed to lend him to Selznick . Steiner spent twelve weeks working on the score , the longest period that he had ever spent writing one , and at two hours and thirty - six minutes long it was also the longest that he had ever written . Five orchestrators were hired , including Hugo Friedhofer , Maurice de Packh , Bernard Kaun , Adolph Deutsch and Reginald Bassett . The score is characterized by two love themes , one for Ashley 's and Melanie 's sweet love and another that evokes Scarlett 's passion for Ashley , though notably there is no Scarlett and Rhett love theme . Steiner drew considerably on folk and patriotic music , which included Stephen Foster tunes such as `` Louisiana Belle , '' `` Dolly Day , '' `` Ringo De Banjo , '' `` Beautiful Dreamer , '' `` Old Folks at Home , '' and `` Katie Belle , '' which formed the basis of Scarlett 's theme ; other tunes that feature prominently are : `` Marching through Georgia '' by Henry Clay Work , `` Dixie , '' `` Garryowen '' and `` The Bonnie Blue Flag . '' The theme that is most associated with the film today is the melody that accompanies Tara , the O'Hara plantation ; in the early 1940s , `` Tara 's Theme '' formed the musical basis of the song `` My Own True Love '' by Mack David . In all , there are ninety - nine separate pieces of music featured in the score . Due to the pressure of completing on time , Steiner received some assistance in composing from Friedhofer , Deutsch and Heinz Roemheld , and in addition , two short cues -- by Franz Waxman and William Axt -- were taken from scores in the MGM library . Release ( edit ) Preview , premiere and initial release ( edit ) On September 9 , 1939 , Selznick , his wife , Irene , investor John `` Jock '' Whitney and film editor Hal Kern drove out to Riverside , California to preview it at the Fox Theatre . The film was still a rough cut at this stage , missing completed titles and lacking special optical effects . It ran for four hours and twenty - five minutes , but would later be cut down to under four hours for its proper release . A double bill of Hawaiian Nights and Beau Geste was playing , and after the first feature it was announced that the theater would be screening a preview ; the audience were informed they could leave but would not be readmitted once the film had begun , nor would phone calls be allowed once the theater had been sealed . When the title appeared on the screen the audience cheered , and after it had finished it received a standing ovation . In his biography of Selznick , David Thomson wrote that the audience 's response before the film had even started `` was the greatest moment of ( Selznick 's ) life , the greatest victory and redemption of all his failings '' , with Selznick describing the preview cards as `` probably the most amazing any picture has ever had . '' When Selznick was asked by the press in early September how he felt about the film , he said : `` At noon I think it 's divine , at midnight I think it 's lousy . Sometimes I think it 's the greatest picture ever made . But if it 's only a great picture , I 'll still be satisfied . '' The premiere of the film at Loew 's Grand , Atlanta About 300,000 people came out in Atlanta for the film 's premiere at the Loew 's Grand Theatre on December 15 , 1939 . It was the climax of three days of festivities hosted by Mayor William B. Hartsfield , which included a parade of limousines featuring stars from the film , receptions , thousands of Confederate flags and a costume ball . Eurith D. Rivers , the governor of Georgia , declared December 15 a state holiday . An estimated three hundred thousand residents and visitors to Atlanta lined the streets for up to seven miles to watch a procession of limousines bring the stars from the airport . Only Leslie Howard and Victor Fleming chose not to attend : Howard had returned to England due to the outbreak of World War II , and Fleming had fallen out with Selznick and declined to attend any of the premieres . Hattie McDaniel was also absent , as she and the other black cast members were prevented from attending the premiere due to Georgia 's Jim Crow laws , which would have kept them from sitting with their white colleagues . Upon learning that McDaniel had been barred from the premiere , Clark Gable threatened to boycott the event , but McDaniel convinced him to attend . President Jimmy Carter would later recall it as `` the biggest event to happen in the South in my lifetime . '' Premieres in New York and Los Angeles followed , the latter attended by some of the actresses that had been considered for the part of Scarlett , among them Paulette Goddard , Norma Shearer and Joan Crawford . From December 1939 to July 1940 , the film played only advance - ticket road show engagements at a limited number of theaters at prices upwards of $1 -- more than double the price of a regular first - run feature -- with MGM collecting an unprecedented 70 percent of the box office receipts ( as opposed to the typical 30 -- 35 percent of the period ) . After reaching saturation as a roadshow , MGM revised its terms to a 50 percent cut and halved the prices , before it finally entered general release in 1941 at `` popular '' prices . Along with its distribution and advertising costs , total expenditure on the film was as high as $7 million . 1967 re-release poster Later releases ( edit ) In 1942 , Selznick liquidated his company for tax reasons , and sold his share in Gone with the Wind to his business partner , John Whitney , for $500,000 . In turn , Whitney sold it on to MGM for $2.8 million , so that the studio owned the film outright . MGM immediately re-released the film in spring 1942 , and again in 1947 and 1954 ; the 1954 reissue was the first time the film was shown in widescreen , compromising the original Academy ratio and cropping the top and bottom to an aspect ratio of 1.75 : 1 . In doing so , a number of shots were optically re-framed and cut into the three - strip camera negatives , forever altering five shots in the film . A 1961 release commemorated the centennial anniversary of the start of the Civil War , and included a gala `` premiere '' at the Loew 's Grand Theater . It was attended by Selznick and many other stars of the film , including Vivien Leigh and Olivia de Havilland ; Clark Gable had died the previous year . For its 1967 re-release , it was blown up to 70mm , and issued with updated poster artwork featuring Gable -- with his white shirt ripped open -- holding Leigh against a backdrop of orange flames . There were further re-releases in 1971 , 1974 and 1989 ; for the fiftieth anniversary reissue in 1989 , it was given a complete audio and video restoration . It was released theatrically one more time in the United States , in 1998 . In 2013 , a 4K digital restoration was released in the United Kingdom to coincide with Vivien Leigh 's centenary . In 2014 , special screenings were scheduled over a two - day period at theaters across the United States to coincide with the film 's 75th anniversary . Television and home video ( edit ) The film received its world television premiere on the HBO cable network on June 11 , 1976 , and played on the channel for a total of fourteen times throughout the rest of the month . It made its network television debut in November later that year : NBC paid $5 million for a one - off airing , and it was broadcast in two parts on successive evenings . It became at that time the highest - rated television program ever presented on a single network , watched by 47.5 percent of the households sampled in America , and 65 percent of television viewers , still the record for the highest rated film to ever air on television . In 1978 , CBS signed a deal worth $35 million to broadcast the film twenty times over as many years . Turner Entertainment acquired the MGM film library in 1986 , but the deal did not include the television rights to Gone with the Wind , which were still held by CBS . A deal was struck in which the rights were returned to Turner Entertainment and CBS 's broadcast rights to The Wizard of Oz were extended . It was used to launch two cable channels owned by Turner Broadcasting System : Turner Network Television ( 1988 ) and Turner Classic Movies ( 1994 ) . It debuted on videocassette in March 1985 , where it placed second in the sales charts , and has since been released on DVD and Blu - ray Disc formats . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Upon its release , consumer magazines and newspapers generally gave Gone with the Wind excellent reviews ; however , while its production values , technical achievements , and scale of ambition were universally recognized , some reviewers of the time found the film to be too long and dramatically unconvincing . Frank S. Nugent for The New York Times best summed up the general sentiment by acknowledging that while it was the most ambitious film production made up to that point , it probably was not the greatest film ever made , but he nevertheless found it to be an `` interesting story beautifully told '' . Franz Hoellering of The Nation was of the same opinion : `` The result is a film which is a major event in the history of the industry but only a minor achievement in motion - picture art . There are moments when the two categories meet on good terms , but the long stretches between are filled with mere spectacular efficiency . '' `` The result is a film which is a major event in the history of the industry but only a minor achievement in motion - picture art . '' -- Franz Hoellering , reviewer for The Nation While the film was praised for its fidelity to the novel , this aspect was also singled out as the main factor in contributing to the lengthy running time . John C. Flinn wrote for Variety that Selznick had `` left too much in '' , and that as entertainment , the film would have benefited if repetitious scenes and dialog from the latter part of the story had been trimmed . The Manchester Guardian felt that the film 's one serious drawback was that the story lacked the epic quality to justify the outlay of time and found the second half , which focuses on Scarlett 's `` irrelevant marriages '' and `` domestic squabbles , '' mostly superfluous , and the sole reason for their inclusion had been `` simply because Margaret Mitchell wrote it that way '' . The Guardian believed that if `` the story had been cut short and tidied up at the point marked by the interval , and if the personal drama had been made subservient to a cinematic treatment of the central theme -- the collapse and devastation of the Old South -- then Gone With the Wind might have been a really great film . '' Likewise , Hoellering also found the second half of the film to be weaker than the first half : identifying the Civil War to be the driving force of the first part while the characters dominate in the second part , he concluded this is where the main fault of the picture lay , commenting that `` the characters alone do not suffice '' . Despite many excellent scenes , he considered the drama to be unconvincing and that the `` psychological development '' had been neglected . Much of the praise was reserved for the casting , with Vivien Leigh in particular being singled out for her performance as Scarlett . Nugent described her as the `` pivot of the picture '' and believed her to be `` so perfectly designed for the part by art and nature that any other actress in the role would be inconceivable '' . Similarly , Hoellering found her `` perfect '' in `` appearance and movements '' ; he felt her acting best when she was allowed to `` accentuate the split personality she portrays '' and thought she was particularly effective in such moments of characterization like the morning after the marital rape scene . Flinn also found Leigh suited to the role physically and felt she was best in the scenes where she displays courage and determination , such as the escape from Atlanta and when Scarlett kills a Yankee deserter . Leigh won in the Best Actress category for her performance at the 1939 New York Film Critics Circle Awards . Of Clark Gable 's performance as Rhett Butler , Flinn felt the characterization was `` as close to Miss Mitchell 's conception -- and the audience 's -- as might be imagined '' , a view which Nugent concurred with , although Hoellering felt that Gable did n't quite convince in the closing scenes , as Rhett walks out on Scarlett in disgust . Of the other principal cast members , both Hoellering and Flinn found Leslie Howard to be `` convincing '' as the weak - willed Ashley , with Flinn identifying Olivia de Havilland as a `` standout '' as Melanie ; Nugent was also especially taken with de Havilland 's performance , describing it as a `` gracious , dignified , tender gem of characterization '' . Hattie McDaniel 's performance as Mammy was singled out for praise by many critics : Nugent believed she gave the best performance in the film after Vivien Leigh , with Flinn placing it third after Leigh 's and Gable 's performances . Academy Awards ( edit ) At the 12th Academy Awards , Gone with the Wind set a record for Academy Award wins and nominations , winning in eight of the competitive categories it was nominated in , from a total of thirteen nominations . It won for Best Picture , Best Actress , Best Supporting Actress , Best Director , Best Screenplay , Best Cinematography , Best Art Direction , and Best Editing , and received two further honorary awards for its use of equipment and color ( it also became the first color film to win Best Picture ) . Its record of eight competitive wins stood until Gigi ( 1958 ) won nine , and its overall record of ten was broken by Ben - Hur ( 1959 ) which won eleven . Gone with the Wind also held the record for most nominations until All About Eve ( 1950 ) secured fourteen . It was the longest American sound film made up to that point , and may still hold the record of the longest Best Picture winner depending on how it is interpreted . The running time for Gone with the Wind is just under 221 minutes , while Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) runs for just over 222 minutes ; however , including the overture , intermission , entr'acte , and exit music , Gone with the Wind lasts for 234 minutes ( although some sources put its full length at 238 minutes ) while Lawrence of Arabia comes in slightly shorter at 232 minutes with its additional components . Hattie McDaniel became the first African - American to win an Academy Award -- beating out her co-star Olivia de Havilland who was also nominated in the same category -- but was racially segregated from her co-stars at the awards ceremony at the Coconut Grove ; she and her escort were made to sit at a separate table at the back of the room . Meanwhile , screenwriter Sidney Howard became the first posthumous Oscar winner and Selznick personally received the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award for his career achievements . Academy Awards and nominations Award Recipient ( s ) Result Best Picture Selznick International Pictures Won Best Director Victor Fleming Won Best Adapted Screenplay Sidney Howard Won Best Actor Clark Gable Nominated Best Actress Vivien Leigh Won Best Supporting Actress Hattie McDaniel Won Best Supporting Actress Olivia de Havilland Nominated Best Cinematography , Color Ernest Haller and Ray Rennahan Won Best Film Editing Hal C. Kern and James E. Newcom Won Best Art Direction Lyle Wheeler Won Best Visual Effects Jack Cosgrove , Fred Albin and Arthur Johns Nominated Best Music , Original Score Max Steiner Nominated Best Sound Recording Thomas T. Moulton ( Samuel Goldwyn Studio Sound Department ) Nominated Special Award William Cameron Menzies For outstanding achievement in the use of color for the enhancement of dramatic mood in the production of Gone with the Wind . Honorary Technical Achievement Award Don Musgrave and Selznick International Pictures For pioneering in the use of coordinated equipment in the production Gone with the Wind . Honorary Reactions from African - Americans ( edit ) Hattie McDaniel , the first African - American Oscar winner Black commentators criticised the film for its depiction of black people and as a glorification of slavery . Carlton Moss , a black dramatist , complained in an open letter that whereas The Birth of a Nation was a `` frontal attack on American history and the Negro people '' , Gone with the Wind was a `` rear attack on the same '' . He went on to dismiss it as a `` nostalgic plea for sympathy for a still living cause of Southern reaction '' . Moss further criticized the stereotypical black characterizations , such as the `` shiftless and dull - witted Pork '' , the `` indolent and thoroughly irresponsible Prissy '' , Big Sam 's `` radiant acceptance of slavery '' , and Mammy with her `` constant haranguing and doting on every wish of Scarlett '' . Following Hattie McDaniel 's Oscar win , Walter Francis White , leader of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People , accused her of being an Uncle Tom . McDaniel responded that she would `` rather make seven hundred dollars a week playing a maid than seven dollars being one '' ; she further questioned White 's qualification to speak on behalf of blacks , since he was light - skinned and only one - eighth black . Opinion in the black community was generally divided upon release , with the film being called by some a `` weapon of terror against black America '' and an insult to black audiences , and demonstrations were held in various cities . Even so , some sections of the black community recognized McDaniel 's achievements to be representative of progression : some African - Americans crossed picket lines and praised McDaniel 's warm and witty characterization , while others hoped that the industry 's recognition of her work would lead to increased visibility on screen for other black actors . In its editorial congratulation to McDaniel on winning her Academy Award , Opportunity : A Journal of Negro Life used the film as reminder of the `` limit '' put on black aspiration by old prejudices . Malcolm X would later recall that `` when Butterfly McQueen went into her act , I felt like crawling under the rug '' . Audience response ( edit ) Upon its release , Gone with the Wind broke attendance records everywhere . At the Capitol Theatre in New York alone , it was averaging eleven thousand admissions per day in late December , and within four years of its release had sold an estimated sixty million tickets across the United States -- sales equivalent to just under half the population at the time . It repeated its success overseas , and was a sensational hit during the Blitz in London , opening in April 1940 and playing for four years . By the time MGM withdrew it from circulation at the end of 1943 its worldwide distribution had returned a gross rental ( the studio 's share of the box office gross ) of $32 million , making it the most profitable film ever made up to that point . Line up to see Gone with the Wind in Pensacola , Florida ( 1947 ) Even though it earned its investors roughly twice as much as the previous record - holder , The Birth of a Nation , the box - office performances of the two films were likely much closer . The bulk of the earnings from Gone with the Wind came from its roadshow and first - run engagements , which represented 70 percent and 50 percent of the box - office gross respectively , before entering general release ( which at the time typically saw the distributor 's share set at 30 -- 35 percent of the gross ) . In the case of The Birth of a Nation , its distributor , Epoch , sold off many of its distribution territories on a `` states rights '' basis -- which typically amounted to 10 percent of the box - office gross -- and Epoch 's accounts are only indicative of its own profits from the film , and not the local distributors . Carl E. Milliken , secretary of the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors Association , estimated that The Birth of a Nation had been seen by fifty million people by 1930 . When it was re-released in 1947 , it earned an impressive $5 million rental in the United States and Canada , and was one of the top ten releases of the year . Successful re-releases in 1954 and 1961 enabled it to retain its position as the industry 's top earner , despite strong challenges from more recent films such as Ben - Hur , but it was finally overtaken by The Sound of Music in 1966 . The 1967 reissue was unusual in that MGM opted to roadshow it , a decision that turned it into the most successful re-release in the history of the industry . It generated a box - office gross of $68 million , making it MGM 's most lucrative picture after Doctor Zhivago from the latter half of the decade . MGM earned a rental of $41 million from the release , with the U.S. and Canadian share amounting to over $30 million , placing it second only to The Graduate for that year . Including its $6.7 million rental from the 1961 reissue , it was the fourth highest - earner of the decade in the North American market , with only The Sound of Music , The Graduate and Doctor Zhivago making more for their distributors . A further re-release in 1971 allowed it to briefly recapture the record from The Sound of Music , bringing its total worldwide gross rental to about $116 million by the end of 1971 -- more than trebling its earnings from its initial release -- before losing the record again the following year to The Godfather . Across all releases , it is estimated that Gone with the Wind has sold over 200 million tickets in the United States and Canada , generating more theater admissions in that territory than any other film . The film was phenomenally successful in Western Europe too , generating approximately 35 million tickets in the United Kingdom and over 16 million in France , respectively becoming the biggest and sixth - biggest ticket - sellers in those markets . In total , Gone with the Wind has grossed over $390 million globally at the box office ; in 2007 Turner Entertainment estimated the gross to be equivalent to approximately $3.3 billion when adjusted for inflation to current prices , while Guinness World Records arrived at a figure of $3.44 billion in 2014 , making it the most successful film in cinema history . The film remains immensely popular with audiences into the 21st century , having been voted the most popular film in two nationwide polls of Americans undertaken by Harris Interactive in 2008 , and again in 2014 . The market research firm surveyed over two thousand U.S. adults , with the results weighted by age , sex , race / ethnicity , education , region and household income so their proportions matched the composition of the adult population . Critical re-evaluation ( edit ) AFI 100 Years ... series * AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies -- # 4 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Passions -- # 2 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes and Villains Rhett Butler , Hero -- Nominated Scarlett O'Hara , Hero -- Nominated AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes : `` Frankly , my dear , I do n't give a damn . '' -- # 1 `` After all , tomorrow is another day ! '' -- # 31 `` As God is my witness , I 'll never be hungry again . '' -- # 59 `` Fiddle - dee - dee . '' -- Nominated `` I do n't know nothin ' ' bout birthin ' babies . '' -- Nominated AFI 's 100 Years of Film Scores -- # 2 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers -- # 43 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) -- # 6 AFI 's 10 Top 10 -- # 4 Epic film American Film Institute In revisiting the film in the 1970s , Arthur Schlesinger noted that Hollywood films generally age well , revealing an unexpected depth or integrity , but in the case of Gone with the Wind time has not treated it kindly . Richard Schickel posits that one measure of a film 's quality is to ask what you can remember of it , and the film falls down in this regard : unforgettable imagery and dialogue are simply not present . Stanley Kauffmann , likewise , also found the film to be a largely forgettable experience , claiming he could only remember two scenes vividly . Both Schickel and Schlesinger put this down to it being `` badly written '' , in turn describing the dialogue as `` flowery '' and possessing a `` picture postcard '' sensibility . Schickel also believes the film fails as popular art , in that it has limited rewatch value -- a sentiment that Kauffmann also concurs with , stating that having watched it twice he hopes `` never to see it again : twice is twice as much as any lifetime needs '' . Both Schickel and Andrew Sarris identify the film 's main failing is in possessing a producer 's sensibility rather than an artistic one : having gone through so many directors and writers the film does not carry a sense of being `` created '' or `` directed '' , but rather having emerged `` steaming from the crowded kitchen '' , where the main creative force was a producer 's obsession in making the film as literally faithful to the novel as possible . Sarris concedes that despite its artistic failings , the film does hold a mandate around the world as the `` single most beloved entertainment ever produced '' . Judith Crist observes that , kitsch aside , the film is `` undoubtedly still the best and most durable piece of popular entertainment to have come off the Hollywood assembly lines '' , the product of a showman with `` taste and intelligence '' . Schlesinger notes that the first half of the film does have a `` sweep and vigor '' that aspire to its epic theme , but -- finding agreement with the film 's contemporary criticisms -- the personal lives take over in the second half , and it ends up losing its theme in unconvincing sentimentality . Kauffmann also finds interesting parallels with The Godfather , which had just replaced Gone with the Wind as the highest - grosser at the time : both were produced from `` ultra-American '' best - selling novels , both live within codes of honor that are romanticized , and both in essence offer cultural fabrication or revisionism . The critical perception of the film has shifted in the intervening years , which resulted in it being ranked 235th in Sight & Sound 's prestigious decennial critics poll in 2012 , and in 2015 sixty - two international film critics polled by the BBC voted it the 97th best American film . Industry recognition ( edit ) The film has featured in several high - profile industry polls : in 1977 it was voted the most popular film by the American Film Institute ( AFI ) , in a poll of the organization 's membership ; the AFI also ranked the film fourth on its `` 100 Greatest Movies '' list in 1998 , with it slipping down to sixth place in the tenth anniversary edition in 2007 . Film directors ranked it 322nd in the 2012 edition of the decennial Sight & Sound poll , and in 2016 it was selected as the ninth best `` directorial achievement '' in a Directors Guild of America members poll . In 2014 , it placed fifteenth in an extensive poll undertaken by The Hollywood Reporter , which ballotted every studio , agency , publicity firm and production house in the Hollywood region . Gone with the Wind was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry by the United States Library of Congress in 1989 for being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . Analysis ( edit ) Racial criticism ( edit ) Gone with the Wind has been criticized as having perpetuated Civil War myths and black stereotypes . David Reynolds writes that `` The white women are elegant , their menfolk noble or at least dashing . And , in the background , the black slaves are mostly dutiful and content , clearly incapable of an independent existence . '' Reynolds likened Gone with the Wind to The Birth of a Nation and other re-imaginings of the South during the era of segregation , in which white Southerners are portrayed as defending traditional values and the issue of slavery is largely ignored . The film has been described as a `` regression '' that promotes the myth of the black rapist and the honourable and defensive role of the Ku Klux Klan during Reconstruction , and as a `` social propaganda '' film offering a `` white supremacist '' view of the past . From 1972 to 1996 , the Atlanta Historical Society held a number of Gone with the Wind exhibits , among them a 1994 exhibit titled , `` Disputed Territories : Gone with the Wind and Southern Myths '' . One of the questions explored by the exhibit was `` How True to Life Were the Slaves in GWTW ? '' This section showed slave experiences were diverse and concluded that the `` happy darky '' was a myth , as was the belief that all slaves experienced violence and brutality . W. Bryan Rommel Ruiz has argued that despite factual inaccuracies in its depiction of the Reconstruction period , Gone with the Wind nevertheless reflects contemporary interpretations that were common in the early 20th century . One such viewpoint is reflected in a brief scene in which Mammy fends off a leering freedman : a government official can be heard offering bribes to the emancipated slaves for their votes . The inference is taken to be that freedmen are ignorant about politics and unprepared for freedom , unwittingly becoming the tools of corrupt Reconstruction officials . While perpetuating some Lost Cause myths , the film makes concessions in regard to others . After the attack on Scarlett in the shanty town , a group of men including Scarlett 's husband Frank , Rhett Butler and Ashley raid the town ; in the novel they belong to the Ku Klux Klan , representing the common trope of protecting the white woman 's virtue , but the filmmakers consciously neutralize the presence of the Klan in the film by referring to it only as a `` political meeting '' . Thomas Cripps reasons that the film in some respects undercuts racial stereotypes ; in particular , the film created greater engagement between Hollywood and black audiences , with dozens of movies making small gestures in recognition of the emerging trend . Only a few weeks after its initial run , a story editor at Warner wrote a memorandum to Walter Wanger about Mississippi Belle , a script that contained the worst excesses of plantation films , suggesting that Gone with the Wind had made the film `` unproducible '' . More than any film since The Birth of a Nation , it unleashed a variety of social forces that foreshadowed an alliance of white liberals and blacks who encouraged the expectation that blacks would one day achieve equality . According to Cripps , the film eventually became a template for measuring social change . In 2017 , Gone with the Wind was pulled from the schedule at the Orpheum Theatre in Memphis , Tennessee after a 34 - year run of annual showings due to its perceived racially insensitive content . Depiction of marital rape ( edit ) One of the most notorious and widely condemned scenes in Gone with the Wind depicts what is now legally defined as `` marital rape '' . The scene begins with Scarlett and Rhett at the bottom of the staircase , where he begins to kiss her , refusing to be told ' no ' by the struggling and frightened Scarlett ; Rhett overcomes her resistance and carries her up the stairs to the bedroom , where the audience is left in no doubt that she will `` get what 's coming to her '' . The next scene , the following morning , shows Scarlett glowing with barely suppressed sexual satisfaction ; Rhett apologizes for his behavior , blaming it on his drinking . The scene has been accused of combining romance and rape by making them indistinguishable from each other , and of reinforcing a notion about forced sex : that women secretly enjoy it , and it is an acceptable way for a man to treat his wife . Molly Haskell has argued that nevertheless , women are mostly uncritical of the scene , and that by and large it is consistent with what women have in mind if they fantasize about being raped . Their fantasies revolve around love and romance rather than forced sex ; they will assume that Scarlett was not an unwilling sexual partner and wanted Rhett to take the initiative and insist on having sexual intercourse . Legacy ( edit ) First Archivist of the United States R.D.W. Connor receiving the film Gone with the Wind from Senator Walter F. George of Georgia ( on the left ) and Loew 's Eastern Division Manager Carter Barron , 1941 In popular culture ( edit ) Gone with the Wind and its production have been explicitly referenced , satirized , dramatized and analyzed on numerous occasions across a range of media , from contemporaneous works such as Second Fiddle -- a 1939 film spoofing the `` search for Scarlett '' -- to current television shows , such as The Simpsons . The Scarlett O'Hara War ( a 1980 television dramatization of the casting of Scarlett ) , Moonlight and Magnolias ( a 2007 play by Ron Hutchinson that dramatizes Ben Hecht 's five - day re-write of the script ) , and `` Went with the Wind ! '' ( a sketch on The Carol Burnett Show that parodied the film in the aftermath of its television debut in 1976 ) are among the more noteworthy examples of its enduring presence in popular culture . It was also the subject of a 1988 documentary , The Making of a Legend : Gone with the Wind , detailing the film 's difficult production history . In 1990 , the United States Postal Service issued a stamp depicting Clark Gable and Vivien Leigh embracing in a scene from the film . Sequel ( edit ) Following publication of her novel , Margaret Mitchell was inundated with requests for a sequel but claimed to not have a notion of what happened to Scarlett and Rhett , and that she had `` left them to their ultimate fate '' . Mitchell continued to resist pressure from Selznick and MGM to write a sequel until her death in 1949 . In 1975 , her brother , Stephens Mitchell ( who assumed control of her estate ) , authorized a sequel to be jointly produced by MGM and Universal Studios on a budget of $12 million . Anne Edwards was commissioned to write the sequel as a novel which would then be adapted into a screenplay , and published in conjunction with the film 's release . Edwards submitted a 775 - page manuscript entitled Tara , The Continuation of Gone with the Wind , set between 1872 and 1882 focusing on Scarlett 's divorce from Rhett ; MGM was not satisfied with the story and the deal collapsed . The idea was revived in the 1990s , when a sequel was finally produced in 1994 , in the form of a television miniseries . Scarlett was based upon the novel by Alexandra Ripley , itself a sequel to Mitchell 's book . British actors Joanne Whalley and Timothy Dalton were cast as Scarlett and Rhett , and the series follows Scarlett 's relocation to Ireland after again becoming pregnant by Rhett . See also ( edit ) List of films featuring slavery References ( edit ) Explanatory notes Jump up ^ Loews was the parent company of MGM . ^ Jump up to : The credits at the start of the film contain an error : George Reeves is listed `` as Brent Tarleton '' , but plays Stuart , while Fred Crane is listed `` as Stuart Tarleton '' , but plays Brent . Jump up ^ From a private letter from journalist and on - set technical advisor Susan Myrick to Margaret Mitchell in February 1939 : George ( Cukor ) finally told me all about it . He hated ( leaving the production ) very much he said but he could not do otherwise . In effect he said he is an honest craftsman and he can not do a job unless he knows it is a good job and he feels the present job is not right . For days , he told me he has looked at the rushes and felt he was failing ... the thing did not click as it should . Gradually he became convinced that the script was the trouble ... David ( Selznick ) , himself , thinks HE is writing the script ... And George has continually taken script from day to day , compared the ( Oliver ) Garrett - Selznick version with the ( Sidney ) Howard , groaned and tried to change some parts back to the Howard script . But he seldom could do much with the scene ... So George just told David he would not work any longer if the script was not better and he wanted the Howard script back . David told George he was a director -- not an author and he ( David ) was the producer and the judge of what is a good script ... George said he was a director and a damn good one and he would not let his name go out over a lousy picture ... And bull - headed David said `` OK get out ! '' Selznick had already been unhappy with Cukor ( `` a very expensive luxury '' ) for not being more receptive to directing other Selznick assignments , even though Cukor had remained on salary since early 1937 . In a confidential memo written in September 1938 , Selznick flirted with the idea of replacing him with Victor Fleming. Louis B. Mayer had been trying to have Cukor replaced with an MGM director since negotiations between the two studios began in May 1938 . In December 1938 , Selznick wrote to his wife about a phone call he had with Mayer : `` During the same conversation , your father made another stab at getting George off of Gone With the Wind . '' Jump up ^ Time also reports that Hell 's Angels ( 1930 ) -- directed by Howard Hughes -- cost more , but this was later revealed to be a fallacy ; the accounts for Hell 's Angels show it cost $2.8 million , but Hughes publicized it as costing $4 million , selling it to the media as the most expensive film ever made up to that point . Citations ^ Jump up to : `` Gone With the Wind '' . The American Film Institute Catalog of Motion Pictures . American Film Institute . Retrieved January 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gomery , Douglas ; Pafort - Overduin , Clara ( 2011 ) . Movie History : A Survey ( 2nd ed . ) . Taylor & Francis . p. 144 . ISBN 9781136835254 . Jump up ^ Noland , Claire ( April 8 , 2014 ) . `` Mary Anderson dies at 96 ; actress had role in ' Gone With the Wind ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Friedrich , Otto ( 1986 ) . City of Nets : A Portrait of Hollywood in the 1940s . Berkeley and Los Angeles : University of California Press . pp. 17 -- 21 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 20949 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` The Book Purchase '' . Gone With The Wind Online Exhibit . University of Texas at Austin : Harry Ransom Center . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Search for Scarlett : Chronology '' . Gone With The Wind Online Exhibit . University of Texas at Austin : Harry Ransom Center . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lambert , Gavin ( February 1973 ) . `` The Making of Gone With The Wind , Part I '' . The Atlantic Monthly . Retrieved March 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) -- Notes '' . TCM database . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved January 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Frank ; Stafford , Jeff . `` Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) -- Articles '' . TCM database . Turner Classic Movies . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Search for Scarlett : Girls Tested for the Role of Scarlett '' . Gone With The Wind Online Exhibit . University of Texas at Austin : Harry Ransom Center . Archived from the original on January 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Haver , Ronald ( 1980 ) . David O. Selznick 's Hollywood . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 42595 - 5 . Jump up ^ Pratt , William ( 1977 ) . Scarlett Fever . New York : Macmillan Publishers . pp. 73 -- 74 , 81 -- 83 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 02 - 598560 - 5 . Jump up ^ Walker , Marianne ( 2011 ) . Margaret Mitchell and John Marsh : The Love Story Behind Gone With the Wind . Peachtree Publishers . pp. 405 -- 406 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56145 - 617 - 8 . Jump up ^ Selznick , David O. ( January 7 , 1939 ) . `` The Search for Scarlett : Vivien Leigh -- Letter from David O. Selznick to Ed Sullivan '' . Gone With The Wind Online Exhibit . University of Texas at Austin : Harry Ransom Center . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Yeck , Joanne ( 1984 ) . Dictionary of Literary Biography . American Screenwriters . Gale . ^ Jump up to : Bartel , Pauline ( 1989 ) . The Complete Gone with the Wind Trivia Book : The Movie and More . Taylor Trade Publishing . pp. 64 -- 69 , 127 & 161 -- 172 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87833 - 619 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Selznick , David O. ( 1938 -- 1939 ) . Behlmer , Rudy , ed . Memo from David O. Selznick : the creation of Gone with the wind and other motion picture classics , as revealed in the producer 's private letters , telegrams , memorandums , and autobiographical remarks . New York : Modern Library ( published 2000 ) . pp. 179 -- 180 & 224 -- 225 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 375 - 75531 - 6 . Jump up ^ MacAdams , William ( 1990 ) . Ben Hecht . New York : Barricade Books . pp. 199 -- 201 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56980 - 028 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Myrick , Susan ( 1982 ) . White Columns in Hollywood : Reports from the GWTW Sets . Macon , Georgia : Mercer University Press . pp. 126 -- 127 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86554 - 044 - 6 . Jump up ^ Eyman , Scott ( 2005 ) . Lion of Hollywood : The Life and Legend of Louis B. Mayer . Robson Books . pp. 258 -- 259 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86105 - 892 - 8 . Jump up ^ Capua , Michelangelo ( 2003 ) . Vivien Leigh : A Biography . McFarland & Company . pp. 59 -- 61 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 1497 - 0 . Jump up ^ Turner , Adrian ( 1989 ) . A celebration of Gone with the wind . Dragon 's World . p. 114 . Jump up ^ Molt , Cynthia Marylee ( 1990 ) . Gone with the Wind on Film : A Complete Reference . Jefferson , NC : McFarland & Company . pp. 272 -- 281 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89950 - 439 - 1 . Jump up ^ Bridges , Herb ( 1998 ) . The Filming of Gone with the Wind . Mercer University Press . PT4 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86554 - 621 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cinema : G With the W '' . Time . December 25 , 1939 . pp. 1 -- 2 & 7 . Retrieved July 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Eyman , Scott ( 1997 ) . The speed of sound : Hollywood and the talkie revolution , 1926 -- 1930 . Simon & Schuster . p. 253 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 81162 - 8 . Jump up ^ Leff , Leonard J. ; Simmons , Jerold L. ( 2001 ) . The Dame in the Kimono : Hollywood , Censorship , and the Production Code . University Press of Kentucky . p. 108 . Jump up ^ MacDonald , Laurence E. ( 1998 ) . The Invisible Art of Film Music : A Comprehensive History . Scarecrow Press . pp. 52 -- 53 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 880157 - 56 - 5 . Jump up ^ Bell , Alison ( June 25 , 2010 ) . `` Inland Empire cities were once ' in ' with Hollywood for movie previews '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Thomson , David ( 1992 ) . Showman : The Life of David O. Selznick . New York : Knopf . ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 56833 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Lambert , Gavin ( March 1973 ) . `` The Making of Gone With The Wind , Part II '' . The Atlantic Monthly . 265 ( 6 ) . pp. 56 -- 72 . Retrieved January 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Harris , Warren G. ( 2002 ) . Clark Gable : A Biography . Harmony Books . p. 211 . Jump up ^ Cravens , Hamilton ( 2009 ) . Great Depression : People and Perspectives . Perspectives in American Social History . ABC - CLIO . p. 221 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59884 - 093 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Schatz , Thomas ( 1999 ) ( 1st . pub. 1997 ) . Boom and Bust : American Cinema in the 1940s . Volume 6 of History of the American Cinema . University of California Press . pp. 65 -- 66 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 22130 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Shearer , Lloyd ( October 26 , 1947 ) . `` GWTW : Supercolossal Saga of an Epic '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Haver , Ronald ( 1993 ) . David O. Selznick 's Gone with the wind . New York : Random House . pp. 84 -- 85 . ^ Jump up to : Brown , Ellen F. ; Wiley , John , Jr. ( 2011 ) . Margaret Mitchell 's Gone With the Wind : A Bestseller 's Odyssey from Atlanta to Hollywood . Taylor Trade Publications . pp. 287 , 293 & 322 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58979 - 527 - 3 . Jump up ^ Olson , James Stuart ( 2000 ) . Historical Dictionary of the 1950s . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 108 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 30619 - 8 . Jump up ^ Block , Alex Ben ; Wilson , Lucy Autrey , eds. ( 2010 ) . George Lucas 's Blockbusting : A Decade - By - Decade Survey of Timeless Movies Including Untold Secrets of Their Financial and Cultural Success . HarperCollins . pp. 220 -- 221 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 177889 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Krämer , Peter ( 2005 ) . The New Hollywood : From Bonnie And Clyde To Star Wars . Short Cuts. 30 . Wallflower Press . p. 46 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 904764 - 58 - 8 . Jump up ^ Andrew , Geoff . `` Gone with the Wind '' . British Film Institute . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fristoe , Roger . `` Gone with the Wind : 75th Anniversary -- Screenings and Events '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved September 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Clark , Kenneth R. ( September 29 , 1988 ) . `` Tnt Rides In On ' Gone With Wind ' '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved January 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Robert , Osborne . `` Robert Osborne on TCM 's 15th Anniversary '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved January 29 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Nugent , Frank S. ( December 20 , 1939 ) . `` The Screen in Review ; David Selznick 's ' Gone With the Wind ' Has Its Long - Awaited Premiere at Astor and Capitol , Recalling Civil War and Plantation Days of South -- Seen as Treating Book With Great Fidelity '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Hoellering , Franz ( 1939 ) . `` Gone With the Wind '' . The Nation ( published December 16 , 2008 ) . Retrieved February 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Flinn , John C. , Sr. ( December 20 , 1939 ) . `` Gone With the Wind '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2013 . Retrieved June 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` From the archive , 28 May 1940 : Gone with the wind at the Gaiety '' . The Manchester Guardian ( published May 28 , 2010 ) . May 28 , 1940 . Retrieved February 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New York Film Critics Circle Awards -- 1939 Awards '' . New York Film Critics Circle . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Results page -- 1939 ( 12th ) '' . Academy Awards database . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2013 . Retrieved February 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Randall , David ; Clark , Heather ( February 24 , 2013 ) . `` Oscars -- cinema 's Golden Night : The ultimate bluffer 's guide to Hollywood 's big night '' . The Independent . Retrieved March 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cutler , David ( February 22 , 2013 ) . Goldsmith , Belinda ; Zargham , Mohammad , eds . `` Factbox : Key historical facts about the Academy Awards '' . Reuters . Retrieved March 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Beyond the Page : Famous Quotes '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2012 . Retrieved March 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dirks , Tim . `` Academy Awards : Best Picture -- Facts & Trivia '' . Filmsite.org . AMC Networks . p. 2 . Retrieved March 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kim , Wook ( February 22 , 2013 ) . `` 17 Unusual Oscar Records -- Longest Film ( Running Time ) to Win an Award : 431 Minutes '' . Time . Retrieved March 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Haskell , Molly ( 2010 ) . Frankly , My Dear : Gone With the Wind Revisited . Icons of America . Yale University Press . pp. 213 -- 214 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 16437 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Lupack , Barbara Tepa ( 2002 ) . Literary Adaptations in Black American Cinema : From Oscar Micheaux to Toni Morrison . University of Rochester Press . pp. 209 -- 211 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58046 - 103 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Reynolds , David ( 2009 ) . America , Empire of Liberty : A New History . Penguin UK . pp. 241 -- 242 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 190856 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Young , John ( February 5 , 2010 ) . `` ' Avatar ' vs. ' Gone With the Wind '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` About the 1940 Census '' . Official 1940 Census Website . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` London Movie Doings '' . The New York Times . June 25 , 1944 . X3 . ^ Jump up to : Finler , Joel Waldo ( 2003 ) . The Hollywood Story . Wallflower Press . pp. 47 , 356 -- 363 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 903364 - 66 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Show Business : Record Wind '' . Time . February 19 , 1940 . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2010 . Retrieved January 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stokes , Melvyn ( 2008 ) . D.W. Griffith 's the Birth of a Nation : A History of the Most Controversial Motion Picture of All Time . Oxford University Press . pp. 119 & 287 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 533678 - 8 . Jump up ^ Grieveson , Lee ( 2004 ) . Policing Cinema : Movies and Censorship in Early - Twentieth - Century America . University of California Press . p. 308 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 23966 - 1 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Bob ( August 1 , 1963 ) . `` Movie Finances Are No Longer Hidden From Scrutiny '' . The Robesonian . Associated Press . p. 10 . Jump up ^ Berkowitz , Edward D. ( 2010 ) . Mass Appeal : The Formative Age of the Movies , Radio , and TV . Cambridge Essential Histories . Cambridge University Press . p. 160 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 88908 - 7 . Jump up ^ Hall , Sheldon ; Neale , Stephen ( 2010 ) . Epics , spectacles , and blockbusters : a Hollywood history . Wayne State University Press . pp. 181 -- 182 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8143 - 3008 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Thomas , Bob ( May 6 , 1971 ) . `` Reissues playing big role in movie marketing today '' . The Register - Guard . Associated Press . p. 9E . Jump up ^ Kay , Eddie Dorman ( 1990 ) . Box office champs : the most popular movies of the last 50 years . Random House Value Publishing . p. 92 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 517 - 69212 - 7 . Jump up ^ Akhmatova , Anna ( 1973 ) . `` Gone With the Wind '' . The Atlantic Monthly . 231 . p. 2 . As of the end of 1971 , GWTW stood as the all - time money - drawing movie , with a take of $116 million , and , with this year 's reissues , it should continue to run ahead of the second place contender and all - time kaffee - mit - schlag spectacle . Jump up ^ `` Domestic Grosses -- Adjusted for Ticket Price Inflation '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gone with the Wind tops film list '' . BBC News . November 28 , 2004 . Retrieved June 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Ultimate Film Chart '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved August 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Top 250 tous les temps en France ( Reprises incluses ) '' . JP 's Box - Office . Retrieved December 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gone with the Wind '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services . Retrieved February 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Highest box office film gross -- inflation adjusted '' . Guinness World Records . 2014 . Retrieved February 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Corso , Regina A. ( February 21 , 2008 ) . `` Frankly My Dear , The Force is With Them as Gone With the Wind and Star Wars are the Top Two All Time Favorite Movies '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Harris Interactive . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on June 14 , 2013 . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shannon - Missal , Larry ( December 17 , 2014 ) . `` Gone but Not Forgotten : Gone with the Wind is Still America 's Favorite Movie '' ( Press release ) . Harris Interactive . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2014 . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... The Complete Lists '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved February 27 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Schlesinger , Arthur ( March 1973 ) . `` Time , alas , has treated Gone With the Wind cruelly '' . The Atlantic Monthly . 231 ( 3 ) . p. 64 . Retrieved February 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Schickel , Richard ( March 1973 ) . `` Glossy , Sentimental , Chuckle - headed '' . The Atlantic Monthly . 231 ( 3 ) . p. 71 . Retrieved February 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kauffman , Stanley ( March 1973 ) . `` The Romantic Is Still Popular '' . The Atlantic Monthly . 231 ( 3 ) . p. 61 . Retrieved February 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sarris , Andrew ( March 1973 ) . `` This moviest of All Movies '' . The Atlantic Monthly . 231 ( 3 ) . p. 58 . Retrieved February 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Crist , Judith ( March 1973 ) . `` Glorious Excesses '' . The Atlantic Monthly . 231 ( 3 ) . p. 67 . Retrieved February 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Votes for Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) '' . British Film Institute . 2012 . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ BBC Culture ( July 20 , 2015 ) . `` The 100 greatest American films '' . BBC . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies '' . American Film Institute . June 1998 . Retrieved February 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) '' . American Film Institute . June 20 , 2007 . Retrieved February 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 80 Best - Directed Films '' . Directors Guild of America . Spring 2016 . Retrieved May 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood 's 100 Favorite Films '' . The Hollywood Reporter . June 25 , 2014 . Retrieved July 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` National Film Preservation Board : Film Registry -- Complete National Film Registry Listing '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` National Film Preservation Board : Film Registry -- Nominate '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Vera , Hernán ; Gordon , Andrew Mark ( 2003 ) . Screen Saviors : Hollywood Fictions of Whiteness . Rowman & Littlefield . p. viii & 102 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8476 - 9947 - 6 . Jump up ^ Silk , Catherine ; Silk , Johnk ( 1990 ) . Racism and Anti-Racism in American Popular Culture : Portrayals of African - Americans in Fiction and Film . Manchester University Press . p. 141 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7190 - 3070 - 3 . Jump up ^ Dickey , Jennifer W. ( 2014 ) . A Tough Little Patch of History : Gone with the Wind and the politics of memory . University of Arkansas Press . p. 66 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55728 - 657 - 4 . Jump up ^ Ruiz , W. Bryan Rommel ( 2010 ) . American History Goes to the Movies : Hollywood and the American Experience . Taylor & Francis . p. 61 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 203 - 83373 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Smyth , J.E. ( 2006 ) . Reconstructing American Historical Cinema : From Cimarron to Citizen Kane . University Press of Kentucky . p. 164 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 7147 - 0 . Jump up ^ Savitsky , Sasha ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Gone With the Wind ' screenings pulled from Memphis theater for racially ' insensitive ' content '' . Fox News . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Guardian staff and agencies ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` Theatre in Memphis pulls ' racially insensitive ' Gone With the Wind '' . The Guardian . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ White , John ; Haenni , Sabine , eds. ( 2009 ) . Fifty Key American Films . Routledge Key Guides . Routledge . p. 59 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 203 - 89113 - 1 . Jump up ^ Hickok , Eugene W. , Jr. ( 1991 ) . The Bill of Rights : Original Meaning and Current Understanding . University of Virginia Press . p. 103 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8139 - 1336 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Paludi , Michele A. ( 2012 ) . The Psychology of Love . Women 's Psychology . 2 . ABC - CLIO . p. xxvi . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 39315 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Allison , Julie A. ; Wrightsman , Lawrence S. ( 1993 ) . Rape : The Misunderstood Crime ( 2 ed . ) . Sage Publications . p. 90 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8039 - 3707 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Pagelow , Mildred Daley ; Pagelow , Lloyd W. ( 1984 ) . Family Violence . Praeger special studies . ABC - CLIO . p. 420 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 91623 - 7 . Jump up ^ Frus , Phyllis ( 2001 ) . `` Documenting Domestic Violence in American Films '' . In Slocum , J. David . Violence in American Cinema . Afi Film Readers . Routledge . p. 231 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 92810 - 6 . Jump up ^ Nugent , Frank S. ( July 1 , 1939 ) . `` Second Fiddle ( 1939 ) The Screen ; ' Second Fiddle , ' With Tyrone Power and Sonja Heine , Opens at the Roxy -- Reports on New Foreign Films '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gómez - Galisteo , M. Carmen ( 2011 ) . The Wind Is Never Gone : Sequels , Parodies and Rewritings of Gone with the Wind . McFarland & Company . p. 173 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 5927 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` The Scarlett O'Hara War ( 1980 ) '' . Allmovie . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved March 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Spencer , Charles ( October 8 , 2007 ) . `` Moonlight and Magnolias : Comedy captures the birth of a movie classic '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved January 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Thames , Stephanie . `` The Making Of A Legend : Gone With The Wind ( 1988 ) -- Articles '' . TCM database . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved March 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McAllister , Bill ( March 5 , 1990 ) . `` Postal Service Goes Hollywood , Puts Legendary Stars on Stamp '' . The Daily Gazette . p . B9 . Jump up ^ `` Scarlett ( 1994 ) '' . Allmovie . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved March 3 , 2013 . Further reading Bridges , Herb ( 1999 ) . Gone with the Wind : The Three - Day Premiere in Atlanta . Mercer University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86554 - 672 - 1 . Cameron , Judy ; Christman , Paul J ( 1989 ) . The Art of Gone with the Wind : The Making of a Legend . Prentice Hall . ISBN 978 - 0 - 13 - 046740 - 9 . Harmetz , Aljean ( 1996 ) . On the Road to Tara : The Making of Gone with the Wind . New York : Harry N. Abrams . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8109 - 3684 - 3 . Lambert , Gavin ( 1973 ) . GWTW : The Making of Gone With the Wind . New York : Little , Brown and Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 51284 - 8 . Vertrees , Alan David ( 1997 ) . Selznick 's Vision : Gone with the Wind and Hollywood Filmmaking . University of Texas Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 292 - 78729 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gone with the Wind ( film ) . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Gone with the Wind ( film ) Gone with the Wind on IMDb Gone with the Wind at the TCM Movie Database Gone with the Wind at the TCM Mediaroom Gone with the Wind at Rotten Tomatoes William Hartsfield and Russell Bellman premiere films at the Atlanta History Center . Producing Gone with the Wind web exhibition at the Harry Ransom Center Gone with the Wind article series at The Atlantic Gone with the Wind by Margaret Mitchell Characters Scarlett O'Hara Rhett Butler Ashley Wilkes Melanie Hamilton India Wilkes Adaptations Gone with the Wind ( film ) Scarlett ( musical ) Autant en emporte le vent Gone with the Wind ( musical ) Related works The Making of a Legend : Gone with the Wind Scarlett ( novel ) Scarlett ( miniseries ) The Wind Done Gone Rhett Butler 's People The Scarlett O'Hara War `` Went with the Wind ! '' Related `` Frankly , my dear , I do n't give a damn '' Tara plantation Twelve Oaks Margaret Mitchell House and Museum Suntrust Bank v. Houghton Mifflin Co . Filmography of David O. Selznick Roulette ( 1924 ) Forgotten Faces ( 1928 ) Chinatown Nights ( 1929 ) Betrayal ( 1929 ) The Man I Love ( 1929 ) The Four Feathers ( 1929 ) Street of Chance ( 1930 ) What Price Hollywood ? ( 1932 ) A Bill of Divorcement ( 1932 ) Rockabye ( 1932 ) The Animal Kingdom ( 1932 ) Topaze ( 1933 ) Our Betters ( 1933 ) Christopher Strong ( 1933 ) Dinner at Eight ( 1933 ) Night Flight ( 1933 ) Meet the Baron ( 1933 ) Dancing Lady ( 1933 ) Viva Villa ! ( 1934 ) Manhattan Melodrama ( 1934 ) David Copperfield ( 1935 ) Vanessa : Her Love Story ( 1935 ) Reckless ( 1935 ) Anna Karenina ( 1935 ) A Tale of Two Cities ( 1935 ) Little Lord Fauntleroy ( 1936 ) The Garden of Allah ( 1936 ) A Star Is Born ( 1937 ) The Prisoner of Zenda ( 1937 ) Nothing Sacred ( 1937 ) The Adventures of Tom Sawyer ( 1938 ) The Young in Heart ( 1938 ) Made for Each Other ( 1939 ) Intermezzo : A Love Story ( 1939 ) Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) Rebecca ( 1940 ) Reward Unlimited ( 1944 , short ) Since You Went Away ( 1944 ) I 'll Be Seeing You ( 1945 ) Spellbound ( 1945 ) Duel in the Sun ( 1946 ) The Paradine Case ( 1948 ) Portrait of Jennie ( 1948 ) The Third Man ( 1949 ) Gone to Earth ( 1950 ) Stazione Termini ( 1954 ) Light 's Diamond Jubilee ( 1954 , TV ) A Farewell to Arms ( 1957 ) Films directed by Victor Fleming When the Clouds Roll by ( 1919 ) The Mollycoddle ( 1920 ) Mama 's Affair ( 1921 ) Woman 's Place ( 1921 ) The Lane That Had No Turning ( 1922 ) Red Hot Romance ( 1922 ) Anna Ascends ( 1922 ) Dark Secrets ( 1923 ) Law of the Lawless ( 1923 ) To the Last Man ( 1923 ) The Call of the Canyon ( 1923 ) Code of the Sea ( 1924 ) Empty Hands ( 1924 ) The Devil 's Cargo ( 1925 ) Adventure ( 1925 ) A Son of His Father ( 1925 ) Lord Jim ( 1925 ) The Blind Goddess ( 1926 ) Mantrap ( 1926 ) The Way of All Flesh ( 1927 ) Hula ( 1927 ) The Rough Riders ( 1927 ) Abie 's Irish Rose ( 1928 ) The Awakening ( 1928 ) Wolf Song ( 1929 ) The Virginian ( 1929 ) Common Clay ( 1930 ) Renegades ( 1930 ) Around the World in 80 Minutes with Douglas Fairbanks ( 1931 ) Red Dust ( 1932 ) The Wet Parade ( 1932 ) Treasure Island ( 1934 ) Reckless ( 1935 ) The Farmer Takes a Wife ( 1935 ) Captains Courageous ( 1937 ) Test Pilot ( 1938 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ( 1941 ) Tortilla Flat ( 1942 ) A Guy Named Joe ( 1943 ) Adventure ( 1945 ) Joan of Arc ( 1948 ) Academy Award for Best Picture 1927 / 28 -- 1950 Wings ( 1927 / 28 ) The Broadway Melody ( 1928 / 29 ) All Quiet on the Western Front ( 1929 / 30 ) Cimarron ( 1930 / 31 ) Grand Hotel ( 1931 / 32 ) Cavalcade ( 1932 / 33 ) It Happened One Night ( 1934 ) Mutiny on the Bounty ( 1935 ) The Great Ziegfeld ( 1936 ) The Life of Emile Zola ( 1937 ) You Ca n't Take It with You ( 1938 ) Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) Rebecca ( 1940 ) How Green Was My Valley ( 1941 ) Mrs. Miniver ( 1942 ) Casablanca ( 1943 ) Going My Way ( 1944 ) The Lost Weekend ( 1945 ) The Best Years of Our Lives ( 1946 ) Gentleman 's Agreement ( 1947 ) Hamlet ( 1948 ) All the King 's Men ( 1949 ) All About Eve ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1975 An American in Paris ( 1951 ) The Greatest Show on Earth ( 1952 ) From Here to Eternity ( 1953 ) On the Waterfront ( 1954 ) Marty ( 1955 ) Around the World in 80 Days ( 1956 ) The Bridge on the River Kwai ( 1957 ) Gigi ( 1958 ) Ben - Hur ( 1959 ) The Apartment ( 1960 ) West Side Story ( 1961 ) Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) Tom Jones ( 1963 ) My Fair Lady ( 1964 ) The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) A Man for All Seasons ( 1966 ) In the Heat of the Night ( 1967 ) Oliver ! ( 1968 ) Midnight Cowboy ( 1969 ) Patton ( 1970 ) The French Connection ( 1971 ) The Godfather ( 1972 ) The Sting ( 1973 ) The Godfather Part II ( 1974 ) One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 Rocky ( 1976 ) Annie Hall ( 1977 ) The Deer Hunter ( 1978 ) Kramer vs. Kramer ( 1979 ) Ordinary People ( 1980 ) Chariots of Fire ( 1981 ) Gandhi ( 1982 ) Terms of Endearment ( 1983 ) Amadeus ( 1984 ) Out of Africa ( 1985 ) Platoon ( 1986 ) The Last Emperor ( 1987 ) Rain Man ( 1988 ) Driving Miss Daisy ( 1989 ) Dances with Wolves ( 1990 ) The Silence of the Lambs ( 1991 ) Unforgiven ( 1992 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Braveheart ( 1995 ) The English Patient ( 1996 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) American Beauty ( 1999 ) Gladiator ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present A Beautiful Mind ( 2001 ) Chicago ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Million Dollar Baby ( 2004 ) Crash ( 2005 ) The Departed ( 2006 ) No Country for Old Men ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) The Hurt Locker ( 2009 ) The King 's Speech ( 2010 ) The Artist ( 2011 ) Argo ( 2012 ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2013 ) Birdman or : ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) ( 2014 ) Spotlight ( 2015 ) Moonlight ( 2016 ) The Shape of Water ( 2017 ) BNE : XX3849848 BNF : cb121139094 ( data ) GND : 4157913 - 6 LCCN : n79066095 SUDOC : 029532302 VIAF : 316751645 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gone_with_the_Wind_(film)&oldid=850467743 '' Categories : 1939 films English - language films Works based on Gone with the Wind 1930s historical films 1930s romance films 1930s romantic drama films American films American Civil War films American epic films Epic films based on actual events American romantic drama films Best Picture Academy Award winners Culture of Atlanta Films scored by Max Steiner Films about American slavery Films about revenge Films based on American novels Films directed by Victor Fleming Films featuring a Best Actress Academy Award - winning performance Films featuring a Best Supporting Actress Academy Award - winning performance Films produced by David O. Selznick Films set in Georgia ( U.S. state ) Films set in Atlanta Films set in London Films set in the 1860s Films set in the 19th century Films shot in California Films whose art director won the Best Art Direction Academy Award Films whose cinematographer won the Best Cinematography Academy Award Films whose director won the Best Directing Academy Award Films whose editor won the Best Film Editing Academy Award Films whose writer won the Best Adapted Screenplay Academy Award History of the United States ( 1918 -- 45 ) Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer films Rape in film Romantic epic films Selznick International Pictures films United States National Film Registry films Historical romance films Films about the Ku Klux Klan Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from February 2015 Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Good articles Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Aragonés Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 51 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 July 2018 , at 02 : 06 ( UTC ) . 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2 live crew it's all about the u

Luther Campbell

luther campbell

`` Luke Skyywalker '' redirects here . For the Star Wars character , see Luke Skywalker . This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( April 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Luther Campbell Campbell in 2017 Background information Birth name Luther Roderick Campbell Also known as Luke Skyywalker , Solo Luke , Uncle Luke , Luke ( 1960 - 12 - 22 ) December 22 , 1960 ( age 57 ) Miami , Florida , U.S. Genres Hip hop , Miami bass Occupation ( s ) Vocalist , concert promoter , actor Instruments Vocals Rapping Years active 1981 -- 2010 , 2017 - present ( as rapper ) Labels Luke Records Atlantic Records Loud Records Island Records Koch Records Virgin Records Associated acts 2 Live Crew , Fresh Kid Ice , Mr. Mixx , Brother Marquis , Verb , Professor Griff , Mike Fresh , DJ Slice , DJ Spin Felix Sama , DJ Laz Luther Roderick Campbell ( born December 22 , 1960 ) , also known as Luke Skyywalker , Uncle Luke and simply Luke , is an American rap performer , promoter , record executive , and actor . He is best known for being the former leader of rap group 2 Live Crew , and star of his own short - lived show on VH1 , Luke 's Parental Advisory . As a result of one of the group 's songs , which used a parody of Roy Orbison 's `` Oh , Pretty Woman '' , Campbell was party to Campbell v. Acuff - Rose Music , Inc. , which was argued in front of the U.S. Supreme Court . As a result , the Miami New Times described Campbell as `` the man whose booty - shaking madness once made the U.S. Supreme Court stand up for free speech '' . Contents 1 Career 1.1 Association with University of Miami Hurricanes 1.2 Other ventures 2 Personal life 3 Discography 3.1 Studio albums 3.2 Compilation albums 3.3 Singles 4 References 5 External links Career ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2018 ) Luke 's most recent album , My Life & Freaky Times , was released in March 2006 . The first singles serviced to radio were `` Holla at Cha Homeboy '' , featuring Pitbull & Petey Pablo , and the reggaeton - leaning `` Pop That '' by Plan B and Rey Chester Secretweapon . Luther Campbell and his label , Luke Records , Inc. went bankrupt in 1995 and sold their catalogs to Joseph Weinberger and Lil ' Joe Records , Inc. in 1996 . Association with University of Miami Hurricanes ( edit ) Campbell was also infamous in the late 1980s -- early 1990s for his association with the University of Miami Hurricanes football team . Campbell was alleged to have been behind what was referred to as a `` pay - for - play '' system , which involved cash rewards for acts such as scoring touchdowns and big hits , although Campbell has never actually donated to the University of Miami or its athletics department . In 1993 , he also threatened to go public with various violations by University of Miami 's athletic department , specifically their football program , if Ryan Collins , a black player , was n't named their starting quarterback for that season . Campbell was interviewed about his involvement with the Miami Hurricanes for the documentary The U , which premiered December 12 , 2009 as part of ESPN 's 30 for 30 series . Other ventures ( edit ) In 1994 , Campbell co-founded Liberty City Optimists , an inner city youth sports program . One of his notable apprentices is Devonta Freeman , who went on to play college football for Florida State Seminoles , rival of the Hurricanes . Campbell appear in Grand Theft Auto : Vice City Stories as DJ Luke for the hip - hop station Fresh 105 FM . Campbell hosts a sports talk show on Miami 's 790 The Ticket with former football player Terry Kirby on Saturdays . Luke has previously entered the adult film industry and cites on his MySpace page the need to clean up the `` sometimes amateurish new courtship of Hip - Hop and Adult Entertainment '' . He produced the Adult Entertainment movie Luke 's Bachelor Party in 2007 . In December 2007 , Campbell launched The Luke Entertainment Group and took the company public trading under the symbol LKEN on Pink Sheets . As of September 3 , 2008 , its current price is $0.01 per share . With this launching of Luke Entertainment Campbell had bought an oil company with the stock trading symbol of FPPL . Luther Campbell was also a legendary DJ member of The Ghetto Style DJ 's . Personal Life ( edit ) Luther Campbell is of Jamaican and Bahamian ancestry and has three older brothers . He has six children from five previous relationships . On July 19 , 2008 , he married law school graduate Kristin Thompson in Dallas , Texas . She is the mother of his seventh child . Luther was brought up in Liberty City , Miami . On February 18 , 2009 , Campbell was arrested for falling behind on child support payments . He became a columnist for the Miami New Times in February 2010 . His column , Luke 's Gospel , provides `` a forum for his crazy - ass views on current events , '' which include politics , sports and entertainment . He is quoted on the web site as saying : `` It 's the perfect place for me . I am a free - speech guy . It 's just a match made in Heaven . Can you believe it ? Me turned loose on the world in New Times . Wow . '' On February 2 , 2011 , Campbell announced his intention to run for mayor of Miami - Dade County on a platform that includes making housing projects safer , transparency in local government , and taxing strippers . He came in fourth in a field of 11 candidates , winning 11 % of the vote . Campbell is a registered Democrat . In 2014 , Campbell tweeted that he would be defensive coordinator for Miami Norland Senior High School in 2014 . Discography ( edit ) Studio albums ( edit ) Year Album Chart Positions US US Hip - Hop The Luke LP 21 10 I Got Shit on My Mind 52 20 In the Nude 54 8 Freak for Life 174 24 Uncle Luke 51 8 Changin ' the Game -- 49 Somethin ' Nasty 149 36 2006 My Life & Freaky Times -- 35 `` -- '' denotes the album failed to chart or not released Compilation albums ( edit ) 1996 : Greatest Hits 2000 : Luke 's Freak Fest 2000 2002 : Scandalous : The All Star Compilation Singles ( edit ) This section is empty . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2018 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Luther Campbell ( January 11 , 2011 ) . `` Column , `` Luke for Miami Mayor ! '' January 11 , 2011 `` . Retrieved November 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Clark , Carlos ( February 1 , 2006 ) . `` 2 Live Crew Member Tells All '' . CMJ . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2006 . Retrieved March 12 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Bounties Reported at Miami '' . May 21 , 1994 . Retrieved November 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rapper 's Threats on Behalf of Collins Trouble Qb 's Dad '' . Sun Sentinel . Retrieved November 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Devonta Freeman has unlikely , but inspiring mentor '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Luther Canpbell , Myspace . Jump up ^ `` LUKE ENTERTAINMENT ( LKEN.PK ) '' . Yahoo ! Finance . Retrieved November 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jamaican Ancestry Jump up ^ About Luther : Luther R. Campbell Jump up ^ Castillo , Arielle ( February 20 , 2009 ) . `` Luther Campbell Speaks on Going to Jail '' . Miami New Times . Retrieved September 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ S. Pajot ( November 25 , 2014 ) . `` Miami New Times website '' . Retrieved November 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` List of Campbell 's columns on the Miami New Times website '' . Retrieved November 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Luther Campbell ( February 23 , 2010 ) . `` '' Fire Heat coach Erik Spoelstra , '' February 25 , 2010 `` . Retrieved November 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Official : Luther Campbell To Run For Mayor `` CBS Miami '' . Retrieved November 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dade -- Election Results '' . Retrieved November 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Luther Rodrick Campbell Voting Record '' Archived April 14 , 2013 , at Archive.is , FindTheData . External links ( edit ) Uncle Luke 's Gospel -- His Personal Blog Luther Campbell on IMDb Luther Campbell Interview Luke Entertainment Group Appearances on C - SPAN Luther Campbell Studio albums The Luke ( 1990 ) I Got Shit on My Mind ( 1992 ) In the Nude ( 1993 ) Freak for Life ( 1994 ) Uncle Luke ( 1996 ) Changin ' the Game ( 1997 ) Somethin ' Nasty ( 2001 ) My Life & Freaky Times ( 2006 ) Compilation albums Greatest Hits ( 1996 ) Luke 's Freak Fest 2000 ( 2000 ) Scandalous : The All Star Compilation ( 2002 ) Portal : Biography Portal : Hip hop 2 Live Crew Luke Fresh Kid Ice Mr. Mixx Amazing V . Brother Marquis Verb Studio albums The 2 Live Crew Is What We Are Move Somethin ' As Nasty As They Wanna Be Banned in the U.S.A. Sports Weekend : As Nasty as They Wanna Be , Pt. 2 Back at Your Ass for the Nine - 4 Shake a Lil ' Somethin ' The Real One Live albums Live in Concert Singles `` Me So Horny '' `` Banned in the U.S.A. '' `` Do the Bart '' `` Pop That Coochie '' Related articles Discography Campbell v. Acuff - Rose Music , Inc . WorldCat Identities BNF : cb13948177r ( data ) ISNI : 0000 0000 8384 9480 LCCN : n91113778 MusicBrainz : fc45001c - 17e0 - 47bf - 8d9b - 00a16d402742 SNAC : w6v22dwn VIAF : 56801626 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luther_Campbell&oldid=861714002 '' Categories : 1960 births American people of Bahamian descent American people of Jamaican descent American rappers of Jamaican descent Florida Democrats Hip hop record producers Living people Miami Hurricanes football People from Pembroke Pines , Florida Rappers from Miami Southern hip hop musicians Hidden categories : Webarchive template archiveis links Use mdy dates from May 2017 BLP articles lacking sources from April 2009 All BLP articles lacking sources Articles with hCards Articles to be expanded from July 2018 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2018 Articles with empty sections from July 2018 All articles with empty sections Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 29 September 2018 , at 13 : 20 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luther%20Campbell

do i need a visa to go to taiwan from us

In addition , holders of emergency or temporary passports with validity of more than 6 months issued by visa - exempt countries are eligible for visa on arrival for a fee . The duration of stay is 30 days regardless of nationality and can not be extended . This measure does not apply to holders of emergency or temporary passports issued by Japan or the United States as they are visa exempt .

Visa policy of Taiwan

visa policy of taiwan

Visitors to Taiwan must obtain a visa or authorization in advance , unless they come from one of the visa exempt countries or countries whose nationals are eligible for visa on arrival . All visitors must hold a passport valid for 6 months ( except the citizens of Japan and the United States who are only required to hold a passport valid for the entire duration of stay ) .

Taiwan has special entry requirements to current or former nationals of China who reside or previously resided in Mainland China . Contents ( hide ) 1 Right of abode 2 Visa policy map 3 Visa exemption 4 Visa on arrival 5 Permanent residents of Hong Kong and Macau 6 eVisa 7 APEC Business Travel Card 8 Online Travel Authorization Certificate 9 Nationals of the People 's Republic of China who are Mainland residents 9.1 Restrictions for former nationals of People 's Republic of China who were Mainland residents 10 Working Holiday Visa 11 Statistics 12 See also 13 References 14 External links Right of abode ( edit ) See also : National without household registration Although the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) has only one type of nationality , not all ROC nationals have the right of abode in Taiwan . Under the Immigration Act , only those with household registration in Taiwan ( nationals with household registration , or NWHRs ) have the right of abode in Taiwan and can enter Taiwan without prior authorization . Holding one of the documents listed below is sufficient to demonstrate such status : A Taiwan passport with the individual 's National Identification Card number on biodata page ; Valid National Identification Card , household registration certificate , or household registration certificate transcript accompanied by a valid Taiwan passport . ROC nationals without household registration in Taiwan ( NWOHRs ) are ineligible to receive a National Identification Card . To enter Taiwan , one must , in addition to a Taiwan passport , hold one of the following documents : A valid or expired entry permit affixed on the passport ; or , A Taiwanese Resident Certificate . NWOHRs holding documentations listed below can obtain an entry permit on arrival : An added signing on the passport stating one 's overseas Chinese status , or a letter stating such status ; or A long - term residence ( type F - 2 ) or permanent residence ( type F - 5 ) Certificate of Alien Registration issued by South Korea . Alternatively , they may enter Taiwan with their non-ROC passports without prior authorization if also having nationalities of a visa exempt country . NWOHRs are subject to immigration control while in Taiwan , and can only remain in Taiwan for a limited time authorized by the entry permit or the immigration officer . Those without any of the above - listed documents will be denied entry to Taiwan . Visa policy map ( edit ) Visa policy of Taiwan Visa exemption ( edit ) Holders of passports of the following 63 jurisdictions do not require a visa to visit Taiwan for less than 90 days unless otherwise noted ( duration of stay starts from the next day of arrival ) . Extensions are not possible except for citizens of Canada and the United Kingdom , who may apply to extend the stay from 90 days to 180 days in accordance with the principle of reciprocity . Taiwan grants visa - free access to holders of passports of all 18 states which recognize the Republic of China as the sole legitimate government of China , with the exception of Swaziland , as well as four countries in Oceania which are scheduled to receive this privilege in the near future : Kiribati , Marshall Islands , Palau and Solomon Islands . The visa exemption does not apply for holders of emergency or temporary passports , except for citizens of Japan and the United States . Other visa exempt nationals holding such passports , however , would still be able to apply for a visa on arrival . All European Union citizens Andorra Australia Belize Brunei Canada Chile Dominican Republic El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Holy See Honduras Iceland Israel Japan Liechtenstein Malaysia Macedonia Monaco Nauru New Zealand Nicaragua Norway Paraguay Philippines Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines San Marino Singapore South Korea Thailand Tuvalu Switzerland United States Stateless permanent residents of Brunei holding the Bruneian International Certificate of Identity ( ICI ) with a validity of at least 6 months are also exempt from visa requirement until 31 July 2018 . The duration of stay is 30 days . In addition , holders of diplomatic or official / service passports of Belize , Burkina Faso , Dominican Republic , El Salvador , Guatemala , Honduras , Nauru , Nicaragua , Panama , Paraguay , Saint Kitts and Nevis , Saint Lucia , Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and Swaziland do not require a visa for up to 90 days . show Date of visa changes This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Visa free 1 January 1994 : Australia , Austria , Belgium , Canada , France , Germany , Japan , Luxembourg , Netherlands , New Zealand , United Kingdom and United States 1 May 1995 : Portugal , Spain and Sweden 1 January 1998 : Italy 1 May 1998 : Greece 1 January 2001 : Switzerland 1 May 2001 : Singapore 1 January 2002 : Norway 1 October 2002 : Finland and Liechtenstein 1 November 2002 : Malaysia 25 January 2003 : South Korea 1 April 2003 : Denmark , Ireland , Iceland , Malta and Monaco 1 September 2007 : Czech Republic 1 October 2008 : Poland and Slovakia 1 November 2008 : Hungary 21 November 2008 : Lithuania 1 December 2008 : Estonia 7 January 2009 : Latvia 15 February 2009 : Slovenia 28 September 2009 : Holy See 11 November 2010 : Bulgaria , Cyprus and Romania 11 August 2011 : Israel 10 September 2012 : Croatia 1 June 2014 : Andorra and San Marino 1 January 2016 : Chile 1 August 2016 : Brunei ( resumed ) and Thailand 1 December 2016 : Brunei Certificate of Identity 12 July 2017 : Belize , Dominican Republic , El Salvador , Guatemala , Haiti , Honduras , Nicaragua , Paraguay , Saint Vincent , Saint Kitts and Nevis and Saint Lucia 1 November 2017 : Philippines 21 May 2018 : Macedonia 1 June 2018 : Nauru , Tuvalu Cancelled 1 December 2005 : Brunei ( was resumed in 2016 ) March 2010 : Costa Rica Visa on arrival unknown : Turkey ; Hong Kong , Macau eVisa 12 January 2016 : Belize , Brunei , Burkina Faso , Colombia , Dominican Republic , Ecuador , El Salvador , Guatemala , Haiti , Honduras , Kiribati , Macedonia , Marshall Islands , Nauru , Nicaragua , Palau , Panama , Paraguay , Peru , Saint Christopher and Nevis , Saint Lucia , Saint Vincent and the Grenadines , Sao Tome and Principe ( canceled ) , Solomon Islands , Swaziland , Turkey , and Tuvalu 7 October 2016 : Bahrain , Dominica , Kuwait , Montenegro , Oman , Philippines ( visa free from 1 Nov 2017 ) , Qatar , Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates Visa on arrival ( edit ) Nationals of the following countries can obtain a visa on arrival for a fee : Turkey ( 30 days , Free of Charge ) In addition , holders of emergency or temporary passports with validity of more than 6 months issued by visa - exempt countries are eligible for visa on arrival for a fee . The duration of stay is 30 days regardless of nationality and can not be extended . This measure does not apply to holders of emergency or temporary passports issued by Japan or the United States as they are visa exempt . Visa on arrival is only available at Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport . For passengers arriving at Taipei Songshan Airport , Kaohsiung International Airport or Taichung Airport , they would be issued a temporary entry permit and will have to apply for a visa at the Bureau of Consular Affairs office or one of the offices of Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Taiwan at their earliest convenience . Failure to comply may result in a derogatory record . Passengers arriving at ports of entry other than those listed above will be denied entry . Permanent residents of Hong Kong and Macau ( edit ) Permanent residents of Hong Kong and / or Macau , who are either Chinese nationals or British Nationals ( Overseas ) , may be eligible for an Exit & Entry Permit upon arrival for NT $ 300 or may apply for an Entry Permit online at no cost to visit Taiwan for less than 30 days . The requirements are : They were born in Hong Kong or Macau , or have entered Taiwan at least once as a permanent resident of Hong Kong or Macau and holding proofs of previous visits ; They hold one of the following travel documents : Hong Kong Special Administrative Region passport British National ( Overseas ) passport Macao Special Administrative Region passport ; They do not hold passports issued by other nations or have additional nationalities ( including other classes of British nationality ) . If they do , they are required to comply with visa requirements of their additional nationalities , except for Hong Kong residents who are allowed to have dual Chinese nationality and British National ( Overseas ) status ( but not full British citizenship ) . First time applicants not born in Hong Kong or Macau are also able to apply for Exit and Entry Permit online from 8 February 2017 . Unlike those qualified for the no - fee Entry Permit or Entry and Exit Permit on arrival , the applicants are required to pay a processing fee of NT $600 . The processing time is 5 business days . These visitors are required to hold their Hong Kong Permanent Identity Cards or Macau Permanent Resident Identity Cards , as well as their proof of previous visits to Taiwan , when applying for Exit and Entry Permits on arrival or the no - fee Entry Permits for subsequent visits . Since 1 January 2017 , Hong Kong and Macau residents are able to apply for double - entry Entry Permits online , providing that they are entering Taiwan by cruise for at least one portion of their trip . EVisa ( edit ) Since 12 January 2016 , the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of ROC started to implement the eVisa Program . Citizens of the following countries can apply for a single - entry eVisa to visit Taiwan for less than 30 days . The fee for each application is NT $1,632 . On 7 October 2016 , the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of ROC further expanded the list of countries eligible to apply for eVisa . Bahrain Burkina Faso Colombia Dominica Ecuador Kiribati Kuwait Marshall Islands Mauritius Montenegro Oman Palau Panama Peru Qatar Saudi Arabia Solomon Islands Swaziland Turkey United Arab Emirates Nationals of the following countries may apply for a single - entry eVisa for a maximum stay of 30 days if they are travelling with an approved tour group : Cambodia India Indonesia Laos Myanmar Vietnam Also , all foreign nationals except Chinese nationals who are invited by the Taiwanese government to attend international conferences , sports events , trade fairs or other activities organized , co-organized or sponsored by Taiwanese government agencies or certain NGOs are also eligible for an eVisa . Such applicants must obtain an e-code from their host organizations in Taiwan prior to applying for an eVisa . Nationals of the following countries are eligible for business eVisas if they have obtained recommendations from the local Taiwan External Trade Development Council since 1 June 2017 . Bangladesh Bhutan India Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka APEC business Travel Card ( edit ) Holders of passports issued by the following countries who possess an APEC Business Travel Card ( ABTC ) containing the code `` TWN '' on the back of the card can enter Taiwan visa - free for business trips for up to 90 days . ABTCs are issued to nationals of : Australia Brunei Chile Indonesia Japan South Korea Malaysia Mexico New Zealand Papua New Guinea Peru Philippines Russia Singapore Thailand Vietnam ABTCs are also issued to nationals of China and permanent residents of Hong Kong ; however , Chinese nationals residing in Mainland China are subject to entry restrictions and can not use the card to enter Taiwan . Chinese nationals permanently residing in Hong Kong are also ineligible and are required to obtain an Exit and Entry Permit . Online Travel authorization certificate ( edit ) Nationals of the following countries can apply for a no - fee Travel Authorization Certificate online for multiple visits to Taiwan , for a duration of no more than 30 days each visit during the certificate 's 90 - day validity period , if they have never been employed as a guest worker to Taiwan and have met the additional requirements listed below : Cambodia India Indonesia Laos Myanmar Vietnam They are required to hold a residential or visitor visa ( including Visa Waiver Registration Certificates issued by Japan to Indonesian nationals , and e-Visas ) , or a residential certificate ( including permanent residency ) issued by the following countries . The visa can be either valid or expired , but it must not have expired for more than 10 years prior to the date of arrival in Taiwan . Holders of work permits as well as visas marked `` void '' , `` cancelled '' or `` cancelled without prejudice '' are not eligible . In addition , travelers utilizing the scheme must also hold a return or onward plane or ship ticket and will be required to present it to the immigration officer . Australia Canada Ireland Japan New Zealand Countries of Schengen Area South Korea Taiwan United Kingdom United States Frequent visitors to Taiwan from these countries can also receive multiple entry visas with validity of two to five years . From 1 June 2017 , nationals of these countries who have received a Taiwanese visa ( other than a work visa ) in the last 10 years are eligible for online registration . As all Filipino nationals will be exempt from visa requirements on 1 November 2017 , they will no longer be able to register for the certificate from that day onwards . All certificates will no longer be valid for entry after 31 October 2017 . Passengers entering Taiwan prior to 1 November 2017 are still allowed to stay for up to 30 days , while those entering Taiwan on or after that day can only stay for up to 14 days . Nationals of the People 's Republic of China who are Mainland residents ( edit ) Nationals of the People 's Republic of China with residency ( hukou ) in Mainland China ( including those who are non-permanent residents of Hong Kong or Macau and have relinquished their hukou in Mainland China ) require prior approvals from Taiwanese government and are required to hold an Exit and Entry Permit prior to travelling to Taiwan . As of August 2016 , Mainland residents can only visit Taiwan as a part of a pre-approved tour group unless they qualify for one of the exemptions : They have hukou in one of the 47 cities that are designated by the Taiwanese and Chinese authorities as eligible for individual tours ; They reside outside Mainland China and hold temporary or permanent residence status in Hong Kong , Macau or a third country ( prior approval from the Chinese authorities is not required when departing from a place other than Mainland China ) ; or , They only visit Quemoy , Matsu and Penghu Islands ( in which case a 15 - day Exit and Entry Permit Permit can be obtained on arrival provided holding certain travel documents ) and will not proceed to other parts of Taiwan . As of May 2016 , Mainland resident visitors applying from Mainland China are subject to a daily quota imposed by Taiwan of 14,600 persons per day , with half of the quota available to individual tour applicants . Those who applied from Hong Kong , Macau or a third country are not subject to a quota . It was reported that the Chinese authorities also has an unofficial `` soft cap '' on the numbers of individual and group tourists , ranging from 40 % to 50 % of the Taiwanese quota . All PRC nationals who are residents of Mainland China can not travel to Taiwan on their passports when departing from Mainland China and must hold a Travel Permit to and from Taiwan ( 往來 台灣 通行證 ) , colloquially known as Mainland Resident Travel Permit ( 大通 證 ) , issued by the Chinese authorities . The current card - type version of the permit is similar to the design of the Two - way permit while older version is a pink , passport - like travel document . Permits must have the appropriate valid exit endorsements ( similar to exit visas ) on them for the holder to depart from Mainland China . Although travelling with the Mainland Resident Travel Permit is not mandatory when departing from Hong Kong , Macau or a third country , the Exit and Entry Permit itself is not a travel document but a de facto entry visa , and is usually tied to the document number of Mainland Resident Travel Permit or the Chinese passport , hence the travelers are still required to carry the travel document they used to apply for the Exit and Entry Permit when travelling to Taiwan . Since January 2016 , Mainland residents are no longer required to hold a Mainland Resident Travel Permit if they depart from airports in Chongqing , Kunming or Nanchang and are only in transit through Taiwan to a third country . Otherwise , the Mainland Resident Travel Permit with exit endorsement is also required for transit through Taiwan if departing from Mainland China , but the Exit and Entry Permit is not required if the passengers do not pass immigration control in Taiwan and only remain airside . From 28 March 2017 , Mainland Chinese residents are able to apply for the Exit and Entry Permit online if they are residing in a third country . Restrictions for former nationals of People 's Republic of China who were Mainland residents ( edit ) Although the aforementioned restrictions do not apply to former nationals of People 's Republic of China with Mainland residency , they also face entry restrictions and are required to apply for an Exit and Entry Permit unless they meet the following requirements : They have resided outside of PRC for more than 4 years ; They have obtained the nationality of the country in which they reside in ; and They have lost their PRC nationality in pursuant to Article 9 of the Chinese nationality law . If the requirements are met , they may enter Taiwan according to the visa requirements of the nationality they have acquired . However , documentations supporting the change in nationality , such as a naturalization certificate , is required . Working holiday visa ( edit ) Nationals of the following countries are eligible to apply for the Taiwanese working holiday visa ( named as `` Youth Mobility Scheme '' for British and Canadian citizens ) through Taiwanese diplomatic missions of their countries of nationality , if they are ordinary residents in their country of nationality and are within the age limits : Australia Austria Belgium Canada Czech Republic France Germany Hungary Ireland Japan New Zealand Poland Slovakia South Korea United Kingdom Statistics ( edit ) Most visitors arriving to Taiwan on short term basis were from the following countries of residence : show Country / territory 2016 2015 2014 2013 China 3,511,734 4,184,102 3,987,152 2,874,702 Japan 1,895,702 1,627,229 1,634,790 1,421,550 Hong Kong 1,474,521 1,389,529 1,276,039 1,105,223 South Korea 884,397 658,757 527,684 351,301 United States 523,888 479,452 458,691 414,060 Malaysia 474,420 431,481 439,240 394,326 Singapore 407,267 393,037 376,235 364,733 Vietnam 196,636 146,380 137,177 118,467 Thailand 195,640 124,409 104,812 104,138 Indonesia 188,720 177,743 182,704 171,299 Total 10,690,279 10,439,785 9,910,204 8,016,280 Source : Tourism Bureau , Taiwan See also ( edit ) Republic of China portal Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Taiwan . Visa requirements for Taiwanese citizens Taiwan passport Exit & Entry Permit ( Republic of China ) Foreign relations of Taiwan References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Information - Chinese Taipei ( TW ) '' . Tiamtic . IATA . ^ Jump up to : Immigration Reference Guide for Civil Carriers ^ Jump up to : `` Visa - Exempt Entry '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs . Jump up ^ Notice for British Passport Holders Who Entered Taiwan Visa - Free and Are Applying for an Extension of Stay Bureau of Consular Affairs , Ministry of Foreign Affairs Republic of China . Jump up ^ `` Taiwan to give visa waivers to six Pacific allies : president '' . Focus Taiwan . 31 October 2017 . Retrieved 1 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Foreign Relations Yearbook 1997 '' ( in Chinese ) . Ministry of Foreign Affairs , Republic of China ( Taiwan ) . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Foreign Relations Yearbook 1998 '' ( in Chinese ) . Ministry of Foreign Affairs , Republic of China ( Taiwan ) . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 希臘 政府 自 上 ( 八 十 六 ) 年 十 二 月 八 日 起 實施 申根 公約 共同 簽證 措施 '' ( in Chinese ) . Ministry of Foreign Affairs , Republic of China ( Taiwan ) . 27 April 1998 . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 為 促進 我國 與 瑞士 雙邊 實質 關係 , 並 鑒於 瑞士 已 正式 同意 我 一般 國民 於 該 國 過境 轉機 時 , 得 臨時 申請 入境 四十八 小時 從事 觀光 或 商務 活動 , 外交 部 本 ( 廿 七 ) 日 宣布 , 依據 「 外國 護照 簽證 條例 」 之 授權 , 自明 ( 九 十 ) 年 元 月 一 日 起 , 增 列 瑞士 為 入境 我國 十 四 天 免 簽證 '' ( in Chinese ) . Ministry of Foreign Affairs , Republic of China ( Taiwan ) . 27 December 2000 . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 給予 新加坡 國民 免 簽證 入境 及 放寬 南韓 國民 簽證 效 期 '' ( in Chinese ) . Ministry of Foreign Affairs , Republic of China ( Taiwan ) . 24 April 2001 . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 自 九 一 年 一 月 一 日 起 挪威 人士 來 台 觀光 十 四 天 內 免 簽證 '' ( in Chinese ) . Ministry of Foreign Affairs , Republic of China ( Taiwan ) . 17 December 2001 . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 自 十 月 一 日 起 芬蘭 及 列 支 敦 斯 登 來 台 十 四 天 免 簽證 '' ( in Chinese ) . Ministry of Foreign Affairs , Republic of China ( Taiwan ) . 16 September 2002 . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 馬來西亞 國民 自 十 一 月 一 日 起來 台 十 四 天 內 免 簽證 '' ( in Chinese ) . Ministry of Foreign Affairs , Republic of China ( Taiwan ) . 23 October 2002 . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 外交 部 自 本 ( 一 ) 月 廿 五 日 起 給予 韓國 國民 來 華 十 四 天 免 簽證 及 三 十 天 落地 簽證 之 待遇 '' ( in Chinese ) . Ministry of Foreign Affairs , Republic of China ( Taiwan ) . 16 January 2003 . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 四 月 一 日 起 , 汶 萊 、 丹麥 、 愛爾蘭 、 冰島 、 馬爾 他 及 摩納哥 國民 來 台 將 享有 十 四 天 免 簽證 及 三 十 天 落地 簽證 之 待遇 '' ( in Chinese ) . Ministry of Foreign Affairs , Republic of China ( Taiwan ) . 12 March 2003 . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 捷克 國民 自 2007 年 9 月 1 日 起 可 免 簽證 入境 台灣 '' . Taipei Economic and Cultural Office , Prague , Czech Republic ( in Chinese ) . 31 August 2007 . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` 自 97 年 10 月 1 日 起 將 波蘭 及 斯洛伐克 自 適用 落地 簽證 調整 為 免 簽證 國家 ; 同年 11 月 1 日 起 對 匈牙利 作 相同 調整 . '' ( in Chinese ) . Bureau of Consular Affairs , Ministry of Foreign Affairs , Republic of China ( Taiwan ) . 23 September 2008 . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 自 97 年 11 月 21 日 起 增 列 立陶宛 為 適用 免 簽證 入境 之 國家 . '' ( in Chinese ) . Bureau of Consular Affairs , Ministry of Foreign Affairs , Republic of China ( Taiwan ) . 13 November 2008 . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 自 97 年 12 月 1 日 起 增 列 愛沙尼亞 為 適用 免 簽證 入境 之 國家 . '' ( in Chinese ) . Bureau of Consular Affairs , Ministry of Foreign Affairs , Republic of China ( Taiwan ) . 24 November 2008 . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 自 98 年 1 月 7 日 起 增 列 拉脫維亞 ( Latvia ) 為 適用 免 簽證 入境 之 國家 . '' ( in Chinese ) . Bureau of Consular Affairs , Ministry of Foreign Affairs , Republic of China ( Taiwan ) . 5 January 2009 . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 自 本 ( 101 ) 年 9 月 10 日 起 , 克 羅 埃 西亞 適用 免 簽證 入境 國家 . '' ( in Chinese ) . Bureau of Consular Affairs , Ministry of Foreign Affairs , Republic of China ( Taiwan ) . 10 February 2009 . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 我國 將 給予 教廷 及 梵蒂岡 城 國 護照 持 有 者 免 簽證 待遇 '' ( in Chinese ) . Ministry of Foreign Affairs , Republic of China ( Taiwan ) . 28 September 2009 . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Foreign Relations Yearbook 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Foreign Affairs , Republic of China ( Taiwan ) . p. 276 . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ISRAEL , TAIWAN CELEBRATE VISA PACT '' . Jerusalem Post . 11 August 2011 . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 自 本 ( 101 ) 年 9 月 10 日 起 , 克 羅 埃 西亞 適用 免 簽證 入境 國家 '' ( in Chinese ) . National Immigration Agency . 4 September 2012 . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Taiwan grants visa - free treatment for Andorra , San Marino citizens - Politics - FOCUS TAIWAN - CNA ENGLISH NEWS '' . Jump up ^ `` EXENCIÓN DE VISA DE TURISMO '' ( in Spanish ) . Oficina Económica y Cultural de Taipei en Chile . 1 January 2016 . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Citizens of Thailand , Brunei get visa free access to Taiwan '' . Central News Agency . 1 August 2016 . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 12 月 1 日 起 可 停留 30 天 汶 永久 居民 赴 台 免 签证 '' ( in Chinese ) . Jump up ^ `` MOFA announces visa - free treatment for nationals of 10 Latin American and Caribbean allies effective July 12 '' . Ministry of Foreign Affairs , Republic of China ( Taiwan ) . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` MOFA announces reciprocal visa - free treatment between Republic of China ( Taiwan ) and Republic of Paraguay effective July 12 '' . Ministry of Foreign Affairs , Republic of China ( Taiwan ) . 12 July 2017 . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` MOFA announces trial of visa - free treatment for Philippine nationals '' . Ministry of Foreign Affairs , Republic of China ( Taiwan ) . 16 October 2017 . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 外交 部 自 本 ( 107 ) 年 6 月 起 實施 諾 魯 共和國 及 吐 瓦 魯 國 兩 國 國民 來 臺 免 簽證 措施 '' . Ministry of Foreign Affairs , Republic of China ( Taiwan ) . 28 May 2018 . Retrieved 28 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Was applied from 1 April 2003 Jump up ^ `` 外交 部 宣佈 取消 汶 萊 國民 來 台 30 日 免 簽證 待遇 '' ( in cn ) . Ministry of Foreign Affairs , Republic of China ( Taiwan ) . 28 November 2005 . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link ) Jump up ^ Was applied from 1 January 1998 Jump up ^ `` 哥 斯 大 黎 加 對 等 免 簽 ? 外交 部 評估 觀察 '' . Radio Taiwan International . 15 December 2016 . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` MOFA launches eVisa Program January 12 '' . Ministry of Foreign Affairs , Republic of China ( Taiwan ) . 14 January 2016 . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ROC expands eVisa program '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Foreign Affairs , Republic of China ( Taiwan ) . 7 October 2016 . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bureau of Consular Affairs , Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Landing Visas '' . Jump up ^ `` Laws & Regulations Database and The Republic of China '' . Jump up ^ `` 香港 、 澳門 永久 居民 申請 入 出境 證 '' . Bureau of Hong Kong Affairs . 2 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 中央 網 路 報 - 兩岸 交流 '' . Jump up ^ `` Bureau of Consular Affairs , Ministry of Foreign Affairs - MOFA launches eVisa Program January 12 '' . Jump up ^ `` Bureau of Consular Affairs , Ministry of Foreign Affairs - eVisa '' . Jump up ^ `` Taiwan includes nine more countries in e-visa program - Politics - FOCUS TAIWAN - CNA ENGLISH NEWS '' . Jump up ^ General Information on eVisa Application Jump up ^ `` 外交 部 進一步 放寬 東 協 國家 國民 來 臺 簽證 措施 - 外交 部 領事 事務 局 全球 資訊 網 '' . Jump up ^ R.O.C. ( Taiwan ) launches the eVisa Program on Jan. 12 , 2016 ^ Jump up to : `` 外交 部 宣布 針對 「 新 南 向 政策 」 目標 國家 實施 進一步 簽證 放寬 措施 '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs ( in Chinese ) . Jump up ^ `` ABTC Summary - APEC Business Travel Card '' . Jump up ^ `` Bureau of Consular Affairs , Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Online Application for R.O.C. ( Taiwan ) Travel Authorization Certificate ( Applicable to citizens of India , Indonesia , Myanmar , the Philippines , Vietnam , Cambodia and Laos ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Bureau of Consular Affairs , Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Amend Online Application for R.O.C. ( Taiwan ) Travel Authorization Certificate ( Applicable to citizens of India , Indonesia , Myanmar , the Philippines , Vietnam , Cambodia and Laos ) '' . Jump up ^ 中央 通訊社 . `` 行政 院 拍板 簡化 東 協 8 國 訪 台 簽證 - 重點 新聞 - 中央社 即時 新聞 CNA NEWS '' . Jump up ^ `` Visa Services For Philippine and Non-Philippine Passport Holders '' . ^ Jump up to : 办理 台湾 自由 行 需 知 及 台湾 自由 行 个人 注意 事项 Jump up ^ 大陸 地區 人民 來 臺 從事 個人 旅遊 觀光 活動 線上 申請 須知 Jump up ^ 大陸 地區 人民 自 國 外 或 香港 澳門 來 臺 從事 觀光 活動 線上 申請 須知 Jump up ^ 內政 部 入 出國 及 移民 署 ( 16 December 2014 ) . `` 公告 大陸 地區 人民 以 旅行 事 由於 入境 金門 、 馬祖 、 澎湖 時 向 內政 部 入 出國 及 移民 署 申請 發 給 臨時 入境 停留 通知 單 , 其 適用 對象 、 限制 方式 、 人數 及 應 備 文件 , 自 中華 民國 104 年 1 月 1 日 生效 . '' . Jump up ^ 中 時 電子 報 . `` 陸 客 自由 行 少 65 % 打 趴 台 觀光 業 '' . Jump up ^ 中 時 電子 報 . `` 急 凍 ! 農曆 年 後 陸 客 再 減 半 '' . Jump up ^ `` 大陸 人士 - 申辦 「 觀光 」 須知 '' . Jump up ^ `` 首 批 赴 台 中转 大陆 游客 今日 抵达 台湾 转机 '' . Sohu . Xinhua News Agency . Jump up ^ `` 我 要 申請 - 旅居 海外 大陸 地區 人民 申請 來 臺 觀光 '' . National Immigration Agency . Jump up ^ `` Bureau of Consular Affairs , Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Working Holiday ( Youth Mobility ) Scheme '' . Jump up ^ `` Bureau of Consular Affairs , Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Qualifications for Visa Applicants '' . Jump up ^ `` 中華 民國 國民 申請 其他 國家 「 度假 打工 ( 青年 交流 ) 簽證 」 參考 資料 - 外交 部 領事 事務 局 全球 資訊 網 '' . Jump up ^ `` Bureau of Consular Affairs , Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Youth Mobility ( The United Kingdom ) '' . Jump up ^ Visitor Arrivals , 2013 - 2016 Jump up ^ `` Tourism Bureau , M.O.T.C. Republic of China ( Taiwan ) Visitor Arrivals by Residence '' . admin.taiwan.net.tw . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 31 . External links ( edit ) Bureau of Consular Affairs IATA visa information List of Taiwanese Diplomatic Missions National Immigration Agency English Website Foreign relations of Taiwan Africa Burkina Faso Chad Gambia Malawi São Tomé and Príncipe South Africa Americas Belize Brazil Canada Chile Dominican Republic Mexico Paraguay United States Venezuela Asia Bangladesh India Indonesia Japan Malaysia Mongolia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Saudi Arabia South Korea Vietnam Europe Czech Republic Denmark Holy See Italy Latvia Poland Russia Ukraine United Kingdom Oceania Australia Pacific countries Other PR China Hong Kong United Nations Political status Arab World Caribbean Third World Related topics Ministry of Foreign Affairs Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office Taiwan Relations Act Taiwan Travel Act Diplomatic missions of / in Taiwan Passport Visa policy / requirements Timeline of diplomatic relations Visa policy by country Visa Passport Travel document Africa Central Angola Cameroon Central African Republic Chad DR Congo R Congo Equatorial Guinea Gabon São Tomé and Príncipe Eastern Burundi Comoros Djibouti Eritrea Ethiopia Kenya Madagascar Malawi Mauritius Mozambique Rwanda Seychelles Somalia ( Somaliland ) South Sudan Tanzania Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Northern Algeria Egypt Libya Morocco Sudan Tunisia Southern Botswana Lesotho Namibia Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha South Africa Swaziland Western Benin Burkina Faso Cape Verde Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast Liberia Mali Mauritania Niger Nigeria Senegal Sierra Leone Togo Americas Caribbean Dutch Caribbean ( Aruba , Caribbean Netherlands , Curaçao , Sint Maarten ) Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Grenada Haiti Jamaica Montserrat Puerto Rico St. Kitts and Nevis St. Lucia St. Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands Central Belize Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Panama North Bermuda Canada Mexico United States South Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Falkland Islands Guyana Paraguay Peru South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Asia Central & North Afghanistan Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Russia Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan East China Hong Kong Macau Japan North Korea South Korea Mongolia Taiwan ( Republic of China ) South Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Southeast ( ASEAN ) Brunei Cambodia East Timor Indonesia Laos Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam Western Abkhazia Akrotiri and Dhekelia Armenia Artsakh Azerbaijan Bahrain Cyprus Egypt Georgia Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Northern Cyprus Oman Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia South Ossetia Syria Turkey United Arab Emirates Yemen Europe European Union / EFTA Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Cyprus Denmark Faroe Islands Estonia Finland France Overseas Germany Gibraltar Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Overseas Norway Svalbard Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom Overseas Other Europe Abkhazia Akrotiri and Dhekelia Albania Andorra Armenia Artsakh Azerbaijan Belarus Bosnia and Herzegovina Georgia Kazakhstan Kosovo Macedonia Moldova Monaco Montenegro Northern Cyprus Russia San Marino Serbia South Ossetia Transnistria Turkey Ukraine Vatican City Oceania American Samoa Australia Cook Islands Fiji Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Niue Northern Mariana Islands Palau Papua New Guinea Pitcairn Islands Samoa Solomon Islands Tokelau Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu British Overseas Territories . Open border with Schengen Area . Russia is a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia . The majority of its population ( 80 % ) lives in European Russia , therefore Russia as a whole is included as a European country here . Turkey is a transcontinental country in the Middle East and Southeast Europe . Has part of its territory ( 3 % ) in Southeast Europe called Turkish Thrace . Azerbaijan ( Artsakh ) and Georgia ( Abkhazia ; South Ossetia ) are transcontinental countries . Both have part of their territories in the European part of the Caucasus . Kazakhstan is a transcontinental country . Has part of its territories located west of the Ural River in Eastern Europe . Armenia and Cyprus ( Northern Cyprus ; Akrotiri and Dhekelia ) are entirely in Southwest Asia but having socio - political connections with Europe . Egypt is a transcontinental country in North Africa and the Middle East . Has part of its territory in the Middle East called Sinai Peninsula . Part of the Realm of New Zealand . Partially recognized . Unincorporated territory of the United States . 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when did the nba institute the 3 point shot

In the 1979 -- 80 season , after having tested it in the previous pre-season , the NBA adopted the three - point line despite the view of many that it was a gimmick . Chris Ford of the Boston Celtics is widely credited with making the first three - point shot in NBA history on October 12 , 1979 . Kevin Grevey of the Washington Bullets also made one on the same day .

1979 -- 80 season

Three - point field goal

three - point field goal

A three - point field goal ( also called a three - pointer ) is a field goal in a basketball game made from beyond the three - point line , a designated arc surrounding the basket . A successful attempt is worth three points , in contrast to the two points awarded for field goals made within the three - point line and the one point for each made free throw .

The distance from the basket to the three - point line varies by competition level : in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) the arc is 23 feet 9 inches ( 7.24 m ) from the basket ; in FIBA and the WNBA ( the latter uses FIBA 's three - point line standard ) the arc is 6.75 metres or 22 feet 1 ⁄ inches from the basket ; and in the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) the arc is 20 feet 9 inches ( 6.32 m ) from the basket . In the NBA and FIBA / WNBA , the three - point line becomes parallel to each sideline at the points where the arc is 3 feet ( 0.91 m ) from each sideline ; as a result the distance from the basket gradually decreases to a minimum of 22 feet ( 6.71 m ) . In the NCAA the arc is continuous for 180 ° around the basket . There are more variations ( see main article ) . In 3x3 , a FIBA - sanctioned variant of the half - court 3 - on - 3 game , the `` three - point '' line exists , but shots from behind the line are only worth 2 points . All other shots are worth 1 point . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Rule specifications 3 Related concepts 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) The three - point line was first tested at the collegiate level in a 1945 NCAA game between Columbia and Fordham but it was not kept as a rule . At the direction of Abe Saperstein , the American Basketball League became the first basketball league to institute the rule in 1961 . Its three - point line was a radius of 25 feet ( 7.62 m ) from the baskets , except along the sides . The Eastern Professional Basketball League followed in its 1963 -- 64 season . The three - point shot later became popularized by the American Basketball Association after its introduction in the 1967 -- 68 season . Then commissioner of the ABA George Mikan stated the three - pointer `` would give the smaller player a chance to score and open up the defense to make the game more enjoyable for the fans . '' During the 1970s , the ABA used the three - point shot , along with the slam dunk , as a marketing tool to compete with the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The official scorer 's report showing the first made three - point field goal in NBA history . In the 1979 -- 80 season , after having tested it in the previous pre-season , the NBA adopted the three - point line despite the view of many that it was a gimmick . Chris Ford of the Boston Celtics is widely credited with making the first three - point shot in NBA history on October 12 , 1979 . Kevin Grevey of the Washington Bullets also made one on the same day . The sport 's international governing body , FIBA , introduced the three - point line in 1984 , at a distance of 6.25 m ( 20 ft 6 in ) . The NCAA 's Southern Conference became the first collegiate conference to use the three - point rule , adopting a 22 - foot ( 6.71 m ) line for the 1980 -- 81 season . Ronnie Carr of Western Carolina University was the first to score a three - point field goal in college basketball history on November 29 , 1980 . Over the following five years , NCAA conferences differed in their use of the rule and distance required for a three - pointer . The line was as close as 17 ft 9 in ( 5.41 m ) in the Atlantic Coast Conference , and as far away as 22 feet in the Big Sky Conference . Used in conference play , it was adopted by the NCAA for the 1986 -- 87 men 's season at 19 ft 9 in ( 6.02 m ) , and was first used in the NCAA Tournament in 1987 . In the same 1986 -- 87 season , the NCAA adopted the three - pointer in women 's basketball on an experimental basis , using the same 19 ft 9 in distance , and made its use mandatory beginning in 1987 -- 88 . In 2007 , the NCAA lengthened the men 's three - point distance to 20 ft 9 in ( 6.32 m ) , with the rule coming into effect at the beginning of the 2008 -- 09 season . The NCAA women 's three - point distance was moved to match the men 's distance in 2011 -- 12 . American high schools , along with elementary and middle schools , adopted a 19 ft 9 in ( 6.02 m ) line nationally in 1987 , a year after the NCAA . During the 1994 -- 95 , 1995 -- 96 , and 1996 -- 97 seasons , the NBA attempted to address decreased scoring by shortening the distance of the line from 23 ft 9 in ( 7.24 m ) ( 22 ft ( 6.71 m ) at the corners ) to a uniform 22 ft ( 6.71 m ) around the basket . From the 1997 -- 98 season on , the NBA reverted the line to its original distance of 23 ft 9 in ( 22 ft at the corners , with a 3 inch differential ) . Ray Allen is currently the NBA all - time leader in career made three - pointers with 2,973 . In 2008 , FIBA announced that the distance would be increased by 50 cm ( 19.69 in ) to 6.75 m ( 22 ft 1 ⁄ in ) , with the change being phased in beginning in October 2010 . In December 2012 , the WNBA announced that it would be using FIBA 's distance , too , as of the 2013 season . The NBA has discussed adding a four - point line , according to president Rod Thorn . Rule specifications ( edit ) A three - point line consists of an arc at a set radius measured from the point on the floor directly below the center of the basket , and two parallel lines equidistant from each sideline extending from the nearest end line to the point at which they intersect the arc . In the NBA and FIBA standard , the arc spans the width of the court until it is a specified minimum distance from each sideline . The three - point line then becomes parallel to the sidelines from those points to the baseline . The unusual formation of the three - point line at these levels allows players some space from which to attempt a three - point shot at the corners of the court ; the arc would be less than 2 feet ( 0.61 m ) from each sideline at the corners if it was a continuous arc . In the NCAA and American high school standards , the arc spans 180 ° around the basket , then becomes parallel to the sidelines from the plane of the basket center to the baseline ( 5 feet 3 inches or 1.60 metres ) . The distance of the three - point line to the center of the hoop varies by level : Arc radius Minimum distance from sidelines National Basketball Association 23 feet 9 inches ( 7.24 m ) 3 feet ( 0.91 m ) FIBA ( also used by WNBA ) 6.75 meters ( 22 ft 2 in ) 0.90 meters ( 2 ft 11 in ) National Collegiate Athletic Association 20 feet 9 inches ( 6.32 m ) 4 feet 3 inches ( 1.30 m ) American High school basketball 19 feet 9 inches ( 6.02 m ) 5 feet 3 inches ( 1.60 m ) A player 's feet must be completely behind the three - point line at the time of the shot or jump in order to make a three - point attempt ; if the player 's feet are on or in front of the line , it is a two - point attempt . A player is allowed to jump from outside the line and land inside the line to make a three - point attempt , as long as the ball is released in mid-air . An official raises his / her arm with three fingers extended to signal the shot attempt . If the attempt is successful , he / she raises his / her other arm with all fingers fully extended in manner similar to a football official signifying successful field goal to indicate the three - point goal . The official must recognize it for it to count as three points . Instant replay has sometimes been used , depending on league rules . The NBA , WNBA , FIBA and the NCAA specifically allow replay for this purpose . In NBA , FIBA , and WNBA games , video replay does not have to occur immediately following a shot ; play can continue and the officials can adjust the scoring later in the game , after reviewing the video . However , in late game situations , play may be paused pending a review . If a shooter is fouled while attempting a three - pointer and subsequently misses the shot , the shooter is awarded three free - throw attempts . If a player completes a three - pointer while being fouled , the player is awarded one free - throw for a possible 4 - point play . Conceivably , if a player completed a three - pointer while being fouled , and that foul was ruled as either a Flagrant 1 or a Flagrant 2 foul , the player would be awarded two free throws for a possible 5 - point play . Related concepts ( edit ) Major League Lacrosse features a two - point line which forms a 15 - yard ( 14 m ) arc around the front of the goal . Shots taken from behind this line count for two points , as opposed to the standard one point . In gridiron football , a standard field goal is worth three points ; various professional and semi-pro leagues have experimented with four - point field goals . NFL Europe and the Stars Football League adopted a rule similar to basketball 's three - point line in which an additional point was awarded for longer field goals ; in both leagues any field goal of 50 yards ( 46 m ) or more was worth four points . The Arena Football League awards four points for any successful drop kicked field goal ( like the three - point shot , the drop kick is more challenging than a standard place kick , as the bounce of the ball makes a kick less predictable , and arena football also uses narrower goal posts for all kicks than the outdoor game does ) . During the existence of the World Hockey Association in the 1970s , there were proposals for two - point hockey goals for shots taken beyond an established distance ( one proposal was a 44 - foot ( 13.4 m ) arc , which would have intersected the faceoff circles ) , but this proposal gained little support and faded after the WHA merged with the NHL . It was widely believed that long - distance shots in hockey had little direct relation to skill ( usually resulting more from goalies ' vision being screened or obscured ) , plus with the lower scoring intrinsic to the sport a two - point goal was seen as disruptive of the structure of the game . The Super Goal is a similar concept in Australian rules football , in which a 50 - meter ( 55 yd ) arc determines the value of a goal ; within the arc , it is the usual 6 points , but 9 points are scored for a `` super goal '' scored from outside the arc . To date the super goal is only used in pre-season games and not in the season proper . The National Professional Soccer League II , which awarded two points for all goals except those on the power play , also used a three - point line , drawn 45 feet ( 14 m ) from the goal . It has since been adopted by some other indoor soccer leagues . See also ( edit ) 50 -- 40 -- 90 club , exclusive group of players who have made at least 50 % of two - pointers , 40 % of three - pointers , and 90 % of free throws in a season . List of National Basketball Association career 3 - point scoring leaders References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Article 5 : Scoring '' ( PDF ) . 3x3 Official Rules of the Game . FIBA . January 2016 . Retrieved 3 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Frazier , Walt ; Sachare , Alex ( 1998 ) . The Complete Idiot 's Guide to Basketball . New York City : Penguin Group . Jump up ^ `` 4 - Point Play Gets Approval By ABA '' . Associated Press . July 11 , 1967 . Retrieved June 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Sanders , Steve ( February 9 , 1981 ) . `` 22 will get you 3 '' . Spartanburg Herald . South Carolina . p . B1 . ^ Jump up to : `` Basketball '' . Southern Conference . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Carr 's shot makes cage Hall of Fame '' . Gadsden Times . Alabama . Associated Press . May 31 , 1981 . p. 36 . Jump up ^ `` Three - pointer turns 25 '' . Eugene Register - Guard . Associated Press . December 3 , 2005 . p . B3 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Butts , David ( April 3 , 1986 ) . `` NCAA adds three - point basket '' . Bryan Times Agency = UPI . p. 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` NCAA Women 's Basketball Playing Rules History '' ( PDF ) . NCAA . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Important Rules Changes by Year '' ( PDF ) . NCAA Men 's Basketball Record Book . NCAA . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lynch , John ( 27 March 1987 ) . `` High School Basketball Draws Line , Adopts 3 - Point Rule '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ `` NBA & ABA Career Leaders and Records for 3 - Pt Field Goals Basketball-Reference.com '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` NBA has discussed bigger court , 4 - point shot '' . Espn.go.com. 2014 - 02 - 25 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Rule No. 1 -- - Court Dimensions -- Equipment '' . NBA Official Rules . Retrieved 19 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Official Basketball Rules 2010 '' ( PDF ) . FIBA . Retrieved 19 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Court Diagram '' ( PDF ) . NCAA . Retrieved 19 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Basketball Court Diagram '' ( PDF ) . Nebraska School Activities Association . Retrieved 10 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Description of the NBA 's new instant replay rules '' . NBA.com . October 23 , 2008 . Retrieved 16 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Denham , Greg ( February 14 , 2012 ) . `` NAB Cup 's ruck and holding rules may run season '' . The Australian . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) NBA. com 's Top 10 three - pointers from past 25 years Article on Columbia 's experimentation with the three - point field goal decades before its official introduction `` Long Live the Three '' by Steve Shutt , Basketball Hall of Fame Basketball ( outline ) General topics History of basketball James Naismith Variations of basketball Leagues Statistics Glossary of terms Index of articles Rules Bonus Jump ball Officials Turnover Violation 3 seconds Offense Defense 5 seconds Basket interference Carrying Double dribble Goaltending Shot clock Traveling Foul Flagrant Personal Technical Game play Air ball Alley - oop Assist Backboard shattering Ball hog Block Buzzer beater Cherry picking Dribble Crossover Dunk Euro step Fadeaway Fast break Fly Flop Jump shot Layup Finger roll Field goal Four - point play Free throw Hook shot Moves Pick and roll Positions Posterized Playbook Rebound Point Screen Back screen Slashing Steal Three - pointer Three - point play Uncontested shot Strategy General Sixth man Offense Continuity offense Flex Shuffle UCLA High Post Wheel Dribble drive motion Four corners Motion Princeton Run and gun Grinnell System Nellie Ball Small ball Triangle Defense 1 - 2 - 1 - 1 1 -- 3 -- 1 2 -- 3 zone Amoeba Box - and - one Double team Full - court press Hack - a-Shaq Jordan Rules Line Man - to - man Match - up zone Triangle - and - two Zone Equipment Backboard Ball Breakaway rim Court Half court Key Net Possession arrow Whistle Clothing Basketball sleeve Finger sleeve Air Jordan Chuck Taylor All - Stars Miscellanous 100 - point scorers 50 -- 40 -- 90 club AAU All - Americans AAU champions Mikan Drill Player tracking Shootaround Tip drill Winning streaks Basketball statistics Basic Games played Games started Minute Point Rebound ( Offensive Defensive ) Assist Steal Block Foul Turnover Field goal & free throw Field goal made 3 - point field goal made Free throw made Field goal attempted 3 - point field goal attempted Free throw attempted Field goal percentage 3 - point field goal percentage Free throw percentage Doubles Double - double Triple - double Quadruple - double Quintuple - double Five - by - five Advanced statistics Offense efficiency rating Player efficiency rating Offensive rating Defensive rating Effective field goal percentage True shooting percentage Rebound rate Economy Performance Index Rating Efficiency Player tracking Tendex Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Three-point_field_goal&oldid=804387919 '' Categories : Basketball terminology American Basketball Association American Basketball League ( 1961 -- 63 ) Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from January 2013 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français Italiano עברית Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Русский Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 October 2017 , at 17 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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who designed and made the leaning tower of pisa

Leaning tower of Pisa

leaning tower of pisa

The Leaning Tower of Pisa ( Italian : Torre pendente di Pisa ) or simply the Tower of Pisa ( Torre di Pisa ( ˈtorre di ˈpiːza ) ) is the campanile , or freestanding bell tower , of the cathedral of the Italian city of Pisa , known worldwide for its unintended tilt . The tower is situated behind the Pisa Cathedral and is the third oldest structure in the city 's Cathedral Square ( Piazza del Duomo ) , after the cathedral and the Pisa Baptistry .

The tower 's tilt began during construction in the 12th century , caused by an inadequate foundation on ground too soft on one side to properly support the structure 's weight . The tilt increased in the decades before the structure was completed in the 14th century . It gradually increased until the structure was stabilized ( and the tilt partially corrected ) by efforts in the late 20th and early 21st centuries . The height of the tower is 55.86 metres ( 183.27 feet ) from the ground on the low side and 56.67 metres ( 185.93 feet ) on the high side . The width of the walls at the base is 2.44 m ( 8 ft 0.06 in ) . Its weight is estimated at 14,500 metric tons ( 16,000 short tons ) . The tower has 296 or 294 steps ; the seventh floor has two fewer steps on the north - facing staircase . Prior to restoration work performed between 1990 and 2001 , the tower leaned at an angle of 5.5 degrees , but the tower now leans at about 3.99 degrees . This means the top of the tower is displaced horizontally 3.9 metres ( 12 ft 10 in ) from the centre . Contents ( hide ) 1 Architect 2 Construction 2.1 Timeline 2.2 Builders 3 History following construction 4 Alternative candidates 5 Technical information 6 Gallery 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Architect There has been controversy about the real identity of the architect of the Leaning Tower of Pisa . For many years , the design was attributed to Guglielmo and Bonanno Pisano , a well - known 12th - century resident artist of Pisa , famous for his bronze casting , particularly in the Pisa Duomo . Pisano left Pisa in 1185 for Monreale , Sicily , only to come back and die in his home town . A piece of cast bearing his name was discovered at the foot of the tower in 1820 , but this may be related to the bronze door in the façade of the cathedral that was destroyed in 1595 . A 2001 study seems to indicate Diotisalvi was the original architect , due to the time of construction and affinity with other Diotisalvi works , notably the bell tower of San Nicola and the Baptistery , both in Pisa . Construction The Pisa Baptistery ( in the foreground ) , the Pisa Cathedral ( in the middleground ) , and the Leaning Tower of Pisa ( in the background ) Leaning Tower of Pisa in 2004 Leaning Tower of Pisa Construction of the tower occurred in three stages over 199 years . Work on the ground floor of the white marble campanile began on August 14 , 1173 during a period of military success and prosperity . This ground floor is a blind arcade articulated by engaged columns with classical Corinthian capitals . The tower began to sink after construction had progressed to the second floor in 1178 . This was due to a mere three - metre foundation , set in weak , unstable subsoil , a design that was flawed from the beginning . Construction was subsequently halted for almost a century , because the Republic of Pisa was almost continually engaged in battles with Genoa , Lucca , and Florence . This allowed time for the underlying soil to settle . Otherwise , the tower would almost certainly have toppled . In 1198 , clocks were temporarily installed on the third floor of the unfinished construction . In 1272 , construction resumed under Giovanni di Simone , architect of the Camposanto . In an effort to compensate for the tilt , the engineers built upper floors with one side taller than the other . Because of this , the tower is curved . Construction was halted again in 1284 when the Pisans were defeated by the Genoans in the Battle of Meloria . The seventh floor was completed in 1319 . The bell - chamber was finally added in 1372 . It was built by Tommaso di Andrea Pisano , who succeeded in harmonizing the Gothic elements of the bell - chamber with the Romanesque style of the tower . There are seven bells , one for each note of the musical major scale . The largest one was installed in 1655 . After a phase ( 1990 -- 2001 ) of structural strengthening , the tower is currently undergoing gradual surface restoration , in order to repair visible damage , mostly corrosion and blackening . These are particularly pronounced due to the tower 's age and its exposure to wind and rain . Timeline On January 5 , 1172 , Donna Berta di Bernardo , a widow and resident of the house of dell'Opera di Santa Maria , bequeathed sixty soldi to the Opera Campanilis petrarum Sancte Marie . The sum was then used toward the purchase of a few stones which still form the base of the bell tower . On August 9 , 1173 , the foundations of the tower were laid . Nearly four centuries later Giorgio Vasari wrote : `` Guglielmo , according to what is being said , in ( this ) year 1174 with Bonanno as sculptor , laid the foundations of the bell tower of the cathedral in Pisa . '' On December 27 , 1233 , the worker Benenato , son of Gerardo Bottici , oversaw the continuation of the construction of the bell tower . On February 23 , 1260 , Guido Speziale , son of Giovanni , a worker on the cathedral Santa Maria Maggiore , was elected to oversee the building of the tower . On April 12 , 1264 , the master builder Giovanni di Simone and 23 workers went to the mountains close to Pisa to cut marble . The cut stones were given to Rainaldo Speziale , worker of St. Francesco . Giorgio Vasari indicated that Tommaso di Andrea Pisano was the designer of the belfry between 1360 and 1370 . Builders One possible known builder of Pisa Tower was Gerardo di Gerardo . His name appears as a witness to the above legacy of Berta di Bernardo as `` Master Gerardo '' , and as a worker whose name was Gerardo . A more probable builder was Diotisalvi , because of the construction period and the structure 's affinities with other buildings in Pisa , but he usually signed his works , and there is no signature by him in the bell tower . Giovanni di Simone was known to be heavily involved in the completion of the tower , under the direction of Giovanni Pisano , who at the time was master builder of the Opera di Santa Maria Maggiore . Di Simone could be the same Giovanni Pisano who completed the belfry tower . History following construction Plaque in memory of Galileo Galilei 's experiments Galileo Galilei is said to have dropped two cannonballs of different masses from the tower to demonstrate that their speed of descent was independent of their mass . However , the only primary source for this is the biography Racconto istorico della vita di Galileo Galilei ( Historical Account of the Life of Galileo Galilei ) , written by Galileo 's secretary Vincenzo Viviani and published in 1717 , long after Viviani 's death . During World War II , the Allies suspected that the Germans were using the tower as an observation post . A U.S. Army sergeant sent to confirm the presence of German troops in the tower was impressed by the beauty of the cathedral and its campanile , and thus refrained from ordering an artillery strike , sparing it from destruction . Lead counterweights , 1998 Numerous efforts have been made to restore the tower to a vertical orientation or at least keep it from falling over . Most of these efforts failed ; some worsened the tilt . On February 27 , 1964 , the government of Italy requested aid in preventing the tower from toppling . It was , however , considered important to retain the current tilt , due to the role that this element played in promoting the tourism industry of Pisa . A multinational task force of engineers , mathematicians , and historians gathered on the Azores islands to discuss stabilisation methods . It was found that the tilt was increasing in combination with the softer foundations on the lower side . Many methods were proposed to stabilise the tower , including the addition of 800 tonnes of lead counterweights to the raised end of the base . The tower and the neighbouring cathedral , baptistery , and cemetery are included in the Piazza del Duomo UNESCO World Heritage Site , which was declared in 1987 . The tower was closed to the public on January 7 , 1990 , after more than two decades of stabilisation studies and spurred by the abrupt collapse of the Civic Tower of Pavia in 1989 . The bells were removed to relieve some weight , and cables were cinched around the third level and anchored several hundred meters away . Apartments and houses in the path of the tower were vacated for safety . The solution chosen to prevent the collapse of the tower was to slightly straighten it to a safer angle by removing 38 cubic metres ( 1,342 cubic feet ) of soil from underneath the raised end . The tower was straightened by 45 centimetres ( 17.7 inches ) , returning to its 1838 position . After a decade of corrective reconstruction and stabilization efforts , the tower was reopened to the public on December 15 , 2001 and was declared stable for at least another 300 years . In total , 70 metric tons ( 77 short tons ) of earth were removed . In May 2008 , engineers announced that the tower had been stabilized such that it had stopped moving for the first time in its history . They stated that it would be stable for at least 200 years . Alternative candidates Two German churches have challenged the tower 's status as the world 's most lop - sided building : the 15th - century square Leaning Tower of Suurhusen and the 14th - century bell tower in the town of Bad Frankenhausen . Guinness World Records measured the Pisa and Suurhusen towers , finding the former 's tilt to be 3.97 degrees . In June 2010 , Guinness World Records certified the Capital Gate building in Abu Dhabi , UAE as the `` World 's Furthest Leaning Man - made Tower '' . The Capital Gate tower has an 18 - degree slope , almost five times more than the Pisa Tower ; however the Capital Gate tower has been deliberately engineered to slant . The Leaning Tower of Wanaka in New Zealand , also deliberately built , leans at 53 degrees to the ground . Technical information An elevation image of the Leaning Tower of Pisa cut with laser scan data from a University of Ferrara / CyArk research partnership , with source image accurate down to 5 mm ( 0.2 in ) . This elevation shows the interesting quandary facing the campanile . The circular shape and great height ( currently 55.86 m ( 183 ft 3.21 in ) on the lowest side and 56.67 m ( 185 ft 11.10 in ) m on the highest ) of the campanile were unusual for their time , and the crowning belfry is stylistically distinct from the rest of the construction . This belfry incorporates a 14 cm ( 5.5 in ) correction for the inclined axis below . The siting of the campanile within the Piazza del Duomo diverges from the axial alignment of the cathedral and baptistery of the Piazza del Duomo Elevation of Piazza del Duomo : about 2 metres ( 6 feet , DMS ) Height from the ground floor : 55.863 metres ( 183 ft 3 in ) , 8 stories Height from the foundation floor : 58.36 m ( 191 ft 5.64 in ) Outer diameter of base : 15.484 metres ( 50 ft 9.6 in ) Inner diameter of base : 7.368 metres ( 24 ft 2.1 in ) Angle of slant : 3.97 degrees or 3.9 metres ( 12 ft 10 in ) from the vertical Weight : 14,700 metric tons ( 16,200 short tons ) Thickness of walls at the base : 2.44 metres ( 8 ft 0 in ) Total number of bells : 7 , tuned to musical scale , clockwise 1st bell : L'Assunta , cast in 1654 by Giovanni Pietro Orlandi , weight 3,620 kg ( 7,981 lb ) 2nd bell : Il Crocifisso , cast in 1572 by Vincenzo Possenti , weight 2,462 kg ( 5,428 lb ) 3rd bell : San Ranieri , cast in 1719 -- 1721 by Giovanni Andrea Moreni , weight 1,448 kg ( 3,192 lb ) 4th bell : La Terza ( 1st small one ) , cast in 1473 , weight 300 kg ( 661 lb ) 5th bell : La Pasquereccia or La Giustizia , cast in 1262 by Lotteringo , weight 1,014 kg ( 2,235 lb ) 6th bell : Il Vespruccio ( 2nd small one ) , cast in the 14th century and again in 1501 by Nicola di Jacopo , weight 1,000 kg ( 2,205 lb ) 7th bell : Dal Pozzo , cast in 1606 and again in 2004 , weight 652 kg ( 1,437 lb ) Number of steps to the top : 296 About the 5th bell : The name Pasquareccia comes from Easter , because it used to ring on Easter day . However , this bell is older than the bell - chamber itself , and comes from the tower Vergata in Palazzo Pretorio in Pisa , where it was called La Giustizia ( The Justice ) . The bell was tolled to announce executions of criminals and traitors , including Count Ugolino in 1289 . A new bell was installed in the bell tower at the end of the 18th century to replace the broken Pasquareccia . Gallery View looking up Entrance door to the bell tower External loggia Inner staircase from sixth to seventh floor Inner staircase from seventh to eighth ( the top ) floor View from the top Assunta bell Pasquareccia bell View , looking down from the top A popular photo opportunity with tourists is to pose as if one was either holding up or pushing over the tower See also Leaning Temple of Huma -- Only leaning temple in the world List of leaning towers Leaning Tower of Niles , a replica of the Tower of Pisa Leaning Tower of Zaragoza , was a famous European leaning tower Great Mosque of al - Nuri ( Mosul ) , an ancient leaning tower that stood until 2017 Machang , Kelantan -- home to another leaning tower Round tower ( disambiguation ) , for other types of round towers The Greyfriars Tower -- the remains of a Franciscan monastery in King 's Lynn , nicknamed `` The Leaning Tower of Lynn '' Torre delle Milizie , a tilting medieval tower in Rome Tour de Pise , a rock dome in Antarctica , was named after this tower References Jump up ^ `` Leaning Tower of Pisa Facts '' . Leaning Tower of Pisa . Retrieved 5 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Europe Saving the Leaning Tower '' . BBC News . December 15 , 2001 . Retrieved May 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tower of Pisa '' . Archidose.org . June 17 , 2001 . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2009 . Retrieved May 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Leaning Tower of Pisa ( tower , Pisa , Italy ) -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia '' . Britannica.com . Retrieved May 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` E la Torre di Pisa non oscilla più '' . Scienze.TV . May 28 , 2008 . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2012 . Retrieved May 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ tan ( 3.99 degrees ) * ( 55.86 m + 56.70 m ) / 2 = 3.9 m Jump up ^ Controversy about the identity of the architect Archived August 13 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Pierotti , Piero. ( 2001 ) . Deotisalvi -- L'architetto pisano del secolo d'oro . Pisa : Pacini Editore Jump up ^ McLain , Bill ( 1999 ) . Do Fish Drink Water ? . New York : William Morrow and Company , Inc . pp. 291 -- 292 . ISBN 0 - 688 - 16512 - 5 . Jump up ^ G. Barsali ( 1999 ) , Pisa . History and masterpieces , Bonechi , p. 18 , ISBN 8872041880 Jump up ^ A profile of an engineer employed to straighten the tower Ingenia , March 2005 Jump up ^ Restoration work is mentioned at the official website of the square Jump up ^ Capitular Record Offices of Pisa , parchment n . 248 Jump up ^ Public Record Offices of Pisa , Opera della Primaziale , December 27 , 1234 Jump up ^ Public Record Offices of Pisa , Opera della Primaziale , February 23 , 1260 Jump up ^ Public Record Offices of Pisa , Roncioni , April 12 , 1265 . Jump up ^ Giorgio Vasari , Jean Paul Richter ( 1855 ) , Lives of the Most Eminent Painters , Sculptors , and Architects , H.G. Bohn , p. 153 Jump up ^ `` Sci Tech : Science history : setting the record straight '' . The Hindu . June 30 , 2005 . Retrieved May 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Vincenzo Viviani on museo galileo Jump up ^ Shrady , Nicholas ( 2003 ) : Tilt : a skewed history of the Tower of Pisa Jump up ^ `` Why I spared the Leaning Tower of Pisa '' . The Guardian . January 12 , 2000 . Retrieved July 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Securing the Lean In Tower of Pisa '' . The New York Times . November 1 , 1987 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tipping the Balance '' . TIME Magazine . June 25 , 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Piazza del Duomo , Pisa '' . UNESCO World Heritage Centre . Retrieved August 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Duff , Mark ( May 28 , 2008 ) . `` Europe Pisa 's leaning tower ' stabilised ' '' . BBC News . Retrieved May 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Sunday Telegraph no 2,406 - July 22 , 2007 ^ Jump up to : `` German steeple beats Leaning Tower of Pisa into Guinness book '' . The Raw Story . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2009 . Retrieved May 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Not so fast , Pisa ! UAE lays claim to world 's furthest leaning tower '' . CNN news . June 7 , 2010 . Retrieved June 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ ' Leaning and tumbling towers ' on Puzzling World website , viewed 2011 - 07 - 30 Jump up ^ tan ( 3.97 degrees ) * ( 55.86 m + 56.70 m ) / 2 = 3.9 m Jump up ^ `` Leaning Tower of Pisa : 1920 's Photo of Dal Pozzo '' . www.endex.com . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2010 . Retrieved August 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Davies , Andrew ( 2005 ) . The Children 's Visual World Atlas . Sydney , Australia : The Fog Press . ISBN 1 - 74089 - 317 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Torre pendente '' ( in Italian ) . Lucca turismo . Retrieved March 19 , 2008 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Leaning Tower ( Pisa ) . Opera della Primaziale Pisana -- official site Piazza dei Miracoli digital media archive ( Creative Commons - licensed photos , laser scans , panoramas ) , data from a University of Ferrara / CyArk research partnership , includes 3D scan data from Leaning Tower . Leaning Tower of Pisa at Structurae Tourism in Pisa Religious Churches Pisa Baptistery Pisa Cathedral S Andrea Forisportam S Antonio Abate S Apollonia S Caterina S Chiara S Cristina S Sepolcro S Domenico S Francesco S Frediano S Michele in Borgo S Giovanni dei Fieri S Paolo a Ripa d'Arno S Paolo all'Orto S Piero a Grado S Jacopo e Filippo S Stefano dei Cavalieri S Martino S Michele degli Scalzi S Sisto S Nicola S Maria della Spina S Zeno Palaces della Carovana del Collegio Puteano delle Vedove Landmarks Leaning Tower of Pisa Navicelli channel Torre dei Gualandi Piazzas Knights ' Square Piazza delle Gondole Piazza dei Miracoli Camposanto Monumentale Museums Domus Galilaeana National Museum of San Matteo Natural History Museum of the University of Pisa Certosa Gardens and parks Orto Botanico Landmarks of Tuscany Basilica of San Frediano Battistero di San Giovanni ( Siena ) Lucca Cathedral Camposanto Monumentale Piazza dei Miracoli Leaning Tower of Pisa Palazzo Pubblico Piazza del Campo Renaissance architecture of Pienza Pistoia Cathedral Prato Cathedral Historical center of San Gimignano Santa Maria della Pieve Siena Cathedral GND : 1047787296 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leaning_Tower_of_Pisa&oldid=816106385 '' Categories : Buildings and structures completed in 1372 Towers completed in the 14th century Bell towers in Italy Inclined towers Romanesque architecture in Pisa World Heritage Sites in Italy Tourist attractions in Pisa Towers in Pisa 1372 establishments in Europe Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from June 2011 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing Italian - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2012 Articles prone to spam from September 2012 Structurae ID different from Wikidata Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Ænglisc Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Català Čeština Corsu Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 Kabɩyɛ Edit links This page was last edited on 19 December 2017 , at 09 : 13 . 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who is the captain of chennai super king

Mahendra Singh Dhoni , who was the captain of the Indian limited - overs team in 2008 , was bought by the Super Kings for $1.5 million at the 2008 players ' auction . He was the most expensive player in the IPL until 2009 when the Super Kings signed up English all - rounder Andrew Flintoff for $1.55 million , he is not a part of the team now . Dhoni is the most successful captain in the IPL having led the team to Six finals ( Runners up 2008 , 2012 , 2013 , 2015 ) , winning two ( 2010 , 2011 ) . He has a success rate of 61.05 % as captain which is the best among all captains in the IPL who have captained in at least 20 games .

Mahendra Singh Dhoni

Chennai Super Kings

chennai super kings

The Chennai Super Kings ( abbreviated as CSK ) are a franchise cricket team based in Chennai , Tamil Nadu ( India ) , which plays in the Indian Premier League ( IPL ) . Founded in 2008 , the team played its home matches at the M.A. Chidambaram Stadium in Chennai . On 14 July 2015 , the Supreme Court appointed RM Lodha committee which suspended the Super Kings from the IPL for a period of two years for the alleged involvement of their owners in the 2013 Indian Premier League betting case . Prior to the suspension , the team was captained by Mahendra Singh Dhoni and coached by Stephen Fleming .

The Super Kings had won the title twice in succession ( 2010 and 2011 ) . In 2010 , they won the Champions League Twenty20 for the first time and repeated the feat in 2014 . They have played 8 Final in Total including CLT - 20 and IPL. They have reached IPL playoffs each and every time . They held the record of most wins as a T20 Side till 2017 even after being banned for 2 years. They are regarded as the Best IPL Team of all . The leading run - scorer of the team is Suresh Raina , while the leading wicket - taker is Ravichandran Ashwin . The brand value of the Super Kings in 2015 was estimated at $67 million , making them the third most valuable franchise in the IPL . Contents ( hide ) 1 Franchise history 2 Team history 2.1 2008 -- 2009 : First seasons 2.2 2010 : IPL and CLT20 double 2.3 2011 -- 2015 3 Home ground 4 Players 5 Team identity 5.1 Team name and logo design 5.2 Jersey colours 5.3 Sponsors 5.4 Star ambassadors 5.5 Theme song 6 Rivalries 7 Financial worth 8 Controversies 9 Seasons 10 IPL 2015 squad 11 Administration and support staff 12 Fixtures and results 12.1 Overall results in IPL 12.1. 1 Result summary 12.2 2015 season 12.3 Overall results in CLT20 13 Awards and achievements 14 References 15 External links Franchise history ( edit ) In September 2007 , the Board of Control for Cricket in India ( BCCI ) announced the establishment of the Indian Premier League , a Twenty20 competition to be started in 2008 . In January 2008 , the BCCI unveiled the owners of eight city - based franchises . The Chennai franchise was sold to the India Cements for $91 million , making it the fourth most expensive team in the league behind Mumbai , Bangalore and Hyderabad . India Cements acquired the rights to the franchise for 10 years . Former ICC Chairman N. Srinivasan was the de facto owner of the Chennai Super Kings , by means of his position as the vice-chairman and managing director of India Cements Ltd . The franchisee was transferred to a separate entity named Chennai Super Kings Cricket Ltd. , after the Supreme Court of India struck down the controversial amendment to the BCCI constitution 's clause 6.2. 4 that allowed board officials to have a commercial interest in the IPL and the Champions League T20 on January 22 , 2015 . Team history ( edit ) 2008 -- 2009 : first seasons ( edit ) Main articles : Chennai Super Kings in 2008 and 2009 Chennai Super Kings playing the Kolkata Knight Riders at the M.A. Chidambaram Stadium in the 2008 Indian Premier League . During the first player auctions for the inaugural IPL season conducted in January 2008 , the Chennai franchise bought a number of contemporary star cricketers such as Mahendra Singh Dhoni , Matthew Hayden , Stephen Fleming , Muttiah Muralitharan and Michael Hussey . Dhoni became the costliest player of the auction , as the Chennai franchise bought him for $1.5 million . The franchise named Dhoni as the captain of the team and appointed Kepler Wessels as the head coach . They played their first game on 19 April 2008 against Kings XI Punjab at Mohali . The Super Kings won the game by 33 runs after posting 240 / 5 in 20 overs , which was the highest total of the tournament , a record surpassed by themselves in 2010 . The Super Kings ended the league stage with eight wins from 14 games and finished third on the points table . They beat the Kings XI Punjab by 9 wickets in the semifinal . The Super Kings faced the Rajasthan Royals in the final of the IPL at Mumbai . Batting first , the Super Kings scored 163 / 5 in 20 overs and lost the game by 3 wickets off the final delivery of the match . They also earned a spot in the inaugural Champions League Twenty20 along with Rajasthan , but the tournament was cancelled due to the 2008 Mumbai Attacks and the Super Kings , along with Rajasthan , received $5 million each as compensation . Fleming , who had decided to retire from all forms of the game after the first season of the IPL , took over as the coach of the Super Kings team from Wessels for the next season which was to be held in South Africa . For the 2009 season , the Super Kings bought English all - rounder Andrew Flintoff for $1.55 million at the auction making him the highest - paid IPL cricketer along with English teammate Kevin Pietersen who was bought for the same amount by Royal Challengers Bangalore . However , Flintoff played only 3 matches for them before suffering a knee injury that ruled him out of the season . The Super Kings were also without the services of Hussey who had decided to skip the IPL season to focus on The Ashes . The Super Kings finished with 17 points from 14 matches and earned a second place at the league table . However , at the semi-finals , their hopes of entering the final for a second time were crushed by the Royal Challengers who beat them by 6 wickets . The Super Kings opener Matthew Hayden , who scored 572 runs in 12 innings with 5 half - centuries at an average of 52 and strike - rate of 145 , won the Orange Cap for the leading run - scorer of the season and was also adjudged Player of the Tournament . 2010 : IPL and CLT20 double ( edit ) Main article : Chennai Super Kings in 2010 In 2010 , the Super Kings struggled in the first half of the regular season , winning only two matches out of seven . They won four of their next five games in the season mainly due to the efforts of Murali Vijay and Suresh Raina . After a defeat at home to the Delhi Daredevils , the Super Kings were left with a must - win match against Kings XI Punjab at Dharamsala . The Super Kings won the match by six wickets as they chased down the target of 193 with two balls to spare with skipper Dhoni scoring an unbeaten 54 from 29 balls . Thus , with seven wins from 14 matches , Chennai finished with the same number of points as three other teams with two semi-final spots at stake . Chennai got the third place as they had the better net run rate of the four teams which finished on 14 points . In the semifinal , the Super Kings scored a modest 142 / 7 in 20 overs against the defending champions Deccan Chargers . But an inspired bowling spell from Doug Bollinger ( 4 / 13 in four overs ) did the most damage as the Chargers were bowled out for 104 . This gave the Super Kings a 38 - run victory that took them to the final . The Super Kings faced the tournament favorites Mumbai Indians at their home ground in the final . Suresh Raina 's 57 ( 35 ) helped the Super Kings recover from 68 / 3 after 12 overs to put up 168 / 5 at the end of their 20 overs . Then , their spin duo of Ravichandran Ashwin and Muralitharan conceded only 41 runs in the 8 overs bowled between them to help the Super Kings won the game by 22 runs and secure their first ever IPL title . With this , the Super Kings also qualified for the 2010 Champions League Twenty20 that was held in South Africa . At the Champions League , the Super Kings were placed in Group A along with champions of Twenty20 competitions from Australia , South Africa , New Zealand and Sri Lanka . The Super Kings topped the Group table with three wins and a Super Over defeat to the Victorian Bushrangers . In the semi-final at Durban , the Super Kings comprehensively defeated IPL rivals Royal Challengers Bangalore by 52 runs . Raina won the Man of the match for his unbeaten 94 off 48 balls . The Super Kings played their first CLT20 final at Johannesburg where they beat the Chevrolet Warriors by 8 wickets , becoming the first IPL team to win the CLT20 . Murali Vijay won not only the Man of the Match in the final for his 58 but also the Golden Bat for scoring the most runs in the tournament and Ashwin , who was the leading wicket - taker , was adjudged the Player of the Series . At the end of the season , Matthew Hayden decided to retire from the IPL . 2011 -- 2015 ( edit ) Main articles : Chennai Super Kings in 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , and 2015 Suresh Raina is the leading run - scorer for the Super Kings In 2011 , as two new teams were added to the IPL , the IPL Governing Council declared that each franchise could retain a maximum of four players of their squad , only three of whom can be Indian players , and the rest of the international players would be put in the mega-auction . The Chennai franchise , keen to have the same set of core players , retained captain MS Dhoni , vice-captain Suresh Raina , Murali Vijay and all - rounder Albie Morkel for a total of $4.5 million . The retention left them with the power of spending only $4.5 million at the mega-auction . At the auction , they bought back some of their star players of previous seasons such as Hussey , Ashwin , Bollinger and Subramaniam Badrinath . In the 2011 IPL , they lost three of their first five games which placed them at the bottom of the ten - team points table . But then , they went on to win seven of their next eight games to finish second and register a spot in the knockout stages . They faced the top - ranked team Royal Challengers Bangalore in the Qualifying final which they won by 6 wickets thanks to an unbeaten 73 from Suresh Raina . In the final , they faced the same opponents again , which was held at their home ground Chepauk . Vijay and Hussey put on a 133 - run first - wicket partnership that helped the Super Kings to post a total of 205 / 5 . Their bowlers , then , restricted Bangalore to only 147 to take the Super Kings to second consecutive title in the IPL . Vijay was awarded Man of the Match for his match - winning innings of 95 . CSK also won all their home games that season becoming the first team in IPL to achieve the feat . However at the Champions League later that year , they won only one out of their four group matches and finished at the bottom . In 2012 , the franchise signed up Indian all - rounder Ravindra Jadeja for $2 million at the players ' auction . They got off to a rather slow start in the regular season , winning only five of their first 12 games which put them in doubt of qualifying for the Playoffs . Then they won three of their last four matches and qualified for the Playoffs with a better net run rate than the Royal Challengers who also finished with the same number of points . In the Eliminator , they beat the Mumbai Indians by 38 runs before comprehensively beating the table - toppers Delhi Daredevils in the Qualifying final by 86 runs . Murali Vijay , who struck his second IPL hundred ( 113 off 58 balls ) , won the Man of the Match . At the final , the Super Kings were defeated by 5 wickets by the Kolkata Knight Riders who chased down the target of 191 with two balls to spare , thus denying the Super Kings a hat - trick of titles in the IPL . At the Champions League , once again they could not progress past the group stage with two wins and two defeats . In 2013 , the Super Kings strengthened their bowling attack by signing up five overseas and five Indian bowlers . In the IPL season , they finished first in the points table with 11 wins from 16 matches and qualified for the Playoffs and 2013 CLT20 . This was the first time in six seasons that the Super Kings had topped the league table of the IPL . During the season , they also equaled Royal Challengers Bangalore 's 2011 record for most wins in succession in the IPL ( 7 wins on trot ) . In the first Qualifier at Delhi against Mumbai Indians , the Super Kings posted 192 / 1 in 20 overs riding on unbeaten half - centuries from Hussey ( 86 * off 58 balls ) and Raina ( 82 * off 42 balls ) before bowling out their opponents for 144 . Thus they entered the final of the IPL for the fourth time in succession where they would play the same opponents , Mumbai Indians , at Kolkata . At the final , batting first , the Mumbai Indians made 148 / 9 in their 20 overs . In reply , the Super Kings were reduced to 39 / 6 at one stage before an unbeaten half - century from skipper Dhoni took them close to the target . However , Mumbai Indians won the match by 23 runs to win their first ever IPL title . Super Kings opening batsman Michael Hussey , who scored 733 runs that season at an average of 52 , won the Orange Cap for the most runs in the season while all - rounder Dwayne Bravo won the Purple Cap for bagging the most wickets ( 32 ) . The Super Kings gained direct qualification for the 2013 CLT20 which was held in India in September -- October . They were placed in Group B alongside Brisbane Heat , Sunrisers Hyderabad , Titans and Trinidad & Tobago . They won their first three games before losing the final group match against Trinidad & Tobago . With 12 points from four matches , the Super Kings progressed to the semifinals where they suffered a 14 - run defeat at the hands of the Rajasthan Royals at Jaipur . In 2014 , before the players ' mega-auction , Chennai retained Dhoni , Raina , Jadeja , Ashwin and Bravo . The retention left them with a purse of ₹ 21 crores to spend at the auction . At the auction , the franchise bought the likes of Brendon McCullum , Dwayne Smith , Faf du Plessis , Ashish Nehra , Mohit Sharma among others . The first phase of the IPL season , as it coincided with the general elections , was held in UAE . The second phase returned to India , but the Super Kings ' home matches were shifted from Chennai , due to `` a deadlock between stadium authorities and the state administration '' , to JSCA International Stadium in Ranchi . The Super Kings started the season with a defeat in the opening match , after which they went on to win eight of their next nine matches to take the first spot in the points table . However , they suffered a loss of form towards the end of the regular season which resulted in three consecutive defeats . They won their last league fixture and finished third in the points table and qualified for the Eliminator against the fourth - placed Mumbai Indians . They won the Eliminator at Mumbai by 7 wickets and qualified for the Qualifier . At the Qualifier against Kings XI Punjab , the Super Kings won the toss and elected to field . Punjab went on to score 226 / 6 in their 20 overs . The Super Kings , in reply , could manage only 202 / 7 despite a 25 - ball 87 from Raina . They crashed out of the IPL , but , on account of finishing third , qualified for the main event of the 2014 CLT20 . In the group stage of the CLT20 , the Super Kings won two matches , lost one while another match was a no result . Thus with 10 points they finished second in the group table and qualified for the semifinal where they met the unbeaten team of the other group , Kings XI Punjab . After being put in to bat , the Super Kings posted 182 / 7 in 20 overs thanks to Bravo who scored a 39 - ball 67 . Then their bowlers reduced Punjab to 34 / 6 in the eighth over , and Punjab were eventually bowled out for 117 . At the final in Bangalore , the Super Kings faced the IPL champions Kolkata Knight Riders who set them a target of 181 in 20 overs . Raina guided the run - chase with an unbeaten 109 off 62 balls , helping the team to an eight - wicket win and their second CLT20 title . Super Kings spinner Pawan Negi who took 5 / 22 during Kolkata 's innings won the Man of the Match , and Raina , who finished as the highest run - getter of the tournament , was awarded Man of the Tournament . In 2015 , before the players ' auction , Chennai Super Kings gave away Ben Hilfenhaus , John Hastings , Vijay Shankar and David Hussey . At the auction they bought back Michael Hussey for a price of Rs. 1.5 crores . They also bought Kyle Abbott , Irfan Pathan , Andrew Tye , Eklavya Dwivedi , Ankush Bains , Pratyush Singh and Rahul Sharma . In the final , they lost against Mumbai . Home ground ( edit ) Home record of the Super Kings Matches Wins Losses Tie / NR Success Rate In IPL 39 26 13 0 66.67 % In CLT20 0 75 % Overall 43 29 14 0 67.44 % Main article : M.A. Chidambaram Stadium The home ground of the Super Kings is the historic M.A. Chidambaram Stadium ( commonly called `` The Chepauk '' ) located in Chennai . The stadium is named after former BCCI President M.A. Chidambaram . It is the oldest stadium in India which is in continuous use . The stadium is owned by the Tamil Nadu Cricket Association and has a seating capacity of 50,000 as of May 2013 . In 2010 , the stadium underwent a major renovation for hosting some of the matches of the 2011 ICC Cricket World Cup . The seating capacity was increased from 36,000 to 50,000 and three new stands were established during this renovation . The Super Kings have a 67.44 % win record at this venue , which is often referred to as `` Fortress Chepauk '' and `` Lions ' den '' . In the 2011 season , the Super Kings won all their home games ( 8 matches ) including the final against Royal Challengers Bangalore . The Super Kings thus became the first team to win all their home games in a season and also the first team to win the tournament at home . In 2014 , Chennai Super Kings played all their home matches at Ranchi due to issues with Government of Tamil Nadu . Panoramic view of the M.A. Chidambaram Stadium in 2012 . Players ( edit ) Main article : List of Chennai Super Kings cricketers Mahendra Singh Dhoni is the first Indian captain to win the IPL . Mahendra Singh Dhoni , who was the captain of the Indian limited - overs team in 2008 , was bought by the Super Kings for $1.5 million at the 2008 players ' auction . He was the most expensive player in the IPL until 2009 when the Super Kings signed up English all - rounder Andrew Flintoff for $1.55 million , he is not a part of the team now . Dhoni is the most successful captain in the IPL having led the team to Six finals ( Runners up 2008 , 2012 , 2013 , 2015 ) , winning two ( 2010 , 2011 ) . He has a success rate of 61.05 % as captain which is the best among all captains in the IPL who have captained in at least 20 games . The vice-captain of the team since the first season is Suresh Raina . Raina is the most capped player in the history of IPL and has not missed a single match for the Super Kings till date . He is currently the highest run - scorer in the history of IPL and the only player to have scored more than 400 runs till 2014 . He also holds the record for most catches in IPL . Australian batsman Michael Hussey has the best batting average for the Super Kings . He was the first batsman from the Super Kings to score a century in the IPL . After Matthew Hayden 's retirement in 2010 , Hussey took over his place of opening batsman and was the team 's leading run - scorer in 2011 and 2013 seasons . Murali Vijay , who played for the team from 2009 to 2013 , is the only Indian batsman to have scored two centuries in the IPL . Super Kings ' spinner Ravichandran Ashwin has the third best economy rate in IPL ( 6.53 ) and is the leading wicket - taker for the team . Team identity ( edit ) Team name and logo design ( edit ) The Chennai franchise named the team as Chennai Super Kings to honor the rulers of the Tamil empire . The word `` super '' is used commonly in southern India especially in Tamil Nadu . The team name also derives from India Cements ' brand `` Coromandel King '' . The team logo features the head of a roaring lion in orange and the team name rendered in blue . The crown above the team name is the same as that used in the logo of the brand Coromandel King . According to the logo designers , since lion is the king of the jungle , the roaring lion logo reflects the team name . The details of the logo signifies various qualities such as youth , vibrancy , solid performance orientation and fiery spirit . Jersey colours ( edit ) The team 's primary colour is yellow with blue and orange stripes on either sides of the jersey . The jersey also incorporates the roaring lion logo in the center of the shirt below the logo of the main sponsor Aircel . The basic look of the jersey has remained same from the first season with no changes except for the sponsor placement . The kit manufacturer until 2014 was Reebok and from 2015 , Australian Apparel and Sports Gear manufacturer Spartan manufactures kits for the team . Sponsors ( edit ) Telecom service provider Aircel became the team 's first shirt sponsor after they signed a three - year deal in 2008 . They acquired branding rights on the players uniform including shirts and hats during IPL , rights for in - stadia branding , and sponsoring man - of - the - match awards for matches played in Chennai . In 2011 , Aircel renewed its sponsorship contract by paying more than ₹ 850 million . According to The Economic Times , it is the most expensive sponsorship deal in IPL . Besides Aircel , the team also has sponsorship deals with Gulf Oil , Pepsi , Reebok and Usha . In 2013 , they signed up Nissan Motors and VGN as associate sponsors . In April 2014 , the team signed up UST Global as its principal sponsor for a three - year period . Year Kit Manufacturers Shirt Sponsor ( Chest ) Shirt Sponsor ( Back ) 2008 Reebok Aircel India Cements 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Spartan Star ambassadors ( edit ) Actor Vijay and Actress Nayanthara are the star ambassadors . Theme song ( edit ) The title song , composed by Melody Brahma `` Manisharma '' which comes in the stadium gained the much popularity. And the theme song is the famous Whistle Podu designed by Aravind - Shankar ( duo of Aravind Murali and Jaishankar Iyer ) . Although the track was created only for YouTube in 2008 , it gained popularity during the 2009 season and later became the team 's theme song . The video of the song represents the street dance form of dappangutthu which is very popular among certain communities in Tamil Nadu . It is also a folk dance and music genre employed in Tamil cinema . The recordings of some of the Super Kings players whistling were used in the video . Rivalries ( edit ) Main articles : Chennai Super Kings -- Mumbai Indians rivalry and Chennai Super Kings - Royal Challengers Bangalore rivalry The Chennai Super Kings have active rivalries with the Mumbai Indians and the Royal Challengers Bangalore . The Super Kings and Mumbai Indians have played against each other more number of times than any other two teams in the IPL . They are the two most successful IPL teams and often termed as `` big spenders '' at the players auction . The two sides have met each other at the final of the IPL thrice , with Mumbai winning two of them and Chennai winning once . The rivalry with Royal Challengers Bangalore stems from the Kaveri River water dispute between the states of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu . The rivalry is also called `` Kaveri derby '' and `` South Indian derby '' . The Super Kings beat the Royal Challengers in the final of the 2011 IPL , the only meeting between the two teams at an IPL final . Financial worth ( edit ) The Economic Times commissioned UK - based Brand Finance to carry out brand evaluation of the IPL and also each of the eight franchise teams ( that was increased to 10 in 2011 ) . Chennai Super Kings was rated as the `` most valuable team '' in the Indian Premier League in 2010 -- 11 , with a brand value of $100 million ( app ₹ 2.24 billion ) . In February 2013 , London based Brand Finance evaluated the top 150 most valuable teams in the world , in which Chennai Super Kings is placed in the 147th place valued at $46 million just behind the Mumbai Indians . Controversies ( edit ) Until September 2008 , BCCI regulation , Clause 6.2. 4 stated that `` No administrator could have , directly or indirectly , any commercial interest in the matches or events conducted by the board '' . However , N. Srinivasan , who was then the treasurer and vice-chairman of BCCI , became the de facto owner of the Chennai Super Kings since he was the Managing Director of India Cements . Former BCCI President A.C. Muthiah wrote to the BCCI regarding the violation of this clause in 2008 but the BCCI did not respond . In September 2008 , Muthiah went to the Madras High Court to restrain BCCI from allowing Srinivasan to participate in the general body meeting where the election was to be held . However , the suit was dismissed by the High Court and the following day , Srinivasan was elected as the Secretary of BCCI . The clause was amended as `` No administrator shall have , directly or indirectly , any commercial interest in any of the events of the BCCI , excluding IPL , Champions League and Twenty20 '' . Muthiah then moved to the Supreme Court which gave a split verdict in April 2011 . Later in August 2011 , Muthiah filed another petition to stop Srinivasan from taking over as the BCCI President but the Supreme Court rejected the petition , and Srinivasan was elected the President of BCCI . In 2011 , the owners of other teams were concerned about the possible rigging that could have taken place in the IPL auctions . Nita Ambani , the owner of Mumbai Indians questioned the changing the order of players just before the auction began . Former IPL chairman Lalit Modi accused Srinivasan of arm - twisting him and rigging the 2009 IPL auction to ensure that English all - rounder Andrew Flintoff was bought by the Chennai Super Kings while it was refuted by Srinivasan . In May 2013 , Gurunath Meiyappan , son - in - law of Srinivasan , was arrested by Mumbai Police on charges of placing bets on IPL matches Meiyappan , who was the Team Principal of the Super Kings , was issued a summons by the Mumbai Police and on interrogation it was found that Meiyappan was in contact with bookies through actor Vindu Dara Singh . Following this , Srinivasan , on 2 June 2013 , decided to step aside as BCCI President temporarily until the inquiry into the betting case completed . In February 2014 , the three member panel appointed by the Supreme Court of India enquired into the betting case indicted Meiyappan for illegal betting during the 2013 IPL . On 25 March 2014 , the Supreme Court of India issued an ultimatum to the BCCI demanding that Srinivasan either step down as President or be removed from his position . On 14 July 2015 , the Supreme Court appointed RM Lodha committee suspended the owners of Rajasthan Royals and Chennai Super Kings from the Indian Premier League for a period of two years . On 24 February 2016 , the Supreme Court of India agreed to hear a plea for lifting the ban on the Chennai Super Kings . Seasons ( edit ) Year Indian Premier League Champions League Twenty20 2008 Runners - up Cancelled ( Q ) 2009 Semifinalists DNQ Champions Champions 2011 Champions Group stage 2012 Runners - up Group stage 2013 Runners - up Semifinalists 2014 Semifinalists Champions 2015 Runners - up Tournament Defunt Year Indian Premier League 2016 Suspended 2017 Suspended 2018 Returns IPL 2015 squad ( edit ) Players with international caps are listed in bold . * denotes a player who is currently unavailable for selection . * denotes a player who is unavailable for rest of the season . No . Name Nat . Birth date Batting style Bowling style Signed year Salary Notes Batsmen Suresh Raina ( 1986 - 11 - 27 ) 27 November 1986 ( age 30 ) Left - handed Right - arm off break 2014 ₹ 95 million ( US $1.5 million ) Vice-captain 12 Mithun Manhas ( 1979 - 10 - 12 ) 12 October 1979 ( age 37 ) Right - handed Right - arm off break 2014 ₹ 1 million ( US $16,000 ) 13 Faf du Plessis ( 1984 - 07 - 13 ) 13 July 1984 ( age 33 ) Right - handed Right - arm leg break 2014 ₹ 47.5 million ( US $740,000 ) Overseas 42 Brendon McCullum ( 1981 - 09 - 27 ) 27 September 1981 ( age 35 ) Right - handed Right - arm medium 2014 ₹ 32.5 million ( US $510,000 ) Overseas 48 Michael Hussey ( 1975 - 05 - 27 ) 27 May 1975 ( age 42 ) Left - handed Right - arm medium 2015 ₹ 15 million ( US $230,000 ) Overseas All - rounders 5 Baba Aparajith ( 1994 - 07 - 08 ) 8 July 1994 ( age 23 ) Right - handed Right - arm off break 2014 ₹ 3 million ( US $47,000 ) 8 Ravindra Jadeja ( 1988 - 12 - 06 ) 6 December 1988 ( age 28 ) Left - handed Slow left - arm orthodox 2014 ₹ 75 million ( US $1.2 million ) 47 Dwayne Bravo ( 1983 - 10 - 07 ) 7 October 1983 ( age 33 ) Right - handed Right - arm medium - fast 2014 ₹ 40 million ( US $620,000 ) Overseas 50 Dwayne Smith ( 1983 - 04 - 12 ) 12 April 1983 ( age 34 ) Right - handed Right - arm medium - fast 2014 ₹ 45 million ( US $700,000 ) Overseas 56 Irfan Pathan ( 1984 - 10 - 27 ) 27 October 1984 ( age 32 ) Left - handed Left - arm medium - fast 2015 ₹ 15 million ( US $230,000 ) 68 Andrew Tye ( 1986 - 12 - 12 ) 12 December 1986 ( age 30 ) Right - handed Right - arm medium - fast 2015 ₹ 2 million ( US $31,000 ) Overseas Wicket - keepers Eklavya Dwivedi ( 1988 - 07 - 22 ) 22 July 1988 ( age 29 ) Right - handed 2015 ₹ 1 million ( US $16,000 ) 7 MS Dhoni ( 1981 - 07 - 07 ) 7 July 1981 ( age 36 ) Right - handed Right - arm medium 2014 ₹ 125 million ( US $1.9 million ) Captain 9 Ankush Bains ( 1995 - 12 - 06 ) 6 December 1995 ( age 21 ) Right - handed 2015 ₹ 1 million ( US $16,000 ) Bowlers 6 Pawan Negi ( 1993 - 01 - 06 ) 6 January 1993 ( age 24 ) Left - handed Slow left - arm orthodox 2014 ₹ 1 million ( US $16,000 ) 15 Ishwar Pandey ( 1989 - 08 - 15 ) 15 August 1989 ( age 28 ) Right - handed Right - arm medium - fast 2014 ₹ 15 million ( US $230,000 ) 18 Mohit Sharma ( 1988 - 09 - 18 ) 18 September 1988 ( age 29 ) Right - handed Right - arm medium - fast 2014 ₹ 30 million ( US $470,000 ) 19 Pratyush Singh ( 1994 - 09 - 04 ) 4 September 1994 ( age 23 ) Right - handed Right - arm leg break googly 2015 ₹ 1 million ( US $16,000 ) 21 Matt Henry ( 1991 - 12 - 14 ) 14 December 1991 ( age 25 ) Right - handed Right - arm fast - medium 2014 ₹ 3 million ( US $47,000 ) Overseas 22 Ronit More ( 1992 - 02 - 11 ) 11 February 1992 ( age 25 ) Right - handed Right arm medium - fast 2014 ₹ 1 million ( US $16,000 ) 27 Rahul Sharma ( 1986 - 09 - 30 ) 30 September 1986 ( age 30 ) Right - handed Right - arm leg break googly 2015 ₹ 3 million ( US $47,000 ) 64 Ashish Nehra ( 1979 - 04 - 30 ) 30 April 1979 ( age 38 ) Right - handed Left - arm medium - fast 2014 ₹ 20 million ( US $310,000 ) 77 Samuel Badree ( 1981 - 03 - 09 ) 9 March 1981 ( age 36 ) Right - handed Right - arm leg break 2014 ₹ 3 million ( US $47,000 ) Overseas 87 Kyle Abbott ( 1987 - 06 - 18 ) 18 June 1987 ( age 30 ) Right - handed Right - arm fast - medium 2015 ₹ 3 million ( US $47,000 ) Overseas 99 Ravichandran Ashwin ( 1986 - 09 - 17 ) 17 September 1986 ( age 31 ) Right - handed Right - arm off break 2014 ₹ 55 million ( US $860,000 ) Administration and support staff ( edit ) Owner -- Chennai Super Kings Cricket Ltd Coach -- Stephen Fleming Bowling coach -- Andy Bichel Fielding coach -- Steve Rixon Physical trainer -- Gregory King Physio -- Tommy Simsek Team manager -- Radha Krishnan High Performance analyst -- Lakshmi Narayanan Team Doctor - Dr. Madhu Thottappillil Fixtures and results ( edit ) Overall results in IPL ( edit ) Performance summary in Indian Premier League Year Matches Wins Losses No Result Tied Success Rate Position Summary 2008 16 9 7 0 0 56.25 % 2nd Runners - up 2009 15 8 6 0 53.33 % 4th Semi-finalists 16 9 7 0 0 56.25 % 1st Champions 2011 16 11 5 d 0 68.75 % 1st Champions 2012 20 11 8 0 57.89 % 2nd Runners - up 2013 18 12 6 0 0 61.11 % 2nd Runners - up 2014 16 10 6 0 0 62.50 % 3rd Playoffs 2015 17 10 7 0 0 58.8 % 2nd Runners - up 2016 Suspended 2017 Suspended 2018 TBD Total 132 79 51 0 59.84 Result summary ( edit ) By opposition Opposition Span Mat Won Lost Tied NR Success Rate Deccan Chargers 2008 -- 2012 10 6 0 0 60 % Delhi Daredevils 2008 -- 2015 16 12 0 0 75.00 % Kings XI Punjab 2008 -- 2015 16 9 5 0 56.25 % Kochi Tuskers Kerala 2011 0 0 50 % Kolkata Knight Riders 2008 -- 2015 16 10 6 0 0 62.50 % Mumbai Indians 2008 -- 2015 22 10 12 0 0 45.45 % Pune Warriors India 2011 -- 2013 6 0 0 66.67 % Rajasthan Royals 2008 -- 2015 16 10 6 0 0 62.50 % Royal Challengers Bangalore 2008 -- 2015 21 13 7 0 61.90 % Sunrisers Hyderabad 2013 - 2015 6 0 0 66.67 % Total 2008 -- 2015 128 86 41 67.18 % 2015 season ( edit ) Main article : 2015 Indian Premier League Chennai Super Kings 2014 IPL Fixtures No . Date Opponent Venue Result Scorecard Link 000000002015 - 04 - 09 - 0000 April 9 , 2015 Delhi Daredevils Chennai Won by 1 Run , MoM -- Ashish Nehra 3 / 25 ( 4 Overs ) Scorecard 000000002015 - 04 - 11 - 0000 April 11 , 2015 Sunrisers Hyderabad Chennai Won by 45 Runs , MoM - Brendon McCullum 100 * ( 56 ) Scorecard 000000002015 - 04 - 17 - 0000 April 17 , 2015 Mumbai Indians Mumbai Won by 6 wickets , MoM - Ashish Nehra 3 / 23 ( 4 Overs ) Scorecard 000000002015 - 04 - 19 - 0000 April 19 , 2015 Rajasthan Royals Ahmedabad Lost by 8 Wickets Scorecard 5 000000002015 - 04 - 22 - 0000 April 22 , 2015 Royal Challengers Bangalore Bangalore Won by 27 Runs , MoM - Suresh Raina 62 ( 32 ) Scorecard 6 000000002015 - 04 - 25 - 0000 April 25 , 2015 Kings XI Punjab Chennai Won by 97 Runs , MoM - Brendon McCullum 66 ( 44 ) Scorecard 7 000000002015 - 04 - 28 - 0000 April 28 , 2015 Kolkata Knight Riders Chennai Won by 2 Runs , MoM - Dwayne Bravo 3 / 22 ( 3 overs ) Scorecard 8 000000002015 - 04 - 30 - 0000 April 30 , 2015 Kolkata Knight Riders Kolkata Lost by 7 Wickets Scorecard 9 000000002015 - 05 - 02 - 0000 May 2 , 2015 Sunrisers Hyderabad Hyderabad Lost by 22 runs Scorecard 10 000000002015 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2015 Royal Challengers Bangalore Chennai Won by 24 Runs , MoM -- Suresh Raina 52 ( 46 ) Scorecard 11 000000002015 - 05 - 08 - 0000 May 8 , 2015 Mumbai Indians Chennai Lost by 6 Wickets Scorecard 12 000000002015 - 05 - 10 - 0000 May 10 , 2015 Rajasthan Royals Chennai Won by 12 Runs , MoM - Ravindra Jadeja 4 / 11 ( 4 Overs ) Scorecard 13 000000002015 - 05 - 12 - 0000 May 12 , 2015 Delhi Daredevils Raipur Lost by 6 Wickets Scorecard 14 000000002015 - 05 - 16 - 0000 May 16 , 2015 Kings XI Punjab Mohali Won by 7 Wickets MoM - Pawan Negi 2 / 25 ( 4 Overs ) Scorecard 15 000000002015 - 05 - 19 - 0000 May 19 , 2015 Mumbai Indians ( Qualifier 1 ) Mumbai Lost by 25 Runs Scorecard 16 000000002015 - 05 - 22 - 0000 May 22 , 2015 Royal Challengers Bangalore ( Qualifier 2 ) Ranchi Won by 3 Wickets , MoM - Ashish Nehra 3 / 28 ( 4 Overs ) Scorecard 17 000000002015 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2015 Mumbai Indians ( Final ) Kolkata Lost by 41 runs Overall results in CLT20 ( edit ) Performance summary in Champions League Year Matches Wins Losses No Result Success Rate Summary 2008 Cancelled 6 5 0 83.33 % Champions 2011 0 25 % Group stage 2012 0 50 % Group stage 2013 5 0 60 % Semifinalists 2014 6 66.66 % Champions Total 25 15 9 60.00 % Awards and achievements ( edit ) 2008 Indian Premier League Runners - up of 2008 Indian Premier League Fair Play Award Winner Highest total of the tournament ( 240 / 5 ) Centuries : ( Michael Hussey 116 * ) Hat - tricks : ( Lakshmipathy Balaji and Makhaya Ntini ) 2009 Indian Premier League Semi-finalists of 2009 Indian Premier League Winner of Orange Cap ( Matthew Hayden ) Player of the Tournament ( Matthew Hayden ) 2010 Indian Premier League Champions of the 2010 Indian Premier League Fair Play Award Winner Highest team total of the tournament ( 246 / 5 ) Best bowling figures of the tournament ( Doug Bollinger ) Highest score in the tournament ( Murali Vijay 127 ) Centuries ( Murali Vijay 127 ) IPL Awards : Best Fielder ( Suresh Raina ) IPL Awards : Most Economical Bowler ( Ravichandran Ashwin ) 2010 Champions League Champions of 2010 Champions League Twenty20 Winner of Golden Bat ( Murali Vijay ) Highest individual score ( Suresh Raina 94 * ) Winner of Golden Wicket ( Ravichandran Ashwin ) Best bowling figures of the tournament ( Ravichandran Ashwin 4 / 18 ) Player of the Tournament ( Ravichandran Ashwin ) 2011 Indian Premier League Champions of the 2011 Indian Premier League Fair Play Award Winner Won all home matches 2012 Indian Premier League Runners - up of 2012 Indian Premier League Highest team total of the tournament ( 222 / 5 ) Best bowling figure of the tournament ( Ravindra Jadeja 5 / 16 ) Centuries : ( Murali Vijay 113 ) 1st player to score 2000 runs in IPL ( Suresh Raina ) 2013 Indian Premier League Runners - up of 2013 Indian Premier League 1st team to register 50 wins in IPL Fair Play Award Winner Centuries : ( Suresh Raina 100 * ) Winner of Orange Cap ( Michael Hussey ) Winner of Purple Cap ( Dwayne Bravo ) 2014 Indian Premier League Semi-Finalists Fair Play Award Winner First Team to play 100 games in IPL Suresh Raina becomes the first player to play 100 games and score 3000 runs in IPL Winner of Purple Cap ( Mohit Sharma ) 2014 Champions League Champions of 2014 Champions League Twenty20 Centuries : ( Suresh Raina 109 * ) Player of the Tournament : ( Suresh Raina ) Leading Run - Scorer of the Tournament : ( Suresh Raina ) Best Bowling Figures of the Tournament : ( Pawan Negi ) Maximum Sixes of the Tournament : ( Suresh Raina ) 2015 Indian Premier league Runners Up of 2015 Indian Premier League Fair Play Award Winner Centuries : ( Brendon McCullum 100 * ) Best Bowling Figures : ( Ashish Nehra ) 4 / 10 ( 4 Overs ) Winner of Purple Cap : ( Dwayne Bravo ) 26 wickets Best catch of the season : ( Dwayne Bravo ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` India cements transfers CSK to new subsidiary with effect from jan 1 '' . 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Jump up ^ `` Final : Warriors v Chennai Super Kings '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 8 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` IPL 2011 Kingfisher Fair Play Award '' . Contentcarry. 29 May 2011 . Retrieved 21 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chennai v Kochi : Determined Chennai surge to top spot Chennai v Kochi , IPL 2011 , Chennai Report Cricket News '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 21 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Premier League , 2012 / Records / Highest totals '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 8 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Premier League , 2012 / Records / Best bowling figures in an innings '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 8 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Premier League , 2012 / Records / High scores '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 8 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Premier League , 2013 / Records / High scores '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 8 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Premier League , 2013 / Records / Most runs '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 12 June 2014 . Retrieved 8 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Premier League , 2013 / Records / Most wickets '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 19 September 2015 . Retrieved 8 June 2013 . External links ( edit ) Official Chennai Super Kings Website Chennai Super Kings at IPL official site Indian Premier League Seasons 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Finals 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Participating teams Chennai Super Kings Delhi Daredevils Kings XI Punjab Kolkata Knight Riders Mumbai Indians Rajasthan Royals Royal Challengers Bangalore Sunrisers Hyderabad Defunct teams Deccan Chargers Gujarat Lions Kochi Tuskers Kerala Pune Warriors India Rising Pune Supergiant Auctions 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Awards List of awards Fair Play Award Statistics and records Team Series Batting Bowling Wicketkeeping and fielding Partnership Miscellaneous Lists Current squads Seasons Venues Players Captains Umpires Centuries Five - wicket hauls Controversies 2012 spot - fixing case 2013 spot - fixing and betting case Related topics Champions League Twenty20 Lalit Modi Icon player Book Portal Commons WikiProject Chennai Super Kings Lists Players Records Home ground M.A. Chidambaram Stadium JSCA International Stadium Complex Captains MS Dhoni Suresh Raina Coaches Kepler Wessels ( 2008 ) Stephen Fleming ( 2009 -- 2015 ) Honours 2010 Indian Premier League 2010 Champions League Twenty20 2011 Indian Premier League 2014 Champions League Twenty20 Seasons 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Rivalries Mumbai Indians rivalry Royal Challengers Bangalore rivalry Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chennai_Super_Kings&oldid=801236737 '' Categories : Sport in Chennai Cricket clubs established in 2008 Sports clubs in India Indian Premier League teams Cricket in Chennai Hidden categories : EngvarB from March 2014 Use dmy dates from March 2014 Pages using infobox cricket team with unknown parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Deutsch Français 한국어 हिन्दी ಕನ್ನಡ മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu नेपाली ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Português संस्कृतम् தமிழ் తెలుగు اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 14 : 33 . 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who wrote see you again by miley cyrus

`` See You Again '' is the debut single by American recording artist Miley Cyrus . It was recorded for Hannah Montana 2 : Meet Miley Cyrus ( 2007 ) , the second soundtrack album from the Disney Channel original series Hannah Montana and the debut studio album of Cyrus . It was written by Cyrus ( credited as Destiny Hope Cyrus ) with the song 's producers Antonina Armato and Tim James . It was released as the lead single from the album by Hollywood Records . Later , it was remixed by Rock Mafia and released on August 25 , 2008 by Hollywood Records , as the second single from Cyrus ' second studio album , Breakout ( 2008 ) . Musically , the track is a pop rock number that contains influences from various musical genres , including electronic music . Lyrically , the track speaks of teenage romance .

Miley Cyrus|Antonina Armato|Antonina

See You Again ( Miley Cyrus song )

see you again ( miley cyrus song )

`` See You Again '' is the debut single by American recording artist Miley Cyrus . It was recorded for Hannah Montana 2 : Meet Miley Cyrus ( 2007 ) , the second soundtrack album from the Disney Channel original series Hannah Montana and the debut studio album of Cyrus . It was written by Cyrus ( credited as Destiny Hope Cyrus ) with the song 's producers Antonina Armato and Tim James . It was released as the lead single from the album by Hollywood Records . Later , it was remixed by Rock Mafia and released on August 25 , 2008 by Hollywood Records , as the second single from Cyrus ' second studio album , Breakout ( 2008 ) . Musically , the track is a pop rock number that contains influences from various musical genres , including electronic music . Lyrically , the track speaks of teenage romance .

`` See You Again '' was a critical success , with contemporary critics praising its musical composition and vocal delivery . To follow , it also became Cyrus ' first commercially successful single . The song introduced her to new audiences and new countries , paving the way for future hits . `` See You Again '' became Cyrus ' best - charting single at the time by peaking at number ten on the Billboard Hot 100 . Its highest peak internationally was at number four on the Canadian Hot 100 . Although an official music video for the song was never filmed , it was given a promotional music video , taken from a performance at the 2007 Disney Channel Games . The song was promoted through a multitude of live television performances . It was included on the set list of Cyrus ' headlining tours , the Best of Both Worlds Tour ( 2007 -- 08 ) , the Wonder World Tour ( 2009 ) and the Gypsy Heart Tour ( 2011 ) . `` See You Again '' has been covered by various notable artists , including Little Boots and Breathe Carolina . Even without a music video , the song managed to peak at 10 in the US and sold 2.5 million copies . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Composition 3 Critical reception 4 Commercial performance 5 Live performances 6 Cover versions 7 Release history 8 Charts 8.1 Weekly charts 8.2 Year - end charts 9 Certifications 10 References 11 External links Background ( edit ) When Cyrus starred as Miley Stewart , a girl with a secret double life as the popstar Hannah Montana , on the Disney Channel television series Hannah Montana , she developed fame as a teen idol and released the series ' first soundtrack while being credited to Hannah Montana . In late 2006 , Cyrus began execution for her debut album . Cyrus ' debut studio album Meet Miley Cyrus was attached to the series ' second soundtrack , Hannah Montana 2 , and released as the second disc of the Hannah Montana 2 : Meet Miley Cyrus ( 2007 ) double - disc album . `` See You Again '' was written by Cyrus , who was credited to her birth name Destiny Hope Cyrus , Antonina Armato , and Tim James . The writing group has executed numerous songs recorded by Cyrus , contributing to a large part of all three of her studio albums . When composing tracks for Meet Miley Cyrus , Cyrus was originally very apprehensive in regards to adding `` See You Again '' to the album . `` I 'm not sure about this song . I do n't think I want to put it on the album . I do n't really like it that much . It 's just O.K. '' , she said . However , she was convinced to record it and , once she listened to the finished product , she changed her mind . She thought it was odd , but in a positive light , and decided to include it on her debut album . Cyrus says `` See You Again '' is a dance song with a special meaning to her . The song was remixed by Rock Mafia for the release of Cyrus ' second studio album Breakout ( 2008 ) . Composition ( edit ) `` See You Again '' ( 2007 ) An 18 - second preview of Miley Cyrus ' `` See You Again '' . The song is a pop rock number that fuses sultry vocals with lyrics that center around teenage romance . Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` See You Again '' is a pop rock song with a length of three minutes and ten seconds . The songs contains numerous influences from electronic , new wave , and techno music . The song is set in the time signature of common time and has a fast tempo of 138 beats per minute . It is written in the key of A minor and Cyrus ' vocals span one octave , from G to A. Throughout the song , Cyrus ' edgy and sultry vocal performance maintains in the contralto range . The lyrics of `` See You Again '' are about a teenage romance . In verses , Cyrus discusses her sentiments and perceptions about her love interest , such as believing the couple had previously encountered in a previous incarnation . `` See You Again '' 's refrains detail previous scenes of an encounter between the couple : `` The last time I freaked out / I just kept looking down / I st - st - stuttered when you asked me what I 'm thinking ' bout . '' Towards the conclusion of the refrains , Cyrus vows to redeem herself . Critical reception ( edit ) Cyrus performing `` See You Again '' during the Wonder World Tour . Chuck Taylor of Billboard felt that , by offering meaningful airplay to `` See You Again '' , mainstream radio stations were getting with the program . Taylor described the song `` a sassy , uptempo stinger that adds appealing youthful buzz to the airwaves '' and complimented Cyrus ' vocals with comparisons with Hilary Duff and Avril Lavigne . `` Cyrus ( ... ) at last adds the missing link to TV and movie acclaim . Alas , FM , better late than never '' , he concluded . Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine said , `` The Hannah Montana star 's 2007 single ' See You Again ' managed to click with non-tween listeners thanks ( to being ) gustier than anything her fellow Disney Channel superstar Hilary Duff has ever put to digital . Mikael Wood of The Los Angeles Times believed the song was `` no shortage of crafty tween - rock gems '' . Ash Dosanjh of Yahoo ! Music believed the Rock Mafia remix of the song was a so `` glorious '' that it signaled Breakout would do exactly that . Josh Timmermann of PopMatters referred to the remix as the best song on Breakout , describing it as a `` marvelous slice of teenaged life set to club rock beats . '' Timmermann continued to praise the track , saying it felt `` infinitely more genuine and thoughtful than '' any other track on Breakout and that the small - time teen drama fit Cyrus ' voice . `` It sounds far less ludicrously melodramatic than it might have delivered by less forceful pipes '' , he concluded . George Lang of The Oklahoman thought the inclusion of the song 's remix on Breakout was used to cover more musical genres in order to appeal to a wider fanbase . In 2008 , the track was listed as a `` Winning Song '' by Broadcast Music Incorporated ( BMI ) . Commercial performance ( edit ) On the week ending December 22 , 2007 , `` See You Again '' debuted at number 94 on the Billboard Hot 100 . In the succeeding week , the song ascended to number 78 and , on the week ending February 16 , 2008 , it charted at its newfound peak of number 17 , therefore becoming Cyrus ' best - charting effort on the Billboard Hot 100 , surpassing the Hannah Montana - credited `` Life 's What You Make It '' , which peaked at number 25 in August 2007 . On the week ending May 3 , 2008 , `` See You Again '' became Cyrus ' first top ten single by reaching its peak at number ten on the Billboard Hot 100 . `` See You Again '' spent a total of 27 weeks upon the chart . It also peaked at number four on Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) and number twenty - one on Adult Pop Songs in the United States . The song entered at number 86 and peaked at number four on the Canadian Hot 100 , its highest peak internationally . As of August 2013 , `` See You Again '' has sold 2,456,000 copies in the United States . In Australia , `` See You Again '' debuted at number 25 on the week ending June 22 , 2008 . The following week , it ascended to number ten and , after five weeks of ascending the top ten , reached its peak at number six , where it remained for three consecutive weeks . The single was certified platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) for the sale of over 70,000 copies . On the week ending August 4 , 2008 , `` See You Again '' debuted at number 32 on the New Zealand Singles Chart . It eventually peaked at number 11 and was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand ( RIANZ ) for the shipment of 7,500 copies . In the United Kingdom , the track peaked at number 11 . The song is tied with `` The Climb '' and `` Party in the U.S.A. '' , which charted in March and November 2009 , respectively , for Cyrus ' best - charting effort in the United Kingdom . Elsewhere in Europe , `` See You Again '' peaked at number 38 on the Eurochart Hot 100 Singles , number 14 on the Irish Singles Chart and number seven on the Hungarian Singles Chart . Live performances ( edit ) Cyrus performed `` See You Again '' during Gypsy Heart Tour Cyrus performed `` See You Again '' live on the 2007 Disney Channel Games held on April 27 , 2007 at Walt Disney World in Orlando , Florida , as part of Disney Channel 's summer - season activities . She wore a yellow and black - striped tank top , black and white - plaid skirt , high knee socks , and black sneakers in the performance . Cyrus also performed the song on Idol Gives Back , as she continued to promote the single in the United States . `` See You Again '' was also a part of the set list for Cyrus ' first headlining concert tour , the Best of Both Worlds Tour ( 2007 -- 08 ) . Cyrus was costumed in a white tank top , studded jeans , and metallic accessories . Cyrus and several backup dancers began the performance on the upper level of the stage , where they proceeded down a ramp as they perform dance routines . Cyrus and the backup dancers roamed throughout the stage for the remainder of the performance . Jane Stevenson of the Canadian Online Explorer listed `` See You Again '' as one of the highlights at the concert at Air Canada Centre on December 15 , 2007 , in Toronto , Ontario , Canada . She said that Cyrus ' wardrobe indicated that `` Miley , it turns out , is the marginally tougher cookie of the two singers . '' Cyrus performed `` See You Again '' at the opening of the 2008 Disney Channel Games , held on May 3 , 2008 . During the performance , which a recording of was used as a promotional music video for the Rock Mafia release , Cyrus was dressed in a white vest and white pants . In 2008 , Cyrus performed the song at the 2008 Zootopia , Good Morning America , The Today Show , and BBC Switch in the United Kingdom . Cyrus performed `` See You Again '' , dressed in casual clothing , on the Kids ' Inaugural : `` We Are the Future '' event . The event was held on January 19 , 2009 , in Washington D.C. at the Verizon Center to celebrate the inauguration of Barack Obama as President of the United States . Cyrus performed the song along with several other songs on April 24 , 2009 in a London Apple Store . These performances were recorded and sold exclusively by the United Kingdom iTunes Store as a live extended play titled iTunes Live from London . The song has been performed at the twentieth annual A Time for Heroes Celebrity Carnival , Rock in Rio concerts in Lisbon , Portugal , and Madrid , Spain , the 1515 Club in Paris , France , Heaven and G-A-Y in London , England . The song was also used as the penultimate number of Cyrus ' Wonder World Tour ( 2009 ) , her first world tour . The performances began with backup dancers in bodysuits marching as they emerged from the bottom of the stage . The banging of a gong announced Cyrus ' arrival . She dressed in a white tank top and shorts , boots , and a metallic vest . Cyrus and the multiple backup dancers performed elaborate dance routines as images on overhead screens depicted geometric patterns . The dancers exited the stage by throwing themselves inside the stage as Cyrus prepared for the next performance . Mikael Wood of The Los Angeles Times , who attended the September 22 , 2009 , concert at the Staples Center in Los Angeles , California , referred to the performance of `` See You Again '' as an uptempo highlight that was , however , unable `` to give her fans a deeper idea of who she is and what her music means '' . On September 15 , 2017 , exactly 10 years after the single was released , Cyrus performed `` See You Again '' for the BBC Radio 1 Live Lounge accompanied with other songs like `` Malibu '' , `` Younger Now '' , `` Party in the U.S.A. '' and a cover of Roberta Flack 's `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' . It was the first performance of the song in nearly six years . Cover versions ( edit ) Electropop duo , Breathe Carolina covered `` See You Again '' on the compilation Punk Goes Pop 2 . English electropop singer Little Boots recorded a cover version of `` See You Again '' that surfaced the Internet in December 2008 . In an interview with Digital Spy , Little Boots said , `` That 's a wicked song ! The line ' My best friend Lesley said , `` Oh she 's just being Miley '' ' is awesome . Me and my friend have been obsessing over that lyrics for ages now , it 's getting ridiculous ! '' Breathe Carolina 's act consisted of a balance of pop punk and rock music , which stood out to their record label , Fearless Records . Because of it , Fearless Records decided to reserve a spot for them on their upcoming compilation Punk Goes Pop 2 ( 2009 ) , where they performed a cover version of `` See You Again '' , produced by Mike Green . Breathe Carolina included their version of `` See You Again '' in their set list for the Warped Tour 2009 . The cover later appeared on the deluxe edition of the band 's second studio album Hello Fascination ( 2010 ) . Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format United Kingdom August 21 , 2008 CD single Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2007 -- 08 ) Peak position Australian Singles Chart 6 Austrian Singles Chart 30 Belgian Singles Chart ( Wallonia ) 43 Canadian Hot 100 Czech Airplay Singles Chart 69 Eurochart Hot 100 Singles 38 German Singles Chart 52 Hungarian Singles Chart 7 Irish Singles Chart 13 New Zealand Singles Chart 11 Slovakian Airplay Singles Chart 45 UK Singles Chart 11 US Billboard Hot 100 10 US Pop Songs US Adult Pop Songs 21 Venezuela Pop Rock ( Record Report ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2008 ) Position Australian Singles Chart 26 Canadian Hot 100 21 New Zealand Singles Chart 43 UK Singles Chart 103 US Billboard Hot 100 31 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Platinum 70,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Platinum 0 United States ( RIAA ) 3x Platinum 2,456,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hiscock , John ( March 25 , 2010 ) . `` Miley Cyrus interview : I 'm going to hire an acting coach '' . The Daily Telegraph . Telegraph Media Group . Retrieved May 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Moss , Corey ( December 4 , 2010 ) . `` ' Hannah Montana ' Star Miley Cyrus Ready To Break Out , Hilary - Style '' . MTV News . Viacom . Retrieved November 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Jonathan ( July 4 , 2007 ) . `` Cyrus Sidesteps Clarkson To Debut At No. 1 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved June 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 01 - 20 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` Walmart Soundcheck : Interview -- Part 2 '' . Walmart Soundcheck . Wal - Mart . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2009 . Retrieved December 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Vozick - Levinson , Simon ( January 10 , 2008 ) . `` I surrender , Miley Cyrus ! '' . Entertainment Weekly : Popwatch . Retrieved September 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Cinquemani , Sal ( July 20 , 2009 ) . `` Miley Cyrus -- Breakout '' . Slant Magazine . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2009 . Retrieved June 14 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Dosanjh , Ash ( September 4 , 2008 ) . `` Miley Cyrus -- Breakout '' . Yahoo ! Music . Yahoo !. Retrieved June 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Digital sheet music -- Miley Cyrus -- See You Again '' . Musicnotes.com . Alfred Publishing . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Timmermann , Josh ( July 31 , 2010 ) . `` Miley Cyrus : Breakout '' . PopMatters . Retrieved June 14 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Taylor , Chuck ( January 12 , 2008 ) . `` Singles : See You Again '' . Billboard . New York : Nielsen Business Media , Inc. 120 ( 2 ) : 64 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved October 30 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Wood , Mikael ( September 23 , 2009 ) . `` Live review : Miley Cyrus ' ' Wonder World ' concert at Staples Center '' . The Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Retrieved January 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lang , George . `` Music Review : Miley Cyrus , `` Breakout '' ( Hollywood ) `` . The Oklahoman . Oklahoma Publishing Company . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2012 . Retrieved October 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` See You Again ( Legal Title ) '' . BMI.com . Broadcast Music Incorporated . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 : `` Week of December 22 , 2007 '' `` . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved October 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 : `` Week of February 16 , 2008 '' `` . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved October 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Jonathan ( April 24 , 2008 ) . `` Lil Wayne Scores First Hot 100 Chart - Topper '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved October 31 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` See You Again '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved October 31 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Paul Grein ( August 28 , 2013 ) . `` Week Ending Aug. 25 , 2013 . Songs : Robin & Marvin '' . Chart Watch . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Miley Cyrus -- See You Again ( Song ) '' . Australian-charts.com . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved October 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2008 Singles '' . ARIA.com.au . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved December 25 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Miley Cyrus -- See You Again ( Song ) '' . Charts.org.nz . Recording Industry Association of New Zealand . Retrieved October 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand Gold / Platinum Singles '' . Recording Industry Association of New Zealand . Radioscope . September 4 , 2009 . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2008 . Retrieved November 14 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chart Stats -- Miley Cyrus -- See You Again '' . Chartstats.com . The Official Charts Company . Retrieved August 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Stats -- Miley Cyrus '' . Chartstats.com . The Official Charts Company . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2010 . Retrieved August 17 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Discography Miley Cyrus '' . Irish-charts.com . Irish Recorded Music Association . Retrieved June 7 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Single ( track ) top 10 lista -- és válogatáslemez - lista -- 200952 '' . Mahasz ( in Hungarian ) . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved June 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ford , Kristin ( April 24 , 2007 ) . `` The Cheetah Girls at Disney Channel Games '' . The Orlando Sentinel . Tribune Company . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2010 . Retrieved October 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Miley Cyrus to appear on ' Idol Gives Back ' '' . msnbc.com . NBC Universal and Microsoft . Retrieved October 31 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Stevenson , Jane ( December 15 , 2007 ) . `` Young fans show Hannah Montana love '' . Canadian Online Explorer . Sun Media Corporation . Retrieved November 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Miley Cyrus ( 2008 ) . Hannah Montana & Miley Cyrus : Best of Both Worlds Concert . Walt Disney Records . Jump up ^ Harris , Chris ( May 5 , 2008 ) . `` Miley Cyrus Thanks Fans For Their Support During Disney Games Set '' . MTV News . Viacom . Retrieved December 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Miley Cyrus -- See You Again '' . MTV . Viacom . Retrieved April 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Futterman , Erica ( May 19 , 2008 ) . `` Jonas Brothers , New Kids on the Block , Miley Cyrus Earn Fans ' Shrieks at Zootopia '' . Rolling Stone . Jann Wenner . Retrieved September 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Sterns , Olivia ( July 22 , 2008 ) . `` Miley Ready to ' Breakout ' After VF ' Mistake ' '' . ABC News . The Walt Disney Company . Retrieved September 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Miley Cyrus Performs ' 7 Things ' on ' Today Show ' ( July 25 , 2008 ) '' . Access Hollywood . NBC Universal Television Distribution . July 25 , 2008 . Retrieved June 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` BBC -- Miley Cyrus -- BBBC Switch Live '' . BBC Online . BBC . Retrieved November 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Presidential Inaugural Committee Announces Talent Lineup for Neighborhood Inaugural Ball and Kids ' Inaugural Concert '' ( Press release ) . Disney Channel . January 13 , 2009 . Retrieved November 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Vena , Jocelyn ( January 19 , 2009 ) . `` Jonas Brothers , Miley Cyrus Entertain Vets ( And Obamas ) At ' Kids ' Inaugural ' '' . MTV News . Viacom . Retrieved November 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes : Live from London '' . iTunes Store United Kingdom . Apple Inc . Retrieved November 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Miley Cyrus -- A Time for Heroes Celebrity Carnival '' . InStyle . IPC Media . June 8 , 2009 . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2009 . Retrieved December 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Miley Rocks Out at the AIDS Benefit in LA ! '' . Seventeen . Hearst Corporation . June 10 , 2009 . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2010 . Retrieved December 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` My oh Miley ! Disney star struts around on stage in a VERY racy costume '' . Daily Mail . Daily Mail and General Trust . May 30 , 2010 . Retrieved May 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Llewellyn , Howell ( February 5 , 2010 ) . `` Miley Cyrus To Play Rock In Rio Madrid '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Miley Cyrus Private Concert in Paris '' . Terra.com . Terra Networks . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2012 . Retrieved July 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Maloney , Alison ( June 7 , 2010 ) . `` Wild child Miley Ca n't Be Tamed '' . The Sun . News International . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Miley Cyrus ( 2010 ) . Ca n't Be Tamed ( Deluxe Edition ) ( Live in London ) . Hollywood Records . Jump up ^ `` Miley Cyrus Returned To Live Lounge And Performed ' See You Again ' In The Year 2017 '' . MTV News . September 15 , 2017 . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Levine , Nick ( December 28 , 2008 ) . `` Ones To Watch In 2009 : Little Boots '' . Digital Spy . Hachette Filipacchi Ltd . Retrieved October 30 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Roberts , Michael ( August 6 , 2009 ) . `` Breathe Carolina 's Kyle Evans discusses the joys and dangers of the Warped Tour '' . Westword . Village Voice Media . p. 2 . Retrieved October 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hello Fascination ( Deluxe Edition ) by Breathe Carolina '' . iTunes Store . Apple Inc . Retrieved October 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.co.uk/See-You-Again-2008-Edit/dp/B001E4424Q/ref=sr_1_33?s=music&ie=UTF8&qid=1430294305&sr=1-33 Jump up ^ `` Miley Cyrus - See You Again ( Song ) '' . Austriancharts.at . Ö3 Austria Top 75 . Retrieved October 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Miley Cyrus - See You Again ( Song ) '' . Ultratop.be/nl ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop . Retrieved October 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` See You Again -- Radio Top100 Oficiální '' . IFPIcr.cz . International Federation of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved July 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cyrus , Miley ( Hannah Montana ) : See You Again ( 2 - track ) '' . Musicline.de ( in Dutch ) . Media Control Charts . Retrieved July 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Who Owns My Heart -- Radio Top100 Oficiálna '' . IFPIcr.sk . International Federation of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved November 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Pop Rock '' ( in Spanish ) . Record Report . 2008 - 04 - 05 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts - End Of Year Charts - Top 100 Singles 2008 '' . ARIA.com.au . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved March 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2008 - Canadian Hot 100 Songs '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved March 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` RIANZ Annual Top 50 Singles Chart 2008 ( see `` 2008 -- Singles '' ) `` . RIANZ.org.nz . Recording Industry Association of New Zealand . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2010 . Retrieved March 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` UK Year - end Songs 2008 '' ( PDF ) . ChartsPlus . The Official Charts Company . p. 5 . Retrieved June 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2008 - Hot 100 Songs '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved March 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2009 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved August 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ THE FIELD id ( chart number ) MUST BE PROVIDED for NEW ZEALAND CERTIFICATION . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Miley Cyrus -- See You Again '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH External links ( edit ) `` See You Again '' music video on YouTube ( posted by Polydor Records ) ( hide ) Miley Cyrus songs Discography Meet Miley Cyrus `` See You Again '' `` Start All Over '' `` I Miss You '' Breakout `` Breakout '' `` 7 Things '' `` Fly on the Wall '' The Time of Our Lives `` Party In The U.S.A. '' `` When I Look at You '' `` The Climb '' Ca n't Be Tamed `` Liberty Walk '' `` Who Owns My Heart '' `` Ca n't Be Tamed '' `` Every Rose Has Its Thorn '' Bangerz `` Adore You '' `` We Ca n't Stop '' `` SMS ( Bangerz ) '' `` 4x4 '' `` Wrecking Ball '' `` # GetItRight '' `` Drive '' `` FU '' `` Someone Else '' Miley Cyrus & Her Dead Petz `` Dooo It ! '' `` BB Talk '' `` Lighter '' Younger Now `` Younger Now '' `` Malibu '' `` Week Without You '' `` Inspired '' Collaborations `` Ready , Set , Do n't Go '' `` Send It On '' `` Just Stand Up ! '' `` We Are the World 25 for Haiti '' `` Nothing to Lose '' `` Decisions '' `` Ashtrays and Heartbreaks '' `` Fall Down '' `` 23 '' `` Real and True '' `` Feelin ' Myself '' `` Come Get It Bae '' `` Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds '' Other songs `` I Thought I Lost You '' `` Santa Claus Is Comin ' to Town '' `` Part of Your World '' `` Hoedown Throwdown '' `` I Hope You Find It '' `` Butterfly Fly Away '' `` My Sad Christmas Song '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=See_You_Again_(Miley_Cyrus_song)&oldid=816896243 '' Categories : 2007 singles Debut singles Miley Cyrus songs Songs written by Antonina Armato Songs written by Tim James ( record producer ) Hollywood Records singles Songs written by Miley Cyrus Song recordings produced by Rock Mafia 2007 songs Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL CS1 Hungarian - language sources ( hu ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Cite certification used with missing parameters Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014 Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Pages using Certification Table Entry - Sales with missing information Certification Table Entry usages for United States Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Tiếng Việt 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 December 2017 , at 13 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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when will season 7 of true blood be free on amazon

True Blood ( season 7 )

true blood ( season 7 )

The seventh and final season of the HBO supernatural drama series True Blood premiered on June 22 , 2014 and contained ten episodes . The season was ordered on July 15 , 2013 . At the beginning of September it was announced that it would be the final season . The season was preceded by a farewell special entitled `` Farewell to Bon Temps '' , in which executive producers Alan Ball and Brian Buckner united with various cast members to reminisce about the series and gave a special preview of the final season .

Contents 1 Cast and characters 1.1 Main cast 1.2 Special guest cast 1.3 Guest cast 2 Episodes 3 Ratings 4 Production 5 References 6 External links Cast and characters ( edit ) Main cast ( edit ) Anna Paquin as Sookie Stackhouse Stephen Moyer as Bill Compton Sam Trammell as Sam Merlotte Ryan Kwanten as Jason Stackhouse Rutina Wesley as Tara Thornton Alexander Skarsgård as Eric Northman Chris Bauer as Andy Bellefleur Kristin Bauer van Straten as Pam Swynford De Beaufort Amelia Rose Blaire as Willa Burrell Lauren Bowles as Holly Cleary Tara Buck as Ginger Anna Camp as Sarah Newlin Gregg Daniel as Reverend Daniels Nelsan Ellis as Lafayette Reynolds Aaron Christian Howles as Rocky Cleary Joe Manganiello as Alcide Herveaux Noah Matthews as Wade Cleary Bailey Noble as Adilyn Bellefleur Jim Parrack as Hoyt Fortenberry Nathan Parsons as James Kent Adina Porter as Lettie Mae Daniels Carrie Preston as Arlene Fowler Bellefleur Jurnee Smollett - Bell as Nicole Wright Deborah Ann Woll as Jessica Hamby Karolina Wydra as Violet Mazurski Special guest cast ( edit ) Robert Patrick as Jackson Herveaux Michael McMillian as Steve Newlin Jessica Tuck as Nan Flanagan Todd Lowe as Terry Bellefleur Rutger Hauer as Niall Brigant Lois Smith as Adele Stackhouse Guest cast ( edit ) Patricia Bethune as Jane Bodehouse Tanya Wright as Deputy Kenya Jones Riley Smith as Keith Will Yun Lee as Mr. Gus John Rezig as Deputy Kevin Ellis Tess Alexandra Parker as Rosie Brett Rickaby as Vince McNeil Paula Jai Parker as Karen Dustin Ingram as Ronnie Shannon Lucio as Caroline Compton Ashley Hinshaw as Brigette Isabella Rice as Sarah Compton Dale Raoul as Maxine Fortenberry Robert Baker as Mack Lucas Adams as Lou Eugene Byrd as Jerome Brianne Davis as Belinda Chelsea Ricketts as Lucinda Natalie Hall as Amber Mills John W. Godley as Big John Dickson Brian Poth as Matt Stacy Haiduk as Jenny Louis Ozawa Changchien as Hiroki Shishir Kurup as Guru Sanbir Dutta Gilbert Uwuor as Minus Matthew Holmes as Charles Dupont Paul Rae as Dark Figure Maz Jobrani as Moroccan Proprietor David Bickford as Reverend Skinner Arthur Darbinyan as Najat Massi Furlan as Nizar Lily Knight as Betty Harris Gabriella Wright as Sylvie Drew Rausch as Julian Fortenberry Željko Ivanek as The Magister Christian Pitre as Victoria Jamie Luner as Amanda Bess Armstrong as Nancy Mills Brett Rice as Paul Mills Kathleen York as Madeline Kapnek Michael Rothhaar as William Compton Sr . Marcia de Rousse as Dr. Ludwig Malcolm Goodwin as Joe Thornton Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of True Blood episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date US viewers ( millions ) 71 `` Jesus Gonna Be Here '' Stephen Moyer Angela Robinson June 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 22 ) 4.03 Picking up immediately where Season 6 left off , a large group of Hep V vampires attack Bon Temps in full force , leaving many casualties , but they are called off by an unseen person . They abduct Arlene , Holly , a heavily pregnant Nicole and several other people . Tara dies in the attack , leaving an injured and manic Lettie Mae crying for her daughter . Willa feeds her some vampire blood to heal her ; this causes Lettie Mae V - induced hallucinations to take on the form of Tara . Meanwhile , Jason finally mans up to Violet and has sex with her . Elsewhere in Morocco , Pam is still looking for Eric , placing her own life in danger for information . Back in Bon Temps , Jessica tries her best to gain Adilyn and Andy 's trust , while James keeps Lafayette company at his house . A local named Vince spots Sam shifting . Despite being able to hear all the hateful thoughts from the redneck townspeople , Sookie pleads with them to let her help . 72 `` I Found You '' Howard Deutch Kate Barnow June 29 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 29 ) 3.06 Jason has a sexy gay dream about Eric . At Fangtasia , Arlene and Holly come up with a plan to escape , but things do n't go as expected as their captor Betty is reluctant to help . The insane Lettie Mae 's obsession to see and talk to Tara 's ghost causes her to take extreme actions by burning herself and asking Willa to feed some of her blood again to heal her . Meanwhile , Sookie , Andy , Alcide , Jason and Sam go to the small town of Saint Alice to find out if anybody survived . They find a mass grave and a ghost town . With their mayor and sheriff gone , the people of Bon Temps take matters into their own hands when Vince forms a vigilante group to kill all supernatural entities . Jessica tries frantically to help Adilyn , who has been captured by the rowdy townsfolk and is imprisoned in the town jail . Sookie seeks Bill 's help . At the end , Pam finally finds Eric residing in France , but their reunion is n't a happy one as he has become infected by Hep V . 73 `` Fire in the Hole '' Lee Rose Brian Buckner July 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 06 ) 3.20 In France , Pam tries fruitlessly to convince the world - weary Eric to not give up on life despite that he is Hep - V positive and will die soon . Eric flashes back to 1986 France and remembers his involvement with the human daughter of a winery owner , and his choice to make when Nan Flannigan and Vampire Authority showed up . In the present , Pam finally gets a reaction from Eric when she tells him that Sarah Newlin is still alive . Meanwhile , Sarah has settled into a new life as the lover of a guru , but she is forced to flee from a team of ninja assassins who come hunting for her . In Bon Temps , Sookie and Bill set their plan into motion to use her as bait for the Hep - V vampires . Meanwhile , Lafayette and James spend the night bonding and getting high once again . A shootout ends in tragedy when the Hep V vampires find Sookie - and Alcide is killed in the crossfire , while Maxine Fortenberry and several townsfolk are killed when Hep - V vampires attack the vigilante mob . A traumatized Holly is used as bait by the Hep - V vampires , but is rescued . 74 `` Death Is Not the End '' Gregg Fienberg Daniel Kenneth July 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 13 ) 3.23 Sookie and Jason each make phone calls to Jackson and Hoyt to inform them of the death of their family members . Meanwhile , Eric decides to make a detour to Bon Temps to see Willa ( and Sookie ) , dragging a reluctant Pam along . Meanwhile , James stages an intervention for Jessica , who has n't fed since she accidentally killed Adilyn 's three sisters . Also , the origins how Eric became Vampire Sheriff are revealed which involves him and Pam forced by the Magistrate to operate a local video store in 1986 , how Ginger came into their lives 10 years later , and how another 10 years later in 2006 that Ginger suggested opening up the Fangtasia nightclub for vampires ( which Pam admits to stealing , but immediately forgiven by Eric . ) . Sookie probes Holly 's mind and finds out that Arlene and Nicole are being kept in the basement at Fangtasia . She rounds up her friends , including Eric , to go and save them , but their attempted rescue coincides with an attack by the anti-vampire mob from Bon Temps . 75 5 `` Lost Cause '' Howard Deutch Craig Chester July 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 20 ) 3.57 Lafayette and James throw a ' celebration of life ' party at Sookie 's in the wake of Alcide 's death and convince her to get dressed and look appropriate . In Dallas , Texas Eric and Pam pay Sarah Newlin 's vampire sister , Amber Mills , a visit ; they learn Sarah 's in Dallas and will be at a gala party . Bill reminisces his past before going to war with the Yankees during the Civil War . Meanwhile , Lettie Mae drugs her husband so she can be present at the town party . Andy forgives Jessica for killing his half - faeie daughters , telling her he ca n't move on if she tortures herself and he gets help proposing to an ecstatic Holly . Arlene gives Sookie tips on getting over the loss of a loved one . Meanwhile Lafayette and James get really intimate much to Jessica 's chagrin . While getting dressed , Pam and Eric discover his illness has worsened . Arlene gets noticed by 500 - year - old vampire Keith , who saved her life in Fangtasia . Lafayette confronts Jessica telling her she does n't deserve James because she does n't care about him . Lettie Mae 's obsession to talk with Tara causes her to take a violent action which in turn gets her thrown out of the party . Nicole gives the townsfolk a piece of her honest mind and leaves with Sam . Jason and Jessica have sex while Violet listens through the door unbeknownst to them . In Dallas , the Yakuza disrupts the gala party and leave many casualties . Sarah Newlin and her mother Nancy try to escape but Nancy ends up dead . At the end , Bill suddenly discovers he is Hep - V positive - due to drinking from Sookie , who had unknowingly become a carrier due to exposure through a cut on her wrist . 76 6 `` Karma '' Angela Robinson Angela Robinson July 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 27 ) 3.38 In Dallas , Eric briefly captures Sarah Newlin to torture and kill her , but he ends up fighting the Yakuza ; he and Pam are captured , and Sarah escapes yet again . In Bon Temps , Lafayette indulges Lettie Mae with vampire blood and realizes she may not just be hallucinating about Tara 's ghost . Meanwhile , Violet retaliates following Jason 's infidelity by luring away Andy and Holly 's children after Andy finds Wade in bed with Adilyn . Jessica makes a shocking discovery about Bill after she overhears him on the phone talking about his being Hep - V positive , and Sookie receives some bad news . Bill attempts to will his property to Jessica , but is confronted by multiple obstacles ( including the unusually rapid progression of his illness ) and vents his frustration before returning home , to find Sookie and Jessica waiting for him . Also , Nicole tells Sam that she wants to leave Bon Temps and return to her home in California , but Sam does n't want to leave the only home he knows . Elsewhere , Sarah seeks shelter with her estranged vampire sister Amber ( who is also dying of Hep V ) , where she reveals something about herself that might change everything . 77 7 `` May Be the Last Time '' Simon Jayes Craig Chester August 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 03 ) 3.39 Hoyt arrives in Bon Temps with his girlfriend Brigette to identify his mother 's body . Violet invites Adilyn and Wade to her house to give them privacy , but her motives for doing so are soon revealed . Meanwhile , Eric and Pam agree to cooperate with Mr. Gus and the Yakanomo corporation in the search for Sarah who want to take her to Japan to put her on trial for the murder of their rep ( back in Season 6 ) , but Eric only has one real interest ; to kill Sarah in the most violent way for everything she has done . Sarah , meanwhile , is hiding out in the former headquarters of the Fellowship of the Sun , hallucinating about her former husband Steve . Sookie attempts to get help for Bill first from Dr. Ludwig and then from Niall Brigand ; the latter tells her even his magic can not save Bill , and she must accept his oncoming death . Sarah faces the demons from her past . Also , Bill continues to reminisce about his life in the 1860s before he was turned . Nicole tells Sam she does n't want to raise their unborn daughter in a place as dangerous as Bon Temps and gives him a choice : Bon Temps or her . At the end , Sookie returns to Bill , determined to be with him again before he dies . 78 8 `` Almost Home '' Jesse Warn Kate Barnow August 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 10 ) 3.34 Sarah is found and captured by Eric , Pam and Mr. Gus ; upon drinking from her , Eric is almost instantly cured of his Hep V. Meanwhile , Lettie Mae and Lafayette convince Reverend Daniels to join them in their search for Tara 's spirit . Jason steps into a trap in an effort to save Jessica , Adilyn and Wade from Violet , but help comes from an unexpected source : Hoyt who suddenly appears , kills Violet and saves everyone . Sarah is kept prisoner by Eric , Pam and the Yakanomo corporation in the basement of Fangtasia , but neither the vampires nor the Yakuza trust one another . Jessica and Hoyt get reacquainted . Also , Eric reveals the existence of the Hep - V cure to Sookie and offers to heal Bill , but when Bill is pressured to drink from Sarah by Sookie , Eric and Jessica , he unexpectedly refuses . 79 9 `` Love Is to Die '' Howard Deutch Brian Buckner August 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 17 ) 3.56 Sookie and Jessica are left devastated after Bill decides not to drink the antidote ; as a result Jessica asks Bill to release her from his maker bond . Jessica visits Hoyt to tell him of their history together , causing Brigette and Hoyt to break up . Sookie and Jessica discover that Sam has left town with Nicole to start a new life . Afterwards , Jason looks after a heartbroken Brigette and they bond in an unexpected way , while at the same time Jessica and Hoyt reconcile . Bill asks Eric to help persuade Sookie to hear him out . Meanwhile , the Yakanomo corporation finds out that Eric and Pam have revealed the Hep V antidote to Sookie . 80 10 `` Thank You '' Scott Winant Brian Buckner August 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 24 ) 4.04 In the series final , Eric and Pam slaughter the entire Yakanomo members as well as and Mr. Gus ( saving Sookie one last time in the process ) and take Sarah Newlin hostage . Bill finally convinces Sookie to accept his passing and his choice to die , but she balks at his request to kill him with her Fae powers ( which would reduce her to human and , in his eyes , give her the ' normal life ' that he believes she deserves ) . Bill meets with Jessica and Hoyt and requests that he be allowed to give Jessica away in marriage before his death ; the wedding proceeds , with Jason , Andy , Arlene , Holly and Sookie attending . Bill makes his final peace with Andy ( his last living descendant ) , by leaving him his house and land , with the condition that Jessica and Hoyt be allowed to live there for $1 a month rent . Seeing Jason 's real connection with Brigette , Sookie gives him her approval . After getting some advice from Reverend Daniels , she meets Bill at nighttime in the Bon Temps cemetery . Sookie ultimately refuses to give up her Fae powers , saying that , like Bill , they are a part of her . After expressing her love for him one more time , she helps Bill stake himself as he lies in the coffin in his own grave from the Civil War , then fills in the grave with dirt and walks home in tears . Four years later . Eric and Pam are running a multi-billion dollar corporation called New Blood ; having claimed that they found a `` sample '' of Sarah Newlin 's blood after she escaped them , they have synthesized a cure for Hep V and a new food source for vampires . Pam , however , is shown to secretly keep Sarah hidden in Fangtasia 's basement , charging vampires a fortune to feed on her , while Eric sits on his throne on the Fangtasia stage . Sarah is haunted by the spirit of her former husband , Steve . Meanwhile , Sookie ( now married to an unnamed man and expecting a child ) and Jason ( married to Brigette , with three kids ) host a Thanksgiving party in Bon Temps which includes new and old faces ( Sam and his family arrive for the party ) , and vampire and human couples alike . The series ends with the Led Zeppelin song , `` Thank you '' , playing over the end credits . Ratings ( edit ) Episode number ( Production number ) Title Original air date Ratings share ( Adults 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( in millions ) Rank per week on Cable 71 ( 7.01 ) `` Jesus Gonna Be Here '' June 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 22 ) 4.03 # 10 72 ( 7.02 ) `` I Found You '' June 29 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 29 ) 1.6 3.06 # 23 73 ( 7.03 ) `` Fire in the Hole '' July 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 06 ) 1.7 3.20 # 22 74 ( 7.04 ) `` Death Is Not the End '' July 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 13 ) 1.7 3.23 # 19 75 ( 7.05 ) `` Lost Cause '' July 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 20 ) 1.9 3.57 # 13 76 ( 7.06 ) `` Karma '' July 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 27 ) 1.8 3.38 # 11 77 ( 7.07 ) `` May Be the Last Time '' August 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 03 ) 1.7 3.39 # 14 78 ( 7.08 ) `` Almost Home '' August 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 10 ) 1.8 3.34 # 13 79 ( 7.09 ) `` Love Is to Die '' August 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 17 ) 1.8 3.56 # 14 80 ( 7.10 ) `` Thank You '' August 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 24 ) 4.04 # 8 Production ( edit ) A seventh season was ordered on July 15 , 2013 , and was later announced to be the final season . Brian Buckner continued as executive producer and showrunner . At the end of December 2013 , actor Luke Grimes , who had portrayed the vampire James in the sixth season , asked to be released from his contract over creative differences ( according to cast and crew Grimes did n't want to play the role once he found out his character was going to be bisexual in season seven ) . Australian actor Nathan Parsons was later announced as his replacement . After having recurring roles as Ginger and Lettie Mae Thornton since the first season , both Tara Buck and Adina Porter were promoted to series regulars . Filming on the final episode wrapped in the early hours of July 10 , 2014 . Charlaine Harris , author of the series of novels on which the show is based , filmed a cameo for the series finale ( she was director for Eric and Pam 's commercial ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( April 3 , 2014 ) . `` HBO Announces Premiere Dates for True Blood 's Final Season , Damon Lindelof 's The Leftovers '' . TV Line . Retrieved May 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Rice , Lynette ( July 15 , 2013 ) . `` ' True Blood ' renewed for seventh season '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Barnsdale , Chad . `` A Preview of True Blood Season 7 -- The Final Season of this Epic Vampire Drama '' . Unfinished Man . Retrieved 16 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Rice , Lynette ( September 3 , 2013 ) . `` ' True Blood ' to end run in 2014 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lucas , Katie M. ( June 13 , 2014 ) . `` 5 Reasons to Watch Sunday 's Farewell Show '' . True to the End . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 28 , 2014 ) . `` Riley Smith Joins HBO 's ' True Blood ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 2 , 2014 ) . `` Will Yun Lee Joins HBO 's ' True Blood ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( June 24 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : World Cup Soccer Wins Night , ' True Blood ' , ' The Last Ship ' , ' Falling Skies ' , ' Devious Maids ' , ' Penny Dreadful ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 1 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' BET Awards ' Leads Night + World Cup Soccer , ' True Blood ' , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' The Last Ship ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2014 . Retrieved July 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( July 9 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Wins Night , ' The Last Ship ' , ' Falling Skies ' , ' The Leftovers ' , ' Devious Maids ' , ' Witches of East End ' , & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 15 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Tops Night + ' The Strain ' , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' The Last Ship ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( July 22 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Wins Night , ' The Last Ship ' , ' The Strain ' , ' Witches of East End ' , ' Ray Donovan ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 29 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Leads Night + NASCAR , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' The Last Ship ' , ' The Strain ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( August 5 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Wins Night , ' The Strain ' , ' Keeping Up With The Kardashians ' , ' The Last Ship ' , ' The Leftovers ' , ' Falling Skies ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 12 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Shark of Darkness : Wrath of Submarine ' Tops Night + ' True Blood ' , ' Air Jaws ' , NASCAR & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( August 19 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Wins Night , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' The Strain ' , ' The Last Ship ' , ' The Leftovers ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 26 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Video Music Awards ' Tops Night + ' True Blood ' , ' The Strain ' , ' The Last Ship ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 24 , 2014 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : World Cup Soccer Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending June 22 , 2014 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 1 , 2014 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : World Cup Soccer Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending June 29 , 2014 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2014 . Retrieved July 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 9 , 2014 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : World Cup Soccer Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending July 7 , 2014 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2014 . Retrieved July 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 15 , 2014 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : World Cup Soccer Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending July 13 , 2014 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 22 , 2014 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : Home Run Derby Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending July 20 , 2014 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2014 . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 29 , 2014 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : ' Major Crimes ' Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending July 27 , 2014 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2014 . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 5 , 2014 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : ' Major Crimes ' Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending August 3 , 2014 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 12 , 2014 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : ' Major Crimes ' Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending August 10 , 2014 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 19 , 2014 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : ' Major Crimes ' Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending August 17 , 2014 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 26 , 2014 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : ' Video Music Awards ' Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending August 24 , 2014 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( December 30 , 2013 ) . `` True Blood Exclusive : Luke Grimes Exits Prior to Seventh and Final Season , Role Will Be Recast '' . TV Line . Retrieved May 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' True Blood ' Actor Speaks Out On Ex-Costar's Anti-Gay Behavior : ' I 'm Over Him ' '' . MTV News . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( January 15 , 2014 ) . `` True Blood Recast Exclusive : Bunheads Hunk Is the New James , Replacing Luke Grimes '' . TV Line . Retrieved May 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 7 , 2014 ) . `` ' True Blood ' Promotes Tara Buck To Regular '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( October 25 , 2013 ) . `` ' True Blood 's Adina Porter Upped To Regular '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Paquin , Anna ( July 10 , 2014 ) . `` And that 's a wrap ! '' . Twitter . Retrieved July 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Moyer , Stephen ( July 10 , 2014 ) . `` Last nite . @ TrueBloodHBO wrapped 7 amazing years . Thank U '' . Twitter . Retrieved July 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Harris , Charlaine ( May 20 , 2014 ) . `` I shot a cameo for the last episode of `` True Blood , '' `` . Facebook . Retrieved August 28 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Official website List of True Blood episodes on IMDb True Blood Seasons Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 Season 7 Episodes Strange Love Beyond Here Lies Nothin ' Turn ! Turn ! Turn ! Authority Always Wins Whatever I Am , You Made Me Hopeless Somebody That I Used to Know Sunset Save Yourself Characters Sookie Stackhouse Bill Compton Eric Northman Alcide Herveaux Sam Merlotte Jason Stackhouse Tara Thornton Lafayette Reynolds Pamela Swynford De Beaufort Jessica Hamby See also The Southern Vampire Mysteries `` Bad Things '' Alan Ball Charlaine Harris Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=True_Blood_(season_7)&oldid=861240495 '' Categories : 2014 American television seasons True Blood Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Português Edit links This page was last edited on 26 September 2018 , at 02 : 36 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True%20Blood%20%28season%207%29

when were fulham relegated from the premier league

Fulham F.C.

fulham f. c.

Fulham Full name Fulham Football Club Nickname ( s ) The Cottagers , The Whites , The Lily Whites Founded 1879 ; 139 years ago ( 1879 ) ( as St. Andrews Cricket & Football Club ) Ground Craven Cottage Ground Capacity 25,700 Owner Shahid Khan Chairman Shahid Khan Manager Slaviša Jokanović League Premier League 2017 -- 18 Championship , 3rd of 24 ( promoted via play - offs ) Website Club website Home colours Away colours Current season Fulham Football Club ( / ˈfʊləm / ) is a professional association football club based in Fulham , London , England . Founded in 1879 , they will play the 2018 - 19 season in the Premier League , the first tier of English football , following their promotion from the EFL Championship in the 2017 -- 18 season . They are the oldest - established football team from London to have played in the Premier League . The club has spent 25 seasons in English football 's top division , the majority of these in two spells during the 1960s and 2000s . The latter spell was associated with former chairman Mohamed Al - Fayed , after the club had climbed up from the fourth tier in the 1990s . Fulham have never won a major honour , although they have reached two major finals : in 1975 , as a Second Division team , they contested the FA Cup Final for the only time in their history , losing 2 -- 0 to West Ham United , and in 2010 they reached the final of the UEFA Europa League , which they contested with Atlético Madrid in Hamburg , losing 2 -- 1 after extra time . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 1879 -- 98 : Formation 1.2 1907 -- 49 : Football League 1.3 1949 -- 69 : First Division Cottagers 1.4 1970 -- 94 : Mixed fortunes outside the top flight 1.5 1994 -- 97 : Fulham 's lowest ebb 1.6 1997 -- 2001 : Al Fayed takeover 1.7 2001 -- 07 : Early Premier League years 1.8 2008 -- 10 : Hodgson 's transformation 1.9 2010 -- 13 : Established in the Premier League 1.10 2013 -- 18 : New ownership , relegation and promotion 2 Finances 3 Kit manufacturers and shirt sponsors 4 Current management 5 Players 5.1 First - team squad 5.2 Under 23s 5.3 Academy squad 6 Fulham in Europe 6.1 Overall record 7 Rivalries 8 Supporters 9 Managers 10 Grounds 11 Honours 12 Statistics 13 Club mascot controversy 14 Notes and references 14.1 Footnotes 14.2 References 15 External links History ( edit ) Main articles : History of Fulham F.C. and List of Fulham F.C. seasons 1879 -- 98 : formation ( edit ) The Second XI team , in 1886 Fulham were formed in 1879 as Fulham St Andrew 's Church Sunday School F.C. , founded by worshipers ( mostly adept at cricket ) at the Church of England on Star Road , West Kensington ( St Andrew 's , Fulham Fields ) . Fulham 's mother church still stands today with a plaque commemorating the team 's foundation . They won the West London Amateur Cup in 1887 and , having shortened the name from Fulham Excelsior to its present form in 1888 , they then won the West London League in 1893 at the first attempt . One of the club 's first ever kits was half red , half white shirts with white shorts worn in the 1886 -- 87 season . Fulham started playing at their current ground at Craven Cottage in 1896 , their first game against now defunct rivals Minerva . Fulham are one of the oldest established clubs in southern England currently playing professional football , though there are many non-league sides like Kent side Cray Wanderers who are several decades older . Postcard of the 1903 -- 04 line - up The club gained professional status on 12 December 1898 , the same year that they were admitted into the Southern League 's Second Division . They were the second club from London to turn professional , following Arsenal , then named Royal Arsenal 1891 . They adopted a red and white kit during the 1900 -- 01 season . In 1902 -- 03 , the club won promotion from this division , entering the Southern League First Division . The club 's first recorded all - white club kit came in 1903 , and ever since then the club has been playing in all - white shirts and black shorts , with socks going through various evolutions of black and / or white , but are now normally white - only . The club won the Southern League twice , in 1905 -- 06 and 1906 -- 07 . 1907 -- 49 : Football League ( edit ) The `` Rabbit Hutch '' stand along Stevenage Road sometime before Archibald Leitch 's redesign in 1904 -- 05 Fulham joined The Football League after the second of their Southern League triumphs . The club 's first league game , playing in the Second Division 's 1907 -- 08 season , saw them lose 1 -- 0 at home to Hull City in September 1907 . The first win came a few days later at Derby County 's Baseball Ground by a score line of 1 -- 0 . Fulham finished the season three points short of promotion in fourth place . The club progressed all the way to the semi-final of that season 's FA Cup , a run that included an 8 -- 3 away win at Luton Town . In the semi-final , however , they were heavily beaten , 6 -- 0 , by Newcastle United . This is still a record loss for an FA Cup semi-final game . Two years later , the club won the London Challenge Cup in the 1909 -- 10 season . Fulham 's first season in Division Two turned out to be the highest that the club would finish for 21 years , until in 1927 -- 28 when the club were relegated to the 3rd Division South , created in 1920 . Hussein Hegazi , an Egyptian forward , was one of the first non-British players to appear in The Football League , though he only played one game for Fulham in 1911 , marked with a goal , afterwards playing for non-league Dulwich Hamlet . During this period , businessman and politician Henry Norris was the club chairman and curiously he had an indirect role in the foundation of Fulham 's local rivals Chelsea . When he rejected an offer from businessman Gus Mears to move Fulham to land where the present - day Chelsea stadium Stamford Bridge is situated , Mears decided to create his own team to occupy the ground . In 1910 , Norris started to combine his role at Fulham with the chairmanship of Arsenal . Fulham became the first British team to sell hot dogs at their ground in 1926 . Fulham had several high - profile international players during the 1920s , including Len Oliver and Albert Barrett . Yearly performance of Fulham in the Football League After finishing fifth , seventh and ninth ( out of 22 teams ) in their first three seasons in the Third Division South , Fulham won the division in the 1931 -- 32 season . In doing so they beat Torquay United 10 -- 2 , won 24 out of 42 games and scored 111 goals , thus being promoted back to the Second Division . The next season they missed out on a second consecutive promotion , finishing third behind Tottenham Hotspur and Stoke City . A mixed bag of league performances followed , although the club also reached another FA Cup semi-final during the 1935 -- 36 season . Fulham were also to draw with Austria in 1936 before Anschluss . On 8 October 1938 , Craven Cottage saw its all - time highest attendance at a match against Millwall , with a crowd of 49,335 watching the game . 1907 -- 28 Football League Div. 2 ( Tier 2 ) 1928 -- 32 Football League Div . 3S ( Tier 3 ) 1932 -- 49 Football League Div. 2 ( Tier 2 ) League and cup football were severely disrupted by the outbreak of World War II in 1939 , with the Football League split into regional divisions temporarily , with a national Football League War Cup and a London War Cup up for grabs . Craven Cottage was used like many grounds for fitness and training of the army youth reserves . Post-war , a full league programme was only restored for 1946 -- 47 . In the third season of what is now considered the modern era of football , Fulham finished top of the Second Division , with a win - loss - draw record of 24 -- 9 -- 9 ( identical to that which won them the Third Division South 17 years previously ) . John Fox Watson made a pioneering transfer to Real Madrid in 1948 , becoming one of the first players from the United Kingdom to sign for a high - profile side abroad . 1949 -- 69 : first Division Cottagers ( edit ) Promotion to the top tier of English football saw the club perform poorly , finishing 17th in their first year and 18th in their second . In only their third season of First Division football , Fulham finished rock bottom of the 22 - team league in the 1951 -- 52 season , winning only eight of 42 games . On 20 May 1951 , Fulham played one of their first ever games in North America in an exhibition match against Celtic at Delorimier Stadium in Montreal in front of 29,000 spectators . 1949 -- 52 Football League Div. 1 ( Tier 1 ) 1952 -- 59 Football League Div. 2 ( Tier 2 ) 1959 -- 68 Football League Div. 1 ( Tier 1 ) 1968 -- 69 Football League Div. 2 ( Tier 2 ) A few seasons of mediocrity in the Second Division followed , but then the club reached the FA Cup semi-finals in 1958 and used this momentum to win promotion back to the First Division in the following season , having finished second to Sheffield Wednesday . Also joining Fulham in 1958 was Graham Leggat , who went on to score 134 goals in 277 appearances , ( making him the club 's fifth all - time top scorer ) . In the 1959 -- 60 season , they achieved tenth position in the First Division , which until finishing ninth in the 2003 -- 04 season was their highest - ever league position . This accompanied another appearance in the last four of the FA Cup in 1962 . By this time , the club were regularly playing in front of 30,000 plus crowds at Craven Cottage , despite struggling in the League . The club experienced several close escapes from relegation , none more spectacular than in 1965 -- 66 , when the club rooted at the bottom went on an astounding run beating all the top sides with a few games to go . On the morning of 26 February 1966 , Fulham had just 15 points from 29 matches . The last 13 games saw Fulham win nine and draw two to reach safety . Eventually , however , the club suffered relegation in the 1967 -- 68 season , having won just ten out of their 42 games . Even that , however , was not as catastrophic as the calamity of next season . Winning only seven in 42 , the club were again relegated to the Third Division . ( Note that this is not the same as the Third Division South , as the regional Third Divisions had been removed with the 1959 creation of the Fourth Division ) . Possibly the single most influential character in Fulham 's history is Johnny Haynes . `` Mr. Fulham '' or `` The Maestro , '' as Haynes later came to be known , signed for The Cottagers as a schoolboy in 1950 , making his first team debut on Boxing Day 1952 against Southampton at Craven Cottage . Haynes played for another 18 years , notching 657 appearances ( along with many other club records too ) , his last appearance for Fulham coming on 17 January 1970 . He is often considered as the greatest player in Fulham history , and never played for another team in Britain . He gained 56 caps for England ( 22 as captain ) , with many being earned while playing for Fulham in the Second Division . Haynes was injured in a car accident in Blackpool in 1962 , but by his own admissions never regained the fitness or form to play for England again , missing out on England 's victory in the FIFA World Cup 1966 for which he would have stood a chance of being selected . The Stevenage Road Stand was renamed in his honour after his death in a car crash in 2005 . 1970 -- 94 : mixed fortunes outside the top flight ( edit ) The aforementioned Third Division hiatus lasted only two seasons before the club was promoted back to the Second Division as runners - up in 1970 -- 71 . This spell also saw Fulham invited to the Anglo - Italian Cup , which saw the club draw four out of four games in 1972 -- 73 season . This preceded a period of high - profile signings for the club under Alec Stock in the mid-1970s , including Alan Mullery and Bobby Moore . Fulham reached their only FA Cup final in 1975 , having won their first semi-final in five attempts . The club then lost to West Ham United in the final . This gained the club qualification to another European tournament , the Anglo - Scottish Cup , where they made the final , losing to Middlesbrough . 1969 -- 71 Football League Div. 3 ( Tier 3 ) 1971 -- 80 Football League Div. 2 ( Tier 2 ) 1980 -- 82 Football League Div. 3 ( Tier 3 ) 1982 -- 86 Football League Div. 2 ( Tier 2 ) 1986 -- 94 Football League Div. 3 / 2 ( Tier 3 ) George Best played 47 times for the club in the 1976 -- 77 season . Rodney Marsh , who having grown up with Fulham in the 1960s went on to play First Division football and play for England , rejoined the club in the same season , playing only 16 games . This capped one of the most successful eras in Fulham history . The club were relegated again after winning only 11 in 42 matches in the 1979 -- 80 season , which eventually resulted in Bobby Campbell 's sacking in October 1980 , to be replaced by Malcolm Macdonald . With a strong squad during his 1980 -- 1984 period in charge ( with players such as Ray Houghton , Tony Gale , Paul Parker , Gerry Peyton and Ray Lewington ) , they won promotion again in 1981 -- 82 back to the Second Division , although the promotion was overshadowed by the suicide of former defender Dave Clement a few weeks before promotion was sealed . In 1980 , Fulham founded the rugby league club that is now London Broncos designed to be an extra stream of income for the football club , but which made financial losses every year while linked to Fulham F.C. Then called `` Fulham Rugby League , '' they played at Craven Cottage until moving away from the parent club in 1984 . In 1978 , Fulham had signed Gordon `` Ivor '' Davies who , during two spells at Fulham , became the club 's leading goalscorer of all time with a total of 178 goals in all competitions ; the record still stands . Fulham narrowly missed out on back - to - back promotions to the First Division , losing 1 -- 0 to Derby County away on the last day of the 1982 -- 83 season -- although the match was abandoned after 88 minutes due to a pitch invasion and inexplicably never replayed or finished . The side which had shown so much promise was quickly sold off as the club were in debt , so it was little surprise when the club were relegated again to the Third Division in 1986 . The club nearly went out of business in 1987 via an ill - advised merger attempt with Queens Park Rangers . It was only the intervention of ex-player Jimmy Hill that allowed the club to stay in business as a re-structured Fulham FC 1987 Ltd . In 1987 , the club took part in what was then the longest penalty deciders ever recorded -- it needed 28 spot kicks to sort out a winner between them and Aldershot following a Freight Rover Trophy match . In 1992 , the foundation of the Premier League , and the resignation of 22 clubs from The Football League , restored Fulham to that league 's Second Division . However , the club were relegated to the new Third Division after a poor 1993 -- 94 season , following which Ian Branfoot was appointed as team manager . 1994 -- 97 : Fulham 's lowest ebb ( edit ) 1994 -- 97 Football League Div. 3 ( Tier 4 ) After an eighth - place finish in Branfoot 's first season in charge , the club hit its lowest - ever final league position in the 1995 -- 96 season , finishing 17th out of 24 . Branfoot was sacked as manager , but remained at the club in other capacities for a short while . In February 1996 , Micky Adams became player - manager . Adams oversaw an upturn in form that lifted the side out of relegation danger . The next season , he engineered a second - place league finish , missing out on first place because several years previously the league had dropped the old `` goal difference '' system in favour of a `` goals scored '' tally , meaning Fulham finished behind Wigan Athletic . The club 's chairman Jimmy Hill had argued that goals scored should decide places of teams tied on points , and the Football League clubs had voted the system in . 1997 -- 2001 : Al Fayed takeover ( edit ) 1997 -- 99 Football League Div. 2 ( Tier 3 ) 1999 -- 2001 Football League Div. 1 ( Tier 2 ) 2001 -- 14 Premier League ( Tier 1 ) Egyptian businessman Mohamed Al - Fayed bought the club for £ 6.25 million in summer 1997 . The club was purchased via Bill Muddyman 's Muddyman Group . Micky Adams was replaced by Al - Fayed in the aftermath of a mid-table start to the season . He installed a two - tier management `` dream team '' of Ray Wilkins as First Team Manager and Kevin Keegan as chief operating officer , pledging that the club would reach the Premier League within five years . After an argument over team selection , Wilkins left the club in May 1998 to hand over the full managerial duties to Keegan , who helped steer the club to promotion the next season , winning 101 points out of a possible 138 , after spending £ 1.1 million to sign Paul Peschisolido from West Bromwich Albion , who was top scorer and captained by Chris Coleman -- then the most expensive footballer outside the top two divisions of the English league . In 1999 , Keegan left Fulham to become manager of England , and Paul Bracewell was put in charge . Bracewell was sacked in March 2000 , as Fulham 's promising early season form dwindled away to a mid-table finish . Frenchman Jean Tigana was put in charge and , having signed a number of young stars ( including French striker Louis Saha ) , he guided Fulham to their third promotion in five seasons in the 2000 -- 01 season , giving Fulham top - flight status for the first time since 1968 . Fulham once again amassed 101 points out of a possible 138 in their scintillating title run , which was crowned with an open - top bus parade down Fulham Palace Road . They are the only team to have twice reached 100 points in a season . During the season , Chris Coleman was involved in a car crash that put him out of action for well over a year and eventually ended his playing career after he failed to make a sufficient recovery . Fulham 's run through the divisions saw a large turnover of players , with the only player to play for the club in all four leagues being Sean Davis . 2001 -- 07 : early Premier League years ( edit ) Fulham ( white ) playing Portsmouth ( blue ) in front of Fulham fans in the Hammersmith End A minute 's silence for Jim Langley Fulham returned to the top division of English football , and competed in the Premier League for the first time . The club finished the 2001 -- 02 season in 13th place . Fulham were the only team to host top - flight football with some standing areas in the 21st century , but due to restrictions on standing , this was not allowed to continue ; clubs promoted from the second division had only three years to make their ground all - seater . Fulham were forced to groundshare with QPR at Loftus Road during the 2002 -- 03 and 2003 -- 04 seasons while Craven Cottage was rebuilt as an all - seated stadium . There were fears that Fulham would not return to the Cottage , after it was revealed that Al - Fayed had sold the first right to build on the ground to a property development firm . In 2002 -- 03 , Fulham spent most of the season in the lower half of the table . Chairman Al - Fayed told manager Jean Tigana that his contract would not be renewed at the end of the season . However , with five games left to play and relegation still possible , Tigana was sacked , and Chris Coleman was temporarily put in charge . Fulham won ten points from a possible 15 and managed to avoid relegation . Coleman was appointed manager on a permanent basis in the summer of 2003 ; despite predictions that the inexperience of Coleman would result in Fulham 's relegation , he kept the club well clear of relegation , guiding them to a club record ninth - place finish in his debut season . This might have been greater had the club not come under significant financial pressure to sell Louis Saha to Manchester United , for whom they received a club record £ 13 million . Fulham lost a legal case against former manager Tigana in 2004 after Al - Fayed wrongly alleged that Tigana had overpaid more than £ 7 million for new players and had negotiated transfers in secret . Coleman notched up another satisfactory performance in the 2004 -- 05 season and guided Fulham to a secure 13th - place finish . The following season Fulham improved by one place , finishing 12th -- the high point of the season was a 1 -- 0 win over local rivals and reigning champions Chelsea in the West London derby -- Chelsea had only lost two games in two and a half years . The 2006 -- 07 season proved to be Coleman 's last , as on 10 April 2007 , Fulham terminated his contract with immediate effect . His replacement was Northern Ireland manager Lawrie Sanchez . Fulham only gained four points from five games with Sanchez as caretaker manager . They ensured top - flight survival that season by defeating a weakened Liverpool side 1 -- 0 in the penultimate match of the season , and Sanchez was appointed manager . Fulham playing in their light blue away kit against Bolton Wanderers in the 2004 -- 05 FA Cup . Robin van Persie takes a free kick as Fulham players form a defensive wall . 2008 -- 10 : Hodgson 's transformation ( edit ) Roy Hodgson as manager at Fulham Sanchez received strong financial backing from the board and made a number of signings during the summer break , but , after just two league wins in the first five months of the season and with Fulham in the relegation zone , he was dismissed on 21 December 2007 after a defeat to Newcastle United . Roy Hodgson was named as the new manager of Fulham on 28 December 2007 and took up his contractual duties on 30 December , just two days before the January transfer window opened . Hodgson 's tenure did not start well and it took a month to secure his first win , against Aston Villa , courtesy of a Jimmy Bullard free - kick . Fulham continued to struggle and a 3 -- 1 home defeat in April at the hands of fellow strugglers Sunderland left Hodgson on the verge of tears in the post-match press conference and many pundits writing off Fulham 's survival chances . Despite the negative press , Hodgson continued to believe survival was attainable . The turning point of the season came in the third - to - last match , against Manchester City . Fulham trailed 2 -- 0 at half - time and had the Premier League scores at that time become results , they would have been relegated . However , the introduction of Diomansy Kamara heralded the start of a fantastic comeback -- Kamara struck twice as Fulham registered an amazing 3 -- 2 victory . Fulham then won a crucial match against fellow strugglers Birmingham City at Craven Cottage , leaving survival in the club 's own hands . Barring a goal - rush from fellow strugglers Reading , a win against a Portsmouth side looking ahead to their fourth FA Cup final would guarantee survival . With 15 minutes to play at Portsmouth , Fulham were drawing , and with Birmingham City and Reading leading comfortably against Blackburn Rovers and Derby County respectively , they looked likely to be relegated . However , Fulham earned a free - kick with 76 minutes played ; Jimmy Bullard 's delivery found Danny Murphy , who headed home the decisive goal , sparking manic celebrations from the travelling fans . Hodgson had ensured survival against all odds , breaking several club records in the process and cementing his place in Fulham folklore . Fulham narrowly missed out on a UEFA Cup place via Fairplay by a dubious 0.8 of a point behind Manchester City , who lost 8 -- 1 at Middlesbrough . In the 2008 -- 09 season , Fulham finished seventh , their highest - ever league placing , earning qualification for the inaugural UEFA Europa League , the second time that the club had entered a UEFA competition . 2009 -- 10 was arguably the most successful season in the club 's history . They were eliminated from the FA Cup in the quarter - finals for the second year running , and finished 12th in the Premier League , despite fielding weakened teams in the last few matches . In the inaugural Europa League season , however , Fulham reached the final , meeting Spanish club Atlético Madrid , who had dropped down from the Champions League , at the Volksparkstadion in Hamburg . In their first European cup final , the Cottagers were beaten 2 -- 1 after extra time , having drawn 1 -- 1 after full - time . The achievement of taking Fulham so unexpectedly far , beating famous teams like Hamburger SV , Juventus , holders Shakhtar Donetsk and Basel in the competition , led to Roy Hodgson being voted the LMA Manager of the Year by the widest margin in the history of the award . The home match in the round of 16 was arguably Fulham 's greatest result in the history of the club . Despite losing 3 -- 1 in the first leg at Italian giants Juventus and falling behind minutes into the second leg at Craven Cottage , Fulham scored four goals with no reply from Juventus . At the end of the season , Hodgson left Fulham to manage Liverpool . 2010 -- 13 : established in the Premier League ( edit ) On 29 July 2010 , Mark Hughes was named the successor to Hodgson , signing a two - year contract with the club . Hughes had previously managed Manchester City , the Welsh national team and Blackburn . Hughes ' first match in charge was against Bolton Wanderers at the Reebok Stadium . The highlight of the season was a 4 -- 0 win in the FA Cup over London rivals Tottenham Hotspur , all goals coming in the first half . Hughes resigned as manager of Fulham on 2 June 2011 , having spent fewer than 11 months at the club . The Whites had an encouraging finish in eighth position and qualified for the Europa League via Fairplay . On 7 June 2011 , Martin Jol signed a two - year contract with Fulham , becoming successor to Hughes . Jol 's first match was a 3 -- 0 Europa League win against NSÍ Runavík of the Faroe Islands on 30 June . Fulham then navigated their way with some ease to the group stage in the Europa League through late summer . However , the Cottagers were knocked out with the last seconds of the group stage matches , Odense BK equalising to make a draw , leaving Fulham in third place , with Polish side Wisła Kraków instead progressing to the next round . Fulham 's Premier League form in the 2011 -- 12 season was mixed , with the continuing away - record hangover of previous seasons dragging on . In October 2011 , Fulham had an emphatic 6 -- 0 home win over neighbours QPR , with Andrew Johnson scoring a hat - trick for Fulham in the match . The January 2012 transfer window saw Bobby Zamora move over the Hammersmith flyover to Loftus Road , with Russian striker Pavel Pogrebnyak coming in place from VfB Stuttgart . Clint Dempsey scored a club record 50 Premier League goals for Fulham between 2007 and 2012 . The New Year saw two further hat - tricks scored by Clint Dempsey . On 11 February 2012 , Progrebnyak scored on his debut in the 2 -- 1 win over Stoke City . In March 2012 , a 5 -- 0 win against Wolverhampton Wanderers saw a hat - trick from Pogrebnyak . The Cottagers broke their historic drought on Merseyside with a 1 -- 0 win over Liverpool at Anfield on May Day and another win against Sunderland in the last home game meant Fulham were only one point short of equalling their largest points haul in the Premier League , with just one game remaining . However , they failed to achieve this after losing their last game away at Tottenham . In the 2012 -- 13 season , Fulham ended a seven - match winless run by beating Swansea City 3 -- 0 away at the Liberty Stadium on the final game of the season on 19 May 2013 . Fulham finished the season in 12th place . 2013 -- 18 : new ownership , relegation and promotion ( edit ) 2014 -- 2018 Football League Championship ( Tier 2 ) 2018 -- Premier League ( Tier 1 ) Shahid Khan took over as chairman in July 2013 , but after a poor start to the 2013 -- 14 season , having only amassed ten points from 13 games , Martin Jol was sacked as manager on 1 December 2013 , with René Meulensteen taking charge as head coach . On the `` deadline day '' of the January transfer window , Fulham reportedly broke their transfer record to purchase Greek international Kostantinos Mitroglou for £ 12.5 million from Olympiacos . Meulensteen was replaced by Felix Magath after just 17 games in charge , but fortunes did not improve , and Fulham were eventually relegated to the Championship after a 4 -- 1 defeat away to Stoke on 3 May . Post-season , the media criticised chairman Shahid Khan 's decision to sack Meulensteen and appoint the third manager of the season in Magath , with Sky Sports ' Jamie Redknapp going as far to say `` what did Fulham expect ? '' The Daily Telegraph stated that the club was `` no longer well run '' as it had been under Al Fayed . Magath retained his job as manager despite being linked with a move to Southampton . Fulham broke the Championship transfer record that summer in a restructuring of the squad by Magath , purchasing , amongst others , Ross McCormack for a reported £ 11 million . However , after an alarming start to the new season , amassing just one point in seven games , Magath was sacked in September 2014 , with Kit Symons appointed as caretaker manager . Former captains Brede Hangeland and Danny Murphy slated Magath , claiming that Magath ignored doctors and instructed Hangeland to place a block of cheese on his thigh to make him fit for the next match . Murphy suggested that this was `` ridiculous , '' before Magath later admitted that he did suggest cheese as a remedy . Fulham eventually finished the season in 17th place . Fulham made their second squad overhaul in as many years , adding 12 new players to the first - team squad , but were forced to sell several key players , such as Bryan Ruiz , Hugo Rodallega and Patrick Roberts . Fulham suffered an inconsistent start to the season , with results such as a 4 -- 0 against local rivals QPR countered by results like a 0 -- 3 home loss to Wolves . After a 2 -- 5 loss at home to Birmingham City , and lying in 12th place , Kit Symons was sacked as Fulham manager in November 2015 . It took 49 days to find a replacement , the club using Peter Grant and Stuart Gray in the interim , before appointing the Serbian Slaviša Jokanović on 27 December 2015 . Fulham 's fortunes did not improve greatly following Jokanović 's appointment , with no league wins until their 3 -- 1 victory over QPR on 13 February 2016 . This poor run of form brought Fulham down to 18th position in the Championship . Aside from a further victory against Charlton Athletic on 20 February 2016 , the club again went winless until their 2 -- 1 victory over relegation strugglers MK Dons , on 2 April 2016 . Fulham finished the 2015 / 16 Championship season in 20th place , avoiding relegation by 11 points . After yet another squad overhaul , the following season saw huge improvements in both results and performances . After a good start , which included a 1 - 0 win over newly - relegated Newcastle , Fulham found themselves in 2nd place at the end of August . A poor September followed , but a significant improvement from October onwards , which included the 5 - 0 thrashings of high - flying Huddersfield Town and Reading , got Fulham back into play - off contention . Fulham secured a 6th place finish after an impressive finish to the season , which saw Fulham collect 37 points out of their last 17 games , and entered the play - offs , where they were undone by a controversial Yann Kermorgant penalty , which saw Reading triumph 2 - 1 on aggregate . After a poor first half of the 2017 / 18 season , which included a 1 - 0 loss away to bottom placed Sunderland on 16 December 2017 , Fulham struggled to break the top half of the table . Following that loss at Sunderland , Fulham went on a club - record 23 game unbeaten run in the league , which included a 6 - 0 romping of Burton Albion and wins against fellow promotion rivals Wolverhampton Wanderers , Aston Villa and Cardiff City . The run ended on the final day of the season , as Fulham fell to a 3 - 1 defeat against Birmingham City . Had Fulham won , they would have finished the season in second place , as Cardiff failed to beat Reading . Instead they would have to face the play - offs for a second season running . After overcoming a 1 - 0 away defeat to Derby County in the semi finals , Fulham won the EFL Championship play - off Final against Aston Villa to return to the Premier League on 26 May 2018 , after securing their first win at Wembley in their 139 year history . Finances ( edit ) Shahid Khan , owner and chairman Position Name Chairman : Shahid Khan Chief Executive Officer : Alistair Mackintosh Finance Director : Sean O'Loughlin Non-Executive Director : Mark Lamping Fulham Football Club is owned by Shahid Khan . Khan completed his purchase of the club from Mohamed Al - Fayed on 12 July 2013 for a reported £ 150 -- 200 million . During his ownership of Fulham , Al - Fayed had provided Fulham F.C. with £ 187 million in interest - free loans . In March 2011 Fulham posted annual losses of £ 16.9 million , with Al - Fayed stating that he would `` continue to make funds available to achieve our goals both on and off the pitch '' and that `` the continued success of Fulham and its eventual financial self - sustainability is my priority . '' As of January 2013 Fulham were effectively debt - free as Al - Fayed converted the loans into equity in the club . Kit manufacturers and shirt sponsors ( edit ) show Period Kit manufacturer Shirt sponsor 1974 -- 77 Umbro None 1977 -- 81 Adidas 1981 -- 84 Osca 1984 -- 85 Umbro William Younger 1985 -- 87 Prestige Travel Scoreline None Emirates 1988 -- 90 TeleConnect 1990 -- 91 Ribero 1991 -- 92 None 1992 -- 93 DMF Sportswear 1993 -- 96 Vandanel GMB 1996 -- 97 Le Coq Sportif 1997 -- 98 Adidas 1998 -- 2001 Demon Internet 2001 -- 02 Pizza Hut 2002 -- 03 Betfair.com 2003 -- 05 Puma dabs.com 2005 -- 06 Pipex 2006 -- 07 Airness 2007 -- 10 Nike LG 2010 -- 13 Kappa FxPro 2013 -- 15 Adidas Marathonbet 2015 -- 17 Visit Florida 2017 -- 18 Grosvenor Casinos 2018 -- Dafabet Current management ( edit ) Position Name Nationality First Team Head Coach : Slaviša Jokanović Serbian First Team Assistant Head Coach : Javier Pereira Spanish First Team Coach : Alberto Escobar Spanish First Team Coach : Scott Parker English Manager of First Team Medical & Sports Science : Marco Cesarini Italian First Team Goalkeeping Coach : José Sambade Carreira Spanish Head of Sports Science : Alastair Harris English Fulham Academy Director : Huw Jennings Welsh Lead Professional Development Coach / PL2 Manager : Peter Grant Scottish Head of Academy Coaching : Steve Wigley English First Team Doctor : Nigel Sellars English Under - 18s Head Coach : Mark Pembridge Welsh Players ( edit ) First - team squad ( edit ) As of 16 July 2018 . Note : Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules . Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality . No . Position Player GK Marcus Bettinelli MF Ryan Sessegnon DF Denis Odoi 6 MF Kevin McDonald 7 MF Neeskens Kebano 8 MF Stefan Johansen 9 FW Rui Fonte 10 MF Tom Cairney ( captain ) 11 FW Floyd Ayité 13 DF Tim Ream No . Position Player 14 FW Cauley Woodrow 22 DF Cyrus Christie 23 DF Marcelo Djaló 36 MF Luca de la Torre 42 GK Marek Rodák 44 MF Ibrahima Cissé 47 FW Aboubakar Kamara -- MF Jean Michaël Seri -- DF Maxime Le Marchand Under 23s ( edit ) ( As of PL2 -- Player Profiles ) Note : Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules . Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality . No . Position Player 33 MF Matt O'Riley 37 MF Tayo Edun 39 FW Stephen Humphrys 40 MF Mattias Käit 41 DF Aron Davies 43 DF Steven Sessegnon 45 MF Jón Dagur Þorsteinsson 46 GK Magnus Norman 48 FW Elijah Adebayo No . Position Player 49 MF Foday Nabay 55 MF Atli Hrafn Andrason 56 GK Taye Ashby - Hammond 57 FW Michael Elstone 59 DF Jerome Opoku 60 FW Isaac Pearce -- DF Rob Atkinson -- DF Marlon Fossey -- DF Moritz Jenz Academy squad ( edit ) Main article : Fulham Academy Fulham in europe ( edit ) Main article : Fulham F.C. in European football Fulham are a member of the European Club Association , having qualified three times for European Competition , qualifying for the UEFA Intertoto Cup after their inaugural season in the Premier League , and the UEFA Europa League twice , they played in the inaugural edition of the competition after their club - best seventh - place finish in the 2008 -- 09 Premier League season , and qualified again for the 2011 -- 12 Europa League via England 's Fair Play berth . Fulham are unbeaten at home in European competition , in 23 games , with a record of 17 wins and six draws . On 18 February 2010 , Fulham 's home unbeaten run in European competition stretched to 13 games when they beat UEFA Cup holders Shakhtar Donetsk of Ukraine 2 -- 1 at Craven Cottage in the Europa League Round of 32 first leg , with goals from Zoltán Gera and Bobby Zamora . In Fulham 's 46 games in all European competitions , ( excluding the 2010 UEFA Europa League Final lost in extra-time ) they have only lost seven of them ( all away ) : 2 -- 1 to Hertha BSC , 1 -- 0 to Amkar Perm , 2 -- 1 to Roma , 3 -- 1 to Juventus , 1 -- 0 to Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk , 1 -- 0 to Twente and 1 -- 0 to Wisła Kraków . After defeating Juventus on 18 March , Fulham advanced to the quarter - finals against reigning German champions VfL Wolfsburg . On 1 April , Fulham defeated the Germans 2 -- 1 in the first leg of the two - legged home - and - away series . Bobby Zamora and Damien Duff scored within five minutes of each other in the second half , while Wolfsburg defender Alexander Madlung scored two minutes from time to cut the deficit in half . One week later at Wolfsburg , Zamora struck again , this time in the first minute to give Fulham an overall 3 -- 1 lead in the series . Wolfsburg were unable to overturn the two goal deficit , and Fulham advanced to the semi-finals of the competition . On 22 April , following a long coach trip due to flights being grounded because of the Icelandic volcano , Fulham played out a 0 -- 0 draw against Hamburger SV in the first leg of their semi-final in Hamburg . On 29 April , they then beat Hamburg 2 -- 1 at Craven Cottage to secure a place in the final . On 12 May , Fulham lost 2 -- 1 after extra time to Atlético Madrid in the final . Fulham went 1 -- 0 down , though it ended 1 -- 1 after 90 minutes thanks to a Davies equaliser to force extra time . Diego Forlán , however , scored the winner on the 116th minute to clinch the game for the Spanish team . Fulham qualified for the 2011 -- 12 UEFA Europa League by virtue of the Fair Play league . They started their campaign in the first qualifying round , beating NSÍ Runavík , followed by a win over Crusaders in the Second qualifying round . A 3 -- 1 aggregate win over Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk saw them into the group stages , where they were drawn against Twente , Odense and Wisła Kraków in group K. They were knocked out of the tournament when Odense equalised for a 2 -- 2 draw in the very last second of the final group game , leaving Fulham stranded in third , with Kraków going through along with Twente in first . Overall record ( edit ) Accurate as of 13 August 2017 Competition Played Won Drew Lost GF GA GD Win % UEFA Cup / UEFA Europa League 7001390000000000000 ♠ 39 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 7001620000000000000 ♠ 62 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 + 31 07001538500000000000 ♠ 53.85 UEFA Intertoto Cup 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 + 6 07001500000000000000 ♠ 50.00 Total 7001470000000000000 ♠ 47 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 7001730000000000000 ♠ 73 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 + 37 07001531900000000000 ♠ 53.19 Source : uefa.com Pld = Matches played ; W = Matches won ; D = Matches drawn ; L = Matches lost ; GF = Goals for ; GA = Goals against . Defunct competitions indicated in italics . Rivalries ( edit ) Main article : West London derby Fulham fans consider their main rivals to be Chelsea . Despite this fixture not being played that often in the years preceding Fulham 's ascent to the top division , this is a clear local derby as Chelsea 's ground , Stamford Bridge , is actually within Fulham . However , it is only recently that the two teams have been competing in the same league . Fulham consider their secondary rivals to be Queens Park Rangers . Fulham last played QPR in the 2000 -- 01 season before meeting them again twice in the 2011 -- 12 Premier League season in which Fulham were the victors with a 6 -- 0 victory at Craven cottage , and beating them 1 -- 0 away from home at Loftus Road . Fulham also have rivalries with other London clubs , including Brentford and Crystal Palace . Outside of London , Gillingham are still considered rivals to Fulham supporters despite the two clubs having played in different divisions for the past 11 years . Fulham and Gillingham have been involved in several ill - tempered matches in the lower leagues , including the death of a Fulham supporter . Supporters ( edit ) Van der Sar Hughes Hangeland Finnan Brevett Murphy Dembélé Dempsey Boa Morte McBride Saha The fans ' best FFC Premier League XI from 2001 -- 2014 Fulham 's fan base has fluctuated over the years , with high crowds coinciding with the club 's success in the Premier League so that the club now averages in the top 20 home attendances in the country . Fulham supporters have played a vital role in the clubs long term stay at Craven Cottage . When the club moved temporarily to Loftus Road , a committee known as Back to the Cottage was formed , committed to ensuring the club continued to play at their traditional home . Fulham fans have traditionally come from the homonym zone of Fulham , Hammersmith and also from areas in South - West London , such as Putney , Richmond , Sutton and Worcester Park . In July 2012 , the club website asked supporters using Facebook and Twitter to pick their best FFC Premier League XI from 2001 to the present . The supporters picked their favourite goalkeeper , full - backs , centre - backs , wingers , centre midfielders and forwards in a classic 4 -- 4 -- 2 formation . Managers ( edit ) Fulham have had 36 managers in 114 years . Prior to the appointment of the first manager at the club ( Bradshaw in 1904 ) , the duties normally assigned to a modern - day manager would have been shared between club secretary , captain , and other officials . show Name From To Harry Bradshaw 1904 1909 Phil Kelso 1909 1924 Andy Ducat 1924 1926 Joe Bradshaw 1926 1929 Ned Liddell 1929 1931 Jimmy McIntyre 1931 1934 Jimmy Hogan 1934 1935 Jack Peart 1935 1948 Frank Osborne * 1948 1949 Bill Dodgin , Sr . 1949 1953 Frank Osborne * 1953 1956 Doug Livingstone 1956 1958 Bedford Jezzard 1958 1964 Vic Buckingham 1965 1968 Bobby Robson 1968 1968 Bill Dodgin , Jr . 1969 1972 Alec Stock 1972 1976 Bobby Campbell 1976 1980 Malcolm Macdonald 1980 1984 Ray Harford 1984 1986 Ray Lewington 1986 1990 Alan Dicks 1990 1991 Don Mackay 1991 1994 Ian Branfoot * * 1994 Micky Adams 1997 Ray Wilkins 1997 1998 Kevin Keegan 1998 1999 Paul Bracewell 1999 2000 Jean Tigana 2000 2003 Chris Coleman 2003 2007 Lawrie Sanchez 2007 2007 Roy Hodgson 2007 Mark Hughes 2011 Martin Jol 2011 2013 René Meulensteen 2013 2014 Felix Magath 2014 2014 Kit Symons 2014 2015 Slaviša Jokanović 2015 * Frank Osborne was employed continuously by the club from 1948 to 1963 , but only spent the above periods as designated manager . * * Ian Branfoot continued to be employed by the club after his dismissal as manager . Kevin Keegan was employed by the club as chief operating officer ( during which time he essentially acted as an Assistant Manager ) during the time of his predecessor ( Ray Wilkins ) being the actual manager . René Meulensteen was appointed as Head Coach under previous manager Martin Jol ( during which time he essentially acted as an Assistant Manager ) , but never took on the title of `` manager '' after Jol 's departure , despite assuming the duties usually assigned to one . He remained as Head Coach for four days after Magath 's appointment before being released . Some managers have only had the official description of `` Head Coach '' rather than `` Manager '' : René Meulensteen and Slaviša Jokanović , as well as interim head coach Peter Grant . Managerial records : Only one man has managed the club through two different spells , Frank Osborne , in 1948 -- 49 and then 1953 -- 56 . The longest spell as Fulham manager was by Phil Kelso , 15 years ( 1909 -- 1924 ) Several managers have failed to last more than a year at the club : Bobby Robson , Alan Dicks , Ray Wilkins , Paul Bracewell , Lawrie Sanchez , Mark Hughes , Rene Meulensteen and Felix Magath . Further to this , Frank Osborne only had a year after his initial arrival at the club during which he was principally in charge of the team ( before Dodgin , senior ) arrived , although he later took sole charge of the club for an extended period . Temporary managers at the club have included : Johnny Haynes : Took over after Sir Bobby Robson was fired in 1968 for only a handful of matches . The Maestro was offered the role permanently but had no inclination to become a manager . Karl - Heinz Riedle : when Paul Bracewell was fired halfway through the 1999 -- 2000 season , there was a temporary period of Fulham being managed by their striker Karl - Heinz Riedle , assisted his old boss at Liverpool , Roy Evans . Riedle injured a lung in the season 's penultimate game . Chris Coleman : after Tigana resigned four months before planned in 2003 , Chris Coleman was soon appointed as caretaker manager , much to the delight of the fans . Having initially denied he wanted the post , Coleman accepted the role of full - time manager that summer . Lawrie Sanchez : when Coleman was sacked , Sanchez came in to take control of the club for the remaining five games of the season . ( See above ) Ray Lewington : took temporary charge of Fulham for three games following Lawrie Sanchez 's dismissal in December 2007 . Lewington also took temporary charge of the club in July 2010 after Roy Hodgson had left the club until the appointment of Mark Hughes . Kit Symons : temporarily took charge of Fulham after Felix Magath 's dismissal in September 2014 before being appointed on 29 October . Peter Grant : took charge of Fulham for three games after Kit Symons ' dismissal . Stuart Gray : succeeded Grant as temporary manager ( holding down the job title of `` senior coach '' ) after poor results in Grant 's three games in charge whilst the board looked for a permanent successor to Kit Symons . Grounds ( edit ) Between the years 1879 and when Fulham had a ground to call their own in 1896 , they played at a number of stadiums , only some of which were recorded and this should not be regarded as a full or complete list . Only rivals and former landlords Queens Park Rangers have played at more home stadiums . Some of the early grounds listed below are likely to have been parks and parkland , which have now been developed . Even when the club purchased Craven Cottage and the surrounding land in 1894 , they had to wait two years before they could play a game there . 1879 : ( possible first ground though records are inaccurate ) -- Hurlingham Park , Fulham 1879 -- 83 : Star Road , Hammersmith 1883 -- 84 : Eel Brook Common , Fulham 1884 -- 85 : Lillie Rec , Fulham 1885 -- 86 : Putney Lower Common , Putney 1886 -- 88 : Ranelagh House , Fulham 1888 -- 89 : Barn Elms Playing Fields , Barnes ( the rugby fields are located across the Thames from Craven Cottage today ) 1889 -- 91 : Parsons Green , Fulham and Roskell 's Fields ( next to Parsons Green Underground station ) 1891 -- 95 : Half Moon , Putney 1895 -- 96 : West Brompton 1896 -- 2002 : Craven Cottage , Fulham 2002 -- 04 : Loftus Road , Shepherd 's Bush ( groundshare with Queens Park Rangers during Craven Cottage 's renovation ) 2004 -- : Craven Cottage , Fulham ( read the Craven Cottage article for future prospects of the ground . ) Honours ( edit ) Honour Number of wins Years League Football League First Division / second tier ( Champions ) 2000 -- 01 Football League First Division / second tier ( Runners - up ) 1958 -- 59 EFL Championship / second tier ( Play - offs Champions ) 2018 Football League Second Division / third tier ( Champions ) 1931 -- 32 , 1948 -- 49 , 1998 -- 99 Football League Second Division / third tier ( Runners - up ) 1970 -- 71 Football League Third Division / fourth tier ( Runners - up ) 1996 -- 97 Southern League ( Champions ) 1905 -- 06 , 1906 -- 07 Domestic cups FA Cup ( Runners - up ) European cups UEFA Europa League ( Runners - up ) UEFA Intertoto Cup ( Champions ) 2002 Anglo - Scottish Cup ( Runners - up ) Misc . London Challenge Cup ( Champions ) 1910 , 1932 , 1952 MLS All - Star Challenge ( Runners - up ) 2005 Statistics ( edit ) Main articles : Fulham F.C. Statistics and Fulham F.C. league record by opponent Club mascot controversy ( edit ) The Fulham mascot is Billy the Badger , who was the winning design sent in by Kyle Jackson after an online competition by the club . Billy the Badger wears the number 79 Fulham shirt , in reference to the club 's year of founding , 1879 . Controversy first surrounded Billy when he tried to cheer up Chelsea manager Avram Grant during a home match in front of the television cameras . Secondly , Billy was seen on television being sent off during the home game against Aston Villa on 3 February 2008 for break - dancing in the corner of the pitch after the referee had commenced the game . Billy blamed his badger hearing and eyesight for the incident , and apologised to referee Chris Foy . On 11 March 2009 , Billy walked across the goal during a match although it was not spotted by the referee . The former mascot for Fulham was Sir Craven of Cottage , the Knight . The cheerleaders were known as the Cravenettes . Notes and references ( edit ) Footnotes ( edit ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` History -- Fulham Football Club '' . www.fulhamfc.com . Jump up ^ `` Premier League Handbook Season 2013 / 14 '' ( PDF ) . Premier League . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 22 January 2014 . Retrieved 17 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Welcome To Shahid Khan '' . Fulham FC. 12 July 2013 . Retrieved 12 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fulham 's relegation and the curse of Michael Jackson 's statue '' . BBC News . 7 May 2014 . Jump up ^ 1879 according to the club history on the official website and 1886 / 7 `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 18 October 2009 . Retrieved 27 July 2009 . according to ' How a church 's cricket and football club became Fulham Football Club ' -- Morgan Phillips 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 / 10 : Atlético crown historic campaign -- '' . UEFA.com. 17 June 2010 . Retrieved 17 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 18 October 2009 . Retrieved 27 July 2009 . , Fulham St Andrew 's Church Sunday School Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 6 May 2012 . Retrieved 6 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Historical Football Kits -- Fulham Taken from Fulham FC -- The Official 125 Year Illustrated History ( Dennis Turner , 2004 ) . This is the first kit known , and sock colours are not specified . Jump up ^ Historical Football Kits -- Fulham Taken from Fulham FC -- The Official 125 Year Illustrated History ( Dennis Turner , 2004 ) . Jump up ^ Historical Football Kits -- Fulham Taken from Fulham FC -- The Official 125 Year Illustrated History ( Dennis Turner , 2004 ) amongst other sources . Jump up ^ See the FA Cup - specific page in the club history on the official website Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 6 May 2012 . Retrieved 6 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Ged Martin ( 16 November 2010 ) . `` Fulham hot dog 1926 '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Ged Martin ( 16 November 2010 ) . `` Craven Cottage. 1929 '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Ged Martin ( 16 November 2010 ) . `` FULHAM V AUSTRIA 1934 '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Ged Martin ( 16 November 2010 ) . `` Craven Cottage. 1940 '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Celtic Programmes Online -- Tours of the USA and Canada '' . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 6 May 2012 . Retrieved 6 May 2012 . Jump up ^ According to the club history at the official website Jump up ^ Ged Martin ( 17 November 2010 ) . `` Fulham V Liverpool 1966 '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ This is of course somewhat subjective , but he is the first player mentioned in the Great names section of the club 's history on the official website . He is also the only ex-player to have a stand at Craven Cottage named after him Jump up ^ He is the first player listed in the great names section of the club 's history on the official website , and was voted as Fulham 's number one all - time ' Cult Hero ' in a BBC poll Jump up ^ He played for Durban City after leaving Fulham according to The FA Jump up ^ According to his profile at the FA . Jump up ^ According to an interview with him from The FA Jump up ^ `` Fulham 1994 -- 1995 English Division Three Table '' . Statto . Archived from the original on 13 November 2013 . Retrieved 12 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fulham 1995 -- 1996 English Division Three Table '' . Statto . Archived from the original on 13 November 2013 . Retrieved 12 November 2013 . < ^ Jump up to : Bose , Mihir ( 7 February 2003 ) . `` Fulham pushed out Hill '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Jump up ^ According to the ' Keegan & Wilkins ' page Archived 1 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine . the club 's official website Jump up ^ BBC News ( 15 September 2003 ) . `` Fulham 's future hangs in balance '' . Jump up ^ Two of three writers of The Independent newspaper predict Archived index at the Wayback Machine . relegation for Fulham in the 2003 -- 04 season . Jump up ^ BBC News ( 12 November 2004 ) . `` Fulham lose Tigana court battle '' . Jump up ^ `` Manager Sanchez sacked by Fulham '' . BBC Sport. 21 December 2007 . Retrieved 12 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fulham appoint Hodgson as manager '' . BBC News . 28 December 2007 . Retrieved 3 May 2010 . Jump up ^ LTD , Digital Sports Group . `` Crying shame for Hodgson as Fulham look doomed '' . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal 4 -- 0 Fulham '' . BBC News . 9 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Fulham 's Roy Hodgson voted Manager of the Year by fellow bosses -- ESPN Soccernet '' . Soccernet.espn.go.com. 10 May 2010 . Retrieved 12 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Roy Hodgson leaves Fulham to become Liverpool manager '' . BBC Sport. 1 July 2010 . Retrieved 1 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hughes confirmed as Fulham boss '' . BBC News . 29 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Fulham 3 -- 0 Nes Soknar Itrottarfelag '' . BBC . 12 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fulham 6 QPR 0 '' . BBC Sport. 2 October 2011 . Retrieved 13 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fulham 2 Stoke 1 '' . BBC Sport. 11 February 2012 . Retrieved 13 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fulham 5 Wolves 0 '' . BBC Sport. 4 March 2012 . Retrieved 13 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Kempson , Russell ( 19 May 2013 ) . `` Alexander Kacaniklic sets Fulham on victory road against Swansea City '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 13 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Sport -- Fulham : Mohamed Al Fayed sells club to Shahid Khan '' . BBC Online . 12 July 2013 . Retrieved 2 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` How do Premier League clubs fare after sacking their Manager ? '' . Proven Quality . 18 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fulham hire Felix Magath after sacking Rene Meulensteen '' . BBC Sport. 14 February 2014 . Retrieved 14 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Transfer news : Fulham agree fee for Olympiakos striker Kostas Mitroglou '' . Sky Sports . 31 January 2014 . Retrieved 21 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rene Meulensteen , Ray Wilkins and Alan Curbishley exit Fulham '' . BBC Sport. 18 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Chowdhury , Saj ( 3 May 2014 ) . `` Stoke City 4 -- 1 Fulham '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 4 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Jamie Redknapp ; Opta ( 15 May 2014 ) . `` Fulham Season Review '' . Sky Sports . British Sky Broadcasting . Retrieved 2 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Law , Matt ( 12 May 2014 ) . `` Fulham Premier League season review for 2013 -- 14 '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 2 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Southampton target Felix Magath as manager but Fulham block their request for talks '' . Daily Mirror . Retrieved 28 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Bailey , George ( 8 July 2014 ) . `` Transfer news : Fulham agree £ 11m Ross McCormack deal with Leeds '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 28 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Felix Magath departs Fulham with Kit Symons taking charge on temporary basis '' . Sky Sports . British Sky Broadcasting . 19 September 2014 . Retrieved 5 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 20 September 2014 ) . `` Fulham say farewell to Magath and the crazy world of Felix the madcap '' . The Observer . The Guardian Online . Retrieved 5 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Sean ( 21 September 2014 ) . `` Danny Murphy tells bizarre story of former Fulham boss Felix Magath 's cheese remedy for Brede Hangeland '' . Mail Online . London . Retrieved 5 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Felix Magath : ' I did tell Hangeland to use cheese to treat injury ' '' . BBC Sport. 23 September 2014 . Retrieved 5 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Transfer Round Up '' . Fulham F.C. 1 September 2015 . Retrieved 30 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ruiz Departs '' . Fulham F.C. 7 July 2015 . Retrieved 19 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Player Departures '' . Fulham F.C. 12 June 2015 . Retrieved 19 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Roberts Joins City '' . Fulham F.C. 19 July 2015 . Retrieved 19 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Match Report -- Fulham 4 -- 0 QPR 25 September 2015 '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 8 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Match Report -- Fulham 0 -- 3 Wolves 29 September 2015 '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 8 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Match Report -- Fulham 2 -- 5 Birm'ham 7 November 2015 '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 8 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fulham results & fixtures for the 2015 -- 2016 season '' . Archived from the original on 12 February 2016 . Retrieved 8 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fulham sack manager Kit Symons '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 8 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jokanović Appointed Fulham Football Club '' . Retrieved 27 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fulham Ends Drought with Win Over QPR '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 7 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fulham 2015 / 16 Results '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 7 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fulham v MK Dons Match Report -- 2 April 2016 '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 7 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fulham 1 - 0 Newcastle '' . BBC Sport. 5 August 2016 . Retrieved 30 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fulham 5 - 0 Huddersfield Town '' . BBC Sport. 29 October 2016 . Retrieved 30 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fulham 5 - 0 Reading '' . BBC Sport. 3 December 2016 . Retrieved 30 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Reading 1 - 0 Fulham ( agg : 2 - 1 ) '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 30 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sunderland 1 - 0 Fulham '' . BBC Sport. 16 December 2017 . Retrieved 29 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fulham 6 - 0 Burton Albion '' . BBC Sport. 2018 . Retrieved 29 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fulham 2 - 0 Wolves '' . BBC Sport. 24 February 2018 . Retrieved 29 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fulham 2 - 0 Aston Villa '' . BBC Sport. 17 February 2018 . Retrieved 29 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cardiff City 2 - 4 Fulham '' . BBC Sport. 26 December 2017 . Retrieved 29 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Birmingham City 3 - 1 Fulham '' . BBC Sport. 6 May 2018 . Retrieved 29 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Derby County 1 - 0 Fulham '' . BBC Sport. 11 May 2018 . Retrieved 29 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fulham 2 - 0 Derby County ( Agg 2 - 1 ) '' . BBC Sport. 14 May 2018 . Retrieved 29 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Aston Villa 0 - 1 Fulham '' . BBC Sport. 26 May 2018 . Retrieved 4 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Shahid Khan -- Fulham Football Club '' . www.fulhamfc.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Directors -- Fulham Football Club '' . www.fulhamfc.com . Jump up ^ `` Fulham : Mohamed Al Fayed sells club to Shahid Khan '' . BBC Sport. 12 July 2013 . Retrieved 12 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Conn , David ( 19 May 2010 ) . `` Record income but record losses for Premier League '' . The Guardian . UK . Jump up ^ `` Fulham football club losses up despite on - field success '' . BBC News . 15 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fulham effectively debt - free as Fayed converts loans into equity '' . Guardian.co.uk. 29 January 2013 . Retrieved 22 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` First Team '' . Fulham FC . Retrieved 20 August 2014 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 28 April 2010 ) . `` Fulham 2 -- 1 Hamburg ( agg 2 -- 1 ) '' . BBC Sport . BBC . Retrieved 1 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Club Rivalries Uncovered Results Archived 20 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Football Fans Consensus Jump up ^ Match Report -- Fulham v QPR -- 2 October 2011 Sky Sports Jump up ^ `` BBC News UK Football fan jailed for killing rival supporter '' . news.bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 2 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` News '' . Fulham Supporters Trust . Archived from the original on 16 March 2009 . Retrieved 17 February 2012 . Jump up ^ http://web.comhem.se/norre/football_map.gif Jump up ^ `` FFC Premier League XI '' . Fulham FC. 3 July 2012 . Archived from the original on 6 July 2012 . Retrieved 12 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fulham 's Best XI '' . Fulham FC . Retrieved 12 November 2013 . Jump up ^ BBC News ' Coleman out as Sanchez takes over ' Jump up ^ `` Fulham Football Club on Twitter : `` Peter Grant , who will be taking the First Team for the MK Dons game , discusses training & looks ahead to the match '' `` . Twitter . Retrieved 20 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Honours '' . Fulham FC.com . Jump up ^ `` A to Z Reference Guides '' . Fulham FC. 24 July 2013 . Retrieved 24 July 2013 . Jump up ^ BBC Match of the Day , Sunday 3 February 2008 Jump up ^ Billy 's put the BAD in badger Archived 8 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine . The Sun , 5 February 2008 External links ( edit ) London portal Association football portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fulham F.C. . Official website Supporters ' Trust Fulhamweb -- latest fulham news -- Unofficial website Premierleague.com -- Fulham FC Fulham club profile on UEFA Fulham F.C. on BBC Sport : Club news -- Recent results and fixtures Fulham News -- Sky Sports Fulham Football Club Players Managers Records & statistics Honours Academy Current season History Seasons Europe Home stadium Craven Cottage ( 1896 -- 2002 , 2004 -- present ) Loftus Road ( temporary , 2002 -- 2004 ) Players 100 + appearances 25 -- 99 appearances 1 -- 24 appearances Rivalries League record by opponent West London derby Notable matches 1975 FA Cup Final 2005 MLS All - Star Game 2010 UEFA Europa League Final 2018 EFL Championship play - off Final Category : Fulham F.C. Portal : Association football Commons : Fulham EFL Championship 2018 -- 19 teams Aston Villa Birmingham City Blackburn Rovers Bolton Wanderers Brentford Bristol City Derby County Hull City Ipswich Town Leeds United Middlesbrough Millwall Norwich City Nottingham Forest Preston North End Queens Park Rangers Reading Rotherham United Sheffield United Sheffield Wednesday Stoke City Swansea City West Bromwich Albion Wigan Athletic Former clubs AFC Bournemouth Barnsley Blackpool Brighton & Hove Albion Burnley Burton Albion Cardiff City Charlton Athletic Colchester United Coventry City Crewe Alexandra Crystal Palace Doncaster Rovers Fulham Gillingham Huddersfield Town Leicester City Luton Town Milton Keynes Dons Newcastle United Peterborough United Plymouth Argyle Portsmouth Scunthorpe United Southampton Southend United Sunderland Watford West Ham United Wolverhampton Wanderers Yeovil Town Competition Seasons Teams ( winners ) Players ( foreign ) ( International Caps ) Managers ( current ) Stadia Referees Statistics and awards Record EFL Awards Golden Boot Golden Glove Manager of the Month Player of the Month Hat - tricks Young Player of the Month Finances Club Owners Premier League -- Football League gulf Sponsors Coca - Cola ( 2004 -- 10 ) Npower ( 2010 -- 13 ) Sky Bet ( 2013 -- 18 ) Associated competitions FA Cup EFL Cup Play - offs Seasons 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 Prospects Promotion to Premier League ; Relegation to EFL League One Premier League Seasons 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 2000 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 Clubs 2018 -- 19 Arsenal Bournemouth Brighton & Hove Albion Burnley Cardiff City Chelsea Crystal Palace Everton Fulham Huddersfield Town Leicester City Liverpool Manchester City Manchester United Newcastle United Southampton Tottenham Hotspur Watford West Ham United Wolverhampton Wanderers Former Aston Villa Barnsley Birmingham City Blackburn Rovers Blackpool Bolton Wanderers Bradford City Charlton Athletic Coventry City Derby County Hull City Ipswich Town Leeds United Middlesbrough Norwich City Nottingham Forest Oldham Athletic Portsmouth Queens Park Rangers Reading Sheffield United Sheffield Wednesday Stoke City Sunderland Swansea City Swindon Town West Bromwich Albion Wigan Athletic Wimbledon ( defunct ) Competition Teams winners Players foreign foreign scorers winners Managers current Stadia Founding Broadcasting foundation Broadcasters Referees Statistics and awards Records All - time table Hat - tricks Highest scores Golden Boot Golden Glove Manager of the Season Player of the Season Goal of the Season Playmaker of the Season Manager of the Month Player of the Month Goal of the Month Players with 500 + appearances Players with 100 + goals Top scorers by season Goalkeepers with 100 + clean sheets 10 Seasons Awards 20 Seasons Awards Finances Richest clubs : Deloitte list Forbes ' list Team owners Transfer records Game 39 Premier League -- Football League gulf Associated competitions Asia Trophy FA Community Shield FA Cup EFL Cup UEFA Champions League UEFA Europa League Premier League 2 U18 Premier League Premier League International Cup Football in London League teams ( tiers 1 -- 4 ) Arsenal Chelsea Crystal Palace Fulham Tottenham Hotspur West Ham United Brentford Millwall Queens Park Rangers AFC Wimbledon Charlton Athletic Non-league teams ( tiers 5 -- 8 ) 5 Barnet Bromley Dagenham & Redbridge Leyton Orient Sutton United 6 Dulwich Hamlet Hampton & Richmond Borough Wealdstone Welling United 7 A.F.C. Hornchurch Carshalton Athletic Corinthian - Casuals Enfield Town Haringey Borough Harrow Borough Hendon Wingate & Finchley 8 Barking Bedfont Sports Cray Wanderers Greenwich Borough Hanwell Town Hayes & Yeading United Northwood Phoenix Sports Tooting & Mitcham United Uxbridge VCD Athletic Rivalries London derbies Arsenal -- Chelsea Chelsea -- Tottenham Millwall -- West Ham North South East West Cup competitions London Senior Cup London Intermediate Cup London Junior Cup London Charity Cup ( defunct ) London Challenge Cup ( defunct ) See also The Football Combination London Football Association London XI London League ( defunct ) West London League ( defunct ) UEFA Intertoto Cup winners 1995 -- 2005 1995 : Bordeaux Strasbourg 1996 : Karlsruhe Silkeborg Guingamp 1997 : Auxerre Bastia Lyon 1998 : Bologna Valencia Werder 1999 : Juventus West Ham United Montpellier 2000 : Celta Stuttgart Udinese 2001 : Paris Saint - Germain Troyes Aston Villa 2002 : Málaga Stuttgart Fulham 2003 : Villarreal Perugia Schalke 04 2004 : Villarreal Lille Schalke 04 2005 : Hamburg Marseille Lens 2006 -- 2008 2006 : Newcastle United 2007 : Hamburg 2008 : Braga Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fulham_F.C.&oldid=850578053 '' Categories : Association football clubs established in 1879 Football clubs in England Fulham F.C. Premier League clubs EFL Championship clubs Football clubs in London Southern Football League clubs 1879 establishments in England Fulham History of the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham Sport in Hammersmith and Fulham Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links EngvarB from November 2015 Use dmy dates from June 2018 Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 55 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 July 2018 , at 18 : 46 ( UTC ) . 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what is the role of wireless in wll

Wireless local loop

wireless local loop

Wireless local loop ( WLL ) , is the use of a wireless communications link as the `` last mile / first mile '' connection for delivering plain old telephone service ( POTS ) or Internet access ( marketed under the term `` broadband '' ) to telecommunications customers . Various types of WLL systems and technologies exist .

Other terms for this type of access include broadband wireless access ( BWA ) , radio in the loop ( RITL ) , fixed - radio access ( FRA ) , fixed wireless access ( FWA ) and metro wireless ( MW ) . Contents 1 Definition of fixed wireless service 2 Licensed points - to - point microwave services 3 Licensed point - to - multipoint microwave services 4 Unlicensed multi point wireless service 4.1 1995 -- 2004 : License - free equipment 4.2 2002 -- 2005 : Wi - Fi local loop 4.3 2005 -- present : Maturation of the wireless ISP market 4.4 The growing interference problem 4.4. 1 2003 : Voluntary frequency coordination ( USA ) 4.4. 2 2005 : Operators flee unlicensed for licensed 4.4. 3 2005 to present : Adaptive network technology 5 Mobile technologies 6 Deployment 7 WLL methods 8 Manufacturers 9 See also 10 References Definition of fixed wireless service ( edit ) Fixed Wireless Terminal ( FWT ) units differ from conventional mobile terminal units operating within cellular networks -- such as GSM -- in that a fixed wireless terminal or desk phone will be limited to an almost permanent location with almost no roaming abilities . WLL and FWT are generic terms for radio based telecommunications technologies and the respective devices which can be implemented using a number of different wireless and radio technologies . Wireless local loop services are segmented into a number of broad market and deployment groups . Services are split between licensed -- commonly used by carriers and Telcos -- and unlicensed services more commonly deployed by home users and Wireless ISPs ( WISPs ) . Licensed points - to - point microwave services ( edit ) Licensed microwave services have been used since the 1960s to transmit very large amounts of data . The AT&T Long Lines coast to coast backbone in the USA was largely carried over a chain of microwave towers . These systems have been largely using 3700 -- 4200 MHz and 5000 -- 6200 MHz . The 5 GHz band was even known as the `` common carrier '' band . This service typically was prohibitively expensive to be used for local loops , and was used for backbone networks . In the 1980s and 1990s it flourished under the growth of cell towers . This growth spurred research in this area , and as the cost continues to decline , it is being used as an alternative to T - 1 , T - 3 , and fiber connectivity . Licensed point - to - multipoint microwave services ( edit ) Multipoint microwave licenses are generally more expensive than point to point licenses . A single point to point system could be installed and licensed for 50,000 to 200,000 USD . A multipoint license would start in the millions of dollars . Multichannel Multipoint Distribution Service ( MMDS ) and Local Multipoint Distribution Service ( LMDS ) were the first true multi point services for wireless local loop . While Europe and the rest of the world developed the 3500 MHz band for affordable broadband fixed wireless , the U.S. provided LMDS and MMDS , and most implementations in the United States were conducted at 2500 MHz . The largest was Sprint Broadband 's deployment of Hybrid Networks equipment . Sprint was plagued with difficulties operating the network profitably , and service was often spotty , due to inadequate radio link quality . Unlicensed multi point wireless service ( edit ) Most of the growth in long range radio communications since 2002 has been in the license free bands ( mostly 900 MHz , 2.4 GHz and 5.8 GHz ) . Global Pacific Internet and Innetix started wireless service in California in 1995 using Breezecom ( Alvarion ) frequency hopping radio which later became the standard 802.11 . A few years later NextWeb Networks of Fremont began deploying reliable license free service . For Nextweb they originally deployed 802.11 b equipment and later switched to Axxcelera which uses propriety protocol . 1995 -- 2004 : license - free equipment ( edit ) Most of the early vendors of license - free fixed wireless equipment such as Adaptive Broadband ( Axxcelera ) , Trango Broadband , Motorola ( Orthogon ) , Proxim Networks , Redline Communications and BreezeCom ( Alvarion ) used proprietary protocols and hardware , creating pressure on the industry to adopt a standard for unlicensed fixed wireless . These Mac Layers typically used a 15 -- 20 MHz channel using Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum and BPSK , CCK and QPSK for modulation . These devices all describe the customer premises wireless system as the Subscriber Unit ( SU ) , and the operator transmitter delivering the last mile local loop services as the Access Point ( AP ) . 802.11 uses the terms AP and STA ( Station ) . 2002 -- 2005 : Wi - Fi local loop ( edit ) Originally designed for short range mobile internet and local area network access , IEEE 802.11 has emerged as the de facto standard for unlicensed Wireless Local Loop . More 802.11 equipment is deployed for long range data service than any other technology . These systems have provided varying results , as the operators were often small and poorly trained in radio communications , additionally 802.11 was not intended to be used at long ranges and suffered from a number of problems , such as the hidden node problem . Many companies such as KarlNet began modifying the 802.11 MAC to attempt to deliver higher performance at long ranges . ( see Long - range Wi - Fi ) 2005 -- present : maturation of the wireless isp market ( edit ) In nearly every metropolitan area worldwide , operators and hobbyists deployed more and more unlicensed broadband point to multipoint systems . Providers that had rave reviews when they started faced the prospect of seeing their networks degrade in performance , as more and more devices were deployed using the license free U-NII ( 5.3 / 5.4 GHz ) and ISM ( 2.4 and 5.8 GHz ) bands and competitors sprung up around them . The growing interference problem ( edit ) Interference caused the majority of unlicensed wireless services to have much higher error rates and interruptions than equivalent wired or licensed wireless networks , such as the copper telephone network , and the coaxial cable network . This caused growth to slow , customers to cancel , and many operators to rethink their business model . There were several responses to these problems . 2003 : voluntary frequency coordination ( USA ) ( edit ) Next - Web , Etheric Networks , Gate Speed and a handful of other companies founded the first voluntary spectrum coordination body -- working entirely independently of government regulators . This organization was founded in March 2003 as BANC , `` Bay Area Network Coordination '' . By maintaining frequencies used in an inter-operator database , disruptions between coordinating parties were minimized , as well as the cost of identifying new or changing transmission sources , by using the frequency database to determine what bands were in use . Because the parties in BANC comprised the majority of operators in the Bay Area , they used peer pressure to imply that operators who did not play nice would be collectively punished by the group , through interfering with the non cooperative , while striving not to interfere with the cooperative . BANC was then deployed in Los Angeles . Companies such as Deutsche Telekom joined . It looked like the idea had promise . 2005 : operators flee unlicensed for licensed ( edit ) The better capitalized operators began reducing their focus on unlicensed and instead focused on licensed systems , as the constant fluctuations in signal quality caused them to have very high maintenance costs . NextWeb , acquired by Covad for a very small premium over the capital invested in it , is one operator who focused on licensed service , as did WiLine Networks . This led to fewer of the more responsible and significant operators actually using the BANC system . Without its founders active involvement , the system languished . 2005 to present : Adaptive network technology ( edit ) Operators began to apply the principles of self - healing networks . Etheric Networks followed this path . Etheric Networks focused on improving performance by developing dynamic interference and fault detection and reconfiguration , as well as optimizing quality based routing software , such as MANET and using multiple paths to deliver service to customers . This approach is generally called `` mesh networking '' which relies on ad hoc networking protocols , however mesh and ad hoc networking protocols have yet to deliver high speed low latency business class end to end reliable local loop service , as the paths can sometimes traverse exponentially more radio links than a traditional star ( AP - > SU ) topology . Adaptive network management actively monitors the local loop quality and behaviour , using automation to reconfigure the network and its traffic flows , to avoid interference and other failures . Mobile technologies ( edit ) These are available in Code Division Multiple Access ( CDMA ) , Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications -- DECT ( TDMA / DCA ) ( See ETSI 6 EN 300 765 - 1 V1. 3.1 ( 2001 -- 04 ) - `` Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications ( DECT ) ; Radio in the Local Loop ( RLL ) Access Profile ( RAP ) ; Part 1 : Basic telephony services '' ) , Global System for Mobile Communications ( GSM ) , IS136 Time Division Multiple Access ( TDMA ) as well as analog access technologies such as Advanced Mobile Phone System ( AMPS ) , for which there will be independent standards defining every aspect of modulation , protocols , error handling , etc . Deployment ( edit ) The Wireless Local Loop market is currently an extremely high growth market , offering internet service providers immediate access to customer markets without having to either lay cable through a metropolitan area MTA , or work through the ILECs , reselling the telephone , cable or satellite networks , owned by companies that prefer to largely sell direct . This trend revived the prospects for local and regional ISPs , as those willing to deploy fixed wireless networks were not at the mercy of the large telecommunication monopolies . They were at the mercy of unregulated re-use of unlicensed frequencies upon which they communicate . Due to the enormous quantity of 802.11 `` Wi - Fi '' equipment and software , coupled with the fact that spectrum licenses are not required in the ISM and U-NII bands , the industry has moved well ahead of the regulators and the standards bodies . In 2008 , Sprint and ClearWire were preparing to roll out massive WiMAX networks in the United States , but those talks may be stalled pending new investment . WLL methods ( edit ) Mobile : CDMA ( USA ) . TDMA ( USA ) . GSM ( ITU -- Worldwide ) . UMTS 3rd Generation ( World ) . Personal Handy - phone System ( PHS in Japan , PAS / Xiaolingtong in China ) Fixed or local area network : DECT , for local loop LMDS IEEE 802.11 , originally designed for short range mobile internet and network access service , it has emerged as the facto standard for Wireless Local Loop . WiMAX or IEEE 802.16 may become the dominant medium for wireless local loop . Currently more operators are running on the 802.11 MAC at 2 and 5 GHz. 802.16 is unlikely to outperform 802.11 until at least late 2008 . Intel is promoting this standard , while Atheros and Broadcom are still focused largely on 802.11 . Satellite Internet access for autonomous building . Manufacturers ( edit ) Airspan Alvarion Axxcelera Cambridge Broadband Intracom Telecom P - Com Redline Communications Sony Ericsson SR Telecom See also ( edit ) 8P8C ( RJ - 45 ) Antenna Basic Exchange Telephone Radio Service Electrical cable RF connector Wi - Fi Wireless Internet service provider ( WISP ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ wbanc.com Jump up ^ `` Sprint , Clearwire Near WiMax Deal '' . thestreet.com . Wireless video and data distribution methods Advanced Wireless Services Amateur television Analog television Digital radio Digital television Digital terrestrial television ( DTT or DTTV ) Digital Video Broadcasting Terrestrial ( DVB - T ) Satellite ( DVB - S2 ) Handheld ( DVB - H ) Multipoint Video Distribution System ( MVDS or DVB - MS ) HomeRF Instructional Television Fixed Service ( ITFS ; now known as Educational Broadband Service ( EBS ) ) K band Local Multipoint Distribution Service ( LMDS ) Microwave Mobile broadband Mobile television Mobile WiMAX ( IEEE 802.16 e ) Mobile broadband wireless access ( IEEE 802.20 ) Multichannel Multipoint Distribution Service ( MMDS ; now known as Business Radio Service ( BRS ) ) MVDS MVDDS Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service ( 3G MMMS ) Satellite Internet access Satellite radio Satellite television UWB ( IEEE 802.15. 3 ) Visual sensor network Wi - Fi ( IEEE 802.11 ) WiMAX ( IEEE 802.16 ) WRAN ( IEEE 802.22 ) Wireless local loop ( WLL ) Wireless broadband Wireless USB 3GPP Long Term Evolution ( LTE ) 4G Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wireless_local_loop&oldid=846369704 '' Categories : Local loop Wireless Internet service providers Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from August 2015 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles in need of updating from November 2016 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Čeština Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Polski Português Русский Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 June 2018 , at 09 : 38 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless%20local%20loop

who is the voice for clifford the big red dog

Clifford the Big Red Dog ( voiced by John Ritter ; Tom Eastwood in the British version ) : A giant red Labrador Retriever / Vizsla cross . The depiction of Clifford 's size is inconsistent ; he is often shown as being about 25 feet tall ( 7.6 m ) from paws to head , but can appear far larger . The character is based on the imaginary friend of creator Norman Bridwell 's wife . Clifford is devoted to his owner Emily Elizabeth . He is friendly , shy , lovable , loyal , gentle and helpful but sometimes gets into trouble because of his size , or is tempted into trouble by his friends and those he meets . Despite being the protagonist , he seldom has episodes focusing on him , usually serving as the voice - of - reason for his friend 's adventures . Cleo ( voiced by Cree Summer ; Regine Candler in the British version ) : An energetic , selfish , trouble - making purple poodle with a tendency to not tell the truth . Her catchphrase is `` Have I ever steered you wrong ? '' which she inadvertently does immediately after . She is one of Clifford 's best friends . Her owner is Mrs. Diller . T - Bone ( voiced by Kel Mitchell ; Benjamin Small in the British version ) : A male yellow and orange bulldog with a large appetite . He is often cowardly , clumsy , and cautious , but does have his moments of bravery . He is one of Clifford 's best friends . T - Bone is in love with Mimi , another dog who visits from time to time . His owner is Sheriff Lewis . T - Bone had a best friend named Hamburger ( voiced by Kel Mitchell 's longtime comedy partner Kenan Thompson ) who moved away before Clifford arrived . Mac ( voiced by Cameron Clarke ) : A male blue greyhound with an inflated sense of self - importance , who shifts between aloofness and wanting to be part of Clifford , Cleo , and T - Bone 's circle of friends . Mac competes in dog shows . He can be vain , bossy and selfish . However , he appears to be devoted to his owner Jetta . It is revealed in a few episodes that his name is short for Machiavelli .

John Ritter|Tom Eastwood

Clifford the Big Red Dog ( TV series )

clifford the big red dog ( tv series )

Clifford the Big Red Dog is an American - British educational animated children 's television series , based upon Norman Bridwell 's children 's book series of the same name . Produced by Scholastic Productions , it originally aired on PBS Kids from September 4 , 2000 to February 25 , 2003 . The UK version ( where it was dubbed with British voice actors replacing the original American soundtrack ) originally aired on BBC 2 on April 1 , 2002 .

Two 15 - minute stories made up each half - hour cartoon . Usually one story featured Clifford and his canine friends , Cleo and T - Bone among them ; the other story would focus on Clifford 's owner Emily Elizabeth and her friends . During scenes focusing on the dog character 's perspective , human speech would replace barking to engage viewers in the storyline from the dogs ' point of view . John Ritter voiced Clifford in all episodes . This was originally done by Brent Titcomb in the series that debuted in 1988 and ran into the early 1990s . Generally speaking , his schedule dictated the production of Clifford the Big Red Dog . By the time the last of the 68 half - hour cartoons and the movie were completed , Ritter was back on ABC 's prime - time schedule , starring in 8 Simple Rules . Ritter 's death on September 11 , 2003 came less than a week before PBS debuted Clifford 's Puppy Days , a function of keeping Clifford 's legacy going . While no new Clifford episodes have been released since Ritter 's death in 2003 , voice actors for the main characters have reprised some of their roles for the Ready to Learn PBS Kids PSAs . The film Clifford 's Really Big Movie serves as the series finale due to Ritter 's death , as no new episodes were made to continue from where it left off . However , Clifford 's Puppy Days still continued to air until its cancellation in 2006 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Characters 1.1 Dogs 1.2 Humans 2 Setting 3 Format 4 Production 5 Broadcast 6 Episodes 7 In other media 7.1 Film 7.2 Video games 7.2. 1 Original series 7.2. 2 Modern series 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Characters ( edit ) Dogs ( edit ) Clifford the Big Red Dog ( voiced by John Ritter ; Tom Eastwood in the British version ) : A giant red Labrador Retriever / Vizsla cross . The depiction of Clifford 's size is inconsistent ; he is often shown as being about 25 feet tall ( 7.6 m ) from paws to head , but can appear far larger . The character is based on the imaginary friend of creator Norman Bridwell 's wife . Clifford is devoted to his owner Emily Elizabeth . He is friendly , shy , lovable , loyal , gentle and helpful but sometimes gets into trouble because of his size , or is tempted into trouble by his friends and those he meets . Despite being the protagonist , he seldom has episodes focusing on him , usually serving as the voice - of - reason for his friend 's adventures . Cleo ( voiced by Cree Summer ; Regine Candler in the British version ) : An energetic , selfish , trouble - making purple poodle with a tendency to not tell the truth . Her catchphrase is `` Have I ever steered you wrong ? '' which she inadvertently does immediately after . She is one of Clifford 's best friends . Her owner is Mrs. Diller . T - Bone ( voiced by Kel Mitchell ; Benjamin Small in the British version ) : A male yellow and orange bulldog with a large appetite . He is often cowardly , clumsy , and cautious , but does have his moments of bravery . He is one of Clifford 's best friends . T - Bone is in love with Mimi , another dog who visits from time to time . His owner is Sheriff Lewis . T - Bone had a best friend named Hamburger ( voiced by Kel Mitchell 's longtime comedy partner Kenan Thompson ) who moved away before Clifford arrived . Mac ( voiced by Cameron Clarke ) : A male blue greyhound with an inflated sense of self - importance , who shifts between aloofness and wanting to be part of Clifford , Cleo , and T - Bone 's circle of friends . Mac competes in dog shows . He can be vain , bossy and selfish . However , he appears to be devoted to his owner Jetta . It is revealed in a few episodes that his name is short for Machiavelli . Humans ( edit ) Emily Elizabeth Howard ( voiced by Grey DeLisle ; Joanna Ruiz in the British version ) : Clifford 's eight - year - old owner . A friendly , curious , and helpful girl . The best skater on the island , and also very good at soccer . Emily Elizabeth adopted Clifford when he was a very small puppy , when her parents gave him to her on her 6th birthday . Emily 's love apparently caused Clifford to grow enormous , thus starting their new lives on Birdwell Island . Just like Clifford , she rarely has episodes about her and ends up being the voice of reason . Emily was named for creator Norman Bridwell 's daughter and based on the imaginary adventures of Bridwell 's wife . Caroline Howard ( also voiced by Grey DeLisle ) : Emily Elizabeth 's mom Mark Howard ( voiced by Cameron Clarke ) : Emily Elizabeth 's dad Charley ( voiced by Gary LeRoi Gray ) : Emily Elizabeth 's best friend and the best soccer player on the Birdwell Birds ( the school soccer team ) . He lives on a houseboat with his father , who owns a restaurant . Samuel ( voiced by Terrence C. Carson ) : Charley 's father and the Jamaican owner of Samuel 's Fish and Chips . He is a great storyteller and runs most of the pier . Jetta Handover ( voiced by Kath Soucie ) : Mac 's owner . She is a wealthy , self - centered friend of Emily Elizabeth who is often oblivious to others ' feelings . She is often shown leading parades and competing in talent shows as a majorette . Jetta often claims her accomplishments are bigger or better than others ' and finds herself humbled when she aims too high to the point where she needs help . Her mother owns one of the island stores and seems somewhat oblivious to Jetta 's behavior . She often appears to dislike Clifford , criticizing him for minor accidents caused by his size , but occasionally she will show that she really does like him . Cosmo Handover ( voiced by Debi Derryberry ) is the infant brother of Jetta . He is first seen in the episode `` And Baby Makes 4 '' . Vaz ( voiced by Ulysses Cuadra ) : Somewhat clumsy and shy boy who is friends with Emily Elizabeth and Charley . Sheriff Lewis ( voiced by Nick Jameson ) : T - Bone 's owner . The island 's sheriff and the soccer coach . He feeds T - Bone often , ( explaining why T - Bone is overweight ) . He had a best friend named Chief Wilson who moved away with T - Bone 's best buddy , Hamburger . Ms. Diller ( voiced by Cree Summer ) : Cleo 's owner . Horace Bleakman ( voiced by Earl Boen ) lives with his wife Violet . He is often grumpy and impatient about the noise and mess Clifford inadvertently causes , but he is still a good neighbor and helps Clifford and the others from time to time . Violet Bleakman ( voiced by Edie McClurg ) is the first neighbor of the Howards to introduce herself . She is a little more nice , calm , and patient than her cranky husband Horace . Pedro and Victor ( both voiced by Tony Plana ) are dock workers who help unload the boat in `` Welcome to Birdwell Island '' . Setting ( edit ) Birdwell Island Series Clifford the Big Red Dog Type Island First appearance `` My Best Friend '' Last appearance Clifford 's Really Big Movie The TV series takes place in the fictional island of Birdwell Island , where Clifford lives . The name is inspired by Norman Bridwell , the author of the books , but the letters I and R are switched . It is based on Martha 's Vineyard , where Bridwell lived . Emily Elizabeth used to live in an apartment in New York City , but she moved away with her parents and Clifford to Birdwell Island because her mother told her that a small apartment is no place for a big dog like Clifford . Format ( edit ) The series has at least 5 segments in the show , which are : Theme Song 1st Story - The opening theme is followed by the first central story , which is about the dogs , and a problem they face . Storytime with Speckle - Between the first and second story , Emily Elizabeth reads Clifford the Speckle Story , a small 60 seconds ( approximately ) time filler about a fictional dog ( Speckle ) , and his animal friends . 2nd Story - This is followed by another central story , about Emily Elizabeth and her friends . Clifford 's Big Ideas - Before the credits , another 30 - second short takes place called Clifford 's Big Ideas . The short is basically an animation of an etiquette , a proverb , or basic truth such as `` Play Fair '' , `` Help Others '' , etc. , with narration by Emily Elizabeth . Production ( edit ) This series was produced by Mike Young Productions and Scholastic Studios . Broadcast ( edit ) Clifford The Big Red Dog is shown on BBC One and Tiny Pop in United Kingdom . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Clifford the Big Red Dog episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 40 September 4 , 2000 ( 2000 - 09 - 04 ) December 5 , 2001 ( 2001 - 12 - 05 ) 25 May 16 , 2002 ( 2002 - 05 - 16 ) February 25 , 2003 ( 2003 - 02 - 25 ) In other media ( edit ) Film ( edit ) In 2004 , Warner Bros. Pictures distributed a feature - length animated film based on the show titled Clifford 's Really Big Movie . It was about Clifford , Cleo and T - Bone joining an animal show to win a lifetime supply of dog food to provide for Clifford . This was John Ritter 's last film as he died on September 11 , 2003 , after completing voice work for the film . The film was dedicated to his memory . The movie also stars Wayne Brady as Shackleford the Ferret , Judge Reinhold as Amazing Larry , John Goodman as George Wolfsbottom , and Jenna Elfman as Dorothy the Cow . The film also serves as the series finale . Video games ( edit ) Original series ( edit ) Clifford 's Reading Clifford 's Thinking Games Modern series ( edit ) Clifford 's Learning Activities Clifford 's Musical Memory Games Clifford 's Phonics Clifford 's Big Puzzle Game ( A Wendy 's Kids ' Meal DVD game , available for a limited time only ) See also ( edit ) Children 's literature portal Clifford 's Puppy Days Clifford 's Really Big Movie References ( edit ) ^ Media and Culture , 5th ed. , Richard Campbell , Christopher R. Martin and Bettina Fabos . ^ Jump up to : `` Clifford the Big Red Dog ( TV series ) ( 2000 ) '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` He 's Big ! He 's Red ! He 's Coming to PBS Kids ! Scholastic Productions ' `` Clifford the Big Red Dog '' Animated Series Debuts on PBS Fall 2000 '' ( Press release ) . PBS . January 7 , 2000 . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Zurawik , David ( July 13 , 2000 ) . `` PBS gives kids new Saturday morning shows '' . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved May 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Search Results - BBC Genome '' . genome.ch.bbc.co.uk . ^ Jump up to : Markstein , Donald D. `` Don Markstein 's Toonopedia : Clifford the Big Red Dog '' . www.toonopedia.com . Jump up ^ `` The Cast of Clifford the Big Red Dog ® '' . PBS Kids . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Little Clifford '' 19 September 2000 , 6 candles on cake Jump up ^ Alvarez , Victor Paul ( 2014 - 12 - 16 ) . `` ' Clifford the Big Red Dog ' Author Dies at 86 '' . Boston.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 28 . External links ( edit ) Clifford the Big Red Dog on IMDb Official site of book series Clifford the Big Red Dog at TV.com Good article about Clifford 's creation Norman Bridwell 's Clifford the Big Red Dog Clifford ( character ) Clifford the Big Red Dog ( 1988 series ) Clifford the Big Red Dog ( TV series ) List of episodes Clifford 's Puppy Days Clifford 's Really Big Movie PBS Kids original programming Former 1960s -- 1980s debuts Mister Rogers ' Neighborhood ( 1968 -- 2001 ) The Electric Company ( 1971 -- 1977 ) Zoom ( 1972 -- 1978 ) 3 - 2 - 1 Contact ( 1980 -- 1988 ) Powerhouse ( 1982 -- 1983 ) Reading Rainbow ( 1983 -- 2006 ) Newton 's Apple ( 1983 -- 1999 ) Kidsongs ( 1985 -- 1998 ) Square One Television ( 1987 -- 1992 ) Gerbert ( 1988 -- 1991 ) Shining Time Station ( 1989 -- 1995 ) Long Ago and Far Away ( 1989 -- 1993 ) Thomas & Friends ( 1989 -- 2017 ) 1990s debuts Where in the World Is Carmen Sandiego ? 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( 1996 -- 1997 ) Adventures from the Book of Virtues ( 1996 -- 2000 ) In the Mix ( 1996 -- 2012 ) Teletubbies ( 1997 -- 2001 ) Caillou ( 1997 -- 2010 ) The Charlie Horse Music Pizza ( 1998 -- 1999 ) Noddy ( 1998 -- 2000 ) Jay Jay the Jet Plane ( 1998 -- 2005 ) Elmo 's World ( 1998 -- 2009 ) Zoom ( 1999 -- 2005 ) Zoboomafoo ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Redwall ( 1999 -- 2002 ) Dragon Tales ( 1999 -- 2005 ) 2000s debuts Between the Lions ( 2000 -- 2010 ) The Dooley and Pals Show ( 2000 -- 2003 ) Clifford the Big Red Dog ( 2000 -- 2003 ) Corduroy ( 2000 -- 2001 ) Elliot Moose ( 2000 -- 2001 ) Marvin the Tap - Dancing Horse ( 2000 -- 2002 ) George Shrinks ( 2000 -- 2004 ) Seven Little Monsters ( 2000 -- 2004 ) Timothy Goes to School ( 2000 -- 01 ) Anne of Green Gables ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Sagwa , the Chinese Siamese Cat ( 2001 -- 2002 ) DragonflyTV ( 2002 -- 2008 ) Angelina Ballerina ( 2002 -- 2006 ) Liberty 's Kids ( 2002 -- 2003 ) Make Way for Noddy ( 2002 -- 2007 ) The Berenstain Bears ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Boohbah ( 2003 -- 2006 ) Jakers ! The Adventures of Piggley Winks ( 2003 -- 2007 ) Clifford 's Puppy Days ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Franny 's Feet ( 2004 -- 2011 ) Curiosity Quest ( 2004 -- 2015 ) Peep and the Big Wide World ( 2004 -- 2011 ) Maya & Miguel ( 2004 -- 2007 ) Postcards from Buster ( 2004 -- 2012 ) It 's a Big Big World ( 2005 -- 2010 ) Danger Rangers ( 2005 -- 2006 ) The Zula Patrol ( 2005 -- 2008 ) Signing Time ! ( 2006 -- 2008 ) Wunderkind Little Amadeus ( 2006 ) Fetch ! with Ruff Ruffman ( 2006 -- 2010 ) Curious George ( 2006 -- 2015 ) SeeMore 's Playhouse ( 2006 -- 2008 ) Design Squad ( 2007 -- 2011 ) WordGirl ( 2007 -- 2015 ) WordWorld ( 2007 -- 2011 ) Super Why ! ( 2007 -- 2016 ) Mama Mirabelle 's Home Movies ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Animalia ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Biz Kid $ ( 2008 -- 2017 ) Betsy 's Kindergarten Adventures ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Sid the Science Kid ( 2008 -- 2013 ) Martha Speaks ( 2008 -- 2014 ) Lomax , the Hound of Music ( 2008 ) The Electric Company ( 2009 -- 2011 ) Angelina Ballerina : The Next Steps ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Dinosaur Train ( 2009 -- 2017 ) 2010s debuts SciGirls ( 2010 - 2018 ) Mack & Moxy ( 2016 ) Current Sesame Street ( since 1969 , second run since 2016 ) Arthur ( since 1996 ) Cyberchase ( since 2002 ) Bob the Builder ( since 2005 ) The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That ! ( since 2010 ) Wild Kratts ( since 2011 ) Daniel Tiger 's Neighborhood ( since 2012 ) Peg + Cat ( since 2013 ) Odd Squad ( since 2014 ) Nature Cat ( since 2015 ) Ready Jet Go ! ( since 2016 ) Splash and Bubbles ( since 2016 ) Pinkalicious & Peterrific ( since 2018 ) Upcoming Let 's Go Luna ! ( Fall 2018 ) Molly of Denali ( Summer 2019 ) See also PBS network shows Educational television PBS Kids Bookworm Bunch PBS Kids Go ! 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which of the following is characteristic of negative ads

Negative campaigning

negative campaigning

Negative campaigning or mudslinging is the process of deliberate spreading negative information about someone or something to worsen the public image of the described .

Deliberate spreading of such information can be motivated either by honest desire of the campaigner to warn others against real dangers or deficiencies of the described , or by the campaigner 's dishonest ideas on methods of winning in political , business or other spheres of competition against an honest rival . The public image of an entity can be defined as reputation , esteem , respect , acceptance of the entity 's appearance , values and behaviour by the general public of a given territory and / or a social group , possibly within time limits . As target groups of public and their values differ , so negativity or positivity of a public image is relative : e.g. while in most societies having an honest source of income is a positive value and stealing is discouraged , in the world of professional thieves honest work is frowned upon and stealing is encouraged . In polygamous societies monogamy is not viewed in the way it is valued in monogamous societies . Values of a society also change with time : e.g. homosexuality in Western culture was considered immoral and was criminally prosecuted until the sexual revolution of the second half of the 20 century . Thus negative campaigning to be successful has to take into account current values of the group it addresses . The degree of strictness in practicing the group 's values as opposed to its tolerance for violating the norms has also to be taken into consideration : e.g. while in the Old Testament and other traditional religious societies adultery and prostitution were outlawed and supposed to be punished by death , modern Western societies show much greater tolerance to these . In United States politics , negative campaigning has been called `` as American as Mississippi mud '' and `` as American as apple pie '' . Some research suggests negative campaigning is the norm in all political venues , mitigated only by the dynamics of a particular contest . Contents ( hide ) 1 Techniques 2 Advantages 3 Risks and consequences 4 Notable examples 4.1 United States 4.2 Elsewhere 5 See also 6 Footnotes 7 References 8 Further reading Techniques ( edit ) There are a number of techniques used in negative campaigning . Among the most effective is running advertisements attacking an opponent 's personality , record , or opinion . There are two main types of ads used in negative campaigning : attack and contrast . Attack ads focus exclusively on the negative aspects of the opponent . There is no positive content in an attack ad , whether it is about the candidate or the opponent . Attack ads usually identify the risks associated with the opponent , often exploiting people 's fears to manipulate and lower the impression voters have of the opponent . Because attack ads have no positive content , they have the potential to be more influential than contrast ads in shaping voters ' views of the sponsoring candidate 's opponent . Unlike attack ads , contrast ads contain information about both the candidate and the opponent . The information about the candidate is positive , while the information about the opponent is negative . Contrast ads compare and contrast the candidate with the opponent , juxtaposing the positive information about the candidate with the negative information of the opponent . Because contrast ads must contain positive information , contrast ads are seen as less damaging to the political process than attack ads . One of the most famous such ads was Daisy Girl by the campaign of Lyndon B. Johnson that successfully portrayed Republican Barry Goldwater as threatening nuclear war . Common negative campaign techniques include painting an opponent as soft on criminals , dishonest , corrupt , or a danger to the nation . One common negative campaigning tactic is attacking the other side for running a negative campaign . Dirty tricks are also common in negative political campaigns . These generally involve secretly leaking damaging information to the media . This isolates a candidate from backlash and also does not cost any money . The material must be substantive enough to attract media interest , however , and if the truth is discovered it could severely damage a campaign . Other dirty tricks include trying to feed an opponent 's team false information hoping they will use it and embarrass themselves . Often a campaign will use outside organizations , such as lobby groups , to launch attacks . These can be claimed to be coming from a neutral source and if the allegations turn out not to be true the attacking candidate will not be damaged if the links can not be proven . Negative campaigning can be conducted by proxy . For instance , highly partisan ads were placed in the 2004 U.S. presidential election by allegedly independent bodies like MoveOn.org and Swift Boat Veterans for Truth . Push polls are attacks disguised as telephone polls . They might ask a question like `` How would you react if Candidate A was revealed to beat his wife ? '' , giving the impression that Candidate A might beat his wife . Members of the media and of the opposing party are deliberately not called making these tactics all but invisible and unprovable . G. Gordon Liddy played a major role in developing these tactics during the Nixon campaign playing an important advisory of rules that led to the campaign of 1972 . James Carville , campaign manager of Bill Clinton 's 1992 election , is also a major proponent of negative tactics . Lee Atwater , best known for being an advisor to presidents Ronald Reagan and George H.W. Bush , also pioneered many negative campaign techniques seen in political campaigns today . Advantages ( edit ) Sponsors of overt negative campaigns often cite reasons to support mass communication of negative ideas . The Office of National Drug Control Policy uses negative campaigns to steer the public away from health risks . Similar negative campaigns have been used to rebut mass marketing by tobacco companies , or to discourage drunk driving . Those who conduct negative political campaigns sometimes say the public needs to know about the person he or she is voting for , even if it is bad . In other words , if a candidate 's opponent is a crook or a bad person , then he or she should be able to tell the public about it . Martin Wattenberg and Craig Brians , of the University of California , Irvine , considered in their study whether negative campaigning mobilizes or alienates voters . They concluded that data used by Stephen Ansolabehere in a 1994 American Political Science Review article to advance the hypothesis that negative campaigning demobilizes voters was flawed . A subsequent study done by Ansolabehere and Shanto Iyengar in 1995 corrected some of the previous study 's flaws . This study concluded that negative advertising suppressed voter turnout , particularly for Independent voters . They speculated that campaigns tend to go negative only if the Independent vote is leaning toward the opponent . In doing so , they insure that the swing voters stay home , leaving the election up to base voters . They also found that negative ads have a greater impact on Democrats than on Republicans . According to them , base Republicans will vote no matter what ( and will vote only for a Republican ) , but Democrats can be influenced to either stay home and not vote at all or to switch sides and vote for a Republican . This , combined with the effect negativity has on Independents , led them to conclude that Republicans benefit more from going negative than Democrats . Other researchers have found different , more positive outcomes from negative campaigns . Rick Farmer , PhD , an assistant professor of political science at the University of Akron found that negative ads are more memorable than positive ads when they reinforce a preexisting belief and are relevant to the central issues of a marketing campaign . Researchers at the University of Georgia found the impact of negative ads increases over time , while positive ads used to counteract negative ads lack the power of negative ads . Research also suggests negative campaigning introduces controversy and raises public awareness through additional news coverage . Most recently , Kyle Mattes and David P. Redlawsk in The Positive Case for Negative Campaigning show through surveys and experiments that negative campaigning provides informational benefits for voters . Without negativity , voters would not have full information about all of their choices , since no candidate will say anything bad about herself . They argue that candidates have to point out the flaws in their opponents for voters to be fully informed . Risks and consequences ( edit ) Some strategists say that an effect of negative campaigning is that while it motivates the base of support it can alienate centrist and undecided voters from the political process , reducing voter turnout and radicalizing politics . In a study done by Gina Garramone about how negative advertising affects the political process , it was found that a consequence of negative campaigning is greater image discrimination of the candidates and greater attitude polarization . While positive ads also contributed to the image discrimination and attitude polarization , Garramone found that negative campaigning played a more influential role in the discrimination and polarization than positive campaigning . Negative ads can produce a backlash . A disastrous ad was run by the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada in the 1993 Canadian federal election , apparently emphasizing Liberal Party of Canada leader Jean Chrétien 's Bell 's Palsy partial facial paralysis in a number of unflattering photos , with the subtext of criticizing his platforms . Chrétien took maximum advantage of the opportunity to gain the public 's sympathy as a man who struggled with a physical disability and his party 's subsequent overwhelming victory in the election helped reduce the governing Conservatives to two seats . A similar backlash happened to the Liberal Party in the 2006 federal election for running an attack ad that suggested that Conservative leader Stephen Harper would use Canadian soldiers to patrol Canadian cities , and impose some kind of martial law . The ad was only available from the Liberal Party 's web site for a few hours prior to the release of the attack ads on television ; nevertheless , it was picked up by the media and widely criticized for its absurdity , in particular the sentence `` we 're not making this up ; we 're not allowed to make this stuff up '' . Liberal MP Keith Martin expressed his disapproval of `` whoever the idiot who approved that ad was , '' shortly before Liberal leader Paul Martin ( no relation ) stated that he had personally approved them . The effect of the ads was to diminish the credibility of the party 's other attack ads . It offended many Canadians , particularly those in the military , some of whom were fighting in Afghanistan at the time . ( See Canadian federal election , 2006 ) More recently , in the 2008 US Senate race in North Carolina , Republican incumbent Elizabeth Dole attempted an attack ad on Democratic challenger Kay Hagan , who had taken a small lead in polls , by tying her to atheists . Dole 's campaign released an ad questioning Hagan 's religion and it included a voice saying `` There is no God ! '' over a picture of Kay Hagan 's face . The voice was not Hagan 's but it is believed the ad implied that it was . Initially , it was thought the ad would work as religion has historically been a very important issue to voters in the American south , but the ad produced a backlash across the state and Hagan responded forcefully with an ad saying that she was a Sunday school teacher and was a religious person . Hagan also claimed Dole was trying to change the subject from the economy ( the ad appeared around the same time as the 2008 financial crisis ) . Hagan 's lead in polls doubled and she won the race by a nine - point margin . Because of the possible harm that can come from being seen as a negative campaigner , candidates often pledge to refrain from negative attacks . This pledge is usually abandoned when an opponent is perceived to be `` going negative , '' with the first retaliatory attack being , ironically , an accusation that the opponent is a negative campaigner . While some research has found advantages and other has found disadvantages , some studies find no difference between negative and positive approaches . Research published in the Journal of Advertising found that negative political advertising makes the body want to turn away physically , but the mind remembers negative messages . The findings are based on research conducted by James Angelini , professor of communication at the University of Delaware , in collaboration with Samuel Bradley , assistant professor of advertising at Texas Tech University , and Sungkyoung Lee of Indiana University , which used ads that aired during the 2000 presidential election . During the study , the researchers placed electrodes under the eyes of willing participants and showed them a series of 30 - second ads from both the George W. Bush and Al Gore campaigns . The electrodes picked up on the `` startle response , '' the automatic eye movement typically seen in response to snakes , spiders and other threats . Compared to positive or neutral messages , negative advertising prompted greater reflex reactions and a desire to move away . Notable examples ( edit ) United States ( edit ) Play media `` Daisy '' advertisement 1828 : The Coffin Handbills used by supporters of John Quincy Adams against Andrew Jackson in the 1828 presidential campaign . Jackson 's mother was called a prostitute , and his wife an adulteress . 1884 : Rum , Romanism , and Rebellion Comment by Reverend Samuel Burchard in the 1884 presidential election . 1936 : The first radio advertising using negative campaigning came from the Republican Party in 1936 . 1964 : The Daisy ad used by Lyndon Johnson against Barry Goldwater in the United States presidential election , 1964 . 1968 : The `` Convention Ad '' run by Richard Nixon against Hubert Humphrey in the 1968 presidential election . 1988 : Willie Horton and Revolving Door ads used by in the 1988 presidential campaign against Michael Dukakis . 1992 : The Chicken George attack on George HW Bush where persons dressed as chickens appeared at his events to protest his avoiding debates . 1993 : `` Harry and Louise '' ads attacking President Bill Clinton 's health - care reform proposals . `` Black baby of John McCain '' slur in the George W. Bush primary campaign . 2004 : Attacks against George W. Bush 's military record in the 2004 presidential election , and attacks against John Kerry 's Vietnam service record by some Navy Swift Boat veterans of the Vietnam War . 2005 : Jerry Kilgore 's pro-death penalty attack ad against his opponent , Tim Kaine , in the 2005 Virginia gubernatorial campaign . The ad , particularly its invocation of Hitler , contributed to Kilgore 's defeat by Kaine . 2008 : Hillary Clinton 's `` 3 a.m. phone call '' ad questioning the crisis management abilities of her opponent , Barack Obama . 2008 : Elizabeth Dole 's ad against Democratic challenger Kay Hagan in her 2008 Senate re-election campaign , where Hagan was said to be `` Godless '' . The ad backfired , as it sharply reduced support for Dole . Dole was defeated by Hagan in the election . 2014 : Justin Amash was smeared as `` Al - Qaeda 's best friend in Congress '' by his primary opponent Brian Ellis . Elsewhere ( edit ) New Zealand : In the 1975 New Zealand general election , the opposing National Party launched the infamous `` Dancing Cossacks '' television advertisement . Animated by Hanna Barbera , the attack advert claimed the incumbent Labour Party 's recently introduced compulsory superannuation scheme could eventually lead to Soviet - style communism . Canada : In the 1993 Canadian federal election , the Progressive Conservative Party launched attack ads that were widely seen to be mocking opposing candidate Jean Chrétien 's facial deformity . See : 1993 Chrétien attack ad United Kingdom : During the run up to the 1997 general election , the Conservative Party ran a campaign that stated that the Labour Party was dangerous and used posters of Labour leader Tony Blair with `` demon eyes '' on them titled `` New Labour , New Danger '' ( in reference to the New Labour slogan ) . The campaign failed as Labour won a landslide victory , ending 18 years of Conservative government . Mexico : in the 2006 presidential election , Felipe Calderón , president from 2006 -- 2012 , launched TV ads that stated his opponent , Andrés Manuel López Obrador , was `` a danger to Mexico '' . To this day , López Obrador continues blaming the negative campaign for his defeat and saying that it was part of a conspiracy that the Mexican business elite planned against him . Canada : In the 2008 Canadian federal election , the Conservative Party released an ad featuring Opposition Leader Stéphane Dion being defecated on by an animated puffin. Harper later apologized for the ad . In the Crewe and Nantwitch By - election in 2008 , The Labour Party ran a personal class - based campaign against the Conservative candidate Edward Timpson , calling him `` the Tarporley Toff '' , `` Lord Snooty '' , `` Tory Boy Timpson '' . Labour supporters donned top hats to mock Timpson , whose family own a national shoe repair and key - cutting business . The campaign was very poorly received and was condemned as negative and xenophobic by Conservative leader David Cameron . Serbia : In the 2018 Belgrade City Assembly election , the ruling party SNS launched a negative campaign against two candidates , Aleksandar Šapić and Dragan Đilas . In a TV political ad they were portrayed as taycoons and criminals who are too busy protesting against Aleksandar Vučić and meeting other criminals than attending meetings . The advertisement caught the attention of REM , which resulted in a suspend of the advertisement . See also ( edit ) Ad hominem Defamation : includes libel , slander Democracy and election - related topics Discrediting tactic Opposition research Political campaign Push poll : push - polling Smear campaign Tu quoque Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Scher , R.K. ( 1997 ) . The modern presidential campaign : Mudslinging , bombast , and the vitality of American politics . New York : M.E. Sharpe . p. 27 . Jump up ^ Lee Sigelman ; Eric Shiraev ( 2002 ) . `` The Rational Attacker in Russia ? Negative Campaigning in Russian Presidential Elections '' ( PDF ) . The Journal of Politics . 64 ( 1 ) : 45 -- 62 . doi : 10.1111 / 1468 - 2508.00117 . JSTOR 2691664 . ^ Jump up to : Fridkin , K.L. , & Kenney , P.J. ( 2004 ) . Do Negative Messages Work ? : The Impact of Negativity on Citizens ' Evaluations of Candidates . American Politics Research , 32 ( 570 ) , 570 -- 602 . doi : 10.1177 / 1532673X03260834 Jump up ^ Randolph , Eleanor ( September 20 , 2008 ) . `` The Political Legacy of Baaad Boy Atwater '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 20 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Ansolabehere , S. & Iyengar , S. ( 1995 ) . Going negative : How campaign advertising shrinks and polarizes the electorate . New York : The Free Press . Jump up ^ `` Sock it to ' em : can a negative marketing campaign have positive results ? Here 's what to know before you strike the first blow Entrepreneur Find Articles at BNET '' . Findarticles.com. 2004 . Archived from the original on 2005 - 06 - 22 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived March 23 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Garramone , G.M. , Atkin , C.K. , Pinkleton , B.E. , & Cole , R.T. ( 1990 , Summer ) . Effects of Negative Political Advertising on the Political Process . Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media , 34 ( 3 ) , 299 -- 311 . doi : 10.1080 / 08838159009386744 Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived March 25 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Viewers Are Repulsed by Negative Campaign Ads Newswise , Retrieved on October 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Timeline / Fun Facts , '' Broadcasting & Cable , November 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/03/10/clinton.ad.obama.ap/index.html?iref=newssearch . Retrieved March 13 , 2008 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Pollster : ' Godless ' Ad Hurt Dole '' . The Drudge Report . Archived from the original on 16 July 2011 . Retrieved 3 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` GOP Rebel Justin Amash Just Beat a Guy Who Called Him `` Al Qaeda 's Best Friend '' `` . Jump up ^ `` New Labour , New Danger -- Demon eyes ( Conservative , 1997 ) -- Election 2001 '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ López Obrador 's biography ( in Spanish ) Archived 2007 - 11 - 29 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Harper apologizes for tasteless bird - excrement attack ad on Dion '' . CBC News . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Do n't be conned by Tory Boy '' . Crewe and Nantwich Labour . Archived from the original on 2008 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ MacIntyre , Ben ( 21 May 2008 ) . `` Attempts to stir class war backfire for Labour in Crewe & Nantwich '' . The Times . London . Retrieved 30 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cameron hails ' end of New Labour ' '' . BBC News . May 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Serbia , RTS , Radio televizija Srbije , Radio Television of . `` REM : Obustaviti emitovanje spota liste `` Aleksandar Vučić -- Zato što volimo Beograd '' '' ( in Serbian ) . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 18 . References ( edit ) Mattes , Kyle and David P. Redlawsk. 2014 . `` The Positive Case for Negative Campaigning '' . University of Chicago Press ... Wattenberg , Martin P. ( August 22 , 1996 ) . `` Negative Campaign Advertising : Demobilizer or Mobilizer '' . eScholarship Repository . UC Irvine , Department of Politics and Society . Retrieved January 29 , 2005 . Bike , William S. ( March 28 , 2004 ) . `` Campaign Guide : Negative Campaigning '' . CompleteCampaigns.com . City : San Diego . Retrieved August 3 , 2005 . Saletan , William ( November 25 , 1999 ) . `` Three Cheers for Negative Campaigning '' . Slate . City : Washington . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2005 . Retrieved August 3 , 2005 . Does Attack Advertising Demobilize the Electorate ? Stephen Ansolabehere , Shanto Iyengar , Adam Simon , Nicholas Valentino , 1994 , American Political Science Review , 88 : 829 -- 38 Winning , But Losing , Ansolabehere and Iyenger , 1996 Girl seen in Clinton 's ' 3 a.m. ' ad supports Obama Van Treuren , Phil ( January 2010 ) . `` Negative Campaigning Can Backfire in Local Elections '' . KillerCampaigning.com . Killer Campaigning . `` The Effects of Negative Campaign Ads on YouTube '' . October 2012 . Further reading ( edit ) Ennser - Jedenastik , Laurenz ; Dolezal , Martin ; Müller , Wolfgang C. ( March 2017 ) . `` Gender differences in negative campaigning : the impact of party environments '' . Politics & Gender . Cambridge Journals. 13 ( 1 ) : 81 -- 106 . doi : 10.1017 / S1743923X16000532 . Media manipulation Context Bias Crowd psychology Deception Dumbing down False balance Half - truths Machiavellianism Media Obfuscation Orwellian Persuasion Psychological manipulation Activism Alternative media Boycott Civil disobedience Culture jamming Demonstrations Guerrilla communication Hacktivism Internet Media Occupations Petitions Protests Youth Advertising Billboards False Infomercials Mobiles Modeling Radio Sex Slogans Testimonials TV Criticism of advertising Censorship Regulation Books Broadcast law Burying of scholars Corporate Cover - ups Euphemism Films Historical negationism Internet Political Religious Self Hoaxing Alternative facts April Fools ' Fake news website Fakelore Fictitious entries Forgery Gaslighting List Literary Racial Urban legend Virus Marketing Branding Loyalty Product Product placement Publicity Research Word of mouth News media Agenda - setting Broadcasting Circus Cycle False balance Infotainment Managing Narcotizing dysfunction Newspeak Pseudo-event Scrum Sensationalism Tabloid journalism Political campaigning Advertising Astroturfing Attack ad Canvassing Character assassination Charm offensive Dog - whistle politics Election promises Lawn signs Manifestos Name recognition Negative Push polling Smear campaign Wedge issue Propaganda Bandwagon Crowd manipulation Disinformation Fearmongering Framing Indoctrination Loaded language Lying press National mythology Techniques Psychological warfare Airborne leaflets False flag Fifth column Information ( IT ) Lawfare Political Public diplomacy Sedition Subversion Public relations Cult of personality Doublespeak Non-apology apology Reputation management Slogans Sound bites Spin Transfer Understatement Weasel words Sales Cold calling Door - to - door Pricing Product demonstrations Promotion Promotional merchandise Telemarketing Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Negative_campaigning&oldid=826327480 '' Categories : Election campaigning Ethically disputed political practices Political campaign techniques Negative concepts Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2016 CS1 Serbian - language sources ( sr ) Articles with limited geographic scope from October 2017 USA - centric Articles needing additional references from March 2007 All articles needing additional references Articles with multiple maintenance issues All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2007 Articles with dead external links from January 2017 Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Deutsch Español Italiano Magyar 日本 語 Polski Русский Svenska Українська 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 February 2018 , at 14 : 16 . 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when was the first ice cream cone made

Edible cones were mentioned in French cooking books as early as 1825 , when Julien Archambault described how one could roll a cone from `` little waffles '' . Another printed reference to an edible cone is in Mrs A.B. Marshall 's Cookery Book , written in 1888 by Agnes B. Marshall ( 1855 -- 1905 ) of England . Her recipe for `` Cornet with Cream '' said that `` the cornets were made with almonds and baked in the oven , not pressed between irons '' .

Ice cream cone

ice cream cone

An ice cream cone , poke ( Ireland and Scotland ) or cornet is a dry , cone - shaped pastry , usually made of a wafer similar in texture to a waffle , which enables ice cream to be held in the hand and eaten without a bowl or spoon . Various types of ice cream cones include wafer ( or cake ) cones , waffle cones , and sugar cones .

Many styles of cones are made , including pretzel cones and chocolate - coated cones . A variety of double wafer cone exists that allows two scoops of ice cream to be served side by side . Wafer cones are often made with a flat bottom instead of a pointed , conical shape , enabling the ice cream and `` cone '' to stand upright on a surface without support . These types of wafer cones are often branded as `` cups '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Commercial cones 2.1 Pre-filled cones 3 See also 4 References History ( edit ) A sugar cone , with chocolate ice cream . Edible cones were mentioned in French cooking books as early as 1825 , when Julien Archambault described how one could roll a cone from `` little waffles '' . Another printed reference to an edible cone is in Mrs A.B. Marshall 's Cookery Book , written in 1888 by Agnes B. Marshall ( 1855 -- 1905 ) of England . Her recipe for `` Cornet with Cream '' said that `` the cornets were made with almonds and baked in the oven , not pressed between irons '' . Edible cones were patented by two entrepreneurs , both Italian , separately in the years 1902 and 1903 . Antonio Valvona , an ice cream merchant from Manchester , UK , patented a biscuit cup producing machine in 1902 , and in 1903 , Italo Marchiony , an ice cream salesman from New York filed for the patent of a machine which made ice cream containers . Abe Doumar and the Doumar family can also claim credit for the ice cream cone . In 1904 , at the St. Louis World 's Fair a Syrian / Lebanese concessionaire named Arnold Fornachou had his ice cream booth , when he ran short on paper cups , he was next to an waffle vendor , who sold Fornachou waffles . Fornachou rolled a waffle to contain the ice cream . And the ice cream cone was born . At the age of 16 Doumar began to sell paperweights and other items . One night , he bought a waffle from another vendor transplanted to Norfolk , Virginia from Ghent in Belgium , Leonidas Kestekidès . Doumar proceeded to roll up the waffle and place a scoop of ice cream on top . He then began selling the cones at the St. Louis Exposition . His `` cones '' were such a success that he designed a four - iron baking machine and had a foundry make it for him . At the Jamestown Exposition in 1907 , he and his brothers sold nearly twenty - three thousand cones . After that , Abe bought a semiautomatic 36 - iron machine , which produced 20 cones per minute and opened Doumar 's Drive In in Norfolk , Virginia , which still operates at the same location over 100 years later . In 2008 , the ice cream cone became the official state food of Missouri . Commercial cones ( edit ) The earliest cones were rolled by hand , from hot and thin wafers , but in 1912 , Frederick Bruckman , an inventor from Portland , Oregon , patented a machine for rolling ice cream cones . Page 1 of a September 1917 article in Western Confectioner , describing the creation of inventor / entrepreneur Frederick Bruckman 's `` Real Cake Ice Cream Cone Machine '' Page 2 of article above . He sold his company to Nabisco in 1928 , which is still producing ice cream cones as of 2017 . Independent ice - cream providers such as Ben & Jerry 's make their own cones . In 1918 , a Lebanese immigrant , Albert George , started the George & Thomas Cone Company , and began to mass - produce baked ice cream cones to sell to restaurants , as well as the everyday consumer . That company became Joy Ice Cream Cone Company , now named the Joy Cone Company , located in Hermitage , Pennsylvania . The company has two facilities , its eastern facility located at 3435 Lamor Road in Hermitage , PA , and its western facility located at 2843 West Shamrell Blvd. in Flagstaff , Arizona . In July 2017 , the company started construction of another $24 million plant at its Hermitage , PA location which will be fully operational in spring of 2018 . The company produces over 2 billion ice cream cones ( sugar , cake , and waffle cones ) a year . Joy Cone is the largest ice cream cone maker in the world . The company is still owned / operated by the George family along with the employees as an ESOP ( employee stock ownership plan ) . In September 2017 , Joy Cone completed the purchase of BoDeans Baking Group , with its Le Mars , Iowa plants , along with a second subsidiary , Altesa , which makes ice cream cones and related products in Mexico City . This will permit Joy Cone to expand sales into Central America . Pre-filled cones ( edit ) In 1928 , J.T. `` Stubby '' Parker of Fort Worth , Texas created an ice cream cone that could be stored in a grocer 's freezer , with the cone and the ice cream frozen together as one item . He formed The Drumstick Company in 1931 to market the product , and in 1991 the company was purchased by Nestlé . In 1959 , Spica , an Italian ice cream manufacturer based in Naples , invented a process whereby the inside of the waffle cone was insulated from the ice cream by a layer of oil , sugar and chocolate . Spica registered the name Cornetto in 1960 . Initial sales were poor , but in 1976 Unilever bought out Spica and began a mass - marketing campaign throughout Europe . Cornetto is now one of the most popular ice creams in the world . In 1979 , a patent for a new packaging design by David Weinstein led to easier transportation of commercial ice cream cones . Weinstein 's design enabled the ice cream cone to be wrapped in a wax paper package . This made the cones more sanitary while also preventing the paper wrapper from falling off during transportation , or from becoming stuck to the cone . Ice cream cones A cherry ice cream cone Sugar cones Unwrapped pre-filled cone Soft serve ice cream in a wafer style cone A 99 Flake ice cream cone Sugar cone dipped in rainbow sprinkles Waffle cones Chocolate soft serve ice cream with sprinkles in a waffle cone from Dairy Queen See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ice cream cones . Penny lick References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Julien Archambault , Le Cuisinier économe ou Élémens nouveaux de cuisine , de pâtisserie et d'office , Librairie du commerce , Paris , 1825 , page 346 . ^ Jump up to : Stradley , Linda . `` History of Ice Cream Cone '' . What 's Cooking America . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ Weir , Robert . `` An 1807 Ice Cream Cone : Discovery and Evidence '' . Historic Food . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` United States Patent and Trademark Office '' . Retrieved 5 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Marlowe , Jack . `` Zalabia and the First Ice - Cream Cone '' . www.aramcoworld.com ( Issue July / August 2003 ) . Aramco Services Company . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ The Ocean View Nickel Tour - Part VII . Rkpuma.com . Retrieved on 2015 - 11 - 20 . Jump up ^ History Doumar 's . Doumars.com ( 2013 - 06 - 16 ) . Retrieved on 2015 - 11 - 20 . Jump up ^ IT , Missouri Secretary of State - . `` The State Dessert - Missouri Secretary of State '' . sos.mo.gov . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : About us Joy Cone Company . Retrieved Feb 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ FAQs , General Questions Joy Cone Company . Retrieved Feb 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Joe Pinchot ( July 18 , 2017 ) . `` More Joy for cone factory '' . The Sharon Herald . Retrieved Feb 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Joy Cone Company Ice Cream Cones WebstaurantStore . Jump up ^ Mans , Jack ( 1 June 2009 ) . `` Labler is a Sweet Solution for Ice Cream Cone Maker '' . Packaging Digest . 46 ( 6 ) : 38 -- 41 . Archived from the original on 20 January 2013 . Retrieved 12 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Funderburg , Anne Cooper . Chocolate , Strawberry , and Vanilla : A History Of American Ice Cream . Popular Press . Retrieved June 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The United States Patent and Trademark Office '' . Retrieved 11 October 2012 . ( hide ) Ice cream Flavors Bacon Beer Biscuit Tortoni Blue moon Butter Brickle Butter pecan Cherry Chocolate Chocolate chip cookie dough Cookies and cream Cornish Crab Garlic Grape Green tea Halva Hokey pokey Mango Mint chocolate chip Neapolitan Oyster Pistachio Raspberry Ripple Rocky road Spumoni Stracciatella Strawberry Superman Tiger tail Tutti frutti Vanilla Forms Bar Bastani Booza Cake Cone Dondurma Float Freeze - dried Fried Frozen custard Gelato Kulfi Sandwich Soft serve Sorbetes Stir - fried Dishes Affogato Arctic roll Baked Alaska Banana split Bananas Foster Bombe glacée Café liégeois Cherries jubilee Choc ice Choc - top Coffee cabinet Creme de papaya Dame blanche Milkshake Mix - in Mochi ice cream Parfait Peach Melba Poire belle Hélène Sizzling brownie Spaghettieis Sundae Bacon Golden Opulence Knickerbocker glory Tin roof pie Zuccotto Events Glasgow Ice Cream Wars Ice Cream for Breakfast Day Ice cream social National Ice Cream Month Lists Brands Flavors Parlor chains Related Carlo Gatti Gelato University Geography of ice cream Ice cream cart Ice cream maker Ice cream parlor Ice cream van Penny lick Squround Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ice_cream_cone&oldid=837191232 '' Categories : American desserts British desserts French desserts Bakers ' confectionery British cuisine French pastries Ice cream Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Русский Simple English Svenska Türkçe 粵語 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 08 : 34 . 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who sang the song i'd rather go blind

I 'd Rather Go Blind

i'd rather go blind

`` I 'd Rather Go Blind '' is a blues song written by Ellington Jordan and co-credited to Billy Foster . It was first recorded by Etta James in 1967 , released in 1968 , and has subsequently become regarded as a blues and soul classic .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Original version by Etta James 2 Other versions 3 In popular culture 4 References 5 External links Original version by Etta James ( edit ) Etta James wrote in her autobiography Rage To Survive that she heard the song outlined by her friend Ellington `` Fugi '' Jordan when she visited him in prison . She then wrote the rest of the song with Jordan , but for tax reasons gave her songwriting credit to her partner at the time , Billy Foster , singer with doo - wop group The Medallions . Etta James recorded the song at the FAME Studios in Muscle Shoals , Alabama . It was included on the album Tell Mama and as the B - side of the single of the same name which made number 10 on the Billboard R&B charts , and number 23 on the Billboard Hot 100 . The song is also on the 1978 Jerry Wexler - produced album Deep in the Night , but there it is titled `` Blind Girl '' ( track 10 ) . Some critics have regarded `` I 'd Rather Go Blind '' as of such emotional and poetic quality that it makes that release one of the great double - sided singles of the period . Critic Dave Marsh put the song in his book The Heart of Rock and Soul : The 1001 Greatest Singles Ever Made ( number 429 ) . Other versions ( edit ) It has since been recorded by a wide variety of artists , including the blind from birth Clarence Carter , on his 1969 album The Dynamic Clarence Carter . Other recordings include those by Little Milton , Chicken Shack , Koko Taylor , Man Man , Rod Stewart , B.B. King , Elkie Brooks , Paul Weller , Trixie Whitley , Ruby Turner , Marcia Ball , Sydney Youngblood , Barbara Lynn and Beyoncé Knowles for the Cadillac Records film soundtrack . The song reached number 14 on the UK Singles Chart in 1969 in a version by the British blues band Chicken Shack , featuring Christine Perfect , later to become Christine McVie of Fleetwood Mac . The song was also recorded in 1972 for Never a Dull Moment , the fourth album by Rod Stewart . Etta James refers to Stewart 's version favorably in her autobiography , Rage to Survive . A version of the song was UK singer Sydney Youngblood 's third single release , peaking at number 44 on the UK Singles Chart . It also appeared on Now That 's What I Call Music ! 17 , before the single was released . Versions have been performed by Paolo Nutini , Australian musician Toby , and American folk singer Holly Miranda . British soul singer Liam Bailey released a home - recorded version of the song with his EP 2am Rough Tracks in 2010 . The EP was released on Lioness Records . In 2011 , Joe Bonamassa and Beth Hart included the song on their album Do n't Explain . At the 2012 Kennedy Center Honors concert honoring Buddy Guy , Beth Hart received a standing ovation for a rendition of the song accompanied by Jeff Beck on guitar . In 2012 , Mick Hucknall recorded the song for his album American Soul . The Allman Brothers performed this song live occasionally with Susan Tedeschi . Tedeschi and Allman Brothers guitarists Derek Trucks and Warren Haynes performed their version of the song at The White House 's Red White and Blues event in 2012 . In popular culture ( edit ) The song is used in the ending credits of the 2016 video game Firewatch . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Ellington Jordan ( Fugi ) Almost Home CD Baby Music Store '' . Cdbaby.com . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Etta James - Tell Mama / I 'd Rather Go Blind '' . Discogs . Retrieved 24 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Etta James and David Ritz , Rage To Survive , 1995 , ISBN 0 - 306 - 80812 - 9 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 27 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Etta James - Chart history - Billboard '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved 24 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Etta James - Chart history - Billboard '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved 24 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Deep In The Night '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 20 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Matthew Greenwald . `` I 'd Rather Go Blind - Etta James Song Info '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ Marsh , Dave . `` The Heart of Rock and Soul : The 1001 Greatest Singles Ever Made '' . Da Capo Press . Retrieved 31 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Dynamic Clarence Carter - Clarence Carter - Songs , Reviews , Credits '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 24 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Never a Dull Moment - Rod Stewart - Songs , Reviews , Credits '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 24 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` I 'd Rather Go Blind '' . Officialcharts.com . Retrieved 24 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Search for `` i 'd rather go blind '' `` . AllMusic . Retrieved 24 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Paolo Nutini Official Website '' . Paolo Nutini . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Recording by adus2 at 2011 Women 's Red Rock Music Festival '' . Youtube.com . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Do n't Explain - Beth Hart , Joe Bonamassa - Songs , Reviews , Credits '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 24 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American Soul - Mick Hucknall - Songs , Reviews , Credits '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 24 August 2017 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I%27d_Rather_Go_Blind&oldid=799151903 '' Categories : Etta James songs Sydney Youngblood songs 1967 songs Cadet Records singles 1968 singles Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from July 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 5 September 2017 , at 23 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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where is the super bowl being played at this year

Super Bowl LII was an American football game played to determine the champion of the National Football League ( NFL ) for the 2017 season . The National Football Conference ( NFC ) champion Philadelphia Eagles defeated the American Football Conference ( AFC ) and defending Super Bowl LI champion New England Patriots , 41 -- 33 , to win their first Super Bowl and their first NFL title since 1960 . The game was played on February 4 , 2018 , at U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis , Minnesota . This was the second time that a Super Bowl was played in Minneapolis , the northernmost city to ever host the event , after Super Bowl XXVI at the Metrodome during the 1991 season , and the sixth Super Bowl held in a cold - weather city .

U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis , Minnesota

Super Bowl LII

super bowl lii

Super Bowl LII was an American football game played to determine the champion of the National Football League ( NFL ) for the 2017 season . The National Football Conference ( NFC ) champion Philadelphia Eagles defeated the American Football Conference ( AFC ) and defending Super Bowl LI champion New England Patriots , 41 -- 33 , to win their first Super Bowl and their first NFL title since 1960 . The game was played on February 4 , 2018 , at U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis , Minnesota . This was the second time that a Super Bowl was played in Minneapolis , the northernmost city to ever host the event , after Super Bowl XXVI at the Metrodome during the 1991 season , and the sixth Super Bowl held in a cold - weather city .

New England finished the regular season with an AFC - best 13 -- 3 record , then extended their record Super Bowl appearances to ten , their third in four years , and their eighth under the leadership of head coach Bill Belichick and quarterback Tom Brady . Philadelphia also finished the regular season with an NFC - best 13 -- 3 record , a year after Dallas did it in 2016 , but became underdogs entering the playoffs after starting quarterback Carson Wentz suffered a season - ending injury late in the regular season and was replaced by journeyman backup Nick Foles . Still , the Eagles advanced to their third Super Bowl appearance , having previously lost to the Oakland Raiders in Super Bowl XV and to the Patriots in Super Bowl XXXIX . Several records were set during Super Bowl LII , including most yards gained in an NFL game by both teams combined ( 1,151 ) , the fewest punts from both teams in a Super Bowl ( one ) , and the most points scored by a Super Bowl losing team ( 33 ) . The game was settled after the Eagles converted a fumble recovery deep within Patriots territory to a field goal with 1 : 05 remaining to extend their lead to eight points , and Brady 's Hail Mary pass fell incomplete as time expired . Foles , who completed 28 of 43 pass attempts for 373 yards and three touchdowns with one interception , and caught a one - yard touchdown pass , was named Super Bowl MVP . Foles ' touchdown catch later became known as The Philly Special and joined NFL lore . The broadcast of the game on NBC had the smallest Super Bowl audience in nine years , with an average of 103.4 million viewers . Average TV viewership for the halftime show , headlined by Justin Timberlake , was 106.6 million American television viewers , 9 percent less than the previous year . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Host - city selection 1.2 Teams 1.2. 1 Philadelphia Eagles 1.2. 2 New England Patriots 1.3 Playoffs 1.4 Pre-game notes 1.4. 1 Operations 1.4. 2 Associated events 2 Broadcasting 2.1 United States 2.1. 1 Advertising 2.1. 2 Lead - out programs 2.2 International broadcasts 3 Entertainment 3.1 Pre-game 3.2 Halftime show 4 Game summary 4.1 First Quarter 4.2 Second Quarter 4.3 Third Quarter 4.4 Fourth Quarter 4.5 Game statistics 4.6 Box score 5 Final statistics 5.1 Statistical comparison 5.2 Individual statistics 6 Starting lineups 7 Officials 8 References 9 External links Background ( edit ) Host - city selection ( edit ) The U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis , Minnesota , where Super Bowl LII was held . On October 8 , 2013 , the league announced that three venues would vie to host Super Bowl LII : U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis , Minnesota . Minneapolis hosted Super Bowl XXVI in 1992 at the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome , which was torn down after the 2013 season and replaced in 2014 and 2015 by U.S. Bank Stadium . Lucas Oil Stadium in Indianapolis , Indiana . The stadium hosted Super Bowl XLVI in 2012 . Mercedes - Benz Superdome in New Orleans , Louisiana . The city has hosted 10 Super Bowls , including seven at the Superdome , most recently Super Bowl XLVII in 2013 . On May 20 , 2014 , the league 's owners picked Minneapolis at their meeting in Atlanta , Georgia . Teams ( edit ) The NFC was represented by the number - one playoff seed Philadelphia Eagles , while the AFC was represented by the number - one playoff seed New England Patriots , marking the fourth time in the previous five years that the Super Bowl had featured the top team from each conference . Philadelphia Eagles ( edit ) Main article : 2017 Philadelphia Eagles season Nick Foles in 2014 . The Eagles finished the regular season with a record of 13 -- 3 , the same as New England , Minnesota , and Pittsburgh , but the various tie - breaking provisions gave them the NFC 's top seed in the 2017 -- 18 NFL playoffs . It was a substantial improvement for the team under second - year head coach Doug Pederson ; the Eagles finished the two previous seasons with 7 -- 9 records . In the 2017 season , the team scored 457 points ( third in the NFL ) , while giving up just 295 ( fourth ) points . The offense was led by Pro Bowl quarterback Carson Wentz . In just his second season , he recorded a passer rating of 101.9 , throwing for 3,296 yards and 33 touchdowns , with only seven interceptions . His top target was Pro Bowl tight end Zach Ertz , who caught 74 passes for 824 yards and eight touchdowns . Other contributors were two receivers acquired from off - season free agency : Alshon Jeffery , who caught 57 passes for 789 yards and nine scores ; and Torrey Smith , who had 36 receptions for 430 yards . Meanwhile , third - year receiver Nelson Agholor had the best season of his career , hauling in 62 passes for 768 yards and eight touchdowns , a higher total in each category than in his previous two seasons combined . The Eagles rushing attack also benefited from two recently acquired players , LeGarrette Blount and Jay Ajayi . Blount , an off - season signing who won a Super Bowl with the Patriots , gained 776 rushing yards and two touchdowns , while Ajayi , picked up by a mid-season trade with the Miami Dolphins , rushed for 873 yards and caught 24 passes for 154 yards combined with the two teams . Philadelphia also had a superb offensive line , lead by two Pro Bowl selections : Tackle Lane Johnson and Guard Brandon Brooks . The Eagles defense allowed the fourth - fewest yards in the league ( 4,904 ) . Defensive tackle Fletcher Cox made the Pro Bowl for the third time in his career , recording 5 ​ ⁄ sacks and two fumble recoveries , and he had plenty of help around him , such as former Patriots defensive end Chris Long , who had five sacks and forced four fumbles , and defensive end Brandon Graham , who led the team with 9 ​ ⁄ sacks . Middle linebacker Nigel Bradham led the team in combined tackles with 88 . The Eagles secondary featured Pro Bowl safety Malcolm Jenkins , who had 76 combined tackles and two interceptions , along with cornerback Patrick Robinson , who led the team with four interceptions . Philadelphia had stormed to the top of the NFC by winning 10 of their first 12 games , but suffered a major setback on December 10 , when Wentz went down with a season - ending ACL tear and was replaced by journeyman backup quarterback Nick Foles , who was playing for his third team in as many years and his second stint with the Eagles . Still , Foles was able to lead the team to victory in that game , as well as the next two . The Eagles lost a meaningless week 17 matchup with the Cowboys led by third - string quarterback Nate Sudfeld . Then in their two playoff games , Foles threw for a combined total of 598 yards , three touchdowns and no interceptions . New England Patriots ( edit ) Main article : 2017 New England Patriots season Tom Brady in 2016 . The Patriots entered the 2017 NFL season as defending Super Bowl champions . For the 16th time in their 18 seasons under 65 - year old coach Bill Belichick , they recorded a double - digit win season , finishing the regular season with a record of 13 -- 3 , one of four teams ( along with Philadelphia , Minnesota , and Pittsburgh ) with that record . By virtue of the tie - breaking procedures , they were granted the AFC 's number one overall seed in the 2017 -- 18 NFL playoffs . The previous season 's top wide receiver Julian Edelman went down in the preseason with a season - ending injury . Early season defensive struggles left the team with a 2 -- 2 record after four weeks , and the worst overall defense in the league at that point . The defense came together as a unit , and tighten up over the rest of the season however , with the Patriots going 11 -- 1 after week 4 . Their sole loss in the latter part of the season came in Week 14 to the Miami Dolphins , a division rival , though they were without star tight end Rob Gronkowski due to a one - game suspension for an unnecessary roughness call the prior week . The Patriots ' defense was improved by several late - season free - agent signings , including Eric Lee , a defensive end , previously from the Buffalo Bills , whom the Patriots signed in Week 12 , and James Harrison , a perennial All - Pro for the Pittsburgh Steelers , whom the Patriots picked up off waivers after Christmas . In just six games for New England , Lee recorded 3 ​ ⁄ sacks , a safety , and an interception . In his only regular season game with the Patriots , Harrison recorded two sacks . During the regular season , New England 's offense led the league in yards gained ( 6,307 ) and ranked second in points scored ( 458 ) . The 40 - year - old Brady finished his 18th season with a league - leading 4,577 passing yards , 32 touchdowns and just eight interceptions , earning him his 13th selection to the Pro Bowl and his third league MVP award . One change that helped make up for the loss of Edelman was the acquisition of receiver Brandin Cooks , who caught 65 passes for 1,082 yards and seven touchdowns . Brady was also aided by the healthy return of Gronkowski , who had played just eight games in the previous season , finishing this year with 69 catches for 1,084 yards and eight scores . Receiver Danny Amendola added 61 receptions for 659 yards , as well as another 240 yards returning punts . With the loss of their previous season 's rushing leader LeGarrette Blount to free agency , Dion Lewis stepped up to take the lead , rushing for 896 yards and six touchdowns despite starting only eight games . He also caught 32 passes for 214 yards and two touchdowns and added 570 yards and another touchdown returning kickoffs . Rex Burkhead chipped in 518 all - purpose yards , 30 receptions , and eight touchdowns . In passing situations , the team relied heavily on running back James White , who caught 56 passes for 429 yards and rushed for 171 on the ground . These backs were aided by the blocking of fullback James Develin , who earned his first Pro Bowl selection . On special teams , kicker Stephen Gostkowski ranked second in the NFL with 156 points and fourth in field goals made with 37 , while veteran special team ace Matthew Slater earned his seventh consecutive Pro Bowl selection . The Patriots ' defense ranked only 29th in yards allowed ( 5,856 ) , but ranked fifth in fewest points , giving up only 296 . Defensive end Trey Flowers led the team with 6 ​ ⁄ sacks while also forcing two fumbles . Linebacker Kyle Van Noy had 73 tackles and 5 ​ ⁄ sacks . The Patriots also had a superb secondary , led by cornerbacks Malcolm Butler ( two interceptions , three forced fumbles ) and Stephon Gilmore ( two interceptions , 47 solo tackles ) , as well as safeties Devin McCourty ( 97 combined tackles , one interception , one fumble recovery ) , Patrick Chung ( 84 tackles , one interception , two fumble recoveries ) and Duron Harmon ( four interceptions ) . Playoffs ( edit ) Main article : 2017 -- 18 NFL playoffs In the playoffs , the Patriots earned a first - round bye and home - field advantage due to their status as the AFC 's first overall seed . In the divisional round , they defeated the Tennessee Titans 35 -- 14 , as Brady passed for 337 yards and three touchdowns . In that game , the defense amassed eight quarterback sacks of Marcus Mariota and held the Titans ' running game to 65 yards rushing . They then defeated the Jacksonville Jaguars 24 -- 20 in the AFC Championship Game , rallying from behind to win the game after the Jaguars jumped out to an early 14 -- 3 lead and whose league - best defense stymied Brady and the rest of the offense for most of the first half . Down 20 -- 10 in the fourth quarter , the Patriots comeback was sealed by two Brady - led drives , both resulting in touchdown passes to Danny Amendola , as well as a key defensive stop by Stephon Gilmore , whose acrobatic block of a Blake Bortles pass ended Jacksonville 's last chance to score . Rob Gronkowski was injured in the game with a concussion , leaving his status for the Super Bowl in doubt . Amendola was the breakout star for the Patriots during their two playoff wins , leading the team with 196 receiving yards , and serving as Brady 's primary target . Meanwhile , Philadelphia started off the divisional round by narrowly defeating the Atlanta Falcons 15 -- 10 , by stopping the Falcons on four consecutive plays after they had a first - down - and - goal situation on the Eagles 9 - yard line during their final drive . They then soundly defeated the Minnesota Vikings 38 -- 7 in the NFC Championship Game . Despite the Vikings scoring on their opening drive , the Eagles defense held them to three punts , two turnovers on downs , two interceptions , and one lost fumble in their remaining drives of the game . Meanwhile , Foles had a great game , in which he completed 26 of 33 passes for 353 yards and three touchdowns . Pre-game notes ( edit ) This game was a rematch of Super Bowl XXXIX . Only one player , Patriots starting quarterback Tom Brady , remained on either roster from that contest . Bill Belichick , the Patriots ' head coach in that contest , also remained in that position . Two Eagles , running back LeGarrette Blount and defensive lineman Chris Long , had been Patriots in 2017 's Super Bowl LI . The Patriots were the designated home team for Super Bowl LII , because the AFC team is the designated home team in even - numbered years and the NFC team in odd - numbered years . As the designated home team , the Patriots chose to wear their road white jerseys with navy blue pants , becoming the sixth team to wear their white jerseys as the home team and the third team to wear white in back - to - back Super Bowls , following the Dallas Cowboys in Super Bowls XII and XIII and again in Super Bowls XXVII and XXVIII . The Eagles therefore wore their standard home uniform of midnight green jerseys with white pants . Twelve of the previous 13 Super Bowls had been won by teams wearing white jerseys . The last team to win a Super Bowl while wearing their home uniforms was the Green Bay Packers in Super Bowl XLV ( who , coincidentally , had also worn green jerseys ) . Operations ( edit ) Security prescreening at the Mall of America before boarding the Metro Blue Line to U.S. Bank Stadium . To coordinate the game and 10 days of events , the National Football League temporarily operated an events office within the Minnesota Vikings office building next to U.S. Bank Stadium . More than 150,000 visitors were expected to attend events associated with the Super Bowl over ten days . Among them were some 5,000 - plus media members ; media day events and press conferences were held at The Mall of America in Bloomington , Minnesota . No sales tax was collected on admission tickets to the game and related events , including parking . To increase security around U.S. Bank Stadium , the stadium 's light rail station was shut down for 48 hours before the game , and a nearby homeless shelter was temporarily moved beyond the security perimeter . The Blue Line of the light rail system was only open to ticketholders and passengers with a Gameday Pass , while the Green Line only ran to Stadium Village station on the University of Minnesota campus before continuing on with restricted access . Metro Transit ran shuttle buses between light rail stations , as well as regular bus service was moved for several weeks due to street closures . Thirty activist groups organized a rally and protest against police brutality , corporate greed , and racist practices . 17 people blocked the Green Line train for 90 minutes before the game , and 200 protesters blocked an entrance to the stadium 's security perimeter . Under a 1998 agreement , the Patriots and Eagles owners split the tickets , and the league controlled the game presentation and entertainment in the stadium . The Patriots practiced at the Minnesota Vikings facilities in Eden Prairie while the Eagles used the University of Minnesota . The Eagles got the Vikings ' locker room and sideline . The Vikings had advanced to the NFC Championship Game before losing to the Eagles ; until that point , the possibility of the Vikings advancing to the Super Bowl and thus becoming the first team to play the game in its home stadium was plausible . Had that happened , the Vikings would have used their own locker rooms and training facilities , while the AFC champion would have used the University of Minnesota . Associated events ( edit ) Nicollet Mall hosted the outdoor Super Bowl Live festival during the lead - up to the game . The Minnesota Super Bowl Host Committee presented Super Bowl Live on Nicollet Mall in downtown Minneapolis . This ten - day free festival and concert series featured Sheila E. , the Revolution , Morris Day and the Time , and the New Power Generation , musicians from Minnesota who collaborated with Prince , a Minneapolis native . Produced by Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis , Super Bowl Live also included performances by Idina Menzel , Soul Asylum , the Suburbs , Bob Mould , Sounds of Blackness , Dessa , VocalEssence , Mint Condition , and the Jets . In addition to the concert series , Super Bowl Live featured a 200 - foot ( 61 m ) American Birkebeiner International Bridge on Nicollet Mall to showcase cross-country skiing , skijoring , fat - tire bicycle racing , and snow tubing demonstrations . There was also a snowmobile stunt show on February 3 . The NFL presented the Super Bowl Experience at the Minneapolis Convention Center from January 27 to February 3 with an entrance fee . Kelly Clarkson performed at the Minneapolis Armory and a U.S. Bank Stadium lounge on the day of the Super Bowl . The Minneapolis Armory also hosted Jennifer Lopez , Imagine Dragons , and Pink concerts close to U.S. Bank Stadium . Pink also performed the national anthem before the Super Bowl . Halftime performer Justin Timberlake held a ticketed `` listening session '' of his newest album at Prince 's Paisley Park . Dave Matthews Band will perform at Xcel Energy Center in Saint Paul . The Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community 's Mystic Lake Casino hosted Gwen Stefani , the Chainsmokers , Florida Georgia Line , and Kygo . Planners originally scheduled a 64,000 - square - foot ( 5,900 m ) traveling nightclub for 9500 people , but cancelled , moving its concerts into the main casino . Ellie Goulding 's appearance with Kygo was cancelled at the same time . The Mystic Lake Casino in Prior Lake , Minnesota , has the second - largest hotel in the Twin Cities metropolitan area , and Prior Lake hosted Super Bowl - week events including winter activities , a hotdish competition , and fundraisers . Other events were held at the Mall of America ( including Radio Row as a home for national shows ) , Saint Paul 's RiverCentre and Xcel Energy Center , the Minnesota Vikings ' Winter Park location in Eden Prairie , and the University of Minnesota . `` Taste of the NFL '' is a fundraiser for food banks and was held in Saint Paul . Minneapolis also offered a temporary zip - line across the Mississippi River near downtown . The Luminary Loppet around Lake of the Isles in Minneapolis featured fire dancing , an ice pyramid , and luminary candles at night . The 2018 Saint Paul Winter Carnival took place leading up to , during and after the Super Bowl . Carnival organizers built a large ice palace to coincide with the Super Bowl festivities , as with Super Bowl XXVI in 1992 . The ice palace was planned , cancelled for lack of funds , then re-announced with sponsors . Events in Saint Paul will also include an extreme sports demonstration , a `` giant slide '' , and a block party . Officials in the capital city hoped to attract Minneapolis Super Bowl visitors . The Minneapolis Institute of Art had a free 20 - by - 40 - foot ( 6.1 m × 12.2 m ) , 6 - foot - tall ( 1.8 m ) ice maze . The Great Northern was a winter festival in the Twin Cities from January 25 to February 4 that included the U.S. Pond Hockey Championships , an ice bar , and an `` urban ski competition '' . ESPN broadcast its studio programming from the IDS Center in downtown Minneapolis , while Golf Channel ( a sister network of Super Bowl LII broadcaster NBC ) aired two live episodes of David Feherty 's eponymous series from the State Theatre . Native American communities of Minnesota performed nightly drum ceremonies . Various drumlines from around the state performed at different locations throughout the day . Broadcasting ( edit ) United States ( edit ) NBC broadcast Super Bowl LII , as part of an annual cycle between the three main broadcast television partners of the NFL . NBC 's lead NFL team of play - by - play man Al Michaels and color analyst Cris Collinsworth called the game . Sister cable network Universo carried a full Spanish language broadcast produced by Telemundo Deportes , with Edgar Lopez and Rene Giraldo . The Universo Spanish audio was also available on NBC through the SAP channel , where available . NBC employed 73 cameras within the stadium , and introduced `` volumetric - AR '' graphics featuring 3D body scanning of players . This was the last game in Westwood One 's current national radio contract with the NFL . Each participating team 's flagship station ( the Patriots Radio Network 's WBZ - FM / Boston , and the Eagles Radio Network 's WIP - FM / Philadelphia , along with WEMG / Camden , New Jersey for Spanish play - by - play ) carried the game with local announcers . ( For the second consecutive year , none of the local flagships are clear - channel stations , and thus the local commentators were only audible for free within each respective team 's immediate metropolitan area ; listeners who live outside the flagship stations ' broadcast ranges were required to subscribe to Sirius XM Radio or TuneIn Premium to access the local broadcasts . ) Under the terms of the Westwood One contract , any radio station that is not a local flagship , if it is to carry the game , is required to utilize the Westwood One feed . It was the first title win called by Eagles play - by - play announcer Merrill Reese , who has been the primary radio voice of the team since 1977 . Online streams of the game were provided by NBC . It was available on NBCSports.com , the NBC Sports app for mobile devices , tablets , connected - TV devices , and NBC.com without any required login . The Spanish - language broadcast was available on the Telemundo Deportes En Vivo app and TelemundoDeportes.com for desktop devices , connected TV devices , and tablets but not mobile devices . Under new digital rights deals that began with the 2017 -- 18 playoffs , Verizon still offers mobile streaming of games , but no longer holds exclusive rights to stream NFL games on smartphones or make them exclusive to Verizon Wireless subscribers . Instead , Verizon elected to use the deal to bolster its recent acquisition of Yahoo ! ; on January 9 , 2018 , Verizon announced that it would host streams of playoff games through the Yahoo ! Sports and go90 app , including Super Bowl LII . As a result of the deal , the online stream was available to viewers on all Internet devices for the first time , regardless of network ( because of Verizon 's previous exclusive rights deal , non-Verizon phones had previously been blocked from receiving any NFL telecasts , regardless of source ) . The game was also available through the NFL Mobile app with the aforementioned change to viewing through the app now being allowed on all mobile carriers . Dan Patrick and Liam McHugh served as the lead hosts for NBC 's pre-game coverage . Mike Tirico , who replaced the retiring Bob Costas in 2017 as NBC 's lead studio host for both the NFL and the Olympic Games , did not participate in coverage of Super Bowl LII due to his commitments to prepare for the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang , South Korea ( which opened on the Friday following the game ) . As NBC Sports Regional Networks operates regional sports networks in the markets of both teams which participated , the NBC Sports Boston and NBC Sports Philadelphia channels were used to provide additional coverage of the game from a local perspective . Both networks aired coverage from Minneapolis , including pre-game specials focusing on their respective team , followed by a joint broadcast immediately prior to the game . Nielsen reported a 47.4 / 70 % overnight rating in metered markets , peaking at 52.2 / 74 during the fourth quarter . These numbers are about 3 % lower than early numbers from Super Bowl LI , and the lowest since Super Bowl XLIV in 2010 . Advertising ( edit ) Dan Lovinger , NBC Sports Group executive vice president of ad sales , stated to Variety in July 2017 that the network was seeking a price `` north of $5 million '' ( the price set for the previous two Super Bowls ) for a 30 - second commercial during Super Bowl LII . As they began five days after the Super Bowl , NBC offered advertising packages that covered both Super Bowl LII and the 2018 Winter Olympics ( which marked the first time since 1992 that a single broadcast network had aired both the Super Bowl and Winter Olympics in the same year ) ; the network estimated that it would bring in at least $1 billion in advertising revenue from the two events . During the second quarter , an equipment failure caused NBC 's broadcast to experience dead air for 30 seconds during a commercial break . No actual commercial time was lost . Anheuser - Busch has , as it has done in previous Super Bowls , purchased multiple commercials in the game , advertising Bud Light , Stella Artois and Michelob Ultra . For the first time since Super Bowl VIII , the company reduced the appearances of the Budweiser Clydesdales in a Super Bowl commercial . However , a Clydesdale was featured in a commercial for Tide detergent and the Budweiser Clydesdales only appeared in a 5 - second Budweiser commercial to remind viewers of the `` ClydesdaleCam '' livestreaming event . Other signed advertisers included The Coca - Cola Company and Avocados from Mexico . Cellphone carrier T - Mobile aired a minute long ad with actress Kerry Washington narrating , featuring babies of various ethnic backgrounds . The commercial also features Nirvana 's song `` All Apologies '' played as a lullaby . In the ad , Washington talks about the babies being born with natural instincts of love and not racism calling them `` unstoppable '' and that they will demand fair and equal pay . T - Mobile CEO John Legere posted to his Twitter account afterwards saying , `` This year , we wanted to use our # SuperBowl airtime to share that @ TMobile believes we all started in the same place . We are more alike than different . And we are unstoppable . '' Fiat Chrysler subsidiary Ram Trucks was met with swift and harsh criticism for its use of Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr 's sermon `` The Drum Major Instinct '' . Major news outlets and social media erupted in the controversy . Particularly disturbing to many viewers was the selective exploitation of King 's anti-consumerist , anti-advertising speech in an attempt to sell trucks . Lead - out programs ( edit ) NBC 's lead - out program was an episode of This Is Us , titled `` Super Bowl Sunday '' , alongside a special episode of The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon from Minneapolis ' Orpheum Theatre , with halftime performer Justin Timberlake , Dwayne Johnson , Chris Stapleton and the cast of This Is Us as guests . In a surprise move , Netflix used its advertising time to announce it had acquired the rights to The Cloverfield Paradox , the third film in the Cloverfield series , and would make it available immediately after the game , potentially undercutting viewership of the lucrative post-game slot on NBC . International broadcasts ( edit ) Rights holder ( s ) Australia The event aired live on the Seven Network and 7mate Brazil The Super Bowl was shown live by ESPN Brasil , with Paulo Antunes and Everaldo Marques as the announcers for the evening . It was also shown live on Cinemark , Cinépolis , Kinoplex and UCI movie theaters across the country . Canada Bell Canada holds broadcast rights for local stations in Canada and aired the game across its networks on CTV , CTV Two , RDS ( for French ) , TSN Radio and TSN2 ; TSN 's regional networks did not carry the game due to a schedule conflict with the 2018 Scotties Tournament of Hearts , the national women 's curling championship . Bell reprised the previous year 's usage of a sweepstakes and entertainment features to retain Canadian audiences . On RDS , the announcer was David Arsenault with Pierre Vercheval as analyst and Didier Orméjuste on the sidelines . France beIn Sports2 and W9 broadcast the event . Germany ProSieben broadcast the Super Bowl for the first time , after it had previously been on sister channel Sat. 1 since Super Bowl XLVI . It was shown for no additional cost in standard - definition and on ProSieben HD in high - definition on HD+ as well as multiple cable and IPTV providers . It was also available on internet streaming service DAZN for no cost in addition to the regular subscription fee . Philippines The 5 Network broadcast the event in the Philippines . United Kingdom As per recent years , Super Bowl LII aired live on BBC One for no additional cost over the license fee . It was also available on Sky Sports with a subscription , through a Now TV Sports Pass , or as part of the NFL Gamepass Playoffs package . In a change to tradition , the BBC chose to use NBC 's feed instead of the NFL Films and NFL Network produced World Feed . U.S. military bases American Forces Network carried the Super Bowl live to members of the United States Armed Forces in Eurasia . Entertainment ( edit ) Pre-game ( edit ) The inside of the stadium on game day . Pink performed `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , while Leslie Odom Jr. sang `` America the Beautiful '' . Pink spit out a throat lozenge shortly before singing the anthem , later verified after many commentators thought she had spit out a piece of gum . She reported being ill with flu symptoms during her performance . No players were observed kneeling during the national anthem , in contrast to the protests that happened earlier in the 2016 and 2017 seasons . Fifteen Medal of Honor recipients participated in the coin toss ceremony . World War II hero Hershel W. Williams was the honorary captain and had the honors of flipping the coin . Halftime show ( edit ) Main article : Super Bowl LII halftime show Justin Timberlake performs on piano alongside projected archive footage of Prince during the Super Bowl LII halftime show . Justin Timberlake headlined the Super Bowl LII halftime show , along with his band `` The Tennessee Kids '' and featuring the University of Minnesota Marching Band . Timberlake performed in two previous Super Bowls : Super Bowl XXXV in 2001 as a member of NSYNC , and Super Bowl XXXVIII in 2004 with Janet Jackson . Timberlake 's performance drew criticism for not being `` spectacular '' , looking to be safe and avoid incidents such as the infamous `` wardrobe malfunction '' encountered during his performance with Jackson , and for incorporating a video of Prince , who opposed performances combining the dead and the living . Game Summary ( edit ) First quarter ( edit ) A Philadelphia Eagles handoff during the first quarter . The New England Patriots won the opening coin toss and elected to defer to the second half . The Patriots kicked off to the Eagles , who opened the game with a 14 - play , 67 - yard drive that took 7 : 05 off the clock and resulted in a 25 - yard Jake Elliott field goal , giving the Eagles a 3 -- 0 lead . The drive was controlled by the arm of Eagles quarterback Nick Foles , who completed 6 of 9 passes to five different receivers for 61 yards , with a few short runs by LeGarrette Blount and Jay Ajayi mixed in . Foles also made two critical completions on third down plays , hitting Alshon Jeffery for a 17 - yard gain on third - and - 4 , and later found Torrey Smith for a 15 - yard completion on third - and - 12 . The Patriots responded with a drive of their own , almost with the exact same results ; quarterback Tom Brady completed 6 of 8 passes for 60 yards to four different receivers , the longest a 28 - yard strike to Chris Hogan . The drive stalled out on the Eagles 8 - yard line , where they had to settle for Stephen Gostkowski 's 26 - yard field goal , which tied the game at 3 -- 3 . The game 's first touchdown was scored by the Eagles on the next drive , taking only three plays : a short pass from Foles to Nelson Agholor , a 36 - yard run up the middle by Blount , and a 34 - yard touchdown pass from Foles to Jeffery to the left side of the field . The ensuing extra point attempt from Elliott was missed wide right , which made the score 9 -- 3 in favor of the Eagles . The Patriots responded by advancing the ball to the Philadelphia 11 - yard line on their next drive , which was set up by a 50 - yard completion from Brady to Danny Amendola , where the quarter ended . Second quarter ( edit ) With the second quarter under way , the Patriots came away empty - handed on the drive , as Gostkowski missed a 26 - yard field goal attempt after holder Ryan Allen mishandled the snap . New England 's defense forced the game 's only punt on the next drive . On the following drive , Brady completed a 23 - yard pass to Brandin Cooks , but a hard hit by defender Malcolm Jenkins knocked the receiver out of the game with a concussion . On third down from near mid-field , the Patriots attempted a trick play that involved two handoffs and a pass downfield to Tom Brady . Brady was open , but dropped the throw from Amendola . They went for it on fourth down , and a pass intended for tight end Rob Gronkowski fell incomplete , giving the Eagles the ball on their own 35 - yard line on a turnover - on - downs . The Eagles capitalized on a drive featuring two key completions , a 19 - yard catch by Zach Ertz on third - and - 7 , and a 22 - yard reception by Jeffery on the Patriots 21 - yard line . On the next play , a 21 - yard rumble by Blount gave the Eagles another touchdown . They attempted a two - point conversion , which failed and brought the score to 15 -- 3 . The Patriots quickly struck back , as Brady completed a 46 - yard pass to Rex Burkhead on the first play after the kickoff . But the team could only gain two more yards , resulting in Gostkowski 's 45 - yard field goal that got the score to 15 -- 6 . The Eagles got the ball back with 7 : 24 on the clock and looked poised to score another touchdown , when a 26 - yard run by Ajayi gave them a first down on the Patriots 43 - yard line . But on the next play , Foles threw a pass that bounced off Jeffery as he tried to make a one - handed catch , and went into the hands of Patriots safety Duron Harmon for an interception , which he returned eight yards to the 10 - yard line . The Patriots took advantage of the turnover with a seven - play , 90 - yard drive , featuring a 43 - yard completion from Brady to Hogan . On the next play , James White scored with a 26 - yard touchdown run . Gostkowski missed the ensuing extra point , but the score was now 15 -- 12 . Eagles running back Kenjon Barner returned the ensuing kickoff 27 yards to his own 30 - yard line as time ran down to the two - minute warning . Two plays later , on third down - and - 3 , Foles completed a short pass to running back Corey Clement , who took off for a 55 - yard gain to the New England 8 - yard line . Clement then ran the ball six yards to the two - yard line on the next play . Two plays later , Philadelphia faced fourth - and - goal on the 1 - yard line with 38 seconds left on the clock . Deciding to go for the touchdown , they attempted a similar trick play to the one that had failed for the Patriots earlier . As Foles stepped up to the running back position , Clement took a direct snap and pitched the ball to tight end Trey Burton , who then threw the ball perfectly to Foles , who was wide open in the right side of the end zone . Foles caught the football , making him the first quarterback ever to catch a touchdown pass in a Super Bowl , and the ensuing extra point was good , giving the Eagles a 22 -- 12 lead , which was taken into the locker room following a short drive by the Patriots . The first half resulted in numerous Super Bowl records from both teams , including most total yards combined ( 673 ) . This was also the first time two quarterbacks had thrown for over 200 yards in the first half of a Super Bowl , with Brady throwing for 276 yards and Foles throwing for 215 yards . Third quarter ( edit ) The Patriots received the second - half kickoff and Brady led New England 75 yards in eight plays . Gronkowski , who only caught one pass for nine yards in the first half , caught five passes for 68 yards on the drive , the last a 5 - yard touchdown reception to make the score 22 -- 19 . The Eagles responded by moving the ball 85 yards in 11 plays on a drive that consumed less than five minutes and featured three critical third down conversions by Foles . The first was a 17 - yard pass to Agholor on third - and - 6 from the Eagles 19 - yard line . Later in the drive , he threw a 14 - yard completion to Ertz on third - and - 1 from the New England 40 - yard line . Finally , he finished the possession with a 22 - yard touchdown pass to Clement on third - and - 6 . The touchdown was held up by a replay review , but replay officials confirmed that Clement kept both feet inbounds and controlled the ball . An Elliott extra point brought the score to 29 -- 19 in favor of the Eagles . Brady responded with a 10 - play , 75 - yard drive , completing all three of his passes for 61 yards , the last one a 26 - yard touchdown pass to Hogan that brought the score to 29 -- 26 . The Eagles followed with an 8 - play , 51 - yard drive featuring a 24 - yard completion from Foles to Agholor on the first play . By the end of the third quarter , the team had made it to the New England 16 - yard line . Fourth quarter ( edit ) The Eagles opened the fourth quarter scoring with a Jake Elliott field goal to bring the score to 32 -- 26 . However , Brady came back with another 75 - yard drive featuring a 30 - yard reception by Amendola and ending with a four - yard pass to Gronkowski , his second touchdown of the game , giving the Patriots their first lead of the game with the score at 33 -- 32 . On their next drive , the Eagles faced third - and - 6 after two plays , but were able to keep the ball with a 7 - yard catch by Ertz . Eventually , they faced a fourth - and - 1 on their own 45 - yard line with 5 : 39 left in the game . Deciding to go for the conversion rather than punt , Foles completed a 2 - yard pass to Ertz that kept the drive alive . Then after a 1 - yard Blount run , he picked up three consecutive first downs with three passes to Agholor for gains of 10 , 18 , and 10 yards , respectively , moving the ball to the New England 14 - yard line . Following a 3 - yard run by Ajayi , Foles threw a 9 - yard touchdown pass to Ertz with 2 : 21 remaining in the game . The play was held up on review , as Ertz lost the ball after touching the ground in the end zone ; it was however determined that he established himself as a runner and also maintained control of the ball as he broke the plane of the goal line . However , a failed two - point conversion left the Eagles with a 38 -- 33 lead . On the Patriots ' next drive , Eagles defensive end Brandon Graham stripped the ball from Brady on the drive 's second play for the only sack of the game for either team . Defensive end Derek Barnett of the Eagles recovered the ball , allowing the Eagles to run the clock down to 1 : 05 and forcing New England to use up all their remaining timeouts . Elliott then kicked a 46 - yard field goal , putting Philadelphia ahead by eight points , with the score at 41 -- 33 , and New England needing a touchdown and a two - point conversion to tie the game and send it into overtime . After nine plays ( one of them a 13 - yard catch by Amendola on fourth - and - 10 ) , Brady reached the 49 - yard line , and with only nine seconds remaining , he threw a Hail Mary pass to the end zone , to no avail as time expired . The Eagles had won their first Vince Lombardi Trophy in franchise history , and their first league championship since 1960 , ending what was the third - longest championship drought in the NFL at 57 years . Game Statistics ( edit ) The trophy presentation after the game . The combined 74 points scored by both teams was one point shy of the Super Bowl record of 75 , set in Super Bowl XXIX in 1995 ; it and this game marked only the second time in the game 's history where the two teams combined for 70 + points . The game also set a record for most yardage by both teams ( combined ) with 1,151 yards , the most for any single game , regular season or postseason . The game had many other Super Bowl records set as well , including fewest punts from both teams ( one ) , most yards gained by a team ( 613 for New England ) and most points scored by a losing team ( 33 ) . Foles completed 28 - of - 43 passes for 373 yards and three touchdowns , with one interception , and caught a touchdown pass . Clement , who caught only 10 passes for 123 yards and two touchdowns during the season , was the Eagles leading receiver with four receptions for 100 yards and a touchdown , while also rushing for eight yards . Agholor had nine receptions for 84 yards . Blount was the game 's top rusher with 90 yards and a touchdown . Brady completed 28 - of - 48 passes for 505 yards and three touchdowns , breaking the record for most passing yards in a Super Bowl that he had set in the previous season . Amendola was his top target with eight receptions for 152 yards , while Hogan had six for 128 yards and a touchdown and Gronkowski caught nine passes for 116 yards and two scores . Box score ( edit ) Philadelphia Eagles vs. New England Patriots -- Game summary Total Eagles ( NFC ) 9 13 7 12 41 Patriots ( AFC ) 9 14 7 33 at U.S. Bank Stadium , Minneapolis , Minnesota Date : February 4 , 2018 Game time : 5 : 31 p.m. CST Game weather : Played indoors ( domed stadium ) Game attendance : 67,612 Referee : Gene Steratore TV announcers ( NBC ) : Al Michaels , Cris Collinsworth , Michele Tafoya Recap , Game Book ( hide ) Scoring summary Quarter Time Drive Team Scoring information Score Plays Yards TOP PHI NE 7 : 55 14 67 7 : 05 PHI 25 - yard field goal by Elliott 0 4 : 17 9 67 3 : 38 NE 26 - yard field goal by Gostkowski 2 : 34 77 1 : 43 PHI Jeffery 34 - yard touchdown reception from Foles , Elliott kick no good ( wide right ) 9 8 : 48 6 65 3 : 05 PHI Blount 21 - yard touchdown run , 2 - point pass no good 15 7 : 24 5 48 1 : 24 NE 45 - yard field goal by Gostkowski 15 6 2 : 04 7 90 2 : 57 NE White 26 - yard touchdown run , Gostkowski kick no good ( wide left ) 15 12 0 : 34 7 70 1 : 30 PHI Foles 1 - yard touchdown reception from Burton , Elliott kick good 22 12 12 : 15 8 75 2 : 45 NE Gronkowski 5 - yard touchdown reception from Brady , Gostkowski kick good 22 19 7 : 18 11 85 4 : 57 PHI Clement 22 - yard touchdown reception from Foles , Elliott kick good 29 19 3 : 23 7 75 3 : 55 NE Hogan 26 - yard touchdown reception from Brady , Gostkowski kick good 29 26 14 : 09 8 51 4 : 14 PHI 42 - yard field goal by Elliott 32 26 9 : 22 10 75 4 : 47 NE Gronkowski 4 - yard touchdown reception from Brady , Gostkowski kick good 32 33 2 : 21 14 75 7 : 01 PHI Ertz 11 - yard touchdown reception from Foles , 2 - point pass no good 38 33 1 : 05 1 : 04 PHI 46 - yard field goal by Elliott 41 33 `` TOP '' = time of possession . For other American football terms , see Glossary of American football . 41 33 Final Statistics ( edit ) Statistical comparison ( edit ) Statistic Philadelphia Eagles New England Patriots First downs 25 29 First downs rushing 6 First downs passing 19 23 First downs penalty 0 Third down efficiency 10 / 16 5 / 10 Fourth down efficiency 2 / 2 1 / 2 Total net yards 538 613 Net yards rushing 164 113 Rushing attempts 27 22 Yards per rush 6.1 5.1 Net yards passing 374 500 Passing -- completions / attempts 29 / 44 28 / 49 Times sacked -- total yards 0 -- 0 1 -- 5 Interceptions thrown 0 Punt returns -- total yards 0 -- 0 0 -- 0 Kickoff returns -- total yards 4 -- 98 3 -- 44 Interceptions -- total return yards 0 -- 0 1 -- 8 Punts -- average yardage 1 -- 41 0 -- 0 Fumbles -- lost 0 -- 0 1 -- 1 Penalties -- yards 6 -- 35 1 -- 5 Time of possession 34 : 04 25 : 56 Turnovers The lone Eagles punt was received with a fair catch . Records set ( Unless otherwise noted , all records were only Super Bowl records ) Most yards allowed 613 Philadelphia Eagles Most yards allowed in a win 613 Most Super Bowl appearances , as team 10 New England Patriots Most points scored in a Super Bowl , losing team 33 Most total yards , team ( game ) 613 Most passing yards , team ( postseason game ) 500 Fewest punts , team ( game ) 0 Most players , 100 or more receiving yards ( Amendola 152 , Hogan 128 , Gronkowski 116 ) Most Super Bowl appearances , as player 8 Tom Brady ( New England ) Most Super Bowl appearances , as starting player 8 Most pass attempts , player ( career ) 357 Most pass completions , player ( career ) 235 Most passing yards , player ( any postseason game ) 505 Most passing yards , player ( career ) 2,576 Most touchdown passes , player ( career ) 18 Oldest quarterback , as player 40 years 185 days Oldest quarterback , as starting player 40 years 185 days Most Super Bowl appearances , as head coach 8 Bill Belichick ( New England ) Most Super Bowl appearances , as coach 11 Most Super Bowl appearances , in any capacity 11 Most TD receptions , as quarterback ( game ) Nick Foles ( Philadelphia ) Most TD receptions , as quarterback ( career ) Most Super Bowl games with TD pass and TD reception Longest field goal kicked by a rookie 46 yards Jake Elliott ( Philadelphia ) Most receiving yards , game , tight end 116 Rob Gronkowski ( New England ) Most total yards , both teams ( any NFL game ) 1,151 Philadelphia Eagles vs. New England Patriots Most first downs passing , both teams ( game ) 42 Most passing yards , both teams ( any postseason game ) 874 Most missed PAT attempts , both teams ( game ) Fewest punts , both teams ( game ) Records tied Fewest times sacked , as team ( game ) 0 Philadelphia Eagles Fewest fumbles , as team ( game ) 0 Fewest fumbles lost , as team ( game ) 0 Fewest punt returns , as team ( game ) 0 Most missed PAT attempts , as team ( game ) Most Super Bowl losses , as team 5 New England Patriots Fewest punt returns , as team ( game ) 0 Most Super Bowl appearances , as kicker 5 Stephen Gostkowski ( New England ) Most pass attempts with no interceptions ( game ) 48 Tom Brady ( New England ) Most field goals , both teams ( game ) 5 Philadelphia Eagles vs. New England Patriots Most first downs , both teams ( game ) 54 Most pass attempts , both teams ( game ) 93 Most touchdown passes , both teams ( game ) 7 Fewest times sacked , both teams ( game ) Fewest punt returns , both teams ( game ) 0 Fewest punt return yards , both teams ( game ) 0 Individual statistics ( edit ) Eagles passing C / ATT Yds TD INT Nick Foles 28 / 43 373 Trey Burton 1 / 1 0 Eagles rushing Car Yds TD LG LeGarrette Blount 14 90 36 Jay Ajayi 9 57 0 26 Nelson Agholor 9 0 9 Corey Clement 8 0 6 Eagles receiving Rec Yds TD LG Nelson Agholor 9 84 0 24 Zach Ertz 7 67 19 Torrey Smith 5 49 0 17 Corey Clement 100 55 Alshon Jeffery 73 34 Nick Foles Trey Burton 0 0 0 0 Patriots passing C / ATT Yds TD INT Tom Brady 28 / 48 505 0 Danny Amendola 0 / 1 0 0 0 Patriots rushing Car Yds TD LG James White 7 45 26 Dion Lewis 9 39 0 8 Rex Burkhead 18 0 9 Tom Brady 6 0 6 Chris Hogan 0 Brandin Cooks 0 Patriots receiving Rec Yds TD LG Rob Gronkowski 9 116 25 Danny Amendola 8 152 0 50 Chris Hogan 6 128 43 James White 21 0 15 Rex Burkhead 46 0 46 Brandin Cooks 23 0 23 Phillip Dorsett 19 0 19 Tom Brady 0 0 0 0 James Develin 0 0 0 0 Completions / attempts Carries Long gain Receptions Starting lineups ( edit ) Source : Philadelphia Position Position New England Offense Alshon Jeffery WR Brandin Cooks Halapoulivaati Vaitai LT Nate Solder Stefen Wisniewski LG Joe Thuney Jason Kelce David Andrews Brandon Brooks RG Shaq Mason Lane Johnson RT Cameron Fleming Zach Ertz TE Rob Gronkowski Nelson Agholor WR Chris Hogan Nick Foles QB Tom Brady LeGarrette Blount RB Dion Lewis Torrey Smith WR FB James Develin Defense Vinny Curry DE LE Trey Flowers Timmy Jernigan DT Lawrence Guy Fletcher Cox DT Malcom Brown Brandon Graham DE LB James Harrison Mychal Kendricks OLB LB Kyle Van Noy Nigel Bradham OLB LB Elandon Roberts Jalen Mills CB RCB Stephon Gilmore Ronald Darby CB LCB Eric Rowe Corey Graham Patrick Chung Rodney McLeod Devin McCourty Malcolm Jenkins Duron Harmon Officials ( edit ) Super Bowl LII had eight officials . The numbers in parentheses below indicate their uniform numbers . Referee : Gene Steratore ( 114 ) Umpire : Roy Ellison ( 81 ) Down judge : Jerry Bergman ( 91 ) Line judge : Byron Boston ( 18 ) Field judge : Tom Hill ( 97 ) Side judge : Scott Edwards ( 3 ) Back judge : Perry Paganelli ( 46 ) Replay official : Paul Weidner This was Steratore 's first Super Bowl as a referee , though he had been previously selected as an alternate for Super Bowl XLIV . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Brinson , Will ( January 21 , 2018 ) . `` 2018 Super Bowl odds , line : Eagles are big underdogs again , this time against Patriots '' . cbssports.com . CBS Sports . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2018 . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Super Bowl LII Officials Named '' ( Press release ) . National Football League . January 17 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2018 . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Referee GENE STERATORE will lead the seven - person crew of on - field game officials selected to work Super Bowl LII on Sunday , February 4 at U.S. Bank Stadium , the NFL announced today Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Eagles beat New England Patriots in Super Bowl XLII '' . The Cincinnati Enquirer . February 4 , 2018 . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Super Bowl LII -- National Football League Game Summary '' ( PDF ) . National Football League . February 4 , 2018 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on February 11 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Hanzus , Dan ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` P ! NK to perform national anthem at Super Bowl LII '' . National Football League . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2018 . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL to salute Medal of Honor recipients at Super Bowl LII '' . NFL.com . National Football League . January 25 , 2018 . Retrieved February 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Justin Timberlake headlines Pepsi Super Bowl LII Halftime Show '' . National Football League . October 22 , 2017 . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2017 . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick . `` TV Ratings Sunday : Super Bowl LII smallest since 2009 , still massive ; ' This Is Us ' scores big ( Updated ) '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chiari , Mike ( January 24 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl Commercials 2018 : Expectations , Rumors and Most - Hyped Movie Trailers '' . Bleacher Report . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2018 . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kirk , Jason ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` The Patriots just tied the record for most Super Bowl losses '' . SB Nation . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl LII '' . U.S. Bank Stadium . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2018 . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Forliti , Amy ( January 17 , 2018 ) . `` Embrace the ' Bold North ' in Minneapolis for Super Bowl '' . Minnesota Public Radio . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2018 . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Olson , Rochelle ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` NFL Super Bowl executives swarm Twin Cities to work out most ' complex ' event in league history '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2017 . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Shook , Nick ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Eagles - Patriots sets multiple Super Bowl records '' . NFL.com . National Football League . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bergman , Jeremy ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Eagles QB Nick Foles wins Super Bowl LII MVP '' . National Football League . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic . `` Eagles ' 1st Super Bowl Win Draws 103.4 M Viewers , Smallest Audience In Nine Years -- Update '' . Deadline . Penske Business Media . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` New Orleans , Minneapolis , Indy finalists for Super Bowl LII '' . NBC Sports . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2013 . Retrieved October 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Three bid cities tabbed finalists to host Super Bowl LII '' . National Football League . October 8 , 2013 . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2014 . Retrieved February 11 , 2014 . NFL Media 's Albert Breer reported Tuesday that the three bid cities for the game are Indianapolis , Minneapolis , and New Orleans , according to sources involved with the process . NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell confirmed the news during his Tuesday news conference Jump up ^ NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell on future Super Bowls , expanding postseason . National Football League . October 8 , 2013 . Event occurs at 1 : 05 . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2014 . Retrieved February 11 , 2014 . We will have three cities competing for Super Bowl LII : New Orleans , Minneapolis and Indianapolis Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLVI -- New York Giants vs. New England Patriots -- February 5th , 2012 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2017 . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowls in New Orleans : All 10 of them ! '' . NOLA.com . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2017 . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLVII -- San Francisco 49ers vs. Baltimore Ravens -- February 3rd , 2013 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2017 . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Orleans Tricentennial -- The 300th Anniversary '' . NOLA 2018 . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2017 . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin ( May 20 , 2014 ) . `` Super Bowl LII headed to Minnesota '' . National Football League . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2017 . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wells , Mike . `` Minneapolis awarded Super Bowl in 2018 '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top Seeds '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . January 21 , 2018 . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2017 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wagner - McGough , Sean ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` 2018 Super Bowl preview : The 52 things you must know about Eagles vs. Patriots '' . CBS Sports . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Six Eagles Named To The 2018 Pro Bowl '' . PhiladelphiaEagles.com . December 19 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rapaport , Daniel ( January 21 , 2018 ) . `` Watch : Eagles ' Patrick Robinson Returns Interception 50 Yards for a Touchdown '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Philadelphia Eagles Schedule & Game Results '' . Pro Football Reference . January 23 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2018 . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McKenna , Henry ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` Reviewing sad state of Patriots defense after Week 4 loss to Panthers '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Eric Lee Statistics '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2017 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` James Harrison notches two sacks in debut as Patriots wrap up AFC home - field advantage '' . USA Today . December 31 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Four Patriots Selected to the AFC Pro Bowl Squad '' . Patriots.com . December 19 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 New England Patriots Schedule & Game Results '' . Pro Football Reference . January 23 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2018 . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2018011301/2017/POST19/titans@patriots?icampaign=GC_schedule_rr#menu=gameinfo%7CcontentId%3A0ap3000000906166&tab=recap Archived February 6 , 2018 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` 2017 NFL playoffs schedule , Super Bowl LII coverage '' . ESPN . January 4 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2018 . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2018011300/2017/POST19/falcons@eagles?icampaign=GC_schedule_rr#menu=gameinfo%7CcontentId%3A0ap3000000905891&tab=recap Archived February 6 , 2018 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` 2017 NFL Weekly League Schedule '' . Pro Football Reference . January 23 , 2018 . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2017 . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Danny ( January 30 , 2018 ) . `` The Super Bowl Rematch That Is n't '' . The Ringer . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Krammer , Andrew ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Trading places : Eagles ' LeGarrette Blount , Chris Long bring Patriots intel to Philadelphia huddles '' . Star Tribune . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Edward ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` New England Patriots to wear white in Super Bowl LII '' . National Football League . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2018 . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Creamer , Chris ( January 28 , 2014 ) . `` Why it 's better to wear white on Super Bowl Sunday '' . TheScore.com . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Hartman , Sid ( September 8 , 2017 ) . `` Hartman : Twin Cities setting stage for Super Bowl LII in grand fashion '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2017 . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bruch , Michelle ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` Navigating the Super Bowl '' . Southwest Journal . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2018 . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl '' . Minnesota Department of Revenue . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2017 . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Olson , Rochelle ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` U.S. Bank Stadium rail stop wo n't be an option in 48 hours before Super Bowl '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2017 . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mayerle , Jennifer ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` Minneapolis Homeless Shelter To Temporarily Move During Super Bowl '' . CBS Minnesota . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2017 . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harlow , Tim ( January 12 , 2018 ) . `` A month of Super Bowl disruptions ahead for Metro Transit riders '' . Star - Tribune . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2018 . Retrieved January 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Olson , Rochelle ; Pheifer , Pat ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` Super Bowl will limit light - rail use to ticket holders on game day '' . Star - Tribune . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2018 . Retrieved January 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Paul ; Pheifer , Pat ; Sawyer , Liz ; Adler , Erin ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Protesters block light rail , rally outside U.S. Bank Stadium '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Williams , Charean ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` Vikings would play Super Bowl as visitor in their home stadium '' . Yahoo Sports . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2018 . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Olson , Rochelle ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` Minneapolis Super Bowl Host Committee raises $50 million , plans street closures '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2017 . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Riemenschneider , Chris ( December 1 , 2017 ) . `` A ' very Minnesota ' Super Bowl Live lineup announced for free concerts on mall '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2017 . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Olson , Rochelle ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` Birkebeiner Bridge will be part of Super Bowl Live on Nicollet Mall '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2017 . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tickets for Super Bowl Experience ' theme park ' go on sale Tuesday '' . TwinCities.com . December 5 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2017 . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Riemenschneider , Chris ( December 18 , 2017 ) . `` Kelly Clarkson to headline game - day parties for Super Bowl LII ticket holders '' . Star Tribune . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2017 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Norfleet , Nicole ( July 28 , 2017 ) . `` Remodeled Minneapolis Armory to host days - long entertainment during Super Bowl '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2017 . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Raihala , Ross ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` Jennifer Lopez , the Chainsmokers to play local concerts during Super Bowl '' . St. Paul Pioneer Press . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2017 . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Riemenschneider , Chris ( December 13 , 2017 ) . `` Imagine Dragons to play Armory during Super Bowl week '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2017 . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Paul ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` Pink added to Super Bowl concert lineup at Armory '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2017 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Riemenschneider , Chris ( January 13 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake to party at Prince 's Paisley Park during Super Bowl week '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2018 . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Sawyer , Liz ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` Mystic Lake helps tout Prior Lake as suburban epicenter for Super Bowl '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2018 . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Riemenschneider , Chris ; Olson , Rochelle ( January 12 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl Club Nomadic canceled at Mystic Lake , concerts move to much smaller venues '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2018 . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Paul ( September 19 , 2017 ) . `` Massive traveling nightclub with expected big acts coming to Mystic Lake for Super Bowl '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2017 . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Riemenschneider , Chris ( January 17 , 2018 ) . `` Mystic Lake slashes prices , loses one act in Super Bowl concert mix '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2018 . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ December 15 , 2017 . `` There 's still time to get paid to work the Super Bowl '' . KARE . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rogers , Andy ( December 14 , 2017 ) . `` Suburbs ready for NFL weekend '' . Sun ThisWeek . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Olivia ( November 20 , 2017 ) . `` Fans can watch Super Bowl players , coach , national media at St. Paul pregame party '' . St. Paul Pioneer Press . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2017 . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Olson , Rochelle ( November 8 , 2017 ) . `` For Super Bowl , Minneapolis can expect rooftop snipers , restricted access and lots of security '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2017 . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Olson , Rochelle ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` Super Bowl tickets available Friday -- for Taste of the NFL event '' . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2017 . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Zipline across the Mississippi River during Super Bowl festival '' . Fox9.com . Fox Television Stations . December 14 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2017 . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Olson , Rochelle ( August 8 , 2017 ) . `` St. Paul Winter Carnival considering an ice palace for 2018 at the State Capitol '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2017 . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Walsh , James ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` St. Paul Winter Carnival plans to build ice castle after all '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2017 . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Melo , Frederick ( May 24 , 2014 ) . `` St. Paul hopes to cash in on Super Bowl with palace - sized plans '' . Twin Cities Pioneer Press . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2016 . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McCardle , Ellery ( February 6 , 2017 ) . `` SB52 : Ice palace returning to St. Paul 's Winter Carnival '' . KARE . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Olivia ; Woltman , Nick ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` Haunted by 1992 , St. Paul Winter Carnival cancels Super Bowl ice palace '' . St. Paul Pioneer Press . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2017 . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Van Berkel , Jessie ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` St. Paul has big plans to capitalize on Super Bowl tourism '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2017 . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ice Maze Coming To South Minneapolis Ahead Of Super Bowl '' . CBS Minnesota . CBS Corporation . January 2 , 2018 . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2018 . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2018 . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Your Definitive Guide To Super Bowl LII '' . Forbes Travel Guide . January 12 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2018 . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Olson , Rochelle ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` ESPN chooses IDS Crystal Court for Super Bowl week set '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2017 . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` David Feherty Hosting Back - to - Back Nights of `` Feherty Live '' in Minneapolis During Week of Super Bowl `` . Golf Channel . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2018 . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Phoenix Drumline to Perform Saturday at Super Bowl Live ! '' . Jump up ^ `` Drumline helps kick off Super Bowl Live event '' . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Spain , Kevin ( May 9 , 2017 ) . `` NBC looking to sell Super Bowl , Olympics ad combos '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NBC SPORTS ANNOUNCES SUPER BOWL LII ON - AIR TEAM FOR PATRIOTS - EAGLES -- NETWORK 'S 19TH SUPER BOWL BROADCAST '' ( Press release ) . NBC Sports Group . January 22 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2018 . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` TELEMUNDO DEPORTES & UNIVERSO TO ONCE AGAIN PRESENT LIVE , EXCLUSIVE SPANISH - LANGUAGE NFL GAMES THIS SEASON -- INCLUDING SUPER BOWL LII '' ( Press release ) . NBC Sports Group . September 7 , 2017 . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2018 . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dachman , Jason . `` Live From Super Bowl LII : NBC Sports Embarks on Largest - Scale Live Game Production in History '' . Sports Video Group . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ Dachman , Jason . `` Live From Super Bowl LII : NBC To Debut Virtual 3D Graphics Tech Incorporating Player Body Scans '' . Sports Video Group . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` NFL and Dial Global Agree on New Multi-Year Extension '' . Dial Global Sports . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2013 . Retrieved November 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Clapp , Matt ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Here 's the Philadelphia Eagles ' radio call of the final play to win Super Bowl LII '' . AwfulAnnouncing.com . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Desk , TV News . `` Spanish - Language Live Super Bowl Telecast Will Be Presented by Telemundo Deportes and Universo '' . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Castillo , Michelle ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` Yahoo Sports will start streaming NFL playoff games this weekend , says Oath CEO Tim Armstrong '' . CNBC . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2018 . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rovell , Darren ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` Verizon , NFL agree to new 5 - year deal worth nearly $2.5 billion '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2017 . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vincent , James ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` NFL games will start streaming on all mobile carriers in January -- not just Verizon '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Costas wo n't work Super Bowl for NBC , even though he 's also not working the Olympics '' . AwfulAnnouncing.com . January 22 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2018 . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Why NBC 's Mike Tirico will be skipping the Super Bowl in Minneapolis '' . Star Tribune . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2017 . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dachman , Jason . `` Live From Super Bowl LII : NBC Sports Regional Networks Are All About Synergy in Minneapolis '' . Sports Video Group . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ Patton , Dominic ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl Ratings Slip To 8 - Year Low As Eagles Score Historic Win '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Steinberg , Brian ( July 7 , 2017 ) . `` Madison Avenue , NBC Wrangle Over $5 Million Super Bowl Ads ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2017 . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Fry , Erika ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl Ads Ca n't Save TV '' . Fortune ( print mail distribution ) : 11 . ISSN 0015 - 8259 ... and pay rapt attention to commercials that cost roughly $5 million a ( 30 - second ) pop . Jump up ^ Steinberg , Brian ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` NBC Expects More Than $1 Billion in Ad Sales from Super Bowl , Winter Olympics '' . Variety . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` What caused a nearly 30 - second ad blackout during Super Bowl '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stelter , Brian . `` NBC blames ' equipment failure ' for brief blackout during Super Bowl '' . CNNMoney . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Budweiser benches famous Clydesdales for Super Bowl LII '' . The Wall Street Journal . January 27 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2018 . Retrieved January 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` T - Mobile 's ad : Nirvana , Kerry Washington and a timely statement about equality '' . Money.Cnn.com . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/05/business/media/mlk-commercial-ram-dodge.html Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' To Air After the Super Bowl , Mulls Christmas Episode As It Faces Pre-emptions On New Night '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2017 . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Justin , Neal ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` Jimmy Fallon to host ' Tonight Show ' live from Minneapolis after Super Bowl '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2017 . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Justin , Neal ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` Fallon unveils guests for Mpls . Super Bowl show : Timberlake , the Rock , ' This Is Us ' cast '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2018 . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Mike ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Why Netflix 's surprise ' Cloverfield Paradox ' release could be a game - changer '' . Market Watch . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cartwright , Darren ( January 30 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl 2018 Brisbane : Best places to watch , when it starts , odds '' . News.com.au . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` CTV 'S $300,000 Watch to Win Contest is Back -- Article -- TSN '' . January 29 , 2018 . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Super Football - Sonntag '' . ProSieben ( in German ) . January 3 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2018 . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 2018 : TV channel , kick - off time and half - time show for Super Bowl 52 at the US Bank Stadium '' . The Sun . January 12 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2018 . Retrieved January 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/Carlsonsports/status/960264692575895557 Jump up ^ Smith , George A. ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` AFN Airing Super Bowl LII Live on TV and Radio '' . Stars and Stripes . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Leslie Odom , Jr. to sing ' America The Beautiful ' at Super Bowl '' . National Football League . January 13 , 2018 . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Paul ( January 15 , 2018 ) . `` Performer of ' America the Beautiful ' at Super Bowl LII is chosen '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2018 . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wanshel , Elyse ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` This Is What Pink Spit Out Before The Super Bowl National Anthem '' . HuffPost . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Respers France , Lisa ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Pink defends Super Bowl performance '' . CNN . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2018 . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl coin toss salute for Medal of Honor recipients '' . USA Today . Associated Press . January 25 , 2018 . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nestel , M.L. ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` WWII Medal recipient does Super Bowl LII coin toss '' . ABC News . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake set for SB LII halftime show '' . ESPN . Associated Press . October 22 , 2017 . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2017 . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Riemenschneider , Chris . `` No hologram , but still a Prince tribute in Justin Timberlake 's halftime show '' . Star Tribune . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rollins , Khadrice ( October 22 , 2017 ) . `` Justin Timberlake performing at Super Bowl LII halftime '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2017 . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Official : Justin Timberlake to Headline Super Bowl Halftime '' . Variety . October 22 , 2017 . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake 's Botched Super Bowl Halftime Show Return Not Princely -- Review '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sherman , Rodger . `` The Winners and Losers From Super Bowl LII '' . The Ringer . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Super Bowl LII Play By Play '' . NFL.com . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Breech , John ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl 2018 : Patriots 26 - yard field goal attempt ends with crazy miss '' . CBS Sports . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Felt , Hunter ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl 2018 : Eagles beat Patriots to win first title -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Loumena , Dan ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Checking the stats at halftime '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stites , Adam ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` The Patriots and Eagles gave us the 2nd highest - scoring Super Bowl ever '' . SB Nation . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tansey , Joe ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl 2018 : Quarter - by - Quarter Score , Final Stats for Eagles vs. Patriots '' . Bleacher Report . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2018 . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kramer , Lindsay ( February 3 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl 2018 : Who are the officials ? '' . The Post-Standard . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Super Bowl LII . 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when did the name great britain come about

After the Anglo - Saxon period , Britain was used as a historical term only . Geoffrey of Monmouth in his pseudohistorical Historia Regum Britanniae ( c. 1136 ) refers to the island as Britannia major ( `` Greater Britain '' ) , to distinguish it from Britannia minor ( `` Lesser Britain '' ) , the continental region which approximates to modern Brittany , which had been settled in the fifth and sixth centuries by migrants from Britain . The term Great Britain was first used officially in 1474 , in the instrument drawing up the proposal for a marriage between Cecily the daughter of Edward IV of England , and James the son of James III of Scotland , which described it as `` this Nobill Isle , callit Gret Britanee '' . It was used again in 1604 , when King James VI and I styled himself `` King of Great Brittaine , France and Ireland '' .

Great Britain

great britain

Great Britain , also known as Britain , is a large island in the north Atlantic Ocean off the northwest coast of continental Europe . With an area of 209,331 km ( 80,823 sq mi ) , Great Britain is the largest of the British Isles , the largest European island , and the ninth - largest island in the world . In 2011 the island had a population of about 61 million people , making it the world 's third-most populous island after Java in Indonesia and Honshu in Japan . The island of Ireland is situated to the west of it , and together these islands , along with over 1,000 smaller surrounding islands , comprise the British Isles archipelago .

The island is dominated by a maritime climate with quite narrow temperature differences between seasons . Politically , the island is part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , and constitutes most of its territory . Most of England , Scotland , and Wales are on the island . The term `` Great Britain '' often extends to include surrounding islands that form part of England , Scotland , and Wales , and is also sometimes loosely applied to the UK as a whole . A single Kingdom of Great Britain resulted from the union of the Kingdom of England ( which had already comprised the present - day countries of England and Wales ) and the Kingdom of Scotland by the 1707 Acts of Union . More than a hundred years before , in 1603 , King James VI , King of Scots , had inherited the throne of England , but it was not until 1707 that the two countries ' parliaments agreed to form a political union . In 1801 , Great Britain united with the neighbouring Kingdom of Ireland , forming the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland , which was renamed the `` United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland '' after the Irish Free State seceded in 1922 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Terminology 1.1 Toponymy 1.2 Derivation of `` Great '' 1.3 Modern use of the term Great Britain 1.4 Political definition 2 History 2.1 Prehistoric period 2.2 Roman and medieval period 2.3 Early modern period 3 Geography 3.1 Geology 3.2 Fauna 3.3 Flora 3.4 Fungi 4 Demographics 4.1 Settlements 4.1. 1 Capitals 4.2 Language 4.3 Religion 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 7.1 Bibliography 8 External links 8.1 Video links Terminology See also : Terminology of the British Isles Toponymy Main article : Britain ( place name ) The archipelago has been referred to by a single name for over 2000 years : the term ' British Isles ' derives from terms used by classical geographers to describe this island group . By 50 BC Greek geographers were using equivalents of Prettanikē as a collective name for the British Isles . However , with the Roman conquest of Britain the Latin term Britannia was used for the island of Great Britain , and later Roman - occupied Britain south of Caledonia . The earliest known name for Great Britain is Albion ( Greek : Ἀλβίων ) or insula Albionum , from either the Latin albus meaning `` white '' ( referring to the white cliffs of Dover , the first view of Britain from the continent ) or the `` island of the Albiones '' , first mentioned in the Massaliote Periplus in the 6th century BC , and by Pytheas . The oldest mention of terms related to Great Britain was by Aristotle ( c. 384 -- 322 BC ) , or possibly by Pseudo-Aristotle , in his text On the Universe , Vol . III . To quote his works , `` There are two very large islands in it , called the British Isles , Albion and Ierne '' . Pliny the Elder ( c . AD 23 -- 79 ) in his Natural History records of Great Britain : `` Its former name was Albion ; but at a later period , all the islands , of which we shall just now briefly make mention , were included under the name of ' Britanniæ . ' '' The name Britain descends from the Latin name for Britain , Britannia or Brittānia , the land of the Britons. Old French Bretaigne ( whence also Modern French Bretagne ) and Middle English Bretayne , Breteyne . The French form replaced the Old English Breoton , Breoten , Bryten , Breten ( also Breoton - lond , Breten - lond ) . Britannia was used by the Romans from the 1st century BC for the British Isles taken together . It is derived from the travel writings of the Pytheas around 320 BC , which described various islands in the North Atlantic as far north as Thule ( probably Norway ) . Marcian of Heraclea , in his Periplus maris exteri , described the island group as αἱ Πρεττανικαὶ νῆσοι ( the Prettanic Isles ) . The peoples of these islands of Prettanike were called the Πρεττανοί , Priteni or Pretani . Priteni is the source of the Welsh language term Prydain , Britain , which has the same source as the Goidelic term Cruithne used to refer to the early Brythonic - speaking inhabitants of Ireland . The latter were later called Picts or Caledonians by the Romans . Derivation of `` Great '' The Greco - Egyptian scientist Ptolemy referred to the larger island as great Britain ( μεγάλης Βρεττανίας - megális Brettanias ) and to Ireland as little Britain ( μικρής Βρεττανίας - mikris Brettanias ) in his work Almagest ( 147 -- 148 AD ) . In his later work , Geography ( c. 150 AD ) , he gave the islands the names Alwion , Iwernia , and Mona ( the Isle of Man ) , suggesting these may have been the names of the individual islands not known to him at the time of writing Almagest . The name Albion appears to have fallen out of use sometime after the Roman conquest of Britain , after which Britain became the more commonplace name for the island . After the Anglo - Saxon period , Britain was used as a historical term only . Geoffrey of Monmouth in his pseudohistorical Historia Regum Britanniae ( c. 1136 ) refers to the island as Britannia major ( `` Greater Britain '' ) , to distinguish it from Britannia minor ( `` Lesser Britain '' ) , the continental region which approximates to modern Brittany , which had been settled in the fifth and sixth centuries by migrants from Britain . The term Great Britain was first used officially in 1474 , in the instrument drawing up the proposal for a marriage between Cecily the daughter of Edward IV of England , and James the son of James III of Scotland , which described it as `` this Nobill Isle , callit Gret Britanee '' . It was used again in 1604 , when King James VI and I styled himself `` King of Great Brittaine , France and Ireland '' . Modern use of the term Great Britain Great Britain refers geographically to the island of Great Britain , politically to England , Scotland and Wales in combination . However , it is sometimes used loosely to refer to the whole of the United Kingdom . Similarly , Britain , can refer to either all islands in Great Britain , the largest island , or the political grouping of counties . There is no clear distinction , even in government documents : the UK government yearbooks have used both `` Britain '' and `` United Kingdom '' . GB and GBR are used instead of UK in some international codes to refer to the United Kingdom , including the Universal Postal Union , international sports teams , NATO , the International Organization for Standardization country codes ISO 3166 - 2 and ISO 3166 - 1 alpha - 3 , and international licence plate codes . On the Internet , . uk is the country code top - level domain for the United Kingdom . A . gb top - level domain was used to a limited extent , but is now obsolete because the domain name registrar will not take new registrations . In the Olympics , Team GB is used by the British Olympic Association to represent the Great Britain and Northern Ireland Olympic team . Political definition Political definition of Great Britain ( dark green ) -- in Europe ( green & dark grey ) -- in the United Kingdom ( green ) Politically , Great Britain refers to the whole of England , Scotland and Wales in combination , but not Northern Ireland ; it includes islands , such as the Isle of Wight , Anglesey , the Isles of Scilly , the Hebrides and the island groups of Orkney and Shetland , that are part of England , Wales , or Scotland . It does not include the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands , which are self - governing dependent territories . The political union that joined the kingdoms of England and Scotland happened in 1707 when the Acts of Union ratified the 1706 Treaty of Union and merged the parliaments of the two nations , forming the Kingdom of Great Britain , which covered the entire island . Before this , a personal union had existed between these two countries since the 1603 Union of the Crowns under James VI of Scotland and I of England . History Prehistoric period Main article : Prehistoric Britain The island was first inhabited by people who crossed over the land bridge from the European mainland . Human footprints have been found from over 800,000 years ago in Norfolk and traces of early humans have been found ( at Boxgrove Quarry , Sussex ) from some 500,000 years ago and modern humans from about 30,000 years ago . Until about 14,000 years ago , Great Britain was connected to Ireland , and as recently as 8,000 years ago it retained a land connection to the continent , with an area of mostly low marshland joining it to what are now Denmark and the Netherlands . In Cheddar Gorge , near Bristol , the remains of animal species native to mainland Europe such as antelopes , brown bears , and wild horses have been found alongside a human skeleton , ' Cheddar Man ' , dated to about 7150 BC . Thus , animals and humans must have moved between mainland Europe and Great Britain via a crossing . Great Britain became an island at the end of the last glacial period when sea levels rose due to the combination of melting glaciers and the subsequent isostatic rebound of the crust . Great Britain 's Iron Age inhabitants are known as Britons ; they spoke Celtic languages . Roman and medieval period Main articles : Roman Britain , Medieval England , Medieval Scotland , and Medieval Wales Prima Europe tabula . A copy of Ptolemy 's 2nd century map of Roman Britain The Romans conquered most of the island ( up to Hadrian 's Wall , in northern England ) and this became the Ancient Roman province of Britannia . In the course of the 500 years after the Roman Empire fell , the Britons of the south and east of the island were assimilated or displaced by invading Germanic tribes ( Angles , Saxons , and Jutes , often referred to collectively as Anglo - Saxons ) . At about the same time , Gaelic tribes from Ireland invaded the north - west , absorbing both the Picts and Britons of northern Britain , eventually forming the Kingdom of Scotland in the 9th century . The south - east of Scotland was colonised by the Angles and formed , until 1018 , a part of the Kingdom of Northumbria . Ultimately , the population of south - east Britain came to be referred to as the English people , so - named after the Angles . Germanic speakers referred to Britons as Welsh . This term came to be applied exclusively to the inhabitants of what is now Wales , but it also survives in names such as Wallace and in the second syllable of Cornwall . Cymry , a name the Britons used to describe themselves , is similarly restricted in modern Welsh to people from Wales , but also survives in English in the place name of Cumbria . The Britons living in the areas now known as Wales , Cumbria and Cornwall were not assimilated by the Germanic tribes , a fact reflected in the survival of Celtic languages in these areas into more recent times . At the time of the Germanic invasion of Southern Britain , many Britons emigrated to the area now known as Brittany , where Breton , a Celtic language closely related to Welsh and Cornish and descended from the language of the emigrants , is still spoken . In the 9th century , a series of Danish assaults on northern English kingdoms led to them coming under Danish control ( an area known as the Danelaw ) . In the 10th century , however , all the English kingdoms were unified under one ruler as the kingdom of England when the last constituent kingdom , Northumbria , submitted to Edgar in 959 . In 1066 , England was conquered by the Normans , who introduced a Norman - speaking administration that was eventually assimilated . Wales came under Anglo - Norman control in 1282 , and was officially annexed to England in the 16th century . Early modern period Main article : Early modern Britain Further information : History of the United Kingdom On 20 October 1604 King James , who had succeeded separately to the two thrones of England and Scotland , proclaimed himself `` King of Great Brittaine , France , and Ireland '' . When James died in 1625 and the Privy Council of England was drafting the proclamation of the new king , Charles I , a Scottish peer , Thomas Erskine , 1st Earl of Kellie , succeeded in insisting that it use the phrase `` King of Great Britain '' , which James had preferred , rather than King of Scotland and England ( or vice versa ) . While that title was also used by some of James 's successors , England and Scotland each remained legally separate countries , each with its own parliament , until 1707 , when each parliament passed an Act of Union to ratify the Treaty of Union that had been agreed the previous year . This created a single kingdom out of two , with a single parliament , with effect from 1 May 1707 . The Treaty of Union specified the name of the new all - island state as `` Great Britain '' , while describing it as `` One Kingdom '' and `` the United Kingdom '' . To most historians , therefore , the all - island state that existed between 1707 and 1800 is `` Great Britain '' or the `` Kingdom of Great Britain '' . Geography Further information : Geography of England , Geography of Scotland , and Geography of Wales See also : Geography of the United Kingdom View of Britain 's coast from northern France Great Britain lies on the European continental shelf , part of the Eurasian Plate . Situated off the north - west coast of continental Europe , it is separated from the mainland by the North Sea and by the English Channel , which narrows to 34 km ( 18 nmi ; 21 mi ) at the Straits of Dover . It stretches over about ten degrees of latitude on its longer , north - south axis and occupies an area of 209,331 km ( 80,823 sq mi ) , excluding the smaller surrounding islands . The North Channel , Irish Sea , St George 's Channel and Celtic Sea separate the island from the island of Ireland to its west . The island is physically connected with continental Europe via the Channel Tunnel , the longest undersea rail tunnel in the world , completed in 1993 . The island is marked by low , rolling countryside in the east and south , while hills and mountains predominate in the western and northern regions . It is surrounded by over 1,000 smaller islands and islets . The greatest distance between two points is 968.0 km ( 601 ⁄ mi ) ( between Land 's End , Cornwall and John o ' Groats , Caithness ) , 838 miles ( 1,349 km ) by road . The English Channel is thought to have been created between 450,000 and 180,000 years ago by two catastrophic glacial lake outburst floods caused by the breaching of the Weald - Artois Anticline , a ridge that held back a large proglacial lake , now submerged under the North Sea . Around 10,000 years ago , during the Devensian glaciation with its lower sea level , Great Britain was not an island , but an upland region of continental northwestern Europe , lying partially underneath the Eurasian ice sheet . The sea level was about 120 metres ( 390 ft ) lower than today , and the bed of the North Sea was dry and acted as a land bridge , now known as Doggerland , to the Continent . It is generally thought that as sea levels gradually rose after the end of the last glacial period of the current ice age , Doggerland became submerged beneath the North Sea , cutting off what was previously the British peninsula from the European mainland by around 6500 BC . Geology Main article : Geology of Great Britain Great Britain has been subject to a variety of plate tectonic processes over a very extended period of time . Changing latitude and sea levels have been important factors in the nature of sedimentary sequences , whilst successive continental collisions have affected its geological structure with major faulting and folding being a legacy of each orogeny ( mountain - building period ) , often associated with volcanic activity and the metamorphism of existing rock sequences . As a result of this eventful geological history , the island shows a rich variety of landscapes . The oldest rocks in Great Britain are the Lewisian gneisses , metamorphic rocks found in the far north west of the island and in the Hebrides ( with a few small outcrops elsewhere ) , which date from at least 2,700 Ma ( Ma = million years ago ) . South of the gneisses are a complex mixture of rocks forming the North West Highlands and Grampian Highlands in Scotland . These are essentially the remains of folded sedimentary rocks that were deposited between 1,000 Ma and 670 Ma over the gneiss on what was then the floor of the Iapetus Ocean . At the present time the north of the island is rising as a result of the weight of Devensian ice being lifted . Southern and eastern Britain is sinking , generally estimated at 1 mm ( 1 / 25 inch ) per year , with the London area sinking at double the speed partly due to the continuing compaction of the recent clay deposits . Fauna Main article : Fauna of Great Britain The robin is popularly known as `` Britain 's favourite bird '' . Animal diversity is modest , as a result of factors including the island 's small land area , the relatively recent age of the habitats developed since the last glacial period and the island 's physical separation from continental Europe , and the effects of seasonal variability . Great Britain also experienced early industrialisation and is subject to continuing urbanisation , which have contributed towards the overall loss of species . A DEFRA ( Department for Environment , Food and Rural Affairs ) study from 2006 suggested that 100 species have become extinct in the UK during the 20th century , about 100 times the background extinction rate . However , some species , such as the brown rat , red fox , and introduced grey squirrel , are well adapted to urban areas . Rodents make up 40 % of the mammal species . These include squirrels , mice , voles , rats and the recently reintroduced European beaver . There is also an abundance of rabbits , hares , hedgehogs , shrews , moles and several species of bat . Carnivorous mammals include the fox , badger , otter , weasel , stoat and elusive wildcat . Various species of seal , whale and dolphin are found on or around British shores and coastlines . The largest land - based wild animals today are deer . The red deer is the largest species , with roe deer and fallow deer also prominent ; the latter was introduced by the Normans . Sika deer and two more species of smaller deer , muntjac and Chinese water deer , have been introduced , muntjac becoming widespread in England and parts of Wales while Chinese water deer are restricted mainly to East Anglia . Habitat loss has affected many species . Extinct large mammals include the brown bear , grey wolf and wild boar ; the latter has had a limited reintroduction in recent times . There is a wealth of birdlife , 583 species in total , of which 258 breed on the island or remain during winter . Because of its mild winters for its latitude , Great Britain hosts important numbers of many wintering species , particularly ducks , geese and swans . Other well known bird species include the golden eagle , grey heron , kingfisher , pigeon , sparrow , pheasant , partridge , and various species of crow , finch , gull , auk , grouse , owl and falcon . There are six species of reptile on the island ; three snakes and three lizards including the legless slowworm . One snake , the adder , is venomous but rarely deadly . Amphibians present are frogs , toads and newts . Flora See also : List of the vascular plants of Britain and Ireland Heather growing wild in the Highlands at Dornoch . In a similar sense to fauna , and for similar reasons , the flora is impoverished compared to that of continental Europe . The flora comprises 3,354 vascular plant species , of which 2,297 are native and 1,057 have been introduced . The island has a wide variety of trees , including native species of birch , beech , ash , hawthorn , elm , oak , yew , pine , cherry and apple . Other trees have been naturalised , introduced especially from other parts of Europe ( particularly Norway ) and North America . Introduced trees include several varieties of pine , chestnut , maple , spruce , sycamore and fir , as well as cherry plum and pear trees . The tallest species are the Douglas firs ; two specimens have been recorded measuring 65 metres or 212 feet . The Fortingall Yew in Perthshire is the oldest tree in Europe . There are at least 1,500 different species of wildflower . Some 107 species are particularly rare or vulnerable and are protected by the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 . It is illegal to uproot any wildflowers without the landowner 's permission . A vote in 2002 nominated various wildflowers to represent specific counties . These include red poppies , bluebells , daisies , daffodils , rosemary , gorse , iris , ivy , mint , orchids , brambles , thistles , buttercups , primrose , thyme , tulips , violets , cowslip , heather and many more . There are also many species of algae and mosses across the island . Fungi There are many species of fungi including lichen - forming species , and the mycobiota is less poorly known than in many other parts of the world . The most recent checklist of Basidiomycota ( bracket fungi , jelly fungi , mushrooms and toadstools , puffballs , rusts and smuts ) , published in 2005 , accepts over 3600 species . The most recent checklist of Ascomycota ( cup fungi and their allies , including most lichen - forming fungi ) , published in 1985 , accepts another 5100 species . These two lists did not include conidial fungi ( fungi mostly with affinities in the Ascomycota but known only in their asexual state ) or any of the other main fungal groups ( Chytridiomycota , Glomeromycota and Zygomycota ) . The number of fungal species known very probably exceeds 10,000 . There is widespread agreement among mycologists that many others are yet to be discovered . Demographics Main article : Demography of the United Kingdom Settlements Capitals London is the capital of England and the whole of the United Kingdom , and is therefore the seat of the United Kingdom 's government . Edinburgh and Cardiff are the capitals of Scotland and Wales , respectively , and house their devolved governments . Largest urban areas See also : List of urban areas in the United Kingdom Rank City - region Built - up area Population ( 2011 Census ) Area ( km2 ) Density ( people / km2 ) London Greater London Built - up area 9,787,426 1,737.9 5,630 Manchester Greater Manchester Built - up area 2,553,379 630.3 4,051 Birmingham -- Wolverhampton West Midlands Built - up area 2,440,986 598.9 4,076 Leeds -- Bradford West Yorkshire Built - up area 1,777,934 487.8 3,645 5 Glasgow Greater Glasgow Built - up area 1,209,143 368.5 3,390 6 Liverpool Liverpool Built - up area 864,122 199.6 4,329 7 Southampton -- Portsmouth South Hampshire Built - up area 855,569 192.0 4,455 8 Newcastle upon Tyne -- Sunderland Tyneside Built - up area 774,891 180.5 4,292 9 Nottingham Nottingham Built - up area 729,977 176.4 4,139 10 Sheffield Sheffield Built - up area 685,368 167.5 4,092 Language Further information : Languages of England , Languages of Scotland , and Languages of Wales See also : Languages of the United Kingdom In the Late Bronze Age , Britain was part of a culture called the Atlantic Bronze Age , held together by maritime trading , which also included Ireland , France , Spain and Portugal . In contrast to the generally accepted view that Celtic originated in the context of the Hallstatt culture , since 2009 , John T. Koch and others have proposed that the origins of the Celtic languages are to be sought in Bronze Age Western Europe , especially the Iberian Peninsula . Koch et al. 's proposal has failed to find wide acceptance among experts on the Celtic languages . All the modern Brythonic languages ( Breton , Cornish , Welsh ) are generally considered to derive from a common ancestral language termed Brittonic , British , Common Brythonic , Old Brythonic or Proto - Brythonic , which is thought to have developed from Proto - Celtic or early Insular Celtic by the 6th century AD . Brythonic languages were probably spoken before the Roman invasion at least in the majority of Great Britain south of the rivers Forth and Clyde , though the Isle of Man later had a Goidelic language , Manx . Northern Scotland mainly spoke Pritennic , which became Pictish , which may have been a Brythonic language . During the period of the Roman occupation of Southern Britain ( AD 43 to c. 410 ) , Common Brythonic borrowed a large stock of Latin words . Approximately 800 of these Latin loan - words have survived in the three modern Brythonic languages . Romano - British is the name for the Latinised form of the language used by Roman authors . British English is spoken in the present day across the island , and developed from the Old English brought to the island by Anglo - Saxon settlers from the mid 5th century . Some 1.5 million people speak Scots -- a variety of English which some consider to be a distinct language . An estimated 700,000 people speak Welsh , an official language in Wales . In parts of north west Scotland , Scottish Gaelic remains widely spoken . There are various regional dialects of English , and numerous languages spoken by some immigrant populations . Religion Further information : Religion in England , Religion in Scotland , and Religion in Wales See also : Religion in the United Kingdom Canterbury Cathedral , seat of the Church of England -- the island 's largest denomination Christianity has been the largest religion by number of adherents since the Early Middle Ages : it was introduced under the ancient Romans , developing as Celtic Christianity . According to tradition , Christianity arrived in the 1st or 2nd century . The most popular form is Anglicanism ( known as Episcopalism in Scotland ) . Dating from the 16th century Reformation , it regards itself as both Catholic and Reformed . The Head of the Church is the monarch of the United Kingdom , as the Supreme Governor . It has the status of established church in England . There are just over 26 million adherents to Anglicanism in Britain today , although only around one million regularly attend services . The second largest Christian practice is the Latin Rite of the Roman Catholic Church , which traces its history to the 6th century with Augustine 's mission and was the main religion for around a thousand years . There are over 5 million adherents today , 4.5 million in England and Wales and 750,000 in Scotland , although fewer than a million Catholics regularly attend mass . Glasgow Cathedral , a meeting place of the Church of Scotland The Church of Scotland , a form of Protestantism with a Presbyterian system of ecclesiastical polity , is the third most numerous on the island with around 2.1 million members . Introduced in Scotland by clergyman John Knox , it has the status of national church in Scotland . The monarch of the United Kingdom is represented by a Lord High Commissioner . Methodism is the fourth largest and grew out of Anglicanism through John Wesley . It gained popularity in the old mill towns of Lancashire and Yorkshire , also amongst tin miners in Cornwall . The Presbyterian Church of Wales , which follows Calvinistic Methodism , is the largest denomination in Wales . There are other non-conformist minorities , such as Baptists , Quakers , the United Reformed Church ( a union of Congregationalists and English Presbyterians ) , Unitarians . The first patron saint of Great Britain was Saint Alban . He was the first Christian martyr dating from the Romano - British period , condemned to death for his faith and sacrificed to the pagan gods . In more recent times , some have suggested the adoption of St Aidan as another patron saint of Britain . From Ireland , he worked at Iona amongst the Dál Riata and then Lindisfarne where he restored Christianity to Northumbria . The three constituent countries of the United Kingdom have patron saints : Saint George and Saint Andrew are represented in the flags of England and Scotland respectively . These two flags combined to form the basis of the Great Britain royal flag of 1604 . Saint David is the patron saint of Wales . There are many other British saints . Some of the best known are Cuthbert , Columba , Patrick , Margaret , Edward the Confessor , Mungo , Thomas More , Petroc , Bede , and Thomas Becket . Numerous other religions are practised . Jews have inhabited Britain since 1070 . Jews were expelled from England in 1290 but allowed to return in 1656 . There were also Jewish migrations from Lithuania . The 2001 census recorded that Islam had around 1.5 million adherents . More than 1 million people practise either Hinduism , Sikhism , or Buddhism -- religions introduced from the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia . See also United Kingdom portal Islands portal List of islands of England List of islands of Scotland List of islands of Wales Notes Jump up ^ The political definition of Great Britain -- that is , England , Scotland and Wales combined -- includes a number of offshore islands such as the Isle of Wight , Anglesey and Shetland which are not part of the geographical island of Great Britain . Those three countries combined have a total area of 234,402 km ( 90,503 sq mi ) . References Jump up ^ ISLAND DIRECTORY , United Nations Environment Programme . Retrieved 9 August 2015 . Jump up ^ 2011 Census : Population Estimates for the United Kingdom . In the 2011 census , the population of England , Wales and Scotland was estimated to be approximately 61,370,000 ; comprising 60,800,000 on Great Britain , and 570,000 on other islands . Retrieved 23 January 2014 Jump up ^ `` Ethnic Group by Age in England and Wales '' . www.nomisweb.co.uk . Retrieved 2 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ethnic groups , Scotland , 2001 and 2011 '' ( PDF ) . www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk . Retrieved 2 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Islands by land area , United Nations Environment Programme '' . Islands.unep.ch . Retrieved 24 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Foundation , Internet Memory . `` ( ARCHIVED CONTENT ) UK Government Web Archive -- The National Archives '' . Jump up ^ `` Population Estimates '' ( PDF ) . National Statistics Online . Newport , Wales : Office for National Statistics . 24 June 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 November 2010 . Retrieved 24 September 2010 . Jump up ^ See Geohive.com Country data Archived 21 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine. ; Japan Census of 2000 ; United Kingdom Census of 2001 . The editors of List of islands by population appear to have used similar data from the relevant statistics bureaux , and totalled up the various administrative districts that make up each island , and then done the same for less populous islands . An editor of this article has not repeated that work . Therefore this plausible and eminently reasonable ranking is posted as unsourced common knowledge . Jump up ^ `` says 803 islands which have a distinguishable coastline on an Ordnance Survey map , and several thousand more exist which are too small to be shown as anything but a dot '' . Mapzone.ordnancesurvey.co.uk . Retrieved 24 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Clare Oliver ( 2003 ) . Great Britain . Black Rabbit Books . p. 4 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58340 - 204 - 7 . Jump up ^ O'Rahilly 1946 Jump up ^ 4.20 provides a translation describing Caesar 's first invasion , using terms which from IV. XX appear in Latin as arriving in `` Britannia '' , the inhabitants being `` Britanni '' , and on p30 `` principes Britanniae '' ( i.e. , `` chiefs of Britannia '' ) is translated as `` chiefs of Britain '' . Jump up ^ Cunliffe 2002 , pp. 94 -- 95 Jump up ^ `` Anglo - Saxons '' . BBC News . Retrieved 5 September 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Snyder , Christopher A. ( 2003 ) . The Britons . Blackwell Publishing . ISBN 0 - 631 - 22260 - X . Jump up ^ Greek `` ... ἐν τούτῳ γε μὴν νῆσοι μέγιστοι τυγχάνουσιν οὖσαι δύο , Βρεττανικαὶ λεγόμεναι , Ἀλβίων καὶ Ἰέρνη , ... '' , transliteration `` ... en toutôi ge mên nêsoi megistoi tynchanousin ousai dyo , Brettanikai legomenai , Albiôn kai Iernê , ... '' , Aristotle : On Sophistical Refutations . On Coming - to - be and Passing Away . On the Cosmos. , 393b , pages 360 -- 361 , Loeb Classical Library No. 400 , London William Heinemann LTD , Cambridge , Massachusetts University Press MCMLV Jump up ^ Pliny the Elder 's Naturalis Historia Book IV . Chapter XLI Latin text and English translation , numbered Book 4 , Chapter 30 , at the Perseus Project . Jump up ^ Marcianus Heracleensis ; Müller , Karl Otfried ; et al. ( 1855 ) . `` Periplus Maris Exteri , Liber Prior , Prooemium '' . In Firmin Didot , Ambrosio . Geographi Graeci Minores. 1 . Paris . pp. 516 -- 517 . Greek text and Latin Translation thereof archived at the Internet Archive . Jump up ^ O Corrain , Donnchadh , Professor of Irish History at University College Cork ( 1 November 2001 ) . `` Chapter 1 : Prehistoric and Early Christian Ireland '' . In Foster , R F. The Oxford History of Ireland . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 280202 - X . Jump up ^ Claudius Ptolemy ( 1898 ) . `` Ἕκθεσις τῶν κατὰ παράλληλον ἰδιωμάτων : κβ ' , κε ' '' . In Heiberg , J.L. Claudii Ptolemaei Opera quae exstant omnia ( PDF ) . vol. 1 Syntaxis Mathematica . Leipzig : in aedibus B.G. Teubneri . pp. 112 -- 113 . Jump up ^ Claudius Ptolemy ( 1843 ) . `` Book II , Prooemium and chapter β ' , paragraph 12 '' . In Nobbe , Carolus Fridericus Augustus . Claudii Ptolemaei Geographia ( PDF ) . vol. 1 . Leipzig : sumptibus et typis Caroli Tauchnitii . pp. 59 , 67 . Jump up ^ Freeman , Philip ( 2001 ) . Ireland and the classical world . Austin , Texas : University of Texas Press . p. 65 . ISBN 0 - 292 - 72518 - 3 . Jump up ^ Meisel , Anna ( 15 September 2013 ) . `` Is Great Britain really a ' small island ' ? '' -- via www.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` UK 2005 : The Official Yearbook of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland '' . London : Office for National Statistics . 29 November 2004 : vii . ISBN 0 - 11 - 621738 - 3 . Retrieved 27 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary , Oxford : Oxford University Press , Great Britain : England , Wales , and Scotland considered as a unit . The name is also often used loosely to refer to the United Kingdom . Great Britain is the name of the island that comprises England , Scotland , and Wales , although the term is also used loosely to refer to the United Kingdom . The United Kingdom is a political unit that includes these countries and Northern Ireland . The British Isles is a geographical term that refers to the United Kingdom , Ireland , and surrounding smaller islands such as the Hebrides and the Channel Islands . Jump up ^ Britain , Oxford English Dictionary , Britain : / ˈbrɪt ( ə ) n / the island containing England , Wales , and Scotland . The name is broadly synonymous with Great Britain , but the longer form is more usual for the political unit . Jump up ^ `` Britain 2001 : The Official Yearbook of the United Kingdom , 2001 '' ( PDF ) . London : Office for National Statistics . August 2000 : vii . ISBN 0 - 11 - 621278 - 0 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 13 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` UK 2002 : The Official Yearbook of Great Britain and Northern Ireland '' ( PDF ) . London : Office for National Statistics . August 2001 : vi . ISBN 0 - 11 - 621738 - 3 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 22 March 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Key facts about the United Kingdom '' . Direct.gov.uk . Archived from the original on 15 November 2008 . Retrieved 11 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Ademuni - Odeke ( 1998 ) . Bareboat Charter ( ship ) Registration . Martinus Nijhoff Publishers . p. 367 . ISBN 90 - 411 - 0513 - 1 . Jump up ^ Ghosh , Pallab ( 7 February 2014 ) . `` Earliest footprints outside Africa discovered in Norfolk '' . BBC News . Retrieved 7 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Gräslund , Bo ( 2005 ) . `` Traces of the early humans '' . Early humans and their world . London : Routledge . p. 62 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 35344 - 1 . Jump up ^ Edwards , Robin & al . `` The Island of Ireland : Drowning the Myth of an Irish Land - bridge ? '' Accessed 15 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Lacey , Robert . Great Tales from English History . New York : Little , Brown & Co , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 316 - 10910 - X . Jump up ^ Ellis , Peter Berresford ( 1974 ) . The Cornish language and its literature . London : Routledge & Kegan Paul . p. 20 . ISBN 0 - 7100 - 7928 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` England / Great Britain : Royal Styles : 1604 - 1707 '' . Archontology.org. 13 March 2010 . Retrieved 27 April 2013 . Jump up ^ HMC 60 , Manuscripts of the Earl of Mar and Kellie , vol. 2 ( 1930 ) , p. 226 Jump up ^ `` accessed 14 November 2009 '' . Eosnap.com . Retrieved 24 February 2012 . Jump up ^ United Nations Environment Programme ( UNEP ) Island Directory Tables `` Islands By Land Area '' . Retrieved from http://islands.unep.ch/Tiarea.htm on 13 August 2009 Jump up ^ `` Limits of Oceans and Seas , 3rd edition + corrections '' ( PDF ) . International Hydrographic Organization . 1971 . p. 42 ( corrections to page 13 ) . Retrieved 14 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Gupta , Sanjeev ; Jenny S. Collier ; Andy Palmer - Felgate ; Graeme Potter ( 2007 ) . `` Catastrophic flooding origin of shelf valley systems in the English Channel '' . Nature . 448 ( 7151 ) : 342 -- 5 . Bibcode : 2007Natur. 448 ... 342G . PMID 17637667 . doi : 10.1038 / nature06018 . Retrieved 18 July 2007 . Lay summary -- msnbc.com ( 18 July 2007 ) . Jump up ^ `` Vincent Gaffney , `` Global Warming and the Lost European Country '' '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 10 March 2012 . Retrieved 24 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Robin -- Britain 's Favourite Bird '' . BritishBirdLovers.co.uk . Retrieved 15 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Decaying Wood : An Overview of Its Status and Ecology in the United Kingdom and Europe '' ( PDF ) . FS.fed.us . Retrieved 15 August 2011 . Retrieved on 1 February 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Short History of the British Mammal Fauna '' . ABDN.ac.uk . Archived from the original on 11 February 2006 . Retrieved on 1 February 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Else , Great Britain , 85 . Jump up ^ `` The Fallow Deer Project , University of Nottingham '' . Nottingham.ac.uk . Archived from the original on 15 March 2008 . Retrieved 24 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` British Ornithologists ' Union Records Committee '' . Interscience.wiley.com . Retrieved on 16 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Birds of Britain '' . BTO.org . Retrieved on 16 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Duck , Geese and Swan Family '' . NatureGrid.org.uk . Archived from the original on 8 April 2009 . Retrieved on 16 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Birds '' . NatureGrid.org.uk . Archived from the original on 30 June 2009 . Retrieved on 16 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Adder 's Byte '' . CountySideInfo.co.uk . Retrieved on 1 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Plants of the Pacific Northwest in Western Europe '' . Botanical Electric News . Retrieved on 23 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Frodin , Guide to Standard Floras of the World , 599 . ^ Jump up to : `` Checklist of British Plants '' . Natural History Museum . Retrieved on 2 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Facts About Britain 's Trees '' . WildAboutBritain.co.uk . Archived from the original on 29 April 2009 . Retrieved on 2 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Fortingall Yew '' . PerthshireBigTreeCountry.co.uk . Retrieved on 23 February 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Facts and Figures about Wildflowers '' . WildAboutFlowers.co.uk . Archived from the original on 26 February 2008 . Retrieved on 23 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Endangered British Wild Flowers '' . CountryLovers.co.uk . Retrieved on 23 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` County Flowers of Great Britain '' . WildAboutFlowers.co.uk . Archived from the original on 27 April 2009 . Retrieved on 23 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` People and Plants : Mapping the UK 's wild flora '' ( PDF ) . PlantLife.org.uk . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 7 November 2007 . Retrieved on 23 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` British Wildflower Images '' . Map-Reading.co.uk . Retrieved on 23 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` List of British Wildlfowers by Common Name '' . WildAboutBritain.co.uk . Archived from the original on 29 April 2009 . Retrieved on 23 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` British Plants and algae '' . Arkive.org . Retrieved on 23 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Legon & Henrici , Checklist of the British & Irish Basidiomycota Jump up ^ Cannon , Hawksworth & Sherwood - Pike , The British Ascomycotina . An Annotated Checklist Jump up ^ `` 2011 Census - Built - up areas '' . ONS . Retrieved 12 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Eska , Joseph F. `` Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2013.12. 35 '' . Bryn Mawr Classical Review . Bryn Mawr College . Retrieved 2 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Aberystwyth University - News . Aber.ac.uk . Retrieved on 17 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Appendix '' ( PDF ) . O'Donnell Lecture. 2008 . Retrieved 15 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Koch , John ( 2009 ) . Tartessian : Celtic from the Southwest at the Dawn of History in Acta Palaeohispanica X Palaeohispanica 9 ( PDF ) . Palaeohispanica . pp. 339 -- 51 . ISSN 1578 - 5386 . Retrieved 17 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Koch , John . `` New research suggests Welsh Celtic roots lie in Spain and Portugal '' . Retrieved 10 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Koch , John T. ( 2007 ) . An Atlas for Celtic Studies . Oxford : Oxbow Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84217 - 309 - 1 . Jump up ^ Scotland 's Census 2011 -- Language , All people aged 3 and over . Out of the 60,815,385 residents of the UK over the age of three , 1,541,693 ( 2.5 % ) can speak Scots . Jump up ^ A.J. Aitken in The Oxford Companion to the English Language , Oxford University Press 1992 . p. 894 Jump up ^ Bwrdd yr Iaith Gymraeg , A statistical overview of the Welsh language , by Hywel M Jones , page 115 , 13.5. 1.6 , England . Published February 2012 . Retrieved 28 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Welsh Language ( Wales ) Measure 2011 '' . legislation.gov.uk . The National Archives . Retrieved 30 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Global Anglicanism at a Crossroads '' . PewResearch.org . Retrieved 15 August 2011 . Retrieved on 1 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` People here ' must obey the laws of the land ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 9 February 2008 . Retrieved 4 May 2010 . Retrieved on 1 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Cardinal not much altered by his new job '' . Living Scotsman . Retrieved 15 August 2011 . Retrieved on 1 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` How many Catholics are there in Britain ? '' . BBC . 15 September 2010 . Retrieved 15 September 2010 . Retrieved on 17 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Analysis of Religion in the 2001 Census -- Current Religion in Scotland '' . Scotland.gov.uk . Retrieved 15 August 2011 . Retrieved on 1 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Methodist Church '' . BBC.co.uk . Retrieved on 1 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Methodism in Britain '' . GoffsOakMethodistChurch.co.uk . Archived from the original on 31 January 2009 . Retrieved on 1 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Cambridge History of Christianity '' . Hugh McLeod . Archived from the original on 21 July 2012 . Retrieved on 1 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Dawkins , The Shakespeare Enigma , 343 . Jump up ^ Butler , Butler 's Lives of the Saints , 141 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cry God for Harry , Britain and ... St Aidan '' . London : The Independent . 23 April 2008 . Archived from the original on 31 August 2012 . Retrieved on 1 February 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` United Kingdom -- History of the Flag '' . FlagSpot.net . Retrieved on 1 February 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Saints '' . Brits at their Best . Retrieved on 1 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Guide to religions in the UK '' . The Guardian . London . Archived from the original on 23 January 2011 . Retrieved on 16 August 2011 Jump up ^ `` From Expulsion ( 1290 ) to Readmission ( 1656 ) : Jews and England '' ( PDF ) . Goldsmiths.ac.uk . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 26 June 2008 . Retrieved on 1 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Jews in Scotland '' . British-Jewry.org.uk . Archived from the original on 9 May 2005 . Retrieved on 1 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Islam at a glance '' . BBC . 2009 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Religion : Key Statistics for urban areas , results by population size of urban area '' . Statistics.gov.uk . Archived from the original on 10 January 2009 . Retrieved on 1 February 2009 . Bibliography Pliny the Elder ( translated by Rackham , Harris ) ( 1938 ) . Natural History . Harvard University Press . Ball , Martin John ( 1994 ) . The Celtic Languages . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 01035 - 7 . Butler , Alban ( 1997 ) . Butler 's Lives of the Saints . Continuum International Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 86012 - 255 - 7 . Frodin , D.G. ( 2001 ) . Guide to Standard Floras of the World . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 79077 - 8 . Spencer , Colin ( 2003 ) . British Food : An Extraordinary Thousand Years of History . Columbia University Press . ISBN 0 - 231 - 13110 - 0 . Andrews , Robert ( 2004 ) . The Rough Guide to Britain . Rough Guides Ltd . ISBN 1 - 84353 - 301 - 4 . Dawkins , Peter ( 2004 ) . The Shakespeare Enigma . Polair Publishing . ISBN 0 - 9545389 - 4 - 3 . Major , John ( 2004 ) . History in Quotations . Cassell . ISBN 0 - 304 - 35387 - 6 . Else , David ( 2005 ) . Great Britain . Lonely Planet . ISBN 1 - 74059 - 921 - 7 . Kaufman , Will ; Slettedahl , Heidi Macpherson ( 2005 ) . Britain and the Americas : Culture , Politics , and History . ABC - Clio . ISBN 1 - 85109 - 431 - 8 . Oppenheimer , Stephen ( 2006 ) . Origins of the British . Carroll & Graf . ISBN 0 - 7867 - 1890 - 0 . Room , Adrian ( 2006 ) . Placenames of the World . McFarland . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 2248 - 3 . Massey , Gerald ( 2007 ) . A Book of the Beginnings , Vol. 1 . Cosimo . ISBN 1 - 60206 - 829 - 1 . Taylor , Isaac ( 2008 ) . Names and Their Histories : A Handbook of Historical Geography and Topographical Nomenclature . BiblioBazaar . ISBN 0 - 559 - 29667 - 3 . Legon , N.W. ; Henrici , A. ( 2005 ) . Checklist of the British & Irish Basidiomycota . Royal Botanic Gardens , Kew . ISBN 1 - 84246 - 121 - 4 . Cannon , P.F. ; Hawksworth , D.L. ; M.A. , Sherwood - Pike ( 1985 ) . The British Ascomycotina . An Annotated Checklist . Commonwealth Mycological Institute & British Mycological Society . ISBN 0 - 85198 - 546 - 7 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Great Britain . 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who was originally meant to play the sorcerer's apprentice in fantasia

Fantasia ( 1940 film )

fantasia ( 1940 film )

Fantasia is a 1940 American animated film produced by Walt Disney and released by Walt Disney Productions . With story direction by Joe Grant and Dick Huemer , and production supervision by Ben Sharpsteen , it is the third Disney animated feature film . The film consists of eight animated segments set to pieces of classical music conducted by Leopold Stokowski , seven of which are performed by the Philadelphia Orchestra . Music critic and composer Deems Taylor acts as the film 's Master of Ceremonies , providing a live - action introduction to each animated segment .

Disney settled on the film 's concept as work neared completion on The Sorcerer 's Apprentice , an elaborate Silly Symphonies short designed as a comeback role for Mickey Mouse , who had declined in popularity . As production costs grew higher than what it could earn , Disney decided to include the short in a feature - length film with other segments set to classical pieces . The soundtrack was recorded using multiple audio channels and reproduced with Fantasound , a pioneering sound reproduction system that made Fantasia the first commercial film shown in stereophonic sound . Fantasia was first released in theatrical roadshow engagements held in thirteen U.S. cities from November 13 , 1940 . While acclaimed by critics , it was unable to make a profit due to World War II cutting off distribution to the European market , the film 's high production costs , and the expense of leasing theatres and installing the Fantasound equipment for the roadshow presentations . The film was subsequently reissued multiple times with its original footage and audio being deleted , modified , or restored in each version . As of 2012 , Fantasia has grossed $76.4 million in domestic revenue and is the 22nd highest - grossing film of all time in the U.S. when adjusted for inflation . Fantasia , as a franchise , has grown to include video games , Disneyland attractions , a live concert , and a theatrically released sequel ( Fantasia 2000 ) co-produced by Walt 's nephew Roy E. Disney in 1999 . Fantasia has grown in reputation over the years and is now widely acclaimed ; in 1998 the American Film Institute ranked it as the 58th greatest American film in their 100 Years ... 100 Movies and the fifth greatest animated film in their 10 Top 10 list . Contents ( hide ) 1 Program 2 Production 2.1 Origins 2.2 Development 2.3 Segments 2.3. 1 Toccata and Fugue in D Minor 2.3. 2 Nutracker Suite 2.3. 3 The Sorcerer 's Apprentice 2.3. 4 Rite of Spring 2.3. 5 The Pastoral Symphony 2.3. 6 Dance of the Hours 2.3. 7 Night on Bald Mountain and Ave Maria 2.4 Soundtrack 2.4. 1 Recording 2.4. 2 Fantasound 3 Release history 3.1 Theatrical runs 3.1. 1 1940 -- 1941 roadshows with Fantasound 3.1. 2 1942 , 1946 , 1956 and 1963 runs 3.1. 3 1969 , 1977 , 1982 , 1985 and 1990 runs 3.2 Home media 3.2. 1 Audio 3.2. 2 Video 4 Reception 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Awards and honors 4.3 Controversies 5 Additional material 6 Legacy 6.1 Sequel 6.2 Live - action adaptations 6.3 Parodies and spin - offs 6.4 Theme parks 6.5 Video games 6.6 Concert 6.7 Television 7 Credits 8 See also 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External links Program Title screen in the original theatrical trailer Fantasia opens with live action scenes of members of an orchestra gathering against a blue background and tuning their instruments in half - light , half - shadow . Master of ceremonies Deems Taylor enters the stage ( also in half - light , half - shadow ) and introduces the program . Toccata and Fugue in D Minor by Johann Sebastian Bach . Live - action shots of the orchestra illuminated in blue and gold , backed by superimposed shadows , fade into abstract patterns . Animated lines , shapes and cloud formations reflect the sound and rhythms of the music . Nutcracker Suite by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky . Selections from the ballet suite underscore scenes depicting the changing of the seasons from summer to autumn to winter . A variety of dances are presented with fairies , fish , flowers , mushrooms , and leaves , including `` Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy '' , `` Chinese Dance '' , `` Dance of the Flutes '' , `` Arabian Dance '' , `` Russian Dance '' and `` Waltz of the Flowers '' . The Sorcerer 's Apprentice by Paul Dukas . Based on Goethe 's 1797 poem `` Der Zauberlehrling '' . Mickey Mouse , the young apprentice of the sorcerer Yen Sid , attempts some of his master 's magic tricks but does not know how to control them . Rite of Spring by Igor Stravinsky . A visual history of the Earth 's beginnings is depicted to selected sections of the ballet score . The sequence progresses from the planet 's formation to the first living creatures , followed by the reign and extinction of the dinosaurs . Intermission / Meet the Soundtrack : The orchestra musicians depart and the Fantasia title card is revealed . After the intermission there is a brief jam session of jazz music led by a clarinettist as the orchestra members return . Then a humorously stylized demonstration of how sound is rendered on film is shown . An animated sound track `` character '' , initially a straight white line , changes into different shapes and colors based on the sounds played . The Pastoral Symphony by Ludwig van Beethoven . A mythical Greco - Roman world of colorful centaurs and `` centaurettes '' , cupids , fauns and other figures from classical mythology is portrayed to Beethoven 's music . A gathering for a festival to honor Bacchus , the god of wine , is interrupted by Zeus , who creates a storm and directs Vulcan to forge lightning bolts for him to throw at the attendees . Dance of the Hours by Amilcare Ponchielli . A comic ballet in four sections : Madame Upanova and her ostriches ( Morning ) ; Hyacinth Hippo and her servants ( Afternoon ) ; Elephanchine and her bubble - blowing elephant troupe ( Evening ) ; and Ben Ali Gator and his troop of alligators ( Night ) . The finale finds all of the characters dancing together until their palace collapses . Night on Bald Mountain by Modest Mussorgsky and Ave Maria by Franz Schubert . At midnight the devil Chernabog awakes and summons evil spirits and restless souls from their graves to Bald Mountain . The spirits dance and fly through the air until driven back by the sound of an Angelus bell as night fades into dawn . A chorus is heard singing Ave Maria as a line of robed monks is depicted walking with lighted torches through a forest and into the ruins of a cathedral . Production Origins Leopold Stokowski conducted the film 's score . In 1936 , Walt Disney felt that the Disney studio 's star character Mickey Mouse needed a boost in popularity . He decided to feature the mouse in The Sorcerer 's Apprentice , a deluxe cartoon short based on the poem written by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and set to the orchestral piece by Paul Dukas inspired by the original tale . The concept of matching animation to classical music was used as early as 1928 in Disney 's cartoon series , the Silly Symphonies , but he wanted to go beyond the usual slapstick , and produce shorts where `` sheer fantasy unfolds ... action controlled by a musical pattern has great charm in the realm of unreality . '' Upon receiving the rights to use the music by the end of July 1937 , Disney considered using a well - known conductor to record the music for added prestige . He happened to meet Leopold Stokowski , conductor of the Philadelphia Orchestra since 1912 , at Chasen 's restaurant in Hollywood , and talked about his plans for the short . Stokowski recalled that he did `` like the music '' ; was happy to collaborate on the project , and offered to conduct the piece at no cost . Following their meeting , Disney 's New York representative ran into Stokowski on a train headed for the East Coast . In writing to Disney , he reported that Stokowski was `` really serious in his offer to do the music for nothing . He had some very interesting ideas on instrumental coloring , which would be perfect for an animation medium '' . In his excited response dated October 26 , 1937 , Disney wrote that he felt `` all steamed up over the idea of Stokowski working with us ... The union of Stokowski and his music , together with the best of our medium , would be the means of a success and should lead to a new style of motion picture presentation . '' He had already begun working on a story outline , and wished to use `` the finest men ... from color ... down to animators '' on the short . The Sorcerer 's Apprentice was to be promoted as a `` special '' and rented to theatres as a unique film , outside of the Mickey Mouse cartoon series . Deems Taylor was the film 's Master of Ceremonies , who introduced each segment in live action interstitial scenes . An agreement signed by Disney and Stokowski on December 16 , 1937 , allowed the conductor to `` select and employ a complete symphony orchestra '' for the recording . Disney hired a stage at the Culver Studios in California for the session . It began at midnight on January 9 , 1938 , and lasted for three hours using eighty - five Hollywood musicians . As production costs of The Sorcerer 's Apprentice climbed to $125,000 , it became clearer to Disney and his brother Roy , who managed the studio 's finances , that the short could never earn such a sum back on its own . Roy wanted his brother to keep any additional costs on the film to a minimum . He said , `` because of its very experimental and unprecedented nature ... we have no idea what can be expected from such a production . '' Ben Sharpsteen , a production supervisor on Fantasia , noted that its budget was three to four times greater than the usual Silly Symphony , but Disney `` saw this trouble in the form of an opportunity . This was the birth of a new concept , a group of separate numbers -- regardless of their running time -- put together in a single presentation . It turned out to be a concert -- something novel and of high quality . '' Ideas to produce a complete feature film were pursued in February 1938 , when inquiries were made to extend Stokowski 's contract . In August , Disney asked Stokowski 's representative to have him return to the studios to select material for the new film , which was initially titled The Concert Feature . The pair further thought of presenting the film with an on - screen host to introduce each number in the program . Both had heard composer and music critic Deems Taylor provide intermission commentary during radio broadcasts of the New York Philharmonic , and agreed he would be most suitable for the role . Disney did contact Taylor about the project , but by then work on Pinocchio , Bambi , and development on his new Burbank studio kept him too busy to work on the new feature . In a change of plans , Taylor was asked during a call on September 3 , 1938 , leave to come to the studios as soon as possible . He left New York City for Los Angeles by train two days later for a month 's visit . Development Taylor arrived at the studio one day after a series of meetings began to select the musical pieces for The Concert Feature . Disney made story writers Joe Grant and Dick Huemer gather a preliminary selection of music and along with Stokowski , Taylor , and the heads of various departments , discussed their ideas . Each meeting was recorded verbatim by stenographers with participants being given a copy of the entire conversation for review . As selections were considered , a recording of the piece was located and played back at the next gathering . Disney did not contribute much to early discussions ; he admitted that his knowledge of music was instinctive and untrained . In one meeting , he inquired about a piece `` on which we might build something of a prehistoric theme ... with animals '' . The group was considering The Firebird by Igor Stravinsky , but Taylor noted that his `` Le Sacre du printemps would be something on that order '' , to which Disney replied upon hearing a recording , `` This is marvelous ! It would be perfect for prehistoric animals . There would be something terrific in dinosaurs , flying lizards , and prehistoric monsters . There could be beauty in the settings . '' Numerous choices were discarded as talks continued , including Moto Perpetuo by Niccolò Paganini with `` shots of dynamos , cogs , pistons '' and `` whirling wheels '' to show the production of a collar button . Other deleted material included Prelude in G minor and Troika by Sergei Rachmaninoff , and a rendition of `` The Song of the Flea '' by Mussorgsky , which was to be sung by Lawrence Tibbett . On September 29 , 1938 , around sixty of Disney 's artists gathered for a two - and - a-half hour piano concert while he provided a running commentary about the new musical feature . A rough version of The Sorcerer 's Apprentice was also shown that , according to one attendee , had the crowd applauding and cheering `` until their hands were red '' . The final pieces were chosen the following morning , which included Toccata and Fugue in D minor , Cydalise et le Chèvre - pied by Gabriel Pierné , The Nutcracker Suite , Night on Bald Mountain , Ave Maria , Dance of the Hours , Clair de Lune by Claude Debussy , The Rite of Spring and The Sorcerer 's Apprentice . Disney had already begun working out the details for the segments , and showed greater enthusiasm and eagerness as opposed to his anxiety while starting on Pinocchio . Clair de Lune was soon removed from the Fantasia program , but Disney and his writers encountered problems of setting a concrete story to Cydalise . Its opening march , `` The Entry of the Little Fauns '' , attracted Disney to the piece which at first provided suitable depictions of fauns he wanted . On January 5 , 1939 , following a search for a stronger piece to fit the mythological theme , the piece was replaced with sections of Beethoven 's sixth symphony . Stokowski disagreed with the switch , believing that Disney 's `` idea of mythology ... is not quite what this symphony is about '' . He was also concerned about the reception from classical music enthusiasts who would criticize Disney for venturing too far from the composer 's intent . Taylor on the other hand welcomed the change , describing it as `` a stunning one '' , and saw `` no possible objection to it '' . The new feature continued to be known as The Concert Feature or Musical Feature as late as November 1938 . Hal Horne , a publicist for Disney 's film distributor RKO Radio Pictures , wished for a different title , and gave the suggestion Filmharmonic Concert . Stuart Buchanan then held a contest at the studio for a title that produced almost 1,800 suggestions including Bach to Stravinsky and Bach and Highbrowski by Stokowski . Still , the favorite among the film 's supervisors was Fantasia , an early working title that had even grown on Horne , `` It is n't the word alone but the meaning we read into it . '' From the beginning of its development , Disney expressed the greater importance of music in Fantasia compared to his past work : `` In our ordinary stuff , our music is always under action , but on this ... we 're supposed to be picturing this music -- not the music fitting our story . '' Disney had hoped that the film would bring classical music to people who , like himself , had previously `` walked out on this kind of stuff '' . Segments Over 1,000 artists and technicians were used in the making of Fantasia , which features more than 500 animated characters . Segments were color - keyed scene by scene so the colors in a single shot would harmonize between proceeding and following ones . Before a segment 's narrative pattern was complete , an overall color scheme was designed to the general mood of the music , and patterned to correspond with the development of the subject matter . The studio 's character model department would also sculpt three - dimensional clay models so the animators could view their subject from all angles . Toccata and Fugue in D minor Disney had been interested in producing abstract animation since he saw A Color Box by Len Lye from 1935 . He explained the work done in the Toccata and Fugue was `` no sudden idea ... they were something we had nursed along several years but we never had a chance to try '' . Preliminary designs included those from effects animator Cy Young , who produced drawings influenced by the patterns on the edge of a piece of sound film . In late 1938 Disney hired Oskar Fischinger , a German artist who had produced numerous abstract animated films , including some with classical music , to work with Young . Upon review of three leica reels produced by the two , Disney rejected all three . According to Huemer all Fishinger `` did was little triangles and designs ... it did n't come off at all . Too dinky , Walt said . '' Fischinger , like Disney , was used to having full control over his work and was not used to working in a group . Feeling his designs were too abstract for a mass audience , Fishinger left the studio in apparent despair , before the segment was completed , in October 1939 . Disney had plans to make the Toccata and Fugue an experimental three - dimensional film , with audiences being given cardboard stereoscopic frames with their souvenir programs , but this idea was abandoned . Nutracker Suite In The Nutcracker Suite , animator Art Babbitt is said to have credited The Three Stooges as a guide for animating the dancing mushrooms in the Chinese Dance routine . He drew with a music score pinned to his desk to work out the choreography so he could relate the action to the melody and the counterpoint , `` those nasty little notes underneath ... so something has to be related to that '' . The studio filmed professional dancers Joyce Coles and Marjorie Belcher wearing ballet skirts that resembled shapes of blossoms that were to sit above water for Dance of the Flutes . An Arabian dancer was also brought in to study the movements for the goldfish in Arab Dance . The Sorcerer 's Apprentice Disney acting out a scene in The Sorcerer 's Apprentice for Taylor and Stokowski . Animation on The Sorcerer 's Apprentice began on January 21 , 1938 , when James Algar , the director of the segment , assigned animator Preston Blair to work on the scene when Mickey Mouse wakes from his dream . Each of the seven hundred members of staff at the time received a synopsis of Goethe 's 1797 poem Der Zauberlehrling , and were encouraged to complete a twenty - question form that requested their ideas on what action might take place . Layout artist Tom Codrick created what Dick Huemer described as `` brilliantly colored thumbnails '' from preliminary storyboard sketches using gouache paints , which featured bolder use of color and lighting than any previous Disney short . Mickey was redesigned by animator Fred Moore who added pupils to his eyes for the first time to achieve greater ranges of expression . Most of the segment was shot in live action , including a scene where a UCLA athlete was asked to run and jump across one of the studio 's sound stages with barrels in the way , which was used for reference when Mickey traverses through water . Rite of Spring An early concept for The Rite of Spring was to extend the story to the age of mammals and the first humans and the discovery of fire and man 's triumph . John Hubley , the segment 's art director , explained that it was later curtailed by Disney to avoid controversy from creationists , who promised to make trouble should he connect evolution with humans . To gain a better understanding of the history of the planet the studio received guidance from Roy Chapman Andrews , the director of the American Museum of Natural History , English biologist Julian Huxley , paleontologist Barnum Brown , and astronomer Edwin Hubble . Animators studied comets and nebulae at the Mount Wilson Observatory , and observed a herd of iguanas and a baby alligator that were brought into the studio . The camera was kept at a low position throughout the segment to heighten the immensity of the dinosaurs . The Pastoral Symphony According to Ward Kimball , the animators were `` extremely specific on touchy issues '' . In the making of The Pastoral Symphony Greek mythological segment , the female centaurs were originally drawn bare - breasted , but the Hays office enforcing the Motion Picture Production Code insisted that they discreetly hung garlands around the necks . The male centaurs were also toned down to appear less intimidating to the audience . Originally black female centaurs `` braided ' pickaninny ' hair , shining the hooves and grooming the tails of white centaurs '' appeared in the film , but this was cut out years later for racial prejudicial reasons ( see Controversies ) . Dance of the Hours For inspiration on the routines in Dance of the Hours , animators studied real life ballet performers including Marge Champion and Irina Baronova . Animator John Hench was assigned to work on the segment , but resisted as he knew little about ballet . Disney then gave Hench season tickets to the Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo with backstage access so he could learn more about it . According to R.D. Feild 's The Art of Walt Disney , in order to draw Hyacinth , the hippo prima ballerina , a woman weighing over 200 pounds ( 91 kg ) was brought onto the live - action stage and her movements were recorded by cameramen , recording the `` least quiver of her flesh , noticing those parts of her anatomy that were subjected to the greatest stress and strain '' . Night on Bald Mountain and Ave Maria Béla Lugosi , best known for his role in Dracula , was brought in to provide reference poses for Chernabog in the Night on Bald Mountain segment . As animator Bill Tytla disliked the results , he used colleague Wilfred Jackson to pose shirtless which gave him the images he needed . There were ideas of releasing scents throughout the theater during Fantasia , including the smell of incense during Ave Maria . Soundtrack Recording The film 's score was recorded at the Philadelphia Academy of Music . Disney wanted to experiment in more sophisticated sound recording and reproduction techniques for Fantasia . `` Music emerging from one speaker behind the screen sounds thin , tinkly and strainy . We wanted to reproduce such beautiful masterpieces ... so that audiences would feel as though they were standing at the podium with Stokowski '' . For the recording of The Sorcerer 's Apprentice in January 1938 , engineers at Disney collaborated with RCA Corporation for using multiple audio channels which allowed any desired dynamic balance to be achieved upon playback . The stage was altered acoustically with double plywood semi-circular partitions that separated the orchestra into five sections to increase reverberation . Though as the production of Fantasia developed , the setup used for The Sorcerer 's Apprentice was abandoned for different multi-channel recording arrangements . On January 18 , 1939 , Stokowski signed an eighteen - month contract with Disney to conduct the remaining pieces with the Philadelphia Orchestra . Recording began that April and lasted for seven weeks at the Academy of Music , the orchestra 's home which was chosen for its excellent acoustics . In the recording sessions , thirty - three microphones were placed around the orchestra that captured the music onto eight optical sound recording machines placed in the hall 's basement . Each one represented an audio channel that focused on a different section of instruments : cellos and basses , violins , brass , violas , and woodwinds and tympani . The seventh channel was a combination of the first six while the eighth provided an overall sound of the orchestra at a distance . A ninth channel provided a click track function for the animators to time their drawings to the music . In the forty - two days of recording 483,000 feet ( 147,000 m ) of film was used . Disney paid all the expenses which included the musician 's wages , stage personnel , a music librarian , and the orchestra 's manager that cost almost $18,000 . When the finished recordings arrived at the studio , a meeting was held on July 14 , 1939 , to allow the artists working on each segment to listen to Stokowski 's arrangements , and suggest alterations in the sound to work more effectively with their designs . Fantasound Main article : Fantasound The Disney brothers contacted David Sarnoff of RCA regarding the manufacture of a new system that would `` create the illusion that the actual symphony orchestra is playing in the theater . '' Sarnoff backed out at first due to financial reasons , but agreed in July 1939 to make the equipment so long as the Disneys could hold down the estimated $200,000 in costs . Though it was not exactly known how to achieve their goal , engineers at Disney and RCA investigated many ideas and tests made with various equipment setups . The collaboration led to the development of Fantasound , a pioneering stereophonic surround sound system which innovated some processes widely used today , including simultaneous multi-track recording , overdubbing , and noise reduction . Fantasound , developed in part by Disney engineer William Garity , employed two projectors running at the same time . With one containing the picture film with a mono soundtrack for backup purposes , the other ran a sound film that was mixed from the nine tracks recorded at the Academy to four : three of which contained the audio for the left , center , and right stage speakers respectively , while the fourth became a control track with amplitude and frequency tones that drove variable - gain amplifiers to control the volume of the three audio tracks . In addition were three `` house '' speakers placed on the left , right , and center of the auditorium that derived from the left and right stage channels which acted as surround channels . As the original recording was captured at almost peak modulation to increase signal - to - noise ratio , the control track was used to restore the dynamics to where Stokowski thought they should be . For this , a tone - operated gain - adjusting device was built to control the levels of each of the three audio tracks through the amplifiers . The illusion of sound traveling across the speakers was achieved with a device named the `` pan pot '' , which directed the predetermined movement of each audio channel with the control track . Mixing of the soundtrack required six people to operate the various pan pots in real time , while Stokowski directed each level and pan change which was marked on his musical score . To monitor recording levels , Disney used oscilloscopes with color differentiation to minimize eye fatigue . To test recording equipment and speaker systems , Disney ordered eight electronic oscillators from the newly established Hewlett - Packard company . Between the individual takes , prints , and remakes , approximately three million feet of sound film was used in the production of Fantasia . Almost a fifth of the film 's budget was spent on its recording techniques . Release history Theatrical runs 1940 -- 1941 roadshows with Fantasound The film 's first roadshow opened at the Broadway Theatre in New York City on November 13 , 1940 . RKO balked at the idea of distributing Fantasia , which it described as a `` longhair musical '' , and believed its duration of two hours and five minutes plus intermission was too long for a general release . It relaxed its exclusive distribution contract with Disney , who wanted a more prestigious exhibit in the form of a limited - run roadshow attraction . A total of thirteen roadshows were held across the United States ; each involving two daily screenings with seat reservations booked in advance at higher prices and a fifteen - minute intermission . Disney hired film salesman Irving Ludwig to manage the first eleven engagements , who was given specific instructions regarding each aspect of the film 's presentation , including the setup of outside theater marquees and curtain and lighting cues . Patrons were taken to their seats by staff hired and trained by Disney , and were given a program booklet illustrated by Gyo Fujikawa . The first roadshow opened at the Broadway Theatre in New York City on November 13 , 1940 . The Disneys had secured a year 's lease with the venue that was fully equipped with Fantasound , which took personnel a week working around the clock to install . Proceeds made on the night went to the British War Relief Society for the efforts in the Battle of Britain . Ticket demand was so great that eight telephone operators were employed to handle the extra calls while the adjoining store was rented out to cater the box office bookings . Fantasia ran at the Broadway for forty - nine consecutive weeks , the longest run achieved by a film at the time . Its run continued for a total of fifty - seven weeks until February 28 , 1942 . The remaining twelve roadshows were held throughout 1941 , which included a 39 - week run at the Carthay Circle Theatre in Los Angeles from January 29 . Fantasia broke the long - run record at the venue in its twenty - eighth week ; a record previously held by Gone with the Wind . Its eight - week run at the Fulton Theatre in Pittsburgh attracted over 50,000 people with reservations being made from cities located one hundred miles from the venue . Engagements were also held at the Geary Theatre in San Francisco for eight months , the Hanna Theatre in Cleveland for nine weeks , the Majestic Theatre in Boston , the Apollo Theater in Chicago , and also in Philadelphia , Detroit , Buffalo , Minneapolis , Washington , D.C. , and Baltimore . Fantasia grossed over $300,000 in the first sixteen weeks in New York ; over $20,000 in the opening five weeks in San Francisco ; and almost the same amount in the first ten weeks both in Los Angeles and Boston . The first eleven roadshows earned a total of $1.3 million by April 1941 , but the $85,000 in production and installation costs of a single Fantasound setup , along with theatres having to be leased , forced Disney to exceed their loan limits . The onset of the Second World War prevented plans for a potential release in Europe , normally the source of as much as forty - five per cent of the studio 's income . Up to eighty - eight engagements were outlined across five years , but wartime demands for material limited the number of Fantasound prints to sixteen . All but one of the Fantasound setups were dismantled and given to the war effort . Upon acquiring the film 's distribution rights in April 1941 , RKO initially continued the roadshow booking policy but presented the film in mono , which was easier to exhibit . The combined average receipts from each roadshow was around $325,000 , which placed Fantasia at an even greater loss than Pinocchio . 1942 , 1946 , 1956 and 1963 runs Disney allowed RKO to handle the general release of Fantasia , but fought their decision to have the film cut . He gave in as the studio needed as much income as possible to remedy its finances , but refused to cut it himself , `` You can get anybody you want to edit it ... I ca n't do it . '' With no input from Disney , musical director Ed Plumb and Ben Sharpsteen reduced Fantasia to one hour and forty minutes at first , then to one hour and twenty minutes by removing most of Taylor 's commentary and the Toccata and Fugue . Fantasia was re-released in January 1942 at more popular prices with a mono soundtrack , and was placed on the lower half of double bills with the Western film Valley of the Sun . RKO reissued Fantasia once more on September 1 , 1946 , with the animated sequences complete and the scenes of Taylor , Stokowski , and the orchestra restored but shortened . Its running time was restored to one hour and fifty - five minutes . This edit would be the standard form for subsequent re-releases , and was the basis for the 1990 restoration . `` I wanted a special show just like Cinerama plays today ... I had Fantasia set for a wide screen . I had dimensional sound ... To get that wide screen I had the projector running sideways ... I had the double frame . But I did n't get to building my cameras or my projectors because the money problem came in ... The compromise was that it finally went out standard with dimensional sound . I think if I 'd had the money and I could have gone ahead I 'd have a really sensational show at that time . '' Walt Disney on the widescreen release in 1956 . By 1955 the original sound negatives began to deteriorate , though a four - track copy had survived in good condition . Using the remaining Fantasound system at the studio , a three - track stereo copy was transferred across telephone wires onto magnetic film at an RCA facility in Hollywood . This copy was used when Fantasia was reissued in stereo by Buena Vista Distribution in SuperScope , a derivative of the anamorphic widescreen CinemaScope format , on February 7 , 1956 . The projector featured an automatic control mechanism designed by Disney engineers that was coupled to a variable anamorphic lens , which allowed the picture to switch between its Academy standard aspect ratio of 1.33 : 1 to the wide ratio of 2.35 : 1 in twenty seconds without a break in the film . This was achieved by placing the cues that controlled the mechanism on a separate track in addition to the three audio channels . Only selected parts of the animation were stretched , while all live action scenes remained unchanged . This reissue garnered some criticism from viewers , as the widescreen format led to the cropping and reframing of the images . On February 20 , 1963 , Fantasia was re-released in both standard and SuperScope versions with stereo sound , though existing records are unclear . Its running time was fifty - six seconds longer than the previous issue which is unexplained . This was the final release that occurred before Disney 's death in 1966 . 1969 , 1977 , 1982 , 1985 and 1990 runs Fantasia began to make a profit from its $2.28 million budget after its return to theaters on December 17 , 1969 . The film was promoted with a psychedelic - styled advertising campaign , and it became popular among teenagers and college students who reportedly appreciated it as a psychedelic experience . Animator Ollie Johnston recalled that young people `` thought we were on a trip when we made it ... every time we 'd go to talk to a school or something , they 'd ask us what we were on . '' The release is also noted for the controversial removal of four scenes from The Pastoral Symphony over racial stereotyping . Fantasia was issued on a regular basis , typically for exhibition in art houses in college towns , until the mid-1970s . The film was reissued nationwide once more on April 15 , 1977 , this time with simulated stereo sound . This edit featured the RKO distribution logo being replaced with that of Buena Vista Distribution , since RKO had not been part of a release since 1946 . It had not been removed earlier as the credit sequence would have required to be re-shot . A two - and - a-half - minute reduction in the film 's running time in this version remains unclear in existing records . For the 1982 and 1985 releases Disney presented Fantasia with a completely new soundtrack recorded in Dolby Stereo . First released on April 2 , 1982 , this version of the film marked the first time a film 's soundtrack had been digitally re-recorded in its entirety . To replace Stokowski 's recordings , the noted film conductor Irwin Kostal was engaged . He directed a 121 - piece orchestra and 50 - voice choir for the recording that took place over eighteen sessions and cost $1 million . To maintain continuity with the animation Kostal based his performance on the tempos and pacing of the Stokowski recordings , including the cuts and revisions to The Rite of Spring . However , for Night on Bald Mountain he used the standard arrangement by Nikolay Rimsky - Korsakov instead of Leopold Stokowski 's own edition that was part of the original soundtrack . The new recording also corrected a two - frame lag in projection caused by the recording techniques used in the 1930s . Deems Taylor 's scenes were deleted and a much briefer voiceover narration was recorded by Hugh Douglas as the studio felt the modern audience `` is more sophisticated and knowledgeable about music . '' This version returned to around 400 theaters in 1985 , this time with actor Tim Matheson providing the narration . For its fiftieth anniversary , Fantasia returned to 550 theaters nationwide on October 5 , 1990 , in its traditional 1946 version including the live action scenes with Taylor and the original Stokowski score , along with an added end credits sequence . The film underwent a two - year restoration process which began after a six - month search to piece together the original negatives that had been in storage since 1946 . This marked the first time since then that a release of the film had been processed from the original and not from a copy . Each of its 535,680 frames were restored at YCM Laboratories , and an untouched print from 1951 was used for guidance on color and tone . Theaters were required to have specific stereo equipment installed , and to present the film in its original 1.33 : 1 aspect ratio with black borders on the side of their screens . The Stokowski soundtrack was digitally remastered using the 1955 magnetic soundtrack , with an estimated three thousand pops and hisses being removed in the process . The 1990 reissue of Fantasia went on to gross $25 million domestically . Home media Audio Disney considered releasing the film 's soundtrack around the time of the film 's roadshow release , but this idea was not realized . The soundtrack was first released as a mono three LP set in sixteen countries by Disneyland and Buena Vista Records in 1957 , containing the musical pieces without the narration . A stereo edition LP was issued by Buena Vista Records in 1961 . Disney was required to obtain permission from Stokowski , who initially rejected its sale unless the Philadelphia Orchestra Association received a share of the royalties . The Kostal recording was released on two CDs , two LPs and two audio cassettes by Buena Vista Records , in 1982 . In September 1990 , the remastered Stokowski soundtrack was released on CD and audio cassette by Buena Vista Records. , and was later re-released in 2006 . In the United States , it debuted the Billboard 200 chart at number 190 , its peak position , for the week of November 17 , 1990 . Two months after its release , the album was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) for 500,000 copies sold in the United States . In January 1993 , it was certified platinum for sales in excess of one million copies . For the film 's 75th anniversary , the Stokowski and Kostal recordings were released on two LPs and four CDs as the fifth volume of the Walt Disney Records : The Legacy Collection . The set includes Stokowski 's recording of the deleted Clair de Lune segment , and a recording of The Sorcerer 's Apprentice and Peter and the Wolf ( from Make Mine Music ) with added narration by Sterling Holloway . Video Fantasia has received three home video releases . The first , featuring the 1990 restored theatrical version , was released on VHS , Betamax and LaserDisc on November 1 , 1991 , as part of the `` Walt Disney Classics '' line . The 50 - day release prompted 9.25 million advance orders for cassettes and a record 200,000 for discs , doubling the figure of the previous record . The `` Deluxe Edition '' package included the film , a `` making of '' feature , a commemorative lithograph , a 16 - page booklet , a two - disc soundtrack of the Stokowski score and a certificate of authenticity signed by Roy E. Disney , the nephew of Walt . Fantasia became the biggest - selling sell - through cassette of all time with 14.2 million copies being purchased . The record was surpassed by Beauty and the Beast in December 1992 . This version was also released as a DVD in 2000 , outside of the U.S. in the United Kingdom and other countries , again under the `` Walt Disney Classics '' banner . In November 2000 , Fantasia was released on video for the second time , this time along with Fantasia 2000 , on DVD with 5.1 surround sound . The films were issued both separately and in a three - disc set called The Fantasia Anthology . A variety of bonus features were included in the bonus disc , The Fantasia Legacy . This edition attempted to follow as closely as possible the runtime and format of the original roadshow version , and included additional restored live - action footage of Taylor and the orchestra , including the bookends to the film 's intermission . In the 2000 and 2010 releases , Deems Taylor 's voice has been dubbed throughout by Corey Burton because most of the audio tracks to Taylor 's restored scenes have been lost . Both films were reissued again by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment in November 2010 separately , as a two - disc DVD / Blu - ray set and a combined DVD and Blu - ray four - disc set ( named the `` Fantasia 2 Movie Collection '' ) that featured 1080p high - definition video and 7.1 surround sound . The 2010 version of Fantasia featured a new restoration by Reliance MediaWorks and a new sound restoration , but was editorially identical to the 2000 version . This also marked the first time the roadshow version was released in Europe . Fantasia was withdrawn from release and returned to the `` Disney Vault '' moratorium on April 30 , 2011 . Reception Critical response Early criticism The film opened at the Carthay Circle Theatre on January 30 , 1941 . Fantasia garnered significant critical acclaim at the time of release and was seen by some critics as a masterpiece . The West Coast premiere at the Carthay Circle Theatre was a grand affair , attracting some 5000 people , including Shirley Temple , Cecil B. DeMille , Forrest Tucker , James Cagney , Robert Montgomery , James Murphy , Edgar Bergen , and many other notables in the film industry . Among those at the film 's premiere was film critic Edwin Schallert of the Los Angeles Times who considered the film to be a magnificent achievement in film which would go down in film history as a landmark film , noting the rapturous applause the film received by the audience during the various interludes . He stated that Fantasia was `` caviar to the general , ambrosia and nectar for the intelligentsia '' and considered the film to be `` courageous beyond belief '' . Music critic of the newspaper , Isabel Morse Jones , was highly praising of the soundtrack to the film , believing it to be a `` dream of a symphony concert '' , an `` enormously varied concert of pictorial ideas , of abstract music by acknowledged composers , of performers Leopold Stokowski and orchestra players of Hollywood and Philadelphia , and , for the vast majority , new and wonderful sound effects '' . Bosley Crowther of The New York Times , also at the premiere , noted that `` motion - picture history was made last night ... Fantasia dumps conventional formulas overboard and reveals the scope of films for imaginative excursion ... Fantasia ... is simply terrific . '' Peyton Boswell , an editor at Art Digest , called it `` an aesthetic experience never to be forgotten '' . Time magazine described the premiere as `` stranger and more wonderful than any of Hollywood 's '' and the experience of Fantasound `` as if the hearer were in the midst of the music . As the music sweeps to a climax , it froths over the proscenium arch , boils into the rear of the theatre , all but prances up and down the aisles . '' Dance Magazine devoted its lead story to the film , saying that `` the most extraordinary thing about Fantasia is , to a dancer or balletomane , not the miraculous musical recording , the range of color , or the fountainous integrity of the Disney collaborators , but quite simply the perfection of its dancing '' . Variety also hailed Fantasia , calling it `` a successful experiment to lift the relationship from the plane of popular , mass entertainment to the higher strata of appeal to lovers of classical music '' . The Chicago Tribune assigned three writers to cover the film 's Chicago premiere : society columnist Harriet Pribble ; film critic Mae Tinee ; and music critic Edward Barry . Pribble left amazed at the `` brilliantly - attired audience '' , while Tinee felt the film was `` beautiful ... but it is also bewildering . It is stupendous . It is colossal . It is an overwhelmingly ambitious orgy of color , sound , and imagination . '' Barry was pleased with the `` program of good music well performed ... and beautifully recorded '' and felt `` pleasantly distracted '' from the music to what was shown on the screen . In a breakdown of reviews from both film and music critics , Disney author Paul Anderson found 33 % to be `` very positive '' , 22 % both `` positive '' and `` positive and negative '' , and 11 % negative . Those who adopted a more negative view at the time of the film 's release came mostly from the classical music community . Many took fault with Stokowski 's rearrangements and abridgements of the music . Igor Stravinsky , the only living composer whose music was featured in the film , expressed displeasure at how in Stokowski 's arrangement of The Rite of Spring , `` the order of the pieces had been shuffled , and the most difficult of them eliminated '' , and criticized the orchestra 's performance , observing that the simplification of the score `` did not save the musical performance , which was execrable '' . Other composers and music critics leveled criticism at the premise of the film itself , arguing that presenting classical music with visual images would rob the musical pieces of their integrity . Composer and music critic Virgil Thomson praised Fantasound which he thought offered `` good transmission of music '' , but disliked the `` musical taste '' of Stokowski , with exception to The Sorcerer 's Apprentice and The Rite of Spring . Olin Downes of The New York Times too hailed the quality of sound that Fantasound presented , but said , `` much of Fantasia distracted from or directly injured the scores '' . Film critic Pauline Kael dismissed parts of Fantasia as `` grotesquely kitschy '' . Some parents resisted paying the higher roadshow prices for their children , and several complained that the Night on Bald Mountain segment had frightened them . There were also a few negative reactions that were more political in nature , especially since the film 's release happened at a time when Nazi Germany reigned supreme in Europe . One review of the film in this manner , written by Dorothy Thompson for The New York Herald Tribune on November 25 , 1940 , was especially harsh . Thompson claimed that she `` left the theater in a condition bordering on nervous breakdown '' , because the film was a `` remarkable nightmare '' . Thompson went on to compare the film to rampant Nazism , which she described as `` the abuse of power '' and `` the perverted betrayal of the best instincts '' . Thompson also claimed that the film depicted nature as being `` titanic '' while man was only `` a moving lichen on the stone of time '' . She concluded that the film was `` cruel '' , `` brutal and brutalizing '' , and a negative `` caricature of the Decline of the West '' . In fact , Thompson claimed that she was so distraught by the film that she even walked out of it before she saw the two last segments , Night on Bald Mountain and Ave Maria , because she did not want to be subject to any more of the film 's `` brutalization '' . Later criticism Fantasia holds a 96 % `` fresh '' rating based on a sample of 50 reviews , with an average score of 8.6 out of 10 on Rotten Tomatoes , a website which aggregates film reviews . Its consensus -- `` A landmark in animation and a huge influence on the medium of music video , Disney 's Fantasia is a relentlessly inventive blend of the classics with phantasmagorical images '' . TV Guide awarded the film four stars , calling it `` the most ambitious animated feature ever to come out of the Disney studios '' , noting how the film `` integrates famous works of classical music with wildly uneven but extraordinarily imaginative visuals that run the gamut from dancing hippos to the purely abstract '' . Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times rated the film four stars out of four , and noted that throughout Fantasia , `` Disney pushes the edges of the envelope '' . However , Empire magazine only rated it 2 stars out of 5 ( poor ) , concluding `` this is a very patchy affair - while some of the animated pieces work , others come across as downright insane '' . Remarks have also been made about Fantasia not being a children 's film . Mark I. Pinsky considers Fantasia to be one of the more problematic of Disney 's animated features in that it was intended as much as for adults as children and not what people had come to expect . Awards and honors Fantasia was ranked fifth at the 1940 National Board of Review Awards in the Top Ten Films category . Disney and Stokowski won a Special Award for the film at the 1940 New York Film Critics Circle Awards . Fantasia was the subject of two Academy Honorary Awards on February 26 , 1942 -- one for Disney , William Garity , John N.A. Hawkins , and the RCA Manufacturing Company for their `` outstanding contribution to the advancement of the use of sound in motion pictures through the production of Fantasia '' , and the other to Stokowski `` and his associates for their unique achievement in the creation of a new form of visualized music in Walt Disney 's production Fantasia , thereby widening the scope of the motion picture as entertainment and as an art form '' . In 1990 , Fantasia was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . On the 100th anniversary of cinema in 1995 , the Vatican included Fantasia in its list of 45 `` great films '' made under the Art category ; the others being Religion and Values . Fantasia is featured in three lists that rank the greatest American films as determined by the American Film Institute . The film ranked number 58 in 100 Years ... 100 Movies in 1998 before it was dropped from its ranking in the 10th Anniversary revision in 2007 , though it was nominated for inclusion . The 10 Top 10 list formed in 2008 placed Fantasia fifth under Animation . Controversies In the late 1960s , four shots from The Pastoral Symphony were removed that depicted two characters in a racially stereotyped manner . A black centaurette called Sunflower was depicted polishing the hooves of a white centaurette , and a second named Otika appeared briefly during the procession scenes with Bacchus and his followers . According to Disney archivist David Smith , the sequence was aired uncut on television in 1963 before the edits were made for the film 's 1969 theatrical reissue . John Carnochan , the editor responsible for the change in the 1991 video release , said : `` It 's sort of appalling to me that these stereotypes were ever put in '' . Film critic Roger Ebert commented on the edit : `` While the original film should , of course , be preserved for historical purposes , there is no need for the general release version to perpetrate racist stereotypes in a film designed primarily for children . '' The edits have been in place in all subsequent theatrical and home video reissues . In May 1992 , the Philadelphia Orchestra Association filed a lawsuit against The Walt Disney Company and Buena Vista Home Video . The orchestra maintained that as a co-creator of Fantasia , the group was entitled to half of the estimated $120 million in profits from video and laser disc sales . The orchestra dropped its case in 1994 when the two parties reached an undisclosed settlement out of court . British music publisher Boosey & Hawkes filed a further lawsuit in 1993 , contending that Disney did not have the rights to distribute The Rite of Spring in the 1991 video releases because the permission granted to Disney by Stravinsky in 1940 was only in the context of a film to be shown in theaters . The United States district court backed Boosey & Hawkes 's case in 1996 , but the Second Circuit Court of Appeals reversed the ruling in 1998 , stating that Disney 's original `` license for motion picture rights extends to video format distribution '' . Additional material Disney had wanted Fantasia to be an ongoing project , with a new edition being released every few years . His plan was to substitute one of the original segments with a new one as it was completed , so audiences would always see a new version of the film . From January to August 1941 , story material was developed based on additional musical works , including Ride of the Valkyries by Richard Wagner , The Swan of Tuonela by Jean Sibelius , Invitation to the Dance by Carl Maria von Weber , the Polka and Fugue from Schwanda the Bagpiper by Jaromír Weinberger and Flight of the Bumblebee by Nikolai Rimsky - Korsakov , which was later adapted into the Bumble Boogie segment in Melody Time ( 1948 ) . The film 's disappointing initial box office performance and the USA 's entry into World War II brought an end to these plans . Deems Taylor prepared introductions for The Firebird by Stravinsky , La Mer by Claude Debussy , Adventures in a Perambulator by John Alden Carpenter , Don Quixote by Richard Strauss , and Pictures at an Exhibition by Mussorgsky `` to have them for the future in case we decided to make any one of them '' . Another segment , Debussy 's Clair de lune , was developed as part of the film 's original program . After being completely animated , it was cut out of the final film to shorten its lengthy running time . The animation depicted two Great white herons flying through the Florida Everglades on a moonlit night , with more focus towards the segment 's background art than the animation . The sequence was later edited and re-scored for the Blue Bayou segment in Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) . In 1992 , a workprint of the original was discovered and Clair de Lune was restored , complete with the original soundtrack of Stokowski with the Philadelphia Orchestra . It was included as a bonus feature in The Fantasia Anthology DVD in 2000 . Legacy Sequel `` Fantasia is timeless . It may run 10 , 20 or 30 years . It may run after I 'm gone . Fantasia is an idea in itself . I can never build another Fantasia . I can improve . I can elaborate . That 's all . '' -- Walt Disney In 1980 , the Los Angeles Times reported that animators Wolfgang Reitherman and Mel Shaw had begun work on Musicana , `` an ambitious concept mixing jazz , classical music , myths , modern art and more , following the old Fantasia format '' . Animation historian Charles Solomon wrote that development took place between 1982 and 1983 , which combined `` ethnic tales from around the world with the music of the various countries '' . Proposed segments for the film included a battle between an ice god and a sun goddess set to Finlandia by Sibelius , one set in the Andes to the songs of Yma Sumac , another featuring caricatures of Louis Armstrong and Ella Fitzgerald and an adaptation of The Emperor 's Nightingale which would have featured Mickey as the nightingale 's owner , similar to his role in The Sorcerer 's Apprentice . The project was shelved in favor of Mickey 's Christmas Carol . Roy E. Disney , the nephew of Walt , co-produced Fantasia 2000 which entered production in 1990 and features seven new segments performed by the Chicago Symphony Orchestra with conductor James Levine . The Sorcerer 's Apprentice is the only segment retained from the original film . Fantasia 2000 premiered at Carnegie Hall on December 17 , 1999 as part of a five - city live concert tour , followed by a four - month engagement in IMAX cinemas and a wide release in regular theatres , in 2000 . Early development for a third film began in 2002 , with a working title of Fantasia 2006 . Plans were made to include The Little Matchgirl by Roger Allers and One by One by Pixote Hunt in the film before the project was shelved in 2004 , with the proposed segments released as individual short films . Live - action adaptations The Sorcerer 's Apprentice segment was adapted by Jerry Bruckheimer into the feature - length movie , The Sorcerer 's Apprentice ( 2010 ) . The Night on Bald Mountain segment was reported in 2015 as being in development by Disney Productions for a feature - length live - action film with a treatment written by Matt Sazama and Burk Sharpless . Parodies and spin - offs Fantasia is parodied in A Corny Concerto , a Warner Bros. cartoon from 1943 of the Merrie Melodies series . The short features Elmer Fudd in the role of Taylor , wearing his styled eyeglasses , who introduces two segments set to pieces by Johann Strauss ( Tales from the Vienna Woods and the Blue Danube Waltz , the former featuring Porky and Bugs and the latter featuring Daffy ) . In 1976 , Italian animator Bruno Bozzetto produced Allegro Non Troppo , a feature - length parody of Fantasia . The animated television series The Simpsons references Fantasia in a few episodes . Matt Groening , the creator of the franchise , expressed a wish to make a parody film named Simpstasia ; it was never produced , partly because it would have been too difficult to write a feature - length script . In `` Treehouse of Horror IV '' , director David Silverman had admired the animation in Night on Bald Mountain , and made the first appearance of Devil Flanders resemble Chernabog . The episode `` Itchy & Scratchy Land '' references The Sorcerer 's Apprentice in a snippet titled `` Scratchtasia '' , which features the music and several shots parodying it exactly . In 2014 , BBC Music created a music education scheme similar to Fantasia called Ten Pieces , intended to introduce children to classical music . Spanning two films ( in 2014 and 2015 ) , several pieces featured in the Fantasia films are also included . Theme parks The Sorcerer 's Hat in Disney 's Hollywood Studios . From 2001 to 2015 , the Sorcerer 's Hat was the icon of Disney 's Hollywood Studios , one of the four theme parks located at Walt Disney World Resort . The structure was of the magic hat from The Sorcerer 's Apprentice . Also located at the resort is Fantasia Gardens , a miniature golf course that integrates characters and objects from the film in each hole . The fireworks and water show Fantasmic ! features scenes from The Sorcerer 's Apprentice and other Fantasia segments on water projection screens , and involves the plot of Mickey as the apprentice doing magic whilst also battling the Disney Villains . For the 20th anniversary of Disneyland Paris , Mickey was depicted in a special version of his Sorcerer 's Apprentice outfit with his friends wearing similar outfits . Video games In 1983 , Atari released a game called Sorcerer 's Apprentice for the Atari 2600 , based on that segment of Fantasia . The player , as Mickey Mouse , must collect falling stars and comets which will prevent the marching brooms from flooding Yen Sid 's cavern . In 1991 , a side - scrolling Fantasia video game developed by Infogrames was released for the Sega Mega Drive / Genesis system . The player controls Mickey Mouse , who must find missing musical notes scattered across four elemental worlds based upon the film 's segments . There are several film reel levels based on some of the movie 's segments such as Sorcerer 's Apprentice and Night on Bald Mountain that appear in the Epic Mickey games . Yen Sid and Chernabog also make cameo appearances in the games ( Yen Sid the sorcerer from The Sorcerer 's Apprentice narrates the openings and endings of the two games and served as the creator of the Wasteland . Chernabog the demon from the Night on Bald Mountain / Ave Maria segment appears as a painting in the first game and appears in the Night on Bald Mountain film reel levels in the second ) . The Disney / Square Enix crossover game series Kingdom Hearts features Chernabog as a boss in the first installment . The Night on Bald Mountain piece is played during the fight . Yen Sid appears frequently in the series beginning with Kingdom Hearts II , voiced in English by Corey Burton . Symphony of Sorcery , a world based on the movie , appears in Kingdom Hearts 3D : Dream Drop Distance . Like the Timeless River world in Kingdom Hearts II , it is featured as a period of Mickey Mouse 's past . Fantasia : Music Evolved , a music game , was developed by Harmonix in association with Disney Interactive for the Xbox 360 and Xbox One consoles . The game utilizes the Kinect device to put players in control of music in a manner similar to Harmonix ' previous rhythm games , affecting the virtual environment and interactive objects within it . The game features licensed contemporary rock music such as Queen and Bruno Mars . Mickey , in his Sorcerer 's Apprentice guise , appears as a playable character in Disney Infinity . Concert A live concert presentation of the film named Disney Fantasia : Live in Concert , showcases various segments from both Fantasia and Fantasia 2000 . The concert version features a live symphony orchestra and piano soloist accompanying projected high definition video segments . As of 2014 , the Fantasia concert is touring throughout the world . Television Several elements from the film appear in television series Once Upon a Time . The hat from The Sorcerer 's Apprentice appears in the fourth season episode `` A tale of Two Sisters '' . As the series progressed , the hat was shown to have the ability to absorb others , and those it absorbed would appear as a star on the hat . The Sorcerer 's Apprentice himself makes an appearance , where he is an old man who guards the hat in the Enchanted Forest . Chernabog from Night On Bald Mountain also makes an appearance in the episode `` Darkness on the Edge of Town '' . Credits Musical score conducted by Leopold Stokowski . Performed by the Philadelphia Orchestra , except as noted . Segment Personnel Live - action scenes Master of Ceremonies and narrator : Deems Taylor Cinematography : James Wong Howe Toccata and Fugue in D Minor Musical score : Toccata and Fugue in D minor , BWV 565 by Johann Sebastian Bach , transcribed for orchestra by Leopold Stokowski Director : Samuel Armstrong Story development : Lee Blair , Elmer Plummer , and Phil Dike Art director : Robert Cormack Background painting : Joe Stahley , John Hench , and Nino Carbe Visual development : Oskar Fischinger Animation : Cy Young , Art Palmer , Daniel MacManus , George Rowley , Edwin Aardal , Joshua Meador , and Cornett Wood Nutcracker Suite Musical score : The Nutcracker Suite Op . 71a by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky ( excerpts ) Director : Samuel Armstrong Story development : Sylvia Moberly - Holland , Norman Wright , Albert Heath , Bianca Majolie and Graham Heid Character designs : John Walbridge , Elmer Plummer and Ethel Kulsar Art direction : Robert Cormack , Al Zinnen , Curtiss D. Perkins , Arthur Byram and Bruce Bushman Background painting : John Hench , Ethel Kulsar and Nino Carbe Animation : Art Babbitt , Les Clark , Don Lusk , Cy Young and Robert Stokes Choreography : Jules Engel The Sorcerer 's Apprentice Musical score : The Sorcerer 's Apprentice by Paul Dukas Performed by an orchestra of Los Angeles musicians , conducted by Stokowski . Director : James Algar Story development : Perce Pearce and Carl Fallberg Art direction : Tom Codrick , Charles Phillipi and Zack Schwartz Background painting : Claude Coats , Stan Spohn , Albert Dempster and Eric Hansen Animation supervisors : Fred Moore and Vladimir Tytla Animation : Les Clark , Riley Thompson , Marvin Woodward , Preston Blair Edward Love , Ugo D'Orsi , George Rowley and Cornett Wood The Rite of Spring Musical score : The Rite of Spring by Igor Stravinsky ( abridged ) Directors : Bill Roberts and Paul Satterfield Story development and research : William Martin , Leo Thiele , Robert Sterner and John Fraser McLeish Art direction : McLaren Stewart , Dick Kelsey and John Hubley Background painting : Ed Starr , Brice Mack and Edward Levitt Animation supervision : Wolfgang Reitherman and Joshua Meador Animation : Philip Duncan , John McManus , Paul Busch , Art Palmer , Don Tobin , Edwin Aardal and Paul B. Kossoff Special camera effects : Gail Papineau and Leonard Pickley Intermission / Meet the Soundtrack Narrator : Deems Taylor Directors : Ben Sharpsteen and David D. Hand Animation : Joshua Meador , Art Palmer , Harry Hamsell and George Rowley The Pastoral Symphony Musical score : Symphony No. 6 in F major , Op. 68 `` Pastorale '' by Ludwig van Beethoven ( abridged ) Directors : Hamilton Luske , Jim Handley and Ford Beebe Story development : Otto Englander , Webb Smith , Erdman Penner , Joseph Sabo , Bill Peet and George Stallings Character designs : James Bodrero , John P. Miller Lorna S. Soderstrom Art direction : Hugh Hennesy , Kenneth Anderson , J. Gordon Legg , Herbert Ryman , Yale Gracey , and Lance Nolley Background painting : Claude Coats , Ray Huffine , W. Richard Anthony , Arthur Riley , Gerald Nevius and Roy Forkum Animation supervision : Fred Moore , Ward Kimball , Eric Larson , Art Babbitt , Oliver M. Johnston , Jr. and Don Towsley Animation : Berny Wolf , Jack Campbell , Jack Bradbury , James Moore , Milt Neil , Bill Justice , John Elliotte Walt Kelly , Don Lusk , Lynn Karp , Murray McClellan , Robert W. Youngquist and Harry Hamsel Dance of the Hours Musical score : Dance of the Hours from the opera La Gioconda by Amilcare Ponchielli Directors : T. Hee and Norman Ferguson Character designs : Martin Provensen , James Bodrero , Duke Russell and Earl Hurd Art direction : Kendall O'Connor , Harold Doughty and Ernest Nordli Background painting : Albert Dempster and Charles Conner Animation supervision : Norm Ferguson Animation : John Lounsbery , Howard Swift , Preston Blair , Hugh Fraser , Harvey Toombs , Norman Tate Hicks Lokey , Art Elliott , Grant Simmons , Ray Patterson and Franklin Grundeen Night on Bald Mountain and Ave Maria Musical scores : Night on Bald Mountain by Modest Mussorgsky and Ave Maria , Op. 52 No. 6 by Franz Schubert ( both works and transitional material arranged by Leopold Stokowski ) Director : Wilfred Jackson Story development : Campbell Grant , Arthur Heinemann , and Phil Dike Art direction : Kay Nielsen , Terrell Stapp , Charles Payzant and Thor Putnam Background painting : Merle Cox , Ray Lockrem , Robert Storms , and W. Richard Anthony Special English lyrics for Ave Maria : Rachel Field Choral director : Charles Henderson Soprano solo : Julietta Novis Animation supervision : Vladimir Tytla Animation : John McManus , William N. Shull , Robert W. Carlson , Jr. , Lester Novros , and Don Patterson Special animation effects : Joshua Meador , Miles E. Pike , John F. Reed , and Daniel MacManus Special camera effects : Gail Papineau and Leonard Pickley See also List of films featuring eclipses References Jump up ^ `` FANTASIA ( U ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . July 21 , 1941 . Retrieved January 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Goldmark and Taylor , p. 88 ^ Jump up to : Paris , Barry ( November 13 , 1982 ) . `` ' Fantasia ' gets a re-recorded soundtrack '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved March 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Fantasia Boxofficemojo . Retrieved July 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Box Office Information for Fantasia . The Numbers . Retrieved April 13 , 2012 . 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Boone , `` Mickey Mouse Goes Classical '' , Popular Science , January 1941 , pp. 65 -- 67 ^ Jump up to : Telotte , pp. 38 -- 40 ^ Jump up to : Duncombe , Ted ( September 14 , 1990 ) . `` Restored ' Fantasia ' returns to screen '' . The Daily Gazette . Retrieved February 7 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Shepherd , pp. 3 -- 6 Jump up ^ Artner , Alan G. ( September 23 , 1990 ) . `` Conductor 's Sound Innovations Make The Most Of The Music '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved January 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Garity , William E. ; Jones , Watson ( July 1942 ) . `` Experiences in Road - Showing Walt Disney 's Fantasia '' . Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers . United States . 39 : 6 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Barrier 2008 , p. 146 Jump up ^ Gabler , pp. 328 -- 329 Jump up ^ `` FANTASOUND * '' . The American Widescreen Museum . 1998 . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Timeline : History of Hewlett - Packard '' . Fox News . February 9 , 2005 . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` HP Virtual Museum : Model 200B audio oscillator , 1939 '' . Hewlett - Packard . 2012 . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gelder , pp. 87 -- 90 Jump up ^ Thomas 1994 , p. 161 Jump up ^ Grant , p. 178 ^ Jump up to : `` Re-Release Schedule '' feature from The Fantasia Legacy DVD . Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment ( 2000 ) Jump up ^ Gabler , p. 340 Jump up ^ The Making of Fantasia documentary from The Fantasia Anthology DVD set . Walt Disney Productions ( 2000 ) ^ Jump up to : Fanning , Jim ( December 2 , 2010 ) . `` 15 Fascinating Facts About Fantasia '' . D23 - The Official Disney Fanclub . Retrieved January 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gabler , p. 341 ^ Jump up to : Culhane , pp. 30 -- 31 ^ Jump up to : Gabler , p. 345 ^ Jump up to : Hall and Neale , p. 110 Jump up ^ Pryor , Thomas M. ( March 1 , 1942 ) . `` By Way of Report '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Kendall , Read ( January 30 , 1941 ) . `` Celebrities attend film premiere '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fantasia in last 2 weeks '' . Oxnard Press - Courier . October 7 , 1941 . Retrieved June 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fantasia passes `` Gone With Wind '' Theater Record `` . Oxnard Press - Courier . August 5 , 1941 . Retrieved February 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Disney movie to be held at the Fulton Theater eighth and final week '' . The Pittsburgh Press . April 18 , 1941 . Retrieved January 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ March , W. Ward ( May 8 , 1941 ) . `` '' Fantasia '' Stays another Week `` . The Cleveland Plain Dealer . Jump up ^ March , W. Ward ( March 19 , 1941 ) . `` Disney at highest and best with `` Fantasia '' `` . The Cleveland Plain Dealer . ^ Jump up to : Prescott , David ( February 8 , 1985 ) . `` The Film That Saved Mickey '' . The Chicago Tribune . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Amernic and Craig , p. 194 ^ Jump up to : Goldmark and Taylor , p. 87 Jump up ^ Eagan , pp. 323 -- 324 ^ Jump up to : Gabler , p. 347 Jump up ^ Churchill , Douglas W. ( April 28 , 1941 ) . `` RKO Will Distribute Goldwyn Productions and Acquires Rights to ' Fantasia ' '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Hall and Neale , p. 111 ^ Jump up to : Barrier 2008 , p. 162 ^ Jump up to : Thomas 1994 , p. 162 Jump up ^ Disney , Roy E. , Levine , James , Canemaker , John , and MacQueen , Scott ( 2000 ) . DVD audio commentary for Fantasia ( DVD ) . Walt Disney Home Entertainment Jump up ^ Thomas , Bob ( September 28 , 1990 ) . `` ' Fantasia ' success delayed '' . The Press - Courier . Retrieved March 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wasserman , Norman ( March 1956 ) . `` Special Projection Process Gives ' Fantasia ' New Look '' . International Projectionist . United States : 14 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Bennett , Colin ( August 29 , 1958 ) . `` Favourite films revived '' . The Age . Retrieved June 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Monahan , Kaspar ( April 5 , 1970 ) . `` Revisited ' Fantasia ' still thrills '' . The Pittsburgh Press . Retrieved March 6 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Fantasia ' wo n't show locally '' . Herald - Journal . October 5 , 1990 . Retrieved March 25 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Various ( 1982 ) . Walt Disney 's Fantasia : New Digital Motion Picture Soundtrack ( LP ) . Buena Vista Records . V - 104 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Bob ( March 13 , 1982 ) . `` Disney Gives ' Fantasia ' New Sound Work - Over '' . Kentucky New Era . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Fantasia ' to get new soundtrack '' . Ocala Star - Banner . February 20 , 1985 . Retrieved March 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Matheson '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Archives providencejournal.com The Providence Journal '' . Pqasb.pqarchiver.com . September 30 , 1990 . Retrieved January 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Max ( September 30 , 1990 ) . `` Disney Sweeps the Dust Off ' Fantasia ' at 50 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 16 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Toppman , Lawrence ( October 5 , 1990 ) . `` At 50 , Disney 's restored ' Fantasia ' is more fantastic '' . Beaver County Times . Retrieved March 25 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Christiansen , Richard ( October 31 , 1991 ) . `` ' Fantasia ' A Hit With Video Audience '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved January 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Various ( 1957 ) . Walt Disney 's Fantasia ( LP ) . Disneyland Records . WDX - 101 . ^ Jump up to : Ehrbar and Hollis , pp. 38 -- 39 Jump up ^ Various ( 1961 ) . Walt Disney 's Fantasia ( LP ) . Buena Vista Records . STER 101 . Jump up ^ Various ( 1982 ) . Walt Disney 's Fantasia : Motion Picture Soundtrack ( CD ) . Buena Vista Records . CD - 001 . Jump up ^ Various ( 1982 ) . Walt Disney 's Fantasia : Music From the New Digital Motion Picture Soundtrack ( Audio cassette ) . Buena Vista Records . 104VC . Jump up ^ Various ( 1990 ) . Walt Disney 's Fantasia : Remastered Original Soundtrack Edition ( CD ) . Buena Vista Records . 600072 . Jump up ^ Various ( 1990 ) . Walt Disney 's Fantasia : Remastered Original Soundtrack Edition ( Audio cassette ) . Buena Vista Records . 600074 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard 200 : The Week of November 17 , 1990 '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Soundtrack -- Fantasia '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Legacy Collection : Fantasia CD '' . Disney Music Emporium . July 18 , 2013 . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McCullaugh , Jim ( August 1 , 1992 ) . `` Weathering `` Desert Storm , '' Basking in the Sell - Through Reign `` . Billboard . Retrieved February 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Nichols , Peter M. ( December 3 , 1992 ) . `` Home Video '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fantasia DVD 1941 '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved August 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kehr , Dave ( November 24 , 2010 ) . `` O.K. , Hippos , Grab Your Tutus '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : King , Susan ( November 16 , 2000 ) . `` Triple Dose for ' Fantasia ' Fans '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fantasia & Fantasia 2000 : 2 - Movie Collection Special Edition '' . Ultimate Disney / DVDizzy . September 1 , 2010 . Retrieved March 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Idelson , Karen ( June 28 , 2010 ) . `` One - stop global firms offer gamut of services '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` Fantasia and Fantasia 2000 Blu - ray Review '' . Thehdroom.com . November 30 , 2010 . Retrieved January 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fantasia / Fantasia 2000 2 Movie Collection Special Edition '' . Disney DVD . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2011 . Retrieved March 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fantasia & Fantasia 2000 Special Edition : Leopold Stokowski , James Levine , Steve Martin , Deems Taylor , Corey Burton , Walt Disney , James MacDonald , Julietta Novis , Paul J. Smith , Ralph Grierson , Kathleen Battle , Itzhak Perlman , Ben Sharpsteen , Bill Roberts , Don Hahn , Eric Goldberg , Ford Beebe Jr. , Francis Glebas , Gaëtan Brizzi , Hamilton Luske : Movies & TV '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved January 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Fantasia ' Acclaimed as Film Masterpiece '' . Los Angeles Times . January 30 , 1941 . Retrieved February 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ C. Flinn Sr. , John ( November 12 , 1940 ) . `` Fantasia '' . Variety . Retrieved November 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gabler , p. 342 Jump up ^ Anderson , Don . `` The Rite of Spring programme notes '' . Toronto Symphony Orchestra . Retrieved May 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Barron , James . `` Who Owns the Rights to the ' Rite ' ? '' . nytimes.com . The New York Times . Retrieved May 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ward , p. 52 Jump up ^ Thompson , Dorothy ( November 25 , 1940 ) . `` Minority Report '' . The New York Herald Tribune . New York Tribune Inc . Jump up ^ `` Fantasia ( 1940 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fantasia '' . TV Guide . Retrieved February 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( October 5 , 1990 ) . `` Fantasia '' . Chicago Sun - Times . RogerEbert.com . Retrieved February 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fantasia '' . Empire . Retrieved February 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pinsky , p. 33 Jump up ^ `` Awards for 1940 '' . National Board of Review . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2012 . Retrieved March 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Screen Awards Are Presented By the Critics at a Reception '' . The New York Times . January 6 , 1941 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Holden , p. 584 . Jump up ^ Gamarekian , Barbara ( October 19 , 1990 ) . `` Library of Congress Adds 25 Titles to National Film Registry '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Vatican Best Films List '' . Catholic News Service Media Review Office . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2012 . Retrieved October 31 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` AFI 's 10 Top 10 '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . 2008 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 7 , 2011 . Retrieved March 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies -- 10th Anniversary Edition '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . 2007 . Retrieved March 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies Official Ballot '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . 2006 . Retrieved March 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Cohen , p. 69 . Jump up ^ Cohen , p. 201 . Jump up ^ Daly , Steve ( November 29 , 1991 ) . `` New Rating for ' Fantasia ' : PC '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 16 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Ebert , p. 176 . Jump up ^ Kozinn , Allan ( May 7 , 1992 ) . `` ' Fantasia ' Orchestra Sues Disney '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Orchestra drops Disney lawsuit '' . The Daily Gazette . October 26 , 1994 . Retrieved February 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Barron , James ( January 22 , 1993 ) . `` Who owns the rights to ' Rite ' ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Archives - OrlandoSentinel.com '' . Pqasb.pqarchiver.com . August 10 , 1996 . Retrieved January 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rothenberg , Stanley ( October 1998 ) . `` Second Circuit Reversal Regarding Disney 's Fantasia On Videocassettes '' . FindLaw . Retrieved May 10 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Pegolotti , p. 249 . Jump up ^ Michael - February 8 , 2011 ( February 9 , 2011 ) . `` Future Fantasias , 1940 Progress City , U.S.A. '' Progress City , U.S.A . Retrieved August 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Pegolotti , p. 382 Jump up ^ Warga , Wayne ( October 26 , 1980 ) . `` Disney Films : Chasing the Changing Times '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Solomon 1995 . Jump up ^ Brennan , Judy ( August 17 , 1997 ) . `` Coming , Sooner or Later '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Matthews , Jack ( December 17 , 1999 ) . `` ' Fantasia 2000 ' grows to IMAX height '' . New York Daily News . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2011 . Retrieved February 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Robert W. , Welkos ( June 12 , 2000 ) . `` Animated Clash of the ' Titan ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Animation Archive : Deleted Movies / Fantasia 2006 / Notes / index. php '' . Animationarchive.net . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2011 . Retrieved December 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( June 3 , 2015 ) . `` Disney to Adapt Iconic ' Fantasia ' Sequence Into Live - Action Movie ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kehr , Dave ( November 2 , 2004 ) . `` ' Shrek 2 , ' More Looney Tunes and ' Animal Farm ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Fantasia ' Satire Reissued , But Do n't Take The Kids '' . Chicago Tribune . October 18 , 1990 . Retrieved February 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Groening , Matt ( 2004 ) . The Simpsons The Complete Fourth Season DVD commentary for the episode `` A Streetcar Named Marge '' ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . Jump up ^ Silverman , David ( 2004 ) . The Simpsons season 5 DVD commentary for the episode `` Treehouse of Horror IV '' ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . Jump up ^ Mirkin , David ( 2005 ) . The Simpsons season 6 DVD commentary for the episode `` Itchy & Scratchy Land '' ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . Jump up ^ `` CBBC - Ten Pieces '' . BBC . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Disney 's Hollywood Studios '' . Walt Disney World Resort . Retrieved August 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Miniature Golf '' . Walt Disney World Resort . Retrieved August 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fantasmic ! '' . Disneyland Resort . Retrieved August 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Disneyland Paris News '' . Dlrppressinternational.com. April 1 , 2012 . Retrieved January 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sorcerer 's Apprentice '' . MobyGames . Retrieved July 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fantasia '' . MobyGames . Retrieved February 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Snider , Mike ( November 22 , 2010 ) . `` ' Epic Mickey ' designer lays waste to Magic Kingdom '' . USA Today . Retrieved March 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Birlew , Dan ( 2003 ) . Kingdom Hearts Official Strategy Guide . BradyGames . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7440 - 0198 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Fantasia World Confirmed for Kingdom Hearts 3D - News '' . Nintendo World Report . Retrieved January 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Snider , Mike ( June 4 , 2013 ) . `` Music , movement are new realms for classic ' Fantasia ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved June 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Infinity Figure - Sorcerer 's Apprentice Mickey : Games '' . Walmart.com . Retrieved January 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Disney 's Fantasia : Live in Concert '' . The Mann Center . July 23 , 2013 . Retrieved January 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Fantasia : Live in Concert '' . Columbia Artists Management Inc . July 23 , 2013 . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Once Upon a Time ' postmortem : Rumple finds a surprising Disney icon '' . Entertainment Weekly . September 28 , 2014 . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2014 . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Once Upon A Time Season 4 Episode 12 Recap With Spoilers : Darkness on the Edge of Town '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . Bibliography Allan , Robin ( 2000 ) . Walt Disney and Europe : European Influences on the Animated Feature Films of Walt Disney . Indiana University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 21353 - 2 . Amernic , Joel Henry ; Craig , Russell ( 2006 ) . CEO - Speak : The Language of Corporate Leadership . McGill - Queen 's Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7735 - 3037 - 9 . Barrier , Michael ( 2003 ) . Hollywood Cartoons : American Animation in Its Golden Age . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 516729 - 0 . Barrier , Michael ( 2008 ) . The Animated Man : A Life of Walt Disney . University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 25619 - 4 . Cohen , Karl F. ( 2004 ) . Forbidden Animation : Censored Cartoons and Blacklisted Animators in America . McFarland . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 2032 - 2 . Culhane , John ( 1983 ) . Walt Disney 's Fantasia . Harry N. Abrams Inc . ISBN 978 - 3 - 8228 - 0393 - 6 . Denney , Jim ; Williams , Pat ( 2004 ) . How to Be Like Walt : Capturing the Disney Magic Every Day of Your Life . HCI . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7573 - 0231 - 2 . Ebert , Roger ( 1997 ) . Questions for the Movie Answer Man . Andrews McMeel Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8362 - 2894 - 6 . Eagan , Daniel ( 2010 ) . America 's Film Legacy : The Authoritative Guide to the Landmark Movies in the National Film Registry . Continuum International Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8264 - 2977 - 3 . Ehrbar , Greg ; Hollis , Tim ( 2006 ) . Mouse Tracks : The Story of Walt Disney Records . Univ . Press of Mississippi . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57806 - 849 - 4 . Gabler , Neal ( 2008 ) . Walt Disney : The Biography . Aurum Press Ltd . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84513 - 342 - 9 . Gelder , Peter Van ( 1990 ) . That 's Hollywood : A Behind - the - Scenes Look at 60 of the Greatest Films of All Time . Harper Collins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 096512 - 9 . Goldmark , Daniel ; Taylor , Yuval ( 2002 ) . The Cartoon Music Book . Chicago Review Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55652 - 473 - 8 . Grant , John ( 1998 ) . Encyclopedia of Walt Disney 's Animated Characters . Hyperion Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7868 - 6336 - 5 . Hall , Sheldon ; Neale , Stephen ( 2010 ) . Epics , Spectacles , and Blockbusters : A Hollywood History . Wayne State University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8143 - 3008 - 1 . Holden , Anthony ( 1993 ) . Behind the Oscar : The Secret History of the Academy Awards . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 671 - 70129 - 1 . Kenworthy , John ( 2001 ) . The Hand Behind the Mouse : An Intimate Biography of Ub Iwerks . Disney Editions . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7868 - 5320 - 5 . Pegolotti , James A. ( 2003 ) . Deems Taylor : A Biography . UPNE . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55553 - 587 - 2 . Pinsky , Mark I. ( 2004 ) . The Gospel According to Disney : Faith , Trust , and Pixie Dust . Westminster John Knox Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 664 - 23467 - 6 . Shepherd , Ashley ( 2003 ) . Pro Tools for Video , Film and Multimedia . Cengage Learning . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59200 - 069 - 2 . Solomon , Charles ( 1995 ) . Disney That Never Was : The Stories and Art of Five Decades of Unproduced Animation . Hyperion . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7868 - 6037 - 1 . Telotte , Jean - Pierre ( 2008 ) . The Mouse Machine : Disney and Technology . University of Illinois Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 252 - 07540 - 7 . Thomas , Bob ( 1994 ) . Walt Disney : An American Original . Disney Editions . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7868 - 6027 - 2 . Ward , Glenn ( 2010 ) . Understand Postmodernism : Teach Yourself . Hachette UK . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4441 - 3398 - 1 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fantasia ( 1940 film ) . Official website Fantasia on IMDb Fantasia at the TCM Movie Database Fantasia at AllMovie Fantasia at Rotten Tomatoes Fantasia at Box Office Mojo Fantasia at The Big Cartoon DataBase Fantasia Fantasia ( 1940 ) Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) Conductors Leopold Stokowski ( Fantasia ) Irwin Kostal ( 1982 digital re-recording ) James Levine ( Fantasia 2000 ) Segments Fantasia Toccata and Fugue in D minor The Nutcracker Suite The Sorcerer 's Apprentice The Rite of Spring Symphony No. 6 Dance of the Hours Night on Bald Mountain / Ave Maria Fantasia 2000 Symphony No. 5 Pines of Rome Rhapsody in Blue Piano Concerto No. 2 The Carnival of the Animals The Sorcerer 's Apprentice Pomp and Circumstance Marches The Firebird Suite Characters Mickey Mouse Donald Duck Daisy Duck Chernabog Yen Sid Video games Fantasia ( 1991 ) Disney Magical World ( 2013 ) Disney Infinity ( 2013 ) Fantasia : Music Evolved ( 2014 ) Related A Corny Concerto ( 1943 film ) Gumbasia ( 1955 film ) Allegro Non Troppo ( 1977 film ) Destino ( 2003 ) Lorenzo ( 2004 ) Fantasia Gardens Fantasmic ! Fantasound The Sorcerer 's Apprentice ( 2010 ) Sorcerer 's Hat Disney Fantasia : Live in Concert Kingdom Hearts Epic Mickey Once Upon a Time Ten Pieces Deems Taylor See also : Category Disney theatrical animated features Walt Disney Animation Studios films Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) Dumbo ( 1941 ) Bambi ( 1942 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Rescuers ( 1977 ) The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) Tarzan ( 1999 ) Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) Dinosaur ( 2000 ) The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) Brother Bear ( 2003 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) Chicken Little ( 2005 ) Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) Bolt ( 2008 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Moana ( 2016 ) Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 ( 2018 ) Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) Live - action films with animation The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) Song of the South ( 1946 ) So Dear to My Heart ( 1948 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) DisneyToon Studios films DuckTales the Movie : Treasure of the Lost Lamp ( 1990 ) A Goofy Movie ( 1995 ) The Tigger Movie ( 2000 ) Return to Never Land ( 2002 ) The Jungle Book 2 ( 2003 ) Piglet 's Big Movie ( 2003 ) Pooh 's Heffalump Movie ( 2005 ) Bambi II ( 2006 ) Planes ( 2013 ) Planes : Fire & Rescue ( 2014 ) Other Disney units films The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 1996 ) Doug 's 1st Movie ( 1999 ) Recess : School 's Out ( 2001 ) Teacher 's Pet ( 2004 ) A Christmas Carol ( 2009 ) Gnomeo & Juliet ( 2011 ) Mars Needs Moms ( 2011 ) Frankenweenie ( 2012 ) Strange Magic ( 2015 ) Related lists Unproduced films Book E.T.A. Hoffmann 's The Nutcracker and the Mouse King ( 1816 ) Ballet The Nutcracker ( Tchaikovsky ) The Nutcracker ( Balanchine ) The Nutcracker ( Christensen ) Music The Nutcracker Suite ( Ellington ) The Nutcracker Suite ( Sparks ) `` Nut Rocker '' Animation The Nutcracker ( 1973 ) Nutcracker Fantasy ( 1979 ) Care Bears Nutcracker Suite ( 1988 ) The Nutcracker Prince ( 1990 ) The Nuttiest Nutcracker ( 1999 ) Barbie in the Nutcracker ( 2001 ) Tom and Jerry : A Nutcracker Tale ( 2007 ) Live action The Nutcracker ( 1967 ) Nutcracker : The Motion Picture ( 1986 ) The Nutcracker in 3D ( 2010 ) The Nutcracker and the Four Realms ( 2018 ) Other The Hard Nut Indian nutcracker Trepak The Slutcracker Holiday for Shoestrings Fantasia List of productions Ballerina Academy Honorary Award 1928 -- 1950 Warner Bros. / Charlie Chaplin ( 1928 ) Walt Disney ( 1932 ) Shirley Temple ( 1934 ) D.W. Griffith ( 1935 ) The March of Time / W. Howard Greene and Harold Rosson ( 1936 ) Edgar Bergen / W. Howard Greene / Museum of Modern Art Film Library / Mack Sennett ( 1937 ) J. Arthur Ball / Walt Disney / Deanna Durbin and Mickey Rooney / Gordon Jennings , Jan Domela , Devereaux Jennings , Irmin Roberts , Art Smith , Farciot Edouart , Loyal Griggs , Loren L. Ryder , Harry D. Mills , Louis Mesenkop , Walter Oberst / Oliver T. Marsh and Allen Davey / Harry Warner ( 1938 ) Douglas Fairbanks / Judy Garland / William Cameron Menzies / Motion Picture Relief Fund ( Jean Hersholt , Ralph Morgan , Ralph Block , Conrad Nagel ) / Technicolor Company ( 1939 ) Bob Hope / Nathan Levinson ( 1940 ) Walt Disney , William Garity , John N.A. Hawkins , and the RCA Manufacturing Company / Leopold Stokowski and his associates / Rey Scott / British Ministry of Information ( 1941 ) Charles Boyer / Noël Coward / Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer ( 1942 ) George Pal ( 1943 ) Bob Hope / Margaret O'Brien ( 1944 ) Republic Studio , Daniel J. Bloomberg , and the Republic Studio Sound Department / Walter Wanger / The House I Live In / Peggy Ann Garner ( 1945 ) Harold Russell / Laurence Olivier / Ernst Lubitsch / Claude Jarman Jr. ( 1946 ) James Baskett / Thomas Armat , William Nicholas Selig , Albert E. Smith , and George Kirke Spoor / Bill and Coo / Shoeshine ( 1947 ) Walter Wanger / Monsieur Vincent / Sid Grauman / Adolph Zukor ( 1948 ) Jean Hersholt / Fred Astaire / Cecil B. DeMille / The Bicycle Thief ( 1949 ) Louis B. Mayer / George Murphy / The Walls of Malapaga ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1975 Gene Kelly / Rashomon ( 1951 ) Merian C. Cooper / Bob Hope / Harold Lloyd / George Mitchell / Joseph M. Schenck / Forbidden Games ( 1952 ) 20th Century - Fox Film Corporation / Bell & Howell Company / Joseph Breen / Pete Smith ( 1953 ) Bausch & Lomb Optical Company / Danny Kaye / Kemp Niver / Greta Garbo / Jon Whiteley / Vincent Winter / Gate of Hell ( 1954 ) Samurai I : Musashi Miyamoto ( 1955 ) Eddie Cantor ( 1956 ) Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers / Gilbert M. `` Broncho Billy '' Anderson / Charles Brackett / B.B. Kahane ( 1957 ) Maurice Chevalier ( 1958 ) Buster Keaton / Lee de Forest ( 1959 ) Gary Cooper / Stan Laurel / Hayley Mills ( 1960 ) William L. Hendricks / Fred L. Metzler / Jerome Robbins ( 1961 ) William J. Tuttle ( 1964 ) Bob Hope ( 1965 ) Yakima Canutt / Y . Frank Freeman ( 1966 ) Arthur Freed ( 1967 ) John Chambers / Onna White ( 1968 ) Cary Grant ( 1969 ) Lillian Gish / Orson Welles ( 1970 ) Charlie Chaplin ( 1971 ) Charles S. Boren / Edward G. Robinson ( 1972 ) Henri Langlois / Groucho Marx ( 1973 ) Howard Hawks / Jean Renoir ( 1974 ) Mary Pickford ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 Margaret Booth ( 1977 ) Walter Lantz / Laurence Olivier / King Vidor / Museum of Modern Art Department of Film ( 1978 ) Hal Elias / Alec Guinness ( 1979 ) Henry Fonda ( 1980 ) Barbara Stanwyck ( 1981 ) Mickey Rooney ( 1982 ) Hal Roach ( 1983 ) James Stewart / National Endowment for the Arts ( 1984 ) Paul Newman / Alex North ( 1985 ) Ralph Bellamy ( 1986 ) Eastman Kodak Company / National Film Board of Canada ( 1988 ) Akira Kurosawa ( 1989 ) Sophia Loren / Myrna Loy ( 1990 ) Satyajit Ray ( 1991 ) Federico Fellini ( 1992 ) Deborah Kerr ( 1993 ) Michelangelo Antonioni ( 1994 ) Kirk Douglas / Chuck Jones ( 1995 ) Michael Kidd ( 1996 ) Stanley Donen ( 1997 ) Elia Kazan ( 1998 ) Andrzej Wajda ( 1999 ) Jack Cardiff / Ernest Lehman ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Sidney Poitier / Robert Redford ( 2001 ) Peter O'Toole ( 2002 ) Blake Edwards ( 2003 ) Sidney Lumet ( 2004 ) Robert Altman ( 2005 ) Ennio Morricone ( 2006 ) Robert F. Boyle ( 2007 ) Lauren Bacall / Roger Corman / Gordon Willis ( 2009 ) Kevin Brownlow / Jean - Luc Godard / Eli Wallach ( 2010 ) James Earl Jones / Dick Smith ( 2011 ) D.A. Pennebaker / Hal Needham / George Stevens Jr. ( 2012 ) Angela Lansbury / Steve Martin / Piero Tosi ( 2013 ) Jean - Claude Carrière / Hayao Miyazaki / Maureen O'Hara ( 2014 ) Spike Lee / Gena Rowlands ( 2015 ) Jackie Chan / Lynn Stalmaster / Anne V. Coates / Frederick Wiseman ( 2016 ) Charles Burnett / Owen Roizman / Donald Sutherland / Agnès Varda ( 2017 ) Walt Disney Animation Studios List of feature films Released Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) Dumbo ( 1941 ) Bambi ( 1942 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Rescuers ( 1977 ) The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) Tarzan ( 1999 ) Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) Dinosaur ( 2000 ) The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) Brother Bear ( 2003 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) Chicken Little ( 2005 ) Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) Bolt ( 2008 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Moana ( 2016 ) Upcoming films Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 ( 2018 ) Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) Associated productions The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) Song of the South ( 1946 ) So Dear to My Heart ( 1949 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) People Executives Edwin Catmull Roy Conli Roy E. Disney Walt Disney Don Hahn Jeffrey Katzenberg John Lasseter Peter Schneider Thomas Schumacher David Stainton Disney 's Nine Old Men Les Clark Marc Davis Ollie Johnston Milt Kahl Ward Kimball Eric Larson John Lounsbery Wolfgang Reitherman Frank Thomas Related topics History Disney animators ' strike Disney Renaissance Methods and technologies 12 basic principles of animation Computer Animation Production System Disney Animation : The Illusion of Life Multiplane camera Documentaries Frank and Ollie ( 1995 ) The Sweatbox ( 2001 ) Dream On Silly Dreamer ( 2005 ) Waking Sleeping Beauty ( 2009 ) Other Disney animation units Disney Television Animation DisneyToon Studios ( WDAS unit ) Lucasfilm Animation Marvel Animation Pixar Animation Studios Circle 7 ( defunct ) Miscellaneous Alice Comedies Laugh - O - Gram Studio List of Disney animated shorts List of Disney theatrical animated features unproduced Oswald the Lucky Rabbit Mickey Mouse ( film series ) Silly Symphonies Once Upon a Time Animation portal Disney portal Film portal GND : 4483155 - 9 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fantasia_(1940_film)&oldid=843089739 '' Categories : 1940 films English - language films 1940 animated films 1940s American animated films 1940s fantasy films 1940s musical films American anthology films American animated films American animated fantasy films American fantasy films American dance films American films American musical fantasy films Animated musical films Animated films about dinosaurs Animated films set in prehistory Ballet films Dance animation Demons in film The Devil in fiction Fantasia ( franchise ) Package films Films based on poems Films about classical music and musicians Films about fairies and sprites Films based on Greco - Roman mythology Films based on works by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe Films directed by James Algar Films directed by Samuel Armstrong Films directed by Ford Beebe , Jr . Films directed by Norman Ferguson Films directed by David Hand Films directed by Jim Handley Films directed by T. Hee Films directed by Wilfred Jackson Films directed by Hamilton Luske Films directed by Bill Roberts Films directed by Paul Satterfield Films directed by Ben Sharpsteen Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films produced by Walt Disney Films with live action and animation Films adapted into video games Mickey Mouse films Rotoscoped films United States National Film Registry films Visual music Walt Disney Animation Studios films Walt Disney Pictures films Wizards in film Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from October 2015 Good articles Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Brezhoneg Català Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Latina Magyar Malagasy Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Українська Winaray ייִדיש 中文 37 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 May 2018 , at 20 : 18 . 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who does the director of communications report to

White House Communications Director

white house communications director

The White House Communications Director or White House Director of Communications , also known as Assistant to the President for Communications , is part of the senior staff of the President of the United States , and is responsible for developing and promoting the agenda of the President and leading its media campaign . The director , along with his or her staff , works on speeches such as the inaugural address and the State of the Union Address . The Communications Director , who is appointed by and serves at the pleasure of the President without the need for Senate confirmation , is usually given an office in the West Wing of the White House .

Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Role and responsibilities 3 Key staff 4 Directors 5 References History ( edit ) The White House Office of Communications was established by Herbert G. Klein in January 1969 during the Nixon administration . It was separate from the Office of the Press Secretary from 1969 to 1974 . Role and responsibilities ( edit ) Historically , the position of White House Communications Director is given to a senior public relations staff member of the candidate 's campaign staff . Often this is either the deputy campaign manager or the campaign communications director . The communications director works closely with the White House Press Secretary , who is typically a co-worker in the President 's campaign . As the President 's voice and vision must be understood , the communications director ensures that all aspects of communications are covered to ensure that the administration 's message has been delivered clearly and successfully . A communications strategy must be devised to promote the president 's agenda throughout all media outlets . This can include , but certainly is not limited to , the State of the Union address , televised press conferences , statements to the press , and radio addresses . The communications office also works closely with cabinet - level departments and other executive agencies in order to create a coherent strategy , through which the president 's message can be disseminated . With the growing importance of the internet and new media in terms of presidential communication , the communications office has branched out to utilize the internet , and more specifically social media sites such as Facebook and Twitter , in order to reach out and convey the President 's vision to a larger percentage of the public . Key staff ( edit ) Assistant to the president / director of communications : Hope Hicks Deputy assistant to the president / deputy director of communications : Jessica Ditto Deputy assistant to the president / deputy director of communications / director of research : Raj Shah White House Press Secretary : Sarah Huckabee Sanders Assistant to the president / public liaison comms . director : Omarosa Manigault Assistant to the president / director of social media : Dan Scavino In March 2017 , deputy press secretary , Stephanie Grisham , was named communications director in the Office of the First Lady . Directors ( edit ) Officeholder Term start Term end Term duration President Herb Klein January 20 , 1969 July 1 , 1973 7003162300000000000 ♠ 4 years , 162 days Richard Nixon Ken Clawson January 30 , 1974 November 4 , 1974 7002278000000000000 ♠ 278 days Gerald Ford Jerry Warren November 4 , 1974 August 15 , 1975 7002284000000000000 ♠ 284 days Margita White August 15 , 1975 July 12 , 1976 7002332000000000000 ♠ 332 days David Gergen July 12 , 1976 January 20 , 1977 7002192000000000000 ♠ 192 days Gerald Rafshoon July 1 , 1978 August 14 , 1979 7002409000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 44 days Jimmy Carter Frank Ursomarso February 23 , 1981 June 17 , 1981 7002114000000000000 ♠ 114 days Ronald Reagan David Gergen June 17 , 1981 January 15 , 1984 7002942000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 212 days Michael A. McManus Jr . January 15 , 1984 February 6 , 1985 7002388000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 22 days Pat Buchanan February 6 , 1985 March 1 , 1987 7002753000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 23 days Jack Koehler March 1 , 1987 March 13 , 1987 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 days Tom Griscom April 2 , 1987 July 1 , 1988 7002456000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 90 days Mari Maseng July 1 , 1988 January 20 , 1989 7002203000000000000 ♠ 203 days David Demarest January 20 , 1989 August 23 , 1992 7003131100000000000 ♠ 3 years , 216 days George H.W. Bush Margaret Tutwiler August 23 , 1992 January 20 , 1993 7002150000000000000 ♠ 150 days George Stephanopoulos January 20 , 1993 June 7 , 1993 7002138000000000000 ♠ 138 days Bill Clinton Mark Gearan June 7 , 1993 August 14 , 1995 7002798000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 68 days Don Baer August 14 , 1995 July 31 , 1997 7002717000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 351 days Ann Lewis July 31 , 1997 March 10 , 1999 7002587000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 222 days Loretta Ucelli March 10 , 1999 January 20 , 2001 7002682000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 316 days Karen Hughes January 20 , 2001 October 2 , 2001 7002255000000000000 ♠ 255 days George W. Bush Dan Bartlett October 2 , 2001 January 5 , 2005 7003119100000000000 ♠ 3 years , 95 days Nicolle Wallace January 5 , 2005 July 24 , 2006 7002565000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 200 days Kevin Sullivan July 24 , 2006 January 20 , 2009 7002911000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 180 days Ellen Moran January 20 , 2009 April 21 , 2009 7001910000000000000 ♠ 91 days Barack Obama Anita Dunn Acting April 21 , 2009 November 30 , 2009 7002223000000000000 ♠ 223 days Dan Pfeiffer November 30 , 2009 January 25 , 2013 7003115200000000000 ♠ 3 years , 56 days Jennifer Palmieri January 25 , 2013 April 1 , 2015 7002796000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 66 days Jen Psaki April 1 , 2015 January 20 , 2017 7002660000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 294 days Sean Spicer January 20 , 2017 March 6 , 2017 7001450000000000000 ♠ 45 days Donald Trump Mike Dubke March 6 , 2017 June 2 , 2017 7001880000000000000 ♠ 88 days Sean Spicer Acting June 2 , 2017 July 21 , 2017 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 days Anthony Scaramucci July 21 , 2017 July 31 , 2017 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 days * never sworn in Hope Hicks August 16 , 2017 Acting : August 16 -- September 12 , 2017 7001330000000000000 ♠ 33 days References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` White House Unit Takes on New Life '' , The Washington Post , November 26 , 1973 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Judiciary , United States Congress House Committee on the ( 1973 ) . Impeachment : Selected Materials . Government Printing Office . ISBN 9780160577031 . Jump up ^ `` Press Operations in White House Revised , With Politics Ruled Out '' , The New York Times , August 17 , 1974 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Klein , Betsy , and Noah Gray , `` Melania Trump hires communications director '' , CNN , March 27 , 2017 . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Richard Nixon : Letter Accepting the Resignation of Herbert G. Klein as Director of Communications for the Executive Branch . '' . presidency.ucsb.edu . ^ Jump up to : Kumar , Martha Joynt ( July 6 , 2007 ) . `` Managing the President 's Message : The White House Communications Operation '' . JHU Press -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Ford Shifts and Expands Press Staff Jump up ^ `` Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library and Museum '' . fordlibrarymuseum.gov . Jump up ^ URSOMARSO , FRANK : Files , 1981 ( 3.1 l. ft. ; Box 1 - 8 ) Jump up ^ Appointment of Frank A. Ursomarso as Director of the White House Office of Communications Jump up ^ `` Key Reagan Administration Officials '' . reagan.utexas.edu . Jump up ^ `` Letter Accepting the Resignation of John O. Koehler as Assistant to the President and Director of Communications '' . reaganlibrary.archives.gov . Jump up ^ Appointment of Margaret DeBardeleben Tutwiler as Assistant to the President for Communications , gpo.gov . Jump up ^ `` William J. Clinton : Press Briefing by David Gergen and Mark Gearan '' . presidency.ucsb.edu . Jump up ^ `` George W. Bush : Statement by the Press Secretary : Bartlett Named White House Communications Director '' . presidency.ucsb.edu . Jump up ^ `` President Donald J. Trump Announces White House Staff Appointments '' , whitehouse.gov , March 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mysterious disappearance of Donald Trump 's mouthpiece Sean Spicer '' . The New Zealand Herald . June 6 , 2017 . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ The White House ( July 21 , 2017 ) , Press Briefing with Principal Deputy Press Secretary Sarah Sanders , retrieved July 21 , 2017 Jump up ^ Herman , Steve . `` Shakeup Puts Different Face on White House Communications '' . VOA . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Mysterious disappearance of Donald Trump 's mouthpiece Sean Spicer '' . NZ Herald . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ Shen , Lucinda ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` Anthony Scaramucci Thinks the White House Is About to Have a ' Phenomenal Relationship ' With the Press '' . Fortune . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shear , Michael D. ; Thrush , Glenn ; Haberman , Maggie ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` John Kelly , Asserting Authority , Fires Anthony Scaramucci '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ TIME staff ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` Watch Live : White House Holds Press Briefing After Anthony Scaramucci Resigns as Communications Director '' . TIME . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Anthony Scaramucci : Five top tips to lose a job in 10 days '' . BBC News . 1 August 2017 . Anthony Scaramucci had not yet made it to his official start date before he was fired Jump up ^ Santos , Amanda Proença ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` Scaramucci Sets New Record for Shortest Term as Communications Director '' . NBC News . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . Though President Donald Trump appointed Scaramucci to the role 10 days ago , he only held the position for six days thanks to an official start date of July 25 . ^ Jump up to : Bastasch , Michael ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` Scaramucci Fired Before He Was Even Sworn In '' . The Daily Caller . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . Scaramucci was never officially sworn in as White House staff . Jump up ^ `` Hope Hicks tapped for interim White House communications director '' . Fox News . August 16 , 2017 . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . White House Office American Innovation Cabinet Affairs Chief of Staff Communications Counselor First Lady Executive Chef Floral Designer Social Secretary Intergovernmental Affairs Legislative Affairs Management and Administration Oval Office Operations Political Affairs Presidential Personnel Public Liaison Press Secretary Scheduling and Advance Senior Advisor Staff Secretary Trade and Manufacturing Policy White House Counsel White House Fellows Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=White_House_Communications_Director&oldid=801230645 '' Categories : White House Communications Directors White House Office Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Italiano עברית 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 13 : 47 . 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how far was the doctrine of lapse responsible for the revolt of 1857

Doctrine of lapse

doctrine of lapse

The doctrine of lapse was an annexation policy applied by the Lord Dalhousie in India before 1858 . According to the doctrine , any Indian princely state under the suzerainty of the British East India Company ( the dominant imperial power in the subcontinent ) , as a vassal state under the British subsidiary system , would have its princely status abolished ( and therefore annexed into British India ) if the ruler was either `` manifestly incompetent or died without a male heir '' . The latter supplanted the long - established right of an Indian sovereign without an heir to choose a successor . In addition , the British decided whether potential rulers were competent enough . The doctrine and its application were widely regarded by many Indians as illegitimate .

The policy is most commonly associated with Lord Dalhousie , who was the Governor General of the East India Company in India between 1848 and 1856 . However , it was articulated by the Court of Directors of the East India Company as early as 1834 and several smaller states were already annexed under this doctrine before Dalhousie took over the post of Governor - General . Dalhousie used the policy most vigorously and extensively , though , so it is generally associated with him . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Doctrine of lapse before Dalhousie 3 Princely states annexed under the doctrine 4 See also 5 References History ( edit ) At the time of its adoption , the British East India Company had imperial administrative jurisdiction over wide regions of the subcontinent . The company took over the princely states of Satara ( 1848 ) , Jaitpur and Sambalpur ( 1849 ) , Nagpur and Jhansi ( 1854 ) , Tore and Arcot ( 1855 ) and Udaipur ( Chhattisgarh ) under the terms of the doctrine of lapse . Oudh ( 1856 ) is widely believed to have been annexed under the Doctrine of Lapse . However it was annexed by Lord Dalhousie under the pretext of mis - governance . Mostly claiming that the ruler was not ruling properly , the Company added about four million pounds sterling to its annual revenue by virtue of this doctrine . Udaipur State , however , would have local rule reinstated by the British in 1860 . With the increasing power of the East India Company , discontent simmered among many sections of Indian society and the largely indigenous armed forces ; these rallied behind the deposed dynasties during the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , also known as the Sepoy Mutiny . Following the rebellion , in 1858 , the new British Viceroy of India , whose rule replaced that of the British East India Company , renounced the doctrine . The princely state of Kittur was taken over by the East India Company in 1824 by imposing a ' doctrine of lapse ' . So it is debatable whether it was devised by Lord Dalhousie in 1848 , though he arguably made it official by documenting it . Dalhousie 's annexations and the doctrine of lapse had caused suspicion and uneasiness among most ruling princes in India . Doctrine of lapse before Dalhousie ( edit ) Dalhousie applied the doctrine of lapse vigorously for annexing Indian princely states , but the policy was not solely his invention . The Court of Directors of the East India Company had articulated this early in 1834 . As per this policy , the Company annexed Mandvi in 1839 , Kolaba and Jalaun in 1840 and Surat in 1842 . Princely states annexed under the doctrine ( edit ) Angul ( 1848 ) Arcot ( 1855 ) Banda ( 1858 ) Guler ( 1813 ) Jaintia ( 1835 ) Jaitpur ( 1849 ) Jalaun ( 1840 ) Jaswan ( 1849 ) Jhansi ( 1854 ) Kachari ( 1830 ) Kangra ( 1846 ) Kannanur ( 1819 ) Kittur ( 1824 ) Kodagu ( 1834 ) Kolaba ( 1840 ) Kozhikode ( 1806 ) Kullu ( 1846 ) Kurnool ( 1839 ) Kutlehar ( 1825 ) Makrai ( 1890 ) ; local rule reinstated by the British in 1893 Nagpur ( 1854 ) Nargund ( 1858 ) Oudh ( 1854 ) Punjab ( 1849 ) Ramgarh ( 1858 ) Sambalpur ( 1849 ) Satara ( 1848 ) Surat ( 1842 ) Siba ( 1849 ) Tanjore ( 1855 ) Tulsipur ( 1854 ) Udaipur , Chhattisgarh ( 1854 ) ; local rule reinstated by the British in 1860 See also ( edit ) Colonialism Escheat List of princely states of India Presidencies and provinces of British India References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Keay , John . India : A History . Grove Press Books , distributed by Publishers Group West . United States : 2000 ISBN 0 - 8021 - 3797 - 0 , p. 433 . Jump up ^ Wolpert , Stanley . A New History of India ; 3rd ed. , pp. 226 - 28 . Oxford University Press , 1989 . Jump up ^ Rajput Provinces of India - Udaipur ( Princely State ) Jump up ^ Wolpert ( 1989 ) , p. 240 . Jump up ^ S.N. Sen , ed. ( 2006 ) . History of Modern India . New Age International ( P ) Ltd. p. 50 . ISBN 978 - 8122 - 41774 - 6 . ( hide ) Princely states annexed by the British Raj Banda ( 1858 ) Ballabhgarh ( 1867 ) Kulpahar ( 1858 ) Makrai ( 1890 - 1893 ) Nargund ( 1858 ) Ramgarh ( 1858 ) Tulsipur ( 1859 ) Udaipur , Chhattisgarh ( 1854 - 1860 ) List of princely states of British India ( by region ) Princely states alphabetical Doctrine of lapse Annexation Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Doctrine_of_lapse&oldid=843426344 '' Categories : Indian Rebellion of 1857 Princely states of India Annexation Hidden categories : Use Indian English from May 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from May 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch हिन्दी Italiano മലയാളം 日本 語 ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Русский Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Українська اردو 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 02 : 36 . 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where is the cactus bowl being played at

The Cactus Bowl is temporarily being played at its previous home of Chase Field in Phoenix while Sun Devil Stadium undergoes renovations . The renovations are being undertaken during the offseason , requiring Arizona State to close the stadium at the conclusion of football season through 2017 . During this time , the game is one of three bowl games played in baseball - specific stadiums ; the Gasparilla Bowl , played at Tropicana Field , and the Pinstripe Bowl , played at Yankee Stadium , are the others .

Cactus Bowl

cactus bowl

The Cactus Bowl , is an NCAA FBS college football bowl game that has been played in the state of Arizona since 1989 .

Originally played as the Copper Bowl from inception through 1996 , it was known as the Insight.com Bowl from 1997 through 2001 , then the Insight Bowl from 2002 through 2011 , the Buffalo Wild Wings Bowl for 2012 and 2013 , and then the Motel 6 Cactus Bowl for 2016 . The Cactus Bowl name has been in use since 2015 . There was no game played during calendar year 2014 due to the schedule date moving from December to January ; the game was played twice during 2016 , due to the schedule date moving back to December . When the bowl was initially founded , it was played at Arizona Stadium in Tucson , on the campus of the University of Arizona . In 2000 , the organizers moved the game from Tucson to Phoenix . There , it was played at what is now known as Chase Field , the home of the Arizona Diamondbacks of Major League Baseball . For the 2006 season , the bowl moved a second time . After the annual Fiesta Bowl left Sun Devil Stadium in Tempe in favor of playing in University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale , the Cactus Bowl ( still known as the Insight Bowl ) was relocated there as a permanent replacement . The Cactus Bowl is temporarily being played at its previous home of Chase Field in Phoenix while Sun Devil Stadium undergoes renovations . The renovations are being undertaken during the offseason , requiring Arizona State to close the stadium at the conclusion of football season through 2017 . During this time , the game is one of three bowl games played in baseball - specific stadiums ; the Gasparilla Bowl , played at Tropicana Field , and the Pinstripe Bowl , played at Yankee Stadium , are the others . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Game results 3 MVPs 4 Sportsmanship award 5 Most appearances 6 Appearances by conference 7 Media coverage 8 See also 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) `` Cactus Bowl '' had been the originally planned name for what became the Copper Bowl in 1989 . The game was played under the Copper Bowl name through 1996 , after which title sponsorship rights were assumed by Insight Enterprises , who self - titled the game from 1997 through the 2011 . In 2012 , restaurant chain Buffalo Wild Wings became the sponsor and self - titled the game for two years . Buffalo Wild Wings declined to renew sponsorship following the 2013 game , at which time organizers opted to rename the game `` Cactus Bowl '' rather than reverting to the Copper Bowl name . There had been a Texas - based Cactus Bowl played in Division II , however that game was discontinued after 2011 . For 2014 , TicketCity sponsored the new Cactus Bowl , and Motel 6 became the sponsor in 2015 . For the first ten years , the game was played at Arizona Stadium , on the campus of the University of Arizona in Tucson , Arizona . In 2000 , the bowl 's organizers moved the game to Bank One Ballpark , a baseball - specific stadium , in downtown Phoenix . In 2006 , the game moved to Sun Devil Stadium at Arizona State University in Tempe to replace the Fiesta Bowl , which had moved to University of Phoenix Stadium in the Phoenix suburb of Glendale . The 2006 game set a record ( since tied in the 2016 Alamo Bowl ) for the biggest comeback in NCAA Division I FBS bowl history , as Texas Tech came back from a 38 -- 7 third - quarter deficit to defeat Minnesota 44 -- 41 in overtime . Before 2006 , the game mainly featured teams from the Pac - 10 , WAC , Big 12 , and old Big East conferences . Starting in 2006 , it began featuring an annual matchup between teams from the Big Ten and the Big 12 . Starting with the 2015 game , it has featured a matchup between Pac - 12 and Big 12 teams , contingent on bowl eligibility . Teams from the ACC and MW have also competed , along with teams from the now defunct SWC and Big Eight , and one independent school ( Notre Dame in 2004 ) . For the first three playings of the Copper Bowl , TBS carried the game . Beginning in 1992 and continuing until the 2005 playing , the game aired on ESPN . After a four - year hiatus , during which NFL Network carried the game , ESPN regained the rights beginning in 2010 . Game results ( edit ) No . Name Date Winning Team Losing Team Attnd . 1989 Copper Bowl December 31 , 1989 # 25 Arizona 17 North Carolina State 10 37,237 1990 Copper Bowl December 31 , 1990 California 17 Wyoming 15 36,340 1991 Copper Bowl December 31 , 1991 Indiana 24 Baylor 0 35,751 1992 Copper Bowl December 31 , 1992 # 15 Washington State 31 Utah 28 40,826 5 1993 Copper Bowl December 29 , 1993 # 20 Kansas State 52 Wyoming 17 49,075 6 1994 Copper Bowl December 29 , 1994 # 18 BYU 31 Oklahoma 6 45,122 7 1995 Copper Bowl December 27 , 1995 # 23 Texas Tech 55 Air Force 41 41,004 8 1996 Copper Bowl December 27 , 1996 Wisconsin 38 Utah 10 42,122 9 1997 Insight.com Bowl December 27 , 1997 Arizona 20 New Mexico 14 49,385 10 1998 Insight.com Bowl December 26 , 1998 # 21 Missouri 34 West Virginia 31 36,147 11 1999 Insight.com Bowl December 31 , 1999 Colorado 62 Boston College 28 35,762 12 2000 Insight.com Bowl December 28 , 2000 # 25 Iowa State 37 Pittsburgh 29 41,813 13 2001 Insight.com Bowl December 29 , 2001 # 14 Syracuse 26 Kansas State 40,028 14 2002 Insight Bowl December 26 , 2002 # 19 Pittsburgh 38 Oregon State 13 40,533 15 2003 Insight Bowl December 26 , 2003 California 52 Virginia Tech 49 42,364 16 2004 Insight Bowl December 28 , 2004 Oregon State 38 Notre Dame 21 45,917 17 2005 Insight Bowl December 27 , 2005 Arizona State 45 Rutgers 40 43,536 18 2006 Insight Bowl December 29 , 2006 Texas Tech 44 Minnesota 41 ( OT ) 48,391 19 2007 Insight Bowl December 31 , 2007 Oklahoma State 49 Indiana 33 48,892 20 2008 Insight Bowl December 31 , 2008 Kansas 42 Minnesota 21 49,103 21 2009 Insight Bowl December 31 , 2009 Iowa State 14 Minnesota 13 45,090 22 2010 Insight Bowl December 28 , 2010 Iowa 27 # 18 Missouri 24 53,453 23 2011 Insight Bowl December 30 , 2011 # 16 Oklahoma 31 Iowa 14 54,247 24 2012 Buffalo Wild Wings Bowl December 29 , 2012 Michigan State 17 TCU 16 44,617 25 2013 Buffalo Wild Wings Bowl December 28 , 2013 Kansas State 31 Michigan 14 53,284 26 2015 Cactus Bowl January 2 , 2015 Oklahoma State 30 Washington 22 35,409 27 2016 Cactus Bowl ( January ) January 2 , 2016 West Virginia 43 Arizona State 42 39,321 28 2016 Cactus Bowl ( December ) December 27 , 2016 Baylor 31 Boise State 12 33,328 29 2017 Cactus Bowl December 26 , 2017 Kansas State 35 UCLA 17 32,859 Games 1 -- 11 played in Tucson at Arizona Stadium Games 12 -- 17 played in Phoenix at Bank One Ballpark ( now Chase Field ) Games 18 -- 26 played in Tempe at Sun Devil Stadium Games 27 -- 29 played in Phoenix at Chase Field ( formerly Bank One Ballpark ) MVPs ( edit ) Two MVPs are selected for each game ; one an offensive player , the other a defensive player . Game MVPs Team Position 1989 Shane Montgomery North Carolina State QB Scott Geyer Arizona DB 1990 Mike Pawlawski California QB Robert Midgett Wyoming LB 1991 Vaughn Dunbar Indiana TB Mark Hagen Indiana LB 1992 Drew Bledsoe Washington State QB Kareem Leary Utah DB 1993 Andre Coleman Kansas State WR Kenny McEntyre Kansas State CB 1994 Jamal Willis BYU RB Broderick Simpson Oklahoma LB 1995 Zebbie Lethridge Texas Tech QB Mickey Dalton Air Force CB Ron Dayne Wisconsin RB Tarek Saleh Wisconsin LB 1997 Trung Canidate Arizona RB Jimmy Sprotte Arizona LB 1998 Marc Bulger West Virginia QB Jeff Marriott Missouri DT 1999 Cortlen Johnson Colorado RB Jashon Sykes Colorado LB 2000 Sage Rosenfels Iowa State QB Reggie Hayward Iowa State DE 2001 James Mungro Syracuse RB Clifton Smith Syracuse LB 2002 Brandon Miree Pittsburgh TB Claude Harriott Pittsburgh DL 2003 Aaron Rodgers California QB Ryan Gutierrez California FS Game MVPs Team Position Derek Anderson Oregon State QB Trent Bray Oregon State LB 2005 Rudy Carpenter Arizona State QB Jamar Williams Arizona State LB 2006 Graham Harrell Texas Tech QB Antonio Huffman Texas Tech CB 2007 Zac Robinson Oklahoma State QB Donovan Woods Oklahoma State 2008 Dezmon Briscoe Kansas WR James Holt Kansas LB 2009 Alexander Robinson Iowa State RB Christopher Lyle Iowa State DE Marcus Coker Iowa RB Micah Hyde Iowa DB 2011 Blake Bell Oklahoma QB Jamell Fleming Oklahoma DB 2012 Le'Veon Bell Michigan State RB William Gholston Michigan State DE 2013 Tyler Lockett Kansas State WR Dante Barnett Kansas State DB 2015 Desmond Roland Oklahoma State RB Seth Jacobs Oklahoma State LB 2016 ( Jan . ) Skyler Howard West Virginia QB Shaq Petteway West Virginia LB 2016 ( Dec . ) KD Cannon Baylor WR Tyrone Hunt Baylor DE 2017 Alex Delton Kansas State QB Denzel Goolsby Kansas State Sportsmanship award ( edit ) The bowl awarded a sportsmanship award for the 2001 through January 2016 games . Game Player Team Position 2001 Terry Pierce Kansas State LB 2002 Derek Anderson Oregon State QB 2003 Doug Easlick Virginia Tech FB Derek Curry Notre Dame LB 2005 Ryan Neill Rutgers DE 2006 Dominic Jones Minnesota DB 2007 Jonathan Sandberg Indiana OG 2008 Jack Simmons Minnesota TE 2009 D.J. Burris Minnesota OG Tim Barnes Missouri 2011 Tyler Nielsen Iowa LB 2012 Tayo Fabuluje TCU OT 2013 Devin Funchess Michigan WR 2015 Andrew Hudson Washington DE 2016 ( Jan . ) D.J. Foster Arizona State RB Listed as `` Josh Sandberg '' on the official website . Most appearances ( edit ) Texas is the only current Big 12 school that has not played in this bowl . Seven of the current Big 12 schools have appeared multiple times . Former Big 12 members Colorado and Missouri have appeared in the bowl , but former Big 12 members Nebraska and Texas A&M have not . Teams with multiple appearances Rank Team Appearances Record Kansas State 3 -- 1 Minnesota 0 -- 3 T3 Arizona 2 -- 0 T3 California 2 -- 0 T3 Oklahoma State 2 -- 0 T3 Texas Tech 2 -- 0 T3 Iowa State 2 -- 0 T3 Arizona State 1 -- 1 T3 Indiana 1 -- 1 T3 Missouri 1 -- 1 T3 Oregon State 1 -- 1 T3 Pitt 1 -- 1 T3 Iowa 1 -- 1 T3 Oklahoma 1 -- 1 T3 West Virginia 1 -- 1 T3 Baylor 1 -- 1 T3 Utah 0 -- 2 T3 Wyoming 0 -- 2 Teams with a single appearance Won : BYU , Colorado , Kansas , Michigan State , Syracuse , Washington State , Wisconsin Lost : Air Force , Boise State , Boston College , Michigan , New Mexico , North Carolina State , Notre Dame , Rutgers , TCU , UCLA , Virginia Tech , Washington Appearances by conference ( edit ) Through the December 2017 playing , there have been 29 games ( 58 total appearances ) . Rank Conference Appearances Wins Losses Pct . Big 12 16 13 . 813 Pac - 12 11 7 . 636 Big Ten 10 6 . 400 T8 ACC 0 . 000 T8 Mountain West 0 . 000 T8 Independents 0 . 000 Jump up ^ Includes appearances by teams in what was the Pac - 10 . From 1989 through 2005 , Pac - 10 teams made eight appearances and were 7 -- 1 . Media coverage ( edit ) Main article : List of Cactus Bowl broadcasters The Cactus Bowl has been televised by three different networks ; TBS ( 1989 -- 1991 ) , ESPN ( 1992 -- 2005 , 2010 -- present ) , and NFL Network ( 2006 -- 2009 ) . See also ( edit ) List of college bowl games References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` College Bowl Game Payouts '' . statisticbrain.com. 2015 . Jump up ^ Bolch , Ben . `` UCLA to play Kansas State in Cactus Bowl '' . LA Times . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McMurphy , Brett ( May 4 , 2015 ) . `` Cactus Bowl moving to Chase Field for next three seasons '' . ESPN.com . Jump up ^ `` New bowl game seeking sponsor , TV pact '' . The Tuscaloosa News . 1988 - 08 - 13 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Insight Bowl loses its title sponsor after 15 years , '' . Sports Illustrated . Associated Press . 26 January 2012 . Retrieved 26 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Buffalo Wild Wings Bowl loses sponsorship '' . azcentral. 16 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` TicketCity gets Cactus Bowl naming rights for Cactus Bowl in Tempe '' . Phoenix Business Journal . 2014 - 11 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Motel 6 inks naming rights deal for Cactus Bowl '' . Phoenix Business Journal . Retrieved 24 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Down 31 , Texas Tech rallies for biggest bowl comeback '' . Associated Press . December 29 , 2006 . Archived from the original on 2 January 2007 . Retrieved 30 December 2006 -- via ESPN . Jump up ^ http://scores.nbcsports.com/cfb/recap.asp?g=201712260064 ^ Jump up to : `` Game History '' . fiestabowl.org . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website Copper / Insight / Buffalo Wild Wings / Cactus Bowl History & conference tie - ins History Arizona Stadium Bank One Ballpark Sun Devil Stadium Chase Field Big 12 Conference Pac - 12 Conference Games 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2015 2016 2016 2017 There was a Cactus Bowl in January and December of 2016 . NCAA Division I FBS bowl games College Football Playoff Championship Game Cotton Fiesta Orange Peach Rose Sugar Other bowl games Alamo Arizona Armed Forces Bahamas Belk Birmingham Boca Raton Cactus Camellia Camping World Citrus Cure Dollar General Famous Idaho Potato Foster Farms Frisco Gasparilla Hawaii Heart of Dallas Holiday Independence Las Vegas Liberty Military Music City New Mexico New Orleans Outback Pinstripe Quick Lane Sun TaxSlayer Texas All - Star games East -- West Shrine Game NFLPA Collegiate Bowl Senior Bowl Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cactus_Bowl&oldid=835444451 '' Categories : Cactus Bowl College football bowls Hidden categories : Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 8 April 2018 , at 19 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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who wrote i'm so in love with you

I 'm Still in Love with You ( Al Green album )

i'm still in love with you ( al green album )

I 'm Still in Love with You is the fifth studio album by the American gospel and soul singer Al Green , released on October 23 , 1972 , on Hi Records . Recording sessions took place during 1972 . The album was produced solely by Willie Mitchell . The album peaked at number four on the US Billboard 200 and number one on the US Top R&B / Hip - Hop Albums and produced four singles : `` Love and Happiness '' which was rated ninety - eight on Rolling Stones 's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time as well as `` I 'm Still in Love with You '' and `` Look What You Done for Me '' which were top five hits on the US Pop Chart . In 2003 , the album was ranked number 285 on the 500 greatest albums of all time by Rolling Stone .

Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating Allmusic Blender Pitchfork Media 9.4 / 10 Robert Christgau A - Rolling Stone ( 1972 ) ( favorable ) Rolling Stone ( 2003 ) Contents ( hide ) 1 Track listing 2 Personnel 3 Charts and certifications 3.1 Positions 3.2 Certifications 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Track listing ( edit ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` I 'm Still in Love with You '' Al Green , Al Jackson Jr. , Willie Mitchell 3 : 12 2 . `` I 'm Glad You 're Mine '' Al Green 2 : 57 3 . `` Love and Happiness '' Al Green , Mabon Hodges 5 : 07 4 . `` What a Wonderful Thing Love Is '' Al Green 3 : 40 5 . `` Simply Beautiful '' Al Green 4 : 11 6 . `` Oh , Pretty Woman '' Bill Dees , Roy Orbison 3 : 23 7 . `` For the Good Times '' Kris Kristofferson 6 : 27 8 . `` Look What You Done for Me '' Al Green , Al Jackson , Jr. , Willie Mitchell 3 : 05 9 . `` One of These Good Old Days '' Al Green 3 : 24 ( show ) 2002 Remaster No . Title Length 10 . `` I Think It 's For The Feeling '' 4 : 26 11 . `` Up Above My Head '' 2 : 59 Personnel ( edit ) Credits for I 'm Still in Love with You adapted from Allmusic Pam Brady -- assistant Tom Cartwright -- project director Charles Chalmers -- arranger , horn arrangements , string arrangements , background vocals Sandra Chalmers -- background vocals Robert Gordon -- liner notes Al Green -- lead vocals Howard Grimes -- drums , rhythm section Jack Hale , Sr. -- horn section , trombone Charles Hodges -- drums , organ , piano Leroy Hodges -- bass Mabon `` Teenie '' Hodges -- guitar Al Jackson , Jr. -- drums Ali Muhammed Jackson -- drums Wayne Jackson -- horn section , trumpet Ed Logan -- tenor horn , tenor saxophone Andrew Love -- tenor horn , tenor saxophone James Mitchell -- string and horn arrangements , tenor horn , baritone saxophone Willie Mitchell -- engineer , producer Eli Okun -- reissue producer Bud O'Shea -- reissue producer Cheryl Pawelski -- assistant Donna Rhodes -- background vocals Sandra Rhodes -- background vocals Larry Walsh -- mastering Pete Welding -- assistant Charts and certifications ( edit ) Positions ( edit ) Chart ( 1972 ) Peak position US Billboard 200 US R&B Albums Certifications ( edit ) Country Award Sales / shipments United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,000,000 Indicated shipments See also ( edit ) List of number - one R&B albums of 1972 ( U.S. ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . `` I 'm Still in Love with You > Review '' . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ Christgau , Robert ( May 2007 ) . `` Al Green : Back Catalogue '' . Blender . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wolk , Douglas ( 2009 - 04 - 17 ) . `` Al Green : Let 's Stay Together / I 'm Still In Love With You , / Greatest Hits '' . Pitchfork Media . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Al Green '' . Robert Christgau . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ Aleti , Vince ( 1972 - 01 - 23 ) . `` I 'm Still in Love with You by Al Green '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ Hunter , James ( 2003 - 02 - 11 ) . `` I 'm Still in Love with You Expanded Edition by Al Green '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` I 'm Still in Love with You '' . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` I 'm Still in Love with You -- Al Green > Charts & Awards > Billboard Albums '' . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` American certifications -- I 'm Still in Love with You '' . Recording Industry Association of America . 1998 - 09 - 21 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 18 . External links ( edit ) I 'm Still in Love with You at AllMusic Al Green Studio albums Initial R&B albums Back Up Train Green Is Blues Al Green Gets Next to You Let 's Stay Together I 'm Still in Love with You Call Me Livin ' for You Al Green Explores Your Mind Al Green Is Love Full of Fire Have a Good Time The Belle Album Truth n ' Time Gospel albums The Lord Will Make a Way Higher Plane Precious Lord I 'll Rise Again Trust in God He Is the Light Soul Survivor I Get Joy From My Soul Love Is Reality Do n't Look Back Later secular albums Your Heart 's in Good Hands I Ca n't Stop Everything 's OK Lay It Down Other albums Al Green 's Greatest Hits Al Green 's Greatest Hits , Volume II Cream of Al Green Tokyo Live The Christmas Album White Christmas Hi Life : The Best of Al Green Al Greatest Hits More Greatest Hits Greatest Gospel Hits Take Me to the River Feels Like Christmas L-O-V-E : The Essential Al Green The Love Songs Collection Absolute Best The Definitive Greatest Hits What Makes the World Go ' Round ? Singles `` Tired of Being Alone '' `` Let 's Stay Together '' `` Look What You Done for Me '' `` I 'm Still in Love with You '' `` You Ought to Be with Me '' `` Call Me ( Come Back Home ) '' `` Here I Am ( Come and Take Me ) '' `` Livin ' for You '' `` Let 's Get Married '' `` Sha - La - La ( Make Me Happy ) '' `` L-O-V-E ( Love ) '' `` Full of Fire '' `` Love and Happiness '' `` Put a Little Love in Your Heart '' ( with Annie Lennox ) `` Love Is a Beautiful Thing '' `` Keep On Pushing Love '' Related articles Discography Book : Al Green Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I%27m_Still_in_Love_with_You_(Al_Green_album)&oldid=798272687 '' Categories : 1972 albums Al Green albums Albums produced by Willie Mitchell ( musician ) Hi Records albums Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with album ratings that need to be turned into prose Track listings with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 31 August 2017 , at 23 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%2527m%20Still%20in%20Love%20with%20You%20%28Al%20Green%20album%29

why are there so many chickens in st thomas

Feral chicken

feral chicken

Feral chickens are derived from domestic chickens ( Gallus gallus domesticus ) who have returned to the wild . Like the red junglefowl ( the closest wild relative of domestic chickens ) , feral chickens will take flight and roost in tall trees and bushes in order to avoid predators at night .

Feral chickens , like the wild red junglefowl , typically form social groups composed of a dominant cockerel , several hens and subordinate cocks . Sometimes the dominant cockerel is designated by a fight between cocks . Contents ( hide ) 1 Locations famous for feral chickens 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Locations famous for feral chickens ( edit )   Bermuda   Islands Niue Fair Oaks , California   , United States Yuba City , California , United States Fitzgerald , Georgia   , United States Galston Gorge , Sydney , New South Wales ,   Australia   George Town , Grand Cayman   , Cayman Islands Key West , Florida   , United States Gotha , Florida , United States   Kauai ,   Hawaii , United States Los Angeles ,   California , United States St. Augustine , Florida   , United States San Juan Bautista , California , United States Houston , Texas , United States   Chicken Roundabout ( A143 ) , Bungay , Suffolk ,   England , Great Britain   Port Chalmers ,   New Zealand   Totton , Hampshire ,   England , Great Britain   U.S. Virgin Islands New Orleans , Louisiana , United States  Oviedo , Florida , United States Ybor City , Florida , United States   See also ( edit ) Bekisar Hollywood Freeway chickens Chickens as pets References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Leonard , Marty L. ; Zanette ( 1998 ) . `` Female mate choice and male behaviour in domestic fowl '' ( PDF ) . Animal Behaviour. 56 ( 5 ) : 1099 -- 1105 . PMID 9819324 . doi : 10.1006 / anbe. 1998.0886 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ Chicken Roundabout ! External links ( edit ) Chickens are Foragers , Not Fighters , By Karen Davis , PhD , United Poultry Concerns Chicken Roundabout ! Chickens on White Oak Drive - HAIF This Galliformes article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Feral_chicken&oldid=803042380 '' Categories : Galliformes stubs Domesticated birds Introduced birds Urban animals Feral animals Chickens Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from July 2015 All articles needing additional references All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 30 September 2017 , at 02 : 32 . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feral%20chicken